Social-Studies-Grade-12-Nepal

nIo lgwf{/0f ;d:of ;dfwfg ;fr] fO l;k ;dfnf]rfTds tyf l;h{gfTds ;f]r sfo;{ Dkfbg pTyfgzLntf ;'afw] M oL l;kx¿ t xfdLnfO{ ;fFlRrs} sfd nfUg] kf] /x5] g\\ t . lzIfs M ;xL eGge' of] . ToxL eP/ w/] } b]zdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿ l;sfOG5 . sIffdf lzIfsn] eg]sf] ;'g/] jf lstfa k9/] dfq oL l;kx¿ xfl;n ug{ rflxF ;lsFb}g . o;sf nflu t Jojxf/df lg/Gt/ cEof; / k|ofu] ug{k' 5{ . km'n}of M xfdL u5f{F} lg, Dof8d . xfdLnfO{ olt dxŒjk0\" f{ s/' f atfOlbg'ePsfdf wGojfb . lj|mofsnfk != dflysf] ;+jfbdf !^ cf]6f hLjgf]kofu] L l;k lbOPsf 5g\\ . tLdWo] s'g s'g !! sIffdf / s'g s'g !@ sIffdf cWoog ul/G5 < sg' s'g l;kx¿ b'j} sIffdf ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5}g < ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L Pp6f rf6{ agfpg'xf;] \\ . @= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gn] u/s] f] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿sf] juLs{ /0fnfO{ Pp6f rf6{df bv] fpg'xf;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ hLjgfk] of]uL l;k ljBfno lzIff cf}krfl/s ¿kdf slxnb] ]lv ;'? ePsf] xf] < -v_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿nfO{ slt ;d\"xdf ljefhg u/s] f] 5 < -u_ :j;r]tgf l;kcGtu{t kg]{ sg' } bO' c{ f6] f hLjgfk] ofu] L l;kx¿ pNnv] ugx'{ f];\\ . -3_ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf] s'g ;d\"xdf k5{ < -ª_ ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gsf cg';f/ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kx¿nfO{ slt ;d\"xdf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 < 5f6] s/Ldf pNnv] u/L sg' } Ps ;dx\" df kg]{ l;kx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f;] \\ . -r_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k l;Sgfn] xg' ] kmfObfnfO{ kfFr aFb' fdf pNnv] ugx'{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 51

@ ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg kf7 M != cy{ / dxŒj -s_ cy{ ;dfnf]rgf zAb ;d / cfnf]rgf b'O{ zAbx¿ ldn/] ag]sf] 5 . o;/L xb] f{ s'g} ljifoj:t' jf s'/fsf] /fd|f tyf g/fd|f kIfx¿sf] lgikIftfsf ;fy d\"Nofª\\sg ug{] sfo{ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xf] . ljleGg ljrf/larsf] tflss{ ;DaGw a'em]/ :ki6 / ts{;ªu\\ t ;fR] g ;Sg] Ifdtf g} ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg xf] . o;nfO{ ;dfnfr] gfTds ;f]r klg elgG5 . ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGts aGg ;do, cEof; / w}o{ cfjZos k5{ . o;sf nflu cfkm\\gf] sfoI{ fq] jf JolStut hLjgsf ljleGg 36gf / ;d:ofx¿dfly ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtgsf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿ cEof; ul//xgk' 5{ M ;d:of, d2' f jf kZ| gnfO{ klxrfg ug]{ tYofªs\\ , ljrf/ / ts{x¿ ;ª\\sng ug{] tYofª\\s ljZjf;gLo / kof{Kt 5 ls 5g} < ljZni] f0f / dN\" ofªs\\ g ug{] cfkm\\gf] tyf tYofªs\\ sf] kIfw/ jf k|jfu{ x| n] ke| fj kf/s] f] 5 ls < klxrfg ug{] kf| Kt ;r\" gfx¿ ;fGbles{ 5g\\ jf 5}gg\\ < s'g ;r\" gf a9L dxŒjk\"0f{ 5 < kQf nufpg] ;Defljt ljsNkx¿dfly ljrf/ u/L lgisif{ jf lg0f{o lbg] lgisif{ jf lg0fo{ nfO{ k:| tt' Ls/0f jf ;~rf/ ug]{ ca tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/f}“ M ;'j0f{sf aa' f Jofkf/L xg' x' G' 5 . pgsL cfdfsf] klg 56' 6\\ } Joj;fo 5 . pxfxF ¿n] ;j' 0f{ / pgsf] efOnfO{ h] h] cfjZos k5{ Tof] ;a} pknAw u/fpg'x'G5 . Tolt dfq sxfF xf] / < pgLx¿n] h] h] dfu] klg cfdfa'afn] k'¥ofOlbg] uge{' Psf] 5 . uPsf] dlxgf ;'j0fs{ f] efO !* jif{ ku' ] . p;n] cfdfa'afnfO{ df]6/;fOsn lslglbg cg/' f]w u/] . aa' fcfdfn] t'?Gt} lslglbge' of] . clxn] pgsf] efO ljgfsfd df6] /;fOsn lnP/ lbge/ 3d' ]/ latfp5F g\\ . ;'j0f{nfO{ o:tf] ug'{ kmhn' vr{ xf] eGg] nfU5 . pgL s'g} klg s/' fsf] kmfObf / ak] mfObf ljrf/ u/]/ dfq lg0fo{ ul5g{ \\ . pgL 52 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

3/df ePsf ;fdfgx¿ hyfefjL k|ofu] ug{] jf v/] kmfNg] ulb{gg\\ . ahf/sf eGbf 3/d} ag]sf vfg]s/' f vfg dgk/fplF 5g\\ . efO eg] ahf/sf vfg]s'/f vfg dgk/fpF5 . dflysf] 36gfdf ;j' 0f,{ ;j' 0fsf cfdfa'af / pgsf] efOsf] Jojxf/af/] sIffdf ;dLIff ugx'{ f;] \\ . -v_ dxŒj Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg l;k w]/} dxŒjk\"0f{ xG' 5 . o;n] JolStsf] hLjgdf lgDglnlvt ;xof]u u5{ M s'g} d'2f jf ;d:ofsf] jf:tljs lgisifd{ f k'Ug kl/l:yltcg'sn\" sf ljleGg l;4fGt, kl/efiff, sfgg' nufotsf s/' fx¿ lglZrt ug{ JolStut kIfw/tf, kj\" fu{ x| nufotsf lgisifd{ f ke| fj kfg]{ tŒjx¿nfO{ x6fO{ plrt lgisif{ lgsfNg ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf rf;f], nIo, p2]Zo, ck]lIft pknlAwnufotsf b[li6sf]0fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/fpg ;fGbles{ tYo, k|df0f / cge' jx¿nfO{ ;d6] L c;fGbles{ s/' fx¿ x6fpg sg' s'/f ;j{:jLsfo{ xf] / s'g s/' fsf nflu kd| f0f cfjZos 5 eGg] s/' fsf] afw] ug{ ;DefJo ;a} pkfox¿sf pQd ljsNksf] 5gf6] u/L Jojxf/df cjnDag ug{ @= ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgdf k|ofu] x'g] l;k ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg Pp6f hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xf] . o;leq c¿ ljleGg l;kx¿ cGt/lglxt 5g\\ . oL l;ksf] cEof; / k|of]uaf6 dfq JolStn] ;dfnfr] gfTds l;ksf] ljsf; ug{ ;S5 . tL l;kx¿ lgDglnlvt 5g\\ M -s_ ljZni] f0f l;k sg' } 36gf, ;d:of jf d2' f;uF ;DalGwt ;r\" gf / tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ug]{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ kz| f]wg ug{] tyf To;sf] ke| fj jf glthfaf/] ljrf/ ug{] l;k g} ljZn]if0f l;k xf] . pbfx/0fsf nflu !) sIffkl5 s] ljifo k9\\g] eGg] ;d:of 5 eg] sg' ljifo k9\\bf s] /fdf| ] x'G5 < To;sf nflu ;f| ]t ;fwg s] s] rflxG5 < eGga] f/] ;\"rgf tyf tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng u/]/ ltgLx¿sf] ke| fj cg'dfg ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 53

-v_ cy{ lgdf0{ f l;k ;ª\\slnt tyf k|zf]lwt ;r\" gf / tYofªs\\ af6 cy{ lgsfNg] Ifdtf g} cy{ lgdf{0f l;k xf] . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf ljifo / To;sf] ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds kIfn] cfkm\\gf] hLjgdf s] cy{ /fV5 eGg]af/] cg'dfg ul/G5 . -u_ lgisif{ cg'dfg ug]{ l;k pknAw 1fg kof{Kt / ljZj;gLo 5 5}g dN\" ofª\\sg u/L To;af6 kf| Kt xg' ] glthf cgd' fg ug{] l;k g} lgisif{ cgd' fg l;k xf] . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf s'g} Ps ljifo lnP/ cWoog u/L lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . -3_ JofVof ug]{ l;k kQf nufOPsf s'/f / tsn{ fO{ :ki6;uF c¿nfO{ ae' mfpg ;Sg] IfdtfnfO{ JofVof l;k elgG5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf cfkmn\" ] lgisif{ lgsfn]kl5 cleefjs jf ;fyLx¿nfO{ kZ| g u/]df cfkmg\\ f ts{x¿ :ki6;uF /flvG5 . -ª_ cfTdlgodg l;k cfkmg\\ f] ;f]Rg] tl/sf l7s 5 ls 5g} eg]/ lg/Gt/ cg'udg / lgodg ug{k' 5{ . o:tf] lgodg ug]{ Ifdtf g} cfTdlgodg l;k xf] . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf cfkm\"n] lgsfns] f] lgisif{ l7s 5 ls 5} g eg]/ k6s k6s ljrf/ ul/G5 . -r_ v'nf ;fr] fO l;k cfkm\\gf] ljrf/ dfq l7s eGg] efjgfaf6 d'St eO{ c¿ ;a}sf] ljrf/, efjgf, rf;f] cflbkl| t kof{Kt Wofg lbg] l;k g} dl:tissf] vn' fkg xf] . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf cleefjs, lzIfs, ;fyLx¿nufot cfkmn\" fO{ ;e' mfj lbg ;Sg] ;as} f] ljrf/df kofK{ t Wofg lbP/ dfq lgisif{ lgsflnG5 . -5_ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtgsf jm| ddf ck|Tofl;t ¿kdf cfOnfUg] ;d:ofx¿nfO{ al' 4dQfk\"0f{ 9ª\\un] ;dfwfg u/L ljleGg ks| f/sf åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{] IfdtfnfO{ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k elgG5 . dflysf] pbfx/0fdf cleefjs jf ;fyLx¿n] l7s 7fgs] f] eGbf cs}{ ljifo cWoog ug{ bsfa lbg ;S5g\\ . To;nfO{ cfkmn\" ] pkoS' t tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug'k{ 5{ . 54 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

#= cfTdcfnfr] gf tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/f“} M d]/f] gfd s'zn xf] . d clxn] !@ sIffdf cWoog u5{' . dn} ] !! sIffsf] cGTodf Hofb} sl7g ;do latfpgk' /s] f] lyof] . ;f] jn] f dn} ] ux[ sfo{ gu/]sf] klg w/] } ;do ePsf] lyof] . ;a} ljifox¿sf] ux[ sfo{ ck'/f] x'Fbf dnfO{ cTof; nfUof] . To;dfly kl/of]hgf sfo{x¿ klg afFsL g} lyP . clGtd k/LIff cfpg} nfu]sf] lyof] . Ps xKtfdf ;a} ux[ sfo{ tyf kl/ofh] gf sfo{x¿ a'emfO;Sg'kg{] lyof] . laxfg ;a]/b} l] v /ftL ca/] ;Dd sfd ubf{ klg s]xL ux[ sfox{ ¿ eg] ae' mfpg ;lsPg . kl/ofh] gf sfo{x¿ klg n6/k6/ u/]/ dfq ae' mfpg ;s]F . dnfO{ cfkmg\\ f] sfd u/fO / ultljlw lrQ al' em/xs] f] lyPg . d}n] cfkmg\\ f] sfos{ f] ;dLIff ug{] lg0fo{ u/]F . cfkm\\gf ;an kIf / sdhf/] kIf s] s] x'g\\ eg]/ ;dLIff u/]F . cGTodf ;do Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sg', lhDdj] f/L k/\" f gug]{ afgL, b}lgs sfo{ of]hgf agfP/ sfd ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; gxg' ' g} ;dodf sfd g;Sg'sf] k|d'v sf/0f ePsf] kQf nufPF . d}n] cleefjs / lzIfsx¿sf ;fd' cfkm\\gf unt lj|mofsnfk / xn] rs] o\\ fOsF f] cfTdcfnfr] gf ;d]t u/F] . To;kl5 dn} ] ;dod} ux[ sfo{ ug,{] lhDd]jf/L kfngfdf kl| ta4 /xg] / ofh] gf agfP/ cfkm\\gf b}lgs sfo{x¿ ug]{ c7f]6 u/]F . clxn] !@ sIffdf eg] d/] f] cWoog, u[xsfo{ / kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug]{ bl} gsLn] lgoldttf kfPsf] 5 . dflysf] 36gfdf s'znn] cfkmg\\ f ;an kIf / sdhf]/ kIf sn] fP/ cfkmg\\ f] sdhf/] L dx;;' u/] . o;/L cfkmg\\ f ;an kIf / sdhf/] kIf s]nfP/ cfkm\\gf] sdhf/] kIfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/L To;nfO{ ;w' f/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ cfTdcfnf]rgf elgG5 . cfTdcfnf]rgf l;kn] cfkmg\\ f ;an kIf / sdhf/] kIf klxrfg ug{ tyf eljiodf sdhf/] L ;RofO{ cfkmn\" fO{ ;an / ;kmn agfpg ;xofu] u5{ . To:t} o;n] JolStnfO{ c¿sf] b[li6sf0] faf6 cfkm\\gf] Jojxf/sf] ;dLIff ug{ l;sfpg] ePsfn] cfTd;r]tgfsf] klg ljsf; u/fpF5 . o;n] JolStnfO{ ;d:ofsf] h/f;Dd k'Ug / To;sf] ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;Ifd agfp5F . oBlk w/] } cfTdcfnf]lrt x'g] afgL ePdf cfTdUnflg x'g], cfkm\"nfO{ cIfd 7fGg]nufotsf dfgl;s tgfj pTkGg x'g ;S5g\\ . t;y{ cfTdcfnf]rgfnfO{ klg ;Gt'lnt ¿kdf k|ofu] ug'k{ 5{ . $= :j¿kfGt/0f c¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg' sl7g xG' 5 t/ cfkmn\" fO{ eg] kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 lsgeg] dflg;sf] ljsf; slxn] klg /fl] sbF }g . cfTdcfnf]rgf u//] dfq dflg;n] ;kmntf kf| Kt ug{ ;Sbg} . To;sf nflu t cfkm\\gf sdhf]/LnfO{ x6fO{ cfkm\" kl/jtg{ xg' 'k5{ . Pp6f egfO 5, æhxfF klg ;'wf/sf nflu 7fpF /xG5 .Æ h'g;s' } dflg;df klg ;w' f/ ug'{kg{] s/' f x'G5g\\ . cfkmd\" f ;w' f/ ug{ cfjZos ljrf/, sfo{ / Jojxf/df cfkm}F kl/jtg{ Nofpg' g} :j¿kfGt/0f xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 55

:j¿kfGt/0fsf nflu lgDglnlvt Jojxf/ cjnDag ugk{' 5{ M -s_ cfkmn\" ] cfkm}FnfO{ cjnf]sg u/L cfkm\\gf sdLsdhf]/L kQf nufpg] -v_ cfkm\"n] kl/jtg{ ug{ rfxs] f] s'/f;uF hfl] 8Psf afgLx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ kl/jtg{ ug{] -u_ c;Dej nIo lgwf/{ 0f ubf{ ;kmn x'g g;lsg] ePsfn] jf:tljs nIo dfq lgwf{/0f ug]{ -3_ kl/jtg{ sf] ko| f; x/]s lbg hf/L /fVg] . sg' } klg axfgfdf :ylut gug{] -ª_ jn] fj]nfdf cfTd;dLIff ul//xg] . cfjZostfcg;' f/ nIox¿df ;dfof]hg ug{] -r_ cfkmn\" fO{ em6' f kz| ;+ f ug]{ JolStx¿af6 6f9f /fvL ;xL s/' f atfpg] JolStx¿;uF ;ªu\\ t ug]{ -5_ hf]lvd p7fpg tof/ /xg] %= sfo{ tyf 36gfsf] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtg xfdLn] sg' } klg 36gf jf sfo{sf] ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg ug'{k5{ . cGoyf xfdf| b[li6sf]0f PskIfLo jf cGofok\"0f{ xg' ;S5 . h;/L GofofwLzn] bj' } kIfsf ax; ;g' /] cGTodf km;} nf u5{g\\ To;/L g} xfdLn] klg 36gf jf sfos{ f] ;dLIff ubf{ To;sf ;an tyf ;'wf/ ug{k' g]{ kIfx¿ s]nfP/ lgisif{ lgsfNgk' 5{ . o;sf nflu xfdLn] ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgcGtut{ sf l;kx¿sf] lg/Gt/ k|of]u / cEof; ugk'{ 5{ . To;n} ] sg' } klg 36gf jf sfod{ f lgDglnlvt s/' fx¿sf] cEof; ugk'{ 5{ M • lsg, s;/L, sxfF, slxn] eg]/ kZ| g ug{] ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf 5 6f]kL • ;d:of klxrfg ug{] ;t] f] -j:t'ut_ 6f]kL M tYofª\\s, ;\"rgfsf cfwf/df jf:tljstf kQf nufpg] • tYo / k|df0fx¿ k/LIf0f ug]{ /ftf] -;j+ ]ufTds_ 6f]kL M ;d:ofsf] ;j+ u] fTds kIfx¿ sn] fpg] sfnf] -gsf/fTds_ 6f]kL M ;d:ofsf r'gft} Lx¿ jf • dfGotf / kIfw/tf ljZn]if0f ug]{ lg/fzfhgs kIfx¿ kQf nufpg] kxnF] f] -;sf/fTds_ 6fk] L M ;d:ofdf cj;/x¿ jf • ;+ju] fTds tsx{ ¿ x6fpg] cfzfjfbL kIfx¿ kQf nufpg] xl/of] -l;h{gfTds_ 6fk] L M gofF ljsNkx¿sf] vf]hL / • clt ;fdfGoLs/0f xg' af6 aRg] l;hg{ f ug]{ lgnf] -Jofks_ 6f]kL M ;a} ;/fs] f/jfnfx¿sf] ljrf/ / • c¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ Wofg lbg] rf;f]nfO{ km/flsnf] ¿kdf ;f]Rg] - Dr. Edward de Bono • km/s ljrf/ / låljwfnfO{ ;xh ¿kdf lng] 56 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

lj|mofsnfk != ljBfyL{ ;dx\" df ljefhg xg' 'xf];\\ . kT| os] ;d\"xn] tnsf Ps Ps ;d:ofaf/] ;dfnf]rgfTds ;fr] fO tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf 5 6fk] Lx¿sf cfwf/df 5nkmn ug'{xf;] \\ / 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf];\\ M -s_ ljBfyL{x¿n] sIffdf dfa] fOn kmf]g Nofpg] ls gNofpg] < -v_ ljBfnosf] rd]gfu[xdf la:s6' , rfprfp, kfgLk/' L h:tf tof/L vfgs] /' f /fVg] ls g/fVg] < -u_ ljBfyL{ tyf lzIfsx¿sf nflu ljBfno kf;] fs cfjZos 5 ls 5}g < -3_ cleefjsx¿;uF ePsf 1fg / l;k gofF k':tfsf nflu pkofu] L 5g\\ ls 5}gg\\ < -ª_ v]taf/Ldf /f;folgs dn / ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ ls gug]{ < @= cfTdcfnfr] gf / :j¿kfGt/0fsf] dxŒj ljifodf Ps ;DkfbsLo tof/ ug'x{ f;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtg egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgcGtu{tsf l;kx¿dWo] tkfO{FnfO{ s'g ;a}eGbf dxŒjk\"0f{ nfU5 < Ps sf/0f lbg'xf;] \\ . -u_ cfTdcfnfr] gfnfO{ kl/eflift ug{'xf];\\ . -3_ cfTdcfnfr] gf / :j¿kfGt/0flar s] ;DaGw 5 < 5f6] s/Ldf nV] g'xf;] \\ . -ª_ ;dfnf]rgfTds lrGtgsf] dxŒjnfO{ kfFr abF' fdf nV] gx' f;] \\ . -r_ ;dfnfr] gfTds lrGtgdf k|of]u x'g] l;kx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f];\\ . -5_ cfTdcfnf]rgfn] JolStnfO{ sdhf]/ x}g ;an agfpF5 < o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 ug'{xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 57

# l;h{gfTds lrGtg kf7 M != l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf] cy{ sg' } klg kl/l:ylt jf kl/b[Zodf gofF ljsNkx¿ ;f]Rg' / To;nfO{ jf:tljstfdf abNg' g} l;hg{ fTds lrGtg xf] . o;sf] ko| f]u snf / ;flxTodf dfq ;Lldt 5}g . ;a} dflg;x¿n] o;af6 nfe lng ;S5g\\ . sg' } gofF pTkfbg, ;dfwfg, snf÷;flxTo l;hg{ f cflbdf gofFkg Nofpg ul/g] ljrf/nfO{ jf:tljstf abNg l;h{gfTds lrGtg cfjZos k5{ . o;/L gofkF g Nofpg] jm| ddf ljifoj:t', k|lj|mof jf k:| tt' Ls/0fdf l;h{gfTdstf b]vfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf gofF l;h{gfn] JolStsf] cGt/lglxt Ifdtfsf] k:| km6' g u/fp5F . o:t} JolStn] gofF l;hg{ f ug{ kfpbF f pm cfglGbt / pT;flxt x'G5 . l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf pbfx/0f s'g} lrq, kf]:6/, nfu] f] jf ja] k]hnfO{ gofF tl/sfn] l8hfOg ug'{ kqklqsf jf Anudf s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfgdf cfkm\\gf] ljrf/ jf ;'emfj JoSt ug'{ s'g} j:t' jf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/ ug]{ pkfox¿ ;'emfpg' syf, sljtf, uLt, ;ªu\\ Lt cflb l;h{gf ug'{ s'g} sfd ug]{ tl/sfnfO{ ;lhnf] agfpg] pkfox¿ kQf nufpg' @= l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf ljz]iftf l;hg{ fTds lrGtg eg]s} sg' } gofF j:t', ljrf/, cjwf/0ff jf sfd ug{] kl| j|mofdf gofkF g Nofpg] sfo{ xf] . To;n} ] o:tf gofkF g l;hg{ f ugs{ f nflu l;hg{ fTds lrGtg ePsf dflg;sf] cfjZostf k5{ . l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;' f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ lh1f;' / v'nfkgnfO{ a9fjf lbG5 . -v_ JolStnfO{ l;sfO / l;h{gfk|lt cle?lr hufO{ v';L / cfglGbt tN' ofp5F . -u_ ;fr] fO / lrGtgdf ljljwtf Nofp5F . -3_ JolStsf] hfl] vd jxg ug{] Ifdtf jl[ 4 u5{ . -ª_ sfddf gjkj| t{g Nofpg dbt u5{ . -r_ sNkgfzLntfnfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . 58 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

-5_ JolStnfO{ cfkm\\gf] l;h{gfdf /dfpg] jftfj/0f tof/ kf5{ . -h_ Pp6} sfdnfO{ klg km/s ;fr] , 9ªu\\ / tl/sfaf6 ug{ dbtu5{ . #= l;hg{ fTds lrGtg kl| j|mofsf r/0f ;a} l;hg{ fTds lrGtg ePsf dflg;sf cfcfkm\\g} ;fR] g] tl/sf / kl| jm| ofx¿ xG' 5g\\ . oBlk tL ;an} ] dV' otM tnsf kfrF r/0fdf sfo{ u5g{ \\ . oL r/0fdf Pskl5 csf]{ ub{} gjLg ljrf/, j:t' jf cjwf/0ff l;h{gf xg' kU' b5g\\ M -s_ tof/L r/0f s'g} l;hg{ fTds ofqfsf] ;?' cft o;sf nflu tof/L u//] ul/G5 . o; r/0fdf cfjZos ;fduL| Joj:yf ul/G5 . To:t} cg';Gwfg, dl:tis dGyg cflb u/]/ cfkmn\" fO{ nfus] f ;a} ljsNkx¿ ljrf/ ul/G5 . cGtdf cfkm\\gf] 1fg / cg'ejsf cfwf/df Pp6f of]hgf tof/ ul/G5 . -v_ ljsf; r/0f sg' } l;h{gfTds ofqfsf] tof/L ;sk] l5 s]xL ;do Tof] ofh] gfnfO{ kl/kSj x'g ;do lbOG5 . o; ;dodf l;h{gfsf/ cs{} sfd ub{} ;do latfpF5 . o;} lardf Tof] ofh] gf l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf ljsf; eO/x]sf] xG' 5 . -u_ k|bLlKt r/0f o; r/0fnfO{ cGtbl[{ i6 r/0f klg elgG5 . l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf cfZro{hgs ¿kdf PsfPs gjLg ljrf/ cfp5F . tof/ u/]sf] of]hgf / ;d:of ;dfwfglarsf] ;DaGw :ki6 x'G5 . -3_ d\"Nofª\\sg r/0f o; r/0fdf pknAw 1fg / cg'ejsf cfwf/df of]hgfcg;' f/sf] gjLg ljrf/n] sfd u5{ jf ub}g{ eg/] d\"Nofªs\\ g jf cg';Gwfg ul/G5 . s'g} sg' } cj:yfdf t Ifq] df uP/ cg';Gwfg g} ug'{kg]{ klg xG' 5 . -ª_ k|df0fLs/0f r/0f o; r/0fdf lgs} s8f kl/>d u/L gjLg ljrf/nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbOG5 . l;h{gfsf/sf] lbdfudf ePsf] l;hg{ fn] jf:tljs ¿kdf k|s6 x'g] df}sf kfp5F . l;lh{t j:t,' ljrf/ jf cjwf/0ffnfO{ cGo JolStx¿ ;dIf k]; ul/G5 . $= l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cEof; w/] }h;f] dflg; l;h{gfTds lrGtg snfsf/, ;flxTosf/, cfljisf/s cflbn] dfq ko| f]u ug]{ l;k xf] eGg] ;fr] /fV5g\\ . o; l;kn] ;a} k;] f, Joj;fo / pd]/sf dflg;x¿nfO{ kmfObf lbG5 . afns, oj' f, jo:s tyf k|f}9 ;an} ] l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cEof; ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 59

o;af6 lgDglnlvt kmfObf x'G5g\\M -s_ o;n] dfgl;s nrstfdf jl[ 4 u5{ . ljleGg ljsNkx¿df ljrf/ ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . -v_ ;d:ofx¿sf] axc' foflds ;dfwfg kQf nufpg ;xof]u u5{ . -u_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] kof{Kt cEof;kl5 sfo:{ yndf cfpg] ljleGg r'gf}tLx¿;uF n8g\\ ] tyf tL r'gft} Lx¿nfO{ cj;/df kl/0ft ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; x'G5 . -3_ l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf] cEof; u/]kl5 s'g} klg ;d:of, ljrf/ jf cjwf/0ffsf] ljleGg kIfx¿ b]Vg] afgLsf] ljsf; xG' 5 . Pp6} s/' fsf] klg ljleGg kIfx¿sf] cWoogn] ljleGg ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ u/fpF5 . -ª_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg ubf{ ;~rf/ l;k, ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k h:tf l;kx¿sf] ko| f]u x'g] ePsfn] JolStn] c¿;uF /fdf| ] ;DaGw /fVg l;S5 . p;n] JolStx¿df ;dx\" sfo{ ug]{ Ifdtfsf] ljsf; u/fpF5 . l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf] cEof; lg/Gt/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu lgDglnlvt ljifoj:t' cjnDag ug{ ;lsG5 M cfkm\"nfO{ l;hg{ fTdstfk|lt ;dlkt{ u/fpgk' 5{ . h'g If]qdf l;h{gf ug{ rfxs] f] Tof] If]qsf] kof{Kt 1fg / l;k kf| Kt u/L To;df ljz]if1tf xfl;n ug'{k5{ . cfkm\\gf] pT;'stfnfO{ dg{ glbO{ To;nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg'k5{ . hlxn] klg vt/f dfN] g tof/ x'gk' 5{ / ljkmntfaf6 xtf]T;fxL xg' x' b'F }g . gsf/fTds kj| [lQnfO{ k/f:t u/L cfkmg\\ f] cfTdljZjf; alnof] agfpgk' 5{ . l;hg{ fsf nflu lgoldt ;do lgsfNg] / cEof; ug]{ ug{'k5{ . sg' } ;d:of jf cj:yfdf s;/L kl/jt{g Nofpg ;lsG5 eg]/ dl:tis dGyg ugk{' 5{ . 36gf / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf axl' jsNkx¿sf] vf]hL ug'{k5{ . Pp6} 36gf, ljrf/ jf ;d:ofnfO{ ljleGg b[li6sf0] faf6 ljZni] f0f ugk'{ 5{ . cfkmnF} fO{ rg' ft} L lbP/ cj;/x¿sf] l;h{gf ug'{k5{ . lj|mofsnfk != sIffaflx/ ljleGg kf| s[lts j:t' tyf dflg;n] agfPsf j:t' -sfuhsf] sf6'{g, l6gsf] a6\\6f, Knfl:6ssf ef“8f cflb_ e]l6g ;S5g\\ . To:tf s'g} Ps j:t' vfH] g'xf];\\ / To;nfO{ Pp6f 60 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

cfsifs{ j:td' f ¿kfGt/ u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f;] \\ . @= tkfOn“{ fO{ lj1fg syf t yfxf g} xfn] f . cfhsf] bz jifk{ l5 dflg;nfO{ crlDdt kfg]{ s] s] cfljisf/ xg' ;Snfg\\ < pSt sfNklgs 36gfaf/] Ps nv] tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . #= cfkmd\" f ePsf l;h{gfTds lrGtg / Jojxf/ klxrfg u/L dN\" ofª\\sg ug'{xf;] \\ M l;hg{ fTds lrGtg jf Jojxf/ 5 5}g lh1f;' / v'nf ;f]r ePsf] l;Sg kfpFbf v';L / cfglGbt xg' ] u/]sf] ljljw k|sf/n] ;fR] g] / hl6ntfsf] ;fdgf ug]{ u/s] f] dfh} b' f cj:yfeGbf k/ uP/ hfl] vd lng tof/ ePsf] cfkmg\\ f sNkgf, cfljisf/, ;f| t] ;fwg / nlrnf]kg ko| f]u u/L gofkF g lbg] u/s] f] cfkm\\gf l;hg{ fdf c;fWo} v';L x'g] u/s] f] uLt, syf, sljtf cflb l;h{gf ug{ /dfOnf] dfGg] u/]sf] PsfGtlk|o, zfGt / cGt/d'vL :jefj b]vfpg] u/]sf] a9L g} sNkgfzLn x'g] u/s] f] cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg eg]sf] xf] < -v_ l;hg{ fTds lrGtg ug{] JolSt;uF x'g] s'g} b'O{ ljzi] ftfx¿ nV] gx' f];\\ . -u_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] tof/L r/0fdf s] ul/G5 < -3_ l;h{gfTds lrGtgsf] cEof; ubf{ x'g] Ps kmfObf nV] gx' f];\\ . @= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ l;hg{ fTds lrGtgsf s'g} kfFr ljz]iftfx¿sf] ;r\" L agfpgx' f];\\ . -v_ l;h{gfTds lrGtg k|ljm| ofsf kfFr r/0fsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \\ . -u_ l;hg{ fTds lrGtg ljsf; ugs{ f nflu ckgfpg ;lsg] pkfo pNnv] ub}{ cfkmg\\ f efO jf alxgLnfO{ Pp6f kq n]Vg'xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 61

$ ;dfge' \"lt kf7 M != ;dfg'el\" tsf] cy{ ;dfg'el\" t zAb ;d / cg'e\"lt bO' { zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . o;df ;dsf] cy{ a/fa/ / cg'e\"ltsf] cy{ cg'ej jf dx;'; ug{' eGg] xG' 5 . To;}n] ;dfge' \"lt eGgfn] c¿n] efl] u/xs] f ;+ju] fTds cge' jnfO{ klxrfg ug,{] a'emg\\ ] / ;f] dx;;' u/L cfkm\"n] klg To:t} ;j+ ]ufTds cge' j jf cg'el\" t ug]{ Ifdtf a'lemG5 . c¿sf] b'Mv b]v/] cfkm\" klg ?g', dg k/]sf] v]nf8Ln] ufn] ubf{ pQl] ht x'g' jf s/fpg' ;dfge' \"lt xf] . @= ;dfg'el\" tsf d\"n tŒj cdl] /sL n]vs Daniel Goleman sf cg;' f/ ;dfge' \"ltsf d'Vo kfrF tŒj 5g\\ . ltgsf] 5f6] f] kl/ro tn lbOPsf] 5 M -s_ c¿nfO{ a'em\\g' clwsfz+ dflg;x¿n] c¿nfO{ ae' mg\\ ' g} ;dfg'el\" t eGg] ae' m]sf xG' 5g\\ . o; cj:yfdf dflg;x¿n] c¿sf s/' f tyf u/} zflAbs ;~rf/ (Non-verbal Communication) df Wofg lbP/ ;'Gg]÷ x]g,]{ pgLx¿sf bl[ i6sf0] f a'emg\\ ,] To;df cfkm\\gf] ;j+ b] gzLntf b]vfpg] / pgLx¿sf cg'e\"lt / cfjZostfcg;' f/ ;xof]u ug]{ sfod{ f ;Ifd xG' 5g\\ . -v_ c¿nfO{ ljsl;t kfg'{ c¿nfO{ ljsf; ug]{ eGgfn] c¿sf] cfjZostf / rf;fc] g;' f/ sfo{ ug]{ / pgLx¿sf ;DefJotfnfO{ k0\" f{ ljsf; ug{] al' emG5 . o:tf l;k ePsf dflg;n] c¿sf sfo{sf] cg'udg u/L ;xof]u ug]{, pknlAw tyf ;Ifdtfdf kz| ;+ f ug,]{ ;w' f/sf nflu /rgfTds ;e' mfj lbg] tyf pgLx¿sf] ljsf;sf nflu pko'St sfd (Assignments) ug{ lbg] u5{g\\ . -u_ ;]jfefj /fVg' ;j] fefj /fVg] eGgfn] cfkm\\gf ;]jfuf| xL jf ;xofu] fkI] fLx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ klxnf] k|fyldstfdf /fVg], pgLx¿kl| t Odfgbf/ /xg] / pgLx¿sf] ;Gt'li6sf nflu pkfox¿ vfH] g] a'lemG5 . o:tf dflg;x¿n] cfkmg\\ f ;]jfu|fxL jf ;xof]ufkI] fLx¿sf] cfjZostf /fd|/L ae' m]/ tL cfjZostf k/\" f ug]{ ko| f; u5{g\\ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿kl| t ;]jfu|fxL jf ;xof]ufkI] fLsf] ljZjf; a95\\ / bj' } kIflarsf] ;DaGw alnof] / nfdf] ;do;Dd l6sfp x'G5 . 62 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

-3_ ljljwtfsf] pkof]u ug'{ JolStx¿df /xs] f km/s km/s IfdtfnfO{ clwstd pkofu] ug]{, pgLx¿sf ljljwtfnfO{ ;Ddfg ug{], pgLx¿sf cfjZostfcg;' f/sf km/s km/s j:t' jf ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] / pgLx¿sf nflu pko'St cj;/sf] l;hg{ f / ljsf; ug{] k|lj|mofnfO{ g} ljljwtfsf] pkof]u elgPsf] xf] . o;f] ubf{ ;+:yfsf] nIo k|flKtdf a9L ;kmn xg' 'sf ;fy} ;d\"xdf cg'ofoL / gt] [Œjstf{sf] ;DaGw ;d' w/' xG' 5 . ljljw o'StJolStnfO{ ;dfgtf (Equality) df cfwfl/t Jojxf/sf] ;66\\ f ;dtf (Equity) df cfwfl/t Jojxf/ ugk'{ 5{ . -ª_ /fhgLlts ;r]tgf /fhgLlts ;r]tgf l;k egs] f] Pp6f ;dx\" sf] ;+ju] fTds efjgf / zlSt ;DaGwnfO{ ae' m\\g' / To;cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ b]vfpg' xf] . o:tf] l;k ePsf dflg;n] ;ª\\u7gfTds ;DaGw hfGg tyf o;cl3 c¿n] kfPsf] ljkmntfsf cg'ejaf6 kf7 l;s]/ cfkm\"nfO{ ;w' f/ ug{ l;ss] f xG' 5g\\ . #= ;dfge' \"ltsf lsl;d ;dfg'e\"ltnfO{ dV' otM tLg lsl;ddf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 M -s_ ;1+ fgfTds ;dfge' l\" t ;+1fgfTds ;dfge' l\" t eg]sf] c¿sf] ;j+ ]ufTds cge' jnfO{ klxrfg u/L a'emg\\ ] Ifdtf xf] . s;s} f] cg'xf/ x/] /] pm b'MvL 5 ls v;' L 5 egL yfxf kfpg' ;1+ fgfTds ;dfg'e\"lt xf] . -v_ ;j+ ]ufTds ;dfge' l\" t c¿sf] ;+ju] fTds cg'ej bv] ]/ cfkmn\" ] klg To:t} cg'el\" t ug'{ g} ;+ju] fTds ;dfge' \"lt xf] . o;df c¿sf] ;+ju] h:tf] 5, cfkmn\" ] klg To:t} ;j+ u] cge' j ul/G5 . l;gd] fdf s'g} kfqn] bM' v kfPsf] bv] /] ?g' jf lx/fn] ] leng] nfO{ lk6b\\ f tfnL ahfpg' ;+ju] fTds ;xfg'e\"lt xf] . -u_ bofn' ;dfg'e\"lt c¿sf] ;+ju] fTds cg'e\"lt cfkm\"n] klg cg'ej u/]/ To; cge' jdf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;xof]u jf ;xefuL xg' ' bofn' ;dfge' l\" t xf] . Pp6f :yfgdf af9L jf klx/f] hfbF f c¿ :yfgsf dflg;n] bM' v cge' j u/L To; :yfgsf dflg;x¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{' bofn' ;xfg'el\" t xf] . $= ;dfge' \"ltsf kmfObf ;dfge' l\" t l;kn] JolStsf] hLjgsf x/s] If]qdf kmfObf k'¥ofp5F . o; l;kaf6 lgDgcg';f/sf kmfObf x'G5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 63

;dfge' l\" t l;k ePsf dflg; afNosfn tyf jo:s bj' } cj:yfdf ;dfhdf ldng;f/ xg' ] ePsfn] ;fyLx¿lardf tyf ;dfhdf ;a}sf] lk|o x'G5g\\ . ;dfg'el\" t l;kn] sfo:{ yndf klg ;sf/fTds k|efj kf5{ . o;n] >lds tyf Joj:yfks bj' }sf] sfo{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ tyf bDktLlar Ps cfk;df ;dfge' \"lt ePdf jj} flxs hLjg ;'vL / ;kmn xG' 5 . ;dfg'el\" t l;k ePsf cfdfafa' cfkmg\\ f ;Gtfgkl| t a9L ;xgzLn xg' ] ePsfn] ;Gtfg xs' fp{ g] jm| ddf cfOkg{] r'gft} LnfO{ ;fdgf ug{ ;Ifd xG' 5g\\ . %= ;dfg'e\"lt l;k ljsf; / cEof; ;dfg'el\" t l;k ljsf; ug{sf nflu ljleGg pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 . tn lbOPsf pkfox¿n] klg ;dfge' l\" t l;k ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofp5F g\\ M -s_ cGo JolStx¿sf af/]df pT;s' /xg] . pgLx¿sf ljrf/, rf;f,] ;:+ sl[ t cflb af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg] -v_ gofF gofF dflg;x¿;Fu cGt/ljm| of ug],{ gofF gofF 7fpF ed| 0f ug]{ -u_ cfkm\\gf afgLJojxf/af/] kl/jf/, ;fyL tyf ;xsdLx{ ¿af6 k[i7kfi] f0f lnO/xg] . To;/L kf| Kt k[i7kf]if0fcg';f/ cfkm\"nfO{ kl/jt{g ug]{ -3_ cfkm\\gf kIfw/tfn] ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf ke| fj kfg{ glbg] k|of; ug]{ -ª_ cfkm\"nfO{ cGo JolStx¿sf] :yfgdf /fv]/ cg'el\" t ug]{ . -d p;sf] :yfgdf ePsf] eP s:tf] cg'e\"lt uy{F] xf]nf <_ -r_ s'/fsfgL ubf{ c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ . pgLx¿sf] s'/f ;'Gg] / ;Ddfgk\"j{s cfkm\\gf ljrf/, ;'emfj cflb /fVg] -5_ sg' } ;fdflhs ;+:yf jf kl/ofh] gfdf ;l/s x'g] -h_ syf, pkGof;, ;dfrf/nufotsf ;flxTo cflb s'/fx¿ k9g\\ ] afgL a;fNg] 64 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

lj|mofsnfk != sIffsf ;a} ljBfyL{ Pp6f ufn] f] 3/] fdf a:g' jf plegx' f;] \\ . To;kl5 tn lbOPsf lgbz]{ gcg;' f/ vn] v]Ngx' f;] \\ M lgb]z{ g Pp6f an lngx' f;] \\ . an h;sf] xftdf 5, p;n] dfq afN] g kfp5F . c¿ ;an} ] zfGtkj\" s{ ;G' gk' 5{ . ;a} ;xefuLn] Psn] csf{nfO{ b]lvg] xg' 'k5{ . -sIffdf gc6g\\ ] ePdf sIffaflx/ hfg ;lsG5 ._ x/s] ;xefuLnfO{ afN] g] ;do lgwf/{ 0f ugx'{ f;] \\ . lzIfs jf vn] df ;xefuL gxg' ] Ps hgf ljBfyLn{ ] ;do ;ª\\st] ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps hgf ;xefuLsf] xftdf an lbgx' f;] \\ . an kf| Kt ug{] ;xefuLn] cfkmn\" ] c¿sf] bv' jf ;d:ofdf k/]sf] j]nf ;xof]u u/s] f] cge' j jf c¿af6 ;xofu] kf| Kt ubfs{ f] cge' l\" t atfpgx' f;] \\ . kml] / an csf{] csf]{ ;xefuLnfO{ klg kf; ub{} hfg'xf];\\ . o;/L ;a} ;xefuLx¿n] cfkm\\gf cg'ej / cge' l\" t ;'gfpg'xf;] \\ . cGTodf ;fyLx¿sf] cge' j / cge' l\" t ;G' bf s:tf] nfUof] < tkfO{FnfO{ To:tf] ePsf] eP s] ug{'xG' Yof] < sIffdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ ;dfg'el\" tsf] cy{ s]xf] < -v_ ;dfge' \"lt l;ksf] s'g} bO' { kmfObf nV] g'xf];\\ . -u_ ;+1fgfTds ;dfge' \"ltsf s'g} bO' { pbfx/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . -3_ ;dfge' l\" tsf sg' } bO' { tŒj pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . -ª_ ;dfge' \"ltsf tŒjsf] ;r\" L agfO{ sg' } b'Os{ f] kl/ro lbg'xf;] \\ . -r_ ;j+ ]ufTds ;dfg'el\" t / bofn' ;dfg'e\"ltsf] pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbg'xf;] \\ . -5_ ;dfg'e\"lt l;k ljsf; ug{ cjnDag ug{ ;lsg] sg' } kfFr pkfo pNnv] ug{x' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 65

% cfTdaf]w kf7 M != cfTdaf]wsf] cy{ cfTdaf]w eGgfn] cfkm}dF f Wofg lbO{ cfkmg\\ f ljrf/, efjgf tyf sfo{x¿ cfkmg\\ f cfGtl/s d\"No / dfGotfx¿;uF ldNbf 5g\\ ls 5g} g\\ d\"Nofªs\\ g ug'{ eGg] a'lemG5 . cfTdafw] ug;{ Sg] JolStn] c¿x¿n] xg] {] b[li6sf0] faf6 cfkm\"nfO{ x/] /] cfkm\\gf ljrf/, efjgf / sfo{x¿sf] plrt d\"Nofªs\\ g u5{ . To;sf cfwf/df cfkm\\gf ;j+ ]ux¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\\gf dN\" odfGotf;uF ldNg] u/L ;dfofh] g ug{ ;S5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gsf cg;' f/ cfTdaf]w l;kx¿df tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;+ju] fTds lgodg, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTd;Ddfg u/L rf/cf]6f l;knfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . @= cfTdaf]wsfk|sf/ Tasha Eurich sf] g]t[Tjdf /x]sf] cg';Gwfgstfx{ ¿sf] 6f]nLn] cfTdaf]wsf b'O{ ks| f/ pNn]v u/s] f 5g\\ M -s_ cfGtl/s cfTdafw] cfkm\\gf dN\" odfGotf tyf OR5fcfsfª\\Iffx¿ ;dfh / jftfj/0fdf pkoS' t 5g\\ jf 5g} g\\ eg]/ dN\" ofª\\sg u/L cfjZostfcg;' f/ kl/jtg{ jf ;dfofh] g ug{'nfO{ cfGtl/s cfTdafw] elgG5 . -v_ afx\\o cfTdaf]w c¿ dflg;n] cfkm\"nfO{ s:tf] ¿kdf x]5{g\\ eg]/ hfGg' rflxF afxo\\ cfTdafw] xf] . afx\\o cfTdaf]w ePsf JolStnfO{ c¿n] cfkm\";Fu ug{] ck]Iffaf/] hfgsf/L x'g] ePsfn] c¿x¿kl| t a9L ;dfge' \"lt /fVg] xG' 5g\\ . o:tf JolStx¿sf] ;xsdL{ tyf tNnf txsf sdr{ f/Lx¿;uF w]/} /fd|f] ;DaGw x'G5 . #= cfTdaf]wsf] dxŒj cfTdaf]w gePsf] JolSt s'g} klg ;d\"x, ;+:yf jf ;ª\\u7gsf] c;n gt] T[ Tjstf{ x'g ;Sb}gg\\ . c;n g]t[Œjstf{ aGgsf nflu cfTdaf]w ug{ cfjZos 5 . cfTdaf]wsf] dxŒj lgDgcg;' f/5 M 66 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

-s_ cfkmn\" ] s] s] /fd|/L ug{ ;lsG5 / s] s] ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 kQf nufO{ cfkmg\\ f] l;k ;'wf/ ug{' -v_ cfkm\\gf] ljrf/ / sfon{ fO{ cfkm\\gf] cfbz;{ Fu ldnfP/ v;' L hLjg lhpg' -u_ cfkmg\\ f cgo' foL, sdr{ f/L / ;xsdLx{ ¿sf] cfkmk\" l| tsf] bl[ i6sf0] f yfxf kfO{ c;n gt] Œ[ jstf{ aGg' -3_ cfkmg\\ f] sfo{Ifdtf jl[ 4 ug,{ JolStut ;DaGw alnof] agfpg' tyf ;j+ ]u Joj:yfkg ug{' -ª_ cfkmg\\ f] jf:tljs OR5f cfsfª\\Iff dx;;' ug'{ / To; ;'xfpFbf] k];f 5gf]6 u/]/ sfdk|ltsf] pTk]/| 0ff jl[ 4 ug'{ -r_ cfkm\\gf ;j+ ]u klxrfg ug{' tyf cfkmn\" fO{ sd dg kg{] sfdx¿ sd u/L tgfj sd ug'{ $= cfTdaf]wsf tl/sf / cEof; JolStn] cfkm\"df cfTdaf]w l;k ljsf; tyf cEof; ugf{sf nflu dV' o ¿kdf lgDglnlvt pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;S5g\\ M -s_ Wofg ug]{ of]ufEof; tyf Wofg ubf{ dflg;n] cfkmF}n] cfkmn\" fO{ dN\" ofªs\\ g ug{] df}sf kfpF5 . Wofgsf] ;dodf d/] f] nIo s] xf] < s] d/] f lj|mofsnfk d]/f] nIo k|flKtdf ;xof]uL 5g\\ < s] sf/0fn] d kl5 kl//xs] f] 5' < dn+} ] s] s] s'/f ;w' f/ ug{ cfjZos 5 < h:tf kZ| gx¿df cfkm\\gf] dl:tisnfO{ s]lGbt| ugk{' 5{ . b}lgs ¿kdf s]xL ;do Wofg ug{] jf PsfGtdf a:g] ubf{ cfTdafw] ug{ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . -v_ n]Vg] cfkm\\gf dV' o d'Vo of]hgfx¿ / kf| yldstfx¿ Pp6f 8fo/Ldf nV] g] tyf ;do ;dodf To;nfO{ ;dLIff ug{] ugf{n] cfkmg\\ f ;an kIf / sdhf/] kIf kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . To:t} 8fo/Ldf n]Vg] ubf{ cfkm\\gf] of]hgfaf/] cfkm}F ;r]t x'g ;lsG5 . -u_ dgf]dfkg k/LIf0f ug]{ cfkm\\gf] cfTdafw] sf] :t/ gfKgsf nflu ;ª\\VofTds ts{ / zflAbs ts{ h:tf dgfd] fkg k/LIf0f u/fpFbf cfkm\\gf] cfTdaf]wsf] :t/ kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ dfs} f kfOG5 . -3_ ljZjfl;nf] ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;fW] g] cfkm\\gf ;a} sdLsdhf/] Lx¿ cfkmFn} ] kQf nufpg ufx|f] x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf cfkmg\\ f ljZjfl;nf ;fyLx¿ tyf cfkme\" Gbf jl/i7 JolStaf6 ki[ 7kf]if0f lngk' 5{ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 67

-ª_ sfo:{ yndf ki' 7kfi] f0f lng] cgfk} rfl/s ¿kdf kl/jf/sf ;b:o, ;fyLx¿ tyf cfkme\" Gbf jl/i7 JolStaf6 ki[ 7kf]if0f lng'sf cltl/St cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf sfo:{ yndf ;as} f] ki[ 7kfi] f0f lng ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ;'kl/Ifsn] dfq eO{ sfdbf/sf ;xsdL{x¿ tyf ;]jfu|fxL÷pkefS] tfx¿n] ;d]t p;sf] sfo{sf] dN\" ofª\\sg u/L k[i7kf]if0f lbg] ljlw -#^) l8u|L k[i7kfi] f0f ljlw_ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . %= cfTddN\" ofªs\\ gsf] cy{ cfkmg\\ f JolStut sfo{ / ltgsf] kl/0ffdnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kn] cjnf]sg / ljZn]if0f u/]/ ltgnfO{ dN\" o lbg] kl| j|mof g} cfTdd\"Nofªs\\ g xf] . of] kf| oM cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ul/g] ePsfn] lnlvt ¿kdf g} ug{] rng 5 . o;nfO{ JolStut tyf ;+:yfut ¿kn] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df JolStnfO{ ;:+ yfsf] :yflkt nIo k|flKtdf p;sf] ;kmntf, sfo{bIftf / sfo{;Dkfbgsf] :t/ lgwf/{ 0f ug{ nufOG5 . cfTddN\" ofªs\\ g JolStsf nflu cfkm\\gf sdLsdhf]/L yfxf kfpg] tyf ltgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug{] dxŒjk0\" f{ cj;/ xf] . o;sf nflu JolStdf cfTdd\"Nofª\\sg ug{] l;k jf bIftf xg' 'k5{ . ^= cfTddN\" ofªs\\ gsf] dxŒj cfTdd\"Nofª\\sg ugfn{ ] JolSt tyf ;+:yf bj' n} fO{ kmfObf x'G5 . o;n] JolStsf sdLsdhf/] L kQf nufO{ ltgnfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ePsfn] JolStsf] sfo{;Dkfbg j[l4 x'G5 . o;n] ;:+ yfsf] nIo kf| lKtdf an kU' 5 . cfTdd\"Nofªs\\ gsf dxjŒx¿ lgDgcg;' f/ /x]sf 5g\\ M JolStnfO{ cfkm\"nfO{ dN\" ofª\\sg ug]{ JolSt cfkmF} ePsf] cge' l\" t u/fpg cfkm\\gf] cg'udg cfkmF} ug]{ ePsfn] pRr dgfa] nsf ;fy sfo{ u/fpg JolStsf] sfob{ Iftfdf ;w' f/ ug{ ;+:yfsf sd{rf/Llar Pscfk;af6 l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf; ug{ l;k ko| f]u ug{ a9L nrstf k|bfg u/L gofF ko| fu] ug{] sdr{ f/Lx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t ug{ ;fd\"lxs sfo{kl| t pTk]|/0ff hufpg sfdbf/÷sd{rf/L cfkmn+} ] gofF ljlw tyf k|ljlwsf] vf]hL k|ofu] ug{ &= cfTddN\" ofª\\sgsf tl/sf / k|ofu] cfTdljZjf; a9fpg / :jtGq lrGtg ljsf; ugs{ f nflu klg cfjZos 5 . cfTdd\"Nofªs\\ g ugs{ f nflu tnsf tl/sfx¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5 M sg' } klg sfo{ ubf{ cfkmg\\ f] k;] fut ljsf;af/] lrGtg ul//xg] 68 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

cfkmg\\ f ;xsdL,{ lzIfs tyf jl/i7 JolStx¿;uF cfkm\\gfaf/] s'/fsfgL ul//xg] . pgLx¿sf l6Kk0fLx¿ zfGtkj\" {s ;'Gg] t/ k|ltjfb gug]{ lnlvt ¿kdf cfTdd\"Nofªs\\ g ug{k' g]{ ePdf tl/sf l;s/] dfq To:tf] kmf/fd eg]{ cfkmg\\ f sdLsdhf]/Lx¿k|lt s7f]/ eP/ ;To kQf nufpg ko| Tg ug{] cfkmg\\ f sg' } ljkmntf eP To;nfO{ l;sfOsf ¿kdf lng] t/ To;d} lrGtf u//] ga:g] cfkmg\\ f sdLsdhf/] L c¿n] atfpge' Gbf klxn] cfkm}nF ] kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ ug{] ghfgs] f] sfd ug]{ k|of; ubf{ ljkmntf xft nfUg ;Sg] ePsfn] cfjZostfcg;' f/ tflnd / k];fut ;xof]usf] dfu ug{] cfkm\\gf pknlAwx¿sf] clenv] /fVg] cfkm\" / cfkm\\gf lzIfs jf jl/i7 JolStlardf s'g} s'/fk|lt x]g]{ bl[ i6sf0] f km/s ePdf ;dod} 5nkmn u/L :ki6 x'g] jf kfg]{ ljm| ofsnfk != tnsf h:t} kmf/fd tof/ kf/L cfkm\\gf] Jojxf/;“u ;DalGwt sfd eg'{xf;] \\ . To;kl5 cfkm\\gf] ;fyL;u“ kmf/fd ;f6f;f6 ug'{xf;] \\ M -s_ d oL sfddf ;an 5' M -c_ ======================== -cf_ ======================== -O_ ======================== @= oL sfd ug{ dn} ] cem a9L ldlxg]t ug{k' 5{ M -c_ ======================== -cf_ ======================== -O_ ======================== #= d/] f] ljBfno hLjgsf ;ae} Gbf tgfjk0\" f{ lbgx¿ oL x'g\\ M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 69

-c_ ======================== -cf_ ======================== -O_ ======================== $= oL sfddf d c¿sf] ;xof]u rfxG5' M -c_ ======================== -cf_ ======================== -O_ ======================== %= ;xof]u cfjZos ePsf] j]nf oL JolStaf6 ;xofu] dfUg dnfO{ ;xh nfU5 M -c_ ======================== -cf_ ======================== -O_ ======================== cEof; != tnsf kZ| gsf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ cfTdaf]w egs] f] s]xf] < -v_ cfTdaf]wsf] dxŒj bO' { ab'F fdf nV] gx' f];\\ . -u_ cfTdd\"Nofª\\sg eGgfn] s] al' emG5, nV] gx' f;] \\ . -3_ cfTdafw] sf tl/sfx¿af/] 5f]6s/Ldf n]Vg'xf];\\ . -ª_ cfTddN\" ofª\\sgsf] dxŒj s'g} kfrF a'Fbfdf nV] gx' f];\\ . -r_ cfTdd\"Nofª\\sgn] JolStTj ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u k'¥ofp5F < 70 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

^ ;j+ ]u Joj:yfkg kf7 M != ;j+ u] Joj:yfkgsf] cjwf/0ff s'g} j:t' jf kl/l:yltk|ltsf] r]tgfo'St dfgl;s kl| tljm| of g} ;j+ u] xf] . k|foM o:tf dfgl;s k|ltlj|mofsf ;fydf z/L/sf cGo cªu\\ x¿ tyf JolStsf] Jojxf/df klg kl/jt{g cfp5F . ;v' , v;' L, pT;fx cflb ;sf/fTds ;+ju] x¿ xg' \\ eg] bM' v, kL8f, l/; cflb r'gft} Lk\"0f{ jf gsf/fTds ;+ju] x¿ x'g\\ . ;+ju] fTds cg'ej jf k|ltlj|mofdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s cg'el\" t x'G5 . ;j+ u] fTds k|ltlj|mofdf zf/Ll/s jf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ xG' 5 . l/;fPsf] dflg;sf] z/L/df /Stkj| fx l56f] xG' 5 eg] p;sf] cg'xf/ /ftf] b]lvG5 . ;j+ ]un] z/L/df ljleGg /;fog klg pTkfbg u/fpF5 . ;+j]ufTds cge' j ul//x]sf] JolStn] pSt ;j+ u] nfO{ sg' } g s'g} ks| f/sf lj|mofTds kl| tljm| ofdfkm{t JoSt u5{ . l/;fPsf] dflg;n] 7'nf] :j/df ufnL u5{ eg] v';L ePsf] dflg; klg 7n' f] :j/df s/fpg jf glhssf] dflg;nfO{ cªu\\ fnf] xfNg kU' 5 . ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} ks| f/sf ;+j]ukl| t ;rt] /xg] tyf ltgnfO{ /rgfTds tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug{] IfdtfnfO{ ;j+ u] Joj:yfkg elgG5 . gsf/fTds ;j+ u] Nofpg ;Sg] kl/l:yltk|lt ;r]t /xg] tyf To:tf kl/l:yltnfO{ cfpg glbg] k|of; ug]{ / cfOxfnd] f To:tf] kl/l:yltdf cfkm\\gf] ;j+ u] nfO{ lgoGq0f jf ;dfofh] g u/L ;+j]unfO{ ;sf/fTds tl/sfn] cGTo ug]{ ug'k{ 5{ . eme} mu8f xg' ;Sg] kl/l:yltnfO{ klxn] g} lgoGq0f ug{], eOxfnd] f sdeGbf sd ;dodf cGTo ug]{ tyf To;af6 l;Sg] . To:t} ;sf/fTds ;+j]unfO{ klg lgoGq0f u/L clt v;' L jf pT;flxt xg' af6 aRgk' 5{ . s'g} v]ndf ljhoL x'Fbf v;' L xg' 'k5{ t/ clt v';L / pT;flxt ePdf cfkm\"n] ug'{kg{] cEof;df Wofg gk'uL csf]{ k6s k/fho x'g ;S5 . ;+j]unfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;s]df ljleGg c;/x¿ bl] vG5g\\ . cTolws lrGtf ug]{ dflg;df l8k|;] g h:tf dfgl;s /f]u nfUg ;S5g\\ . To:t} w]/} v';L jf pQl] ht xFb' f d6' s' f] /f]u x'g ;S5 . l/;, lrGtf h:tf gsf/fTds ;+ju] x¿n] k9fOdf Wofg ghfg], :d/0f zlSt sdhf/] x'g] h:tf c;/x¿ NofpF5g\\ . ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k Pp6f dxŒjk\"0f{ hLjgf]kofu] L l;k xf] . @= ;+j]u Joj:yfkg l;k (Skills of Emotion Management) ;j+ ]u Joj:yfkg ug{ ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf ;+ju] x¿ tyf gsf/fTds ;+j]u ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 71

Nofpg ;Sg] kl/l:yltnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{k' 5{ . To;sf nflu lgDgcg';f/sfl;k ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 M cfkm\\gf] ;+ju] nfO{ ae' mg\\ ] / To;k|lt ;rt] /xg] c¿x¿sf] ;+ju] fTds k|ltljm| ofnfO{ ljjs] k\"0f{ 9ªu\\ n] a'em\\g] ;j+ u] JoSt ug{ pkoS' t zAbfjnL ko| fu] ug],{ cZnLn zAbx¿ k|of]u gug]{ c¿sf] ;+ju] df ;dfg'el\" t /fVg] cfGtl/s ;+ju] fTds cge' j / afx\\o j:t'ut ;+j]ufTds cleJolStlar km/s 5'6\\ofpg] gsf/fTds ;+ju] Nofpg] kl/l:ylt / gsf/fTds ;+ju] nfO{ ;xh agfpg] ;DaGwx¿df ;j+ u] fTds ;~rf/ ubf{ cToGt ;rt] eP/ ug]{ cfkm\\gf] ;j+ u] nfO{ /rgfTds ¿kdf Joj:yfkg ug]{ #= ;+ju] Joj:yfkgsf pkfo (Measures of Emotion Management) ;+j]u Joj:yfkgsf nflu dV' otM ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} k|sf/sf ;+j]ux¿ lgoGq0f ug]{ / bf;] |f] gsf/fTds ;+ju] Nofpg ;Sg] kl/l:ylt jf jftfj/0fnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] ugk'{ 5{ . o;sf nflu lgDglnlvt pkfo ckgfpg ;lsG5 M c¿k|lt dfof bofefj /fVg] c¿n] cfkm\"k|lt u/]sf] sg' } klg /fd|f] sfo{sf nflu s[t1tf JoSt ug]{ c¿sf] clt cfnf]rgf uga{ f6 aRg] cfkm\"df gsf/fTds ;f]rfO cfPdf To;nfO{ r'gft} L lbg] jf k|df0f vfH] g] cfkm\"nfO{ dg kg{] jf cfkmn\" ] ug{ ;Sg] sfddf ;n+ Ug xg' ] cfkmg\\ f j/k/ ePsf 36gfx¿nfO{ :jfefljs dfg]/ :jLsf/ ug{] cfkmg\\ f] hLjgdf cfPsf gsf/fTds s/' feGbf ;sf/fTds s'/fdf Wofg lbg] gsf/fTds ;j+ u] af6 aRg tyf To;nfO{ sd ug{ pSt kl/l:ylteGbf aflx/ hfg] jf s'g} dg kg]{ jf /dfOnf] lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg xg' ] lgoldt ¿kdf zf/Ll/s Jofofd ug]{ PsfGtdf al;/xg'sf] ;66\\ f dg ldNg] JolSt;uF s'/fsfgL ug{] / ;d\"xdf /dfpg l;Sg] sf7] f jf 3/leq al;/xgs' f] ;66\\ f sx] L ;do aflx/ latfpg] afgL a;fNg] ;Dej xg' ] dxŒjfsfª\\Iff dfq /fVg] / To;nfO{ k|fKt ug]{ k|oTg ug]{ t/ clt dxŒjfsfªI\\ ff g/fVg] 72 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

$= lszf/] fj:yfdf ;j+ u] dfgj hLjgsf] afNofj:yf / jo:sfj:yflarsf] Pp6f ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cj:yfnfO{ lszf/] fj:yf elgG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\\ 7gsf cg';f/ !) jifb{ l] v !( jif;{ Ddsf] pd]/nfO{ lszf]/fj:yf dflgG5 . of] cj:yf ;ªj\\ |md0fsfnLg ePsfn] o; cj:yfdf afNoj:yf / jo:sfj:yf b'js} f ljz]iftf kfOG5g\\ . zf/Ll/s ¿kn] jo:s h:t} b]lvg] / afgL Joxf/df afnfkg /lx/xg] ePsfn] o; cj:yfsf ;j+ ]ux¿ klg ldl>t vfndf x'G5g\\ . lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ cfkm\"nfO{ :jtGq agfpg cleefjsx¿;Fu ;ª\\3if{ ul//xg] ePsfn] cleefjs;uF eGbf cfkmg\\ f ;fyL ;xkf7L;Fu a9L ;do latfpF5g\\ . cleefjssf tn' gfdf lszf]/lszf]/Ldf ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds b'j} ;j+ u] x¿ pRrtd txdf /x]sf x'G5g\\ . lszf]/ fj:yfsf klxnf] r/0fdf a9L gsf/fTds ;+j]u b]vfkg{] ePklg pd/] a9b\\ } hfbF f o:tf ;+ju] sd eP/ hfG5g\\ . lszf]/lszf]/Ln] ;+j]u Joj:yfkgsf nflu Pp6f :yfoL k|sf/sf] ;xkf7L ;d\"x agfpg] u5g{ \\ . o:tf ;xkf7L ;d\"xn] c:jLsf/ u/d] f lszf/] lszf/] Ln] ljBfno 5f8g\\ ], v/fa sfo{x¿ ug]{ nufotsf vt/f /xG5 . To:t} ;xkf7L ;dx\" s} sf/0fn] ljleGg sn' tdf km:g] ;Defjgf klg plQs} /xG5 . To;sf/0f ;sf/fTds k|sf/sf] ;xkf7L ;DaGwn] dfq lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿sf] ;j+ u] fTds :jf:Yo ljsf; ug{ ;xofu] k¥' ofpF5 . lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;j+ ]u lgoGq0fsf nflu cleefjs tyf lzIfsx¿sf] klg dxŒjk0\" f{ e\"ldsf /x] sf] x'G5 . lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿nfO{ 8/, qf; bv] fpg] jf ufnL ug]{ cflb ug'{eGbf pgLx¿nfO{ /fd|/L ;Demfpg] ugk'{ 5{ . To:t} cleefjs tyf lzIfsx¿n] lszf/] lszf/] Lsf] enf] dfq lrtfpg] ePsfn] lszf/] lszf]/Ln] pgLx¿;Fu ;d' w/' ;DaGw /fVg'k5{ . lszf]/lszf/] Ln] cleefjs tyf lzIfs;uF cfkmg\\ f ;d:of tyf ;j+ ]u cfbfgk|bfg ubf{ cfjZos ;Nnfx ;e' mfj kf| Kt ug{ ;S5g\\ . %= lszf]/fj:yfdf ;+j]u Joj:yfkg lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;j+ u] Joj:yfkg c¿ s;n} ] ul/lbP/ xFb' g} . o;sf nflu lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿ cfkm}F ;rt] eO{ ljleGg pkfo ckgfpg ;S5g\\ . tn lbOPsf pkfon] klg ;+j]u Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xofu] u5g{ \\ M -s_ cfkmn\" ] cge' \"lt ul//xs] f] ;j+ u] klxrfg ug{] / To;nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{] -v_ c¿n] cge' l\" t ul//x]sf] ;+ju] ;xfg'e\"ltk\"j{s klxrfg ug]{ / To;cg';f/sf] Jojxf/ ug{] -u_ cfkmn\" ] ;j+ ]ufTds cge' \"lt ul//xs] f] ;dodf klg cfkmg\\ f] nIo k|flKtdf lg/Gt/ nflu/xg] -3­_ c;xh kl/l:yltdf rk' rfk a:g] jf ToxfaF f6 efUg] ug{'eGbf ToxL /x]/ ;fx} fb|{k\"0f{ s/' fsfgL ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 73

u/L kl/l:yltnfO{ ;xh agfpg] -ª_ s;}n] sg' } g/fdf| ] sfd ug{ bjfa lbPdf To;nfO{ ;Ddfgk\"0f{ efiffdf c:jLsf/ ug]{ -r_ cfkm\\gf] ;j+ ]unfO{ zfGt kfg{ ljleGg js} lNks ljm| ofsnfkx¿ h:t} M nfdf] nfdf] Zjf; lng], cGoq Wofg nufpg], kfgL lkpg] cflb ug]{ -5_ c¿x¿sf] ;j+ u] nfO{ zfGt kfg{ pgLx¿;Fu ;dfg'el\" tkj\" s{ ;j+ fb ug{] -h_ cfkmg\\ f efjgfnfO{ sNkgfdf p8\\gaf6 /fS] g clt dxŒjfsfª\\Iff g/fVg] -em_ tTsfnsf] ;fgf] kmfObfdf nf]leP/ bL3s{ fnLg kmfObf ud' fpgaf6 aRg ;f]r ljrf/ u/]/ dfq lg0f{o lng] ^= lszf]/fj:yfdf ;+ju] lgoGq0fsf nflu of]u / Wofg ofu] tyf Wofgn] lszf]/fj:yfsf] ;j+ ]u lgoGq0f ;xofu] k'¥ofpF5g\\ . ofu] fEof;df kf| 0ffofd, cf;g / cf/fd ug{] tl/sf l;sfOG5 eg] Wofgdf sg' } Ps s'/fdf Wofg s]lGbt| ul/G5 . cgn' f]dljnf] d, el:qsf, skfneflt h:tf k|f0ffofd / e'hª\\uf;g, ds6{ f;g, wg'/f;g, ahf| ;g cflb cf;g pkofu] L dflgPsf 5g\\ . Wofg tyf of]ufEof; ugf{n] lgDglnlvt kmfObf x'G5g\\ M Wofg tyf of]ufEof;n] sg' } j:t' jf ljrf/df Wofg s]lGb|t ug{] Ifdtf a9fpF5 . zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ;rt] gf a9fp5F . lrGtf, l/; h:tf gsf/fTds ;+ju] nfO{ sd u/fp5F . lbdfunfO{ zfGt agfO{ :d/0fzlSt a9fp5F . cgz' fl;t / gd| agfpF5 . cfTdafw] ug{] Ifdtf a9fp5F . Zjf;k|Zjf; kl| j|mofnfO{ ;fdfGoLs/0f u/L Psgf; agfp5F . clS;hgsf] clwstd pkof]u u/fpF5 . z/L/nfO{ a9L nrsbf/ agfp5F . df+;k];Lsf] tgfj sd u/fp5F . z/L/sf] sfo{Ifdtf a9fpF5 . 74 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

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wflds{ cf:yfhGo klxrfgcGtut{ klg yk' }| ;Dkb| fox¿, ;dx\" x¿ tyf zfvfx¿ xG' 5g,\\ dflg;x¿ lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿ zj} , ji} 0fj, zfSt, :dft{ jf cGo sg' } ;Dkb| fosf xg' ;S5g\\ . af4} wdfj{ nDaLx¿ y/] jfbL -lxgofgL_, dxfofgL jf aho| fgL ;Dkb| fosf xg' ;S5g\\ . O:nfd dfGgx] ¿ ;G' gL, lzof, cxdlbof jf cGo ;Dk|bfox¿df afFl8Psf 5g\\ . ljm| l:rog wd{ dfGgx] ¿ Sofyfl] ns, kf| 6] :] 6G] 6 jf cGo ;Dkb| fox¿df ljeflht 5g\\ . cGo wflds{ cf:yfhGo ;db' fodf klg cfGtl/s cgs] tf kz| :t bl] vG5 . wflds{ cf:yfhGo ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfhsf] Jofjxfl/s oyfy{ dfgL cfk;df ;dGjo ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . ;;+ f/df sltko bz] x¿df k/fkj\" { sfnbl] v g} o:tf ljljwtfdf ;dGjosf] k/Dk/f /x]sf] bl] vG5 . klxn] Psn wfld{s cf:yf ePsf dflg;x¿ dfq a:g] b]zdf klg cr]n a;fOF;/fOsf] sf/0fn] wflds{ ljljwtfsf] cj:yf a9s] f] b]lvG5 . wfld{s ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ g;Sbf åGå / u[xo4' sf] ;d:ofdf km;]sf bz] x¿ klg 5g\\ . wfld{s ljljwtfsf] ;dGjo ug{' /fli6«o Pstf, ;fdflhs ;fd~h:o Pjd\\ ljZj zflGtsf nflu klg cfjZos 5 . g]kfndf wfld{s ljljwtfsf] ;dGjo ug]{ /fd|f] k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ cfk;df ldn]/ a:g] wflds{ ;lxi0f'tfsf] ;:+ s[lt 5 . -v_ kh| ftLo tyf hftLo ljljwtf ;dfhdf cg]s k|hflt tyf hfltsf dflg;x¿ /x]sf] cj:yfnfO{ kh| ftLo tyf hftLo ljljwtf elgG5 . dflg;x¿nfO{ zf/Ll/s cj:yfsf cfwf/df ljleGg k|hflt dflgG5 . clk|msfsf d\"n afl;Gbf dflgg] sfnf] j0f{sf dflg; / o'/f]kdf a9L ;ª\\Vofdf /x]sf uf]/f dflg;sf] kh| flt cnu cnu dflgG5 . hfltsf] lgwf/{ 0f ;femf efiff, ;:+ s[lt tyf Oltxf;sf cfwf/df ul/G5 . ljZjsf sltko bz] x¿df hftLo ljljwtf w]/} bl] vG5 . sltko b]zx¿df hftLo ljljwtf sd /x]sf] Oltxf; klg kfOG5 . Pl;ofnL tyf clk|msL /fHox¿df hftLo ljljwtfsf] nfdf] Oltxf; 5 . o/' f]k]nL /fHox¿df hftLo ljljwtf xfn;fn} a9\\g yfn]sf] b]lvG5 . bz] sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] eP tfklg hftLo ljljwtf a9L xg' ;S5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu g]kfn / rLgsf] t'ngf u/fF} . gk] fn ef}ufl] ns cfsf/df ;fgf] eP tfklg ! ;o @% hftLo ;dx\" sf] oxfF a;f]af; 5 . rLg efu} fl] ns cfsf/df Hofb} 7n' f] cfsf/sf] eP tfklg %^ hftLo ;dx\" dfq 5g\\ . ltgLx¿dWo] Pp6} ;dx\" …xfgÚ sf] hg;ªV\\ of () kl| tzteGbf klg w]/} 5 . o;/L rLgsf] t'ngfdf g]kfndf hftLo ljljwtf w/] } 5 eGg ;lsG5 . o'/fk] df cfwl' gs /fi6«/fHox¿sf] lgdf{0f xFb' f lal| 6;sf nflu la|6g] , k|m]Grsf nflu km| fG;, hd{gsf nflu hdg{ L cflb agfPsf] x'gfn] hftLo ljljwtf sd lyof,] t/ xfns} f bzsdf tL b]zx¿df klg hftLo ljljwtf al9/xs] f] 5 . jf:tjdf ;+;f/ el/ g} eO/xs] f] a;fOF;/fOn] hftLo ljljwtf klg ;al} t/ a9\\bf] 5 . -u_ eflifs ljljwtf ;dfhdf cgs] efiff af]Ng] dflg;x¿ /xs] f] cj:yfnfO{ eflifs ljljwtf elgG5 . eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ ;dfh tyf b]zsf] dxŒjk\"0f{ ;Dkbf dflgG5 . eflifs ljljwtf ;DalGwt ;dfh ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 77

tyf b]zsf] ljljwtfk0\" f{ Oltxf;sf] Bf]ts xf] . ;;+ f/df sltko b]zx¿df cgs] efiff afN] g] dflg;x¿ klxNo}bl] v /xs] f lyP . klxn] Ps efiff dfq af]Ng] dflg;x¿ /xs] f bz] df klg cr]n eflifs ljljwtf a9b\\ f] 5 . ;;+ f/sf ;a} bz] x¿ j|mdzM axe' flifs aGg] lbzflt/ cu|;/ b]lvG5g\\ . efiff dflg;sf] cleJolStsf dfWodsf ;fy} klxrfgsf] k|d'v tŒj klg dflgG5 . efiffn] ;fdfGotof dflg;x¿nfO{ hf8] g\\ ] sfo{ u5{ . ljZjsf cgs] fF} bz] df a;fO;F /fO u/s] f gk] fnL dn\" sf dflg;x¿nfO{ gk] fnL efiffn] hf]8]sf] pbfx/0f 5 . g]kfnsf] axe' flifs ljzi] ftfnfO{ ;Ddfg ub{} gk] fnL efiffn] km/s km/s efiffefifLx¿nfO{ cfk;df k|efjsf/L ;~rf/sf nflu cj;/ a9fPsf] 5 . eflifs ljljwtf ePsf] ;dfhdf efiffsf cfwf/df x'g] ljleGg klxrfgx¿sf] ;fd~h:o cfjZos xG' 5 . sg' } klg b]zsf] /fli6«o Pstf / ;dtfd\"ns ljsf;sf nflu eflifs ljljwtfnfO{ ;DDffg, ;+/If0f / kj| w{gsf ;fy;fy} ljleGg eflifs ;db' fox¿sf] ;dGjo ug{ cfjZos x'G5 . -3_ ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf ;:+ s[lt sg' } klg ;dfhsf] cfwf/e\"t kIf xf] . ;:+ sl[ tn] ;dfhsf dflg;x¿nfO{ hf8] g\\ ] / ;femf klxrfg lbg] dflgG5 . Pp6} ;dfhdf ljleGg ;+:sl[ tx¿ /xs] f] cj:yfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts ljljwtf elgG5 . ;f+:s[lts ljljwtfsf] cj:yf cgs] fF} sf/0fn] k}bf ePsf] x'G5, ;dfhdf hflt, efiff, wd{ cflbdf ljljwtf xF'bf To;n] ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf klg a9fpF5 . hflt, efiff, wd{ cflbdf ljljwtf sd 5 eg] ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf klg sd g} x'G5 . gk] fn ax'hftLo, axe' flifs / axw' flds{ sf ;fy;fy} ax';f+:s[lts b]z xf] . jl} Zjs txdf xg] ]{ xf] eg] t ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf emg\\ w/] } 5 . a;fO;F /fO, lzIff, Jofkf/, ko{6g, ldl8ofdf kxF'r cflb sf/0fn] ;f:+ sl[ ts ljljwtf a9b\\ f] jm| ddf 5 . ;f+:sl[ ts ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo u/L ;dfhdf ;fd~h:o sfod /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 . -ª_ snf snf klg ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] Pp6f d'Vo cfofd xf] . snfcGtut{ lrqsnf, dl\" t{snf, :yfkTo, ;ª\\uLt, g[To, ;flxTo, gf6s, Jofj;flos snf cflb cgs] f}F Ifq] x¿ 5g\\ . sg' } klg ;dfhsf] ;+:s[ltsf dxŒjk0\" f{ cjojsf ¿kdf ;dfhdf k|rlnt snfx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . ljljw snfn] ;dfhnfO{ ;d4[ agfp5F g\\ . ;dfhsf] jf b]zsf] df}lns klxrfg lgdf0{ f ug{df snfsf] klg k|dv' el\" dsf x'G5 . k|ljlwsf] ljsf;;Fu} /l] 8of,] rnlrq, 6]lnlehg tyf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;~hfndfkmt{ snfsf] k|:tl' t / k|rf/ k;| f/sf] bfo/f lgs} a9s] f] 5 . jtd{ fg ljZjdf Psflt/ dfl} ns snfsf kIfdf cleofgx¿ rn]sf bl] vG5g\\ eg] csf]{lt/ csf]{ ;dfh jf csf]{ bz] sf snfnfO{ dg k/fpg,] l;Sg] / To;nfO{ cfkmg\\ f] sfo{Ifq] agfpg] kr| ng klg a9b\\ f] 5 . ;dfh jf b]zleq} snf Ifq] sf] cfGtl/s ljljwtf ;Fu;uF } cfofltt snf;uF sf] cGt/;DaGwn] ;fdflhs ljljwtfdf ke| fj kf/]sf] x'G5 . dfly pNnv] ul/Psf hflt, efiff, wd{, ;+:sl[ t / snfsf ;fy} n}ªl\\ us ljljwtf / ckfª\\utf jf 78 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

km/s IfdtfhGo ljljwtfnfO{ klg ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf dxŒjk0\" f{ kIfx¿ dflgG5 . #= jt{dfg ljZjdf ljljwtfsf] Ps emns ;;+ f/df sl/a ^ ;o %) hftLo ;d'bfox¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . To:t} $ xhf/ # ;o wflds{ cf:yfhGo ;Dk|bfox¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . ;;+ f/df sl/a & xhf/ ! ;o efiffx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . clxn]sf] ljZj kl/jz] ax'wfld{s, ax';f:+ sl[ ts, ax'eflifs Pjd\\ ax'hftLo 5 . ;+;f/e} l/ cfGtl/s tyf cGt//fli6«o a;fOF;/fO eO/x]sf] 5 . /f]huf/L, Jofkf/, lzIff tyf ko{6g k|ofh] gsf nflu Ps 7fpaF f6 csf]{ 7fpdF f cNksfnLg a;f]af;sf nflu hfg] dflg;x¿sf] ;ª\\Vof emg\\ w/] } 5 . an] fotsf] nG8g ;x/sf afl;Gbfx¿ af/] ;g\\ @)@! df ul/Psf] Ps cWoogn] ToxfF xfn sl/a @ ;o &) ks| f/sf hfltsf dflg;x¿ a:g] / ltgLx¿n] sl/a # ;o ks| f/sf efiffx¿ af]Ng] tYo phfu/ ePsf] 5 . ltgLx¿sf kh| ftLo klxrfgdf klg ljljwtf 5 . wflds{ cf:yfsf lx;fan] klg pgLx¿ ;of}F ks| f/sf cf:yf k4ltdf ljeflht 5g\\ . d\"n ¿kdf sg' b]zaf6 a;fOF;/fO u/s] f x'g\\ eGg] cfwf/df klg ljljwtf 5 . nG8g ;x/ t Pp6f pbfx/0f dfq xf] . rfx] :yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu xf];\\ jf c:yfoL a;f]af;sf nflu xf];\\, ha dflg;x¿ Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpdF f hfG5g\\ ta ;fydf cfkmg\\ f wfld{s cf:yf, efiff, ;:+ s[lt, snf, j]zei\" ff cflb klg lnP/ hfG5g\\ . o;n] ljljwtfsf] cj:yfnfO{ a9fpF5 . a;fO;F /fO gePsf] cj:yfdf klg ljZjsf ljleGg ee\" fusf dflg;x¿ wflds{ cf:yf, cyt{ Gq, /fhgLlt, ljrf/wf/f cflbsf sf/0fn] Pscfk;df cGt/;Da4 xG' 5g\\ . kl| jlwsf sf/0fn] ljleGg tx / cfofdaf6 agfpg ;lsg] ;~hfnx¿n] ;+;f/sf 6f9f 6f9fsf dflg;x¿ cfkmg\\ f cfkmg\\ f 3/df a;/] klg cfk;df er{c' n ;db' fodf hfl] 8Psf 5g\\ . cfhsf] o'udf ljljwtf jf:tljs ljZj / erc'{ n hut\\ b'O6d} f ljBdfg /x]sf] oyfy{ xf] . ljljwtfsf] cj:yf hlt a9\\5 plt g} ljljwtfsf] ;dGjosf] cfjZostf klg a9\\5 . ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo ug{ Pjd\\ ;fd~h:o :yflkt ug{ g;lsPdf åGå a95\\ . km'6an kl| tofl] utf xbF' f km/s km/s Snasf kz| +;sx¿sf] åGå eof] eg] t ;d:of k5{ eg] wd,{ ;:+ s[lt, hflt, efiff, snf, /fli6o« tf h:tf s'/fx¿ åGåsf axfgf ag] eg] w/] } hl6n ;d:of cfOk5{ . åGå Joj:yfkg / zflGtsf] k|jw{gsf nflu ljljwtfnfO{ s;/L ;Dafw] g ug{] eGg] ;d'lrt gLlt geO{ xbF' }g . ljljwtfsf] ;dGjo jt{dfg ljZjsf] cfjZostf xf] . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 79

ljm| ofsnfk != g]kfndf af]lng] efiffx¿dWo] hg;ªV\\ ofsf cfwf/df w/] n} ] afN] g] !) cf6] f efiffx¿ s'g sg' /x5] g\\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng'xf];\\ . cfkm\\gf] sIffdf sg' s'g efiffefifLsf] pkl:ylt 5, ;f]wvfh] ug{x' f;] \\ . sIffdf pkl:yt ljBfyLd{ f Ps} hgfn] sltcf6] f;Dd efiff afN] g ;Sg] Ifdtf /x5] eGg] ;fd\"lxs 5nkmn u/L kQf nufpgx' f];\\ . @= g]kfn ax'wfld{s bz] xf] eg]/ ;+ljwfgdf klg n]lvPsf] 5 . gk] fndf sg' s'g wd{ dfGg] JolStx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ eGg] tYofª\\s k|:tt' u/L wfld{s ;lxi0f'tfsf] cfjZostfaf/] sIffdf ;fdl\" xs rrf{ ugx{' f];\\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ;fdflhs ljljwtf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ug{'xf;] \\ . -v_ jt{dfg ljZj ljljwtfk\"0f{ 5 eGg] tYo pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\\ . -u_ ;fdflhs ljljwtfnfO{ ;dGjo ug'{ lsg cfjZos 5 < kl/ofh] gf sfo{ ljZjdf hg;ª\\Vofsf cfwf/df w]/} hg;ª\\Vof ePsf !) cf]6f hftLo ;d'bfox¿, w]/}n] af]Ng] !) cf6] f efiffx¿ / w/] } wdfj{ nDaL /x]sf !) cf]6f wda{ f/] hfgsf/L lng'xf;] \\ . pSt tYofªs\\ nfO{ 56' \\6f5'66\\ } tflnsfdf /fvL jt{dfg ljZjsf] ljljwtfnfO{ phfu/ ug{] Pp6f k:| tl' t tof/ kfg{'xf;] \\ . 80 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

@ ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs cGt/ kf7 M lge/{ tf != ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ;dfh JolSt JolSt ldn/] ag]sf] x'G5 . JolStnfO{ ;dfhsf] cfwf/e\"t PsfO dflgG5 . kl/jf/ ;dfhsf] cfwf/et\" ;:+ yf xf] . ;dfhdf ljljw ;+/rgf tyf ;+:yfx¿ /x]sf x'G5g\\ . ;dfhdf wflds{ , ;f:+ s[lts, cflys{ , /fhgLlts tyf cGo k|sf/sf ;:+ yfx¿ klg xG' 5g\\ . ;fdflhs ;DaGwdf kl/jf/, sn' , s6' 'Da, ;db' fo / ;dfhsf txdf ;/+ rgfx¿ /xs] f xG' 5g\\ . ;fy} /fli6o« / jl} Zjs ;+/rgfx¿sf] klg ;dfhdf k|efj k/s] f] xG' 5 . kl/jf/, sn' , s6' D' a, uf| d, u0f cflb ;+/rgfx¿ /fHosf] t'ngfdf lgs} k|frLg x'g\\ . ;fdflhs / /fhgLlts ;:+ yfx¿sf] jm| lds ljsf;af/] hfgsf/L jb] Pjd\\ jl} bs jfª\\dodf el] 6G5 . ;fdflhs Pjd\\ /fhgLlts ;/+ rgfaf/] jl} bs jfªd\\ odf ul/Psf lrGtgdf JolSt / bDkltsf] cl:tŒjnfO{ ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] k|f/De dflgPsf] bl] vG5 . cyj{j]bsf cg;' f/, ;ae} Gbf klxn] ags] f] ;:+ yf kl/jf/ lyof] . ljjfx, bfDkTo hLjg / kl/jf/;Da4 dGqx¿ CUjb] df klg k|z:t 5g\\ . kl/ jf/ ;:+ yfnfO{ cyjj{ ]bdf …ufxk{ ToÚ elgPsf] 5 . bfDkTo hLjg Pjd\\ kl/jf/sf] cl:tŒjn] lghL ;DklQsf] kf| jwfgnfO{ hGd lbof] . ufx{kTo jf kfl/jfl/s ;ªu\\ 7gkl5 cfxjgLo ;:+ yfsf] ljsf; eof] . cfxjgLo zAbsf] clekf| o cfx\\jfg ul/Psf] cj:yfdf hDdf x'g] ;+:yf jf ;ªu\\ 7g xf] . ;DejtM cfxjgLo eg]sf] u|fd ;ªu\\ 7g -ufpF ;ef_ h:tf] ;+:yf lyof] . cfxjgLo ;:+ yfkl5 blIf0ffUgL ;:+ yfsf] ljsf; eof] . of] hgkb txsf] ;:+ yfsf ¿kdf bl] vG5, hxfF uf| dsf kl| tlglwx¿ Psq x'Gy] . hgkbsf] ;femf klxrfgnfO{ Úu0fÚ elgPsf] al' emG5 . CUjb] df ljbysf] pNn]v 5 . of] dlxnf / k'?if bj' } ;xefuL xg' ] ;+:yf lyof] . kl/jf/ jf sn' sf] ;b:o ;ª\\Vof w/] } ePsf] cj:yfdf ;a} kl/jf/hg Ps} :yfgdf en] f eO{ dlxnf / k?' ifsf] ;dfg ;xeflutfdf kfl/jfl/s ljifoj:td' f ljrf/ ljdz{ ug,]{ pkef]Uo j:t'sf] ljt/0f ug],{ j|mL8f ug]{, wfld{s lj|mofsnfk ug]{ Pjd\\ o'4sf] tof/L ug]{ ;+:yf ljby lyof] eGg] cWo]tfx¿ atfpF5g\\ . of] cyj{j]bsf] ufxk{ To / cfxjgLo ;:+ yfx¿;Fu tn' gLo b]lvG5 . CUj]bdf …hGdgÚ, …ljzÚ / …hgÚ sf] klg pNn]v 5 . …hGdgÚ nfO{ uf]q cyft{ \\ Pp6f kl/jf/ sf] uf]i7L eGg ;lsG5 . To:tf sltko …hGdgÚ x¿ ldn/] …ljzÚ aGYof] / …ljzÚ x¿ ldn]/ … hgÚ aGYof] . ;ef, ;ldlt, kl/ifb\\, ;]gf cflb klg jb] ;l+ xtfd} plNnlvt 5g\\ . o;/L kl/jf/, u|fd, hgkb x'Fb} ;ef / ;ldlt h:tf /fli6o« ;+:yfx¿sf] pbe\\ j / ljsf; ePsf] bl] vG5 . j}lbs jfªd\\ odf …/fi6Ú« egs] f] /fhgLlts ¿kn] ;ªu\\ l7t hg -jf ljzM_ nfO{ hgfpg] ;+1f xf] . /fHosf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 81

cl:tŒjn] /fli6o« tfsf] efjgf cfpF5 / ;ldlt, ;ef, kl/ifb\\, ;]gf, /fhfsf] jf u0f dV' osf] rog / /fHofleifs] af/] jb] ;+lxtf Pjd\\ a|fx\\d0f uG| yx¿df w]/} ;fdu|L kfOG5 . dxfef/t uG| ysf] zflGtkja{ f6 yfxf x'G5 ls cltk|frLg sfndf /fHo, /fhf, b08 -cfhsf] kl/k]I| odf sfgg' _ lyPgg\\ . ;Dk\"0f{ kh| f wd{åf/f g} k/:k/sf] /Iff uy{] Pjd\\ ;a} dg'io -g/_ x¿ wd{åf/f g} k/:k/ kflnt / kfl] ift xG' y] elgPsf] 5 . ;doj|mddf /fHosf] ljsf; eof] . klxNo}b]lv ljBdfg kl/jf/, s'n, s6' D' a, uf| d, u0f cflb ;+/rgfx¿nfO{ dfg/] g} /fHo cl3 a9s] f] bl] vG5 . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf ;fdflhs ;DaGw / ;fdflhs ;+:yfx¿sf] ljsf; s;/L eof] eGg]af/] cg]sfF} dtx¿ 5g\\ . sg' } dtn] O{Zj/Lo OR5fn] ;dfh ags] f] atfpF5g\\ . s'g} dtn] c/fhstfaf6 aRg kf| rLg sfndf dflg;x¿n] cfk;L ;Demft} faf6 ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf0{ f u/]sf] dfG5g\\ . sx] L pTkfbgsf ;fwgx¿df :jfldTjsf] sf/0fn] kl/jf/ tyf cGo ;fdflhs ;+/rgfx¿ lgdf{0f ePsf] ts{ u5{g\\ . JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfh cfk;df ;Da4 PsfOx¿ xg' \\ eGgd] f ;a} dtx¿sf] wf/0ff ldN5 . @= JolStTjsf cfwf/, JolStsf st{Jo / clwsf/ sg' } klg JolStsf] JolStTj s:tf] xG' 5 eGg] s/' fdf bz] , sfn -;do_ tyf kl/l:yltsf] kT| oIf ke| fj k/s] f] xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf bl] vG5 . o;df ;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿n] kfngf ugk{' g{] ;fwf/0f stJ{ o / JolStsf] kfqtf, lhDdj] f/L / cfjZostfcg;' f/ lgwf/{ 0f xg' ] stJ{ osf] ;dli6af6 JolStsf] JolStTj lgdf0{ f xG' 5 . o;nfO{ JofVof ug{ jl} bs lxGb,' af4} tyf hg} wd{ bzg{ df ;fwf/0f wd{ / ljzi] f wd{sf] cjwf/0ff /x]sf] kfOG5 . ;fwf/0f wd{ eGgfn] ljZjel/sf ;a} dflg;sf nflu nfu\" x'g] gLlt lgodx¿ dflgG5g\\ eg] ljz]if wd{ eGgfn] JolStsf] JolStTj, ;do, :yfg, kl/j]znufotsf s'/fx¿ kl/jtg{ x'Fbf km/s kg{ hfg] gLlt lgodx¿ dflgG5g\\ . JolStTjsf] lgdf0{ fdf rl/qnfO{ w/] } dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . ;:+ sf/, ;+:s[lt / ;bfrf/sf] kfngfn] c;n kfqtf x'g] / stJ{ osf] kfngfn] clwsf/ kf| Kt x'g] dfGotf bl] vG5 . dflg;sf] rfn] f kfPkl5 hLjgsf] clGtd nIo df]If xf] eGg] pkbz] lxGb' / h}g zff:qx¿sf] 5 / af4} dtdf lgjf{0fnfO{ k/d\\ nIo dflgPsf] 5 . lxGb' hLjg k4ltdf hLjfTdfsf] :y\"n, ;\"Id / sf/0f z/L/ xg' ] / hLjgdf wd{, cy,{ sfd / dfI] f -k?' iffy{ rti' 6o_ sf] nIocg';f/ sd{ ugk{' g{] pkbz] /xs] f] 5 . dflg; hlGdgf;fy Clif C0f, bj] C0f / lkt[ C0f nfUg] / 1fg cfh{g, pkf;gf / sdd{ fkmt{ st{Jo k/\" f u/d] f tL C0faf6 dS' t xfO] g] atfOPsf] 5 . b}lgs hLjgdf sd{7tf, bof, s?0ff, k/fk] sf/ h:tf u'0f wf/0f u/L sd{/t /xgk' 5{ . k/f]ksf/ g} k0' o xf] / k/kL8g kfk xf] . dflg;sf ;fy;fy} cGo kf| 0fLx¿sf] klg sNof0f ug'{k5{ / pgLx¿kl| t klg bof, s?0ff, d}qLsf] efj /fVgk' 5{ . dg, jrg / sdd{ f kljqtf xg' k' 5{ . cfkmn\" fO{ dg gkg{] jf kl| tsn\" xg' ] sfo{ c¿nfO{ klg ugx'{ b'F g} . cfkm\\gf] Ifdtfcg;' f/ Oi6fk\"t{ -bfg Pjd\\ k/fk] sf/_ ul//xg'k5{ . lx+;f, jm| fw] , å]if, nf]e h:tf cju0' fx¿ TofUg'k5{ . kl/jf/, sn' , s6' 'Da, /fHo Pjd\\ k[YjL -e\"ld_ k|ltsf] stJ{ o k/\" f ug{'k5{ . o:tf pkbz] x¿n] j}olSts stJ{ osf] r]tgf lbG5g\\ . 82 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

;dfhdf /x]sf JolStx¿sf] cfk;L ;DaGwsf ljleGg cfofd xG' 5g\\ . ;fdflhs Jojxf/df gk] fnL ;+:sl[ t ;dli6 kw| fg /xs] f] 5 eg] cfWoflTds ko| f]hgdf of] ;b}j Joli6–s]lG›t /x/] -jo} lStstf kw| fg_ lrGtg u5{ . ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ;dfhnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / cfWoflTds Jojxf/df JolStnfO{ kf| yldstf lbg] ul/Psfdf ;d'lrt sf/0f 5 . Ps hgfsf] sf/0fn] ;f/f ;dfhnfO{ xflg k'U5 jf kmfObf klg x'G5Ù lsgls ;dfhsf ;b:osf ¿kdf x/]s JolSt JolSt cGt/lge/{ / ;Da4 5g\\ . cfWoflTds k|of]hgdf o:tf] x'bF g} . kT| os] hLjfTdf df]If jf ktgsf nflu cfkm\"dfq lhDdj] f/ x'G5 . k/nf]sdf cfdfaa' f >LdtL k'q jf lxt}ifL ldqhgx¿ sf]xL klg ;fydf xFb' g} g,\\ s]jn wd{ dfq ;fydf xG' 5 . To;n} ] cfWoflTds ;Gbe{df JolStnfO{ k0\" f{ jo} lSts :jtGqtf lbOPsf] xf] . stJ{ o k\"/f u/]/ clwsf/ k|fKt ug'{k5{ eGg] dfGotf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] ljzi] ftf xf] . JolStTj lgdf{0f / dfgj hLjgsf] nIoaf/] dflg;sf b[li6sf]0fdf kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] klg b]lvG5 . lzIffdf kxr'F , k|ljlwsf] k|ofu] tyf sfg'gsf] zf;gsf sf/0fn] JolSt, kl/jf/ / ;dfhdf klg 7'nf] ke| fj k/s] f] 5 . ;fy} j}ZjLs/0f / j}Zj:yfgLs/0fsf sf/0fn] klg ;dfhdf w/] } kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . lzIff, :jf:Yo, oftfoft / k];fdf gofF gofF ljsNkx¿ dflg;n] kfPsf 5g\\ . dgf]/~hgsf ;fwg / tl/sf klg kl/jt{gzLn 5g\\ . ;fdflhs ;:+ yfx¿;Fusf] cGt/ljm| of klxn] h:tf] k|s[ltsf] lyof], Tof] klg clxn] kl/jtg{ ePsf] 5 . o'/fk] ]nL ;Eotfdf JolSt / ;dfhsf] ;DaGwaf/] b'O{ laNsn' } ljk/Lt dfGotfx¿sf] ;ª\\3if{ b]lvG5 . ToxfF Psflt/ JolStnfO{ s]Gbd| f /fVg] j}olStstfjfbL bl[ i6sf]0f b]lvG5 eg] csf{lt/ ;fdflhs tyf /fhgLlts ;/+ rgfnfO{ a9L dxŒj lbg] ;db' fojfbL b[li6sf0] f /x]sf] 5 . tL bO' {dWo] sg' ljrf/wf/f cjnDag ul/Psf] xf], ;fx] Lcg';f/ ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] :j¿kdf km/s kg{] x'G5 . gk] fnL ;+:s[ltdf ;dGjo Pjd\\ ;fd~h:onfO{ hf]8 lbOg] xg' fn] o'/f]k]nL ;Gbe{sf] h:tf] JolStjfbL jf ;db' fojfbL eGg] b'O{ ljwf ljefhg 5g} . ;fdflhs Jojxf/df ;dfhnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] / cfWoflTds Jojxf/df JolStnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] k4lt oxfF /lxcfPsf] bl] vG5 . cfwl' gs ou' df JolStTj lgdf0{ fdf lj1fg cfwfl/t lzIff, kl| jlw sl] Gbt| l;k, ahf/ lgbl{] zt pkefu] / ;r\" gf tyf dgf/] ~hgsf nflu ldl8ofdf lge/{ tf h:tf sf/0fx¿ a9L lg0ffo{ s aGb} uPsf] atfOG5 . ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ;xeflutf / ToxfF x'g] cGt/ljm| ofn] klg JolStTjdf k|ToIf ke| fj kfl//x]sf] b]lvG5 . #= kl/jf/ / kfl/jfl/s cfbz{ ;dfhsf] cfwf/e\"t PsfO JolSt xf] eg] cfwf/et\" ;:+ yf kl/jf/ xf] . sg' } klg ;dfhdf ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿sf] ljsf; s:tf] xg' ] eGg] pSt ;dfhdf kl/jf/ ;+:yfsf] s:tf] :j¿k / e\"ldsf 5 To;n] ke| fj kf5{ . ;fdflhsLs/0f Pjd\\ ;+:st[ Ls/0fdf klg kl/jf/sf] k|fylds e\"ldsf xG' 5 . Pp6f kl/jf/ / cGo kl/jf/x¿sf] ;DaGw s:tf] xg' ] eGg] ;jfnaf6 g} jf:tjdf ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] lrGtg kf| /De xg' ] xf] . kl/jf/sf] :j¿k, p2Z] o / k4lt s:tf] xg' ] eGgd] f ;dfh ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 83

lkR5s] f dfl} ns dfGotfx¿ xG' 5g\\ . Pp6f cfbz{ kl/jf/ s:tf] xg' 'k5{ eGg] dfGotfsf] lgwf/{ 0fdf wd{, ;+:s[lt, bzg{ , cy{tGqsf] 9frF f cflbsf] k|ToIf ke| fj k/s] f] x'G5 . kl/jf/ s:tf] xg' k' 5{ eGg] s/' fnfO{ kfl/jfl/s cfbz{ eg]/ hgfOG5 . kfl/jfl/s cfbza{ f/] k|frLg sfnbl] v g} lrGtg xFb' } cfPsf] 5 . lxGb' ;dfhdf ;dfh / /fi6s« f nflu kl/jf/sf] dxŒjnfO{ ux[ :yf>dsf] dlxdfdfkmt{ \\ atfOPsf] 5 . ;a} k|f0fLnfO{ afFRgsf nflu kf| 0fjfos' f] dxŒj 5 . ;dfhsf cGo cf>dsf nflu u[x:yf>dsf] klg To:t} :yfg 5 . ;+:sf/sf] kf| ylds ko| fu] kl/ jf/d} x'g] xf] . JolStsf] hLjgz}nL, ;f]r, bl[ i6sf0] f, rl/qsf] lgdf{0fdf kl/jf/sf] klxnf] ke| fj k5{ . cfwl' gs ou' df JolStTj tyf hLjgsf] p2Z] oaf/] bl[ i6sf0] fdf cfPsf kl/jtg{ n] kfl/ jfl/s cfbz{af/] dfGotfdf klg kl/jt{g cfPsf] bl] vG5 . cflys{ ;DaGw tyf /f]huf/Lsf tl/ sf, ;fdflhsLs/0fsf k4lt / ljZjbl[ i6sf0] fdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ n] kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgf / kfl/jfl/s cfbz{ af/s] f] ;f]rfOdf km/s kf5{ . cfkmg\\ } k'Vofn{} L 7fpFdf sl[ if k];fdf /xg] dflg;x¿sf] kfl/ jfl/s ;+/rgf, hflu/ jf dhb/' Lsf nflu ;x/df 8]/f u/L a;s] f dflg;x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;+/ rgf / j}bl] zs /f]huf/Lsf nflu ljbl] zPsf dflg;x¿sf] kfl/jfl/s ;/+ rgfdf s]xL cGt/ k5{ . :j;:+ st[ Ls/0f / k/;:+ st[ Ls/0fsf] åGån] klg kfl/jfl/s cfbz{ b[li6sf0] fdf cGt/ k5{ . dfgj ;dfhsf nflu kl/jf/ lgs} dxŒjk0\" f{ ;+/rgf ePsf] x'gfn] o;sf] ;/+ If0fnfO{ ljzi] f kf| yldstf lbgk' g{] cWot] fx¿ atfpF5g\\ . $= ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf ;fdflhs ;/+ rgfsf] cfwf/et\" PsfO JolSt / kl/jf/ x'g\\ . To;kl5sf] ;/+ rgf sn' xf] . cfkmg\\ f] s'nsf dflg; / cfkmGtx¿;lxtsf] ;db' fonfO{ s6' D' a elgG5 . ;fdflhs /fhgLlts lx;fan] ;ae} Gbf ;fgf] PsfO uf| d dflgPsf] bl] vG5 . ljb/' gLltdf s'neGbf uf| d 7'nf] PsfO /xs] f] atfpg] Znfs] /x]sf] 5 . rf0fSo gLltsf] Pp6f Znfs] n] s'neGbf u|fd 7n' f] PsfO /x]sf] / Pp6f u|fddf cg]s s'nx¿ /xg] b]vfpF5 . uf| deGbf hgkb 7'nf] PsfO lyof] . …sn' Ú hGd;Fu ;Da4 / …u0fÚ hgkb;Fu ;Da4 /xs] f] lyof] . k|frLg ;fdflhs ;+/rgfsf ax'cfoflds b]lvG5 . kl/jf/, s'n / s'6'Dasf] cGt/;Da4tf dxŒjk\"0f{ dflgGYof] . ;fy} u|fd / hgkbdf /x]sf cGo s'n;Fusf] ;DaGw / ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tf klg sd dxŒjsf] lyPg . uf]i7L -u'7L_ h:tf ;+/rgfn] ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tfnfO{ Jojl:yt uy{] . u?' sn' tyf cf>dx¿n] ljleGg sn' , ljleGg uf| d, ljleGg hgkb / Hofb} 6f9f /xs] f b]zx¿sf dflg;nfO{ cfk;df ;j+ fb / ;xsfo{ ug]{ cj;/ l;hg{ f uy]{ . wfld{s cf:yfcg;' f/sf ;Dkb| fox¿sf] klg ;dfhdf 7n' f] dxŒj lyof] . lzNkLx¿sf] >]0fL / Jofkf/Lx¿sf] lgud tyf k\"u gfdsf ;:+ yfx¿, ;fy{ ;djfo, ;+Jofjxfl/s, ;Deo\" ;d'Tyfg gfdsf 7'nf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿n] klg ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf k|ToIf ke| fj kfy{] . kf| rLg /fhgLlts ;+/rgf /fHo / /fi6« d08nsf] klg ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tfdf ke| fj /xGYof] . 84 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

dflg; ;fdflhs k|f0fL ePsf] x'gfn] ;l[ i6sf] piffsfnb]lv ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tf dfgj hLjgsf] :jfefljs kf6f] xf] eGg ;lsG5 . ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tfnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ k|frLg sfndf j0f{ / cf>dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . u0' f / sds{ f cfwf/df j0fs{ f] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] eg] pd/] cj:yfcg';f/ cf>dsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . j0f{ Joj:yfdf lzIffbLIff Pjd\\ 1fgdf sl] Gb|t /xg] ;dx\" , zf;g kz| f;g, Joj:yfkg / cfjZostfcg';f/ o4' df efu lng] ;dx\" , s[lif, kz'kfng, lzNk, Jofkf/ cflb sfo{ ug]{ ;dx\" / ;]jfdn\" s sfo{ ug]{ ;dx\" u/L rf/ ;dx\" x¿ lyP . dflg;sf] cfon' fO{ s'n Ps ;o jifs{ f] dfg]/ rf/ efudf af8F L klxnf] efunfO{ a|x\\dro{ cf>d, bf];f| ] efunfO{ ux[ :y cf>d, t];|f] efunfO{ jfgk:| y cf>d / rfy} f] efunfO{ ;Gof; cf>d dflgPsf] lyof] . klxnf] cf>ddf lzIffbLIff Pjd\\ 1fg / l;k xfl;n ug]{ dV' o stJ{ o dflgGYof] . bf;] |f] cf>ddf ljjfx u/L 3/sf] lhDd]jf/L ;DxfNg,] wg ;DklQ cfh{g ug]{, ;Gtfg hGdfpg] x'sfp{ g,] k/f]ksf/ ug{] cflb sfox{ ¿nfO{ kf| yldstf lbOGYof] . t];f| ] cf>ddf ;dfh;] jf tyf cfWoflTds ;fwgfdf hf]8 lbOGYof] . clGtd cf>ddf k\"0ft{ of cfWoflTds ;fwgfdf s] lGbt| x'g] lgod lyof] . k|frLg sfndf h:t} cfw'lgs sfndf klg ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf sfod} 5 . t/ ;fdflhs ;/+ rgf / ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tfsf] :j¿kdf w/] } kl/jtg{ cfPsf] 5 . dfgjclwsf/, dfgjtfjfb, ;x[botf bzg{ cflbsf] cjwf/0ffn] ;dtfd\"ns cGtM;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 ldns] f] 5 . jf:tjdf ;fdflhs cGt/lge/{ tf a9]sf] b]lvG5 . kf| rLg sfndf ;d'bfo tyf ;dfhx¿ cfly{s lx;fan] cfTdlge/{ lyP eg] cfw'lgs sfndf kf/:kl/s lge{/tf a9s] f] 5 . cGt/f{li6o« Jofkf/, ko6{ g, jb} l] zs /fh] uf/L cflbn] kf/:kl/s lge/{ tfnfO{ a9fPsf] 5 . oftfoftsf ;fwgsf] ljsf;, kl| jlwsf sf/0fn] pknAw ;~rf/ / cgnfOg sf/f]af/sf] ;l' jwf, pkef]ujfbsf sf/0fn] a9]sf] cfoft lgof{t cflb ljrf/ ubf{ ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tf emg\\ emg\\ lj:tfl/t ePsf] 5 . wflds{ cf:yfhGo Pjd\\ ;Dk|bfo cfwfl/t ;+:yfx¿ / cGo ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ;+:yfx¿ klg dflg;x¿sf cGtlge{ /{ tfs} Bft] s xg' \\ . /fhgLlts bn, u/} ;/sf/L ;ªu\\ 7gx¿, Jofkfl/s ;:+ yfx¿, Jofj;flos ;ª\\u7gx¿ tyf k/} jL ;d\"xx¿n] klg ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tfdf kT| oIf ke| fj kf5g{ \\ . cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw, ;o+ S' t /fi6;« ª3\\ / o;sf ljleGg lgsfox¿ h:tf j}lZjs ;ª\\u7gx¿, blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;ª\\u7g -;fs_{ h:tf Ifq] Lo ;ª\\u7g, cGt/fli6o« u/} ;/sf/L ;+:yf cflb klg jt{dfg ou' df ;fdflhs cGt/lge{/tfsf] s/' f ubf{ ljrf/ ugk'{ g{] kIfx¿ x'g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 85

lj|mofsnfk != ljBfnosf lzIfs jf lzlIfsfdWo] ;ae} Gbf h7] f lzIfs jf lzlIfsfnfO{ sIffdf lgdGq0ff u/L pxf“sf] hLjgdf kl/jf/ / cfkmGtx¿sf] ;xof]un] ;kmntf xfl;n ug{ s;/L dbt kU' of] eGg]af/] cGt/lj|mof ug'{xf;] \\ . @= :j;+:sl[ ts/0f / k/;+:sl[ ts/0f eg]sf] s] xf] eGga] f/] sIffdf ;fd\"lxs rrf{ ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M != ufxk{ To, cfxjgLo / ljby eGgfn] s] s] a'lemG5 < @= jo} lStstfjfbL, bl[ i6sf0] f / ;db' fojfbL b[li6sf0] fdf s] leGgtf /xs] f] 5 < gk] fnL ;+:s[ltdf ltgLx¿sf] ;dGjo s;/L ul/Psf] 5 < #= ;fdflhs cGtlg{e/{ tf eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pbfx/0f;lxt rrf{ ugx'{ f;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ cfkmg\\ f] af;:yfg /xs] f] kflnsfdf dgfOg] d'Vo rf8kj,{ hfqf, d]nf, pT;j cflb af/] cWoog Pjd\\ ;f]wvf]h ug{x' f;] \\ . To:tf lj|mofsnfkdf ;fdflhs cGtlge{ /{ tf s;/L /xs] f] xG' 5 eGg] tYo klg ljZni] f0f u/L k|:tl' t tof/ kfg{'xf];\\ . 86 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

# hLjg bzg{ , ;fdflhs dN\" o dfGotfx¿ / ;fdflhs kf7 M Jojxf/ != bz{gsf] cy,{ ljleGg ljZjbl[ i6sf0] fsf] afw] / hLjg bz{g kl/ro bzg{ eGgfn] ks| l[ t, O{Zj/, 1fg, lj1fg, j:t', hLjg / r]tgf af/s] f] ljj]rg / ljZni] f0f xf] . ljBf, tT;DaGwL ljifodf Jofks ¿kn] oyfy{ kl/ro lbg] zf:q, cfWoflTds tyf efl} ts j:ts' f] lrGtg jf ljZn]if0f klg xf] . bz{g d\"ntM ;:+ s[t zAb xf] . ;+:st[ efiffdf …bz[ Ú\\ wftd' f …cgÚ kT| oo nfu/] …bz{gÚ zAb aG5 . ;fdfGotof bzg{ egs] f] xg] ]{ jf bV] g] sfo{ xf] . ;+:s[tdf h;sf dfWodaf6 tŒjsf] ;fIffTsf/ xG' 5 cyjf cfkmn\" ] vfh] s] f] s'/f kfpg dbt ldN5, ToxL bz{g xf] elgPsf] kfOG5 . ljz]if cyd{ f bz{g eGgfn] ljz]if ks| f/sf] ljBf jf 1fgsf] Ps ljwfnfO{ hgfOG5 . bzg{ ljwfnfO{ cª\\u|]hL efiffdf lkmnf;] kmL elgG5 . lkmnf;] kmL zAbsf] d\"ndf lus| efiffsf] lkmnf];lkmof zAb /x]sf] 5, h;sf] cy{ 1fgsf] k|d] jf 1fgk|ltsf] cg/' fu xG' 5 . cªu\\ ]|hL efiffsf] lkmnf;] kmL zAbsf] tn' gfdf ;:+ st[ efiffsf] bzg{ zAbsf] cy{ Hofbf lj:tt[ bl] vG5, t/ ;fdfGotof oL bO' { zAbx¿nfO{ ;dfgfy{s dfg]/ ko| fu] ug{] kr| ng :yflkt ePsf] 5 . bz{g jf bz{gzf:q 1fgsf] Ps ljwf xf] . 1fgsf ljwf 5g\\ . ul0ft, ef}ltszf:q, hLjzf:q, jg:kltzf:q, ;dfhzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q cflb . bzg{ zf:q klg 1fgsf] Ps ljwfsf ¿kdf cWoog cWofkg ul/G5 . bzg{ eGgfn] 1fg Pjd\\ ;Tosf] vf]hL ug{] ljBfnfO{ hgfOG5 . bz{gn] hLjg / hut\\sf] oyfy{ cGj]if0f, ljZni] f0f Pjd\\ lrGtg ug{ l;sfp5F . bz{gdf tsk{ 0\" f,{ ljlwk\"j{s Pjd\\ j|mda4 ljrf/sf] k4lt x'G5 . bzg{ n] hLjg / hut\\af/] dfgj cg'ej / cge' l\" tnfO{ JofVof tyf ljZni] f0f ug{ tYo, ts{ / ljrf/sf] ko| f]usf ljlwx¿ l;sfp5F . ljleGg bzg{ sf cfwf/df ljleGg ljZjb[li6sf]0f tyf hLjg bzg{ lgwfl{ /t x'G5g\\ . bzg{ n] hLjg / huts\\ f ;a} ljifoj:tx' ¿nfO{ cWoog u5{ . bZ[ odfg\\ hut\\ dfq geP/ cbZ[ odfg\\ jf cl:tŒjaf/] olsg geO;s]sf tŒjx¿af/] ;d]t bz{gdf ;/fs] f/ /flvPsf] xG' 5 . O{Zj/, ;l[ i6, cl:tŒj, r]tgf, kbfy,{ ljZj, ;dfh, st{Jo, wd{, cfl:tstf jf gfl:tstf, kfk, k'0o, d/0ff]Q/ cj:yf, ;dflhs ;DaGw tyf cGo w]/} ljifoj:t'x¿ bz{gsf] bfo/fdf k5{g\\ . c;Lldt dfgj lh1f;fsf sg' } klg ljifoj:t' bzg{ zf:qsf] kl/lweGbf aflx/ 5}gg\\ . cfw'lgs ou' df bfz{lgsx¿n] bzg{ sf dV' o Ifq] x¿nfO{ tŒjlj1fg jf tŒjdLdf+;f, 1fgdLdf+;f jf k|df0flj1fg jf k|df0fdLdf;+ f, ;ŒjdLdf+;f, tsz{ f:q, gLltlj1fg jf gLltzf:q, ;fG} bod{ Ldf+;f cflb eg]/ ljefhg u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 87

bzg{ zf:qdf cgs] fF} bz{gx¿ jf bfz{lgs k/Dk/fx¿sf] cWoog cWofkg xG' 5 . dfgj hLjgsf] ef]ufO / hutn\\ fOg{ } bl[ i6sf]0fdf ljljwtf xg' ] ePsfn] dflg;x¿df cg'el\" t / ljZn]if0fdf klg ljljwtf xG' 5 . dflg;x¿sf wfld{s cf:yfhGo dfGotf, ;f+:sl[ ts cfrf/ljrf/, ;fdflhs kl/j] z, cfly{s cj:yf, efu} fl] ns jftfj/0f cflbsf sf/0fn] cnu cnu :yfg tyf cnu cnu ;dosf dflg;sf] hLjgefu] fO / b[li6sf0] fdf ljljwtf x'g' :jfefljs} xf] . To;n} ] ;;+ f/df Pp6f dfq bzg{ 5}g . cg]sf}F bz{gx¿ alg;s]sf 5g\\ / eljiodf klg gofF bzg{ x¿ aGg ;S5g\\ . O{Zj/Lo ;Qf dfGg] jf gdfGg] bl[ i6sf0] faf6 bzg{ x¿sf] cfl:ts jf gfl:ts eg]/ juLs{ /0f ePsf] kfOG5 . r]tgf / kbfys{ f] kf| yldstfdf ax; ug]{ ePsfn] klZrdf k4ltdf bzg{ x¿nfO{ r]tgfjfbL jf kbfyj{ fbL eg]/ bO' { cnu cnu lsQfsf ;d\"xdf afFl8Psf] jf låwf ljefhg (Binary division) u/]sf] kfOG5 . jl} bs k/Dk/fdf rt] gf / kbfy{ b'O6}sf] ;o+ fu] ePkl5 dfq ;[li6 k|f/De x'g] dflgPsfn] To:tf] ljwf ljefhg dflgFb}g . bz{gx¿sf] ljsf; s'g ee\" fudf ePsf] xf] eGg] cfwf/df klg gfds/0f ePsf] kfOG5 . kj\" L{o bz{g, ef/tjifLo{ bz{g, lrlgofF bz{g, klZrdf bz{g, lu|;]nL bz{g, o/' fk] ]nL bzg{ cflb bz{g x'g\\ . bzg{ nfO{ lxGb' bzg{ , af4} bzg{ , h}g bzg{ , ls/ft bzg{ , af]g bz{g, O;fO{ bz{g, O:nfd bz{g eg/] gfds/0f klg xg' ] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ljwfut If]qx¿nfO{ hf8] /] klg gfdn] bfzl{ gs ljifoj:tx' ¿sf] kl/ rrf{ ul/G5 . efiffsf] bz{g, ;fdflhs bzg{ , /fhgLlts bz{g, cflys{ bz{g, gl} ts bz{g cflb o:tf bz{g x'g\\ . bz{g ljzi] fsf] dV' o efjnfO{ lnP/ klg gfds/0f x'G5 . dfgjtfjfbL bz{g, ;xb[ otf bz{g, åGåjfbL bzg{ cflb o:tf] ljefhg xf] . dfgj ;Eotfsf] kf| /Debl] v g} bz{gsf] pbe\\ j ePsf] dflgG5 . jb] df k|z:t bfzl{ gs lrGtg /x]sf] 5 . pklgifb\\ u|Gyx¿ bz{gsf cg]sf}F ljifoj:t'sf ;d[4 ;|f]t dflgG5g\\ . j}lbs k/Dk/fdf ;fªV\\ o, ofu] , Gofo, jz} l] ifs, dLdf;+ f / jb] fGt -pQ/dLdf;+ f_ bzg{ x¿ kf| rLg dflgG5g\\ . ;fª\\Vo bzg{ sf ;\"qsf/ slkn, ofu] bzg{ sf ;q\" sf/ kt~hln, Gofo bz{gsf ;\"qsf/ uft} d, jz} ]lifs bz{gsf ;q\" sf/ s0ffb, dLdf+;f bzg{ sf ;\"qsf/ h}ldlg / jb] fGt -pQ/dLdf;+ f_ bz{gsf ;q\" sf/ afb/fo0f x'gx' 'G5 . pSt bzg{ x¿nfO{ ;dli6df j}lbs if8b\\ z{g eg]/ klg hgfOG5 . lxGb' bzg{ sf If]qdf cfrfo{ s'dfl/n e6\\6, cfrfo{ zªs\\ /, cfrfo{ clegj u'Kt, cfrfo{ lgDafs,{ cfrfo{ /fdfg'h, cfrfo{ dWj / cfrfo{ jNne cflbnfO{ dxfg\\ bfz{lgs dflgG5 . k\"jL{o bzg{ k/Dk/fdf jl} bs k/Dk/fsf bz{gx¿sf ;fy;fy} hg} bz{g, af}4 bzg{ / rfjfs{ bz{g klg /xs] f 5g\\ . h}g wd{ tyf bz{gsf ky| d tLy{ªs\\ / Cifebj] / rf}la;f}F tLy{ªs\\ / dxfjL/ x'gx' 'G5 . af}4 bzg{ sf] d\"n ;|f]t uft} d a'4sf pkbz] x¿ x'g\\ . kbd\\ ;Dej, zfGt/lIft, gfufh'g{ , c;ª\\u, j;'aGw', lbª\\gfu, wd{sLlt{, af]lwwd{ cflbnfO{ af}4 bz{gsf If]qdf dxfg\\ bfz{lgs dflgG5 . rfjfs{ bzg{ nfO{ nfs] fot bz{g klg elgG5 / o;sf ;+:yfkssf] gfd rfjf{s /xs] f] pNn]v kfOG5 . 88 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

ls/ft -dG' wd' _ bzg{ df ox] fªbl] v dxfu?' kmfNug' Gb;Ddsf] bfzl{ gs k/Dk/f /xs] f] 5 . afg] bzg{ sf] kf| /De tfG] kf zG] /fk ldjfs] f pkbz] af6 ePsf] dflgG5 . rLgaf6 kf| /De ePsf sGkml' ;o; bzg{ tyf tfcf] bzg{ kl| ;4 5g\\ . gk] fn tyf ef/taf6 af4} bzg{ sf] lj:tf/ ltAat xbF' } rLg, sfl] /of / hfkfg;Dd ePsf] b]lvG5 . klZrdf bzg{ sf] d'Vo ;|ft] kf| rLg lu|;nfO{ dflgG5 . ToxfsF f k|frLgsfnsf ;fj] |m6] \\;, Kn]6f] tyf Pl/:6f]6n h:tf bfz{lgsx¿ cBflk kl| ;4 5g\\ . clk|msfsf] klg cfkmg\\ } dfl} ns bfzl{ gs k/Dk/f /x]sf] 5 . ut sx] L ztfAbLx¿df o/' f]k tyf cdl] /sfdf bz{gzf:qsf] Ifq] df w/] } cg;' Gwfg / clelgdf0{ f ePsf] bl] vG5 . @= ljleGg ljZjbl[ i6sf0] fsf] af]w ljZjbl[ i6sf0] f eGgfn] ljZj jf huts\\ f] cjnfs] g / ljZni] f0f u/L cfkmg\\ f] cge' l\" t;dt] sf cfwf/df ljZjaf/] agfOPsf] wf/0ff eGg] a'lemG5 . ljZjkl| tsf] bl[ i6sf]0f g} ljZjbl[ i6sf]0f xf] eGg ;lsG5 . cfkm\" aflF r/xs] f] ljZjaf/] dflg;df /xs] f] ;fr] , dfGotf, bl[ i6sf0] f tyf ckI] ffsf] ;dli6 wf/0ff xf] . ljZjbl[ i6sf0] fn] dflg;sf] ljrf/wf/fdf k|efj kf5{ . r]tgfnfO{ kw| fg dfGg] jf kbfy{nfO{ dfq kw| fg dfGg] jf rt] gf / kbfy{ b'O6}sf] ;ftTosf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfGg] eGg] tLg cnu cnu ljZjbl[ i6sf0] fx¿ x'g\\ . ;fª\\Vo bzg{ n] r]tgf / kbfy{ bO' 6s} f] ;ftTosf] ;DaGw dfG5, O;fO{ bz{gn] OZ{ j/sf ¿kdf r]tgfnfO{ dfq kw| fg dfG5 / dfS;{jfbn] kbfy{nfO{ dfq kw| fg dfG5 . ltgLx¿sf] To:tf] cnu cnu dfGotfn] hLjg / hut\\af/] ltgLx¿sf bl[ i6sf]0fdf Jofks cGt/ k5{ . ljZjbl[ i6sf]0fn] b}lgs hLjgsf ljm| ofsnfkdfly klg k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . ;+;f/ s:tf] 5 / s:tf] xg' k' g{] xf] eGg] h:tf ;jfndf dflg;x¿n] cfkmg\\ f] ljZjb[li6sf]0f cg;' f/ ljZn]if0f ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . sltko bz{gdf ljZjnfO{ dn\" tM ;'vdo dflgPsf] 5 . sltko bzg{ df ljZjnfO{ dn\" tM b'Mvdo dflgPsf] 5 . sltko bzg{ df ljZjnfO{ dn\" tM kfkdo dflgPsf] 5 . s'g} bz{gdf ljZjnfO{ ef}lts kbfy{x¿sf] åGåfTds ;DaGwaf6 cl:tTjdf /xs] f] ljZni] f0f ul/Psf] 5 / ;v' , bM' v / kfk jf k0' oaf6 lg/kI] f dflgPsf] 5 . huta\\ f/] pSt rf/ k|sf/sf bzg{ x¿n] cnu cnu ljZj b[li6sf0] f lgwf{/0f u5g{ \\ . s'g rflxF ljZjbl[ i6sf]0f dflgPsf] 5 eGg] cfwf/df 7n' f] jr} fl/s ;fy;fy} Jofjxfl/s leGgtf cfpF5 . ;+;f/af/] ul/g] ljZn]if0f ljZj bl[ i6sf0] faf/] yfxf kfP/ jf yfxf gkfO{ klg ul/Psf] x'G5 . h;/L Pp6} j:t' klg cnu cnu /ªsf r:dfaf6 cnu cnu /ªsf] bl] vG5, p;/L g} ;;+ f/df eO/xs] f 36gf tyf cj:yfaf/s] f b[li6sf0] f, ljZn] if0f / ae' mfOdf klg ljZj b[li6sf0] fcg';f/ km/s k5{ . ljZj b[li6sf]0f hGdhft ljz]iftf xf]Og . of] t ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;+:s[tLs/0f, lzIff, hLjgefu] fO cflbaf6 l;lsg] / ux| 0f ul/g] wf/0ff xf] . sg' } JolStdf lglxt ljZj b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf0{ fdf cgs] f}F tŒjx¿n] ke| fj kf5{g\\ . 3/df zz} jsfnb]lv g} bl] vPsf, ef]luPsf, cge' l\" t ul/ Psf cfrf/ljrf/sf] ljZj b[li6sf]0f lgdf0{ fdf dxŒjk\"0f{ e\"ldsf x'G5 . ;fdflhs d\"No dfGotf, ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 89

g}ltstf;DaGwL cjwf/0ff, wflds{ cf:yf, bz{g, j1} flgs jf cj1} flgs Jojxf/, ;fdflhsLs/0f cflbn] ljZj bl[ i6sf]0fdf ke| fj kf5g{ \\ . sg' } klg JolStsf] lzIff s:tf] lsl;dsf] 5 To;n] klg o;df km/s k5{ . :j;:+ s[tLs/0f jf k/;+:st[ Ls/0fn] sg' } klg JolStdf ljZj bl[ i6sf0] f s:tf] aG5 eGgd] f k|efj kf5{ . ljZj b[li6sf0] fdf kg{] cGt/n] dflg;sf] cfrf/ ljrf/df km/s k5{ . kY[ jLnfO{ klg cfdf dfGg] cf:yf 5 eg] dfgj / dfgj]t/ kf| 0fLx¿nfO{ klg aGw'afGwj dfGg] ;f]r cfp5F . o:tf] ;fr] n] k|s[lt;uF tfbfTDo /fVg], kofj{ /0fdq} L Pjd\\ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL;fkI] f hLjgofkg ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf lbG5 . kY[ jLnfO{ ef}lts tŒjx¿af6 ags] f] ;f}/d08nsf] Pp6f u|x dfq 7fGg] ef} ltsjfbL ;fr] n] oxfF /xs] f kf| sl[ ts ljljwtfnfO{ pkef]usf j:t' dfq dfGg] ;f]r cfpg ;S5 . pkefS] tfjfbL ljZj bl[ i6sf0] fsf] sf/0fn] kf| sl[ ts ;f| t] x¿sf] b?' kofu] , gbL kb| i\" f0f, jl} Zjs tfkjm| d a9fpg] tŒjx¿sf] pT;h{g h:tf ljm| ofsnfkx¿ 7'nf] ;d:of ag]sf 5g\\ . ljZj bl[ i6sf]0f dflg;sf] cfrf/ljrf/dfkmt{ cleJoSt eO/xs] f] x'G5 . sg' } ;dfhsf ;b:ox¿sf] ljZj bl[ i6sf0] fsf] ks| 6Ls/0f ;f+:sl[ ts ultljlw, wflds{ cf:yfhGo ljm| ofsnfk, g}lts dfGotf, lj1fgsf] ko| fu] cflb dfkmt{ xG' 5 . wd,{ ;:+ sf/, ;:+ sl[ t, bzg{ , kfl/jfl/s ki[ 7el\" d, ;fdflhsLs/0f cflbdf xg' ] ljljwtfsf sf/0fn] km/s km/s ki[ 7e\"ldsf JolStx¿df km/s km/s ljZj b[li6sf0] f ag]sf] x'G5 . JolStx¿df wd{, ;:+ sf/, ;:+ sl[ t, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff cflbdf hlt w/] } ;dfg k[i7e\"ld x'G5, plt g} ljZj b[li6sf0] f ldNbfh] N' bf] x'g ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . ljZj b[li6sf]0f km/s km/s xFb' f ltgLx¿nfO{ ;dGjo ug{ g;lsPdf cGt/åGå xg' ] ;Defjgf /xG5 . cnu cnu k[i7el\" dsf dflg;x¿ Jofkf/, ko6{ g, /f]huf/L cflbsf sf/0fn] ;;+ f/sf ljleGg :yfgdf ofqf ug{] sf/0fn] tyf a9\\bf] a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fn] klg ljZj bl[ i6sf]0fdf xg' ] ljljwtfaf/] hfGg' emg\\ cfjZos ePsf] 5 . ax'hftLo, axw' flds{ , ax';f+:s[lts, ax'eflifs / jl} Zjs kl/jz] af/] /fd|/L hfgsf/L kfPsf JolStx¿n] cfkm\\gf] ljZj bl[ i6sf0] f / c¿sf] ljZj b[li6sf0] fdf /xs] f ;dfgtf / ljleGgtf a'em/] cfk;df cGt/åGå gxg' ] u/L ;dGjo Pjd\\ Jojxf/ ug{ ;S5g\\ eGg] ck]Iff ul/G5 . bzg{ sf] cWoog cWofkgn] ljZj bl[ i6sf]0fsf] cfk;L ae' mfOdf ;xhLs/0f xg' ;S5 . #= hLjg bz{g kl/ro hLjg bz{g eGgfn] dflg;n] cfkm\\gf] hLjgsf] sf/0f, k|of]hg / nIoaf/] s:tf] bfz{lgs dfGotf cjnDag u5{ eGg] a'lemG5 . hLjgsf] dful{ gb{z] s bz{gsf ¿kdf sg' } bz{g ljz]ifnfO{ cjnDag ul/of] eg] Tof] g} hLjg bzg{ aG5 . o;/L s'g} bz{gnfO{ dfu{lgbz]{ s dfg]/ cjnDag ubf{ b}lgs hLjgsf ljm| ofsnfkx¿sf ;fy;fy} ts{ / ljrf/x¿ klg ;fx] L bz{gsf ljlw / dfGotfcg';f/ ul/Psf] xG' 5 . efl} tsjfbL / cWofTdjfbL JolStx¿sf] hLjgz}nL, ;fr] , cfrf/ljrf/ cflbdf b]lvg] km/snfO{ oxfF hLjg bzg{ sf sf/0fn] dfgj hLjgdf kg]{ k|efjsf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf lng 90 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

;lsG5 . pbf/jfbL nfs] tflGqs k4ltdf ljZjf; ug{] JolStx¿ bl} gs hLjgdf c¿sf ljrf/x¿ ;G' g,] ljk/Lt ljrf/wf/fx¿sf] tn' gfTds ljZn]if0f ug{] / kl| tkIfLx¿nfO{ klg ;lxi0f'tfk\"js{ Jojxf/ ug{] xg' k' 5{ eGgs' f] tfTko{ klg hLjg bzg{ / cfrf/ljrf/sf] tfbfTDodf hf8] lbOPsf] xf] . dflg;n] hfg/] jf ghfg]/ cfkm\\gf] hLjgnfO{ dfu{lgbz{] g ug{] Jojxf/, pkbz] , gLlt, l;4fGt tyf bzg{ nfO{ cjnDag u/]sf xG' 5g\\ . o;/L cjnDag ul/Psf] bz{gsf] pgLx¿sf] ljZj b[li6sf0] f lgwf/{ 0f ug{df ke| fjsf/L el\" dsf xG' 5 . ;fy} hLjgdf s] ug{] / s] gug{] eGg] to ug{df klg ;f] bzg{ dfgs aG5 . bz{gn] hLjg / huta\\ f/] dfgj cge' j / cg'e\"ltnfO{ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ tYo, ts{ / ljrf/sf] ko| f]usf ljlwx¿ l;sfpg] ePsfn] hLjgsf ;a} If]qdf cfkm\\g} hLjg bzg{ cg;' f/ ljZn]if0f u/L lgisif{df kU' g' :jfefljs} xf] . hLjg bzg{ n] ;DalGwt JolStnfO{ cfkmg\\ f] cl:tŒjsf] dxŒj afw] ug{ / cfkm\" :jod\\ kl/jf/, ;dfh / ljZjkl| tsf st{Joaf/] ;:' ki6 wf/0ff agfpg dbt u5{ . ljleGg ljZj b[li6sf]0faf6 al' emg] hLjg / hut\\ ljZjbl[ i6sf]0fcg';f/ km/s k5{ . ljleGg ljZj bl[ i6sf0] faf6 hLjg / huts\\ f] ljZni] f0f ljleGg tl/sfn] ug{ ;lsG5 . ljleGg ljZj bl[ i6sf0] f xg' x] ¿sf] jr} fl/s dt leGgtf tyf åGå;dt] xg' ;S5 . rt] gfnfO{ kw| fg dfGg] jf kbfyn{ fO{ dfq kw| fg dfGg] jf rt] gf / kbfy{ bO' 6s} f] ;ftTosf] ;DaGwnfO{ dfGg] eGg] tLg cnu cnu ljZj bl[ i6sf0] fn] hLjg / hutk\\ l| tsf] km/s km/s ae' mfO bv] fp5F g\\ . o/' fk] df rrn{ fO{ dfGg] culi6g h:tf ljrf/sx¿n] of] ;;+ f/ dn\" tM kfkdo ePsf] / OZ{ j/sf] cgu' x| n] dfq kfkaf6 p4f/ tyf :ju{ ldNg] kr| f/ u/] . OdfgP' n sfG6nufotsf bfz{lgsx¿n] 1fgsf nflu sg' } O{Zj/Lo sk[ f cfjZos gkg]{ / dfgj dl:tisn] 1fgsf] c;Lldt k|flKt / afl} 4s tsd{ fkm{t ;Tosf] ;fIffTsf/ ug{ ;Sg] lgisif{ lbP . sfn{ dfS;{n] rrå{ f/f ;+/lIft Pjd\\ kj| lwt{ …l/lnhgÚ nfO{ nfu'kbfy{ clkmd;uF tn' gf u/] / kbfy{jfbL jf efl} tsjfbL ljZj b[li6sf0] faf6 hLjg / huts\\ f] JofVof u/] . culi6gsf] ljZj b[li6sf0] fn] dflg;nfO{ s'g} rr{;Fu cfa4 eP/ ljZjf;L aGg l;sfof], sfG6sf] ljZj b[li6sf]0fn] dflg;nfO{ a'l4sf] clwstd k|of]u u/L lj1fgsf] af6fdf cl3 a9\\g pTk]|/0ff hufof] / dfS;{sf] ljZj bl[ i6sf0] fn] dflg;nfO{ ljbf| x] / jm| flGt ug{ eGof] . cul:6g, sfG6 / dfS;e{ Gbf w/] } ztfAbL klxns] f bfzl{ gs Clif slknn] rt] gf / kbfys{ f] ;o+ fh] gnfO{ ;l[ i6sf] sf/0f dfGg] ;fªV\\ o bzg{ sf] ;q\" uG| y nv] ]sf] kfOG5 . ;fªV\\ o bz{g Pjd\\ of];uF ldNbf] ljZj bl[ i6sf0] f x'g] of]u, Gofo, j}z]lifs, dLdf;+ f / jb] fGt bzg{ n] 1fg, elSt / sd{sf] ;dGjodf hf8] lbG5g\\ . s'g} klg ljifoj:t' tyf ;jfnnfO{ låwf ljefhg u/L åGåfTds bl[ i6n] x]g]{ / ;dGjofTds b[li6n] x]g{] ljZj b[li6sf0] fx¿lardf dtfGt/ x'G5 . j}leGGojfbLn] w/] } y/L hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt x'g'nfO{ ljleGgtf 7fgL ;d:of dfG5g\\ . ;dGjofTds ljZj b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ w]/} y/L hflt, efiff, ;+:sl[ t cflb xg' ' ;dfhsf] ;DkGgtfsf] Bf]ts xf] . o;/L ;dfh, ljljwtf / ;fdflhs ;DaGwaf/] ltgLx¿sf dfGotfdf km/s k5{ . o/' fk] df /fi6s« f] kl/efiff ubf{ ;s;] Dd ;fgf] PsfOdf uO{ hflt cfwfl/t /fli6o« tfnfO{ dfg]sf] / ef/tjif{df k|frLg sfnb]lv g} /fHo g} /fi6« xf] egL ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 91

Pp6f ;fj{efd} ;Qf ;DkGg bz] leqsf cgs] hflt, kh| flt, efiffefifLx¿ ;as} f] ;femf /fli6o« tf dfgs] f] kfOG5 . ;x[botf bzg{ n] ;dfhdf ljljwtf x'g' :jfefljs xf] eGg] wf/0ff agfp5F . o:tf] wf/0ffn] ljljwtfx¿sf lardf ;dfg jf ;femf s/' fx¿ vfH] g] kj| [lQ hufp5F . $= ;dtfdn\" s ljZj bl[ i6sf0] f ;dtf zAbsf] cy{ g]kfnL ax[ t\\ zAbsf]zdf ;d xg' fsf] efj jf cj:yf, ;dfgtf, Psgf;]kg, a/ fa/L, kIfkft gug]{ 9frF f Pjd\\ lgikIftf eGg] x'G5 . o;/L zAbsf]zn] ;dtf zAbnfO{ ;dfgtfsf] kofo{ jfrLsf ¿kdf k|:t't u/s] f] b]lvG5 . ;dfgtfsf] cy{ rflxF ;dfg xg' ] rfn jf l:ylt, t'Notf, ;fb[Zo tyf ;fDo plNnlvt 5 . ;fx] L zAbsf]zn] ;dfg egs] f] tn' gfTds / u0' ffTds bl[ i6 / dN\" out dxŒjn] ;dt] a/fa/ ePsf] eGg] cy{ lbOPsf] 5 . zAbsfz] n] ;dfgtf / ;dtfnfO{ kofo{ jfrL zAbx¿ dfg] tfklg ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, sfg'gL tyf gLltut If]qx¿df ltgLx¿sf] cnu cnu cy{ nufOG5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu s'g} 7fpFdf / fxt ljt/0fsf] nflu %) af]/f rfdn 5 / /fxt kfpg'kg{] kl/jf/ klg %) s} ;ªV\\ ofdf 5g\\ eg] ;a}nfO{ Ps Ps af]/f af8F \\bf ;dfgtf eP h:tf] bl] vg ;S5 . t/ tL kl/jf/dWo] s'g} kl/jf/sf] 3/df slQ klg vfBfGg 5g} / sg' s} f] rflxF 3/d} kz| :t vfBfGg x'bF fxFb' } klg c¿n] hlQ g} efu kfof] eg] ToxfF ;dtf ePg . ;dtf xg' sf nflu hf] jl~rt tyf pTkLl8t 5, Tof] JolSt jf ;db' fonfO{ ljz]if Joj:yf ugk{' g{] xg' ;S5 . cj;/af6 jl~rt ju{sf] ;dfgk' flts ljsf; ug,{ cj;/ / Gofoaf6 jl~rt ju{nfO{ yk cj;/, ;l' jwf, Ifdtf clej[l4 u/fP/ ;dfgtfsf] nIodf k'Ug] ko| f;nfO{ g} ;dtf elgG5 . ;dtfsf] gLltdf ljleGg ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf kf| jwfgx¿ klg /flvG5g\\ . ;dtf egs] f] c;dfgtfsf] l:yltdf /xs] fx¿nfO{ cnu Jojxf/ / ljzi] f pkfosf] sfofG{ jogaf6 ;a}nfO{ a/fa/Ldf NofOg] k|ljm| of xf] . ;dtfn] ;dfhdf ;dfgtf Nofpgsf nflu cfjZos ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf gLlt agfO{ lk5l8Psf jf jl~rt ju{sf] ;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf /fhgLlts ljsf;df ;3fp5F . ;dtfsf] gLltn] ;dfhdf /x]sf ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf jun{ fO{ d\"n kj| fxdf cfpg g;Sgs' f sf/0fx¿ kQf nufP/ To:tf ;d:ofx¿nfO{ x6fO{ tL ju{x¿nfO{ ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts Pjd\\ ljsf;sf sfod{ f ;xefuL u/fpF5 / kmfObf k'èofpF5 . o;/L ;dfgtfsf] cj:yfdf k'Ugsf nflu cjnDag ul/g] bl[ i6sf0] f, gLlt, Jojxf/ / k|lj|mofnfO{ ;dtf elgPsf] kfOG5 . ;dfgtf nIo xf] eg] ;dtf Tof] nIonfO{ k|fKt ug{sf nflu cfjZos b[li6sf0] f, gLlt / Jojxf/nfO{ hgfpg] cjwf/0ff xf] . ;dtfd\"ns ljrf/ / Jojxf/n] g} ;dffhdf ;dfgtf ;'lglZrt ug{] lbzfdf cl3 a9g\\ ;lsG5 . ;dtfd\"ns bl[ i6sf]0f eg]sf] s'g} klg JolSt, hflt, ;d'bfo, ;Dk|bfo cflbnfO{ z/L/sf] agfj6, hflt, lnª\\u, wd{ cflbsf sf/0fn] eb] efj gu/L ;dfg b[li6n] x]g'{ xf] . dfgjclwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL dfGotfn] ;dtfdn\" s ljZj bl[ i6sf]0fnfO{ kj| wg{ ug]{ ckI] ff ul/Psf] 5 . klZrdf b]zx¿af6 92 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

kf| /De ePsf] dfgjtfjfbsf] / gk] fnaf6 ;xb[ otf bz{gsf] k|efj lj:tfl/t xFb' } hfFbf ;dtfd\"ns ljZj bl[ i6sf0] fsf] d\"nk|jfxLs/0fdf ;sf/fTds of]ubfg k'Ug] bl] vG5 . lj|mofsnfk != !@ sIffdf k7gkf7g xg' ] g]kfnL ljifosf] kf7\\ok':tsdf /flvPsf sljtf, syf, lgaGw tyf hLjgLdfkmt{ s:tf s:tf ljZj b[li6sf]0f cleJoSt ePsf 5g\\ eGg]af/] sIffdf ;fd\"lxs rrf{ ugx{' f];\\ . @= ;dtfdn\" s bl[ i6sf0] f lsg cfjZos 5, sIffdf ;fdl\" xs 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ bz{g eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < -v_ ljZj b[li6sf]0f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < -u_ låwf ljefhg b[li6sf0] f / ;dGjofTds bl[ i6sf0] fsf] km/s pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg'{xf];\\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ gk] fnsf k|frLg bz{gx¿ / tL bzg{ sf ;q\" sf/ jf ;+:yfks, JofVoftf tyf d'Vo bfzl{ gsx¿sf gfd ;ª\\sng u/L k|:tl' t tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 93

$ b}lgs hLjgdf bzg{ sf] pkofl] utf kf7 M a4' n] hLjgsf kl5Nnf $% jifs{ f] ;dofjlwdf tTsfnLg ef/tjifs{ f ljleGg :yfgx¿sf] e|d0f u/L w]/} dflg;x¿nfO{ pkb]z lbOPsf lyP . pgn] e|d0f ubf{ k}bn ofqf u/s] f lyP . jiff{ Ctd' f eg] ofqf gu/Lnuftf/ w/] } lbg;Dd sg' } lglZrt :yfgdf /xgx' G' Yof] . a4' o;/L a:g] ejgnfO{ cf/fd elgGYof] . tL cf/fdx¿ ljleGg bftfx¿n] agfO{ bfg u/s] f xG' y] . o:tf cf/fdx¿dWo] /fhux[ gu/df /fhf lalDa;f/n] agfPsf] an] j' g cf/fd / >fj:tL gu/glhs} ;7] cgfy lkl08sn] agfPsf] ht] jg cf/fd kl| ;4 5g\\ . tL 7fpxF ¿df a:bf a4' n] u/s] f bl} gs ljm| ofsnfkaf/] af4} uG| yx¿df hfgsf/L kfOG5 . a4' laxfg pHofnf] gx'Fb} lgbf| af6 hflu;Sy] . la5o\\ f}gfaf6 pl7;s]kl5 ;a}eGbf klxn] pg zf}r tyf :gfg sfo{ ;s]/ ;dflwi7 x'Gy] . k\"/f pHofnf] eO;sk] l5 pg rLj/ elgg] j:q klx//] xftdf leIffkfq lnO{ leIff6gdf hfgx' 'GYof] . cfkm\" a;s] f] ljxf/ glhss} f a:tLdf leIff6g ug{] qmddf slxns] fxLF pg PSn} hfgx' G' Yof] eg] w/] h} ;f] pgsf ;fydf cGo leIfx' ¿ klg /xGy] . leIff6gdf lx8F b\\ f zf/Ll/s :jf:Yosf nflu klg ;sf/fTds ke| fj kYof]{ . leIff6g ubf{ o:tf] vfg]s/' f b]pm eg/] s;;} Fu dflubF }gYof] . >4fnn' ] leIffkfqdf :j}lR5s ¿kdf /flvlbPsf vfg]s'/fnfO{ lagf s'g} k|ltljm| of :jLsf/ ug{] lgod lyof] . o;/L a4' sf] vfgf egs] f] leIffdf h] k|fKt xG' Yof] ToxL g} xg' ] uYof{] . sf]xL sf]xL dflg;n] a'4nfO{ ljz]if >4f u/L pgLx¿sf] 3/d} nu]/ leIff bfg ug]{ OR5f uy{] . >4fn'sf] efjgfnfO{ sb/ ub{} pgn] lgdGq0ff :jLsf/ uy{] . >4fnn' ] pgnfO{ pRr cf;gdf /fvL efh] g u/fpyF ] . To:tf >4fn'x¿n] a4' cfkmg\\ f] 3/df cfpb} 5g\\ eGg] va/;lxt l5ds] L / cfkmGtx¿nfO{ klg lgDtf] u/s] f xG' y] . ef]hgkl5 eujfg\\ a4' n] ;f] 3/df e]nf ePsf dflg;x¿nfO{ pkb]z lbGy] . pkb]z lbFbf ;an} ] ;lhn} ae' m\\g] tl/ sfn] atfpy] . a'4sf] pkb]z ;'g/] dflg;x¿nfO{ k~rzLnsf] 1fg x'GYof] . k~rzLn egs] f] dflg;sf] cfr/0f s:tf] x'gk' 5{ eGg] kfFrcf6] f lgod x'g\\ . k~rzLn -s_ sg' } klg cj:yfdf k|f0fL lx+;f gug{' -v_ s'g} cj:yfdf klg rf/] L gug{' -u_ s'g} klg kl/l:yltdf em6' f] gaf]Ng' -3_ Jolerf/ gug{' -ª_ dBkfgnufotsf nfu' kbfy{ gvfg' 94 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

a'4n] lh1f;'x¿nfO{ c;n ;fR] g, c;n afN] g / c;n sd{ ug{ k|]/0ff lbGy] . c;n eg]sf] s] xf,] v/fa egs] f] s] xf,] s] s:tf] sd{ ugfn{ ] Oxnf]s tyf k/nfs] df klg ;'v xG' 5, s:tf] sdn{ ] bM' v xG' 5 eGg] 1fg klg lbGy] . nfe] , l/; tyf O{iof{n] To:tf efjgf lng] JolSt :jodn\\ fO{ g} clxt x'G5 eg/] klg pkb]z lbGy] . ;o+ dsf] kfngf ug'k{ 5{ eg]/ l;sfpyF ] . ;+od g}lts b[li6n] lgs} dxŒjk0\" f{ u0' f xf] . dgnfO{ unt tyf xflgsf/s ljifoj:td' f nfUgaf6 cfkm\" :jod\\nfO{ /f]Sg' klg ;o+ d xf] . :jf:Yosf] b[li6af6 xflgsf/s j:ts' f] ;j] g uga{' f6 cfkm\" :jodn\\ fO{ arfpg' klg ;o+ d g} xf] . l/;, Oi{ of{ / 3d08 h:tf bu' 0{' fx¿ dgdf cfpg glbg' klg ;o+ d xf] . af]nLdf ;+od, vfglkgdf ;+od / ;f]rljrf/df klg ;o+ d xg' 'k5{ . ;+oldt dflg;sf] hLjg lgs} cg'zfl;t x'G5 . ;+oldt dflg; g}ltsjfg\\ x'G5g\\ . gl} tsjfg\\ x'gsf nflu ;+od clgjfo{ u'0f xf] . a'4sf pkb]z ;'g]/ w]/} dflg;x¿sf] hLjg ;'lw|Psf] lyof] . >4fn' Pjd\\ lh1f;' dflg;x¿nfO{ pkb]z lbO;s]kl5 a'4 cfkm\\gf] af;:yfgdf kms{Gy] . ef]hgkl5sf] ;dodf pg cfkmg\\ f] sf]7fleq jf s'g} ?vdl' g PsfGtdf a;L Wofg ug'{x'GYof] . ck/fx\\ gdf wdz{ fnfdf leIf'x¿ e]nf u/fO{ wdb{ ]zgf uy{] . s;n} ] sx] L ga'em]sf] eP a4' ;uF ;fW] y] . s]xL gofF lh1f;f eP Tof] klg ;f]Wy] . leIf' leIf0' fLx¿ / pkf;s pkfl;sfx¿nfO{ wds{ f s/' f hfGg / l;Sg pgn] k|f]T;fxg lbGy] . wd{bz] gf ;lsPkl5 leIf'x¿sf] ljzi] f k|lzIf0f ;'? xG' Yof] . ;feF msf] ;dodf j/k/sf dflg;x¿ eujfg\\ a'4sf] bz{g ug{ cfpFy] . pgL hg;dx\" nfO{ pkbz] lbGy] . gl} ts lzIffcg;' f/ hLjg latfpgk' 5{ eg/] k/]| 0ff lbGy] . k~rzLnsf] kfngf ugfn{ ] dfgj hLjg s;/L ;'vL xG' 5 eg/] :ki6 kfl/lbGy] . lx+;f gug,\"{ rf/] L gug{\", Jolerf/ gug{\", em6' f] gafN] g\" Pjd\\ dBkfg h:tf sn' t gug\"{ eg]/ ;DemfpyF ] . ;DklQsf] ;bk' of]u ug{sf nflu cfdbfgL ePsf] wgnfO{ rf/ efu u/L b}lgs vr{, Joj;fo, bfg wd{ tyf ljklQsf nflu vr{ rnfpg ;l~rt ug{'k5{ eg]/ klg ;DemfpyF ] . sltko JolStn] cfkmg\\ f] 3/kl/jf/df k/s] f ;d:ofaf/] klg a'4nfO{ atfP/ ;dfwfgsf] pkfo klg ;fW] y] . ;;+ f/sf ;a} s/' f kl/jtg{ zLn 5g,\\ To;n} ] tTsfnsf] bM' vaf6 gcflQg\" / tTsfnsf] ;v' af6 gdflQg,\" ;wF} ;+oldt /xg\" / ;b}j lrQnfO{ z4' /fVg\" eg]/ pgn] pkb]z lbg'xG' y] . a'4af6 dful{ gbz{] g kfpFbf pgLx¿ cfkmn\" fO{ wGo wGo 7fGy] . a4' n] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ugx{' G' Yof] . wgL jf ul/a, dlxnf jf k'?if, ;anfªu\\ jf ckfªu\\ , sfnf] jf uf/] f] eg/] s'g} kIfkftsf] Jojxf/ ToxfF xbF' }gYof] . a4' af6 dfu{lgb{]zg kfP/ lhGbuL ;lk|Psf dflg;x¿ klg pgnfO{ e6] g\\ cfpg]x¿df x'Gy] . a4' sf] s?0ff ;as} f nflu ;dfg lyof] . kY[ jLdf /xs] f ;fgf jf 7n' f] ;a} / sdhf]/ jf alnof ;a} k|f0fLx¿sf] afFRg] clwsf/ 5 eGg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] . pgsf] pkbz] ;'Gg cfPsf ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 95

k|To]s JolStnfO{ nfUYof] ls pgn] Tof] pkb]z cfkmn}F fO{ atfOPsf x'g\\ . pgsf] ;'v / k|1fn] kl/k\"0f{ dx' f/sf] bzg{ n] pgLx¿nfO{ cfglGbt kfYof{] . ;a} >ft] fx¿ uO;s]kl5 :gfg ug]{ / To;kl5 Wofg a:g] pgsf] lgod lyof] . Wofgkl5sf] ;do k'gM e6] 3f6sf nflu g} lyof] . of] ;dodf 6f9f 6f9faf6 a4' nfO{ e]6g\\ cfPsf leIf'x¿n] bzg{ uy]{ . leIf'x¿n] b]z ljb]zsf 36gf / kl/l:yltaf/] hfgsf/L lbbF } wd{ ljifos lh1f;fx¿ klg k:| tt' uy]{ . clxn]sf] h:tf] ;~rf/ k|ljlwsf] ljsf; gePsf] Tof] o'udf o;/L 6f9f 6f9faf6 cfPsf JolStx¿ g} b]zbz] fj/sf ;dfrf/ yfxf lbg] e/kbf{ ;|f]t lyP . pgn] pgLx¿;Fu s'zn jftf{ ;s]/ wd{sf ljifodf klg rrf{ ug'{xG' Yof] . a4' sf] bzg{ u/L pgsf] pkb]z ;'Gg kfpbF f cfuGt'sx¿ lgs} v';L x'Gy] . cfuGts' leIf'x¿;Fusf] ;T;ª\\ukl5 a4' sx] L ;do la:tf/} la:tf/} lxF8y\\ ] . z/L/sf] ysfg d]l6Pkl5 kg' M sx] L ;do e]63f6sf] j|md rNYof] . /fhf, u0ftGqsf kd| v' tyf pRr ;/ sf/L clwsf/Lx¿ klg pgnfO{ e6] g\\ cfpFy] . pgLx¿nfO{ klg a'4n] pgLx¿sf] st{Joaf/] pkb]z lbGy] . pgsf] clwsfz+ ;do Wofg, ofqf, wdb{ z] gf Pjd\\ pkbz] df g} laTYof] . lbgdf Ps k6s dfq vfgf vfg] pgsf] lgod lyof] . pgsf] lbgrofa{ f6 leIf' leIf0' fL tyf pkf;sn] gl} ts hLjgsf] k|]/0ff kfpFy] . ;fy} ;f;+ fl/s hLjg ;/n / g}lts ¿kdf latfpg] tl/sfaf/] klg JolSt / kl/l:yltcg;' f/ dful{ gbz{] g ul/lbgx' G' Yof] . lh1f;f;lxt e6] g\\ cfpgx] ¿ bv] /] emGem6 k6Ss} gdfGg] xg' x' G' Yof] . hf] sfx] L JolSt klg lagf /fs] tfs] pgnfO{ e6] g\\ ;Sby] . pg ;a} hgfnfO{ dq} L / s?0ffs} Jojxf/ ug{x' 'GYof] . ;'?df lj/fw] , å]if tyf k|lt:kwfs{ f] ;fr] /fv/] cfpg] JolStx¿ klg pgsf] Jojxf/af6 kl/jtg{ xG' y] . w/] } JolStx¿ a4' sf pkbz] af6 clek]| l/t eO{ pgsf cgo' foL aGy] . a'4n] pg;Fu e6] g\\ / pkbz] lng k'Ug] JolStx¿nfO{ nf] ssf] lxtsf nflu, ;'vsf] nflu / bofsf] nflu pkbz] lbgx' 'GYof] . k/' fgf af4} uG| yx¿af6 hfgsf/L kfOG5 ls a4' kT| os] lbg dWo/ft;Dd g} Jo:t /xGy] . dWo/ftdf ;t' k] l5 pg csf{] lbg ;o\" fb]{ o gxbF' } lgbf| af6 hflu;Sy] / gofF lbgsf] b}lgsL ;?' xG' Yof] . bzg{ afl} 4s ;fy;fy} k|fof]lus ljwf klg xf] . bz{g eg]sf] k7gkf7g dfq ug{] / bl} gs hLjgdf dtna gePsf] s'/f xf]Og . bz{gdf lrGtg k4ltsf ;fy;fy} hLjg k4ltsf nflu klg dfu{lgb{z] g kfOG5 . To;}n] bzg{ sf] pkofl] utf afl} 4s ljrf/ ljdz{ Pjd\\ k|fl1s lrGtgsf ;fy;fy} Jofjxfl/s hLjgdf klg /x]sf] 5 . bz{gdf dfgj hLjgsf Jofjxfl/s kIf;uF hfl] 8Psf lh1f;f, cg'ej / cg'e\"lt klg ;/f]sf/sf ljifoj:t' xg' \\ . bzg{ sf] pbe\\ j / ljsf; dfgjsf hLjg efu] fOaf6 g} ePsf] xf] . bzg{ cGtut{ ljZn]if0f ul/g] ljifoj:t'n] dfgj hLjgsf ljljw 96 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

kf6fx¿nfO{ yk phfu/ u5g{ \\ . bzg{ sf] cWoogn] dfgj hLjgsf] dxŒj, st{Jo / nIoaf/] :ki6tf cfp5F . To;n} ] bz{gsf] cWoogn] bl} gs hLjgdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿df ;dt] ke| fj kl//x]sf] x'G5 . yfxf kfP/ jf gkfP/ kT| o]s JolStn] s'g} g s'g} bz{gsf] dfGotfcg;' f/ b[li6sf0] f, dfGotf Pjd\\ wf/0ff agfO/x]sf] xG' 5 . bzg{ sf] Jojl:yt cWoog gxbF' f;Dd cfkmg\\ f] hLjg bz{gaf/] :ki6tf gx'g] xg' fn] JolSt sltko cj:yfdf cGofn] df ?dlNng ;S5 . bzg{ sf] Jojl:yt cWoogn] tYosf] klxrfg, ts{sf] k|of]u / ;dfnf]rgfTds ljrf/ ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; xG' 5 . bzg{ sf] cgz' Lngn] ljleGg dfgj ljm| ofsnfk, cfrf/ljrf/ tyf c¿;Fu ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ g}ltstfsf] s;Ldf hfrF k/v ug]{ Ifdtf klg ljsf; x'G5 . o;/L cfkm\\gf] hLjg bz{g s'g xf] eGg] /fd/| L 1fg eof] eg] b}lgs hLjgdf ul/g] lj|mofsnfkx¿ tyf ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu ul/g] lg0fo{ x¿ ;';ªu\\ t, Jojl:yt Pjd\\ g}lts xg' ] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . bz{gn] hLjg / hut\\af/] dfgj cg'ej / cge' \"ltnfO{ JofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ug{ l;sfpg] xg' fn] kf| dfl0fs 1fg xfl;n ug{ bz{gsf] 1fg k4ltsf] ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] tYo, ts{ / ljrf/sf] k|of]usf ljlwx¿ l;sfpg] xg' fn] ;d:ofsf] sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{] Ifdtf a95\\ . sg' } klg ljifo jf ;Gbe{df /xs] f c;ª\\ult, ql' 6, en' cflbnfO{ v6' o\\ fpg] Ifdtfsf] ljsf; bzg{ n] u/fpF5 . o;af6 ;Tosf] vf]hL tyf lgSofn{] df dbt ldN5 . b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gsf] ;fGble{stfnfO{ ljleGg cfofdaf6 x]g{ ;lsG5 . ;fdfGo b}lgs Jojxf/sf nflu klg cfjZos 1fgsf] ;|ft] s'g} bzg{ g} x'g ;S5 . c¿ dflg;x¿, cGo k|f0fLx¿ tyf ks| [ltk|ltsf] Jojxf/sf] cfwf/ klg hLjg bz{g xf] . h:tf] hLjg bz{g x'G5 p:t} ljrf/ / Jojxf/ x'G5 elgG5 . b}lgs hLjgdf ljleGg ;jfndf l7s / a]l7s, ;xL / untsf] lg0fo{ ug{sf nflu b[li6sf]0fsf] lgdf{0f cfkm\\gf] dfu{lgb{z] s bz{gcg';f/ g} xG' 5 . o;} kf7df lbOPsf] a'4sf] b}lgsLsf] pbfx/0fn] klg b}lgs hLjgdf bz{gn] kfg{] ke| fjnfO{ b]vfpF5 . pgL cfkmg\\ f] hLjg bz{gnfO{ cfkm\\gf] lgoldt lbgrof{df k0\" f{ sfof{Gjog uy]{ . cfheGbf sl/a @ xhf/ ^ ;o jif{ klxn]sf] s/' f xf] . ef/tjifs{ f] jz} fnL u0ftGqdf kg{] s'08nk'/ gfds :yfgdf /fhf l;4fy{ / /fgL lqznfsf ;Gtfgsf ¿kdf Ps afnssf] hGd eof] . afns hGdg' / /fhf l;4fy{sf] b/af/ tyf b]zdf wg ;DklQsf] j[l4 tyf cGo klg w/] } pGglt x'gs' f] ;o+ fu] b]lvof] . t;y{ gjhft afnsnfO{ nlR5g ePsf dflgof] . bz] df ePsf] j[l4sf] sf/0f pgs} nlR5g xf] eGg] rrf{ xg' yfNof] . ;f]xL sf/0fn] afnssf] gfd jw{dfg /flvof] . jw{dfg zAbsf] cy{ jl[ 4zLn cyft{ \\ a9g\\ ] vfnsf] x'G5 . /fhs'df/ jw{dfgsf] :jefj ldng;f/ Pjd\\ gl/;fpg] lyof] . pgdf nf]e, Oi{ of{ tyf 3dG8 slQ klg lyPg . gd| af]nLrfnL ePsf pgL s;;} Fu emu8f ub}{gy] . pgL ;a} hgfnfO{ ;Ddfgk\"j{s Jojxf/ uy]{ . s;n} fO{ klg bM' v, si6 lbbF }gy] . dflg; dfq xfO] g, kzk' G5L / ls/fnfO{ ;dt] pgL bof uy]{ . pgL c;n u0' f ePsf JolSt x'gfn] pgnfO{ dg gk/fpg] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 97

sfx] L lyPgg\\ . cyft{ \\ pgnfO{ ;a}n] dg k/fpyF ] . /fhsd' f/ jwd{ fgsf] ;bu\\ 0' fsf sf/0fn] dflg;x¿n] pgnfO{ ;Gdlt eg]/ klg eGg yfn] . ;Gdltsf] cy{ c;n 1fg ePsf], c;n al' 4jfnf xf] . /fhs'df/sf] c;n Jojxf/sf] rrf{ / kz| +;f eO/xFbf /fhf l;4fy{nfO{ v';L klg nfUYof] / sx] L lrGtf klg nfUYof] . cfkmg\\ f] ;GtfgnfO{ ;an} ] k|z;+ f ubf{ pgnfO{ uf/} j xG' Yof] / v';L nfUg' klg :jfefljs} lyof] . pgn] cfkmg\\ f 5f]/fsf] h:tf] c;n :jefj ePsf JolSt t kl5 uP/ ;fw,' of]uL, ;Gof;L jf >d0f aG5g\\ eGg] ;g' ]sf lyP . pgsf] OR5f /fhs'df/ jw{dfgn] eljiodf /fhkf7 ;Dxfn'g\\ eGg] lyof] . t/ pgsf] nIf0f t /fhkf7lt/ nfUg] geO{ 1fg, Wofg Pjd\\ tk:oflt/ nfUg] h:tf] bl] vPsf] lyof] . hlt pd/] a9\\b} uof] plt g} jw{dfgsf] cfgLafgL /fhs'df/sf] h:tf] geO{ ;fwssf] h:tf] xF'b} uPsf] pgn] bv] ] . ToxL sf/0fn] eljiodf 5f/] fn] /fhkf7df gnfuL ;Gof;L x'g] xf] ls eg]/ pgL cfzª\\lst lyP . 5f/] fnfO{ ;Gof;L aGg glbg s] ug]{ xf]nf eg]/ /fhf l;4fyn{ ] cfkm\\gL /fgL / c¿x¿;uF klg ;Nnfx u/] . w/] } hgfsf] ;Nnfxcg';f/ /fhsd' f/sf] ljjfx ul/lbPdf pgL kfl/jfl/s dfofdf /dfpF5g\\ eGg] ljrf/ cfof] . ljjfxsf] s'/f ;'g/] jwd{ fgn] cfkm\\gf] clgR5f ks| 6 u/] . cfdfaa' fsf] s/sfk ePkl5 pgn] xFb' g} eg/] c88\\ L s;]gg\\ . sx] L ;dokl5 ozf]bf;uF pgsf] ljjfx /fhsLo 7f6F af6F ;lxt ;DkGg eof] . hg} k/Dk/fsf uG| yx¿af6 yfxf ePcg;' f/ jw{dfg / ozf]bfsL Ps 5f/] L hlGdOg\\ . 5f]/Lsf] gfd lk|oblzg{ L /flvof] . ljjfx / 5f/] Lsf] hGd;uF } s]xL jif{ /fhsd' f/ jw{dfg kfl/jfl/s hLjgdf Jo:t /x] . of] lardf klg pgn] cfkmg\\ f] lh1f;f / vfh] nfO{ /fs] ]sf lyPgg\\ . pgnfO{ cfkm\"n] kfO/x]sf] /fhsLo ;l' jwfeGbf k/sf] cj:yf klg yfxf lyof] . dflg;x¿ nfe] , l/; / O{iofn{ ] u|:t eP/ cfk;df å]if ul//xs] f] pgnfO{ dg kb{g} Yof] . ;dfhdf lx;+ f, em}emu8f / czflGt lsg eO/xs] f] xfn] f / ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf eg/] pgL lrGtg ul//xGy] . ;;+ f/df dflg;x¿n] kfO/xs] f] bM' v, si6, zfs] cflbsf] sf/0f kQf nufP/ ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ kfP x'GYof] eGg] pgsf] efjgf lyof] . dflg;x¿n] cGo kz'kG5Ldfly ul//x]sf cTofrf/ x6fpg klg pgL rfxGy] . ;;+ f/df s;/L clx+;f Pjd\\ zflGt x'G5 eg]/ pgn] w/] } lrGtg u/] . w]/} hgf ;Gt, dxfTdf, of]uL, ;Gof;L, >d0f cflb;Fu klg ljrf/ ljdz{ u/] . w]/} ljrf/ ul/xb] f{ pgnfO{ kfZjg{ fy gfdsf tLyª{ s\\ /sf pkb]zx¿ plrt nfUof] . jw{dfg #) jifs{ f] pd/] df /fhb/af/ Tofu/] >d0f -h}g k/Dk/fsf ;Gof;L_ eP . /fhsd' f/ jwd{ fgaf6 >d0f jwd{ fgsf ¿kdf bLIff lnPkl5 pgn] !@ jif;{ Dd ;fwgf uge{' of] . ;fwgfsf jm| ddf pgn] a|x\\dro{, Wofg, jt| , tk:ofsf cg]sf}F sl7g ljlwx¿ k\"/f ug{e' of] . pgn] 98 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

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