Social-Studies-Grade-12-Nepal

k/Dk/fsf cfwf/df cufl8 jf k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{ klg xG' 5g\\ . lxGb' ;dfhdf JofKt j0f{ Joj:yf o;sf] pbfx/0f xf] . ;f]cg;' f/ blnt ju{dfly cGo jun{ ] u/]sf] lje]bsf sf/0f pgLx¿ e\"ldsf] :jfldTjaf6 jl~rt x'g k'u] . c¿df cfl>t xg' k' g{] cj:yf l;h{gf eof] . pgLx¿dfly c¿ ju{n] zf]if0f ugf{n] cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t ;Lldt xg' kU' of] . pgLx¿sf] art ug{] Ifdtf u'Dg uof] / khF' Ldflysf] lgoGq0faf6 ;dt] jl~rt xg' k'u] . kmn:j¿k pgLx¿ cflys{ ¿kn] lk5l8Psf] ju{df kg{ afWo eP . -u_ ;fdflhs cfwf/ ;dfg hflt, wd,{ ;+:sl[ t, kb, ;dflhs :t/ ePsfx¿sf] Ps ju{ x'G5 / km/s :t/ ePsfx¿sf] csf{] ju{ lgdf{0f x'G5 . ;dfhdf pRr ju{ elgg]n] sdhf/] ju{nfO{ xK] g], zfi] f0f ug,]{ lje]b ug] { h:tf Jojxf/x¿ u5{g\\ . tNnf] ju{ / pRr ju{ elgPsfx¿sf] lardf åGå rln/xG5 . ;fy} tNnf] jus{ fx¿ dflyNnf] ju{df pSngsf nflu ko| f;/t klg x'G5g\\ . s'g} hflt jf ;+:sl[ tsf] JolSt ePs} sf/0f cflys{ ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf x'g ;S5g\\ . xg' t ju{ :yfoL xF'bg} tk} lg cfly{s jue{ Gbf ;fdflhs ju{ clns :yfoL k|s[ltsf] xG' 5 . ;dfhn] ;xif{ gl:jsf/;] Dd ;fdflhs jud{ f kl/jtg{ cfpg sl7g x'G5 . -3_ kbLo cfwf/ sg' } JolSt /fhgLlts jf k|zf;lgs ¿kdf pRr kb jf cf]xbfdf k'u]df p;sf] ;fdflhs x} l;otdf jl[ 4 xG' 5 . p;sf] cflys{ , ;fdflhs / kbLo xl} ;ot pRr xg' fn] dfg ;Ddfg / k|lti7fdf jl[ 4 x'G5 . /fhgLlts / kz| f;lgs kx'rF / zlStdf jl[ 4 x'G5 . p;n] cfkm\" ;dfgsf JolStx¿;uF Jojxf/ ug{ ;'? u5{ / pRr kb:y JolStx¿sf] ju{ lgdf{0f xG' 5 . dWod cfx] bfdf ePsf JolStx¿sf] csf{] ju{ lgdf{0f x'G5 eg] tNnf] cf]xbfdf ePsfx¿sf] csf]{ ju{ lgdf{0f x'G5 . oL ju{dWo] lgDg / dWod ju{sf JolStx¿ cfkmg\\ f] ldlxg]t, kl/>d, nugzLntf, hgdt / cj;/sf sf/0f dflyNnf] jud{ f kbfG] glt xg' klg ;S5g\\ . #= ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf s]xL ljz]iftf – of] ljZjJofkL k|ljm| of xf] . ljZjsf ;a} ;dfh kl/jt{gzLn xG' 5g\\ . – ¿kfGt/0fsf :j¿kx¿ Ps} k|sf/sf x'Fbg} g\\ . ;dfhsf] k|s[ltcg';f/ km/s x'g ;S5g\\ . sxLF ;ª\\3if{af6, sxLF ;xofu] af6‚ sxLF ;dfofh] gaf6 t sxLF ;w' f/fTds pkfoaf6 ;dfh ¿kfGt/0f x'g ;S5 . – ¿kfGt/0fdf lglZrt eljiojf0fL x'bF g} lsgls ¿kfGt/0fn] Nofpg] kl/0ffdsf] k\"jfg{ d' fg ug{ ;lsP tfklg cfsl:ds sf/sx¿af6 ¿kfGt/0fsf] l:ylt k}bf gxg' ;S5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 201

– ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f lg/Gt/ rln/xg] kl| jm| of xf] . of] k|ljm| of ta;Dd rln/xG5 ha;Dd k\"/f ;dfhdf k5fl8 k/s] fx¿n] ¿kfGt/0fsf] cge' \"lt ub{g} g\\ . – ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] ult Psgf; xbF' g} . slxn] tLj| t slxn] ;':t x'G5 . ;dfhdf ljleGg jus{ f dflg; a;fa] f; u/s] f xG' 5g\\ . lk5l8Psf, ul/a, / lgDg jus{ f dflg; klg xG' 5g\\ . To;/L k5fl8 k/]sf jf kl/Psf ju{ jf lgDg jus{ f] pTyfg u/L ;dfhdf c¿;/x ;;Ddfg ;fdfGo hLjofkg ug{ ;Sg] cj:Yffdf k¥' ofpg' ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f xf] . xg' t ;dfhdf ju{ljxLgtfsf] kl/sNkgf Tolt ;xh 5}g t/ klg ;dfhdf Gog\" ju{ / jl~rtLs/0fdf k/s] f ju{sf] pTyfg gu/];Dd ;dfh ljsf; x'g ;Sb}g eGg] g} ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] cjwf/0ff xf] . o; cjwf/0ffn] ;dfhdf /xs] f ul/a, sdhf]/ / x]lkPsf hflt Pjd\\ ju{sf dflg;nfO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;sf/fTds pkfox¿åf/f pTyfg u//] dfq ;dfhsf] ljsf; xg' ;S5 dfGotf /fV5 . To;n} ] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fnfO{ ;f:+ sl[ ts ¿kfGt/0f;uF klg hf]8/] x]g]{ ul/G5 . g]kfn axh' ftLo, axe' flifs, ax'wflds{ , ax;' f:+ s[lts Pjd\\ efu} fl] ns ljljwtfo'St dn' 's xf] . To;n} ] ;dfhdf JofKt ul/aL, pTkL8g, k5f6} ]kg / jl~rtLs/0fsf sf/s tŒj cflys{ dfq xf]Og . o;sf k5fl8 k/Dk/f, ;+:s[lt, /Lltl/jfh, wd{ / hflt Joj:yfnufotsf ljljw hl6n tŒjx¿ klg plQs} lhDdj] f/ 5g\\ . To;}n] oxfsF f] ;dfh ¿kfGt/0fsf ljifodf s'/f ubf{ sg' } Ps kIfnfO{ dfq x/] ]/ xFb' }g . cflys{ , ;fdflhs / ;f:+ sl[ ts kIfnfO{ Ps;} fy ;Dafw] g u/d] f dfq ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0f xg' ;S5 . gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ;/sf/L / u}/;/sf/L If]qaf6 Gog\" jus{ f dflg;x¿sf] klxrfg u/L ltgnfO{ ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf dfWodaf6 cufl8 Nofpg] pkfox¿ ckgfpgk' 5{ . bz] df /fh] uf/Lsf] l;hg{ f, lzIff / Jofj;flos l;k kb| fg, kFh' L / cj;/sf] ;xh pknJwtf h:tf pkfo ckgfP/ pgLx¿sf] ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . $= gk] fndf ;fdlfhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of; ;g\\ @)@) df ks| flzt ;fdflhs ku| lt ;r\" sfªs\\ -Social progress index-SPI_ df ljZjsf !^# b]zx¿dWo] g]kfn !!$ cfF} :yfgdf /x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs k|ult ;r\" sfª\\sdf kfi] f0f, cfwf/et\" lrlsT;f ;'ljwf, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO, cfjf; ;'ljwf / JolStut ;'/IffnfO{ ;dl] 6Psf] x'G5 . To;} u/L ;g\\ @)@) sf] dfgj ljsf; ;'rsfª\\sdf ljZjsf !*( b]zdWo] gk] fn !$@ cf}:F yfgdf /xs] f] 5 . dfgj ljsf; ;\"rsfªs\\ df hgtfsf] cfly{s cj:yf, lzIff / :jf:Yosf] cj:yfnfO{ ;d]l6Psf] xG' 5 . o;/L xb] f{ gk] fnL hgtfsf] cfly{s ;fdflhs cj:yf lgs} sdhf/] b]lvG5 . o;n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf cem} klg hftLo eb] efj, 5j' f5t' , n}ªl\\ us lje]b / cGwljZjf; sfod} 5g\\ eGg] b]vfp5F . kf]if0f, cfwf/et\" lrlsT;f ;'ljwf, vfg]kfgL, ;/;kmfO / cfjf; ;l' jwfsfc] j:yf klg sdhf/] b]lvG5 . JolStut ;/' Iff, 1fg kf| lKt, ;\"rgf k|flKt / cgnfOg zf;g k|0ffnLdf 202 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

gful/ssf] ;xh kxr'F , :jtGq k;|] / jftfj/0fLo u'0f:t/ klg sdhf]/ /xs] f] a'lemG5 .o:tf] kl/l:yltdf g]kfnLx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu cem} w]/} ldlxg]t ug'{kg{] bl] vG5 . To;f] eGb}df g]kfndf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu k|of; g} gePsf] eg] xf]Og . g]kfndf ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf nflu w]/} k|of; ePsf 5g\\ . tLdWo] s]xL pbfx/0f o;k|sf/ 5g\\ M -s_ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf /fhgLlts pknlAwsf] /Iff, ;b' 9[ Ls/0f / ljsf; ub{} cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts ¿kfGt/0fsf dfWodaf6 hgtfsf] ;jf{Q] d lxt / ;d'Gglt kT| ofe\"t ug]{ eGg] pNnv] 5 . o;c} g¿' k sfg'g, gLlt tyf sfo{jm| dx¿ ag]/ sfofG{ jogsf cfO/xs] f 5g\\ . -v_ kGwf| F} ofh] gfdf ;d[4 gk] fn / ;v' L gk] fnLsf] d\"n nIf;lxt ul/aL lgjf/0f / cflys{ ;fdflhs ;dfgtf;lxtsf] Gofok\"0f{ ;dfh lgdf{0f ug]{ eGg] pNnv] 5 . ;fx] Lcg¿' ksf sfo{j|mdx¿ sfof{Gjogdf cfO/x]sf 5g\\ . -u_ ;dfjz] L l;4fGtcg';f/ /fHosf ;a} If]qdf dlxnf, blnt, ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolSt, dw];L, cNk;ªV\\ os hflt hghfltx¿sf nflu ljz]if ;'ljwf / cf/If0fsf] Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . -3_ sd}of, 5fpk8L, xlnof, 5'jf5't, hftLo ljeb] nufotsf ljleGg ks| f/sf s'ky| fx¿sf] cGTo ug]{ / kLl8t jus{ f] k'g:yf{kgf ug{] sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ . -ª_ nlIft ju{ tfs] L ltgsf] pTyfgsf nflu hg rt] gfdn\" s Pjd\\ cflys{ pTyfgsf sfoj{ m| dx¿ ;~rfng ePsf 5g\\ . lj|mofsnfk != ;dfhdf ju{ ljefhg lsg xG' 5 / To;n] s:tf ;sf/fTds Pjd\\ gsf/fTds kl/0ffd Nofp“5 eGg] ;DaGwdf sIffdf Kofgn 5nkmn sfo{j|md cof]hgf ugx{' f];\\ / v'n/] 5nkmn ug{x' f];\\ . @= lbOPsf] ;dflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf dfWodx¿sf] cWoog u/L gk] fnsf] ;Gbed{ f sg' s'g dfWodaf6 s:tf] ¿kfGt/0f ePsf] /x5] , ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/L tnsf] h:t} tflnsfdf bv] fpg'xf;] \\ M ;dflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf dfWod k|ult / ljsf; ljrf/ Pjd\\ l;4fGtsf] k|ofu] cfGbf]ng tyf j|mflGt lzIff tyf r]tgfsf] ljsf; /fhgLlts hfu/0f ;\"rgf kl| jlwsf] ljsf; ;f+:sl[ ts kl/jt{g a;fO;F /fO cf}Bf]lusLs/0f ;/sf/L gLlt ;j+ w} flgs Pjd\\ sfg'gL Joj:yf ljZjJofkLs/0f tyf cfw'lgsLs/0f ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 203

dfWod ¿kfGt/0fsf] kl/0ffd #= ju{ljxLg ;dfhsf] kl/sNkgf u/L Ps syf jf sljtf tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ ;dfhdf ju{ lgdf0{ fsf lsg x'G5 < -v_ juLo{ ljefhgn] lgDTofpg] ;d:ofx¿ cfFN} ofpgx' f];\\ . -u_ ;fdlhs ¿kfGt/0fsf pkfox¿ a'Fbfut ¿kdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . -3_ gk] fnsf] ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] cj:Yffsf] rrf{ ub{} ;fyLnfO{ k7fpg] kqsf] gd'gf tof/ kfg'{xf;] \\ . -ª_ ;fdflhs cfwf/ ju{ ljefhgsf] dV\" o cfwf/ xf] lsg < kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tkfO{Fsf] ;db' fodf s'g sg' jus{ f JolSt a:5g\\ / Toxfs“ f] ju{ lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/ s] xf] < Toxf“ /x] sf Gog\" jus{ f] s;/L ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;lsPnf < cfkm\\gf ljrf/ k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\\ . 204 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

@ nª} \\lus ;jfn kf7 M ;fdfGotof dfgj hflt dlxnf / k'?if u/L bO' { lnªu\\ sf x'G5g\\ . lnª\\usf] lgwf{/0f kf| sl[ ts ljzi] ftfsf cfwf/df ul/G5 . lnªu\\ sf] cWoog ubf{ kf| sl[ ts lnªu\\ / ;fdflhs lnª\\u u/L b'O{ cjwf/0ffaf6 x]l/G5 . cªu\\ |]hLdf k|fs[lts lnª\\unfO{ sex / ;fdflhs lnªu\\ nfO{ gender elgG5 .lnª\\unfO{ kf| sl[ ts lnªu\\ clg n}ª\\lustfnfO{ ;fdflhs lnª\\usf¿kdf JofVof ug{] k|rng 5 .dlxnf / k'?ifsf] lardf ks| [ltn] u/s] f] eb] lnªu\\ (Sex) xf] eg] ;fdlhs Jojxf/ / k/Dk/ fn] u/s] f] eb] n}ª\\lustf (Gender) xf] . k|fs[lts ¿kdf nª} \\lus klxrfg gv'n]sf jf zf/Ll/s ¿kdf Ps / efjgfTds¿kdf km/s lnª\\u ePsf ju{ klg /xs] f xG' 5g\\ h;nfO{ of}lgs tyf n} ªl\\ us cNk ;ªV\\ ossf ¿kdf ;dfhdf klxrfg sfod ul/Psf] 5 . lnªu\\ n}ª\\lustf kf| s[lts x'G5 . ;fdflhs x'G5 . ckl/jt{gLo x'G5 kl/jtg{ Lo x'G5 . ;db' fo lg/kI] f -hg' ;'s} ;db' fodf Ps} e\"ldsf ;d'bfo;fk]If -;d'bfocg';f/ dlxnf / x'G5 ._ k?' ifsf] el\" dsf km/s xG' 5 ._ != k|fsl[ ts lnª\\u (Sex) dfgj hGdg] lalQs} kf| sl[ ts¿kdf 5f]/f jf 5f]/L eg/] klxrfg lbOG5 . of] klxrfg p;sf zf/Ll/s agfj6 / hgl] Gbo| x¿sf cfwf/df sfod ul/G5 . k|fsl[ ts lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df dlxnf / k?' ifsf lardf leGg leGg h}ljsLo ljz]iftfx¿ xG' 5g\\ . k?' if dlxnf of}lgs tyf n}ª\\lus cNk ;ªV\\ os kf7]3/ gx'g] ePsfn] kf73] / xg' ] ePsfn] ue{ wf/0f ug{ • sx] Lsf] zf/Ll/s ¿kdf lnªu\\ ue{ wf/0f ug{ / aRrf / aRrf hGdfpg ;Sg] g} g56' \\l6Psf] xg' ] hGdfpg g;Sg] bf/L h'ªu\\ f / 5ftLdf /fF} gxg' ] • s]xLsf] dlxnf / k'?if b'j} hgg]lGb|o x'g] bf/L h'ª\\uf / 5ftLdf /fF} x'g] :tg kfg u/fpg ;Sg] . :tg kfg u/fpg g;Sg] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 205

lnª\\u xg' ] • kf| ]:66] uG| yL x'g] ofg] L x'g] • s]xLn] z/Ll/s¿kdf dlxnf ?b| 3G6L xg' ] kf7]3/ x'g] ePklg efjgfTds / ;'jm| ls6 pTkfbg xg' ] ?b|3G6L gx'g] dfgl;s¿kdf k?' if cg'el\" t ug]{ k'?ifTj xg' ] cG8f pTkfbg xg' ] • s]xLn] eg] zf/Ll/s¿kdf xy jm| f]dfh] fd] xg' ] :qLTj x'g] k'?if ePklg efjgfTds • wf]qf] :j/ x'g] xx j|mf]dfh] f]d xg' ] / dfgl;s¿kdf cfkm\"nfO{ dlxnf cge' \"lt ug]{ dl;gf] :j/ xg' ] @= ;fdflhs lnª\\u jf n}ª\\lustf Dffgjsf] hGdkZrft\\ dlxnf / k'?ifsf nflu ;dfh / ;:+ s[ltn] km/s km/s ;'ljwf, cj;/ / el\" dsf kb| fg u/s] f] x'G5 . ha dfgj x'sF{b} hfG5 la:tf/} p;nfO{ ;fdflhs tyf ;f:+ s[lts ¿kdf nª} l\\ us lje]b ug]{ kr| ng 5 . ltdL 5f/] f xf,} ltdLn] of] sfd ug{'k5{ / of] sfd ugx{' bF' } g egL l;sfOG5 . ltdL 5f]/L xf} ltdLn] of] sfd ug{'k5{ of] / of] sfd ug{' xF'bg} eg]/ l;sfpbF } nluPsf] xG' 5 . nª} l\\ ustfnfO{ afNosfnb]v g} kl/jf/ / ;dfhn] tof/ kfb}{ n}hfG5 . ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:sl[ ts ¿kdf To:tf] s'g} sfd jf e\"ldsf x'Fb}g hf] dlxnf jf k'?ifn] dfq ug{ ;Sg] xf];\\ . tk} lg ;dfhn] of] sfd dlxnfn] ug{] / of] sfd k?' ifn] ug]{ egL km/s km/s el\" dsfx¿ lgwf/{ 0f ul/lbPsf] x'G5 . o;/L ;dfhåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf] nª} \\lus lje]b g} n}ª\\lustf xf] . nª} \\ lus el\" dsf vf;df agfj6L sfo{ljefhg xf] . -s_ nª} l\\ us ;jfn dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;fdflhs e\"ldsfdf km/s cfP;Fu} pgLx¿lardf lje]bsf] cj:Yff l;h{gf x'g uof] . o; lje] bn] dlxnfnfO{ k5fl8 kfg'{sf ;fy} pgLx¿dfly k?' ifaf6 cGofo, cTofrf/, zf]if0f / bdgsf Jojxf/ x'g yfn] . kl5Nnf jifd{ f dfgj clwsf/ tyf dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;rt] gfn] dlxnf / k?' if ;dfg x'g\\ / pgLx¿lardf s'g} e]befj x'g' xbF' }g eGg] wf/0ffsf] ljsf; ePsf] 5 . 206 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

;do ;dodf ePsf dlxnf ;zStLs/0f tyf a]Olhª 3f]if0ffkqn] lgwf/{ 0f u/s] f dlxnf ;dfgtfsf ko| f;af6 ;sf/fTds ke| fjx¿ kb}{ ;/f]sf/sf Ifq] x¿ cfPsf] b]lvG5 . To;}n] dlxnf / k?' if ;dfg xg' \\ eGg] cjwf/0ffnfO{ ;fsf/ kfgs{ f nflu ;dfhdf dlxnf / ul/aL lgDglnlvt ;jfnx¿df ax; ;'? ePsf] 5 . dlxnfsf] lzIffbLIff dlxnf / :jf:Yo -c_ dlxnf clwsf/sf] ;jfn dlxnfdflysf] lx;+ f dlxnf / ;z:q ;ª\\3if{ -cf_ ;DklQdf ;dfg clwsf/sf] ;jfn dlxnf / cy{tGq zlSt / lg0f{o sfo{df dlxnf -O_ ofl} gs tyf nª} l\\ us cNk;ªV\\ os / ltgsf] dlxnfsf] pGgltsf nflu ;+:yfut ;o+ Gq klxrfgsf] ;jfn dlxnfsf dfgjLo clwsf/ dlxnf / ;~rf/sf dfWod -O_ dlxnf lx;+ f / zfi] f0flj?4sf] ;jfn dlxnf / jftfj/0f aflnsf -p_ bfOhfs] f] lj?4sf] ;jfn -pm_ ;dfj]lztfsf] ;jfn -C_ ;xeflutfsf] ;jfn -v_ of}lgs tyf n}ª\\lus cNk;ª\\Vos -LGBTIQ_ k'?if jf dlxnfsf] klxrfgeGbf km/s klxrfg rfxg] JolStx¿nfO{ ofl} gs jf n}ªl\\ us cNkª\\Vos elgG5 . of}lgs cNk;ª\\VosnfO{ cª\\u|]hLdf LGBTIQ ;d\"x elgG5 h;sf] k\"/f¿k lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender/transsexual, intersexual and queer/ questioning xf] . 6«fG; ;]S;'cn / OG6/ ;S] ;'nox¿ hl} js ¿kn] t];|f] lnª\\uL x'g\\ hf] dlxnf jf k?' if eGbf km/s x'G5g\\ . OG6/;S] ;c' nx¿dWo] s]xLsf] zf/Ll/s¿kdf lnª\\u g} 56' l\\ 6Psf] x'Fbg} eg] sx] Lsf] dlxnf / k?' if b'js} f] hggl] Gb|o x'G5 . 6f« G; h]G8/ jf 6f« G; ;S] ;'cnx¿ eg] z/Ll/s¿kdf dlxnf ePklg efjgfTds / dfgl;s¿kdf k?' if cg'el\" t ub5{ g\\ . To:t} z/Ll/s¿kdf k?' if ePklg efjgfTds / dfgl;s¿kdf dlxnf cge' l\" t u5g.\\ pgLx¿ ljk/Lt lnªu\\ sf] j:q nufpg ?rfpg,] ;dfg lnª\\usf ;fyL jf hLjg ;fyL agfpg ?rfpg] xG' 5g\\ . tLdWo] sltkon] ;h{/L u//] / xd{g kl/jt{g u//] lnª\\u kl/jtg{ ;d]t ub5{ g\\ . of}lgs tyf nª} u\\ Ls cNk;ªV\\ os leq ;dlnªu\\ Lx¿ klg k5g{ \\ h;nfO{ u,] nl] :jog / afO;] S;c' n elgG5 . u]x¿ zf/Ll/s¿kdf k?' if eP klg of}lgs¿kdf k?' ifkl| t g} cfslift{ x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿ k'?if ofg} ;fyL agfpg ?rfpF5g\\ . To:t} nl] :aogx¿ zf/Ll/s¿kdf dlxnf eP klg of} lgs ¿kdf dlxnfkl| t g} cfslif{t x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿ dlxnf ofg} ;fyL agfpg ?rfpF5g\\ . afO;] S;c' nx¿ eg] cfkm\" h'g lnªu\\ sf] ePklg cfkmg\\ } ;d\"xsf] k?' if jf dlxnf / ljk/Lt lnª\\usf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 207

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-3_ of}lgs tyf n}ªl\\ us cNk;ªV\\ ossf] klxrfgsf ;jfnx?sf] rrf{ ug'x{ f;] \\ . -ª_ g]kfndf dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 kgs'{ f] sf/0f nª} \\lus lje]b xf] . o; egfOk|lt cfkm\\gf ts{x¿ k|:tt' ug{x' f];\\ . -r_ h}ljs / ;fdflhs lnª\\usf el\" dsfx¿ tflnsfdf bv] fpg'xf];\\ . -5_ nª} \\lus ;jfnsf ljifodWo] s'g} Ps ljifodf cWoog u/L Ps n]v tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ cfkmg\\ f] / kl/jf/df ePsf dlxnf / k'?if ;b:osf] cj:yfsf] cfwf/df tnsf ;jfnx¿sf] pQ/ vf]Hgx' f;] \\ . To;sf] ljZni] f0f u//] ljBdfg cj:yf, d'Vo ;d:of, z;StLs/0fsf pkfo;lxtsf] k|ltjb] g tof/ ugx'{ f;] \\ . != dlxnf / k'?ifsf sfddf s] leGgtf 5 < dlxnfn] ug{] b}lgs sfd k?' ifn] ug]{ b}lgs sfd @= dlxnf / k?' if larsf] sfddf lsg leGgtf ePsf] xf]nf < #= dlxnf / k'?if lardf s;dfly w/] } k|Zg p7fOG5, lsg < $= s] dlxnfsf] 5'66\\ } cfDbfgLsf] ;|ft] 5 < %= kl/jf/df 5nkmn xbF' f dlxnfsf] /fo ;'emfjnfO{ dflgG5 ls dflgbF g} < ^= kl/jf/df kf| oM lg0f{o s;n] u5g{ \\ < &= lg0f{o k|lj|mofdf dlxnfsf] ;xeflutf s:tf] 5 < &= kl/jf/ / ;db' fodf dlxnfdfly s] s:tf] lgoGq0f 5 < *= s] kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf dlxnf lx+;f jf 3/]n' lx+;f x'g] u/s] f] 5 < s:tf] k|sf/sf] lx;+ f jf bJ' oj{ xf/ xg' ] u/s] f] 5 < 210 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

# nª} \\lus ;dfjl] ztf kf7 M != kl/ro dlxnf / k'?if Ps /ysf bO' { kfªu\\ f| h:t} x'g\\ . oL dWo] s'g} Ps kIf sdhf]/ ePdf hLjg¿kL /y rNg ;Sb}g . kf/} fl0fs o'udf gf/L / k?' iflarsf] ljeb] vf;} b]lvFb}g . To; a]nf gf/LnfO{ zlStsf] ;f| ]tsf ¿kdf dflgGYof] . dlxnfx¿ klg k?' if;/x ;dfhdf ;zSt ¿kdf lj|mofzLn x'Gy] . ufuL,{ d}q]oLnufotsf ljbi' fLx¿n] ljåt\\ ;efdf zf:qfy{ uy]{ . ljåt\\ ;efdf pgLx¿sf] ;Ddfg ul/GYof] . gfd lnbF f ;dt] lzj kfjt{ L, nIdL gf/fo0f, ;Ltf/fd, /fwfsi[ 0f eg/] klxn] gf/Lsf] gfd lng] k|rng lyof] h'g clxn;] Dd lxGb' ;dfhdf sfod} 5 . ;do laTb} hfFbf ljZjdf lkt[;QfTds ;dfhsf] lgdf0{ f xg' k'Uof] . dlxnfnfO{ sdhf]/ 7fg/] 3/leq} ;Lldt /fVg] rng a9g\\ yfNof] . pgLx¿nfO{ 3/wGbf / afnaRrfsf] :ofxf/ ;;' f/df ;Lldt ul/of] . dlxnfnfO{ k'?ifsf] cwLgdf /fv]/ oftgf lbg], zf]if0f ug{], 3/]n' lx+;fsf] l;sf/ agfpg] / ;dfhdf ;dt] sg' } clwsf/ glbg] cj:yf cfof] . dlxnfnfO{ cfjZostfeGbf a9L lgoGq0f ug{ yflnof] . dlxnf ePs} sf/0f pgLx¿nfO{ zf;sLo clwsf/x¿af6 ;dt] jl~rt ul/GYof] . o;af6 dlxnfx¿ zfi] f0f, cGofo, cTofrf/ / pTkL8gsf l;sf/ eP . ljZjsf] cfwf cfsfz 9fSg] dlxnfx¿ csf]{ cfwf hg;ªV\\ of ePsf k?' if kIfaf6 cGofodf kg'{ plrt lyPg . To;n} ] dlxnfx¿n] o; lj?4 cfjfh p7fpg yfn] . ljleGg ;dodf ;ª\\3if{x¿ eP . To;kl5 nª} l\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] ;jfnn] kf| yldstf kfof] . nª} \\lus ;dfj]lztfn] nª} \\lusn ¿kdf k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf dlxnf jf k?' if jf ofl} gs cNk;ª\\Vos ;an} fO{ ;d]65\\ . Psfw ;d'bfonfO{ 5f8/] ljZjsf ;a} ;dfh k?' ifkw| fg ePsf] / dlxnf ju{ k5fl8 k/s] f] xg' fn] nª} l\\ us ;dfjl] ztfsf] ;jfndf dlxnfsf] ;dfjz] Ls/0fnfO{ hf8] lbg] ul/G5 . gk] fnsf] ;Gbe{df nª} \\lus ;dfjz] Ls/0f dlxnf ;zStLs/0f ug{] / dlxnfkl| t ul/g] ;dtfdn\" s Jojxf/sf] ;jfndf sl] Gbt| ePsf] bl] vG5 . kl5Nnf lbgdf of}lgs tyf nª} l\\ us cNk;ªV\\ ossf] ;jfn ;dfjz] ug{ yflnPsf] 5 . dlxnf / ofl} gs tyf nª} l\\ us cNk;ªV\\ ossf] ;d:ofx¿ cnu cnu ePsfn] cnu ¿kdf g} xg] ]{ ul/G5 . ljZjdf dlxnf clwsf/ :yflkt ug{ / nª} l\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu nfdf] ;dobl] v ko| f; ePsf lyP . Mary Wollstonecraft n] ;g\\ !&(@ df A Vindication of the Rights of Woman k:' ts nv] /] nª} l\\ us ;dfgtfsf] cfwf/zLnf v8f u/s] L lyOg\\ .;g\\ !*$*df cdl] /sfsf] Goo' fs] d{ f ;;+ f/s} klxnf] dlxnf clwsf/ ;ef -Women's rights convention_ ePsf] lyof] . bf];f| ] ljZjo'4 kl5 ljZjdf cfPsf] k|hftflGqs nx/ / dfgj clwsf/;DaGwL 3f]if0ffkq hf/L ePkl5 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 211

nª} \\lus ljeb] cGTosf nflu tLj| ultdf ljljw sfo{x¿ ;~rfng ul/of] . ;g\\ !($* df dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3f]if0ff hf/L eof] . o;sf] wf/f @ df s;}nfO{ klg lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df e] befj ug{ gx'g] eGg] pNn]v ePaf6 n}ªl\\ us ;dfjl] ztfsf nflu jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . ;g\\ !(&% nfO{ ;o+ 'St /fi6« ;ª3\\ åf/f cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jifs{ f ¿kdf dgfOof] . cGt/f{li6«o gf/L jifs{ } pknIodf d]lS;sf] ;x/df klxnf] ljZj dlxnf ;Ddn] g -First World Conference on Women_ eof] . o; ;Ddn] gaf6 ;dfgtf, ljsf; / zflGtnfO{ ax[ t\\ nIosf ¿kdf kfl/t ul/of] . ;g\\ !(&( df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª\\3Lo pknlAwsf ¿kdf …dlxnflj?4sf ;a} k|sf/sf eb] efj pGd\"ng ug]{ dxf;lGw !(&(Ú (Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 1979 – CEDAW) hf/L ul/of] . o; dxf;lGwdf g]kfnn] klg x:tfIf/ u/]sf] 5 . ;g\\ !(*) df ;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\\ sf] cu;| /tfdf bf;] |f] ljZj dlxnf ;Ddn] g sfk] ]gx]ugdf eof] eg] ;g\\ !(*% df t];|f] ljZj dlxnf ;Dd]ng s]Gofsf] g}/fa] Ldf / rf}yf] dlxnf ;Dd]ng ;g\\ !((% df lrgsf] a]Olhªdf ;DkGg eof] . ;g\\ @)!) df nª} \\lus ;dfgtf / dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf nflu ;+o'St /fi6«;ª3\\ Lo lgsfosf] :yfkgf ePsf] 5 . of] n}ª\\lus ;dfj]lztfsf nflu lgs} dxŒjk0\" f{ sbd xf] . o;/L ljleGg r/0f kf/ ub{} dlxnfsf] ;dfjl] ztfsf] cj:yfdf ;w' f/ xb'F } cPsf] b]lvG5 . @= n}ª\\lus ;dfj]zLs/0fsf r/0f ljsf;sf] k|ljm| ofdf n}ªl\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] p7fg d'Vo u/L rf/ r/0fdf ePsf] kfOG5 . oL k|Tos] r/0fdf dlxnf ;zStLs/0f Pjd\\ dlxnf / k?' iflarsf] leGgtfnfO{ ;j+ fw] g ug]{ /0fgLlt ckgfPsf] kfOG5 . -s_ sNof0fsf/L cjwf/0ff ;g\\ !(%) / ^) sf] bzsdf dlxnf ;dfjl] ztfsf nflu dlxnfsf] lxt x'g] sfoj{ |md ;~rfng ugk{' 5{ eGg] cjwf/0ffdf sx] L sfdx¿ ePsf lyP . o; cjlwsf] sfon{ ] dlxnfdf 3/aflx/ lg:sg] jftfj/0f tof/ eof] . To;kl5sf ljsf; sfo{x¿df dlxnfsf nflu sNof0fsf/L sfoj{ |mdsf] vfrF f] cge' j u/]/ ljsf;df dlxnfsf ljifox¿ ;d]l6g yfn] . -v_ ljsf;df dlxnf ;g\\ !(&) sf] bzsdf dlxnfx¿nfO{ cflys{ , ;fdflhs kl/jtg{ sf] kl| jm| ofdf ;dfjz] ug{ ljsf;df dlxnf (WomeninDevelopment–WID) /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/of] . dlxnfnfO{ ljsf; kj| fxdf PsLst[ ¿kdf ;dfjz] ug{ ;lsP dlxnfkl| tsf] lyrfl] drf] tyf c;dfgtf klg :jtM cGTo xG' 5 eGg] dfGotf pSt /0fgLltdf cGtlgl{ xt lyof] . dlxnfx¿nfO{ s;/L ljsf;sf ljleGg cfofddf a9LeGbf a9L ;xefuL u/fpg] eGg] lrGtg ul/of] . ljsf;df dlxnf ;xeflutfsf] j[l4 u/L dlxnfnfO{ ljsf;dv' L 212 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

agfpg] /0fgLlt lnOPsf] lyof] . o;sf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] cflys{ pTkfbgzLntf a9fpg] / pgLx¿sf] cj:yfdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] vfnsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ul/of] . o;cGtu{t ;fIf/tf, kl/jf/ :jf:Yo, 3/fo;L sfo{af]em 36fpg] pkfosf] ljsf; Pjd\\ k|;f/, cfocfh{g h:tf sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ul/of] . -u_ dlxnf / ljsf; dlxnfx¿sf] cj:yf tyf l:yltdf ;d]t ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu ljsf; kl| j|mofdf pgLx¿sf] ;+nUgtf cfjZos 7flgof] . To;}n] ;g\\ !(*) sf] bzsdf dlxnf / ljsf; (Women and Development-WAD) sf] /0fgLlt cjnDag ul/of] . o; /0fgLltnfO{ ljsf;df dlxnf /0fgLltsf] kl/dflh{t ¿k klg dflgG5 . o; /0fgLltn] ljsf;df dlxnf ;fem]bf/L j[l4 u/L ljsf;nfO{ g} dlxnfdv' L agfpg] s/' fdf hf8] lbPsf] lyof] . -3_ nª} l\\ ustf / ljsf; ;g\\ !(() sf] bzsdf n}ªl\\ ustf / ljsf; /0fgLlt ckgfOof] . o; /0fgLltdf ljsf;sf] ;Gbe{df dlxnf / k?' iflarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ hf]8 lbOPsf] 5 . of] /0fgLlt ljsf; kl| j|mofdf dlxnf / k?' iflarsf] ;DaGwn] s;/L k|efj kf5{ eGg]df sl] Gb|t /x]sf] 5 . n}ª\\lustf / ljsf; (Gender and Development–GAD) nfO{ ljsf;df n}ªl\\ us kxF'r (Gender Approach to Development) klg elgG5 . dlxnf / k'?iflarsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGwsf] JofVof ub}{ dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;+o'St k|of;af6 dfq dlxnfsf] ;zStLs/0f / ;dfjz] Ls/0f ;Dej xG' 5 eGg] s'/ fdf hf8] lbPsf] 5 . To;}n] ;a} sfo{j|mddf dlxnf / k?' ifsf] ;dfg ;DaGw xg' ' k5{ eGg] s/' fdf hf]8 lbOof] . o;n] of}lgs tyf nª} \\lus cNk ;ªV\\ osnfO{ klg ;Dafw] g u/]sf] 5 . o;n] ;a} lnª\\usf JolStx¿sf] ljsf;df hf]8 lbPsf] 5 . #= n}ªl\\ us ;dfjl] ztfsf dn\" e\"t ljifo nª} \\lus ;dfj]lztfsf] ljifonfO{ p7fg ubf{ nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf tyf ;dtf, dlxnf ;zStLs/0f / n}ª\\lus d\"nkj| fxLs/0f u/L dV' o tLgcf]6f ljifonfO{ b[li6ut ul/G5 . -s_ n}ª\\lus ;dfgtf / nª} \\lus ;dtf n}ªl\\ us ;dfgtf / ;dtf ;G' bf p:t} nfu] klg logsf] cy{ km/s 5 . ;dfgtfn] hxf;F 's} dlxnf / k?' iflar a/fa/L xg' k' 5{ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . ;dtfn] ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ dlxnfx¿dflysf] Gofok\"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ hf]8 lbG5 . o;n] ;dfgtfsf] cj:yfdf gk'u];Dd dlxnfx¿sf nflu ljzi] f ;'ljwf jf cf/If0f lbP/ ;zStLs/0f ugk{' 5{ eGg] dfGotf /fVb5 . ;dfgtf uGtJo xf] eg] ;dtf ;dfgtfsf] cj:yfdf k'Ug] dfu{ xf] . nª} \\lus ;dfgtf / ;dtfnfO{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 213

lgDgfg';f/ ae' m\\g ;lsG5 M n}ªl\\ us ;dfgtf (Gender equality) nª} l\\ us ;dtf (Gender equity) ;dfg cj;/ ;dfg :t/ kf| yldstf ;dfg clwsf/ cu|flwsf/ ;dfg lhDd]jf/L cf/If0f ljsf;sf] ;|f]t Pjd\\ k|ltkmndf dlxnf / ljz]if ;l' jwf k?' ifsf] ;dfg kx'rF Ifdtf j[l4sf nflu pTk|]l/t u/L JolStut, ljsf; k|lj|mofdf dlxnf / k'?ifsf] ;dfg ;fdflhs tyf cflys{ :t/ p7fpg] k|of;x¿ ;xeflutf lg0fo{ df cy{k\"0f{ ;xeflutf lg0fo{ sfod{ f;dfg dt ;sf/fTds sbd (Affirmative action) ;dfg Hofnfb/ -v_ dlxnf ;zStLs/0f dlxnfsf] Ifdtf a9fpg' ;zStLs/0f xf] . dlxnf ;zStLs/0fnfO{ kfrF :t/df x]g{] rng 5 . of] sNof0fsf/L txaf6 ;?' eP/ lgoGq0f tx;Dd kU' 5 . klxn] dlxnfsf lxt xg' ] sfoj{ |md ;?' ul/G5 . gLltut tyf lgoGq0f sfgg' L ;w' f/x¿ u//] cflys{ ;fdflhs If]qdf dlxnfsf] kx'Fr a9fOG5 . ;xeflutf dlxnfsf] ljBdfg cj:yf, clwsf/ / cfkmd\" fly ePsf] cGofo, cTofrf/, zf] ;r]tgf if0f / lx;+ fsf af/]df ;r]tLs/0f ul/ kxr“' G5 . To;kl5 ljsf;sf x/s] Ifq] df k?' if;/x cyk{ 0\" f{ ;xefuL u/fOG5 . sNof0fsf/L cGTodf ljleGg cfly{s, ;fdflhs, ;f:+ sl[ ts kIfx¿df k?' if;/x lgoGq0f sfod ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf ePsf JolStTj agfOG5 . -u_ n}ª\\lus d\"nk|jfxLs/0f 214 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

dlxnf ;zStLs/0fsf dfWodaf6 dlxnfnfO{ n}ªl\\ us dn\" k|jfxLs/0fdf Nofpg' g} nª} \\lus ;dfj] lztfsf] uGtJo xf] . n}ªl\\ us lje]bnfO{ ;Dafw] g ug{] u/L ljsf; gLlt, sfoj{ m| d / sfo{ljlw th{'df Pjd\\ sfofG{ jog k'g/jnfs] g ug{] k|ljm| ofsf] ¿kdf klg nª} \\lus dn\" k|jfxLs/0fnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . dlxnfsf] Ifdtf ljsf;, rt] gfsf] :t/df jl[ 4 / cflys{ lgoGq0f Ifdtfsf] ljsf;n] d\"n kj| fxLs/0fnfO{ ;xh agfp5F . n}ª\\lus d\"nkj| fxLs/0f cGtut{ ljsf;sf d'2f, gLlt tyf sfo{x¿df dlxnfx¿sf] OR5f, cg'ej Pjd\\ b/\" blzt{ fsf] ;lDdng h:tf kIfx¿ ;dfj]z ul/G5 . o;nfO{ n}ª\\lusdq} L zf;g (Gender-responsive Governance) klg elgG5 h'g zf;sLo k|lj|mofdf nª} \\lus dn\" kj| fxLs/0faf6} xfl;n ul/G5 . $= g]kfndf n}ªl\\ us ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf ko| f; gk] fndf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ffcg¿' k ljBdfg n}ª\\lus ljeb] x¿sf] cGTo u/L nª} \\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{ ljleGg ko| f;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . ;/sf/L kIfaf6 ;j+ w} flgs, sfgg' L tyf gLltut k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ eg] u/} ;/sf/L If]qaf6 klg ;rt] Ls/0f, Ifdtf ljsf;nufotsf ljljw k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ . 3/kl/jf/ / ;d'bfon] klg dlxnf ;dfgtf, ;xeflutf / ;zStLs/0fsf kIfx¿df rf;f] a9fpg yfns] f] 5 . tL ko| f;x¿sf sf/0f n}ªl\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fdf sx] L ;'wf/ klg ePsf 5g\\ t/ oL kof{Kt 5}gg\\ . cem} klg h/f uf8]/ a;s] f ;f+:s[lts kIf / lkt[;QfTds ;:+ sf/x¿sf sf/0f oL k|of;x¿n] ;fys{ tf kfpg sl7g eO/x]sf] 5 . casf lbgdf cem} ;zSt k|of; ugk{' g]{ b]lvG5 . nª} \\lustfdf cfwfl/t /fhgLlts, cfly{s / ;f:+ sl[ ts c;dfgtf sd u/L n}ªl\\ us ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu /fHo:t/af6 ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ h;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNnv] ug{ ;lsG5 . 56} fF} of]hgfdf klxnf]kN6 ljsf; sfo{df dlxnf ;xeflutf kj| w{g ug{] 56' 6\\ } gLlt tof/ ul/of] . lj= ;+= @)#* df dlxnf ljsf; zfvf :yfkgf eof] . lj=;=+ @)%@ df dlxnf tyf ;dfhsNof0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf eof] . xfn o; dGqfnosf] gfd dlxnf, afnaflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f / Ho]i7 gful/s dGqfno /xs] f] 5 . lj=;+= @)%& df dlxnf ljsf; ljefu :yfkgf ul/of] . cfj @)%&.%*df &% cf]6} lhNnfdf dlxnf ljsf; sfofn{ ox¿ vf]lnof] . lghfdtL ;j] f, lzIfs ;]jf ;'/Iff lgsfonufotsf ;]jfdf ;dfj]zL kl| t:kwfs{ f nflu 5'6o\\ fOPsf sf6] fdWo] ## k|ltzt sf]6f dlxnfsf nflu cf/If0f ul/Psf] 5 . dlxnfnfO{ lghfdtL ;j] f, lzIfs ;j] fnufotsf ;j] fdf kj| z] ug{ k'?ifn] #% jif{ gf3]kl5 kfpFb}gg\\ eg] dlxnfn] $) jif{sf] pd]/;Dd kl| t:kwfd{ f ;xefuL x'g kfpg] gLltut k|fjwfg nfu' ePsf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 215

kl} qs ;DklQdf kl/jf/df ePsf 5f]/f / 5f/] Lsf] ;dfg xssf] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . /fi6k« lt / pk/fi6«klt km/s ;db' fo jf lnª\\usf] x'g'kg{] Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;efd'v / pk ;efdv' dWo] Ps hgf dlxnf xg' k' g{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . /fli6o« ;efdf lgjf{lrt xg' ] kT| os] k|bz] af6 lgjf{lrt xg' ] cf7 ;b:odWo] tLg hgf dlxnf x'g'kg{] / /fi6k« ltn] dgfl] gt ug{] tLg hgf ;b:odWo] Ps hgf dlxnf xg' k' g]{ Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . k|ltlglw ;ef / kb| ]z ;efdf ;dfg'kfltstkm{ bnx¿n] aGb;\"rL k]; ubf{ krf/ k|ltzt dlxnf ;b:o xg' ] u/L aGb ;r\" L tof/ kf/L k]; ug'k{ g]{ Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . :yfgLo txdf kd| v' / pkk|d'v km/s lnª\\usf] xg' k' g{] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . :yfgLo txsf] j8f ;b:odf bO' { hgf, ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf rf/ hgf, gu/ sfok{ flnsfdf rf/ hgf dlxnf ;b:osf] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] 5 . kx| /L sfofn{ ox¿df dlxnfsf] ph'/L ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu dlxnf ;]nsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ljBfnodf 5fqf 5fqjl[ Qsf] Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . lj|mofsnfk != ljZjdf dlxnf clwsf/ / n}ª\\lus ;dfj]zLs/0fsf nflu ePsf k|of;x¿nfO{ ;do /]vfdf b]vfpg'xf];\\ . @= ;d\"xdf a;]/ k|To]s ;d\"xn] g]kfnsf] dlxnflj?å x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj ;+ljwfg cWoog u/L dlxnf clwsf/ / pGd'ng ug{] dxf;lGw !(&( ;zStLs/0fsf nflu ePsf ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfgx¿ l6kf]6 ug{x' f];\\ / sIffdf k|:t't lzIff;DaGwL clwsf/ ug'x{ f];\\ . /f]huf/Lsf] clwsf/ :jf:Yo;DaGwL clwsf/ # dlxnflj¿å x'g] ;a} lsl;dsf e]befj cfly{s tyf kfl/jfl/s nfesf] clwsf/, pGdn\" g ug{] dxf;lGw !(&( n] dlxnfnfO{ uf| dL0f dlxnfnfO{ ljz]if clwsf/ k|bfg u/]sf clwsf/x¿ / g]kfnsf] sfgg' L ;dfgtfsf] clwsf/ / ;+ljwfgn] kb| fg u/]sf clwsf/x¿ lardf ljjfx tyf kl/jf/sf] clwsf/ s] s] ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ 5g\\ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; 216 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M != n}ª\\lus ;dfgtf sfod ug{sf nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIosf] nIo g= % df plNnlvt -tn k|:t't ul/Psf_ nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ :yfgLo ;/sf/n] s:tf s:tf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug'k{ nf{ < a'b“ fut ¿kdf pNn]v ug'{xf;] \\ M lbuf] ljsf; nIfsf] nIf g= % df plNnlvt nIo cf];f/k;f/ tyf of}gzfi] f0fnufot ;fj{hlgs tyf lghL If]qx¿df ;a} dlxnf tyf lszf/] Lx¿ lj?4 x'g] ;a} ks| f/sf lx+;fsf] pGd\"ng ug]{ /fhgLlts, cfly{s tyf ;fj{hlgs hLjgsf ;a} lg0ff{os txdf g]t[Tjsf nflu dlxnfx¿sf] k|efjsf/L ;xeflutf tyf ;dfg cj;/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ ;a} txdf nª} l\\ us ;dfgtf / dlxnf tyf lszf/] Lx¿sf] z;lSts/0fsf kj| wg{ sf nflu gLlt tyf sfgg' x¿sf] cjnDag ug]{ / ltgnfO{ ;an agfpg] @= n}ªl\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf nflu ePsf yk ko| f;x¿ vf]hL u/L pNn]v ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= g]kfndf n}ªl\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf ko| f;x¿sf sf/0f cfPsf kl/jtg{ x¿sf] rrf{ ub}{ casf lbgdf s] s] ugk'{ nf{ ;'emfj lbgx' f];\\ . $= nª} \\lus ;dfj]zLs/0fsf] cjwf/0ff lsg cfjZos k/s] f] xf] < sf/0f lbgx' f];\\ . %= nª} l\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf r/0fx¿ pNnv] ub{] dlxnf ;;lSts/0fsf pkfox¿ pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . ^= gk] fndf nª} l\\ us ;dfjz] Ls/0fdf ePsf ko| f;x¿sf] ;ldIff ugx{' f;] \\ . kl/ofh] gf sfo{ != tkfOs{“ f] ;db' fosf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fw] /] cfheGbf la; jif{cl3sf] dlxnfsf] cj:yf / xfnsf] cj:yfaf/] tn' gfTds cWoog ugx{' f];\\ . @= tkfOs“ f] kl/jf/df laxfgb]lv /ftL g;'t];Dd dlxnf / k?' ifn] ug{'kg{] sfox{ ¿sf] ;\"rL agfO{ ;dLIffTds l6kf]6 tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:t't ug{'xf;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 217

$ ckfªu\\ tf / ;dfj]zLs/0f kf7 M xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljleGg ks| f/sf …ckfªu\\ tf ePsf / cflys{ ¿kn] ljkGg gful/snfO{ ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿ /x]sf sfg'gadf]lhd lgMz'Ns pRr lzIff kfpg] xs xg' ] 5 . 5g\\ . pgLx¿n] ljleGg k|sf/sf JolStut / ;fdflhs ;d:ofx¿ bl[ i6ljxLg gful/snfO{ an]| lnlk tyf alx/f / :j/ efl] u/xs] f x'G5g\\ . pgLx¿sf] km/s / af]nfO{;DaGwL ckfª\\utf ePsf gful/snfO{ Ifdtf / czSttfnfO{ sdhf/] L ;fªs\\ l] ts efiffsf dfWodaf6 sfgg' adfl] hd lgMzN' s 7fg/] xK] g], bJ' oj{ xf/ ug],{ cGofo lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 . cTofrf/ ug]{ / zfi] f0f ug]{ h:tf cdfgjLo Jojxf/x¿ x'g ;S5g\\ . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf gful/snfO{ ljljwtfsf] klxrfg;lxt ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿ /fi6«sf dof{bf / cfTd;Ddfgkj\" s{ hLjgofkg ug{ kfpg] / ;dfg clwsf/ k|fKt gful/s x'g\\ ;fjh{ lgs ;]jf tyf ;l' jwfdf ;dfg kxF'r x'g] 5 . t/ pgLx¿ ;fª\\u JolSt;/x ;as} /' fdf kl| t:kwf{ ug{ eg] ;Sbg} g\\ . To;} g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfg n] ckfª\\utf ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ ;dfjz] Ls/0fsf] l;4fGtcg';f/ yk ====……t;y{ cGwf, ckfªu\\ , alx/f tyf ;':t dgl:ylt ;'ljwfsf] cfjZostf k5{ . ckfª\\ ePsf JolStnfO{ g]kfnel/sf ;Dk\"0f{ ;fj{hlgs utf w/] } k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ . zf/Ll/s ljBfno, ljZjljBfno tyf tflnd s]G›x¿df tyf dfgl;s cj:yfsf cfwf/df lg:zN' s egf{ u/L u/fO{ lghx¿af6 egf{ ePkl5 ckfªu\\ tfnfO{ bz k|sf/df juLs{ /0f s'g} klg lsl;dsf] ;]jf z'Ns glng,' lng gnufpg' ul/Psf] 5 . egL ljkIfLx¿sf gfpdF f lgbz]{ gfTds cfb]z hf/L x'g] 7x5{Æ=========== != ckfªu\\ tfsf ks| f/ – @)^) ;fn sflQs @* sf] ;jfR{] r cbfntsf] cfbz] -s_ zf/Ll/s ckfª\\utf :gfo', df;k+ ]zL / hf]gL{ tyf x8\\8Lsf] agfj6 Pjd\\ ;~rfngdf ;d:ofsf] sf/0f s'g} JolStsf] cª\\usf] ;~rfng, ko| f]u / lx8F 8'ndf ;d:of cfpg' zf/Ll/s ckfª\\utf xf] . To;} u/L zf/Ll/s cªu\\ ljxLgtf xg' ,' si' 7 ke| fj, df;+ kz] L ljrng (muscular distrofy), hfg] L{ / d?] b08;DaGwL :yfoL ;d:of, k}tfnf kms]{sf] cflb ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf sf/0f pTkGg czSttfnfO{ klg zf/Ll/s ckfªu\\ tf elgG5 . ;fx] | jif{ pd/] k'u]sf] JolStdf pd]/adf]lhd xg' k' g]{ cf};t prfOeGbf Hofb} sd prfO ePdf klg zf/Ll/s ckfª\\utf elgG5 . 218 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

-v_ b[li6;DaGwL ckfª\\utf sg' } JolStn] cfvF fn] gbv] s] f sf/0f sg' } klg j:ts' f] cfsl[ t, cfsf/, ¿k / /ªsf] 1fg gxg' ] cj:yf b[li6ljxLg ckfªu\\ tf xf] . b[li6ljlxg ckfª\\utf klg tLg lsl;dsf xG' 5g\\ . b'j} cfvF fn] xftsf] cf}Fnf bz lkm6sf] b/' Laf6 5'6o\\ fpg g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ bl[ i6 ljxLgtf elgG5 . r:df jf n]G;sf] ko| fu] af6 klg aL; lkm6sf] b/' Laf6 xftsf] cfnF} f 56' o\\ fpg g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ Gog\" bl[ i6ljxLgtf cj:yf elgG5 . k0\" f{ ¿kdf pHofnf] jf cWF of/f] 56' o\\ fpg g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ k0\" f{ bl[ i6ljxLgtf elgG5 . -u_ ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\\utf ;'gfOsf cª\\usf] agfj6 ;xL gePsf] Pjd\\ :j/sf] klxrfg ug{ g;Sg,] cfjfh stfaf6 cfPsf] egL klxrfg ug{ g;Sg], cfjfhsf] ptf/r9fj tyf :j/sf] dfqf / u'0f 5'6o\\ fpg g;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;'gfO;DaGwL ckfª\\utf elgG5 . ;g' fO;DaGwL ckfª\\utfnfO{ alx/f / ;':t>j0f u/L bO' { ju{df ljefhg ug{] ul/G5 . c;L 8]l;aneGbf dflysf] Wjlg ;G' g g;Sg] jf ;~rf/sf nflu ;fªs\\ l] ts efiff k|ofu] ug{k' g{] cj:yf alx/fk] g xf] . ;G' gnfO{ >j0f oGq /fVgk' g{] jf ^%–*) 8l] ;an;Ddsf] Wjlg ;'Gg ;Sg] cj:yf ;':t >j0f xf] . -3_ >j0f b[li6ljxLg ckfªu\\ tf ;g' fO / b[li6;DaGwL b'j} ckfªu\\ tf ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ >j0f bl[ i6ljxLg ckfª\\utf elgG5 . -ª_ :j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf :j/ / af]nfO;DaGwL cªu\\ df ePsf] ;d:ofsf sf/0f afN] bf :j/sf] ptf/ r9fjdf sl7gfO, af]nL :ki6 gx'g], af]Nbf zAb jf cIf/ bfx] f¥] ofpg] cj:yfnfO{ :j/ / afn] fO;DaGwL ckfª\\utf elgG5 . -r_ dfgl;s jf dgf;] fdflhs ckfªu\\ tf dl:tis / dfgl;s cªu\\ df cfPsf] ;d:of tyf ;rt] gf, cledv' Ls/0f, :kml\" t,{ :d/0fzlSt, efiff, ckfª u0fgf h:tf af}l4s sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf ;Gbed{ f cfpg] ;d:ofsf] sf/0fn] pd/] / kl/l:yltcg';f/ Jojxf/ ug{ ;d:of x'g] cj:yfnfO{ dfgl;s jf dgf];fdflhs ckfª\\utf elgG5 . -5_ af}l4s ckfªu\\ tf pd/] sf] jl[ 4;uF } af}l4s ;rt] gfsf] ljsf; x'g g;sL afl} 4s ljsf; gePsf sf/0fn] pd/] jf jftfj/0fdf ;fkI] f lj|mofsnfk ug{ ;d:of x'g] cj:yfnfO{ afl} 4s ckfª\\utf elgG5 . -h_ cg'jz+ Lo /St>fj -Hemophylia_ ;DaGwL ckfª\\utf cg'jz+ Lo c;/sf sf/0f /utdf xg' ] ˆofS6/df ljrng cfO{ /ut hDg] sfo{df ;d:of pTkGg xg' ] zf/Ll/s cj:yfnfO{ cg'j+zLo /St;f| j -hemophylia_ ;DaGwL ckfª\\utf elgG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 219

-em_ cl6Hd;DaGwL ckfªu\\ tf hGdhft g;f jf tGts' f] ljsf; / ;f]sf] sfod{ f ;d:of ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ cl6Hd elgG5 . ;~rf/ ug,{ ;fdfGo ;fdflhs lgod a‰' g / k|ofu] ug{ sl7gfO x'g] tyf pd]/sf] ljsf;;uF } ;fdfGo Jojxf/ gbv] fpg,' c:jfefljs k|ltljm| of bv] fpg,' Pp6} ljm| ofnuftf/ bfx] f]¥ofO/xg', c¿;Fu 3n' ldn gx'g' jf tLj| kl| tlj|mof ug'{ cflb cl6Hd;DaGwL ckfª\\utfsf ljz]iftf x'g\\ . -`_ axc' kfªu\\ tf Pp6} JolStdf plNnlvt ckfªu\\ tfdWo] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L ks| f/sf ckfª\\utf ePsf] cj:yfnfO{ axc' kfª\\utf elgG5 . o;sf ;fy} g]kfndf czSttfsf] uDeL/tfsf cfwf/df ckfª\\utfnfO{ rf/ ju{df juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 . oxL juLs{ /0fsf cfwf/df ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStn] kfpg] ;l' jwfg¿sf] ljt/0f ul/G5 . -s_ k\"0f{ czSt ckfª\\utf cfˆgf] b}lgs ljm| ofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf c¿sf] ;xof]u lnFbf klg sl7gfO x'g] cj:yfk0\" f{ czSt ckfª\\utf xf] . o:tf] ckfªu\\ tfnfO{ “s” ju{df juL{s/0f u/L /ftf] /ªsf] kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -v_ clt czStckfª\\utf j}olSts lj|mofsnfk ;Dkfbg ug{ tyf ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg xg' lg/Gt/ ¿kdf c¿sf] ;xofu] lngk' g{] cj:yf clt czSt ckfª\\utf xf] . o:tf] ckfª\\utfnfO “v” jud{ f juLs{ /0f u/L lgnf] /ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -u_ dWod ckfª\\utf c¿sf] ;xofu] lnO{ jf glnO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] lbgrof{ / ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg' ;Sg] cj:yf xf] . o; cj:yfsf ckfª\\utfnfO “u” ju{df juL{s/0f u/L kxn]F f] /ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . -3_ ;fdfGo ckfª\\utf lgoldt ¿kdf cfˆgf] lbgrof{ / ;fdflhs ljm| ofsnfkdf ;xefuL x'g ;Sg] cj:yfnfO{ ;fdfGo ckfªu\\ tf elgG5 . o; cj:yfsf ckfª\\utfnfO{ “3” ju{df juL{s/0f u/L ;t] f] /ªdf kl/rokqsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . @= ckfªu\\ tfsf sf/0f JolStdf ckfª\\utf xg' s' f w/] } sf/0f xg' ;S5g\\ . sf]xL JolSt hGdhft g} ckfª\\utf ePsf xg' ;S5g\\ . sfx] L JolSt hGdFbf ;fª\\u hlGdP klg xs' F{b} hfFbf ckI] ffst[ ¿kdf zf/Ll/s / 220 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

dfgl;s ljsf; x'g g;Sbf ckfª\\utf b]vf kg{ ;S5 . sf]xL JolStdf wgi' 6ª\\sf/, si' 7f/fu] , d:sn' / l8:6f« ]kmL, xf8 hf]gL{ ;DaGwL /f]ux¿, SofG;/, hnlaGb', dfl] tof laGb', dw'd]x, :gfo' g;f jf /StgnL;DaGwL /f]u, dl:tisdf /St;|fj (brain hemorrhage) h:tf /f]ux¿ nfu]df ckfªu\\ tf b]vf kg{ ;S5 . ;Noljm| ofaf6 cªu\\ x¿ sf6g\\ k' /]df / b'36{ gf jf o4' df k//] cª\\u eªu\\ ePdf klg ckfª\\utf x'g ;S5 . o;/L cfh ;fª\\u ePsf] JolSt ef]ln ckfªu\\ tf ePsf] xg' klg ;S5 . To;}n] xfdLn] ;b}j ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ ;/sf/L, u/} ;/sf/L, ;fdb' flos, kfl/jfl/s / JolStuttkm{af6 ;xof]u ugk{' 5{ . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿sf] clwsf/sf] /Iffsf nflu ;bj} ;r]t /xg'k5{ . ckfª\\utf ePsf JolStdf klg ljleGg kl| tef / Ifdtfx¿ xg' ;S5g\\ . tL k|ltefnfO{ ki| km6' g u/fpg ;xof]u ugk'{ 5{ . ljZjsf dxfg j}1flgs :6k] m]g xlsªsf] lbdfu / Pp6f cf}nF f dfq rNYof] . pgsf cfljisf/ cfh ljZje/ kr| f/ ePsf 5g\\ . g]kfnsL ;flxTosf/ emds sd' f/L v'66\\ fn] nl] V5g\\ . pgn] ofu] bfgn] ;flxTodfkm{t ;dfhdf s]xL ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] ;Gb]z lbPsf] / sx] L ug{ xf;} nf a9fPsf] 5 . vu]Gb|axfb/' a:gt] n] vu]Gb| gjhLjg s]Gb| gfdsf] ckfªu\\ tf k'g:yf{kgf sG] b| g} :yfkgf u/]sf 5g\\ . gk] fndf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStsf nflu ePsf ;dfj]zLs/0fsf ko| f; ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿sf] ;zStLs/0f tyf d\"n kj| fxLs/0fsf nflu kl5Nnf s]xL bzs otf ljleGg k|of;x¿ ePsf 5g\\ h;nfO{ tn pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 M /fli6o« ;ef, kl| tlglw ;ef / kb| ]z ;efdf ;dfgk' flts ;b:odf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ ;dfj]z ug{k' g{] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . ;j+ }wflgs cfofu] sf ¿kdf ;dfjz] L cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5 . ckfª\\utf kl/rokqsf] ljt/0f / To;sf cfwf/df eQfsf] Joj:yf 5 . oftfoftdf cf/If0f l;6sf] Joj:yf / ef8fb/df 5'6 lbg] gLltut k|fjwfgx¿ 5g\\ . :j:Yo pkrf/sf nflu 5'6 ;'ljwf kb| fg ul/Psf] 5 . lghfdtL ;j] f, lzIfs ;j] fnufotsf ;j] fdf ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStsf nflu cf/If0f sf6] fsf] Joj:yf ljBfno, ;fjh{ lgs :yn, zfr} fno tyf ejgx¿df ckfªu\\ dq} L ;/+ rgfsf] ljsf; xg' yfns] f] 5 . ckfª\\u 5fqjl[ Qsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . Kf7\\oj|md, kf7o\\ k':ts tyf d\"Nofªs\\ g k4ltnfO{ ckfª\\utfdq} L agfpFb} nluPsf] 5 . ;/sf/L :jf:Yo sG] › jf c:ktfnx¿df ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStsf nflu lgMzN' s :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf pkrf/sf] k|fjwfg 5 . g]kfn ;/sf/n] ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿sf nflu lglZrt $! k|sf/sf cf}ifwLx¿ ;/sf/L c:ktfnx¿af6 lgz'Ns ¿kdf k|fKt ug{] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 221

lj|mofsnfk != lbOPsf] egfO cWoog u/L o;n] lbPsf] ;Gb]z sIffdf k:| tt' ugx{' f;] \\ . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStdf klg ljleGg ks| f/sf k|ltef / Ifdtf ePsf xhf/f“} pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\\ . ltgsf] vf]hL u/L sIffdf k:| t't ugx{' f];\\ . xf;} nf lbgx' f;] \\ s]xL ug{ ;S5f}“ /fi6« ;]jf ug]{ j|mddf PDa';df k//] bj' } cfvF f u'dk] l5 sx] L ;do lg/f; ePF . dn} ] d]/f] kl/jf/ / of] /fi6«sf nflu afRF g'k5{ / sx] L ug'k{ 5{ eGg] lxDdt cfof] . To;kl5 d}n] kfls:tfgdf bl[ i6ljxLg ljm| s]6sf] tflnd lng] cj;/ kfPF . g]kfndf bl' i6ljxLgn] klg ljm| s6] vN] g ;S5g\\ eGg] yfxf g} lyPg . d}n] Snax¿ u7g u//] /fli6o« kl| tofl] utf u/fPF . xfdLn] klxnf] k6s bl[ i6ljxLg ljZjsk lj|ms6] kl| tofl] utfdf gk] fnnfO{ ;xefuL u/fof}F . d}n] ljZjsk lj|ms]6sf] /]k|mLsf ¿kdf klg sfd u/F] . To;}n] d eG5' ls ckfªu\\ tf eGg] lrh lhGbuLdf Pp6f sdf dfq} xf] k0\" fl{ j/fd xfO] g . ha s;n} ] tF sx] L ug{ ;S5;\\ eGg] cge' l\" t u/fOlbG5 To;kl5 h:tf;] s' } ckfªu\\ tf ePsf] JolStn] klg sx] L ug{ ;S5 . ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ xf;} nf lbgx' f;] \\ . pgsf] Ifdtf lrgfOlbg;' \\ . To;sf] pkof]u u//] pgLx¿ ;dfGo dflg; em}F cflys{ , ;fdflhs ¿kdf /fd|f] hLjg hLpg ;Sg] 5g\\ . -kjg l3ld/]_ @= ljleGg ckfª\\utf ePsf JolStn] ef]Ug' k/]sf ;d:of / To;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfo ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L tflnsfdf k|:tt' ug'{xf];\\ . #= s'g} ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ e]6]/ pgsf] hLjgsf cge' \"ltx¿ ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{'xf];\\ / Ps kl| tj]bg tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M != ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStx¿nfO{ cfjZos kg{] ;xof]u / pTyfgsf nflu ug{k' g]{ sfo{ ;d6] /] uLt jf sljtf jf ;+jfb tof/ kfg'x{ f];\\ . @= To;n} ] ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolSt / pgLx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu cfkmn\" ] ug{k' g]{ stJ{ osf af/]df cfkmg\\ f] wf/0ff k|:t't ug'x{ f;] \\ . #= g]kfndf ckfª\\utfnfO{ s;/L juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 < $= ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStnfO{ bof xfO] g ;xof]u / ;Ddfgsf] vfrF f] 5 . o; egfOdf cfkmg\\ f ljrf/x¿ ;d6] ]/ Ps ;DkfbsLo tof/ kfg{x' f];\\ . %= ckfªu\\ tf ePsf JolStn] ko| fu] ug{] ljleGg ks| f/sf pks/0fx¿sf] 5f6] f] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . 222 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

% wflds{ tyf If]qLo klxrfg kf7 M x/]s JolStsf ljleGg k|sf/sf klxrfg x'G5g\\ . tLdWo] wflds{ Pjd\\ If]qLo klxrfg klg dxŒjk0\" f{ klxrfg xf] . JolSt sg' } g s'g} ¿kdf wflds{ cf:yf / d\"No dfGotfdf afFlwPsf] x'G5 . wdn{ ] JolStnfO{ cg'zfl;t /xg, ;dfhdf ;be\\ fj sfod ug{ / ;xsfo{ u//] afRF g ;xofu] ub{5 . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] wd,{ wflds{ ;+:sf/, wflds{ k|tLsx¿ / cfkm\\gf bj] tfx¿kl| t cf:yf, ljZjf; Pjd\\ uj{ u5\\{g\\ . gk] fn efu} fl] ns ljljwtf ePsf] b]z klg xf] . kT| o]s Ifq] df a;fa] f; ug]{ dflg;x¿ cfkm\" a;s] f] If]qdf /x]sf ljzi] ftfx¿df cfkmg\\ f] klxrfg vf]H5g\\ . != wflds{ klxrfg g]kfn ax'wfld{s tyf ax';f+:s[lts gk] fndf wflds{ ;db' fo b]z xf] . oxfF wfld{s ;lxi0ft' f sfod wd{ hg;ªV\\ of kl| tzt wd{ hg;ª\\Vof hgf 5 . g]kfndf ;a} wdf{jnDaLx¿ lxGb' *!=#$ af]g !#))^ Pscfk;df ldn]/ a;]sf 5g\\ . af4} (=)$ hg} #@!$ gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf gk] fn wd{ lg/kI] f O:nfd $=#( jxfO{ !@*# /fi6« egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ls/ftF #=)% lzv ^)( ;l+ jwfgdf dfl} ns xscGtu{t wf/f O;fO{ !=$@ @^ df wfld{s :jtGqtfsf] xs k|s[lt )=% /fli6«o hgu0fgf, @)^* ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ kT| os] JolStnfO{ cfˆgf] cf:yfcg;' f/ wds{ f] cjnDag, cEof; / ;/+ If0f ug]{ :jtGqtf xg' ] pNnv] 5 . ;fy} k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ wfld{s :yn tyf wflds{ u'7L ;~rfng / ;+/If0f ug{] xs xg' ] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . ;fc] g';f/ s;}sf] wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg] jf csf{sf] wdd{ f vnn kg{] sfd jf Jojxf/ ug{ jf u/fpg xFb' g} / To:tf] sfo{ sfg'gadfl] hd b08gLo x'g] 5 eGg] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] hg u0fgfcg;' f/ gk] fndf d'Vo bzcf6] f wflds{ ;d'bfox¿sf] a;f]af; ePsf] bl] vG5 . ltgsf] ;ªl\\ IfKt kl/ro o;k|sf/ /xs] f] 5 . -s_ lxGb' wd{ lxGb' wdn{ fO{ ;ae} Gbf k/' fgf] wd{ dflgG5 . To;n} ] o;nfO{ ;gftg wd{ klg elgG5 . ofu] , k0| ffofd, Hof]ltifzf:q, cªs\\ zf:q, x:t/]vf tyf jf:tz' f:q h:tf lj1fg lxGb' ;:+ sl[ tsf pkh dflgG5g\\ . csfs{ f] pksf/ ug'{ wd{ xf] / csfn{ fO{ bM' v lbg' kfk xf] eGg] lxGb' wd{sf] dn\" cfbz{ xf] . jb] , uLtf, k'/f0f, pklgifb,\\ /fdfo0f cflb lxGb' wlds{ uG| yx¿ x'g\\ . oL u|Gyx¿ Ps k':tfaf6 csf]{ k':tfdf dGqf]Rrf/0f / :d[ltsf] ;xofu] df x:tfGtl/t xb'F } cfPsf lyP . o; wdc{ g;' f/ ## sf6] L ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 223

b]jLb]jtf xG' 5g\\ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . k|s[ltdf ePsf ;a} lrhx¿ Pjd\\ ;a} k|f0fL / jg:klt O{Zj/sf cz+ xg' \\ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . lxGb'x¿ u0f]z, ;\"o,{ bj] L, lji0f', lzj, /fd, si[ 0fnufotsf b]jL bj] tf dfG5g\\ . hgfj/ / jg:klt, kxf8, ;db' |, gbLnfO{ klg O{Zj/sf ¿kdf k\"hf cf/fwgf ub{5g\\ . lxGb' b]jL bj] tfsf] :yfkgf ul/Psf dlGb/x¿ lxGbx' ¿sf wfld{s:yn x'g\\ . gk] fndf kzk' ltgfy, dl' Stgfy, dgsfdgfnufot ;ofF} tLy:{ ynx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . lxGb' wdfj{ nDaLx¿n] hgk} l\" 0fd{ f, b;,F} ltxf/, lzj/fqL, /fdgjdL, si[ 0ffi7dL, 57, uf/} f kjn{ ufotsf rf8kjx{ ¿ dgfp5F g\\ . -v_ af4} wd{ gk] fnsf] nl' DagLdf hlGdPsf l;4fy{ uft} dn] k|jtg{ u/s] f] wd{ af4} wd{ xf] . af4} wds{ f] wfld{s u|Gy …lqlk6sÚ xf] . 1fg, ;Tsd{, clx+;f / zflGt af}4 wd{sf cfbz{ x'g\\ . ;To af]Ng', lx+;f gug'{, rf]/L gug{', a|x\\dro{df /xg', dBkfg gug'{ h:tf k~rzLnsf lgodx¿ dfg]df dfgj b'Mvaf6 d'St x'g ;S5 eGg] a'4sf] d\"n dfGotf xf] . laxf/, :t\"k, u'Daf af}4 wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] d'Vo wfld{s :yn x'g\\ . g]kfndf n'lDagLsf] dfofb]jL dlGb/ a4' sf] hGd:yn xf] . To;} u/L :joDe\" / af}4gfy klg af4} wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] tLy{ :yn x'g\\ . af4} wdf{jnDaLx¿ a'4 hoGtL / Nxf];f/ h:tf dV' o rf8kj{x¿ dgfp5F g\\ . -u_ O;fO{ wd{ g]kfndf O;fO{ wd{sf klg cg'ofoLx¿ 5g\\ . lh;; jm| fO:6nfO{ O;fO{ wds{ f kj| t{s dflgG5 . o; wd{nfO{ lj|ml:rog wd{ klg elgG5 . o; wds{ f] wflds{ uG| ynfO{ …afOanÚ / wflds{ :ynnfO{ ÚrrÚ{ elgG5 . nf]e gug{' / Ifdf ug{' o; wd{sf] d\"n cfbz{ xf] . of] wdf{jnDaLx¿sf] d'Vo rf8 d]/L lj|m;d; xf] . logLx¿ d\"lt{k\"hf ub{}gg\\ t/ j|m;nfO{ lh;;sf] k|tLssf ¿kdf k|ofu] ub{5g\\ . O;fO{x¿sf] wflds{ lrxg\\ j|m;' xf] . -3_ O:nfd wd{ g]kfndf kr| lnt csf{] wd{ O:nfd xf] . o; wd{sf k|jts{ k}uDa/ df]xdb xg' \\ . O:nfd wds{ f] wfld{s uG| y s/' c\\ fg xf] . O:nfdx¿sf] wflds{ :ynnfO{ dl:hb elgG5 . o; wd{sf Ps dfq O{Zj/ …cNnfxÚ nfO{ dflgG5 . O:nfd wdf{jnDaLx¿ dl\" t{ / kmf]6f] kh\" f ubg{} g\\ . ul/anfO{ clgjfo{ ¿kdf bfg lbg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /flvG5 . of] wds{ f] ;f/ xf] . o; wds{ f cg'oflox¿ cfk\\mgf] wflds{ dfGotfdf s6\\6/ 5g\\ . O:nfdsf] dSsf dlbgf d'Vo tLy{ :yn xg' \\ . Ob, as/Ob, /dhfg o; wd{sf d'Vo rf8 kj{ xg' \\ . -ª_ hg} wd{ ef/tsf] a};fnLdf hlGdPsf dxfjL/ hg} g} hg} wds{ f kj| t{s x'g\\ . h}gx¿sf] wflds{ :ynnfO{ hg} dlGb/ / wd{ u|GynfO{ jrgfd[t elgG5 . dxfjL/ hg} nfO{ hg} wd{sf clGtd tLyª{ s\\ / dflgG5 . kljqtf, ;Rrl/qtf / clx;+ f o; wds{ f cfbz{ x'g\\ . dxfjL/ hoGtL / lbjfnL o; wds{ f dV' o rf8kj{ xg' \\ . 224 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

-r_ lzv wd{ ;Dk\"0f{ lzv ;d'bfox¿n] dfGg] wd{ lzv wd{ xf] . lzv wd{sf kj| ts{ u'? xg' \\ . o; wd{sf] k|jt{gdf w]/} u?' x¿sf] ofu] bfg /xs] f] 5 . lzv wfld{s u|GynfO{ …u'? uG| y ;fxLjÚ elgG5 . lzv wfld{s :ynnfO{ u?' åf/f elgG5 . ef/tsf] :j0f{ dlGb/ dV' o tLy{:yn xf] . g]kfndf klg w]/} 7fpFdf u?' åf/fx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . clx+;f, ;Tsfo{, k/f]ksf/ o; wd{sf dV' o cfbz{ xg' \\ . lzv wdf{jnDaLx¿n] u?' gfgs hoGtL, xf]nL, lbjfnL, df3Lnufotsf rf8 kj{ dgfpF5g\\ . -5_ ls/ft wd{ ls/ftF wd{ k\"jL{ gk] fndf dn\" ynf] ePsf ls/ftF -/fO{, lnDa,' ;g' 'jf/, ofSvf_ hfltn] dgfpg] wd{ xf] . ;Tdfud{ f nfUg,' z/L/ z4' /fVg' / c;n afgL Joxf]/f ug'{ / zflGt o; wds{ f cfbz{ xg' \\ . ls/ftx¿ O{Zj/sf ¿kdf k|sl[ t k\"hf ub{5g\\ . ls/ft wflds{ :ynnfO{ dflGvd elgG5 . gk] fnsf /fli6o« lje\"lt kmfNug' Gb lnªb\\ g] o; wds{ f wdu{ '? x'g\\ . ls/ftx¿ pFwfn} L / pFefn} L kj{ dgfpF5g\\ . ls/ft wflds{ uG| ynfO{ d'Gwd' elgG5 . Onfdsf] dfª\\;]aª' ls/ft wd{sf] dxŒjk0\" f{ wfld{s :yn xf] . -h_ af]g wd{ g]kfnsf] lxdfnL k|b]zsf s]xL ;d'bfo vf; u/L 8fN] kfdf afg] wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; /x]sf] 5 . zflGt, clx+;f / k/nfs] sf] ;'v o; wds{ f cfbz{ x'g\\ . afg] wd{sf ;:+ yfks ;g] /fa ld af] x'g\\ . afg] wflds{ :ynnfO{ ufG] kf elgG5 . -em_ axfO{ wd{ axfO{ wd{ ljZjdf ;ae} Gbf kl5 ljsf; ePsf] wd{ xf] . o; wds{ f k|jt{s axfpNnf x'g\\ . Ps O{Zj/ / ;a} wds{ f] PstfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] x'G5 . k|]d / Pstf o;sf] dn\" cfbz{ xf] . o; wdd{ f sg' } / kh'\\ f/L jf wd{ u'? x'Fb}gg\\ . o; wds{ f] wfld{s uG| y …lstfa] cSsb;Ú xf] . o; wds{ f] dV' o axfpNnfsf] hGdlbg / dT[ o' ePsf] lbgnfO{ kj{sf ¿kdf dgfOG5 . b}lgs ¿kdf cNnf cf] cfefsf] kf7 ug,{' dfbs kbfy{ ;j] g gug',{ artsf] Ps c+z OZ{ j/sf] gfddf bfg ug{' o; wds{ f lgod x'g\\ . #= If]qLo klxrfg gk] fndf If]qLo klxrfgnfO{ ef}ufl] ns / k|zf;lgs u/L b'O{ lsl;dn] xg] { ;lsG5 . efu} fl] ns cj:yfsf cfwf/df lxdfnL, kxf8L / dw];L u/L tLg Ifq] sf cnu cnu klxrfg sfod ePsf] bl] vG5 . k|Tos] Ifq] df vf; vf; hfthflt tyf ;+:s[ltsf dflg;x¿ a;f]af; u5g{ \\ . t/fO{df dw;] L d\"nsf hfltx¿ /fhjz+ L, ofbj, yf?, lwdfn, t/fO{ af| x\\d0f tyf If]qLx¿sf] afx'No /x] sf] 5 . lxdfnL Ifq] df z]kf{, ysfnL, du' fnL, 8fN] kf] hfltsf dflg;x¿sf] afx'No /xs] f] 5 . To;} u/L kxf8L k|bz] df afx'g, Ifq] L, u?' ª, g]jf/, du/, /fO,{ lnDa,' tfdfª cflbsf] afxN' o /xs] f] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 225

k|Tos] kb| z] sf] rf8kj{, vfgkfg, j]zei\" ff Pjd\\ ;:+ sf/x¿df km/s km/s klxrfg emlNsG5 . To;} u/L tLgcf]6} k|bz] df k\"j,{ dWo / klZrddf Pp6} hflt, efiff / ;+:s[ltdf klg km/s km/s klxrfg sfod ePsf] b]lvG5 . sfx] L JolStn] af]ns] f] gk] fnL zAb ;'Gg]lalQs} tL JolSt ka' ]n{ L x'g\\ ls sf7df8f}F cf;kf;sf xg' \\ jf u08sL Ifq] sf xg' \\ jf ;b' /\" klZrdn] L xg' \\ egL cgd' fg nufpg ;lsG5 . xg' t kl5Nnf lbgdf g]kfnsf ;a} Ifq] df ;a} hfltsf gful/sx¿ ldl;P/ a;]sf 5g\\ t/ klg pgLx¿sf] cfcfkmg\\ f] ;f+:s[lts, eflifs Pjd\\ If]qLo klxrfg eg] sfod} /x]sf] bl] vG5 . g]kfndf ;ª\\3Lo /fHo k|0ffnL nfu' ePkl5 k|zf;lgs ¿kdf ;ft k|b]zx¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . tL ;ftcf]6} kb| z] sf dflg;x¿sf] kb| z] ut klxrfg klg /x]sf] xG' 5, h:t} M Ps gDa/ kb| ] zsf dflg;x¿ ;u/dfyf, s~rg hª\\3f, lrof aufg / c¿0f gbL, ls/ft efiff / ;:+ s[lt cflbdf cfkmg\\ f] klxrfg b]V5g\\ . b'O{ gDa/ kb| ]zsf dflg;x¿ hgsk/' wfd / cGgsf] e08f/, d}lyNfL efiff / ;:+ sl[ t, ef]hk'/L efiff / ;:+ s[ltnfO{ cfkm\\gf] klxrfg 7fG5g\\ . afUdtL kb| z] sf dflg;x¿ ;ª\\3Lo /fhwfgL / kzk' ltgfy, tfdfª efiff / ;+:sl[ t, gj] f/ ;Eotf / ;:+ s[lt cflbnfO{ cfkm\\gf] klxrfg 7fGg ;S5g\\ eg] u08sL kb| ]zsf dflg;x¿n] ko6{ sLo gu/L kfv] /f / dl' Stgfydf, u'?ª ;+:sf/ / ;:+ sl[ t, ysfnL ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt cflbdf uj{ u5g{ \\ . nl' DagL k|bz] sf dflg;x¿n] uf}td a4' sf] hGd :yn n'lDagL / t/fOs{ f] cGgsf] e08f/df, cjlw efiff / ;+:sl[ t, du/ efiff / ;+:sl[ t, yf? efiff / ;+:sl[ t cflbdf uj{ u5{g\\ s0ffn{ L kb| z] sf] klxrfg h'Dnfsf] df;L{wfg, h8La'6L / l;Fhf ;EotfnfO{ cfkmg\\ f] klxrfg 7fG5g\\ eg] ;'b\"/klZrdsf dflg;x¿n] yf? ;Eotf / ;:+ s[lt, dxfsfnL gbL / b]p8f ;+:sl[ t cflbnfO{ cfkmg\\ f] klxrfg 7fG5g\\ . o;/L x/]s Ifq] sf] cfcfkm\\gf hfltut, eflifs, ;f:+ sl[ ts, efu} fl] ns cflb klxrfg /xg] u5{ . ljm| ofsnfk != gk] fndf ljleGg wdx{ ¿sf] klxrfg emNsg] tflnsf agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' ugx'{ f];\\ . @= gk] fnsf ljleGg efu} fl] ns Ifq] sf] klxrfg emlNsg] kf:] 6/ tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ / sIffdf kb| zg{ ugx{' f;] \\ . #= sIffdf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] JolStx¿ ePdf Ps wd{sf] Ps ;dx\" agfO{ 5nkmn ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ tkfOFs{ f] cfkm\\gf] wflds{ klxrfg emNsg] ;j+ fb jf n]v tof/ kf/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'x{ f;] \\ . -v_ g]kfnsf ljleGg wd{sf ;femf s/' fx¿ klxrfg u/L ;r\" L tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . -u_ gk] fnsf gS;fdf ljleGg 7fpdF f a:g] dV' o dV' o hfthfltx¿sf] a;fa] f;sf] Ifq] bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . -3_ gk] fndf dgfOg] wdx{ ¿sf ;DaGwdf yk vf]hL u/L Ps n]v tof/ kfgx{' f;] \\ . 226 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

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-v_ dn\" k|jfxLs/0f M ha;Dd bz] df cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ¿kn] k5fl8 k/]sf jf kfl/Psf jun{ fO{ d\"nwf/df ;dflxt ul/Fb}g ta;Dd ;dtfd\"ns ;dfhsf] lgdf{0fsf] kl/sNkgf;Dd ug{ ;lsbF }g . To;}n] tL ju{nfO{ ljsf;sf] d\"n kj| fxdf ;dflxt ug{sf nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf] l;4fGtcg';f/ ;sf/fTds ljeb] sf] gLlt lnOG5 . cf/If0fsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . -u_ x:tIfk] sf/L gLlt M /fHodf dn\" kj| fxLs/0fdf cfpg g;ss] f jun{ fO{ ;dflxt ugs{ f nflu /fHon] x:tIfk] sf/L gLlt cjnDag ug{k' 5{ . o;sf nflu ;l+ jwfg tyf sfg'gdf Joj:yf ug{k' g]{ x'g ;S5 . gk] fndf cfdfsf] gfddf gful/stfsf] Joj:Yff, nlIft ju{sf gful/ssf nflu tflnd, k'FhL / /f]huf/Lsf] Joj:yf cflb o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \\ . -3_ /f]huf/dn\" s nlIft sfoj{ |md M lk5l8Psf If]q, hflt, lnª\\u / cfly{s k5f}6k] g ePsf jus{ f nflu /f]huf/d\"ns nlIft sfoj{ |mdx¿ ;~rfng ug'{k5{ . o;n] pgLx¿sf] cfly{s cj:Yffdf ;'wf/ cfO{ z;lSts/0fdf d4t kU' 5 . -ª_ ;xh / Gofofl] rt kxF'rsf] ;'lglZrttf M ;dfhdf x'g] / gxg' ]larsf] vf8n sd ugs{ f nflu hftLo, eflifs, n}ªl\\ us, zf/Ll/s cj:yf Pjd\\ cfly{s sf/0fn] k5fl8 k/]sf ju{nfO{ d\"n wf/df ;dflxt ug{sf nflu ;xh / Gofofl] rt kxrF' sf] ;l' gZrttf ug'{k5{ . kx'rF sf gfddf ckofK{ t / cyx{ Lg ;xeflutfn] Gofo ug{ ;Sb}g . To;n} ] kof{Kt / ;f/et\" Pjd\\ Gofof]lrt kx'rF sf] ;l' glZrttf ug'k{ 5{ . -r_ ;z' f;g M ;dtfdn\" s ;dfh lgdf0{ fsf nflu ;z' f;g clgjfo{ ;t{ xf] . ;z' f;gn] dfq gful/sdf /fHokl| t ckgTj jl[ 4 u5{ . e|i6frf/ lgoGq0f ug{ / ljlwsf] zf;g sfod ug{ dbt u5{ . olb ;z' f;g ePg eg] plNnlvt sg' } klg pkfon] ;dflhs Gofo kK| t xg' ;Sbg} . -5_ ;dfjz] Ls/0f M ljleGg ;dodf ljleGg sf/0fn] /fHodf k5fl8k/s] f jf kfl/Psf, ljsf;sf] d\"n wf/df ;dfjz] xg' gkfPsf, JolSt jf ;dx\" nfO{ cfly{s, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f:+ s[lts clwsf/x¿af6 ;';DkGg u/fpg] sfo{ g} ;dfjz] Ls/0f xf] . ;dfh jf /fHodf x'g] ljleGg ks| f/ sf lje]bn] jl~rtLs/0fsf] cj:yf l;hg{ f x'G5 . juLo{ ljeb] , ;fdflhs, ;f:+ s[lts cf:yf / k/Dk/f jf klxrfgsf cfwf/df ul/g] ;db' fout ljeb] Pjd\\ ef}ufl] ns leGgtfsf cfwf/df ul/g] Ifq] Lo ljeb] o;sf pbfx/0f xg' \\ . To;} u/L nª} l\\ ustfsf cfwf/df dlxnf tyf ofl} gs cNk;ªV\\ os dfly ul/g] n}ª\\lus ljeb] / zf/Ll/s cj:yf tyf czSttfsf cfwf/df ul/g] lje]b klg jl~rtLs/0f xf] . hg' ;s' } lsl;dn] ePsf] eP tfklg cfhsf] PsfO;fF} ztfAbLdf Ps dfgjn] csf{] dfgjk|lt lje]b ug{' c;Eotfsf] cjzi] f dfq xf] . cem /fHo:t/af6 lje]b x'g' jf To:tf] lje]wnfO{ ;Daf]wg gug{' cGofo xf] . To;}n] of] kl| t:kwfT{ ds ljZjdf o:tf jl~rtLs/0fx¿sf] cGTo u/L nfs] sNof0fsf/L /fHosf] lgdf{0f ugt{ km{ w/] } d'n'sx¿ nflu k/]sf 5g\\ . 228 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

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! PsfO * ;+ljwfg / gful/s ;rt] gf kf7 M ;/sf/sf] u7g k|ljm| of gk] fn ;ª3\\ Lo nfs] tflGqs u0ftfGqfTds ;;+ bLo zf;g Joj:yf ePsf] b]z xf] . oxfFsf] zf;sLo :j¿k axn' jfbdf cfwfl/t 5 . of] axb' nLo kl| t:kwfs{ f cfwf/df hgtfåf/f lgjfl{ rt hgkl| tlglwn] zf;g ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] . /fi6k« ltb]lv j8f ;b:o;Dd zf;gsf ;a} txdf a:g] kbflwsf/Lx¿ lglZrt cjlwsf nflu lgjf{lrt xG' 5g\\ . != /fi6f« WoIf b]zsf] /fi6f« WoIfsf ¿kdf /fi6k« lt /xg] Joj:yf 5 . ;+ljwfgsf] efu ^, wf/f ^! bl] v &# ;Dd /f6k« lt / pk/fi6k« lt;DaGwL Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . /fi6k« lt / pk/fi6k« ltsf] lgjfr{ g ;ª3\\ Lo;;+ bs\\ f ;b:o / k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o dtbftf /xs] f] lgjfr{ s d08naf6 xg' ] 5 . /fi6«klt / pk/ fi6k« ltsf] lgjfr{ g km/s km/s lnªu\\ jf ;db' fosf] kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u/L ugk'{ g]{ Joj:yf ;l+ jwfgdf ul/Psf] 5 . /fi6«kltn] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\\3Lo sfgg' adfl] hd cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{] 5g \\ . /fi6«kltsf] dV' o sfd st{Jo /fli6«o Pstfsf] kj| wg{ ug{,' ;l+ jwfgsf] kfng ug'{ / ;/+ If0f ug{' xf] . ;l+ jwfg jf ;ª3\\ Losfgg' adfl] hd ls6fgL;fy Joj:yf ePsf sfoa{ fxs] /fi6k« ltaf6 ;Dkfbg ul/g] cGo hg' ;'s} sfo{ dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] l;kmfl/; / ;Ddltaf6 dfq ug'{k5 { . To:tf] sfo{sf] l;kmfl/; / ;Ddlt k|wfgdGqLdfkm{t /fi6k« lt;dIf k;] x'G5 . /fi6«kltsf] cgk' l:yltdf /fi6«kltn] ub{} cfPsf ;a} sfd pk/fi6k« ltn] ug{] 5g\\ . -s_ ;/sf/sf] u7g k|lj|mof g]kfndf tLg txsf] ;/sf/ /x]sf] 5 . s]Gbd| f ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/, kb| z] df kb| z] ;/sf/ / :yfgLo txdf :yfgLo ;/sf/ . oL tLgcf]6} txsf ;/sf/x¿sf] u7g kl| jm| of o;ks| f/ /xs] f] 5 M -c_ ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/sf] u7g kl| jm| of gk] fnsf] sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ ;ª3\\ Lo dlGqkl/ifbd\\ f lglxt xG' 5 . o;cg;' f/ ;ª3\\ jf sG] bd| f ;ª3\\ Lo dlGqkl/ifb\\ /xG5 . o;nfO{ ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/ jf g]kfn ;/sf/ klg elgG5 . ;ª3\\ Lo dlGqkl/ifb\\sf kd| v' kw| fgdGqL xG' 5g\\ . k|wfgdGqL k|ltlglw;efaf6 r'lgG5g\\ . To;}n] ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/ u7g eGgfn] kw| fgdGqLsf] lgo'lSt eGg] ae' m\\gk' 5.{ kl| tlglw ;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] jf k|wfgdGqLsf] kb l/St ePsf] ldltn] klF} t; lbgleq k|wfgdGqL lgo'lSt;DaGwL k|ljm| of 232 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

;DkGg ug'k{ g{] afWosf/L Joj:yf ;l+ jwfgn] u/s] f] 5 . kl| tlglw ;efdf hDdf @&% hgf ;bZo /xG5g\\ . olb Pp6} bnn] %) k|ltzteGbf a9L ;b:o ;ª\\Vof lhtd] f pSt bnsf] ax'dt sfod /xG5 . k|ltlglw ;efdf bnx¿n] k|fKt u/]sf ;b:o ;ª\\Vofsf cfwf/df ;/sf/ u7g kl| j|mof lgDgfg';f/ xg' ] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 M -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ pkwf/f ! adf]lhd /fi6k« ltn] kl| tlglw ;efdf axd' t k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] gt] fnfO{ kw| fgdGqL lgoS' t ug{] 5g\\ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] u7g xg' ] 5 . -@_ wf/f &^ pkwf/f -@_ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhd k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw ;efdf kl| tlglwTj ug]{ bO' { jf bO' e{ Gbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dyg{ df axd' t kf| Kt ug{ ;Sg] kl| tlglw ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'St ug{;Sg] kf| jwfg 5 . -#_ wf/f &^ pkwf/f -#_ df kl| tlglw ;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3fi] f0ff ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq pkwf/f -@_ adfl] hd kw| fgdGqL lgol' St xg' ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgoS' t kw| fgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt kf| Kt ug{ g;sd] f /fi6k« ltn] kl| tlglw ;efdf ;ae} Gbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;;+ bLo bnsf] gt] fnfO{ kw| fgdGqL lgoS' t ug;{ Sg] kf| jwfg 5 . -$_ wf/f &^ pkwf/f -%_ df Joj:yf ePcg';f/ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhd lgo'St k|wfgdGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;sd] f pkwf/f -@_ adfl] hdsf] sg' } ;b:on] k|ltlglw ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ k:| tt' u/]df /fi6k« ltn] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgoS' t ug;{ Sg] k|fjwfg 5 . olb lard} f kw| fgdGqLsf] kb l/St ePdf klg jm| d;} uF log} kl| jm| ofaf6 kw| fgdGqL lgoS' t xg' 5] g\\ . /fi6k« ltn] kw| fgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;ª3\\ Lo ;;+ bs\\ f ;b:odWoa] f6 ;dfjz] L l;4fGtadfl] hd k|wfgdGqL;lxt a9Ldf klRr; hgf dGqL /xs] f] dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g ug]{ Joj:yf gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf /xs] f] 5 . o:tf] dlGqkl/ifb\\df ;;+ bs\\ f] ;b:o gePsf] JolStnfO{ klg ;dfj] z ug{ ;lsg] t/ pSt JolSt 5 dlxgfleq ;;+ b\\sf] ;b:o aGgk' g{] k|fjwfg 5 . pSt k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgdf k/flht ePsf] JolSt eg] o; kl| j|mofaf6 klg dGqL kbdf lgol' St xg' g;Sg] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . -%_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f &^ pkwf/f & cg;' f/ pkwf/f -%_ adfl] hdlgo'St kw| fgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt kf| Kt ug{ g;s]df jf k|wfgdGqL lgo'St x'g g;sd] f kw| fgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36g u/L 5 dlxgfleq csf]{ k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjfr{ gsf] ldlt tf]Sg ;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 233

-v_ k|b]z ;/sf/sf] u7g xfdf| ] bz] df ;ª3\\ Lo zf;g k|0ffnLcg;' f/ ;ftcf6] f kb| z] x¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . k|To]s kb| ]zdf gk] fn ;/sf/sf] kl| tlglwsf] ¿kdf k|b]z k|d'v /xG5g \\ . /fi6k« ltn] kT| o]s kb| z] sf nflu Ps kb| z] k|dv' lgol' St u5{g \\ . k|Tos] kb| z] df kb| z] ;/sf/ /xs] f] xG' 5 . k|b]z ;/sf/sf kd| 'vsf ¿kdf dV' o dGqL /xG5g\\ . d'VodGqLsf] 5gf]6 k|b]z ;efaf6 x'G5 / pgsf] lgol' St k|bz] kd| 'vn] u5g{ \\ . kb| ]z ;/sf/sf] u7g klg ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/sf] u7g h:t} k|ljm| ofx¿ ckgfO{ ul/G5 . ;l+ jwfgadfl] hd ePsf] kb| ]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3fi] f0ff ePsf] jf dV' odGqLsf] kb l/St ePsf] ldltn] klF} t; lbgleq o; wf/fadfl] hd dV' odGqL lgol' St;DaGwL kl| jm| of ;DkGg ugk{' g]{ 5 . kb| z] kd| v' n] dV' odGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df k|bz] ;efsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGtadf]lhd d'VodGqL;lxt k|b]z ;efsf sn' ;b:o ;ªV\\ ofsf] la; kl| tzteGbf a9L gx'g] u/L] kb| z] dlGqkl/ifb\\ u7g ug{] 5g \\ . kb| z] ;/sf/ u7g ug{sf] nflu lgDgfg';f/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M -!_ ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f !^* pkwf/f ! adfl] hd kb| ]z ;efdf axd' t k|fKt ;;+ bLo bnsf] gt] fnfO{ kb| z] kd| v' n] dV' odGqL lgoS' t u5g{ \\ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf kb| z] dlGqkl/ifbs\\ f] u7g xg' ] 5 . -@_ wf/f !^* pkwf/f -@_ cg;' f/ pkwf/f -!_ adfl] hd k|b]z ;efdf sg' } klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/xs] f] cj:yfdf k|b]z ;efdf kl| tlglwTj ug{] bO' { jf b'O{eGbf a9L bnx¿sf] ;dy{gdf axd' t kf| Kt ug{ ;Sg] k|b]z ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ k|b]z kd| 'vn] d'VodGqL lgo'St ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . -#_ wf/f !^* pkwf/f -#_ adfl] hd kb| ]z ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] #) lbgleq pkwf/f -@_adf]lhd dV' odGqL lgo'lSt x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L lgo'St dV' odGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adf]lhd ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df k|bz] k|d'vn] kb| ]z ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:o ePsf] ;;+ bLo bnsf] gt] fnfO{ dV' odGqL lgo'St ug]{ Joj:yf 5 . -$_ wf/f !^* pkwf/f -%_ sf] k|fjwfgcg;' f/ pkwf/f -#_ adf]lhdlgo'St dV' odGqLn] pkwf/f -$_ adfl] hd ljZjf;sf] dt kf| Kt ug{ g;sd] f pkwf/f -@_ adfl] hdsf] sg' } ;b:on] kb| z] ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt kf| Kt ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf ePdf kb| ]z k|dv' n] To:tf] ;b:onfO{ d'VodGqL lgo'St ug{;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . o;/L pkwf/f @, # / % cg';f/ lgo'St dV' odGqLn] lgo'lSt ePsf] #) lbgleq k|b]z ;fefdf ljZjf;sf] dt lngk' g]{ 5 . 234 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

-%_ ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f !^* pkwf/f -&_ cg;' f/ pkwf/f -%_ adfl] hd lgoS' t dV' odGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf dV' odGqL lgoS' t xg' g;sd] f d'VodGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df kb| z] kd| v' n] kb| z] ;efnfO{ lj36g ug{] 5g\\ . gofF ;/sf/ u7gsf nflu hgfbz] lng 5 dlxgfleq csf{] kb| z] ;efsf] lgjfr{ g ;DkGg xg' ] u/L lgjfr{ g ldlt tfS] g;Sg] Joj:yf 5 . -u_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ufpkF flnsfdf ufpF sfok{ flnsf / gu/kflnsfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf / xG5 . o;sf] u7g :yfgLo lgjf{rgaf6 x'G5 . sx] L ;b:o eg] ufpF;ef / gu/ ;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt x'g] Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbfjlw kfrF jif{ x'G5 . :yfgLo ;/ sf/sf] ¿kdf ufpFsfok{ flnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsf /xg] Joj:yf ;+ljwfgdf 5 . h;sf] u7g kl| jm| of lDgfg';f/ 5 M ufp“ sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g gu/ sfok{ flnsfsf] u7g -s_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf -s_ :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf cWoIfsf] cWoIftfdf ufpF sfo{kflnsf k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf gu/ sfo{kflnsf u7g xG' 5 . u7g x'G5 . -v_ ;DalGwt ufpFkflnsf If]qleqsf -v_ ;DalGwt gu/kflnsf If]qleqsf dtbftfn] Ps JolSt Ps dtsf] cfwf/df dtbftfn] Ps JolSt Ps dtsf cfwf/df ufK] o dtbfgåf/f klxnf] x'g] lgjfl{ rt x'g] ufK] o dtbfgåf/f klxnf] xg' ] lgjfl{ rt x'g] lgjf{rg k0| ffnLadf]lhd cWoIf / pkfWoIf lgjfr{ g k0| ffnLadfl] hd kd| v' / pkkd| v' sf] lgjf{lrt x'g5] g\\ . lgjfl{ rt xg' ]5g\\ . -u_ k|Tos] j8faf6 lgjf{lrt j8f cWoIfx¿ -u_ kT| os] j8faf6 lgjfl{ rt j8f cWoIfx¿ gu/ ufpF sfo{kflnsf ;b:o x'G5g\\ . sfok{ flnsf ;b:o xG' 5g\\ . -3_ ufpF ;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd kl/0ffd -3_ gu/ ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf] clGtd kl/0ffd kf| Kt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq ufpF ;efsf k|fKt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq gu/ ;b:ox¿n] cfk\"mdWo]af6 lgjfl{ rt u/]sf ;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfk\"mdWoa] f6 lgjf{lrt rf/ hgf dlxnf ;b:o;dt] sfok{ flnsfsf u/s] f kfrF hgf dlxnf ;b:o;d]t gu/ ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . sfo{kflnsf ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . -ª_ ufpF ;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd kl/0ffd -ª_ gu/ ;efsf] lgjfr{ gsf] clGtd kl/0ffd kf| Kt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq ufpF ;efsf kf| Kt ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq gu/ ;efsf ;b:ox¿n] cfkm\" dWoa] f6 lgjfl{ rt u/s] fbO' { ;b:ox¿n] cfk\"mdWoa] f6 lgjfl{ rt u/]sf hgf blnt jf cNk;ª\\Vos ;d'bfosf tLg hgf blnt jf ;d'bfosf ;b:o gu/ ;b:o ufpF sfo{kflnsfsf] ;b:o /xg] sfok{ flnsfsf] ;b:o /xg] Joj:yf 5 . Joj:yf 5 . -r_ gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf hDdf ;b:o M kd| v' , -r_ ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf hDdf ;b:o M cWoIf, pkkd| 'v, j8f cWoIfx¿ / gu/ ;efaf6 pkfWoIf, j8f cWoIfx¿ / ufpF ;efaf6 lgjfl{ rt yk cf7 hgf ;b:o xG' 5g\\ . lgjfl{ rt yk 5 hgf ;b:o xG' 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 235

lj|mofsnfk != gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf /fi6k« lt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjfr{ g;DaGwL Joj:yfx¿ cWoog u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{'xf];\\ . @= sIffnfO{ kl| tlglw;ef jf kb| z] ;ef dfgL ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/ jf kb| z] ;/sf/ u7g k|lj|mofsf ;a} r/0fsf] gdg' f cEof; ug'{xf];\\ . #= g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f @!%, @!^, @@@ / @@# cWoog u/L :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7g k|ljm| ofsf af/]df yk hfgsf/L ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{x' f];\\ . $= tkfOsF{ f] ufpF sfo{kflnsfdf÷gu/ sfok{ flnsfdf slt hgf ;b:ox¿ 5g\\ / pgLx¿sf] rog s;/L ePsf] xf], ;fw] /] n]Vgx' f;] \\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ kb| ]z ;/sf/ u7g kl| jm| of pNnv] ugx{' f;] \\ . -v_ ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/ / kb| ]z ;/sf/sf] u7g kl| jm| ofdf s] s] ;dfgtf / leGgtf /x]sf 5g\\ < pNnv] ug{'xf];\\ . -u_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ u7g k|lj|mof pNnv] ugx'{ f];\\ . 236 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

@ ;/sf/sf sfd stJ{ o / clwsf/ kf7 M gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf ;ª3\\ Lo, k|bz] / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPsf] 5 . ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/sf] sfo{ If]q k'/} bz] xG' 5 . kb| ]z ;/sf/n] cfkmg\\ f] k|b]zleq / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfkmg\\ f] ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsf If]qleq sfd u5g{ \\ . o;sf nflu ;+ljwfgsf] cg';\"rL kfFrb]lv gf;} Dd k|Tos] ;/sf/sf] Psn, ;femf / ;+oS' t clwsf/ ;r\" L to ul/Psf 5g\\ . ;l+ jwfgcg;' f/ cg';\"rL % df ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/, ^df kb| z] ;/sf/ / * df :yfgLo ;/sf/sf Psn clwsf/ Ifq] sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cg;' r\" L & df ;ª3\\ / kb| z] sf] ;femf clwsf/ ;r\" Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . o; cg';\"rLsf] clwsf/ ;ª3\\ / kb| ]z b'j}n] sfgg' adfl] hd ko| f]u ug{ kfpF5g\\ . cg';\"rL ( df ;ª\\3, kb| ]z / :yfgLo clwsf/ ;r\" Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . cg';\"rL ( sf] clwsf/ tLgcf6] } ;/sf/n] sfgg' adfl] hd ko| fu] ug{ kfpF5g\\ . != ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/sf] sfd, stJ{ o / clwsf/ gk] fnsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifb\\df lglxt /x]sf] 5 . g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb{]zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f dlGqkl/ifb\\df /xs] f] 5 . gk] fnsf] ;ª3\\ Lo sfos{ fl/0fL;DaGwL ;Dk\"0f{ sfd g]kfn ;/sf/sf] gfddf x'G5 . ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/n] kb| ]z / :yfgLo txnfO{ ah6] pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ u5{ . @= kb| z] ;/sf/sf] sfd, stJ{ o / clwsf/ kb| z] sf] sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbd\\ f lglxt x'G5 . ;ª3\\ Lo zf;g nfu' ePsf] sf/0faf6 k|bz] sfos{ fl/0fL sfod g/xd] f gk] fn ;/sf/sf] lgbz]{ gadfl] hd kb| z] kd| v' n] kb| z] sf] sfos{ fl/0fL clwsf/ ko| fu] u5g{ \\ . kb| z] sf] zf;gJoj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb{]zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f kb| z] dlGqkl/ifb\\df /xs] f] 5 . k|b]zsf] sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{x¿ k|bz] ;/sf/sf gfddf x'g] 5g \\ . ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/sf] Psn clwsf/ ;\"rL -cg';r\" L %_ 1. /Iff / ;g] f;DaGwL M -s_ /fli6«o Pstf / efu} f]lns cv08tfsf] ;+/If0f -v_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff;DaGwL 2. o4' / k|lt/Iff 3. xftxltof/, v/vhfgf sf/vfgf tyf pTkfbg;DaGwL ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 237

4. s]Gb|Lo kx| /L, ;z:q kx| /L an, /fli6o« uK' tr/ tyf cg;' Gwfg, zflGt ;/' Iff 5. sG] bL| o ofh] gf, sG] bL| o aª} s\\ , ljQLo gLlt, db' f| / aª} l\\ sª, dfl} bs| gLlt, ljbz] L cgb' fg, ;xof]u / C0f 6. k//fi6« tyf s\"6gLlts dfldnf, cGt/fl{ i6«o ;DaGw / ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª\\3;DaGwL 7. cGt/fl{ i6«o ;lGw jf ;Demft} f, ;'kb' {uL, kf/:kl/s sfg'gL ;xfotf cGt/f{li6«o ;Ldf, cGt/fl{ i6o« ;Ldf gbL 8. b/\" ;~rf/, /]l8of] lkm| Sj]G;Lsf] afF8kmfF8, /l] 8of,] 6l] nlehg / x'nfs 9. eG;f/, cGtMz'Ns, dN\" o clejl[ 4 s/, ;:+ yfut cfos/, JolStut cfos/, kfl/>lds s/, /fxbfgL zN' s, le;f zN' s, ko6{ g b:t/' , ;j] f zN' s b:t'/, b08 hl/afgf 10. ;ª3\\ Lo lghfdtL ;]jf, Gofo ;]jf / cGo ;/sf/L ;]jf 11. hn;|f]tsf] ;/+ If0f / ax'cfoflds pkof]u;DaGwL gLlt / dfkb08 12. cGt/b]zLo tyf cGt/kb| z] ljBt' \\ k;| f/0f nfOg 13. sG] bL| o tYofª\\s -/fli6o« / cGt/f{li6«o dfgs / u'0f:t/_ 14. sG] bL| o :t/sf 7n' f ljB't, l;rF fO / cGo cfofh] gf tyf kl/of]hgf 15. s]GbL| o ljZjljBfno, s]Gb|Lo:t/sf k1| f k|lti7fg, ljZjljBfno dfkb08 / lgodg, s]GbL| o k:' tsfno 16. :jf:Yo gLlt, :jf:Yo ;]jf, :jf:Yo dfkb08, u'0f:t/ / cgu' dg, 17. /fli6o« jf ljlzi6 ;j] f kb| fos c:ktfn, k/Dk/fut pkrf/ ;]jf, ;?jf /f]u lgoGq0f 18. ;ª\\3Lo ;+;b, ;ª\\3Lo sfok{ flnsf, :yfgLo tx;DaGwL dfldnf, ljzi] f ;/+ rgf 19. cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/, ljlgdo, aGb/ufx, Sjf/]G6fOg 20. xjfO{ p88\\ og, cGt/fl{ i6«o ljdfg:yn 21. /fli6o« oftfoft gLlt, /]n tyf /fli6o« nfs] dfus{ f] Joj:yfkg 22. ;jf{R] r cbfnt, pRr cbfnt, lhNnf cbfnt tyf Gofo kz| f;g;DaGwL sfgg' 23. gful/stf, /fxbfgL, le;f, cWofudg 24. cf0fljs pmhf{, jfod' 08n / cGtl/If;DaGwL 25. afl} 4s ;DklQ -k6] G] 6, l8hfOg, 68]« dfs{ / kl| tlnlk clwsf/;d]t_ 26. gfktfn} 238 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

27. vfgL pTvgg 28. /fli6«o tyf cGt/fl{ i6«o jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg, /fli6«o lgs~' h, jGohGt' cf/If tyf l;d;f/ If]q, /fli6o« jg gLlt, sfa{g ;j] f 29. ladf gLlt, lwtfk] q, ;xsf/L lgodg 30. ep\" kofu] gLlt, a:tL ljsf; gLlt, ko6{ g gLlt, jftfj/0f cgs' n\" g 31. kmf}hbf/L, bj] fgL sfgg' sf] lgdf{0f 32. ;'/lIft 5fkfvfgf 33. ;fdflhs ;/' Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f 34. ;j+ w} flgs lgsfox¿, /fli6«o dxŒjsf cfof]ux¿ 35. k/' ftflŒjs dxŒjsf :yfg / k|frLg :df/s ;ª3\\ , k|bz] / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;\"rLdf jf ;femf ;\"rLdf pNn]v gePsf] s'g} ljifo tyf of] ;+ljwfg / ;ª\\3Losfgg' df gtfl] sPsf] ljifo ;+ljwfgsf] cg';r\" L ^ df Joj:yf ePsf] k|bz] sf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;r\" L 1. k|bz] kx| /L kz| f;g / zflGt ;'/Iff 2. g]kfn /fi6« a}ª\\ssf] gLltcg'¿k ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~rfng, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, s]Gb|sf] ;xdltdf j}b]lzs cg'bfg / ;xof]u 3. /]l8of,] Pkm= Pd, 6]lnlehg ;~rfng 4. 3/ hUuf /lh:6«;] g zN' s, ;jf/L ;fwg s/, dgf]/~hg s/, lj1fkg s/, ko6{ g, sl[ if cfodf s/, ;]jf zN' s b:t/' , b08 hl/jfgf 5. kb| ]z lghfdtL ;j] f / cGo ;/sf/L ;j] f 6. k|bz] tYofª\\s 7. kb| ]z :t/sf] ljBt' , l;rfO / vfgk] fgL ;]jf, kl/jxg 8. kb| ]z ljZjljBfno, pRr lzIff, k':tsfno, ;ª\\u|xfno 9. :jf:Yo ;j] f 10. k|bz] ;ef, k|b]z dlGqkl/ifb\\;DaGwL 11. kb| ]zleqsf] Jofkf/ 12. kb| z] nf]sdfu{ 13. kb| ]z cg;' Gwfg Ao/' f] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 239

14. k|b]z ;/sf/L sfof{nox¿sf] ef}lts Joj:yfkg / cGo cfjZos ljifo 15. k|b]z nfs] ;]jf cfofu] 16. e\"ld Joj:yfkg, hUufsf] clen]v 17. vfgL cGji] f0f / Joj:yfkg 18. efiff, lnlk, ;+:s[lt, nlntsnf / wd{sf] ;+/If0f / k|of]u 19. k|b]zleqsf] /fli6«o jg, hn pkof]u tyf jftfj/0f Joj:yfkg 20. s[lif tyf kz' ljsf;, snsf/vfgf, cfB} fl] usLs/0f, Jofkf/ Joj;fo, oftfoft #= :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ :yfgLo txsf] sfo{sfl/0fL clwsf/ ufpF sfok{ flnsf jf gu/ sfo{kflnsfdf lglxt /x]sf] 5 . :yfgLo txn] cg;' r\" L * / cg';\"rL ( df pNn]v ePadf]lhd cfkmg\\ f] sfd, stJ{ o / clwsf/sf] ko| fu] u5g{ \\ . ufpkF flnsf / gu/kflnsfsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgbz{] g, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] x'G5 . ufpFkflnsf / gu/kflnsfsf sfo{sfl/0fL sfo{ ufpF sfo{kflnsf / gu/ sfo{kflnsfsf] gfddf x'g] Joj:yf ;l+ jwfgn] u/]sf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] cg;' r\" L * df Joj:yf ePsf] ;ª3\\ / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;\"rL != kmfh} bf/L tyf b]jfgL sfol{ jlw / k|df0f / zky -sfgg' L dfGotf, ;fjh{ lgs sfo{ / clen]v / Goflos kl| j|mof_ @= cfjZos j:t' tyf ;j] fsf] cfkl\" t,{ ljt/0f, dN\" o lgoGq0f, u'0f:t/ / cg'udg #= b]zsf] ;/' Iff;Fu ;DalGwt ljifodf lgjf/s gh/aGb, sf/fuf/ tyf lx/f;t Joj:yfkg / zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf $= Ps k|bz] af6 csf]{ k|bz] df cleo'St, y'gj' f / s}bLsf] :yfgfGt/0f %= kfl/jfl/s dfldnf -ljjfx, ;DklQ x:tfGt/0f, ;DaGw ljR5b] , nf]kf]Gdv' , 6x' /' f, wd{k'q, wd{kq' L pQ/flwsf/ / ;o+ 'St kl/jf/_ ;DaGwL sfg'g ^= ;DklQ k|flKt, clwu|x0f / clwsf/sf] l;hg{ f &= s/f/, ;xsf/L, ;femb] f/L / PhG] ;L;DaGwL *= 6f6 kN6s] f] / bfdf;fxL;DaGwL, cfi} fwL / ljifflb (= ofh] gf, kl/jf/ lgof]hg / hg;ªV\\ of Joj:yfkg !)= ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / /f]huf/L, 68]« o'lgog, cfB} fl] us ljjfbsf] ;dfwfg, >ldssf xs, clwsf/ / ljjfb;DaGwL sfo{ 240 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@

!!= sfg'g Joj;fo, n]vfk/LIf0f, OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;f, cfoj' {b] lrlsT;f, kz' lrlsT;f, cfDrL / cGo k];f !@= kb| ]z ;Ldf gbL, hndfu,{ jftfj/0f ;+/If0f, hl} js ljljwtf !#= ;~rf/ dfWod;DaGwL, pBf]u tyf vlgh / efl} ts k\"jf{wf/, Sofl;gf,] lr6\\7f !$= k|fs[lts tyf u}/ kf| s[lts ljkb kj\" { tof/L, p4f/ tyf /fxt / k'gnf{e !%= ko6{ g, vfgk] fgL tyf ;/;kmfO !^= rnlrq, l;gd] f xn, v]ns'b !&= ladf Joj;fo ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg !*= ul/aL lgjf/0f / cf}Bfl] usLs/0f !(= j}1flgs cg;' Gwfg, lj1fg kl| jlw / dfgj ;;+ fwg ljsf;, /f]huf/L / a]/f]huf/ ;xfotf @)= cGt/k|fb]lzs ¿kdf km}lnPsf] hª\\un, lxdfn, jg ;+/If0f Ifq] hn pkofu] , el\" d gLlt / ;f;] DaGwL sfg'g ;+ljwfgsf] cg';r\" L * df Joj:yf ePsf] :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/sf] ;r\" L != gu/ kx| /L @= ;xsf/L ;+:yf #= Pkm=Pd= ;~rfng $= :yfgLo s/ -;DklQ s/, 3/ axfn s/, 3/ hUuf /lh:6]«;g z'Ns, ;jf/L ;fwg s/_, ;]jf z'Ns b:t'/, ko{6g z'Ns, lj1fkg s/, Joj;fo s/, e\"lds/ -dfnkf]t_, b08 hl/jfgf, dgf/] ~hg s/, dfnkft] ;ª\\sng %= :yfgLo ;]jfsf] Joj:yfkg ^= :yfgLo tYofª\\s / clen]v ;ª\\sng &= :yfgLo :t/sf ljsf; cfof]hgf tyf kl/ofh] gfx¿ *= cfwf/et\" / dfWolds lzIff (= cfwf/et\" :jf:Yo / ;/;kmfO !)= :yfgLo ahf/ Joj:yfkg, jftfj/0f ;/+ If0f / hl} js ljljwtf !!= :yfgLo ;8s, u|fdL0f ;8s, sl[ if ;8s, l;FrfO !@= ufpF ;ef, gu/ ;ef, lhNnf ;ef, :yfgLo cbfnt, dn] ldnfk / dWo:ytfsf] Joj:yfkg !#= :yfgLo clenv] Joj:yfkg ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 241

!$= 3/ hUuf wgL k'hf{ ljt/0f !%= s[lif tyf kz'kfng, s[lif pTkfbg Joj:yfkg, kz' :jf:Yo, ;xsf/L !^= Ho]i7 gful/s, ckfª\\utf ePsf JolSt / czStx¿sf] Joj:yfkg !&= a]/f]huf/sf] tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng !*= sl[ if k;| f/sf] Joj:yfkg, ;r+ fng / lgoGq0f !(= vfgk] fgL, ;fgf hnljBt' \\ cfof]hgf, js} lNks pmhf{ @)= ljkb\\ Joj:yfkg @!= hnfwf/, jGohGt', vfgL tyf vlgh kbfys{ f] ;/+ If0f @@= efiff, ;+:s[lt / nlntsnfsf] ;+/If0f / ljsf; $= ;ª\\3Lo, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/lar cGt/;DaGw gk] fndf ;ª3\\ , kb| z] / :yfgLo tLgcf6] } txsf ;/sf/lardf cGt/;DaGw /xs] f] 5 . tL ;/sf/ Pscsfd{ f :jfoQ /x] klg ltgLx¿lardf ;xsfo,{ ;dGjo / ;xcl:tTjsf] ;DaGw /xs] f] xG' 5 . tLgcf6] } ;/sf/ u7g tyf ;~rfngsf] dn\" cfwf/ ;l+ jwfg xf] . ;l+ jwfgsf] cg';\"rL & df ;ª3\\ tyf k|b]zlarsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;r\" Lsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 eg] cg;' \"rL ( df ;ª\\3, k|b]z / :yfgLolarsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;r\" L /flvPsf] 5 . o;af6 tL tLgcf]6} ;/sf/sf lardf cGt/;DaGw 5 eGg] b]lvG5 . To;} u/L ;ª\\3n] agfPsf] sfg'g k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;dt] ljm| ofzLn xG' 5 eg] k|bz] / :yfgLo txn] sfgg' agfpFbf ;ª\\3Lo sfg'g;uF gaflemg] u/L agfpgk' 5{ . ;ª3\\ Lo nf]s;]jf cfofu] gag];Dd k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf ;ª3\\ n] g} sdr{ f/Lx¿ pknJw u/fpg] Joj:Yff /x]sf] 5 . k|bz] / :yfgLo txn] j}b]lzs ;xfotf lng'kbf{ ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt lng'kg]{ Joj:yf 5 . ;ª3\\ n] ;ªs\\ ng u/s] f] /fh:j ;ª3\\ n] k|bz] / :yfgLo txnfO{ ;d]t Gofofl] rt ¿kdf ljt/0f ug{k' g{] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 . kb| z] / :yfgLo txn] ;ªs\\ ng u/]sf /fh:j, /f]oN6Lsf] sx] L lx:;f sG] b,| k|b]z / :yfgLo txdfsfgg' df tfl] sPcg;' f/ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] lgjf{rg klg ;ª3\\ Lo sfg'gadf]lhd x'G5 . lgjfr{ g cfofu] n] tLgcf]6} txsf] lgjfr{ g u/fp5F . /fHo ;~rfngsf jm| ddf ;ª3\\ n] kb| ]z tyf :yfgLo txnfO{ lgb{z] g lbg ;S5 . k|bz] / :yfgLo txn] To;sf] kfngf ug'k{ 5{ . To;} u/L k|bz] / :yfgLo txnfO{ cfjZos kbf{ ;ª\\3n] ;xof]u ug'k{ g{] Joj:yf 5 . tLgcf]6} ;/sf/sf] ;xsfo{ / ;dGjoaf6 bz] sf] ;a} efudf ;dfgk' flts ljsf; ug{] / hgtfnfO{ ;l' jwfx¿ pknJw u/fpg] sfo{ ug'{k5{ . sg' } Ps txn] ;dGjo gubf{ hgtfnfO{ dsf{ kg{ ;S5 . oL tLgcf]6} txx¿ Ps csfs{ f kl/k\"/s xg' \\ . ;+ljwfgsf] cg';\"rL * df Joj:yf ePsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;\"rL != ;xsf/L, lzIff, vn] s'b / kqklqsf, :jf:Yo, sl[ if @= ljBt' \\, vfgk] fgL, l;rF fO h:tf ;]jfx¿ 242 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

#= ;]jf zN' s, b:t'/, b08 hl/jfgf tyf k|fs[lts ;|ft] af6 kf| Kt /f]oN6L, ko6{ g zN' s $= jg, hª\\un, jGohGt', r/fr'?ª\\uL, hn pkofu] , jftfj/0f, kofj{ /0f tyf hl} js ljljwtf %= vfgL tyf vlgh ^= ljkt\\ Joj:yfkg &= ;fdflhs ;/' Iff / ul/aL lgjf/0f *= JolStut 36gf, hGd, dT[ o', ljjfx / tYofª\\s (= k'/ftŒj, kf| rLg :df/s / ;ª\\ux| fno !)= ;'s'Daf;L Joj:yfkg !!= kf| sl[ ts ;|ft] af6 k|fKt /f]oN6L !@= ;jf/L ;fwg cgd' lt lj|mofsnfk != sIffsf ljBfyL{sf] ;d\"x agfO{ k|To]s ;d\"xn] gk] fnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] cg';\"rL % b]lv ( ;Dd Ps Pscf6] f cg;' \"rLsf] cWoog u/L sIffdf k|:t't ug'{xf];\\ . @= ;ª\\3, kb| z] / :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;r\" Lsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L tL tLgcf6] f ;/sf/larsf] cGt/;DaGwsf a'“bfx¿ tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug'x{ f];\\ . cEof; != k|To]s txsf ;/sf/sf dV' o !), !) cf]6f clwsf/sf] ;\"rL tof/ kfgx{' f];\\ . @= ;ª\\3Lo ;/sf/sf sfd st{Jox¿nfO{ ljsf;sf sfd, ;'/Iff;DaGwL sfd, j}b]lzs ;DaGw;DaGwL sfd / kz| f;lgs sfddf juL{s/0f ug{'xf];\\ . #= ;a} txsf ;/sf/sf lardf lsg clwsf/sf ;femf ;r\" L tof/ ul/Psf] xf]nf < cfkm\\gf] ljrf/ k|:t't ug{'xf;] \\ . kl/of]hgf sfo{ tkfOs“{ f] lhNnfdf ;/sf/L :t/af6 ePsf sfox{ ¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ kfg'{xf];\\ . tLdWo] sg' sg' sfd ;ª3\\ Lo ;/sf/, sg' s'g sfd k|bz] ;/sf/ / sg' sg' sfd :yfgLo ;/sf/af6 ePsf] xf] vf]hL u/L 56' o\\ fpgx' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 243

# gful/s clwsf/ / st{Jo kf7 M gful/s clwsf/ / stJ{ o ;DjGwdf lzIfs dft[sfn] lgDg s/' fx?sf] hfgsf/L lbFb} sIffsf] z'?cft uge{' of] . clwsf/ / stJ{ o Ps l;Ssfsf b'O k6f xg' . gful/s /fHo lgdf0{ fsf] clgjfo{ tTj xf] . gful/s ljgsf] /fHosf] kl/sNkgf ug{ ;lsbF g} \\ . gful/sn] /fHoaf6 ck]Iff u/s] f xs / clwsf/nfO{ gful/s clwsf/ elgG5 hg' /fHon] hgtfsf] lxtsf] nflu hgtfsf] rfxgf adf]lhd ;l+ jwfg / sfg'gbf/f k|Tofe\"t u/s] f] x'G5 . /fHosf] gful/s ePsf] gftfn] gful/sn] klg /fHo kl| t lglZrt bfloTjx? k/' f ugk'{ g{] x'G5 . h;nfO{ stJ{ o elgG5 . stJ{ o c?n] u/ eg/] dfq ul/g] ge} gful/s cfkmn} ] ae' m/] kfng ug'{kg{] x'G5 .\\ o;kl5 lzIfsn] sIffnfO{ b'O{ ;dx' df ljefhg u/L Pp6f ;d'xnfO{ gful/s clwsf/ ;DjGwdf / csf]{ ;d\"xnfO{ gful/s stJ{ o ;DjGwdf ;d'xut 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ k|:t't ug{ eGge' of] . g]kfn ;+ljwfg / gk] fnsf] bj] fgL sfgg' L ;+lxtfsf gful/s clwsf/ / stJ{ o ;DjGwL ljifoj:t' ;dl] 6Psf] kl| tlnlk klg ljt/0f u/L 5nkmn ug{ nufpge' of] . pgLx?n] u/s] f ;d'xut k:| t'tL lgDgfg';f/ lyof] . ;d'x s gful/s clwsf/ Pp6f b]zsf] gful/s ePsf] gftfn] p;n] k|fKt ug]{ gful/s /fhlglts clwsf/ nfO{ hgfpF5 .dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ffkq ;g\\ !($^ n] gful/s clwsf/ ;DjGwdf Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ dfgj clwsf/ ;DjlGw klxnf] k':tfsf] clwsf/sf] ?kdf lnOG5 . gk] fndf gful/s clwsf/ ;DjGwdf gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfg / cGo sfg'gL b:tfjh] n] kT| ofe't u/]sf sl] x clwsf/x? o; ks| f/ 5g\\ . != kT| os] gful/s sfg\"gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] / sfgg\" åf/f ;dfg ;/+ If0fsf] clwsf/ x'g] @= ;fdfGo sfgg\" sf] k|of]udf pTklQ, wd,{ j0f,{ hft, hflt, lnË, zf/Ll/s cj:yf, ckfËtf, :jf:Yo l:ylt, j}jflxs l:ylt, uef{j:yf, cflys{ cj:yf, efiff jf Ifq] , jr} fl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df eb] efj ug{ gkfOg] #= s;}nfO{ klg ;dfg sfdsf nflu nl} Ës cfwf/df kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;/' Iffdf eb] efj gxg' ] Joj:yf 244 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@

$= s'g} gful/snfO{ ;/sf/L jf ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'lQm ubf{ sfg\"gn] lgwf/{ 0f u/]sf] of]Uotfsf cfwf/df dfq ul/g] / To;/L lgo'lQm ubf{ s'g} klg gful/sdfly pTklQ, wd,{ j0f{, hft, hflt, lnË, cfly{s cj:yf, efiff jf If]q, jr} fl/s cf:yf jf o:t} cGo s'g} cfwf/df e]befj gul/g] t/ ln+u, hft, ju,{ ckfu+ tf cflbkl| t sfgg' bf/f ljzi] f Joj:yf ePsf]df e]befj u/s] f] gdflgg] . %= sfg\"gsf] cwLgdf /xL kT| os] gful/snfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ /fVg] tyf cleJoQm ug{] / lagf xftxltof/ zflGtkj\" {s e]nf x'g] tyf ;ef, ;Ddn] g ug]{ :jtGqtf tyf clwsf/ xg' ] 5 . To:t} ;‹ jf ;+:yf vfN] g], g]kfnsf] sg' } klg efudf cfjt hfjt / a;f]af; ug],{ s'g} kz] f, /fh] uf/, pBf]u, Joj;fo ug]{ :jtGqtf jf clwsf/sf] klg sfgg' L Joj:yf /xs] f] 5 . To:t} gful/sn] cfkm\"n] rfxs] f] lzIff jf cfˆgf] dfte[ fiffdf lzIff cfh{g ug,]{ ;DklQ cfhg{ ug],{ ef]u ug,]{ x:tfGt/0f ug{] / ;DklQsf] cGo sg' } sf/f]af/ ug{] :jtGqtf / clwsf/ klg kfpg] 5g\\ . ^= cfˆgf] ;d'bfosf] wd{ efiff, lnlk jf ;+:sl[ tsf] cEof; ;/+ If0f / ;Dj¢g{ ug{,] wfld{s :yn / wfld{s u7' Lsf] ;~rfng ug,]{ cfˆgf] hLp, cfjf;, ;DklQ, lnvt, kqfrf/ jf ;\"rgfsf] /Iff ug]{ jf ufK] o /fVg] clwsf/ xg' ] sfgg' L Joj:yf /x]sf] &= JolStsf] uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/ /xg] *= s'g} JolQmsf] ;DklQ jf cfodf sfgg' adf]lhd dfq s/ nufpg ;lsg] (= JolQmsf] OR5f lj?4 sg' } sfddf nufpg gkfOg] !)= sfg\"g adf]lhd ;fjh{ lgs lxtsf] nflu afx]s /fHon] s'g} klg JolQmsf] ;DklQ clwux| 0f ug{,] kf| Kt ug{] jf To:tf] ;DklQ pk/ c? s'g} k|sf/n] clwsf/sf] l;h{gf ug{ gkfpg] !!= lu/ˆtf/ ePsf] jf yl' gPsf] JolQm cfkmnF} ] jf lghsf] tkma{ f6 hf];'sn} ] aGbLkT| oIfLs/0fsf] cfb]zsf] nflu ;jf{]Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt jf lhNnf cbfntdf ph'/L lbg ;Sg]5 . lgh pk/ k/]sf] ph'/L hfrF ae' m ubf{ sfgg\" ljk/Lt lu/ˆtf/ ul/Psf] jf y'lgPsf] b]lvPdf ;DalGwt cbfntn] To;/L lu/ˆtf/ jf yl' gPsf] JolQmnfO{ t?' Gt y'gfaf6 5f8\\g cfbz] lbg5] . ;d'x v stJ{ o eGgfn] cfkm\"n] ug'{kg{] sfo{ tyf bfloTj cfkm}nF ] hfg]/ jf a'em/] ug'{ / ug{ gx'g] sfo{ gug'{ xf] . c?sf] clwsf/df gsf/fTds c;/ kg{] u/L sg' }klg lqmofsnfk gug'{ jf ug{ kf| ]T;fxg gug{' klg stJ{ o xf] . ;fdfGotof gful/ssf gl} ts stJ{ o, sfg'gL st{Jo, ;fdflhs st{Jo / gful/s stJ{ o u/L rf/ lsl;dsf stJ{ ox¿ xG' 5g\\ . o; cGtut{ /fHonfO{ s/ ltg{', lgjfr{ gdf efu ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 245

lng,' dtbfg ug{', dfl} ns ;:F s[lts tyf ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f ug'{ h:tf stJ{ ox¿ kb5{ g\\ . To;} u/L cfkm\\gf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«kl| t lhDdj] f/ xg' ' klg gful/ssf] st{Jo xf] . cg'zf;gdf / xg', c;n cfr/0f k|bzg{ ug',{ rl/qjfg /xg,' cfdfaj' f u'?sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ g}lts stJ{ o xg' \\ . cfkm\\gf kl/jf/df ldn/] j:g,] ;xofu] ug{], kfl/jfl/s lg0fo{ df ;xefuL x'g', dfof, ;DDffg, cfb/ h:tf dfgj d\"Nosf] kb| zg{ ug'{ kfl/jfl/s bfloTj xf] eg] ;fdflhs lglt lgodsf] kfngf, ;fdflhs sfod{ f ;xeflutf, ;fjh{ lgs ;Dkbfsf] ;/+ If0f / ;Djw{g ;fdflhs bfloTj cGtu{t kb5{ g\\ . To:t} s/ ltg,'{ sfg'gsf] kfngf ug{' cflb sfg\"gL bfloTj xg' eg] b]zsf] enfOs{ f] sfd ug',{ b]zelSt kb| z{g ug,{' bz] nfO{ cK7/] f] kbf{ cfjfh p7fpg,' /fli6otfsf] kIfdf jsfnt ug'{ cflb /fHok|ltsf bfloTj xg' \\ . gk] fnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf dfl} ns xssf] ;fy ;fy} gful/s stJ{ osf] klg Joj:Yff ul/Psf] 5 . ;l+ jwfgsf] wf/f $* df gful/ssf stJ{ ox¿sf] Joj:yf o;k|sf/ ul/Psf] 5 . -s_ /fi6k|lt lgi7fjfg xFb' } gk] fnsf] /fli6otf, ;fje{ fd} ;Qf / cv08tfsf] /Iff ug{,' -v_ ;+ljwfg / sfg\"gsf] kfngf ug,'{ -u_ /fHon] rfxs] f avt clgjfo{ ;j] f ug',{ -3_ ;fjh{ lgs ;Dkltsf] ;'/Iff / ;/+ If0f ug{] . bj' } ;d'xsf] k:| t'tL kl5 lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf] lgisif{ k|:tt' ug'e{ of] . JolQmn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ pkef]u ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{] tyf c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;LdfnfO{ Vofn ug{' k5{ . gful/sn] clwsf/sf] dfu t ugg'{ } k5{ ;fy} cfkm\\gf] stJ{ o klg k/' f ug'{ kb5{ . gful/sx¿n] gful/s xssf] pkof]u ug{ kfpg] cj:yf l;hg{ f ug{' /fHosf] bfloTj xf] eg] k|To]s gful/sn] cfkmg\\ f] xssf] pkefu] ub{} cfkmg\\ f] /fHo k|lt ug'{ kg]{ st{Jo klg k/' f ug{' k5{ . JolQmn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ pkefu] ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] ;Ddfg ug{] tyf c?sf] clwsf/ sf] ;LdfnfO{ Vofn ug{' k5{ . gful/sn] clwsf/sf] dfu t ug'{ g} k5{ ;fy} cfkmg\\ f] st{Jo klg k'/f ug{' kb5{ . dfgj clwsf/sf] ljZjJofkL 3fi] f0ffkq ;g\\ !($* sf] wf/f @( df gful/ssf] stJ{ osf] af/]df pNnv] ul/Psf] 5 . h;df x/s] gful/sn] cfˆgf] clwsf/ pkefu] ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/sf] klg Vofn ugk'{ 5{ elgPsf] 5 . o;n] cfˆgf] clwsf/sf] pkef]u ubf{ c?sf] clwsf/ sf] xgg\\ xg' gkfcf]; egL ;b}j ;hu xg' ' kg{ s/' fnfO{ hf8] lbPsf] 5 . 246 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

lqmofsnfk != tn lbOPsf] clwsf/ ;DjGwL a'Fbfx? cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf kZ| gx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ . ufk] gLotfsf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePsf] dflggM] -!_ sfgg\" adfl] hd afxs] s;n} ] ;DalGwt JolQmsf] d~h'/L glnO{ bx] fosf s'g} sfd s/' f u/]df uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePsf] dflgg]5M– -s_ s'g} JolQmsf] af;:yfgdf k|j]z u/d] f, -v_ s;s} f] lr¶Lkq vf]n]df jf To;sf] k|ofu] u/]df, 6l] nkmf]g jf cGo k|ljlwsf] dfWodaf6 ePsf] s/' fsfgL, af]nL, Wjlgsf] 6]k jf /s] 8{ u/]df jf ;'g]df, -u_ sg' } JolQmsf] lghL hLjgsf] Jojxf/, cfr/0fsf] lrof] rrf,{ ks| fzg, kz| f/0f jf kr| f/ u/d] f, -3_ s;s} f] cfs[lt jf t:jL/ lvr]df, -ª_ c¿sf] gfd, cfs[lt, t:jL/ jf cfjfhsf] gSsn u/L ;fj{hlgs u/]df . dfly h'g;s' } s/' f nl] vPsf] eP tfklg s;}n] ;flxlTos jf snfTds ko| f]hg jf ;fjh{ lgs lxtsf] nflu tL] v08x¿df n]lvPsf] s'g} sfd u/d] f uf]kgLotfsf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePsf] dflgg] 5}g . k|Zgx¿ c_ uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < cf_ s] s:tf s'/fx? uf]Ko /fVgkfpg] clwsf/ gful/snfO{ 5 < O_ s] s] ePsf uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePsf] dflgG5 O_{ tkfOs{ f] hLjgdf uf]klgotfsf] clwsf/ cltqmd0f ePdf tkfO{ s] ug{x' G' 5 < @= gful/s clwsf/ / stJ{ o Ps} l;Ssfsf bO' { kf6f x'g\\ eGg] lzif{sdf sIffdf jStT[ jsnf kl| tof] lutf cfof]hgf ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ clwsf/ / stJ{ osf] kl/efiff lbg'xf];\\ . -v_ g]kfnsf] ;l+ jwfgdf plNnlvt gful/ssf stJ{ ox?sf] ;\"rL tof/ ug'x{ f];\\ . -u_ gful/s clwsf/sf cfjZostfnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt k|i6 kfg{x' f];\\ . 247 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@

$ lszf]/lszf]/Lsf] clwsf/ / stJ{ o kf7 M != lszf]/fj:yfsf] kl/ro ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\\ 7gn] kl/eflift u/c] g;' f/ dfgj hLjgsf] !) jif{ bl] v !( jifl{ arsf] pd/] ;dx\" nfO{ lszf/] fj:yf elgG5 . of] pd/] ;dx\" sf JolStx¿ lszf/] lszf/] L xg' \\ . o; cj:yfdf gofF s/' f pT;s xg' ] hfz] hfuF / k9L xg' ] klg lszf/] fj:yfsf] hLjg zn} L ;j+ b] gzLn xG' 5 . o; pd/] df pgLx¿ pRr ;j+ ] usf] cj:yfdf xG' 5g\\ . pgLx¿ l56f] l/;fpg,] l566\\ } v;' L xg' ,] ;fgf] s/' fdf klg tgfj lng,] lbSs dfGg,] cfju] df cfpg] h:tf Jojxf/x¿ k|bz{g u5{g\\ . gsf/fTds afgL Jojxf/nfO{ ;dod} klxrfg u/L pkoS' t k/fdz{ lbg' cleefjs, ;dfh / lzIfssf] bfloTj xf] . o; pd/] nfO{ cfwF L tk' mfgsf] cj:Yff klg elgG5 . pgLx¿ Psftkm{ cfkF}m lg0f{o lng ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'lu ;ss] f xb'F }gg\\ eg] csf{tkm{ c?sf] x:tIfk] nfO{ klg dg k/fpFb}gg\\ . o; pd]/df d ;Ifd eO;s]F eGg] klg nfU5 . d sx] L ug{ ;lSbgF ls eGg] 8/ klg sfod} xG' 5 . afNofj:yfsf s]xL u0' f afFsL g} /xG5g\\ . o'jf cj:yfsf] s]xL u'0fx¿ klg ljsl;t eO;ss] f] xG' 5 . pgLx¿nfO{ ;sf/fTds pTk/]| 0ff k|bfg ug{ ;s]df hLjgdf ;sf/fTdstftkm{sf] dfu{ cjnDag ug{ dbt kU' 5 . @= lszf/] lszf]/Lsf clwsf/ lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ eljiosf lhDdj] f/ gful/s xg' \\ . pgLx¿sf] clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ;jwg{ ug'{ /fHo, ;dfh / kl/jf/sf] stJ{ o xf] . lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿ ;?' sf cj:yfdf cfkmF} cflwsf/ dfUg ;Sg] cj:yfdf gxg' ;S5g\\ eg] kl5Nnf] r/0fdf kU' bf;Dd cfkmg\\ f] clwsf/ klxrfg ug{ / dfUg ;Sg] cj:yfdf k'lu;ss] f xG' 5g\\ . To;n} ] pgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\\gf] clwsf/ s] xf] egL klxrfg u/fpg' / ;f] clwsf/x¿kl| t ;rt] gf klg lbnfpgk' 5{ . ;dfGotof lszf/] lszf/] Lsf clwsf/x¿nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M -s_ cleefjsaf6 ;/+ If0fsf] clwsf/ M lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿n] cfkm\\gf] ;jfª{ \\lu0f ljsf;sf lglDt cleefjsx¿af6 kofK{ t ;/+ If0f kfpg] clwsf/ x'G5 . -v_ ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ M lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿n] kl/jf/n] cfkm\\gf ljifodfjf kfl/jfl/s lg0fo{ ubf{ ;f] lg0f{o kl| jm| ofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . ljBfnodf / pgLx¿ k|efljt x'g] sg' } klg ;fdb' flos lg0fo{ kl| jm| ofdf ;xefuL x'g kfpgk' 5{ . lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿nfO{ cfkmg\\ f] kl| tef k:| km6' g ug,{] l;hg{ fTds sfo,{ vn] sb' , zl} Ifs sfo{ tyf ;f:+ sl[ ts ultljlwdf klg ;xefuL x'g] clwsf/ /xG5 . 248 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@

-u_ zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\\ ;+j]ufTds ljsf;sf] clwsf/ Mlszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s Pjd\\ ;+ju] fTds ljsf;sf nflu plrt lzIff k|fKt ug{] clwsf/ xG' 5 . To:t} kfl} i6s cfxf/ vfg kfpg], dgf/] ~hg ug{ kfpg,] zf/Ll/s Jofofd tyf v]ns'bdf efu lng kfpg,] l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ klg x'G5 . -3_ afnljjfxaf6 d'St x'g] clwsf/ M gk] fnsf] sfgg' n] ljjfxsf] pd/] @) jif{ tfs] ]sfn] ;f] pd/] gk'uL cfkm}F jf cleefjsn] cfkm\\gf afnaflnsfnfO{ ;+:s[lt jf kr| ngsf] gfpFdf afnljjfx ug{ kfObF g} . -ª_ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos sfod{ f ;xefuL xg' kfpg] M lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿n] jfNofj:yf kf/ ul/;ss] f / zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s ¿kdf ;Ifdtf xfl;n ul/;ss] f xg' fn] pgLx¿nfO{ kfl/jfl/s tyf ;fd'bflos sfo{x¿df ;xefuL u/fpg'k5{ . o;af6 pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs bfloTj, k/Dk/f l;Sg] / a'em\\ g] cj;/ kfpF5g\\ . To;af6 pgLx¿n] eljiosf] tof/L ug] { cfwf/ tof/ xG' 5 . -r_ ofg} tyf k|hgg :jf:Yosf] clwsf/ M lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿ ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf bl[ i6n] ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cj:yfdf xG' 5g\\ . o; pd/] df pgLx¿ ljleGg ks| l[ tsf ;d:ofdf kg]{ tyf uDeL/ :jf:Yo ;d:of jf uDeL/ ck/fwsf] l;sf/ xg' ;Sg] cj:yf cfOkg{ ;S5 . To;}n] pgLx¿nfO{ plrt ofg} tyf k|hgg lzIff kfpg] clwsf/ /xG5 . lszf]/lszf]/Lx¿sf o:tf clwsf/x¿sf cltl/St gk] fnsf] df}lns xsdf plNnlvt xs klg pgLx¿n] kfpgk' 5{ . #= lszf/] lszf/] Lsf stJ{ o lszf/] lszf/] Lx¿ /fi6s« f eljiosf lhDdj] f/ gful/s xg' \\ . pgLx¿ stJ{ o k/fo0f eP eg] eljiodf ;d'Ggt /fi6« aGg dbt k'U5 . To;}n] pgLx¿n] cfkm\\gf] clwsf/sf] pkofu] ;Fu} lgDgfg';f/sf st{Josf] kfngf ug]{ afgL klg a;fNgk' 5{ . -s_ cfkm\\gf] kl/jf/sf] ;Ddfg ug'{ M w]/}h;f] lszf]/lszf/] Lx¿nfO{ kl/jf/n] jf:tf ubg{} g\\ eGg] ed| k/]sf] x'G5 . pgLx¿ cfkm\" 7n' f] eO;ss] f t/ kl/jf/n] aRrf ;Dem/] Jojxf/ u/s] f] jf xk] ]sf] 7fG5g\\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ kl/jf/sf ;b:o;uF l/;fpg], emls{g], 6f9f xg' vf]Hg] x'G5g\\ . kl/jf/n] eg] dflQg nfu,] lau|g nfu,] eg/] cem lgoGq0f ug]{ jf ctL{ pkbz] lbg yfN5g\\ . o;n] ubf{ kl/jf/df åGå ;'? xG' 5 . kl/jf/sf dfGohg tyf cGo ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ / pgLx¿n] egs] f hfoh s/' fx¿ dfGg] ugfn{ ] kl/jf/df ;'dw/' ;DaGw sfod x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿n] kl/jf/af6 cfjZos ;xof]u tyf ;xh Jojxf/ kf| Kt ug{ ;Sb5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 249

-v_ ;dfhsf cGo JolStkl| t ;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug'{ M c¿sf] ;Ddfg ugf{n] c¿af6 klg k|z;+ f, ;fy, ;xof]u / ;dyg{ kfOG5 . To;}n] ;dfhdf ;a} JolStkl| t ;Ddfghgs / plrt Jojxf/ ugk'{ 5{ . -u_ cfkmg\\ f] zl} Ifs bfloTj k/\" f ug{' M lszf/] fj:yf eg]sf] ljBfno tx kf/ u//] pRr lzIffdf k|jz] ug{] ;do klg xf] . o; ;dodf ul/g] cWoogn] eljiosf] k];f, /fh] uf/L / cj;/sf] lgwf{/0f u5{ . To;}n] lszf]/fj:yfsf ;a}n] dg nufP/ cWoog ugk{' 5{ / w/] } lh1f;' eP/ l;Sgk' 5{ . cfkm\\ gf] ?rLsf] Ifq] klxrfg u/L ;n+ Ugtf a9fpg'k5{ . -3_ 3/sf sfd l;Sg' M o; pd]/df ;a}n] cfkm\\gf] JolStut sfo{x¿ cfkm}F ug]{ afgL a;fNgk' 5{ eg] 3/fo;L sfdx¿ Pjd\\ cfkmg\\ f] kl/jf/sf] sfddf klg ;xof]u ug{k' 5{ . vfgf agfpg,] nu' f wg' ,] 3/sf] ;/;kmfO ug],{ v]taf/Lsf] sfd l;Sg ;lsG5 . To:t} uf7] tyf kz'sf] :ofxf/, vt] LkftLsf] sfd / k;n jf Joj;fosf] sfd tyf cleefjsn] ug]{ 3/]n' Joj;fosf] sfd klg l;Sg ;lsG5 . o:tf sfddf ;xof]u kfpbF f cleefjsx¿ klg v;' L xG' 5g\\ . -ª_ JolStut Pjd\\ ;fdb' flos ;/;kmfOdf Wofg lbg] M JolStsf] cfsif{0f p;sf] JolStTjdf cfwfl/t x'G5 . :jefjn} ] of] pd/] l;ªu\\ f/ ug{ / ;kmf ;U' 3/ /xg dg nfUg] pd/] xf] . To;} n] cfkm\\gf] JolStut ;/;kmfO, lrl6Ss k/]sf] n'uf nufpg] afgL, ;fdfGo zª[ u\\ f/, ld7f] af]nL arg cflbn] cfsifs{ JolStTj lgdf0{ fdf dbt u5{ . o;sf ;fy} cfkmg\\ f] af;:yfg 3/ ;db' fodf ;dt] ;kmf jftfj/0f /fVg ;ljm| o x'gk' 5{ . -r_ :j:y cflgjfgLsf] ljsf; / ;rt] gf M lszf/] fj:yf ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cj:yf xf] . To;n} ] o; ;dodf ljleGg ks| f/sf zf/Ll/s tyf dfgl;s kl/jtg{ x¿ eO/xs] f x'G5g\\ . To:tf s'/fx¿ :jfefljs xg' \\ / cfkm}F l7s x'G5g\\ eGg] s/' f ae' mg\\ 'k5{ . l7s ;dodf l7s s/' fx¿ vfg] ugk{' 5{ . a9g\\ ] pd/] ePsfn] :j:ys/ vfgs] /' fx¿ vfg] ugk{' 5{ . lgoldt ¿kdf zf/Ll/s Jofofd ug],{ of]u Wofgx¿ l;s/] cEof; ug{] ug{k' 5{ . r/' f]6, v}gL, nfu' kbfy,{ hf8F /S;Lsf] s'nt nfUg] pd]/ oxL ePsf] xg' fn] To:tf tŒjsf] ntdf km:g' xbF' g} . cToflws ¿kdf df]afOn, l6eL, sDKo6' /nufotsf pks/0fx¿ rnfPdf To;n] klg g/fd|f] nt nfUg ;S5 . h;n] cWoog, kfl/jfl/s ;DaGw / ;fdflhsLs/0fdf gsf/fTds c;/ kfg{ ;S5 . To;}n] o:tf s'/fx?df ;rt] / lhDdj] f/ x'g'k5{ . -5_ ofg} tyf kh| gg :jf:Yosf af/d] f hfgsf/L /fVg' M o; cj:yfdf ljk/Lt lnªu\\ kl| tsf] cfsif0{ f a9g\\ ', of}g OR5f hfu[t xg' ,' of}g ljm| ofsnfk ug{ dg nfUg] x'g ;S5 . lszf/] lszf]/Lx¿ ;o+ ddf a:g'k5{ . ;fyLefOsf] nx}nx} / Ifl0fs cfju] df cfP/ unt sfd ug'{ xFb' }g . lszf/] Lx¿sf] k|hgg cª\\u k\"0f{ ljsf; eO;s]sf] xbF' }g . o; pd/] df ue{ wf/0f xg' uPdf pgLx¿ c;'/lIft xg' ;S5g\\ . csfndf Hofg hfg klg ;S5 . :jf:Yo hfl] vddf kg{] 250 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@