agriculture project

Content map on Types of farming DONE BY: K.VISHAAL CLASS:10 ROLL NO. 22

Brief classification of Farming

Different Types of farming Subsistance farming Intensive and extensive farming Shifting cultivation Pastoral farming Commercial farming Plantation farming Dry farming Mixed and Multiple farming Crop rotation Terrace farming Organic farming Irrigated farming

Subsistance Farming Subsistence farming occurs when farmers grow food crops to meet the needs of themselves and their families. In subsistence agriculture, farm output is targeted to survival and is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus.

Intensive Farming and Extensive farming Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is a kind of agriculture where a lot of money and labour are used to increase the yield that can be obtained per area of land. This type of farming is mainly practiced in west Bengal Extensive Farming is one in which more and more land is brought under cultivation to increase the output produced.

Shifting cultivation

► Shifting cultivation is an agricultural system in a piece of land is used, only to abandon or alter the initial use a short time later.This type of farming is also known as Slash and burn agriculture ► It is mainly practiced in the northeastern region of India, comprising the states of Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram.

Pastoral farming

► pastoral farming (also known in some regions as ranching, livestock farming or grazing) is aimed at producing livestock, rather than growing crops. Examples include dairy farming, raising beef cattle, and raising sheep for wool. ► The main states in India were pastrol farming is mainly practise pastoral farming areJammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan etc.

Commercial farming Commercial farming is the farming method in which plant and livestock production is practiced with the intention of selling the products on the market. Because of the high labour required in subsistence agriculture, it is a labour-intensive technique.

States where commercial farming is mainly practised Haryana, Punjab and West Bengal grow rice commercially, while it is a subsistence crop in Orissa. Major crops commercially in India are wheat, pulses, millets, maize and other grains, vegetables, and fruits.

Plantation Agriculture ► Plantation agriculture is a form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climate with high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall. Plantation agriculture is practiced in Kerala, Assam, Karnataka, and Maharashtra.

Dry farming Dry farmed crops may include grapes, tomatoes, pumpkins, beans, and other summer crops. These crops grow using the winter water stored in the soil, rather than depending on rainfall during the growing season.It is mainly practised in Central Rajasthan

Mixed and Multiple Agriculture Mixed cropping can be defined as cultivation of two or more than two crops simultaneously on the same land without definite row pattern or fixed ratio. ... Scientific study of mixed cropping was firstly done by La-Flitze (1928). Multiple Cropping: It is defined as the growing of two or more crops on same field in a year.

Crop Rotation Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of different types of crops in the same area across a sequenced of growing seasons. It reduces reliance on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability of developing resistant pest and weeds.

Terrace Farming Terrace farming refers to the act of creating steps or terraces on mountain slopes to carry out farming activities. Each level consists of various crops being grown . Terrace cultivation takes place in the states of Punjab, Meghalaya, Haryana, Plains of Uttar Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal.

Organic farming

Compared with conventional agriculture, organic farming uses fewer pesticides, reduces soil erosion, decreases nitrate leaching into groundwater and surface water, and recycles animal wastes back into the farm. These benefits are counterbalanced by higher food costs for consumers and generally lower yields

Irrigated farming Irrigation is the artificial application of water to land for the purpose of agricultural production. Irrigation syste ms should encourage plant growth while minimising salt imbalances, leaf burns, soil erosion, and water loss.

Tribute to farmers  While we leave no opportunity to praise what we're eating, we often forget to thank the person who ensured that we got our meal - the farmers.

Questions ► Name the main states in India where shifting cultivation is practised ? ► Briefly explain Intensive and Extensive farming? ► Name the state where Dry farming is mainly practised? ► Scientific study of Mixed and multiple cropping was first done by ? ► What is the main advantage of Crop Rotation? ► Brief about Subsistance farming? ► What is one of the main Disdvantage of Organic farming?

Answers 1. Assam, Manipur, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh and Mizoram. 2. Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is a kind of agriculture where a lot of money and labour are used to increase the yield that can be obtained per area of land Extensive farming or extensive agriculture (as opposed to intensive farming) is an agricultural production system that uses small inputs of labor, fertilizers, and capital, relative to the land area being farmed. 3.Central Rajasthan 4. La-Flitz in 1928 5. It reduces reliance on one set of nutrients, pest and weed pressure, and the probability of developing resistant pest and weeds. 6. In subsistence agriculture, farm output is targeted to survival and is mostly for local requirements with little or no surplus. 7. The main Disadvantage of organic farming is higher food costs for consumers and generally lower yields

END Thank you……

CROPPING PATTERN Done By: G M Dimple Reddy Class:10 Roll No.: 2

CROPPING SEASONS – Physical diversities and plurality of cultures in India are reflected in agricultural practices and cropping pattern in the country. – Various types of food and fiber crops,vegetables and fruits,species and condiments,ect. constitute some of the important crops grown in the country. India has three cropping seasons : – Rabi Crop – Kharif Crop – Zaid Crop

RABI CROP Rabi crop are sown in winter from October to December and harvested in summer from April to June . Some of the important rabi crops are: – Wheat – Barely – Peas – Gram – Musturd These crops are grown in large parts of India ,states from the north and north western parts such as: – Punjab

– Haryana – Himachal Pradesh – Jammu and Kashmir – Uttarkhand – Uttarpradesh Availibility of precipitation during winter months due to the western temperate cyclones helps in the success of these crops. The success of the green revolution in Punjab ,Haryana ,Western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan has also been an important factor in the growth of the rabi crops.



KHARIF CROP Kharif crops are grown with the onset of monsoon (End of May upto early of July) in different parts of the country and these are harvested in September to October. Important crops grown during this season are : – Paddy – Maize – Jowar – Bajra – Tur (arhar) – Moong – Urad – Cotton

– Jute – Groundnut – Soyabean Some of the important rice growing regions are: – Assam – West Bengal – costal regions of Odisha – Andhra Pradesh – Telangana – Tamil Nadu – Kerala

– Maharashtra – The Konkan coast along with Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Paddy has also become an important crop of Punjab and Haryana.In states like Assam,West Bengal and Odisha,three crops of paddy are grown in a year.These are : – Aus – Aman – Boro Kharif crops are grown in hot and wet conditions. These crops are dependent on the quantity of rain as well its timings.



ZAID CROPS Zaid crops are grown in between the rabi season and kharif season,there is a short season during the summer months known as the Zaid season. Some of the crops grown during zaid season are: – Watermelon – Muskmelon – Cucumber – Fodder crops – Vegetables – Sugarcane (it takes almost a year to grow). They require warm dry weather as major growth period and longer day length for flowering.

Zaid crops are grown in the following parts of the country’s: – Punjab – Haryana – Uttar Pradesh



Questions 1. Name the three types of cropping seasons? 2. Briefly explain rabi crop? 3. Explain kharif crop? 4. Explain zaid crop? 5. Distinguish between rabi crop and kharif crop. 6. Distinguish between kharif crop and zaid crop. 7. Distinguish between rabi crop and zaid crop. 8. Write the difference between rabi crop,kharif crop and zaid crop.` 9. Mention the important factor in the growth of rabi crops? 10. Name the important crop of Punjab and Haryana in Rabi crop. 11. Which zaid crop takes one year to grow?

Answers 1. There are three types of cropping seasons: • Rabi • Kharif • Zaid 2. Rabi crop are sown in October to December and harvested in April and June. Main crops are wheat,barely,peas,mustard ect. These crops are grown in different parts of the country like Punjab,Haryana,Himachal Pradesh,J & K,Uttarkhand and Uttarpradesh. The precipitation due to western cyclones helps in the growth of the crop The important factors in the growth of the crops is the green revolution in Punjab,Haryana,Uttarpradesh and Rajasthan.

3. Karif crops are sown in monsoon season(end of May and early of June) and harvested in September – October . The main crops grown in kharif season are paddy,jowar,bajra,groundnut,soyabean ect. The crops are grown in these parts of the country namely Assam,West Bengal,Odisha,Andhra Pradesh ect. Paddy is the imp. Crop in Punjab and Haryana. There are three crops of Paddy grow in Assam ,WestBengal,Odisha namely Aus,Aman,Boro. 4. These rabi crops are grown around summer season, in between the rabi season and kharif season.But only Sugarcane takes almost a year to grow. Some zaid crops are watermelon,muskmelon,cucumber fodder crop,and many other vegetables ect. These crops are mainly grown in Punjab and Haryana.

5. KHARIF CROP RABI CROP Rabi crops are the crops which are grown in the Rabi crops are the crops which are grown in the beginning of rainy season,April and May. beginning of rainy season,September and October. Are also known as monsoon crops. Are also known as winter or spring crops. They depend on the rainfall pattern. These crops are not affected by the rainfall. It requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow. Warm climate is neede for seed germination and cold climate for the growth of crops. Flowering requires shorter day length. Harvesting months from September to October. Flowering requires longer day length. Harvesting months from March to April. Eg. Paddy,Jowar,Bajra ect. Eg. Wheat,Maize,Cotton ect.

6. KHARIF CROP ZAID CROP Kharif crops are grown in the beginning of rainy Zaid crops are grown in between kharif crop and season,April to May. rabi crops. Main crops are Paddy,Maize,Jowar ect. Main crops are Watermelon ,Muskmelon , cucumber ect. It requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow. They require warm dry weather as major growth Flowering requires shorter day length. period and longer day length for flowering. They are harvested at September to October. They are harvested between kharif season and rabi season.

7. RABI CROP ZAID CROP Rabi crops are the crops which are grown in the Zaid crops are grown in between kharif crop and beginning of rainy season,April and May. rabi crops. It requires a lot of water and hot weather to grow. They require warm dry weather as major growth Flowering requires shorter day length. period and longer day length for flowering. Harvesting months from September to October. They are harvested between kharif season and rabi season. Eg. Paddy,Jowar,Bajra ect. Eg. Watermelon ,Muskmelon , cucumber ect.

8. KHARF CROP RABI CROP ZAID CROP Kharif crops are grown with the Sown in winter from October to In between the rabi and the kharif onset of monsoon. December. seasons Zaid crops are grown. Harvested in Harvested in summer from April ------- September-October. to June. Important crops grown during Some of the important rabi crops Some of this season are paddy, maize, are wheat, barley, peas, gram and the crops produced during ‘zaid’ jowar, bajra, tur (arhar), moong, mustard. are urad, cotton, jute, groundnut and watermelon, muskmelon, soyabean. cucumber

9. The success of the green revolution in Punjab,Haryana,western Uttar Pradesh and parts of Rajasthan is the important factor in the growth of rabi crop. 10. Paddy is the important crop of Punjab and Haryana(Kharif crop). 11. Sugarcane crop takes a year to grow(zaid crop).

THANK YOU

TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE NAME – HARSHA CLASS – 10 ROLL NO. - 17

CONTENT •Introduction •What is technological and institutional reforms •Why do we need technological and institutional reforms •Effects of green and white revolution •Provisions of technological and institutional reforms

INTRODUCTION

History of agriculture in India dates back to Indus valley civilization. Agriculture, which provides livelihood for more than 60% of India’s population needs some serious technical and institutional reforms. The economic contribution of agriculture to India’s GDP is steadily declining with the countrie’s broad based economic growth. Still agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India.

WHAT IS TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS ??

•Technological reforms is for the improvement of agriculture using technology. In this type of reform, many equipments such as tubewells, water pump tractors tillers ect. are introduced. These introduced equipments help in making agriculture easier and better. •Institutional reforms is the process of reviewing and structuring state institutions so that they respect human rights, reserved the rule of law and are accountable to their constituent.