202110245-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS (v) How many mobile connections were there in India in 2001 and 2012? (vi) How many times has the production of food grains been increased in four decades in India? (vii) When can agricultural labourers demand better wages? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 149

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS (viii) Why is technology not always welcome? (ix) How many handloom units were there in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana in the year 2009? (x) In which year were private companies allowed to invest in telecommunications in India? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 150

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) leads to a new product or improvement in the way something works. is a machine which can harvest the crops, threshes and (xii) cleans. (xiii) A may have hundred of looms. (xiv) continue to expand their share in the telecommunication services. (xv) is a practical application of knowledge in our daily life’s. (xvi) Technology has influenced the sector more. (xvii) Technical changes lead to more jobs with specific . (xviii) have better quality than power loom products. (xix) Agricultural goods are produced mostly for . (xx) industry is the second largest employer after agriculture. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Define Technology? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 151

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the problems faced by workers in power looms? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Look at the pie charts in the next page and convert the same information into a table and draw in the below space. (Please refer to the pie charts in the text-book, page no. 93) CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 152

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS (ii) Study the table and answer the following questions: 153 CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS Change in no. of handloom units State 1988 2009 T.S. and A.P. 5,29,000 1,24,700 Gujarat 24,000 3,900 Karnataka 1,03,000 40,500 Maharashtra 80,000 4,500 Madhya Pradesh 43,000 3,600 Punjab 22,000 300 Tamil Nadu 5,56,000 1,55,000 i. Name the two states which stood 1st and 2nd in the number of handloom units in 1988? ii. Name the state which had the least number of handloom units in both the years and how much? iii. What is the difference in the number of handloom units in Karnataka between 1988 and 2009? iv. Can you guess why Punjab had such less handloom units? v. How many units did Maharashtra lose in these 20 years? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 154

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Study the graph and answer the following questions. i. In which decade is the production high? ii. Which decade show slow production? iii. What is shown in the above graph? iv. Who constructed the dams? v. What is the reason for the increase of production of food grains? (ii) Study the graph and answer the following questions. 155 (Please refer to the graphs in the text book, page no. 91) CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS Graph 2: Use of animals in agricultural operations in India (in %) i. What does the above graph tell us? ii. How many sources of power are shown in graph? iii. What are they? iv. Which source of power was very less in 1951? v. Which source of power is declining over the years? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 156

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Is there any loss of employment because of combine harvester? Support your answer with reasons. (ii) How can you say that telephone technology created new jobs? (iii) You have learnt about the impact of technology on Indian agriculture. Can you draw a comparison of agriculture based on the time before and after introduction of technology? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 157

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline map of India: 1. Telangana 2. Karnataka 3. Madhya Pradesh 4. Andhra Pradesh 5.Odisha 6. Gujarat 7. Maharashtra 8. Punjab 9. Tamil Nadu CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 158

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS (ii) Locate the following on world map: 159 1. England 2. USA 3. India CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity 160 Long Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How is service sector useful? CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 12. Choose the correct answer. (i) Extensive farm mechanization Is leading to displacement of . (A) Employees (B) Owners (C) Labourers (D) Partners (ii) All the activities are also services. (A) Exporting (B) Importing (C) Trading (D) Exchanging (iii) Henry Ford of started assembly lines. (A) Japan (B) USA (C) Africa (D) China (iv) The introduced the powerloom production in India. (A) British (B) Portuguese (C) Russians (D) Chinese (v) Technical changes also affect activities. (A) Private (B) Social (C) Service (D) All the above CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 161

CHAPTER 8-IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS (vi) Nowadays large farmers often prefer to get work done using . (A) Looms (B) Weaving (C) Machines (D) None (vii) have found new market in traditional fabrics and designs. (A) Weaving (B) Handlooms (C) Crafts (D) Machines (viii) Powerlooms operate by using____________. (B) Water (A) Electricity (C) Air (D) None (ix) Use of technology in agriculture helps the farmer to produce more (A) Food grains (B) Goods (C) Both (D) None of the above (x) Industrial revolution happened in _____ centuries. (A) 18 –19 (B) 17 –15 (C) 19 –20 (D) None of the above CHAPTER 8. IMPACT OF TECHNOLOGY ON LIVELIHOODS 162

9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT SESSION 1 PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT – PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Public health centres: The places where the health and medical facilities are discharged for the public are called Public health centres. 2. Area hospital: The hospital at the division level with 100 beds which is under the government sector is called area hospital. 3. Public amenities: Public amenities are resources, conveniences, facilities or benefits continuously offered to the general public for their use and enjoyment, without charge. SESSION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 163

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statements: [Refer to TB page 107 Q1] a. Most rural areas have trained doctors b. There are more facilities in hospitals of private sector than the public sector. c. Nutritious food helps in improving the health scenario. d. Some doctors may involve in unnecessary treatments to make money. A. a. The above statement is false. Most rural areas do not have trained doctors because qualified doctors do not want to practice in rural areas. b. This statement is correct. More facilities are given in private hospitals than government hospitals. c. This statement is true. In addition to vaccinations, we need enough nutritious food, safe drinking water, proper sanitation and clean environment to prevent illnesses. Hence, we can say nutritious food helps in improving health scenario. d. The above statement is true. Particularly in private hospitals we see this kind of situation. To get more money some doctors in private hospitals suggest unnecessary treatments like diagnostic tests, scans, blood tests etc. Q2. Which of the following facilities will you include in basic public facilities which Jayamma uses: a) Drives scooter to school b) Sends her child to Anganwadi c) Owns a television set d) Has a mobile phone e) Sends letters by post office [Refer to TB page 107 Q2] A. Among the above facilities Anganwadis, post offices, driving on roads are the basic public facilities. Q3. Discuss which among the following measures will you consider as instances –OR not an instance of im- proving healthcare. Write down why do you think so. [Refer to TB page 107 Q4] a. TB patients are given free medicines. b. In some villages, clean drinking water facilities have been arranged. c. Shopkeepers selling medicines for cold, fever, headache etc. d. The government provides food grains in Fair Price shops. SESSION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 164

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT A. a. Government supplies TB medicines free of cost to every TB patient. So we can say that this is an instance of improving healthcare. b. Clean drinking water can reduce the number of diseases caused by contaminated water. So, providing clean drinking water facilities is also an instance of improving healthcare. c. Usually, people use medicines from shopkeepers for diseases like cold, fever, headache etc. But this practice cannot be suggested as an instance of improving healthcare, because the medicines given by shopkeepers may raise side–effects for regular users. d. The nutritious food supports good health and makes people strong against diseases. Providing food grains in Fair Price shops is also an instance of improving healthcare Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Health is not limited to providing medicines. In this chapter there are other aspects of health that are mentioned (like clean water etc). Bring them together and write a paragraph about such aspects. [Refer to TB page 107 Q6] A. Health is not limited to providing medicines only. There are factors also which contribute to good health. People should be given nutritious food. Safe drinking water facilities should be arranged. First–aid should be provided to the needy. Proper housing facilities and healthy environment should be created. Through these steps, we can achieve good health. Information Skills Q1. Following figure shows how people get money for hospitalisation in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh. Nearly 65% of the people below the poverty line have to borrow money. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage. Those above poverty line spend 45% of the hospitalisation expenditure from their savings. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage. Those above poverty line borrow only 35%. Identify this in the chart and mark the percentage. Can you roughly estimate share of other means through which people meet their house ration expenses in the chart below? [Refer to TB page 107 Q7] SESSION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 165

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT Financing of Hospitalization Expenses in Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, by source and economic status. A. Below poverty line people financing of hospitalisation expenses are: i) By borrowings –65% ii) By saving money –12½% iii) By selling assets –12½% iv) By current income –5% v) By other sources –5% Above poverty line people financing of hospitalization expenses are: i) By savings –45% ii) By borrowings –35% iii) By current income –11% iv) By self assets – 3% v) By Reimbursement – 3% vi) By other sources –3% Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Priyamvada runs a private hospital. This has more facilities than that are available in a Government hospital. Satyanarayana works as a Government doctor in a mandal. Can you write an imaginary dialogue between them about access to health services? [Refer to TB page 107 Q5] A. Priyamvada : We are providing quality medical facilities to the people. There are advanced medical equipments also available. We are giving fast treatment to the patients. Dr. Satyanarayana : The expenditure on treatment in private hospitals is very expensive. In government hospitals all the health facilities are provided on nominal charges. Priyamvada : If there are free services in government hospitals, the services are not up to the mark. The staff does not respond quickly in giving treatment. Patients may suffer a lot. Dr. Satyanarayana: Because of lack of funds, advanced medical facilities are not provided in government hospitals. There is no supervision on the work of the medical staff. So that the staff show a little negligence in their duty . But, even today we provide our medical services to a large number of poor people, who cannot afford money for their healthcare. In private hospitals, the situation is different. They provide advanced facilities and quick treatment for the patients. But they charge huge amounts of money for their services, which cannot be paid by everyone. Priyamvada : We invest lakhs of rupees to build hospitals and provide advanced medical facilities. We bring money for investment from the banks as loans. We have to repay loan amount in EMIs and also we have to pay taxes, utility bills, salaries for the doctors and other medical staff. To meet all these expenditures we have to charge huge amounts of money for every service in our hospitals. Dr. Satyanarayana : You are right, madam. Both private and government hospitals have their limitations in providing their medical services to the people. We have to work under these circumstances. We should overcome all these limitations to provide good services at reasonable cost for all people in the country. Priyamvada : You are right Dr. Satyanarayana. I totally agree with you. SESSION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 166

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. What type of services would be rendered by ‘108’ during emergencies? [Refer to TB page 108 Q10] A. 108 is an integrated free telephone number introduced for emergency services in India. The services include medical, police, fire emergency services. Currently it is operative in 20 state and 2 Union Territories. The service was first introduced by the then chief minister of Andhra Pradesh Dr. Y.S Rajasekhar Reddy signing an agreement with EMRI. This service runs in public–private partnership. During emergencies any person from any place will place a call to 108 number and the software present will detect the area and then the responsible persons will take details like type of emergency, number of people injured and the caller name and contact details. It could be either a medical emergency, a fire emergency, or a crime being committed as per the emergency the department people will send Ambulance, fire engine etc. accordingly. 1.4 Key Concepts i. In order to prevent and treat illnesses we need appropriate facilities such as health centers, hospitals, laboratories for diagnosis, ambulance services, blood banks etc. ii. We require qualified health workers, nurses, doctors, and lab technicians etc. who can advise, diagnose and treat illnesses. iii. To prevent illnesses, in addition to vaccinations, we need enough food, safe drinking water, proper sanitation and a clean environment. iv. India has a large number of doctors, clinics and hospitals. India also has the experience and knowledge of running a public healthcare system. v. India is the third largest producer of medicines in the world and is also a large exporter of medicines. vi. In 1950, there were only 2,717 hospitals in India. In 1991, there were 11,174 hospitals. In 2000, the number grew to 18,218. vii. The public health service is a system of health centers and hospitals run by the government to provide treatment to all kinds of problems. viii. The sub–centre covers a population of 5000 people, who may be in one or many villages in a rural area. This centre has Multi Purpose Health Assistants (MPHAs) (female and male). ix. Primary Health Centres (PHC) are located at the mandal level. Each PHC covers a population of 30,000. x. For every 4 to 5 PHC’s there is a 30 bed hospital and some specialists. Some surgeries are done at this level. xi. At the divisional level the Area Hospital that is district hospital has 100 beds. SESSION 1. PUBLIC AND PRIVATE HEALTH SERVICES 167

SESSION 2 PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT – GOVERNMENT AND HEALTH CARE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Nutrition: Nutrition is the total of the processes involved in the taking in and the utilization of food substances by which growth, repair and maintenance of the body are accomplished. 2. Arogyasri scheme: Arogyasri is a health scheme introduced to provide medical and health services without charging a single paisa for the white card holder families under health insurance scheme. SESSION 2. GOVERNMENT AND HEALTH CARE 168

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Basic Public Facilities: is there any provision of safe drinking water in your area? Explain. [Refer to TB page 110 Q9] A. Clean and safe drinking water supply is one of the main public amenities, which is provided by the gov- ernment. In our area, safe drinking water is supplied by our local government (in case of villagers it is panchayath, in case of urban students it is municipal corporation). The water is filtered and purified, finally chlorinated to supply each and every house through the pipe lines from the overhead water tanks. This water is being taken from local water bodies like tanks, canals, wells, rivers etc. in different areas. Information Skills Q1. Conduct a survey on government welfare schemes on health. List the beneficiaries in your area. [Refer to TB page 108 Q8] A. A number of government welfare schemes on health are going on in the country under the ‘National Rural Health Mission’. The following welfare schemes on health are being run by the government in India. i) Immunization programmes ii) Eradication programmes for different diseases like TB, leprosy, polio etc. iii) Control programmes for different diseases like malaria, filariasis, and diarrhoea and so on. iv) Family planning programme to control population increase v) Janani Suraksha Yojana for pregnant mothers to provide delivery facilities in hospitals only. vi) Jawahar Bala Arogya Raksha (JABAR) for the children who are studying in government schools upto 10th class. vii) 108 and 104 services in our state viii) Arogyasri’s medical insurance scheme The following people in our area are beneficiaries of the above health welfare schemes: • Young children below 5 years • students studying up to 10th class in government schools • pregnant and feeding mothers • patients who are suffering from TB, leprosy, malaria, filariasis, diarrhoea, HIV, AIDS, cancers etc. Q2. Identify the sentences in this chapter that argue about the role of the government in providing public health. [Refer to TB page 107 Q3] A. Public facilities are related to the basic needs of the people. Any society requires that these facilities are provided so that people’s basic needs are met. The Right to Life in the constitution is for all the people. The responsibility to provide public facilities, therefore, must be that of the government. Compared to what we spend on armed forces the expenditure on health by the government is minimal. Both central and state governments are responsible for health facilities. SESSION 2. GOVERNMENT AND HEALTH CARE 169

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 2.4 Key Concepts i. There are some essential facilities that need to be provided for everyone. Healthcare, sanitation, Clean drinking water, electricity, public transport, schools are also necessary. These are known as public facilities. ii. One of the most important functions of the government is to ensure that basic public facilities are made available to everyone. iii. The Right to Life in the Constitution is for all people. The responsibility to provide public facilities, therefore, must be that of the government. iv. Both central and state governments are responsible for health facilities. SESSION 2. GOVERNMENT AND HEALTH CARE 170

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Water a. Divisional level ii. Area Hospital b. 2007 iii. WHO c. Essential for life iv. Constitution d. International Organization v. AP Human Development Report e. Right to Life 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. 108 a. Mandal levels ii. Private health services b. Vehicle with health personnel iii. 104 c. First aid in emergency cases iv. PHC d. Trained health workers v. MPHA e. Non–government hospitals 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What do we need to prevent diseases besides providing vaccination? (ii) What is the important aspect of public health system? CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 171

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT (iii) Which country has the largest number of medical colleges? (iv) What is the percentage of doctors who live in urban areas? (v) In 1950 how many hospitals were there in India under government control? (vi) At what age is the child measles vaccine given? (vii) What is provided for children in Anganwadi Centers? (viii) For what all diseases is the DTP vaccine given? (ix) Against which disease is the BCG vaccine used? CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 172

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT (x) In the year 2000 how many public hospitals were there in India? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) India is the largest producer in medicines in the world. (xii) areas have large number of doctors. (xiii) in the village serves as a centre to provide nutrition and immunisation services to young children. (xiv) For every 4–5 PHCs there is a . (xv) organizes public health services. (xvi) Viral infection or viral fevers can be identified by . (xvii) are the hospitals in an area which has some PHCs under it. (xviii) is related to people’s basic need. (xix) Every PHCs cover a population of . (xx) Public health system provides health care services. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the requirements and steps to control, prevent and treat illness in India? CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 173

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT (ii) What are the differences between public health services and private health services? (iii) What do you understand by the term ‘basic public facilities’? CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 174

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the information and answer the following questions: Centre / Volunteer Services provided i. Asha worker –Helps people in getting health services in village level. ii. Anganwadi centre –Provide nutrition and immunization services to young children iii. Multipurpose Health –Dealing with common illness, immunization to children, Assistants care for pregnant mothers. –4 to 5 PHCs with some –covers fire sub centre areas specialists. –4 to 5 PHCs with some specialists. v. Community health centre i. How many primary health centres are there in a community health centre? ii. Who helps people in getting health services at village level? iii. What is the work of Multipurpose Health Assistants? iv. Which centre covers five sub centre areas? v. What is the requirement of these centres? vi. Why do people require health insurance? CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 175

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What measures will you take to improve the health sector in your state/country? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Identify the following on the India map given to you. i. Gujarat ii. Western Ghats iii. River Godavari iv. Hyderabad CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 176

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity 177 Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Appreciate the services provided by the 108 and 104 helplines. CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) RMP means (B) Rural Medical Practitioners (A) Rural Medicine Providers (C) Registered Medical Practitioners (D) Registered Medical Providers (ii) We consider all to be equal for basic needs. (A) Citizens (B) Schools (C) Hospitals (D) Vehicles (iii) ASHA workers help people in getting at village level. (A) Health services (B) Law (C) Loan (D) Education (iv) health services are not owned and controlled by government. (A) Public (B) Private (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above (v) The private medical services are mainly concentrated in areas. (A) Rural (B) Urban (C) Towns (D) Cities (vi) In areas, we can get services of RMP. (A) Urban (B) Rural (C) Forest (D) Tribal (vii) WHO means . (B) World Human Organization (A) World Health Centre CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 178

CHAPTER 9-PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT (C) World Health Organization (D) World Help Organization (viii) PHC means . (A) Personal Health Centre (B) Private Human Centre (C) Public Human Centre (D) Primary Health Centre (ix) Healthcare, sanitation, electricity, public transport, schools are known as _____ facilities. (A) Public (B) Private (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above (x) water can prevent many water related diseases. (A) Dirty (B) Safe drinking (C) Medicinal (D) None of the above CHAPTER 9. PUBLIC HEALTH AND THE GOVERNMENT 179

10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM SESSION 1 LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM – ZAMINDARS UNDER THE MUGHALS AND THE BRITISH 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Landlords: A person who rents out the land, building or accommodation. 2. Moneylenders: A person who gives loan for interest (to needy people). 3. Jagirs & Jagirdars: Estate and holders/owners of such estates. 4. Samsthanas: Provincial kingdoms ruled by kings or queens. 5. Inamdars: Independent and subordinate rulers. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Compare the condition of tenant farmers before freedom and farmers of today. What differences do you find? [Refer to TB page 118 Q2] A. The life of tenant farmers was miserable during the British rule. The condition of the farmers has improved after independence in the following ways: • Zamindari system has been abolished after Independence. This made the life of farmers hassle–free. • Today farmers do not have to pay taxes whereas during the British rule they had to pay heavy taxes. • During the British rule, the government and zamindars were only interested in profit–making. How- ever, there are many schemes run by the government for the welfare of farmers today. For example –Kisan Credit Card Scheme, Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana etc. SESSION 1. ZAMINDARS UNDER THE MUGHALS AND THE BRITISH 180

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM Q2. During the freedom movement, some of the Zamindars supported the British. Why? [Refer to TB page 118 Q3] A. When the British gained control over India, they were keen to increase the land revenue as much as possible to finance their trade and wars. The East India Company finally introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 when Cornwallis was the Governor General. According to the terms of the settlement, Zamindars were given the powers to collect the revenues agreed upon in auctions. Therefore, it was also called Zamindari settlement. They had to pass on 90% of the amount to the government retaining 10% as collection charges. The amount to be paid was fixed permanently, that is, it was not to be increased in future. Since the revenue demand of the state would not be increased, the zamindar would benefit from increased production from the land. The Zamindars, however, collected more revenue than agreed upon through auction. This system was in their favour. To get benefits and privileges, they supported the British. 1.4 Key Concepts i. During the time of the Mughal emperors, the Zamindars collected land revenue from the peasants on behalf of them. ii. Khudkhasht lands are lands of Zamindars on which the labourers worked. iii. The English East India Company introduced the Permanent Settlement in 1793 when Cornwallis was the Governor General. It is also known as the Zamindari settlement. iv. By 1820, the prices of grains in the market rose and cultivation slowly expanded. v. The Zamindars did not have any interest in improving the land. vi. Nizam handed over Rayalaseema (districts of Bellary, Anantapur, Kadapa and Kurnool) to the British on account of debt. vii. Some British administrators believed that it was the duty of the government to invest in large–scale irriga- tion works. viii. Even in the Ryotwari areas the land revenue was fixed at a very high level. ix. Thomas Munro was appointed as the principal collector of Rayalseema in November 1800. x. Ryot means cultivator and Ryotwari means peasants’ tenure. xi. Due to the untiring efforts of Sir Arthur Cotton, an anicut was built across Godavari river at Dhawalesh- waram and was completed in 1849. xii. An anicut was built across Krishna river in 1854, and a canal was built in 1857 over Kurnool–Cuddapah. SESSION 1. ZAMINDARS UNDER THE MUGHALS AND THE BRITISH 181

SESSION 2 LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM – CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 182

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 2.2 Terminology 1. Patta: It is a document that details ownership rights over a piece of land. 2. Ryotwari system: The ryotwari system, instituted in some parts of India, was one of the main systems used to collect revenues from the cultivators of agricultural land. 3. Deshmukh: Village heads who collect taxes on the behalf of the ruler Nizam. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What were the similarities and differences between the Doras of Telangana and the Zamindars of Awadh? [Refer to TB page 118 Q5] A. Doras: Doras lived in large fortified houses and controlled the whole village. They had servants and powerful soldiers. They had vast lands cultivated by tenants. They acted as village moneylenders and they had judicial power over entire village. They settled all the disputes in villages. They were very aggressive and cruel towards peasants. Zamindars: These are just mediators between the state and peasants. The Zamindars were changed according to the demands of British. These people led luxurious life like the British. They did not maintain private armies or gangs. They continuously increased the revenue and changed the cultivators who did not meet the demand. Q2. In what way can a government help prevent famines even in times of crop failure? [Refer to TB page 118 Q8] A. To control famines, the British appointed many commissions to review the past and to recommend measures for future guidance. Measures to curb famines before crop failure: i. Government must reduce tax rates and rents on peasants. ii. Government should allow the peasants little reserves. iii. Government shouldn’t encourage more exports from the country. iv. Government should take rapid actions on black marketing holders. v. Awareness programmes should be conducted. vi. Government should develop irrigational facilities. vii. Drying and storing the surplus crop. Q3. What role did the moneylenders play in the lives of the peasants? In what way do you think they were supported by the British government? [Refer to TB page 118 Q4] A. During the British period, peasants very often took loans from moneylenders in order to pay their revenue. However if they could not repay their loans on time the moneylenders went to court, got their land auc- tioned to recover the loan money. Due to this new rule many peasants fell into a deep debt trap. These moneylenders sponsored and satisfied the needs of the British. So the British, for their benefit, supported the moneylenders. SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 183

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM Q4. How did the Ryotwari settlement also give rise to landlordism? [Refer to TB page 118 Q6] A. Ryotwari system: The Ryotwari system was first introduced by Captain Read in Madras in 1792. Later his Assistant Thomas Munro, who became the Governor of Madras Province, extended it to the whole province. Both realised that the tiller of the soil must be the owner of the land and their exploitation by Zamindars should be put to an end. The land revenue was so high that in the beginning, it had to be collected by force. Soon, however, the prices rose faster than the land revenue and the ryots found it more profitable to employ tenants to cultivate their lands and receive rent from them. Soon, the ryotwari area too was full of landlords who rented out their lands to helpless tenants for very high rents. The tenants had to pay rent that was three to seven times more than the land revenue paid by the ryots to the government. Q5. Why were famines caused under British rule ? Do you think it was because of failure of rains or floods? [Refer to TB page 118 Q7] A. Cases of famines : During the British period famines occured due to the following reasons. • Rainfall and irrigation facilities: Indian agriculture was a gamble on the monsoons. The failure of rains caused absolute deficiency of food which resulted in great famines. • Lack of rains and floods were major causes of famines. • Destruction of Indian handicrafts, excessive land revenue, rural indebtedness and commercialization of agriculture. • Due to high taxes and rents, the peasants had few reserves to face difficult seasons or crop failure. • Food grains were exported which created scarcity in the entire country. • In addition to this, often the government refused to interfere when traders tried to create artificial scarcity by hoarding food grains. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Countless Collections, Cesses and Payments’ and answer the following question. How do we pay taxes nowadays? [Refer to TB page 118 Q11] A. Tax is a compulsory contribution. Everybody should pay the government according to their income levels, value of property and consumption levels. To meet the government expenditure, taxes are imposed. It should be simple to pay. Nowadays people are directly paying taxes to Government through their organi- zations. Additionally, taxes are levied on all commodities that we buy. So apart from the income tax which people pay, they also contribute to the government collections through the various taxes imposed upon commodities in the market. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Make simple questions based on each section of the chapter and ask them to your classmates. Check if the answers are correct. [Refer to TB page 118 Q1] SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 184

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM i. What is Khudkasht? ii. Who introduced the Permanent Settlement of Tax and when? iii. What happened if the Zamindars could not pay the tax? iv. What are ‘ceded’ districts? v. Who built the Prakasam barrage? vi. Based on how many years, the Ryotwari was fixed? vii. When was the American civil war started? viii. What was forced labour without payment called? ix. What forms of income did the Zamindars expect from farmers? x. How did the British government compensate the loss of old landlords in Hyderabad state? xi. Write an example for severe famine. xii. Write the names of any two peasant movements. A. i. It means self–cultivated. ii. Lord Cornwallis introduced it in 1793. iii. They became defaulters and their zamindaris were sold off at auctions organised by the Company. iv. Bellary, Ananthapuram, Kurnool, Kadapa v. Sri Arthur Cotton vi. 20 to 30 years vii. In 1861 viii. Vetti ix. Ghee, milk, vegetables, jaggery, Grass/straw, cowdung cakes etc. x. They paid ‘Rusum”, an annual payment. xi. Ganjam Famine xii. The Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries, Moppila agitations etc. Mapping Skills Q1. Locate the following in the India map. [Refer to TB page 118 Q10] 1. Ganjam 2. Awadh 3. Hyderabad 4. River Godavari SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 185

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM A. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Imagine that you are giving a representation to a British Government Enquiry committee. Write down the grievances of tenant farmers in the form of an appeal? [Refer to TB page 118 Q9] A. To The Enquiry Committee of the British Dear Sir, I am Sardhar. I am the resident of Awadh. In my locality, farmers are suffering due to high land revenue taxes. Moneylenders are collecting high rate of interest, even though crops were damaged. We have to pay high taxes on our lands. No banking facilities and markets are available in our village. No irrigation facilities are available. So I request you to take necessary steps in favour of peasants. Thanking you. SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 186

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM Yours sincerely xxxxx 2.4 Key Concepts i. Peasants very often borrowed money from moneylenders in order to pay their land revenue. ii. During the colonial period the peasants were forced to do ‘Vetti’ on the personal land of the landlords. iii. The Zamindars also tried to extract as much money as they could from the peasants under a variety of pretexts. iv. In Hyderabad state under the Nizam rule there were many forms of subordinate chieftaincies. v. In Telangana, the large landlords were called Doras. vi. Famines or massive food shortages leading to acute distress were a regular feature of the British rule. Not less than 11 famines occurred during the latter half of the 19th century. vii. The famous peasant movements were the Deccan riots of 1860s, Rampa fituries and Moppila agitations. SESSION 2. CONDITION OF THE PEASANTS AND PEASANT MOVEMENTS IN 19TH CENTURY 187

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is meant by the Ryotwari System? 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What do you understand by the word ‘vetti’? (ii) Who were ‘ Doras’ ? CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 188

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Write about Thomas Munro’s approach. (ii) Explain why zamindars supported British during the freedom movement? (iii) Write a note on the developmental activities carried out by British in Hyderabad state. CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 189

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) The company officials soon discovered that the zamindars were in fact not investing in the improvement of land. The revenue that had been fixed was so high that zamindars found it difficult to pay it. There were no remissions of revenue in times of crop failure and famine. i. The above paragraph refers to what kind of revenue system? ii. What happened if zamindars failed to pay revenue? Long Answer Type Questions 190 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) The districts of Bellary, Anantapur, Kadapa and Kurnool were ceded to the British by the Nizam on account of debt in maintaining the British contingent. This area is known as Rayalaseema. Thomas Munro was appointed as the principal collector of these districts in November 1800. At that time, the ceded districts were in a complete anarchy. There were Eight palegars or petty chiefs in this area. They resisted the imposition of British rule and Indulged in constant war and looting. Munro first subdued the palegars and disbanded CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM their armed followers. i. Why did the Nizam cede districts to the British? ii. What was the condition of rule in the ceded districts? iii. How did Munro restore law and order in Rayalaseema? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 191

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM i. In the year 1960–61, what is the percentage of operated area by Large farmers? ii. What is the percentage of operated area by marginal farmers in 1981–82? Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) i. What is the average percentage of operated area by small farmers over the above given years? ii. In the year 2002–03, the ratio of area operated by marginal farmers to that of medium farmers is ? CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 192

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) How do famines affect people? (ii) Write a note on Land reforms in India? CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 193

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following places on an outline map of India. a) Ganjam b)Awadh c) Hyderabad d) River Godavari AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Imagine a severe famine and elaborate the sufferings? (ii) What would have happened if there is Zamindari system in Telangana? CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 194

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) The houses of Zamindars in Telangana were called as (A) havelis (B) mahals (C) gadi (D) bungalows (ii) ________ were the intermediaries between the government and peasants. (A) Mansabdars (B) Zamindars (C) Patwaris (D) Chokidars (iii) The land owned by the zamindars, on which the labourers worked, was called land. (A) gifted (B) khudkhasht (C) self–cultivated (D) both (B) and (C) (iv) Extraction of work without payment was called (B) retti (A) vetti (C) kooli (D) gadi (v) The Company introduced the Permanent Settlement Act in . (A) 1793 (B) 1893 (C) 1993 (D) 1786 (vi) The Permanent Settlement act was introduced by Governor General CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 195

CHAPTER 10-LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM (A) Lord Bentinck (B) Lord Dalhousie (C) Lord Cornwallis (D) None of these (vii) By the terms of settlement was/were given power to collect revenues. (A) government (B) people (C) companies (D) zamindars (viii) The districts of Bellary, Anantapur, Kadapa and ______ were ceded to the British by the Nizam. (A) Chittoor (B) Kurnool (C) Vijayawada (D) Guntur (ix) The peasants of Awadh in Uttar Pradesh took out huge processions against the zamindars in (A) 1920 – 1922 (B) 1924 – 1926 (C) 1900 – 1902 (D) 1930 – 1935 (x) Under Permanent Settlement, the share of government was_____. (A) 10% (B) 20% (C) 40% (D) 90% CHAPTER 10. LANDLORDS AND TENANTS UNDER THE BRITISH AND THE NIZAM 196

11A. NATIONAL MOVEMENT - THE EARLY PHASE SESSION 1 NATIONAL MOVEMENT - THE EARLY PHASE (1885 TO 1919) – THE MODERATE AND EXTREMIST PHASES OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Sovereign: A country that takes decisions independently without interference of other countries. 2. Racial discrimination: Distinction based on race, colour etc. Eg: White people and black people 3. Resolution: A course of action determined or decided on. 4. Moderates: People who holds moderate views and Moderates believed on pray,protest and petition as opposed to violence. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why was it important to understand the economic impact of British rule in India? [Refer to TB page 126 Q4] A. To overcome the problems of British rule in India, it was important to understand the economic policies of the British that had drained our resources and wealth. Those policies were made to meet the demands of the British rule. They were exploitative in nature and did not help the native people. There were some other reasons too. SESSION 1. THE MODERATE AND EXTREMIST PHASES OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 197

CHAPTER 11A-NATIONAL MOVEMENT - THE EARLY PHASE (1885 TO 1919) i. Unless we strengthen our economy, we can’t concentrate on other developmental activities. ii. We should know the use of raw material and its value. iii. To improve scientific technology iv. To raise the standard of living of the people British economic policies were framed according to their convenience. They worked for their development. If we are aware of British economic policies, we can change those policies for the development of our country. Q2. Correct the false statements: [Refer to TB page 126 Q1] a) In the early phase of Indian National Congress it included only people from Bombay. b) Indian industrialists began to establish companies in different parts of India. c) People in India expected that India will become democratic after the First World War. A. a) In the early phase of Indian National Congress people from all over India were included. b) Indian industrialists began to establish swadeshi industries in different parts of India. c) People in India expected that India would get independence after the First World War and British would accept the demands for democratic rule and bring in constitutional reforms. Q3. Write an imaginary dialogue between the extremist and moderate activists of Indian National Congress in the context of their a) main demands and b) mode of mobilization. [Refer to TB page 126 Q2] A. The main demand of the moderates was to establish representative bodies, enhance import duty on foreign goods, reduce land revenue, reduce military expenditure, give aid to Indian industries, grant individual liberty and separate judiciary from the executive. Some demands were made by extremists too. But their methodology was different in achieving these demands. Moderates : Let us fulfill our demands by peaceful means like pray, petition and protest. Extremists : You are working in this way for the past 20 years to get your demands fulfilled, but where is the progress? Let us not wait anymore. Only through violent methods we can succeed in achieving the objective. Even in mobilizing the people moderates taught non-violence, but extremists taught violent methods. The difference between the two sections of leaders grew and caused the split of Congress in 1907 . Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. After reading the chapter “National Movement –The Early Phase”, Mariamma thinks the early phase of na- tional movement was largely participated by educated Indians. And many of their ideas were of western origin. Will you agree with her? Give reasons. [Refer to TB page 126 Q3] SESSION 1. THE MODERATE AND EXTREMIST PHASES OF INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT 198