202110245-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Differentiate between revolution and rotation of the Earth. (ii) What are the factors affecting seasons? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 49

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. If a globe is facing you it rotates from left to right side. You can see that western portion moves towards east. Why does moon, sun and star appear to rise in east and set in west? (ii) In which direction, earth axis will point? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question. The earth is tilted on its axis, along which it rotates. The earth goes around the sun–on a regular path (also called orbit) on a level plane in an open space. This is called orbital plane. The earth’s axis of rotation does not stand vertical on this plane. At what angle earth is tilted? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 50

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (ii) In which direction, earth’s axis keeps pointing? (iii) Read the text and answer the following question. Earth rotates or spins like a top. It rotates around an imaginary line joining North pole and South pole. It takes 24 hours for to complete rotation. It causes alteration of day and night, by varying the sunlight, influencing the temperature and wind. What will happen if earth stops rotating? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 51

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (iv) What is circle of illumination? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 52

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (i) Lakshadweep List the states, through which Tropic of Cancer is passing. CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 53

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (ii) Which States are below tropic of Cancer, without touching it. Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Observe the above table and answer the following questions:– 54 On 21 March what happens? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (ii) What is Summer solstice? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why 21st June is important? (ii) What is International Solar alliance, initiated by India? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 55

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Look at the given map and answer the given questions. Name the continent which is entirely to the north of the equator. 56 (ii) Name the continents which are entirely to the south of the equator. (iii) Which continents are spread both to the north and south of the equator? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (iv) Which latitude passes through the center of India? 11. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the given out line map of India. a) Delhi c) Karnataka e) Arabian Sea b) Western Ghats d) Dandi CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 57

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why change of season is important? (ii) What will happen if we don’t get sufficient rainfall in rainy season? CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 58

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 13. Choose the correct answer. (i) The countries of Southern Continents have a different cycle of (A) days (B) nights (C) seasons (D) time (ii) The shape of the Earth and its curvature affect the occurrence of seasons. (A) spherical (B) triangular (C) rectangular (D) pyramidal (iii) The Earth’s movement around is called revolution. (A) the Sun (B) itself (C) the Moon (D) Jupiter (iv) The Earth’s movement around is called rotation. (A) the Moon (B) the Sun (C) an imaginary line called Axis (D) Mars (v) Pole star can be seen at night in the (B) Southern sky (A) Northern sky (C) Eastern sky (D) Western Sky (vi) The point of sunrise is called . (A) vertical (B) horizon (C) Amazon (D) Norway (vii) is the land of midnight Sun. (A) America (B) India (C) Greece (D) Norway CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 59

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS (viii) continent is located entirely to the south of the Equator. (A) North America (B) Asia (C) Australia (D) Africa (ix) The belt extending from Tropic of Cancer to Tropic of Capricorn is called the (A) Polar Belt (B) Equatorial Belt (C) Tropical Belt (D) None of these (x) The Earth takes 365 days and 5.56 hours to complete its (A) rotation (B) revolution (C) both (D) none of these CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 60

SESSION 1 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 1.1 Mind Map THE POLAR REGION – POLAR REGIONS 1.2 Terminology 1. Arctic circle: 66 ½ North latitude is called Arctic circle. 2. Tundra vegetation: Tundra vegetation is the plants that grow in regions with extremely cold temperatures year–round. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Based on what you studied about equator regions in Class VII how is polar region different from equator region? [Refer to TB page 48 Q2] A. Equator Region Polar Region 1. In this region, sun rays fall vertically. So 1. In this region, the sun rays are always the temperatures are very high. inclined. So the temperatures are very low and the region has cold weather. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 61

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 2. Though the temperatures are high, 2. Being a cold cap region, snows occur rainfall occurs frequently. frequently. 3. Evergreen forests grow in this region 3. Due to the permafrost condition no trees which are called Selvas. are grown except creepers, lichens, grass, shrubs etc. that too only in summer. 4. The region has a variety of arboreal 4. In this region very limited wildlife is seen, fauna, like lizards, monkeys, bats, birds, e.g. Caribou, seals, walrus, polar bears etc. squirrels, poisonous snakes, insects etc. 5. In this region density of population is 5. Due to the unbearable physical and climatic high. conditions, very limited number of people called Eskimos live in scattered settlements. 6. Economic activities like agriculture, cattle 6. Only hunting and fishing are the main rearing, commerce, industries are found on occupations or economic activities in this a large scale. region. 7. The tropical hot deserts are spread over 7. The cold deserts are extended in this this region. region. 8. This region lies between 0º to 23½º N 8. This region lies between 66½º to 90º North and S latitude. Pole. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Imagine one entire day (24 hours) when the sun does not set and another day when there is no sun. What changes will you make in your daily lives? Write a short note on them. [Refer to TB page 48 Q5] A. When the sun does not set for an entire When there is no sun for an entire day day (24 hours) 1. Day starts normally as usual. 1. Day will be gloomy and we will not be energetic and enthusiastic to go to work as it is still dark. 2. Until evening we don’t find any difference. 2. We need to arrange lights at our homes and workplace during the morning as it is still dark. 3. But at dusk we feel tired and we get sleep during the night hours but since the sun is still shining in the sky psychologically we like to stay awake. But this has an effect on sleep. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 62

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 4. We try to make our room dark to sleep. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. In this chapter there are many aspects that are very different from the place where you live. Look at the subheadings in this chapter and make a list of them. Now create a wallpaper with illustrations and descriptions comparing life in your location with that in the Tundra. [Refer to TB page 48 Q4] A. Part 1 Aspect Telangana The Polar Region S. No. Telangana lies in the tropical zone This region lies near the poles, hence it is 1. Location called the polar region. It lies in between the North Pole and the Arctic circle. 2. Seasons There are mainly three seasons in There are only summer and winter seasons our place –summer, winter and in this region. People do not observe rainy rainy seasons. season. 3. Vegetation In my place there are tropical Due to the “permafrost” condition there is deciduous forests with moderate limited vegetation which is called Tundra rainfall. All the important food and vegetation. During the summer only some cash crops are also grown. coloured plants, lichens, grass, shrubs and berries are grown. 4. People In my place Telugu speaking In this region people who are called Eskimos people live. Population density is live in scattered settlements. There are two also very high. main groups referred to as Eskimos: Inuit and Yupik. 5. Group In Telangana people live in The Eskimos live in fairly small groups. In the Life villages, towns and cities like eastern region, a typical group might have 25 civilian societies. Families are the to 45 people.They migrate due to seasonal units of the society. They have changes. permanent settlements. Part 2 SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 63

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS S. No. Aspect Telangana The Polar Region 6. Hunting The people in our place have In the Tundra, people used to hunt animals and and overcome the stage of hunting. fish for their livelihood. They still live as fishing Now they have adopted hunter–gatherers. agriculture, industries, trade and commerce etc. as their occupations. 7. Food Cereals, pulses, edible oils, They still live as hunter–gatherers. vegetables, fruits & dry fruits, meat, milk, fish are used as food by the people who live in our place. 8. Shelter In our place people build their People in Tundra usually live in ice shelters shelters using RCC roof and called igloos. In summer they live in tents made live in thatched houses and of animal skin. multi–storeyed buildings. 9. Clothing In Telangana, people wear In the Polar Region people wear clothes made and different types of clothing of animal skin and use skin to decorate the Crafts according to the seasons. They things which are used daily by them. Bone, wear cotton clothes in summer ivory, wood and soft stone called soapstone are and sweaters in winter seasons. used to make small figures of people and Pottery, making silk, making animals as well as weapons and tools. Masks gold and silver ornaments etc. are carved of wood, painted and decorated with are the ancient crafts in our feathers and animal skins. place. 10. Religious Different religious beliefs are Eskimo religion shows deep concern for life, beliefs practiced in our place. health, sickness, starvation and death. All Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Eskimo groups believe in a supernatural powers Buddhism and Jainism are the called sila and spirits. They believe that people main religions followed by the and animals have souls that live after death. people. 11.Recreation Dance, music, games, cinemas, Wrestling, racing, harpoon–throwing contests televisions, sports, dramas etc. and other vigorous athletic activities are popular. are recreation activities. Parties and social visits are often occasions for huge feasts of meat and fat. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 64

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 1.4 Key Concepts i. The region which lies near the poles is called the Polar Region. ii. The boundary of the polar region is known as the ‘Arctic Circle’. iii. The Tundra region has a unique type of vegetation known as ‘Tundra Vegetation’. iv. In this region it is extremely cold. Since the sun does not go high up in the sky, it is never warm. v. Most of the region is treeless. SESSION 1. POLAR REGIONS 65

SESSION 2 THE POLAR REGION – SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 66

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 2.2 Terminology 1. Icebergs: During the summer, huge chunks of ice break off and float on the ocean. These huge chunks of ice are called icebergs. 2. Eskimos: The people, who live in Tundra region are called Eskimos. 3. Kayaks: Kayaks are small canoe–like boats made of animal skins stretched over a wooden frame. 4. Igloo: The ice–made shelter or house for Eskimos is called igloo.(The Eskimos word “igloo” means shelter). 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Re–write the false statements with correct facts: [Refer to TB page 48 Q1] (a) Animal body parts were used only in clothing. (b) Major part of the food includes vegetables. (c) Popular games among the people in Tundra are closely related to their daily lives. (d) Contact with people from outside impacted Eskimos health. A. (a) In Tundra region, caribou, walrus, whales and seals etc. are present. Eskimos use the parts of these animals to fulfill their different needs. For example, they use their meat and flesh for food, skins for clothing and sheltering, for the blankets & coats, horns for building boats and tents. Hence, the parts of the animal body are not only used in clothing, but are also used for different needs. The above sentence is not correct. (b) Vegetation in Tundra region is a unique type of vegetation known as the ‘Tundra vegetation’. There is no scope for growing vegetables in this Tundra vegetation because of the climate and permafrost conditions. Hence, the people in Tundra depend upon animals on large scale. They take meat, milk and fat regularly as food material. So the above sentence is not correct. (c) The above sentence is quite correct. Popular games like wrestling, racing and throwing harpoons in Tundra are quite related to their daily lives. (d) Above statement is also quite correct because the outsiders brought new diseases to which the Eskimos had no immunity, or natural resistance. Smallpox, tuberculosis, influenza, whooping cough, pneumonia, mumps, scarlet–fever and diphtheria were the most dangerous of these diseases. Hence, we can support the above statement. Q2. What are the ways in which life of people in Tundra are dependent on climate of the region? Describe in the context of following aspects. [Refer to TB page 48 Q3] A. Climate influences the people of the Tundra SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 67

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS Food Dress Travel Shelter These people wear Cereals and grains are skins of animals They need vehicles The land is covered not cultivated here due and their fur. They which are wide in with a layer of snow. to frozen ice. They wear clothes shape to travel in ice. Laying foundation is would survive on meat covering their So they travel on not possible. So they and fish. They cannot whole body. platform–like vehicles live in wooden tents even cook their food. called sledges. These covered with animal So they would eat raw are drawn by polar skins. And also they meat. They store the dogs. They use kayaks construct houses of ice food in frozen ice. and umiyaks to travel blocks. They use ice on water in summer. blocks as cots. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The most commonly accepted meaning of ‘Eskimos’ is ‘snowshoe–netter’. ii. Hunting seals and fishing are the primary occupations of the Eskimos. iii. Their food is related to their atmosphere. iv. Their houses are known as ‘igloos’. v. The Eskimos believe that spirits control the things like life, health, sickness, starvation and death. vi. They have relations with the rest of the world. vi˙i.The pattern of relations between the Eskimos and outsiders has been described as ‘boom and bust’. SESSION 2. SOCIO-ECONOMIC LIFE OF ESKIMOS 68

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Does Tundra region observes sunrise and sunset on daily basis? (ii) How Polar Regions are different than Equatorial regions? Long Answer Type Questions 69 2. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Mention few points about summer in the Tundra region. CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (ii) Do you find trees in the Tundra region? Why? AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation 70 Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS In summers in Tundra region, in the beginning, the sun shines for maximum an hour and a half and then sets. Gradually it lengthens and the sun shines for a longer duration. But It is never very warm in Tundra. 1. What is the maximum duration for which the sun shines in summers in Tundra? 2. Why is it never very warm in summers in Tundra? Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question. Due to cold, the upper layer of soil surface is frozen like rock in Tundra. As there is little soil, only small plants can grow. The underground soil being hard, it is difficult for tree to grow. Even if they grow they get damaged. Why tree gets damaged even if they grow? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 71

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS AS3-Information Skills Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Observe graph of monthly temperature in South Pole given below and answer the following questions: i) In which month least temperature was recorded in the period 1960–1990? ii) According to the prediction for year 2080 which months will have maximum temperature? iii) What does the predictive temperature graph of 2080 states about mean temperature in south pole? iv) What is the difference between 2080 least mean temperature and 1960–1990 least mean tempera- ture? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 72

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Make a box and write about the way of life of Tundra people with respect to Food, Dress, Shelter. AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why Polar Regions are experiencing more temperature than normal, these days? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 73

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a given world map. a) Greenland c) Finland b) Bering Strait d) Alaska (ii) Observe the polar region on the world map, and answer the following question. CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 74

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS Which countries fall within this region? 75 AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What will happen if the ice of Polar Regions will melt? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Compare your life with that of Eskimos and write down how do you feel? CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 76

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) The region which lies near the poles is called the . (A) Temperate belt (B) Polar region (C) Equator (D) Tropical belt (ii) The boundary of northern polar region is known as the (A) Arctic Circle (B) horizon (C) inclined axis (D) equinoxes (iii) The northern part of the continents within the polar region is known as . (A) Taiga region (B) Tropical region (C) Tundra region (D) Permafrost (iv) Eskimos gather berries during . (A) summer (B) winter (C) rainy season (D) autumn (v) Shamans are the people skilled in . (A) racing (B) fishing (C) debate (D) rituals (vi) season occurs in Tundra during the months of November, December and January. (A) Autumn (B) Summer (C) Winter (D) Rainy (vii) Eskimos depend on ________ to live. (B) hunting (A) fishing (C) both (A) and (B) (D) neither (A) nor (B) CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 77

CHAPTER 4-THE POLAR REGIONS (viii) The Eskimos entered by crossing the Bering Strait from Asia. (A) North America (B) Africa (C) Asia (D) Australia (ix) Eskimos sleep on a bench covered by (A) human skin . (C) Both (A) and (B) (B) animal skin (x) Eskimos believe in a supernatural power called (D) Neither (A) nor (B) (A) Sila (C) devils . (B) spirits (D) Both (A) and (B) CHAPTER 4. THE POLAR REGIONS 78

5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING SESSION 1 FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING – FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Afforestation: Afforestation is the establishment of a forest or stand of trees in an area where there was no forest. 2. Deforestation: Deforestation is the removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is there after converted to a non–forest use. 3. Forest management: Forest management is a branch of forestry concerned with the overall administrative, economic, legal and social aspects of forests and with the essentially scientific and technical aspects especially silviculture, protection and forest regulation. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What is the difference between Ever green forests and Deciduous forests? [Refer to TB page 61 Q9] SESSION 1. FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 79

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING A. There are following differences between Ever green forests and Deciduous forests: i. Ever green forests are dense forests with variety of trees whereas Deciduous forest are not so dense. ii. Ever green forests are always green whereas Deciduous forests shed their leaves during very dry seasons. iii. Ever green forest tree examples are bamboo,jamun etc. and Deciduous forest tree examples are Ageisa, Maddi (Arjuna) etc. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Observe the pictures on page 59 and write comment on it. [Refer to TB page 61 Q8] A. Students’ Activity. Information Skills Q1. Based on the details given in the above text, or from what you already know about the forests, compare the type of forest that is closest to your area of living on the following aspects. [Refer to TB page 61Q3] Density of trees Types of trees found Special features of trees A. Types of trees found Special features of Density of trees trees They can grow up to In our area there is less Babul (Tumma), Bulusurega, 6–10 m. rainfall and high Sandal, Neem. Most of the trees have temperature. In this thorns. region, there is scope only Trees and bushes for thorny types of trees. are scattered in the These forests are not thick, forest. and have low density of Trees can grow even trees with less availability of and bushes. Hence, I can water. say there is a low density of forests. 80 SESSION 1. FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 1.4 Key Concepts i. The large area of land with tall trees, bushes, shrubs and wildlife is called forest. ii. There are a huge number of useful products that are obtained from forests. Ex :Timber, medicines, honey etc. iii. The forests are classified mainly into evergreen forests, deciduous forests, thorny forests and littoral (sea coast) and swamp forests. iv. Every year about one hundred sq. km. of forests are lost in our state. It is a very unsafe situation that is concerned with environment and bio–diversity. v. Those who live in forests and use forest products for their livelihood are called tribes. vi. Tribes cultivate by making small clearings or ‘podu’ in the forests. This cultivation is known as podu cultivation. vii. Human activities such as building roads and railways, making ships, mining, cutting trees for timber, establishing paper mills etc. are responsible for a decrease in forest cover. SESSION 1. FORESTS AND TYPES OF FORESTS 81

SESSION 2 FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING – FORESTS IN TELANGANA 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Forest Rights Act: The government of India has enacted the Forest Rights Act in the year 2006, to protect the right of the tribals over the forests. This is known as Forest Rights Act–2006. 2. Reserve forest: Reserved forest is a specific term for designating forests and other natural areas, which enjoy judicial and / or constitutional protection under the legal systems of many countries. or Reserve forest is a forest having a legal protection 3. Plantation Programme: The government of Telangana has initiated massive plantation programme in 2015 to increase the state's forest cover. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN TELANGANA 82

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Do you agree with the following statements? Give reasons for your answer or contradiction. i) The notion of private property is important to protect the forest. ii) All forests needs to be protected by human beings. iii) Over the centuries most people living on earth have reduced their dependence on forest for their liveli- hood. [Refer to TB page 61 Q1] A. i) The notion of private property is not much important to protect forests because forests are national resources, belonging to every citizen of our country. It should be under government control. ii) This statement is agreeable. Everyone belonging to different communities depends upon forests either directly or indirectly. Hence all human beings have to protect forests for their existence on planet earth. iii) This statement is also correct because the modern communities have reduced their dependence on forests for their livelihood over the countries. They have arranged alternate ways to fulfill their daily needs. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the paragraph under the heading ‘Forests of Telangana’ and answer the question. What suggestions would you have prepared for increasing the forest cover in our state? [Refer to TB page 61 Q6] A. In Telangana region, only 16.74% of our land has tree cover to qualify as forest but we see that the forest cover is dwindling due to felling, encroachment, mining etc. Every year we are losing about 30 square kilometers of forest in our state. To increase the forest cover in our state, we have to take certain steps. We see that 60% of the forests of Telangana are in areas where tribal people live and do “podu” cultivation and collect forest products. Separate land should be allotted by the government to the tribals for cultivation and for the protection of forests. Plantation of more trees are needed to protect the forests. Afforestation should be taken on a large scale and deforestation should be stopped. Forests should not be cut down for plantation of tea, coffee or rubber as the total area under forest cover is getting reduced gradually. Laws should be made to restrict the use of forests and forests should be classified as “reserved forests ”, so that no one can enter them. Forest department should also impose more restrictions on cutting trees. Information Skills Q1. Create a timeline to show the major changes in use of forests over centuries. It may be necessary to look at your textbooks from previous classes. [Refer to TB page 61 Q2] SESSION 2. FORESTS IN TELANGANA 83

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING A. Event Changes affecting tribal life Impact on forests Emerge- After the emergence of agriculture, tribal The tribal people cultivate by making nce people gave up migrating and started small clearings or podu in the forests. of settlements. They moved from food This affects the forest area that has been Agricul- gathering to food production. Their social decreasing. ture and economic opportunities have been increasing. Arrival During the last two hundred years after Since the arrival of the colonial of the the establishment of the British rule in our rule forests were rapidly cut down. colonial country, the tribal people gradually lost This happened in two ways. Firstly, there rulers their control and rights over the forest. was a great demand for wood for various The forest laws of British rulers restricted purposes like building railways, ships, the traditional / customary rights of the factories, mines, houses, furniture etc. As tribal users. By one stroke the tribal a result of these pressures, large tracts of people were rendered homeless in their forest were cut down and wood was sold. own homes. On the lands of forests, Plantations of tea, coffee or rubber, which the tribal people were allowed to eucalyptus had started in the forests. cultivate, they had to pay a very high This led to a rapid decrease in the forest revenue. area. Govern- After Independence, the Indian After Independence, the government of ment government also continued the British India declared Indian forest policies in Rules laws regarding forests. Hence, there was 1952 and 1988 and also enacted and no change in the living standards of the implemented the Forest Protection Act in tribal people. Hence the tribal people had 1980. The Government sought to involve been protesting and fighting against village communities living close to the these processes. After prolonged debate forests in their protection and the the Parliament passed the Forest Rights development of degraded forest land. Act in 2006. According to this Act the Thus a new policy was put into practice tribal people have a right to hold and live in 1988 which eventually led to the Joint in the forest land under the individual or Forest Management. It actually meant common occupation for habitation or that the Forest Department and local self–cultivation for livelihood by a communities will collaborate in member or members of forest dwellers. regenerating degraded forests, planting trees. Also government prohibited human activities in the forests such as mining, quarrying, hunting, building dams etc. These forests are called reserve forests. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN TELANGANA 84

SESSION 2. FORESTS IN TELANGANA Adilabad FORESTS in CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING TELANGANA Mapping Skills Komarambheem Refer to map titled 'Forests in Telangana' on page number 55. Nirmal Manchirial Nizamabad Jagitial Kamareddy RajannaKarimPnaegdadr apalli Jayashankar SangareddMy edaMkedchaSl iddipetJanagWaUoarrnabnagnal WaraRnugraall Badradri Mahabubabad Hyderabad Yadadri Vikarabad Suryapet Khammam Rangareddy Nalgonda Mahabubnagar Nagar Kurnool Forest JogulaWmabnaaparthy District Boundary State Boundary 85

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING A. About 26,904 square kilometers of the region has been declared as forests by the government. We have about 16.74% of land cover to qualify as forest. About 7% of our forest lands are open grounds and with very few trees. The current forest cover is dwindling due to felling, mining etc. and every year about 30 square kilometers of forests are lost in our state. The following is a list of districts having a large forest cover area: Adilabad, Komarambheem, Manchiral, Jayashankar, Badradri, etc. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. A few children in a school participated in Vanamahothsavam program and they planted some saplings. How do you respond to this? [Refer to [Refer to TB page 61 Q5] A. Vanamahothsav is one of the several afforestation programs. In the context of rapidly degrading forests, this type of program is very important for maintaining ecological balance. In the Vanamahothsav program, plantation of trees or saplings is conducted on a large scale in open places, road sides, play grounds etc. Participation of children in Vanamahothsav is a wonderful thing . Children should know the importance of trees and need to plant trees. By participating in Vanamahothsav programs, children can understand and encourage the importance and severe need for plantation of trees. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The British government in India made laws in 1864 and 1878 to create the Forest Department which was given control over the forests. ii. After Independence the government of India also decided to continue the British forest laws. In 1952 and 1988 it announced the two forest policies. iii. The forest policy in 1988 which eventually led to the Joint Forest Management actually meant that the Forest Department and local communities would collaborate in regenerating degraded forests and plant trees. iv. By notifying the rights of the tribes in India over the forests, the Government of India enacted the Forest Rights Act in 2006. v. According to the Forest Rights Act – 2006, the Indian tribes got back the rights of cultivating forests, gathering produce from forests and also have the title deeds of their cultivated lands in forests. vi. In 2015, the Telangana State Government started a massive plantation programme to increase the forest cover. It has planned to plant about 230 crore saplings in four years. vii. Incraesed forest cover helps in high rainfall and abundant water resources. SESSION 2. FORESTS IN TELANGANA 86

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Column B Very Short Answer Type Questions a. Evergreen forests 1. Match the following. Column A i. Evergreen forests ii. Deodar forests b. Adilabad iii. Kerala c. Gulmarg iv. Teak forests d. Amarabad v. Tiger Reserve forest e. Anaimudi 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. Arjuna i. Babul ii. Maddi b. podu cultivation iii. Gonds c. Thumma iv. Kolams d. Forest Rights Act v. Pattas e. settled agriculture 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) In which areas are forests mostly grown? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 87

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (ii) Which department was given control over the forests by British government? (iii) Define a forest. (iv) Which cultivation does not have a record of the ownership of land? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 88

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (v) Which areas are retained for forest cover? (vi) How do people of Penugolu in Telangana use the forests? (vii) Which factors promote density of trees? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 89

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (viii) Where do Littoral forests grow? (ix) Where do tribal people live in Telangana? (x) Name a few products of deciduous forests in Telangana? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 90

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) is the abode of wild animals, snakes, and insects. (xii) trees don’t bear flowers but produce cones. (xiii) The tribal method of agricultural cultivation is called as type of cultivation. (xiv) Most of the forests of Telangana come under type of forests. (xv) Forest do not grow in the . (xvi) Littoral (sea coasts) and swamp forests grow mostly in the . (xvii) In India, Kerala and Andaman have . (xviii) Tidal forests are also called forests. (xix) forests remain green throughout the year. (xx) NTFP stands for Non Timber . (xxi) Plantation programme was started in the year__________ by Telangana government. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why are tidal forests also called as mangrove forests? (ii) Why are evergreen forests always green? 91 CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (iii) How are forests classified? (iv) What is the extent of forest cover in Telangana area? (v) In which areas are saplings being planted by the Telangana government as a part of plantation programme? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 92

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Distinguish between reserve forests and protected forests? (ii) Why was the Forest Right Act passed in 2006? 93 CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (iii) Distinguish between evergreen forests and deciduous forests. AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on a map of India. i) Kerala ii) Andaman iii) Western Ghats iv) Anamudi (ii) Locate the following in a map of the Telangana forest area. i) Adilabad iv) Warangal ii) Khammam v) Nalgonda iii) Mahabubnagar vi) Medak CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 94

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (iii) Study the map and answer the following questions: Refer to map titled 'Forests in Telangana' on page number 55. i) Which type of forest is found in Telangana? 95 ii) In which district of Telangana is the forest cover high? iii) In which district is the forest cover very low? iv) Which district has no forest cover? CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING v) What is the speciality of Adilabad district? Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 8. Choose the correct answer. (i) Which are the sacred places whose deities are worshipped? (A) River plains (B) Deserts (C) Mountains (D) Forests (ii) ______ are large tracts of land covered by trees. (A) Forests (B) Towns (C) Cities (D) Hills (iii) The important forest products are (B) Bamboo (A) Beedi leaf (C) Medicinal plants (D) All the above (iv) Forests can be classified on the basis of (A) both dense and sparse vegetation (B) dense vegetation (C) sparse vegetation (D) seas CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 96

CHAPTER 5-FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING (v) forests are found in areas with very high rainfall and very warm climate. (A) Tidal (B) Evergreen (C) Thorn (D) Deciduous (vi) Littoral and swamp forests are affected by . (A) air (B) cold currents (C) tidal waves (D) warm currents (vii) In which areas are tiger sanctuaries found? (B) Forests (A) Deserts (C) Hilly areas (D) Mountains (viii) In which year was the National Forest Policy of India introduced? (A) 1986 (B) 1990 (C) 1988 (D) 1980 (ix) Which forests are not found in Telangana? (B) Dense (A) Evergreen (C) Deciduous (D) Thorny (x) The Forest Rights Act was passed by the Parliament in the year (A) 2006 (B) 2009 (C) 2014 (D) 2000 CHAPTER 5. FORESTS: USING AND PROTECTING 97

6. MINERALS AND MINING SESSION 1 MINERALS AND MINING – CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES: 98