202110245-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. On what occasions equal justice is seen? Mention with examples. [Refer to TB page 161 Q7] A. Equal justice is seen on ocassions of i. Dispute between two individuals, in that case justice is delivered irrespective of caste , religion and economic status. ii. Usage of public property like transport or public park iii. Right to vote iv. Right to information 2.4 Key Concepts i. Republic means the head of the state is an elected person and not a hereditary position as in a kingdom. ii. Our Constitution does not promise equality in all respects but it seeks to ensure that all people will enjoy the same status. iii. Our country has a federal system. iv. The central government has 2 houses – Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. v. Our country has a three level democracy. vi. Constitution also provides some independent institutions to safe guard the Constitution. vii. The Constitution is a living and changing document. SESSION 2. PREAMBLE OF THE CONSTITUTION 249

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What does Universal Adult Franchise mean? (ii) What were the thoughts that inspired the framing of our constitution? (iii) What is meant by Constitution? 250 CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Long Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What principles of democracy were brought to India to make a better society after independence? (ii) What were the institutional arrangements provided by the constitution? (iii) Write a short note on the values embedded in the preamble of the Indian constitution. CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 251

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the following paragraph and answer the questions. The leaders were concerned about keeping the country together and not allowing it to break up further. This meant that all the diverse people should feel that they have an effective role in the running of the country. Why did the leaders think to set out the vision of the future society after Independence? AS3-Information Skills 252 Short Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the table and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION i. What type of government do we find in our country? ii. What are the two houses of the parliament? iii. Which house is known as house of people’s representatives? iv. Which house members are elected by State Assembly? v. What is Panchayat Raj system also called? AS5-Mapping Skills 253 Long Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Observe the map and answer the questions given below. CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION UTHARAKHAND Assom i. Mention the states having more than 1000 density of population? ii. Which state has the least (0–250) density of population? iii. What is the density of population of Punjab and Haryana? iv. Which state between Gujarat and Tamil Nadu has more density of population? v. Predict and write two reasons for some states having high density of population (above750) while other states having low density of population (0–250). CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 254

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 6. Choose the correct answer. (i) There were around women in Constituent Assembly. (A) 15 (B) 20 (C) 25 (D) 30 (ii) The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on (A) 26/01/1950 (B) 26/11/1949 (C) 26/01/1949 (D) 26/11/1950 (iii) The government is headed by (B) President (A) Vice President (C) Prime Minister (D) Speaker (iv) A citizen can take the help from court in the case of breach of (A) Preamble (B) Liberty (C) Fundamental Rights (D) Directive Principles (v) The head of the Cabinet is (B) President (A) Prime Minister (C) Vice President (D) Speaker (vi) Fraternity is CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 255

CHAPTER 13-THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION (A) A sense of bonding and unity (B) Feeling of rivalry (C) A form of government (D) None of the above (vii) The government is answerable to (B) Assemblies (A) People (C) Parliament (D) Ministers (viii) The Preamble of our Constitution declares India as (A) Sovereign, socialist (B) Secular, democratic republic (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above (ix) A model constitution was drafted by (B) Rajendra Prasad (A) Motilal Nehru (C) Sarojini Naidu (D) Mahatma Gandhi (x) Universal Adult Franchise gives to all adult citizens of India the (A) Right to vote (B) Right to speak (C) Right to violence (D) None of the above CHAPTER 13. THE INDIAN CONSTITUTION 256

14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT SESSION 1 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Legislature: A legislature is a kind of deliberative assembly with the power to pass, amend and repeal laws. 2. Lok sabha: The lower house of the Indian parliament is called the Lok Sabha. The members of Lok Sabha are elected directly by the voters for the period of 5 years. 3. Rajya Sabha: The upper house of the Indian parliament is called the Rajya Sabha. SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 257

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Who are responsible for making the laws that are applicable for the entire country? [Refer to TB page 173 Q6] A. The Parliament at the central State Legislatures are responsible for making laws at the State level respon- sible for making the laws that are applicable to the entire country. Information Skills Q1. Name the two houses of the Parliament. Draw a table to show the similarities and differences between them on the following aspects : term, number of members, more or less powerful, election process, voting for the President. [Refer to TB page 172 Q4] A. There are two houses in Indian Parliament. They are Rajya Sabha & Lok Sabha. Aspect Rajya Sabha Lok Sabha Term Permanent house 5 years Number of members More or less powerful 250 543 + 2 = 545 Election process Voting for the President Less powerful More powerful Indirect Elections Direct Elections Participate in Voting for the Participate in voting for the President President Q2. Following is a study of women’s representation in Parliament houses including that of India and other na- tions: SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 258

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Based on the above information, write an essay analysing the following aspects. • Is there an adequate representation of women in our legislative houses? • How is the idea of representation important to idea of democracy? • What solution can be achieved? How will you address this issue if you are member of the Parliament? • How do you think certain countries have achieved better representation of women in Parliament? [Refer to TB page 173 Q9] A. Student response 1.4 Key Concepts i. The Constitution provides for Parliamentary form of government in which, the Parliament is the highest law making body. ii. Our Parliament has many important functions. It makes policies for the entire country. iii. The Government which rules the country implements the laws made by the Parliament for the develop- ment and welfare. iv. There are two houses of Parliament–Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. v. The members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected by the people while the Rajya Sabha members are elected by the members of the State Legislatures. vi. The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum of 250 members. The State Assemblies and Union Territories elect their representative to Rajya Sabha. vii. The Rajya Sabha members are elected for a term of six years. Every two years about one third of the members retire and new members are elected in their place. viii. Lok Sabha has been given special position because it is the house that is directly elected by the people. SESSION 1. HOW IS INDIA GOVERNED- PARLIAMENT 259

SESSION 2 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Election Commission: It is a constitutional body set up by the constituent assembly, to conduct elections in India in a fair and free manner. SESSION 2. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 260

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Why do you think elections need to be free and fair? [Refer to TB page 172 Q2] A. i. In a democracy, the elections have an important function. ii. People elect their representatives through the elections only. iii. Without fear, complication, influence, the voters can cast their vote freely. iv. Every voter should have freedom to vote the candidate, who he/she wanted to elect as his/her repre- sentative. v. And also transparency should be maintained at the each and every step in the elections. vi. To carry all these things elections need to be conducted in a free and fair manner. Q2. Why were the first elections difficult to conduct? List as many reasons as you can. [Refer to TB page 172 Q1] A. i. The first Lok Sabha elections were held in 1951–52 ii. It was based on universal adult franchise, more than 17,30,00,000 people could cast their votes. iii. For most of the voters, this was their first opportunity to vote. Most of them were illiterate and lived in rural areas. iv. It was difficult to register all the voters all across the country at a time for the first general elections. Hence, the first elections were difficult to conduct. Q3. Do you think the parties should be made to put up more women candidates for elections? [Refer to TB page 173 Q8] A. i. The political parties in India are not ready to put up more women candidates for elections. ii. Women’s Reservation Bill, 2008 was proposed to reserve 33 percent seats in Lok Sabha and in all state legislative assemblies for women. iii. This bill has been passed by Rajya Sabha on 9 March 2010, but, till Lok Sabha never voted on the bill. The bill lapsed after the dissolution of the 15th Lok Sabha in 2014. iv. Some parties put objections to pass this bill. v. This tells us that there is no commitment among the Indian political parties to put up more women candidates for elections. vi. There should be more women representatives in the legislature. 2.4 Key Concepts i. Normally, elections to the Lok Sabha are held every five years. ii. All citizens who are 18 years or above, can vote in the elections. iii. A person above the age of 25 years can contest in the election. iv. There are 545 Lok Sabha seats. v. The first general elections were held in India in 1951–52. SESSION 2. PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS 261

SESSION 3 PARLIAMENT AND THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT – THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 3.1 Mind Map SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 262

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 3.2 Terminology 1. Council of Ministers: Council of Ministers is a group of ministers headed by the prime minister, which is formed by the president of India. 2. Central List: Central list is a list of subject on which laws can be made only by state Parliament. 3. State list: State list is a list of subjects on which laws can be made only by state Legislative Assembly. 4. Concurrent List: It is a list of subject on which both parliament and state Legislative assemblies can make laws. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. In the 2009 Parliamentary Elections, no single party won a majority. How was the government formed? Discuss with the help of your teacher and write a paragraph. [Refer to TB page 172 Q5] A. i. After general elections in 2009, some political parties formed a coalition, which was headed by the National Congress Party. ii. The name of the coalition was United Progressive Alliance (UPA). iii. Mrs. Sonia Gandhi is the chair person of the UPA and Dr. Manmohan Singh was the Prime Minister of the UPA government. Q2. For which of the following subjects can laws be made by the Members of Parliament, which by the members of state assembly and which can be made by both –agriculture, railways, village hospitals, police, posts and telegraph, electricity, factories? [Refer to TB page 172 Q3] A. i. In Railways and posts and telegraph, the laws can be made by the Members of Parliament. ii. In Agriculture, village hospitals and police, the acts can be made by the state assembly. iii. In electricity and factories, the laws can be made by both Parliament & states assemblies. Information Skills Q1. There are some gaps in the information given in the Table below. Discuss with your teacher to find the missing information and fill in the blanks. [Refer to TB page 173 Q7] SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 263

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT A. Who elects Length of Eligibility (min.age, res., etc) Position Voter term 25 years Minimum age: MLA 5 Years MP Lok Sabha Voter 5 Years 25 years Minimum age: MP Rajya Sabha Member of each state 6 Years 30 Years of minimum age legislative members (MLAs) including Delhi & Pondicherry Chief Minister Members in state 5 Years Must be an MLA/MLC legislative majority party Prime Minister Members of majority 5 Years Must be an MP party/ coalition members 3.4 Key Concepts i. The MLAs of all the states and the members of both houses of the Parliament eIect the President. ii. Both the houses of Parliament elect the Vice–President. The Vice–President chairs the Rajya Sabha meetings and also performs the functions of the President, if the President is absent. iii. The Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers are chosen from among the members of Parliament. iv. All decisions of the Government of India are taken in the name of the President, who is the formal head of the country. v. The leader of the party that wins a majority in the Lok Sabha is invited by the President and appointed as the Prime Minister. vi. The cabinet functions as the executive wing of the Government. It has to implement the laws and admin- ister the country in accordance with the laws. vii. The work of the Government is divided into a number of areas like Finance, Foreign Affairs, Home, Defence, Railways, Industry, Agriculture, Education, Health etc. The ministry has a large number of officials headed by a secretary who handle the day to day work of the ministry, studies and prepares notes and proposals on various issues. SESSION 3. THE INDIAN GOVERNMENT AND ITS STRUCTURE 264

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Tenure of Lok Sabha members a. 25 years ii. Lok Sabha members' minimum age b. 6 years iii. Tenure of Rajya Sabha members c. 545 iv. Members of Lok Sabha d. 250 v. Members of Rajya Sabha e. 5 years 2. Match the following. Column A Column B i. President a. Chosen by members of Lok Sabha ii. Prime Minister b. Lok Sabha iii. Lok Sabha c. Formal head iv. Rajya Sabha d. More powers in money matters v. No confidence e. Presided by Vice-President 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) Which house of the parliament does not have no confidence power? (ii) Which election had the highest polling? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 265

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (iii) Who was given the right to vote in first Lok Sabha elections? (iv) Who can become the Prime Minister? (v) When was the first Lok Sabha election held in India? (vi) Who functions as the executive wing of the government? (vii) What was the total number of candidates who contested in the 2014 Lok Sabha elections? (viii) On whose advice does the President act? (ix) Who gives symbols to the candidates who contest in the elections? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 266

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (x) Who is the head of Vidhan Sabha? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) is a person who participates in the election. (xii) is the group of ministers who assist the PM. (xiii) is a regional division based on the population, from where the representation is to be elected. (xiv) The subjects on which the only central government can make laws is called . (xv) EVM is . (xvi) The subjects on which either the centre or the state can make the laws is . (xvii) The two houses of Parliament are the and . (xviii) is the upper house of parliament. (xix) Members of are directly elected by the people. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What are the important functions of our parliament? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 267

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Describe the functions of Election Commission of India? (ii) Write about the important functions of cabinet as the executive wing of the government? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 268

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (iii) Compare the powers wielded by the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. (iv) Can you distinguish between the Central List, the State List and the Concurrent List? (v) State the Powers of Lok Sabha. CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 269

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (vi) Why is a public prosecutor appointed in the court by the Government? Explain. AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Study the table and answer the following Questions. Lok Sabha elections 1952 Answer the following questions: 270 i. In which year was the First Lok sabha elections conducted? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT ii. What is the total number of constituencies? iii. Which state has the maximum number of seats? iv. What is the basis of allocation of seats to the states? v. Which Union Territory has the maximum number of seats? AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Short Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Do you think RTE is helpful for children? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 271

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are the important factors essential to escape from hunger and poverty? AS5-Mapping Skills 272 Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on the outline map of India. a. Rajasthan b. Karnataka c. Bihar d. West Bengal e. Telangana CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (ii) Locate the following places on India map. a. Raipur b. Chandigarh c. Mumbai d. Thiruvananthapuram CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 273

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (iii) Read the map and answer the following questions: 274 CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT i. What does the map show? 275 ii. How many general constituencies are there? iii. How many seats are reserved for SC? iv. Which category had 41 seats? v. What is the total number of constituencies? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Short Answer Type Questions 11. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Briefly explain how can Right to Information Act help fight corruption. How is it helpful to a citizen of India? Long Answer Type Questions 12. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why do people say the elections are an act of faith? CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 276

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 13. Choose the correct answer. (i) Law making body at the state level is called____________. (A) Constitution (B) Legislative Assembly (C) Supreme Court (D) Parliament (ii) Right of children to free and compulsory education Act was passed in_____________. (A) 2008 (B) 2006 (C) 2007 (D) 2009 (iii) ________ telecasts daily discussions taking place in the Parliament in New Delhi. (A) New Delhi channel (B) Parliament channel (C) Lok Sabha channel (D) Rajya Sabha channel (iv) The number of Lok Sabha constituencies reserved for SC candidates (A) 543 (B) 41 (C) 84 (D) 423 (v) Delhi has Lok Sabha constituencies. (B) 7 (A) 6 (C) 8 (D) 5 (vi) _______ has the largest number of Lok Sabha constituencies. (A) West Bengal (B) Uttar Pradesh (C) Andhra Pradesh (D) Maharashtra (vii) The Parliament adopted National Policy on Education in the year (A) 1942 (B) 1988 (C) 1981 (D) 1986 (viii) All citizens who are of _________ or above can vote in the elections. CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 277

CHAPTER 14-PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT (A) 18 years (B) 21 years (C) 22 years (D) 25 years (ix) Telangana has ______ constituencies in Lok Sabha (A) 17 (B) 4 (C) 7 (D) 6 (x) The subjects on which only the state can make laws are contained in the (A) State List (B) Central List (C) Both A and B (D) None of the above CHAPTER 14. PARLIAMENT AND CENTRAL GOVERNMENT 278

15. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY SESSION 1 LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY – LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 1.1 Terminology 1. Accused: A person or group of people who are charged with or are on trial for a crime. 2. FIR: First Information Report. 3. Offence: Offence means an instance of breaking a rule or law; or an illegal act or a crime. 4. Investigation: Investigation means discover and examine all the facts about the crime committed by an accused. 5. Arrest: The action of seizing someone to take into custody with the authority of law is called arrest. 6. Summons: Summons is an order to appear before a judge or magistrate, or the writ containing it. 7. Witness: A person who see an event, typically a crime or accident, take place in his/her presence. 1.2 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. In the context of differences between a criminal and a civil case, write a sentence each about (a) Punish- ment and jail (b) Government lawyers (c) Filing F.I.R. [Refer to TB page 184 Q3] A. a) Punishment and jail : In case of criminal disputes, guilty are often punished with a jail term whereas in civil cases they may not be sent to jail. b) Government lawyers: Government lawyers, who are called public prosecutors, handle only criminal cases on behalf of the victims /government. But in the civil cases the two parties should hold their personal lawyers at the time of prosecution. c) Filing F.I.R.: In the criminal cases, initially an F.I.R. is filed in the police station on the basis of complaint given by the victims at the police station. But in case of civil cases the case must be filed directly in the courts. Civil cases are not entertained by the police. Q2. What are the differences between the role of the S.H.O. and the magistrate? [Refer to TB page 184 Q6] A. S.H.O. is the Incharge Officer to a police station. In a criminal case, the SHO plays his role by taking complaint from the victims and investigating the case and finally makes ‘First Information Report’. After this, he arrests the accused person and within 24 hours of time he submits the accused in the court. After this, the role of the magistrate starts. The magistrate conduct fair trials of the case, records the evidences given by the witnesses and finally gives his judgement. SESSION 1. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 279

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Q3. Can you identify different roles of the Executive and Judiciary given in this chapter? [Refer to TB page 184 Q9]] A. One of the central features of the constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legisla- tive. This means other branches –like the Legislature and the Executive cannot interfere in the work of the judiciary. The courts are not under the government and do not act on behalf of government. The police are also not part of Judiciary; they are part of the Executive. Q4. A person confessed his crime at the police station and the police locked him in jail for 6 months. Is this the correct procedure? Explain your answer. [Refer to TB page 184 Q8] A. This is not correct procedure. If any person confessed his crime at the police station, police should arrest him / her and submit them in the court. The court of justice can give punishment to the accused according to his / her crime. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. In your view, what should have been the verdict in Ravi’s case? [Refer to TB page 184 Q7] A. In my view, Ravi should be punished by the court of law for his violation of the law by injuring Samba severely. The verdict should have been imprisonment for 7 years and fine up to 10,000 rupees to Ravi. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. How should be the behaviour of elders towards children? Give you suggestions for good behaviour to ensure child safety? [Refer to TB page 184 Q9] A. A positive and constructive approach is often best way to guide children’s behavior. By starting at the earliest possible, elders can still insist respectable nature among them. Elders should be kind towards them. They should be like a friend with children and should teach basics of politeness to them. Elders have to be good listeners also. They should teach what is helping nature and why it is required. Suggestions for good behavior to ensure child safety: 1. Be a role model to them. 2. Get down to child’s level and explain everything. 3. Show your feelings and affection towards them and make them feel secure. 4. Listen to their words actively. 5. Keep each and every promise. Don’t give unnecessary promises. 6. Give small responsibilities to them and listen to their decisions clearly. SESSION 1. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 280

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 7. Teach them to respect women and elders. 1.3 Key Concepts i. If you have to make a complaint to the police, it is necessary to file an FIR at the police station. ii. A copy of the FIR should be given free of charge to the person making the complaint. iii. One important function of the police is to investigate any complaint about the crime. iv. It is not the job of the police to punish the accused. v. Civil cases are related to people rights over land, property, income and people’s relationship with one another. vi. The police take charge of the criminal case because it is a violation of law made by the government. vii. Bail is a right of the accused. viii. A criminal offence is registered as a public wrong. ix. The judge is like an umpire in a game and conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. SESSION 1. LAW AND JUSTICE - A CASE STUDY 281

SESSION 2 LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY – INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 2.1 Mind Map SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 282

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 2.2 Terminology 1. Fair Trial: A Fair Trial is the best means of separating the guilty from the innocent and protecting against injustice. Without this right, the rule of law and public faith in the justice system will collapse. The Right to a Fair Trial is one of the cornerstones of a just society. 2. Judgement: A judicial decision given by a judge or court. The obligation, especially a debt, rising from a judicial decision. 3. Appeal: Timely resort by an unsuccessful party in a law suit or administrative proceeding to an appropri- ate superior court empowered to review a final decision on the ground that it was based upon an erroneous application of law. 4. Breach of contract: Failing to perform any term of a contract, written or oral, without a legitimate legal excuse. 5. Client: A person or organization using the services of a lawyer or other professional person or company is called a client. 6. Public prosecutor: He/she is a person, who represents the interests of the state in the court of justice and is called a public prosecutor. 7. Bail: The temporary release of an accused person during a trial 8. Magistrate: A civil officer who administers the law, especially one who conducts a court that deals with minor offences and holds preliminary hearings for more serious ones. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the false statements [Refer to TB page 184 Q1] i. An F.I.R. is filed in the court. ii. Being arrested by the police is equal to being punished. iii. A bail is given on the basis of sureties. iv. Supreme Court is the highest court in the country. A. i. It is an incorrect statement. An F.I.R. is filed in the police station and not in the court. ii. It also an incorrect statement. In the Indian Penal System, the police cannot punish the accused. It is the role of the judiciary. iii. It is also an incorrect statement. Because the bail will be granted based on the gravity of the offence and not just sureties. iv. The above statement is correct. Q2. Can the Session’s or District court change the decision of a High Court? [Refer to TB page 184 Q4] A. No, as being the lower courts, the session or District court cannot change the decision of a High Court. Because High Court is the highest court in the state level. The High Court itself can change the decision of the session’s and district courts. SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 283

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Q3. If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a Session’s court, what can he/she do? If she/he is dissatis- fied with the decision of High Court, what can be done? [Refer to TB page 184 Q5] A. If someone is not satisfied with the decision of a session’s court, he/she can appeal in the High Court. If she/he also dissatisfied with the decision of High Court, they can appeal before the Supreme Court of India. Q4. Describe in a table what happened in Ravi’s case from its first hearing and session court. [Refer to TB page 184 Q2] A. Punishment given Requirement of Name of the court Role of witness Ravi’s presence Judicial Magistrate No witness were Ravi was not given Ravi should be Court(First hearing called to the court punishment present Judicial Magistrate Witness received Ravi was not given Ravi should be Court(Second Summons and were punishment present hearing) presented in the court Judicial Magistrate Witness are not Imprisonment for 4 Ravi’s presence is most important Court(Judgement day) required to be present years Session court Witness are not Imprisonment for 3 Ravi should be present in the court required to be present years 2.4 Key Concepts i. One of the central features of the Constitution is to separate the powers of Executive, Judiciary and Legislative. ii. Each state has a High Court which is the highest court of that state. iii. Supreme Court is located in New Delhi. iv. The High Court does not summon the accused or the witnesses to appear before it. SESSION 2. INDIAN JUDICIARY AND ITS STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS 284

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Very Short Answer Type Questions 1. Match the following. Column A Column B i. Junior Civil Judge a. before the judgment ii. Session's Court b. Civil cases iii. High Court c. Country’s capital iv. Supreme Court d. State capital v. Hearing e. District level 2. Match the following. Column B Column A a. First Information Report i. S.H.O b. Sub Inspector ii. Bail c. Station House Officer iii. S.I. d. 2012 iv. SP e. Right of the accused v. POCSO Act 3. Answer the following questions in one sentence. (i) What is the role of Public Prosecutor in the Criminal cases? (ii) Where is our High Court? CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 285

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (iii) What is the role of the Judge? (iv) What is an apex of a judiciary system? (v) Who is a witness? (vi) What is an offence? (vii) Which is the lowest civil court? (viii) What do you understand by ‘separation of power’? (ix) Name the criminal court at district level. CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 286

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (x) Who delivers the judgement in the criminal cases at divisional level? 4. Fill in the blanks. (xi) S.H.O means . (xii) In bailable offences only can give the bail. (xiii) FIR means . (xiv) The says everyone is equal before law. (xv) The file the charge sheet in the court. (xvi) The legislature and executive can’t interfere in the work of . (xvii) Attacking a person physically is a offence. (xviii) The courts that most people interact with are called or . (xix) In people may not be sent to jail. (xx) The decision made by is binding on all other courts in India. Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What do you know about F.I.R? CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 287

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (ii) Differentiate between civil case and criminal case? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) List out the particulars required in filing the report. (ii) Describe the role of the police in investigation and arrest of the criminal. CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 288

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the table below and answer the following questions: Person Service 1. Station House Officer 1. File the first information report. 2. Police 2. Investigate any complaint after the crime. 3. Bail 3. Relief to the accused. 4. Public prosecutor 4. Conduct the prosecution on behalf of the state. 5. Judge 5. Conducts the trial impartially and in an open court. i. Who investigates any complaint? ii. What is the duty of Station House Officer? iii. What is the role of a judge? iv. What is a bail? v. Who arrests the criminals? CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 289

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why should judiciary be separated from other organs of the government? AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Locate the following on an outline map of India. i. Mumbai ii. Chennai iii. Hyderabad iv. Arabian Sea CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 290

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 291

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) ______ can sometimes be S.H.O. (B) C.I (A) S.P (C) S.I (D) Collector (ii) FIR is written by (B) S.I of the police station (A) S.H.O (C) C.I of the police station (D) S.P (iii) It is not the job of to punish the accused (A) Police (B) Court (C) Judge (D) None of the above (iv) The accused should be produced before the the next day. (A) Police (B) Magistrate (C) Public Prosecutor (D) Collector (v) is not a criminal case. (A) Theft (B) Cheating (C) Bribery (D) Adulteration (vi) The in the court can decide whether to give bail or to refuse it. (A) Public Prosecutor (B) Defense lawyer (C) Judge (D) Police (vii) In court it is who represents the interest of the state. (A) Public Prosecutor (B) Defense lawyer (C) S.H.O (D) Megistrate CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 292

CHAPTER 15-LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY (viii) The judge is like the in a game. (A) Batsman (B) Bowler (C) Umpire (D) Wicket keeper (ix) Bail is the right of the . (A) Police (B) Court (C) Magistrate (D) Accused (x) If the verdict of the High Court is not acceptable, the accused can appeal to the ________ (A) District Court (B) Session.'s Court (C) Criminal Court (D) Supreme Court CHAPTER 15. LAW AND JUSTICE: A CASE STUDY 293

16. ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM SESSION 1 ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM – ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Land ceiling: An act that restricts the ownership of land by individuals 2. Jagirdari System: A system where subordinate or independent rulers rule over an estate or jagir 3. Firman: An order. 4. Tenancy Act: Protecting the right of tenant on the land (or) Act which refers to protection of rights of the tenant. 5. Bhoodan movement: Donating land to the landless. 6. Sarf–e–khas: Powers of Nizam. 7. Maktas: Subordinate rulers are called Maktas. 8. Land holding: A small piece of land 9. Begar/ Vetti: A forced labour 10. Compensation: Money which was paid by the government to zamindars for loosing their rights on the land. 11. Khudkhast: The lands which were under the control of the zamindars were called Khudkhast. SESSION 1. ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 294

CHAPTER 16-ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Though the government made effective laws, why has the Land Ceiling Act not been implemented effec- tively? [Refer to TB page 192 Q8] A. Because several landlords gave false information to the officers and did not reveal the excess land. An- ticipating the Act, several landlords transferred their lands in the name of their close relatives, friends and even servants. There were also instances where fictitious divorces were taken in law courts to show hus- band and wife as separate and claim more land in the process. So, the land ceiling failed even though the government was highly interested to implement it. Q2. Do you think the peasant women gained from these reforms in any way? Give your reasons. [Refer to TB page 192 Q3] A. Land reforms did not result in women getting any benefit. Women were discriminated in giving land rights and were socially deprived. Q3. When laws are passed in the Assembly, there is much discussion on it from different points of view. What would have been the different points of view regarding the Land Reform Act in 1950s? Which point of view would have been stronger? [Refer to TB page 192 Q1] A. There would have been multiple points of view. For example –some might have argued that the land reform act would be a bad initiative as it would weaken the existing system. Some on the other hand would have argued for the motion. They would go on to suggest that ultimately the deprived and landless people of the country would benefit and this argument would have made their case stronger. Q4. Many people feel that the land reform actually harmed a large number of tenants–at–will. Do you agree with this view? Give reasons. [Refer to TB page 192 Q7] A. Yes, some of the tenants were declared as owners of the land. They had to pay tax directly to the govern- ment. Government paid a lot of compensation to the zamindars. It made a rule that the tenants would be given land only. However, hundreds of thousands of poor peasants could not pay the price or did not have legal recognition as tenants. So they remained landless. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. What would have been the points of view in 1970s when the Land Celling Acts were passed? [Refer to TB page 192 Q2] A. Landlords were not ready to follow the provisions of acts and to avoid the land loss they filed the cases against the Acts in Courts to stall the implementation. Whereas Small farmers were very much happy about the Acts. Q2. Read the first paragraph under the heading ‘Rural Poverty at the time of Independence’ and answer the following: Have the conditions improved now? In what way? [Refer to TB page 192 Q10] SESSION 1. ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 295

CHAPTER 16-ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM A. The condition in rural India has improved significantly after independence. After independence there has been considerable improvement in literacy rate, bonded labour has been banned in India after abolishment of zamindari, Indian constitution guarantees fundamental right against exploitation. Also minimum wages areensured to daily wage labourers in non–harvesting seasons by government schemes like Mahatma GandhiNational Rural Employment Guarantee Act. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Imagine you are a tenant who got ownership over land when the Land Reform Act was implemented. De- scribe your feelings and actions at that time. [Refer to TB page 192 Q5] A. In Zamindari system, to retain control over most of the land, zamindars declared their tenants to be share- holders or labourers. They also evicted a large number of tenants to take over their land. Land Act did not set limit to the amount of land a person could own. If I were a tenant I would not have accepted above condition because Zamindars or mediators, without doing any work, got all the benefits. But the real tiller could not get any. I support the slogan –land to the tiller and would stand for my right to ownership of land that i work on. Q2. Imagine you are a landlord at the time of the Land Reform Act. Describe your feelings and actions at that time. [Refer to TB page 192 Q6] A. New Land Reform Acts brought many changes in distribution of land to landless peasants. This declared that zamindars or I would have to lose the rights on the land, because I am the owner of the land. I don’t like to give up my land. Therefore, I will oppose the new Land Reforms Act. Q3. Is vetti prevalent still in your region? If it is there, prepare a report. [Refer to TB page 192 Q4] A. Student’s activity Mapping Skills Q1. Locate Pochampally village in Nalgonda district in the given map. [Refer to TB page 192 Q9] SESSION 1. ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 296

CHAPTER 16-ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM A. .______________ Pochampally .______________ Nalgonda 1.4 Key Concepts i. When India became independent, the biggest challenge faced by the country was poverty. ii. More than half of the rural population was very poor. iii. The agitations during British rule focused on the problems and hopes of the peasants. iv. The law to abolish the Zamindari system was passed in 1950 by all state governments. v. First of all, laws were passed to end the system of revenue collection by zamindars. vi. Hundreds of thousands of poor peasants could not pay the price or did not have legal recognition as tenants. vii. As per the new laws, the Government took over the waste and forest lands held by zamindars. viii. The Madras estate bill came into force in 1950. ix. As per this Act, Zamindars and lnamdars were paid a compensation of 15.5 crores in total. x. In 1927, forced labour or vetti had been abolished. xi. In 1945, when Telangana movement was beginning, the Nizam had made laws to protect tenants at will. SESSION 1. ABOLITION OF THE ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 297

CHAPTER 16-ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why were kisan sabhas formed? (ii) What were the types of control wielded by the landlords? Long Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why was the Hyderabad Agrarian Reform Committee appointed? What were its recommendations? CHAPTER 16. ABOLITION OF ZAMINDARI SYSTEM 298