202110245-TRIUMPH-STUDENT-WORKBOOK-SOCIAL_STUDIES-G08-PART1

Social Workbook_8_P_1.pdf 1 10/17/19 6:37 PM Name: ___________________________________ Section: ________________ Roll No.: _________ School: __________________________________

Table of Contents Unit Theme Content Page No. 1. Diversity on the Earth 1. Reading And Analysis of Maps 1 2. Energy from the Sun 20 3. Earth Movements and Seasons 42 4. The Polar Regions 61 5. Forests: Using and Protecting 79 6. Minerals and Mining 98 7. Money and Banking 120 138 2. Production, Exchange and 8. Impact of Technology on Livelihoods 163 Livelihoods 180 9. Public Health and the Government 197 10. Landlords and Tenants Under the 213 British and the Nizam 229 3. Political Systems and 11A. National Movement - The Early 244 Governance Phase (1885 to 1919) 257 279 11B. National Movement - The Last Phase (1919 to 1947) 12. Freedom Movement in Hyderabad State 13. The Indian Constitution 14. Parliament and Central Government 15. Law and Justice - A Case Study 4. Social Organisation and 16. Abolition of Zamindari System 294 Inequalities 17. Understanding Poverty 304 Project Based Questions 317

1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS SESSION 1 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 1.1 Mind Map SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 1

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 1.2 Terminology 1. Projection: Reducing the surface of a three–dimensional planet to a flat map 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Do you think the use of maps has changed between the time of ancient Greeks and now? In what way is it similar and different? [Refer to TB page 17 Q2] Aspect In ancient Greece Now Similarities Differences A. Between the time of ancient Greeks and now, the use of maps has changed. In ancient times, the Greeks marked the places which were visited by them in their maps and placed their own countries at the centre. But there was a lack of accuracy in the maps prepared by the Greeks. Greeks used maps in wars. For example 2,300 years ago, king Alexander used maps to aid him in his invasion of the world. Greeks also used maps to develop their trade. Now, we use maps for many purposes. In our own times, maps are used extensively for planning and development of the countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources. This is done with the help of maps. Aspect Maps at the time of Greeks Maps in our time Similarities 1) Greeks used their maps in 1) Now–a–days maps are used in trade and ocean voyage. trade, voyages also. Differences 2) They also used maps to 2) Now maps are used at the times of identify army targets at the war to identify army targets and times of wars. destinations. 1) The Greeks did not use 1) Now different countries make maps maps extensively other than and use them for development trade & voyage. planning and other aspects. 2) Greeks prepared only 2) Now different thematic maps are political maps in those days. prepared for different purposes. For example physical, political, population, climate maps etc. SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 2

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Mapping Skills Q1. In what ways were the maps prepared by the British different from the one made by Ptolemy? [Refer to TB page 17 Q4] A. Maps of Ptolemy British maps 1. They prepared maps to establish their rule 1. Ptolemy prepared maps to help the over other areas and exploit their resources. sailors. 2. These maps give information about their 2. Ptolemy’s maps give information about colonies. Europe and nearby countries. 3. These are relevant to present day maps. 3. These maps show their continents in the centre of the earth. 1.4 Key Concepts i. A map is used by geographers to show features that we consider important –for example : distribution of rainfall, soil types, population, language spoken by people, crops grown, markets, schools etc. ii. A map actually is a model of a place with features that the map–maker considers to be important. iii. Some of the earliest surviving maps were made by Sumerians (present day Iraq) about four thousand years ago. iv. Babylonians made some of the earliest ‘world maps’. That is the world as they thought of it. v. Greek geographers like Anaximander and Hecataeus of Miletus (now in Turkey) and Herodotus, also prepared world maps by arranging places from east to west and north to south. vi. The Greeks tried to make the maps accurate with the help of longitudes and latitudes. vii. Ptolemy was one of the most famous geographers of the ancient world who prepared detailed maps of the world using these longitudes and latitudes. viii. Books of Ptolemy were used by Arab scholars and sailors to prepare maps. ix. One famous Arab map–maker was Al–Adrisi who prepared a world map for his king in 1154. x. Chinese too prepared maps as their emperors wanted to know about the villages and towns under their control. xi. Africa was also mapped from an Indian Ocean perspective, showing the Cape of Good Hope area, which Europeans would not visit until much later. xii. European map–makers were greatly influenced by religious ideas of the Bible and made maps of the world to represent those ideas. xiii. Around 1480s, Europeans rediscovered Ptolemy’s books and were stunned to learn about his accurate description of location of places. xiv. During the 15th century, Ptolemy inspired a new enthusiasm in non–Arabic world and some important schools –the Italian school, the French school, the English school, the German school emerged. xv. Columbus went westwards and discovered America while Vasco da Gama went around Africa and reached India. xvi. Greeks divided the world into three continents, Europe, Libya (Africa) and Asia, which were separated by the Mediterranean Sea and placed themselves in the middle. xvii. Alexander, the Greek King tried to conquer the whole world and came to India some 2300 years ago. SESSION 1. MAPS AND CARTOGRAPHY 3

SESSION 2 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – USE OF MAPS 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Symbols: Symbols are something that represent an idea, a process or a physical entity. The purpose of symbols is to communicate meaning. 2. Geographer: A geographer is a scholar whose area of study is geography, the study of earth’s natural environment and human society, although geographers are historically known as people who make maps. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the text of page number 8 about the “Use of maps in our times” and answer the following question: What are the various purposes for which maps are used in our times? [Refer to TB page 17 Q5] A. Use of maps in our times: SESSION 2. USE OF MAPS 4

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS In ancient period, maps were made and used for a variety of purposes: for trade, sailing, for conquests and colonizing and for fighting wars. In our times maps are used extensively for planning and development of countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources etc. This is done with the help of maps. For example we can make a map of regions which have very little drinking water. We can compare this map with maps showing water resources –rainfall, groundwater and rivers. Based on this comparison we can decide what is the best way to make drinking water available to all the people of the region –by sinking tube wells, or building dams across streams or making tanks (cheruvus) or bringing water from distant places in large pipes. Similarly, we can plan agricultural development, setting up new industries, building roads, hospitals and schools with the help of maps. Appreciation and Sensitivity Q1. Many people believe that making of maps by the colonial powers was a more powerful tool for exploitation and control of the colonies than guns. Do you agree? Why? [Refer to TB page 17 Q3] A. When European powers colonized entire continents of North and South Americas, Africa, Australia and Asia they needed to know about the places, their climate, crops, mineral resources and about the people living there. They set on scientific expeditions consisting of map–makers and others to explore different parts of the world and prepare maps. These teams fought their way into interiors of the continents by crossing mountains, deserts and rivers and fighting local people to get the necessary information. This information and the maps enabled the colonial powers to establish their rule over these areas and also exploit their resources. Hence, many people believe that the making of maps by the colonial powers was a more powerful tool for exploitation and control of the colonies than guns. 2.4 Key Concepts i. In our times, maps are used extensively for planning and development of countries. This requires planners to identify the problems faced by a region and its resources etc. ii. Mercator devised a method for showing the correct shapes and directions of continents but with distortion of sizes and distances. iii. When the British established their power in India, they began making detailed maps of the interiors of the country. iv. Britishers established a department called ‘Survey of India’ to survey the entire country and prepare maps. v. Maps were also in great demand during times of war as armies and air forces needed them. Thus map–making received great impetus during the first two world wars. vi. Maps are made and used for a variety of purposes: for trade, sailing, for conquests and colonizing and for fighting wars faced by a region and its resources. vii. Sir George Everest was the person to measure the height of the Mt.Everest for the first time using scientific methods. (Mt. Everest was named after George Everest) SESSION 2. USE OF MAPS 5

SESSION 3 READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS – READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Contour lines: Contours are lines on a map joining places of same height measured from the sea level. 2. Cartography: The art and science of graphically representing a geographical area, usually on a flat surface such as a map or chart. 3.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Study the school atlas carefully by looking at various thematic maps. [Refer to TB page 17 Q1] SESSION 3. READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 6

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS A. Krishna Adilabad Similarity/Differences Thematic map Comparatively 1. Rivers Krishna river Adilabad is more fertile 2. Population 4 million and above Comparatively 3. Minerals: fertility High High Adilabad is developed a) Copper High High in this area. b) Iron High Moderately high Comparatively c) Manganese Low Marginal Krishna has more d) Zinc High transport facilities. e) Coal NIL 4. Textile park Does not exist Exists 5. Airports Exists Does not exist 3.4 Key Concepts i. Usually a map focuses on only one aspect. Such maps are called ‘Thematic Maps’. ii. While map–makers usually use their own symbols, some symbols are used conventionally by most map–makers. In India we usually follow the conventions used by the Survey of India. iii. Relief feature refers to the high and low places on the surface of the earth. The main relief features are hills, valleys, plateaus, plains, river basins, rocky and sandy places. iv. Contours are lines on a map joining places of the same height measured from the sea level. v. Contour lines are also called isolines i.e., lines joining places with some common features. vi. Contour lines give an indication of the slope of the land as well as the elevation above sea level. vii. An atlas is a collection of maps, usually arranged according to different themes. SESSION 3. READING AND ANALYSING MAPS 7

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) How did the Greek geographers prepare the world maps? (ii) Describe a thematic map. 8 Long Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What are contour lines? How are they usually drawn? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (ii) Write the difference between maps and photographs. AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. Ptolemy was one of the most famous Geographers of ancient world who prepared detailed maps of the world using these lines. However, these maps were all lost for a long time. Q.1) What was the contribution of Ptolemy in Geography? (ii) Read the text and answer the following questions. 9 CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS The foundation of map making in India was laid in the vedic period when the expressions of astro- nomical truths and cosmological revelations were made. Q.1) When did the map making in India started? Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. Population can also be shown on a map through shading. These are called population density maps. First we estimate the total number of people living in a place. Then we measure the total area of the place and then divide the number of people by the area of the place. For example, if the area of a village is ten square kilometres and one thousand people live in it, the population density of the village is hundred per square kilometre. By using the same method, we can find out the density of population of all the states. Q 1. How can the government prepare the density of population of different states of India? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 10

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (ii) How population map can be drawn? AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Study the map of India and answer the following questions. CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 11

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Which are the neighbouring countries of India? 12 CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (ii) Which is the northern most state sharing border with Afghanistan? Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Compare India with Bhutan in terms of map? 7. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. 13 CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (i) HA ASSOM Explain theme of map of India shown above. 14 CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Can you suggest how maps can be used to plan the setting up of a new school or college? What are the different kinds of maps that have to be studied for this? (ii) How important maps are in our daily life? Explain with examples. CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 15

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS AS5-Mapping Skills Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Observe the map and answer the following questions. 1) Name any four places in which red soil found. 16 AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 10. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What is the contribution of Geographers to the world? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (ii) How you can use thematic map in your studies? CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 17

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 11. Choose the correct answer. (i) AI Idrisi prepared world map for his king in the year CE. (A) 1145 (B) 1415 (C) 1541 (D) 1154 (ii) The shape of the Earth is . (A) spherical (B) rectangular (C) like a flat disc (D) triangular (iii) The survey in 1802 began in Chennai because all the heights are measured from . (A) sea level (B) plain level (C) river level geographer. (D) lake level (iv) Anaximander was a (B) Greek (A) Sumerian (C) Babylonian (D) Dutch (v) In the 16thcentury, emerged as a major trading power. (A) Sumer (B) Iraq (C) Holland (D) China (vi) A political map gives information about . (A) mandals (B) mountains (C) rivers (D) plateaus (vii) In 1802, William Lambton began one of the most important geographical surveys in the world starting from . CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 18

CHAPTER 1-READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS (A) America (B) Chennai (C) Mumbai (D) Iraq (viii) went westwards and discovered America. (A) Anaximander (B) Columbus (C) George Everest (D) Mercator (ix) Babylonians imagined the world as a/an . (A) triangle (B) oval (C) flat surface (D) round disc (x) The tried to make the map accurate with the help of longitudes and latitudes. (A) Sumerians (B) Babylonians (C) Japanese (D) Greek CHAPTER 1. READING AND ANALYSIS OF MAPS 19

SESSION 1 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN ENERGY FROM THE SUN – THE SUN 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Atmosphere: The mass of air surrounding the earth is called atmosphere. 2. Equatorial regions: The region which is located around the equator roughly from 100 N and 100 S latitudes. 3. Condensation: It is the change of physical state of matter from gaseous phase into liquid phase, it is the reverse process of vaporization. SESSION 1. THE SUN 20

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 4. Solar radiation: The energy constantly emitted by the sun is known as solar radiation. 5. Insolation: The solar radiation received on the surface of the earth is called “insolation”. 6. Angle of incidence: The angle of the sunrays reaching the surface of the earth is called angle of incidence. 7. Heat balance: The process of terrestrial radiation balancing the temperatures on earth is called “heat balance”. 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Correct the following false statements. [Refer to TB page 31 Q1] a) If a place is closer to the sea, irrespective of its distance from the equator, it will always be cooler. b) As you go up higher from the earth, it becomes warmer because the sun is closer to you. c) Sun heats the air first and then the earth. d) Global warming is related to oxygen. A. a) The temperature of a particular place depends upon so many factors such as altitude, relative distribution of land and water, distance from the sea, ocean currents, prevailing winds, slope of the land, cloud–cover etc. Hence, the distance from the sea of a particular place and also distance from the equator influence the temperature of that place. So we can say that the above statement is false. b) According to the ‘normal lapse rate’ on average, temperature decreases at the rate of about 6°C for every 1000 metres of ascent. So, as we go up higher from the earth, it becomes colder instead of warmer, even though the sun is closer to us. The above statement is false. c) Actually, the sun heats the earth’s surface through the process of insolation. Then the sun heats atmo- sphere through the process of terrestrial radiation. So the sun heats the earth first and then air. The above statement is false. d) Global warming is related to greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, sulphur hexafluoride, methane but not related to oxygen. The above statement is false. Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. How is solar energy better than thermal power?[Refer to TB page 32 Q10] A. In the above context, I would like to support Padmaja. In the production of thermal power, coal is used. Using coal releases sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) gas which pollutes the air. It is also released as waste from the thermal power stations. Moreover coal is a non–renewable type of resource. Solar energy, which is emitted from the sun in the form of heat and light, doesn’t pollute the nature and is a renewable type of resource. That’s why it is also called green energy or pollution–free energy. SESSION 1. THE SUN 21

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 1.4 Key Concepts i. The energy constantly emitted by the sun is known as solar radiation. ii. The solar radiation received on the surface of the earth is called ‘insolation’. iii. There is a difference in temperatures received by the earth through the process of insolation. iv. The equatorial regions have greater temperatures than the polar regions. v. Due to the process of insolation the earth’s surface heats as well as cools in a short period of time, but the oceans take a longer period of time to get heated and to cool. vi. The equatorial regions are warm throughout the year. SESSION 1. THE SUN 22

SESSION 2 ENERGY FROM THE SUN – TEMPERATURE 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Maximum temperature: The highest temperature recorded so far in a particular place is called maximum temperature. 2. Minimum temperature: The lowest temperature recorded so far in a particular place is called minimum temperature. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the para under the title “Height and Temperature” of page 27 and comment on it. [Refer to TB page 32 Q11] A. Students’ activity Information Skills Q1. What is the difference between the highest temperature in table 2 and the lowest temperature in ta- ble–1? [Refer to TB page 31 Q2] A. The highest temperature in table 2 is 33°C The lowest temperature in table 1 is 15°C Difference = 33°C –15°C = 18°C SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 23

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Q2. Look at the graph of minimum and maximum temperature of Delhi on the right and answer the question below: [Refer to TB page 32 Q9] a. What is the average highest temperature in July? b. How warm does it usually get in June? c. How cool does it usually get in December? d. Is there a bigger difference between night and day temperature in May or in August? e. When is summer? A. a. 30.5°C b. 27.5°C c. 7.5°C d. In the month of May e. April, May and June Q3. Given here are the average maximum temperatures of three places A, B, and C. Make graphs of them. What can you guess about each place by looking at the table and graphs? [Refer to TB page 31 Q6] SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 24

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Place ABC Jan 23 –3 31 Feb Mar 26 1 32 Apr May 33 6 33 Jun July 38 12 32 Aug Sep 41 17 32 Oct Nov 39 21 29 Dec 34 25 29 A. 33 24 29 33 21 30 33 14 30 29 8 30 25 2 31 SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 25

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN The graph shows average maximum temperatures of 3 places A, B and C from January to December. The following facts are observed by looking at the given table and the graph: i) Among the three places ‘B’ is the hottest place, while ‘A’ is the coldest one. ii) In place ‘C’ there are no fluctuations in the temperature throughout the year. iii) April, May and June months are the hottest months in place ‘A’, while June, July and August are the hottest months in place ‘B’. iv) As no fluctuations are observed in temperatures of the place ‘C’, it may be nearer to the equator. v) As low temperatures are observed in place ‘B’, it may be located on an a elevated area like hill or mountain. Mapping Skills Q1. Give three possible explanations for the differences between the average temperatures in Thiruvanantha- puram and Shimla in January. [Refer to TB page 32 Q7] A. The three possible explanations for the difference between the average temperatures in Thiruvananthapu- ram and Shimla in January are: i) Thiruvananthapuram is under the influence of oceanic type of climate, whereas Shimla is under continen- tal type of climate. ii) Thiruvananthapuram is closer to the equator, but Shimla is farther away from the equator. iii) Thiruvananthapuram is elevated less than a 100 meters from sea level, but Shimla is more than 2000 meters above the sea. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The atmosphere of the earth gets heated through the process of terrestrial radiation. ii. The atmosphere of the earth gets heated above the earth surface. iii. If the proportion of global warming gases like CO2 , methane, sulphur hexafluoride etc. increase in the atmosphere, then less heat will be radiated through the process of terrestrial radiation causing an increase in global temperature which is called global warming. iv. Different seasons bring changes in the temperature. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE 26

SESSION 3 ENERGY FROM THE SUN – FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 3.1 Mind Map 3.2 Terminology 1. Temperature inversion: Generally temperature decreases with increasing height or altitude in atmosphere but when it increases with increasing altitude it’s called as temperature inversion. 2. Global warming: When increase in a green house gases in earth’s atmosphere trap more terrestrial radiations, temperature of atmosphere increases above normal called global warming. SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 27

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN 3.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. Between Bhopal, Delhi, Mumbai and Shimla, which two places show a similar temperature pattern? How can you explain the similarity between these two places? [Refer to TB page 32 Q8] A. Among the four places given in the above question, Bhopal and Delhi have a similar temperature pattern. The following climatic and other geographical conditions make Bhopal and Delhi have a similar temperature patterns: i) Both places have continental type of climate. ii) Both places are almost at the same height above the sea level. iii) Both places are far from the sea shore. iv) Both places are far away from the equator. Q2. Delhi and Mumbai are both situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 meters. Why is there so much difference in their monthly average temperatures? In which months are the average temperatures in these two cities most similar? Can you explain? [Refer to TB page 31 Q4] A. Although both Delhi and Mumbai are situated on plains and their height above sea level is less than 300 meters, there is considerable difference in their monthly average temperatures. As Mumbai is more close to sea so it has moderate type of climate through out the year, whereas Delhi is situated away from sea so it has continental type of climate i.e it experience both harsh winters and sorching summer.The average temperature of the two cities are similar in the months of September and October. Information Skills Q1. Given below are the average monthly minimum and maximum temperatures of Jodhpur. Make a line graph of them. Which are the hottest and coldest months of the year? Table : Average monthly maximum temperatures in Jodhpur, Rajasthan(°C) [Refer to TB page 31Q5] Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Minimum 9 12 17 22 27 29 27 25 24 20 14 11 Maximum 25 28 33 38 42 40 36 33 35 36 31 27 SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 28

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN A. April, May, June are the hottest and November, December, January are the coldest months of the year in Jodhpur. Mapping Skills Q1. Suppose the temperature in Moscow was –8°C at 10 a.m. on 6 December. Twenty four hours later it was 12°C higher. What was the temperature at 10 a.m. on 7 December? [Refer to TB page 31 Q3] A. It was 4°C at 10 a.m. on 7th December in Moscow. 3.4 Key Concepts i. Scientists have recorded the highest and lowest temperatures on earth. ii. Six maximum–minimum thermometers can be used for measuring the temperature of a place. iii. Different places have different temperatures. iv. Temperature differs on the top of a mountain and changes as we go north or south from the equator. Places near and far from the sea have different temperatures. v. Two types of climates are moderate and extreme climates. vi. The highest temperature recorded is from a place called Azizia in Libya (Africa) in July 1922 .The tem- perature reached 57.8o C. vii. At Vostok station in the Antartic, temperature fell to -89.2o C in July 1983. SESSION 3. FACTORS EFFECTING TEMPERATURE 29

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) What is meant by solar radiation? (ii) How are Green Houses helpful to grow crops? (iii) Do you think that there is a difference in heating of land and water? Why? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 30

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Long Answer Type Questions 2. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) What do you understand by heat balance? (ii) Why do poles and equator have difference in temperature? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 31

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS2-Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Short Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following questions. Sometimes, especially in the mornings during winters, lower temperatures are found near the ground. You can see dew drops on the grass due to condensation. Q. What is the reason behind condensation? (ii) Read the text and answer the following questions. Places near the sea usually have temperature that remain fairly constant throughout the year, known as a moderate climate. Q. What is the reason behind moderate climate? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 32

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN (iii) Read the text and answer the following question. At the peak of summer, some people go from plains to hilly places such as Ooty or Shimla to avoid heat. Even in summer months, the temperatures are low on high hills. Why do hilly regions have low temperature even in summers? (iv) What should be done to check global warming? (v) What are the benefits to hilly regions with low temperature? 33 CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Long Answer Type Questions 4. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Read the text and answer the following question. Some gases like carbon dioxide prevent radiation of heat from the Earth. Carbon dioxide in the atmo- sphere increases due to increased use of diesel and petrol, cutting down of forests etc. If the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increases then less heat will be radiated causing an increase in global temperatures. This causes global warming. 1) What are the effects of global warming? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 34

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS3-Information Skills Short Answer Type Questions 5. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Observe the above graph and answer the following questions:– In which months, does Hyderabad experience maximum and minimum temperatures? (ii) What is the gap of maximum and minimum temperature experienced by Hyderabad in a year? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 35

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS4-Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Long Answer Type Questions 6. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why the temperature of earth is rising these days? (ii) Why solar energy is being promoted these days? CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 36

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS5-Mapping Skills Short Answer Type Questions 7. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Locate the following places on the given map of the World. i. France ii. Vladivostok iii. Shanghai iv. Singapore CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 37

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Long Answer Type Questions 8. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) 1) Locate the following places on the given map of India. a) Shimla b) Bhopal c) Hyderabad d) Thiruvananthapuram CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 38

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN AS6-Appreciation and Sensitivity Long Answer Type Questions 9. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Why high temperature is not good for mother earth? (ii) Why should we love trees? 39 CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN Objective Questions AS1-Conceptual Understanding 10. Choose the correct answer. (i) We grow vegetables and fruits in very cold regions by building (A) igloos (B) green-houses (C) house boats (D) nurseries (ii) Azizia, the place that recorded highest temperature, is located in (A) Atlanta (B) Alabama (C) Qatar (D) Libya (iii) Ultra violet rays are a form of energy we receive from the (A) Lauran (B) Sun (C) Moon (D) Mars (iv) regions are very cold throughout the year. (A) Equatorial (B) Polar (C) Mountain (D) Tundra (v) is/are constantly emitted by the Sun. (B) Rain (A) Water (C) Energy (D) Radiations (vi) Temperature differences between places also causes and rain. (A) rivers (B) mountains (C) floods (D) winds (vii) The rays of the Sun fall about degrees on the Equator. CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 40

CHAPTER 2-ENERGY FROM THE SUN (A) 180 (B) 35 (C) 90 (D) 40 (viii) Angle of Incidence is due to the sun rays slanting towards the (A) Mars (B) Poles (C) Equator (D) Moon (ix) Shimla is at an elevation of about meters above the sea level. (A) 400 (B) 700 (C) 2200 (D) 200 (x) For every 1000 m increase in the elevation, the temperature decreases by (A) 4° C (B) 5° C (C) 6° C (D) 7° C CHAPTER 2. ENERGY FROM THE SUN 41

3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS SESSION 1 EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS – SEASONS 1.1 Mind Map 1.2 Terminology 1. Seasons: As the earth revolves around the sun, it results in there are four different climatic conditions in a year 2. Curvature of the earth: As the earth is spherical in shape the surface of the earth is curved. This is called curvature of the earth. SESSION 1. SEASONS 42

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 1.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. What are the six seasons of Indian climate? [Refer to TB page 39 Q8] A. Indian climate is divided into six seasons in a year. They are: 1) Vasanta (Spring) 2) Grishma (Summer) 3) Varsha (Monsoon) 4) Sharad (Autumn) 5) Hemanta (Winter) 6) Shishir (Winter & Fall) Q2. Why do you think Telangana does not receive any snowfall during winter months? [Refer to TB page 39 Q2] A. There is constant change in our surroundings in the course of a year due to different seasons. We have not seen our surroundings covered by snow but they are flooded by water during rains but never snow. In the northern part of the country it snows heavily during winter but Telangana lies in the southern part and it does not receive any snowfall during winter months. Himalayan states like Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh also get snowfall. snowfall depends on altitude and latitude. correct the statement by writing that generally high altitude region and region of temperate and polar get snowfall and both the conditions are not present in Andhra Pradesh so no snowfall Due to the tilt of the axis, the areas which face the sun directly keep shifting throughout the year. In the winter month, the sun shines over the Tropic of Capricorn in the southern hemisphere and the direct rays of the sun fall at the tropical belt. This belt gets maximum heat energy from the sun. So Telangana does not receive any snowfall during winter months. Reading the Text, Understanding and Interpretation Q1. Read the first paragraph of this chapter and answer the following question: What is the impact of seasons on the lives of human beings? [Refer to TB page 39 Q9] A. 1) Seasons influence the lives of all beings in all aspects and in different ways. 2) Crops cultivated by man depend on seasons. 3) Clothes worn, food habits, etc. also change according to seasons. 4) Customs, traditions and festivals are celebrated according to seasons. 5) Some businesses and trade follow the changes in the seasons. Seasons impact each and every aspect of the lives of human beings. Information Skills Q1. Collect information about time of sunrise and sunset for different months of the year in your place (you can look up the local newspaper for this). Calculate the duration of day and night – how many hours every day – for every month. Do you see any pattern in this? [Refer to TB page 39 Q4] SESSION 1. SEASONS 43

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS A. Date / Month Sunrise Sunset Day–time Night time 1/1/2012 06:33 18:13 duration (hrs) duration (hrs) 11.40 12.20 1/2/2012 06:40 18:27 11.47 12.13 1/3/2012 06:33 18:31 11.58 12.02 1/4/2012 06:18 18:29 12.11 11.49 1/5/2012 06:05 18:29 12.24 11.36 1/6/2012 06:01 18:34 12.33 11.27 1/7/2012 06:06 18:41 12.35 11.25 1/8/2012 06:12 18:40 12.28 11.32 1/9/2012 06:12 18:28 12.16 11.44 1/10/2012 06:08 18:11 12.03 11.57 1/11/2012 06:08 17:58 11.50 12.10 1/12/2012 06:18 18:00 11.42 12.18 By calculating the duration of day and night for every month in my place the following pattern is observed: 1) In summer season, duration of day is more than the duration of night. Day-time is longer. 2) In rainy season the duration of day and night are almost equal, except for a few variations. 3) In winter the duration of night is more than the duration of the day. There are long nights and short days during winter season Reflection on Contemporary Issues and Questioning Q1. Do you think there is any correlation between the crops grown in your region and the seasons? Find out by discussing with your elders and friends and write a short essay. [Refer to TB page 39 Q1] A. 1) There are three major seasons in our region. They are summer, monsoon and winter seasons. 2) The summer extends from March to mid –June, monsoon from mid –June to end of October, and winter from November to February. In this way, the seasons change throughout the year. SESSION 1. SEASONS 44

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 3) There is a correlation between the crops grown in our region and the seasons. 4) Every year the agricultural season starts in mid –June and continues till November. It is called rainy crop, and also ‘Kharif’ season. 5) In this Kharif season in our region, paddy is the main crop. 6) From November to February there is another crop season which is called ‘Rabi’. It is also called winter crop. Wheat is the main crop in the winter in our region. 7) If water is available, there is another crop season also in summer. It is called ‘Zaid ’. 8) The above information clarifies the correlation between the crops grown and the seasons in our region. In the winter the duration of night is more than the duration of the day. It means that there are long nights and short days during the winter season. Q2. Explain the idea of rotation of the earth to your parents or sisters or brothers. Write down their questions or doubts and try to answer them. [Refer to TB page 39 Q5] A. i) Movement of the earth on its own axis is called rotation. ii) The earth rotates on its axis just like a top that spins. iii) The earth takes about 24 hours to rotate on its own axis. iv) It moves from west to east. v) This is the reason why the sun, the moon and the stars rise in the east and set in the west. vi) The effect of rotation is the occurrence of day and night. vii) The exposure to sunlight greatly influences the local temperature and climate. Q3. Imagine that the earth does not rotate but goes around the sun throughout the year. What difference will it make to the seasons and distribution of temperature? [Refer to TB page 39 Q6] A. If the earth does not rotate but goes around the sun throughout the year, the following differences will take place in the seasons and distribution of temperatures: 1) Day and nights will not occur. 2) The hemisphere which faces the sun will have day throughout the year and the other hemisphere remains dark. 3) With concern to the distribution of temperature in the hemisphere, the side which faces the sun will have high temperature, while the other one will remain cold. 1.4 Key Concepts i. The earth rotates on its own axis from west to east. This is known as the earth’s rotation. The earth takes 24 hours to complete one rotation. ii. While rotating, the earth also revolves around the sun in its orbit. This is known as earth’s revolution. The earth takes 365 days and 5.56 hours to complete one revolution around the sun. iii. Day and nights occur because of earth’s rotation. iv. Due to earth’s revolution and rotation there are varying lengths of day and night, occurence of seasons and change in the altitude of the mid–day sun. v. Due to the incline in the axis of earth’s rotation and its pointing in the same direction throughout the year, there are seasonal differences between the northern and southern hemisphere. SESSION 1. SEASONS 45

SESSION 2 EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS – TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 2.1 Mind Map 2.2 Terminology 1. Earth’s tilt: The earth, while rotating around the sun, tilts 66.5 degree angle to its axis. This is called earth’s tilt. 2. Snowfall: In the winter season, the water vapour in the cloud is converted into billions of tiny particles of snow depending upon the temperature. This snow starts falling on to the earth’s surface. This is called snowfall. 3. Temperature belts: The earth is divided into belts according to the difference of the temperature. These belts are called temperature belts. 4. Horizon: The horizon or skyline is the apparent line that separates earth from sky. 2.3 Improve Your Learning Conceptual Understanding Q1. We have rainy season. How do you think it is related to the movement of the earth and the pattern of sun rays? Does it occur in summer, winter or in the season in between? [Refer to TB page 39 Q3] A. 1) Rainy season is related to the movement of the earth and the pattern of sun rays. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 46

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 2) As the axis of earth’s rotation is inclined, during some months the northern hemisphere is tilted towards the sun while in some months the southern hemisphere faces the sun. 3) As a result when the northern hemisphere has summer, southern hemisphere has winter. This is the main reason for change in the seasons. 4) While there is change in the winter and summer seasons, climate change occurs. It causes rain for three to four months. This is called rainy season. 5) In India at the end of the summer, the south - west monsoon takes place and it causes heavy rains all over the country except for some places. 6) Hence, we can say that rainy season occurs in between the summer and winter seasons. 7) The spherical shape of the Earth and the tilted axis cause seasons which are influenced by solar heat. Mapping Skills Q1. Identify a country in the Temperate belt in both northern and southern hemispheres. Compare the seasons in those countries and your place. [Refer to TB page 39 Q7] A. When I identify two countries, one from the northern hemisphere and one from southern hemisphere in the Temperate belt and compare the seasons in those two countries and my place, I understand the following things: 1) In May – June, the country which is located in northern hemisphere in Temperate belt is warmer than the country from the southern hemisphere. My place also remains warmer in May –June as it is located in northern hemisphere. 2) In December – January, the country which is located in northern hemisphere in Temperate belt is cooler than the country from the southern hemisphere. My place is also cooler than the country in southern hemisphere. 3) In March or September, both countries from northern and southern hemispheres in Temperate belt have the same temperature as the sun’s rays fall vertically on the equator in the months of March and September. 2.4 Key Concepts i. The sun rays fall at a right angle (90°) at the equator and starts going towards the north and south poles. ii. The sun rays fall vertically on the equator in March and September, on the Tropic of Cancer in June and on the Tropic of Capricorn in December. iii. The earth’s surface area in between Tropic of Cancer and Tropic of Capricorn is called ‘Tropical belt.’ iv. When we move towards north and south of the tropical belt we find the moderate Temperate belt. v. Due to the incline in earth’s axis there is day for six months and night for six months in the polar regions. SESSION 2. TEMPERATURE BELTS ON THE EARTH 47

CHAPTER 3-EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS —— CCE Based Practice Questions —— AS1-Conceptual Understanding Short Answer Type Questions 1. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Where do we find the temperate zones on the earth? (ii) What is an Orbital Plane? 2. Answer the following questions in 3-4 sentences. (i) Why do you see midnight sun in some countries? Long Answer Type Questions 3. Answer the following questions in 6-8 sentences. (i) Explain Earth’s tilt. CHAPTER 3. EARTH MOVEMENTS AND SEASONS 48