tech-2023_03(109)

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15378 MODELING THE EFFECT OF ADDING PLANT AND WOOD SAWDUST TO DRY BUILDING MIXTURES BASED ON PLASTER ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESION TO THE CONCRETE SURFACE Zahid Fayzillaev PhD senior lecturer at Department of technology of building materials objects and structures, Samarkand state Architectural Construction University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand E-mail: [email protected] Shukhrat Jamolov Senior lecturer at Department of technology of building materials objects and structures, the Samarkand State Department of Architectural Construction University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Samarkand МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТА ДОБАВЛЕНИЕ РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ И ДРЕВЕСНЫХ ОПИЛОК В СУХИЕ СТРОИТЕЛЬНЫЕ СМЕСИ НА ОСНОВЕ ГИПСА НА ПРОЧНОСТЬ СЦЕПЛЕНИЯ С БЕТОННОЙ ПОВЕРХНОСТЬЮ Файзиллаев Захид Баходирович канд. техн. наук, ст. преподаватель, кафедра технологии строительных материалов, объектов и конструкций Самаркандского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд Жамолов Шухрат Мустофоевич ст. преподаватель, кафедра технологии строительных материалов объектов и конструкций Самаркандского государственного архитектурно-строительного университета, Республика Узбекистан, г. Самарканд ABSTRACT The article explores how plaster-based dry construction affects the strength of a mixture to a concrete surface by the additives and fillers added to it resulting in the development of a mathematical expression. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье исследуется, как сухое строительство на основе штукатурки влияет на прочность сцепления смеси с бетонной поверхностью за счет добавляемых в нее добавок и наполнителей, что приводит к разработке математического моделя. Keywords: dry construction mixtures, plaster, plant and wood sawdust, adgesia, modeling Ключевые слова: сухие строительные смеси, штукатурка, растительные и древесные опилки, адгезия , моделирование. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction require low labor costs. Currently, in developed countries, In the world, special importance is attached to the gypsum occupies one of the leading places as a binder issues of production of environmentally friendly, durable, in construction and in the production of dry building long-lasting, inexpensive modern building materials that mixtures, due to the growing need for dry building mixtures based on gypsum worldwide, using domestic __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Fayzillaev Z.B., Jamolov S.M. MODELING THE EFFECT OF ADDING PLANT AND WOOD SAWDUST TO DRY BUILDING MIXTURES BASED ON PLASTER ON THE STRENGTH OF ADHESION TO THE CONCRETE SURFACE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15378

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. raw materials, it is necessary to develop and introduce Method new compositions into practice. In this regard, including in the world, there is a wide production of types of dry In our experiments, when determining the ability of construction mixtures, especially those that are obtained gypsum-based dry construction building mixtures to on the basis of modern energy and industrial waste. adhere to the surface, samples were made 50x50 mm in One of the modern progressive building materials, diameter, 5 mm thick, based on part 7.1.1 of the standard considered to be dry building mixtures, has a special GOST 31376-2008. The samples were glued to brick, emphasis on improving their production and concrete, gasoblock surfaces, and a special metal Bolt efficiency [3-4]. was placed in the middle of the samples on the second side of the samples when preparing the samples. To ensure The relevant tasks of the president of the Republic that the force is spread across an equal surface when of Uzbekistan in the decree of the president of the pulling on the ends of metal bolts, metal shacks are Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-60 of January 28, 2022 placed, a special mold is made and a Bolt is placed in \"on the strategy for the development of a new the shaker to pull it into it, and then a mixture is poured. Uzbekistan in 2022-2026\", PQ-4335 of May 23, 2019 Samples and plates from their testing, expressed in \"on additional measures for the rapid development of the Figure 1. building materials industry\"are defined [1-2]. After the samples were prepared, the air temperature was kept at 220s and the relative humidity of the air was maintained at 63% of the conditions for 2 days. a) b) Figure 1. General views of samples prepared for testing: a-b) the appearance of standard samples of determining the ability of the mixture to stick to the surface Samples on a special RT-250m-2 weighing equipment and the optimal ranges of technological parameters that GOST 31376-2008. 3.1.3 was pulled in the third speed alter the indicators. In this case, as a functional result traction mode shown in Part 1 table, and the results were expected from experiments, the force of adgesia was calculated using the following formula 1: adopted on the various structural surfaces of the dry construction plaster mixture. Ai=P / F, MPa. (1) The following indicators were adopted as variable The limit of the strength of the adhesion of the three input factors: samples to the surface was determined and adopted in place of the average arithmetic information. • dry construction plaster based plaster the organic additive content of the plaster mixture, mass. %; Main part • the ratio of water and dry mixture, s/qa, to form A series of experiments on a linear, three-factor a mixture with sufficient dispersion; P/ CM mathematical plan was carried out to determine the optimal amount and indicators of the components that • The degree of softness of the plaster binder, which make up the plaster-based dry construction plaster mixture is estimated by the residual amount in the standard sieve to the size of 0.2 mm,%. 19

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Variable intervals and levels of variable input factors Table 1. Variable input factors Code Level of change Interval of Х1 -1 0 +1 changes NAME Х2 123 1 Х3 0,5 The amount of plant flour additive in the composition of the 0,42 0,47 0,52 5 plaster mixture, mass. % 9 14 19 The ratio of water to dry mixture to form a mixture with sufficient dispersion,, P / CM; The degree of softness of the plaster binder, which is estimated by the residual amount in the standard sieve to the size of 0,2%; mm According to the selected X1, X2, X3, experimental plaster plaster plaster mixture was chosen strictly factors, it is enough to analyze the linear equation according to the experimental plan Matrix. With the formula to characterize the linear correlation dependence prepared mixture, various structural surfaces (concrete, and the growth kinetics of the gluing force over time brick and gazobeton) are plastered. Subsequently, in these to determine the optimal composition parameters that experimental samples, the adhesion resistance forces of determine the maximum values of the strength of the the algal crust were determined in the case where they gluing dry construction plaster mixture with different followed the instruction set out in the standard GOST structural surfaces. 31376-2008. [5] Based on the conditions presented in Table 1, a plan of A full-factor experiment-test plan for choosing the experiments was drawn up. According to him, the amount optimal composition of dry plaster mixture with crushed of content components is selected in the range of intended organic additives is presented in Table 2. changes. The composition of the dry mixture and the Table 2. Full-factor pilot-test plan Variable input factors Naming of variable input factors Solidity limit of gluing to code and Matrix sample surfaces (adgesia), MPa; Plan amount Water and 02 mm of gypsum s/n Х1 Х2 Х3 of organic ad- dry mix-ma Binder, the weight concrete surface ditive in ratio, of the residue DCPM P/CM in the sieve, % 12 3 4 5 6 7 89 10 1+ + + 3 0,52 19 0,48 0.47 0,49 2- + + 1 0,42 19 0,38 0.37 0,39 3+ - + 3 0,52 19 0,46 0.45 0,47 4- - + 1 0,42 19 0,46 0,45 0,46 5+ + - 3 0,52 9 0,37 0,36 0,38 6- + - 1 0,42 9 0,52 0,51 0,43 7+ - - 3 0,52 9 0,37 0,36 0,38 8- - - 1 0,42 9 0,52 0,51 0,52 9- 0 0 1 0,42 14 0,52 0.51 0,50 10 0 + 0 2 0,47 19 0,47 0.45 0,46 11 0 - 0 2 0,47 9 0,54 0.50 0,43 Data processing and drawing up regression equations based on known correlation coefficients through the analysis of experimental and research results, is presented in Table 3. 20

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Table 3. Constructing regression equations Correlation levels Average =Х1∙Уa =Х2∙Уa =Х3∙Уa =Х1∙X2∙Ya =Х1∙X3∙Ya =Х2∙Х3∙Уa =Х1∙Х2∙X3Ya value of gluing strength MPa 0,47 -0,47 -0,47 -0,47 0,47 0,47 0,47 -0,47 0,37 0,37 -0,37 -0,37 -0,37 -0,37 0,37 0,37 0,45 -0,45 0,4 5 -0,45 -0,45 0,45 -0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 0,45 -0,45 0,45 -0,45 -0,45 -0,45 0,36 -0,36 -0,36 0,36 0,36 -0,36 -0,36 0,36 0,51 0,51 -0,51 0,51 -0,51 0,51 -0,51 -0,51 0,36 -0,36 0,36 0,36 -0,36 -0,36 0,36 -0,36 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 0,51 -0,51 0,51 0,00 -0,51 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,45 0,00 -0,45 0,45 0 0,00 -0,45 0,00 0,50 0,00 0,00 -0,50 0 0,00 0,00 0,00 bo= b1= b2= b3= b12= b13= b23= b123= 0,44 0,02 0,01 0,00 0,01 0,05 -0,01 -0,01 0,44>0,007 0,02>0,007 0,01>0,007 0,00<0,007 0,01>0,007 0,05>0,007 0,01>0,007 0,01>0,007 As a result of the processing of experimental data, a The degree of influence and optimality criteria of regression equation was compiled, which adequately the variable factors considered in this series of experiments describes the kinetics of the adhesion strength of the algae are reflected in the following sequence. crust to the surface according to the optimal amount of components. ������������х������������������ < ������������������������ < ������������������������ < ������������ < ������������������������ (3) ������ = 0,44 + 0,03������1 + 0,01������2 + 0,01������1������2 + 0,05������1������3 − 0,01������2������3 − 0,01������1������2������3 (2) Figure 2. Plaster-based dry construction mathematical models of isoparametric diagrams of the strength of gluing with a concrete base in a three-dimensional system, the result of the regression equation 21

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Mathematical processing of data on the result of ex- Conclusion periments carried out on a full-factor plan, as well as analysis of isoparametric diagrams, it was found that the First of all, the main influence on the strength of most active effect on the adhesion strength of the recom- plaster-based drywall construction mixtures on concrete mended system is influenced by the factor x1x3, since it surfaces is the increased permeability of the mixture to has the highest correlation coefficient. increase the amount of water to the precipitation reducing the strength of the mixture to the Surface, see Tables 2 and 3. Secondly, it can be seen that the amount of sand in the mixture is also affected. References: 1. Ўзбекистон Республикаси Президентининг \"Қурилиш ашёлари саноатини жадал ривожлантириш учун қўшимча чора-тадбирлар тўғрисида\" ги 2019 йил 23 майдаги ПҚ-4335-сонли қарори. 2. Республикаси Президентининг \"Ўзбекистон Республикасини янада ривожлантириш бўйича ҳаракатлар стратегияси тўғрисида\" ги 2017 йил 7 февралдаги 4947-сонли қарори. 3. Файзиллаев З.Б., Файзиев З.Х. Техническая и экономическая эффективность добавления многофункциональных органических целлюлозо-волокнистие материалы (моцвм), применяется для улучшения качества строительных смесей и штукатурки на основе гипса // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 2(83). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/11327 (дата обращения: 19.04.2023 4. Fayzullaev Z., Saidmuratov B.I., Tillaev A. New type of gypsum based liquid mixture // Journal NX – A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal. – 2020. – Special Issue. – P. 194–200 / [Электронный ресурс]. – Режим доступа: https://journalnx.com/journal-article/20151677 5. Bakhriev N., Fayzillaev Z. Modeling the optimal compositions of dry gypsum mixtures with bio-vegetable fillers, research of their adhesion properties. – 2022. 6. Хасанов А.З., Хасанов З.А., & Курбанов Б. РАСЧЁТ И ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ФУНДАМЕНТОВ, ВОЗВОДИ- МЫХ НА ЛЁССОВЫХ ГРУНТАХ, УКРЕПЛЁННЫХ ВЕРТИКАЛЬНЫМИ АРМОЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ (ВАЭ). ФУНДАМЕНТЫ ГЛУБОКОГО ЗАЛОЖЕНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ГЕОТЕХНИКИ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ. 7. Хасанов А.З., Хасанов З.А., & Курбанов Б. РАСЧЁТ И ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ФУНДАМЕНТОВ, ВОЗВОДИ- МЫХ НА ЛЁССОВЫХ ГРУНТАХ, УКРЕПЛЁННЫХ ВЕРТИКАЛЬНЫМИ АРМОЭЛЕМЕНТАМИ (ВАЭ). ФУНДАМЕНТЫ ГЛУБОКОГО ЗАЛОЖЕНИЯ И ПРОБЛЕМЫ ГЕОТЕХНИКИ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ, 8. 8. Khasanov A.Z., KHASANOV Z., & Kurbanov B.I. (2021). CALCULATION AND DESIGN OF VERTICAL RE- INFORCING ELEMENTS (VAE) IN SOILS 22

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. TRANSPORT DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15298 COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL OF AUTONOMOUS VOLTAGE INVERTER OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE SERIES \"O'ZBEKISTON\" Tulagan Nazirkhonov PhD (Phd), acting assistant professor of the Department \"Electric rolling stock\" Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Komil Usmonov Graduate student of the Department \"Electric rolling stock\" Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Dilshod Yuldashev Master, Tashkent State Transport University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] КОМПЬЮТЕРНАЯ ИМИТАЦИОННАЯ МОДЕЛЬ АВТОНОМНОГО ИНВЕРТОРА НАПРЯЖЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОВОЗА СЕРИИ “O’ZBEKISTON” Назирхонов Тулаган Мансурхон угли канд. техн. наук (Phd), и.о. доц. кафедры «Электроподвижной состав» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Усмонов Комил Камолович аспирант кафедры «Электроподвижной состав» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Йулдашев Дилшод Илхом угли студент магистратуры, Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT Creation of a computer simulation model that allows to reproduce electromagnetic processes in a traction electric drive and in an autonomous voltage inverter (AVI), as well as the processing functions of the obtained simulation results, adequate to the real conditions of use on electric rolling stock of converters with various control algorithms in traction and regenerative braking modes. The computer simulation model is designed to reproduce electromagnetic processes in the traction electric drive and AVI when determining the energy characteristics and studying the AVI of an electric loco- motive of the “O'zbekiston” series. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Nazirkhonov T., Usmonov K., Yuldashev D. COMPUTER SIMULATION MODEL OF AUTONOMOUS VOLTAGE INVERTER OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVE SERIES \"O'ZBEKISTON\" // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15298

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Создание компьютерной имитационной модели позволяющей воспроизводить электромагнитные процессы в тяговом электроприводе и в автономном инверторе напряжения (АИН), а также функции обработки получен- ных результатов моделирования, адекватные реальным условиям применения на электрическом подвижном со- ставе преобразователей с различными алгоритмами управления в режимах тяги и рекуперативного торможения. Компьютерная имитационная модель, предназначена для воспроизведения электромагнитных процессов в тяго- вом электроприводе и АИН при определении энергетических характеристик и исследования АИН электровоза серии «O’zbekiston». Keywords: asynchronous traction motor, and autonomous inverter, “O'zbekiston” series electric locomotive, com- puter simulation model. Ключевые слова: асинхронный тяговый электродвигатель, автономный инвертор, электровоз серии «O’zbekiston», компьютерная имитационная модель. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Investigation of an autonomous voltage inverter tablished mainline electric locomotive VL80s is gradu- of the electric locomotive of the series \"O'zbekiston\" ally becoming technically obsolete. In 2003 The Chu- zhou Electric Locomotive Plant in China purchased The operational fleet of the depot of the railways single-section electric locomotives of the “O'zbekiston” of Uzbekistan is mainly made up of electric locomotives series (Fig. 1), which was intended for operation on elec- of the old generation of the VL80s series. The well-es- trified sections of the alternating current of the railways of Uzbekistan [5]. Figure 1. Single-section electric locomotive of the “O'zbekiston” series Autonomous inverter is a converter that converts a technology, it is otherwise called a universal power con- single-phase direct current into a multi-phase alternating version module. On its basis, AC voltage regulators, di- current, the frequency of which is determined by the rect frequency converters, active voltage and current control system, and the value and the shape of the output filters, reactive power compensators are made. voltage depends on the nature and parameters of the load. Unlike a dependent inverter, the frequency of which is Depending on the number of switching currents, in- determined by the mains frequency, an independent in- verters with one- and two-stage switching are distin- verter receives an alternating current of any frequency at guished. With single-stage switching, the load current the output, and the voltage smoothly changes from zero immediately passes to the thyristor entering into opera- to the maximum allowable value. tion, with two-stage switching, the load first switches to the auxiliary chain and then to the main. When using single- A characteristic feature of an autonomous voltage operation thyristors, the circuits are supplemented with inverter is that it receives power from a voltage source; special forced switching nodes. In autonomous inverters capacitor large capacity. The second feature of the AVI based on thyristors, complete switching with current is the use of fully controlled valves shunted with reverse switching from one branch of the circuit to another is per- current diodes as switches. AVI generates a rectangular formed in several stages. First, there is a decrease in the voltage in the load, and form current is determined by forward current in one of the thyristors to zero, then a the nature of the load. AVI is widely used in converter delay in the application of forward voltage on it until the 24

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. blocking ability is fully restored, and then an increase in Form The current of the output circuit depends the forward current in the second thyristor. on the nature of the load. With an active-inductive load, it is a broken curve consisting of four exponentials in a section equal to half the period. The effective value of the load current is determined by integrating the characteristic sections of the current curve [6]. When the load is connected by a star, the effective value of the current is [6]: ������������ = ������������ = √2������������ √1 − 3 ∗ 1−1−������+������2������2), (3) 3������������ 2������������ Figure 2. Three-phase autonomous voltage inverter where coefficient ������ = ������������ is inversely proportional ������������ to the time constant, and the parameter ������ = ������−������3∙������ . Ex- pression (3) is valid for the time interval The power section contains GTO thyristors of an au- 0 ≤ ������ ≤ ������ . tonomous voltage inverter. It contains six thyristor 3 switches VT1–VT6 with six reverse current diodes VD1–VD6, forming a bridge circuit and connected in The required shape of the load current, including the sinusoidal one, can be obtained by repeatedly turning on parallel to the power source. A simplified diagram of a and off the controlled valves at the interval of one pe- riod. In this case, the effective value of the voltage on three-phase bridge AVI using GTO thyristors is shown the load changes smoothly. in fig. 2. To regulate the output voltage using an inverter, the most widely used is pulse-width modulation (PWM) The switching duration of the thyristor switches with the formation of an envelope in the form of a rec- tangle, trapezoid or sinusoid. Rectangular modulation is and, consequently, the frequency of the output voltage otherwise called pulse-width control (PWC). Pulse- width regulation of the voltage at the output of the in- is determined by the control system. In the interval of verter at the fundamental frequency is carried out by changing the relative duration of the load on one period of the output voltage, the thyristors of the an- in chain power source. SHIRT finds application when two power thyristors of the same group are locked in a ode and cathode groups can be switched once and re- pause between pulses. Then, with open thyristors VT1, VT2, VT3, VT1 and VT3 are locked to create a pause in peatedly. With a single switching, the thyristors can be the voltage at the load. The single switching algorithm open for 120°, 150° or 180°. The simplest way to control is able to create a pause in the output voltage of the in- verter at any values of the time constant the thyristor switches VT1-VT6 of the inverter, ensuring ������������ = ������ ∙ ������������ ∙ ������������������. (3) the invariance of the structure of the power circuit, is the method with α=180°. The simplest ways to control thy- With the group switching algorithm, a pause is cre- ated in the voltage at the load if, by the time the two thy- ristors, in which the structure of the inverter power cir- ristors of the group are turned off, the current changes cuit changes, are methods with α=120° and α=150°. sign. This phenomenon can occur at small values of load time constants. If the value ������������is large and by the moment With these control methods, branches are formed in the under consideration the current does not change sign, then it will not be possible to form a pause in the output output stage circuit that close only through the reverse voltage. With PWM at the fundamental frequency, the harmonic composition of the output voltage and current bridge diodes. The structure of the output circuit of such deteriorates sharply in the region of low voltages and frequencies. To eliminate this undesirable phenomenon, an inverter will depend on the direction of the current pulse-width regulation at the carrier frequency is used. The greatest reduction in the content of higher harmonics in these branches. In turn, the moment of current change is achieved with pulse-width modulation according to a sinusoidal law. In this case, a triangular-shaped reference in one or another branch of the circuit depends on the voltage is formed in the control circuit, which is compared with a sinusoidal modulating curve. The duration of nature of the load. Therefore the form output voltage the output voltage pulse is determined by the intersection at α=120° will also depend on the nature of the load. points of these curves [4]. At α=120° the structure of the power circuit remains un- changed if cosφn ≤ 0.55. Form load voltage in this case is similar to the shape at α=180°. A common disadvantage of these methods is the need to use controlled valves. The load of the three-phase AI is switched on either ac- cording to the scheme stars . The effective value of the phase voltage when the load is connected by a star is determined by the formula ������������ = √2 ������������ (1) 3 Where UP - power supply voltage. Accordingly, the effective value of the line voltage is equal to ������������ = √2 ������������ . (2) 3 25

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Сomputer model AIN with an asynchronous trac- Principled scheme power chains with two-level au- tion electric motor of the electric locomotive tonomous inverter voltage. Every AI consists of from of the “O'zbekiston” series three power GTO modules that form a three-phase volt- age by algorithm sinusoidal PWM. System traction electric drive electric locomotive series \"O'zbekiston\" implementing function by axis reg- System automatic management AI implements al- ulation consists of from two-level offline inverters volt- gorithm control ATD \"current corridor\", in which the in- age and asynchronous traction motor (ATD). nutrition AI verter sets itself source current. carried out from intermediate link permanent current, containing filter capacitors. A functional diagram of the vector automatic con- trol system with the implementation of the \"current cor- IN models vector systems automatic management ridor\" control algorithm is shown in fig. 3. given rotation speed n * and load moment ������ ������ applied to the shaft engine, may be chosen with help block manual A dual-loop control system that implements the switching, to use or permanent meaning, or step function. \"current corridor\" control algorithm was developed using the demonstrative file power_acdrive.slx. The external On computer models exit ATD connected to me- contour of the control system ensures the stabilization of chanical load, which imitates action wheeled couples lo- the given rotational speed of the ATD. The internal contour comotive, characterized moment inertia, coefficient of the control system forms a \"current corridor\" [2]. friction And torsional moment resistance. Figure 3. functional scheme vector systems management ATD The signal of the actual engine speed n comes from with the actual signals of the three-phase current of the the speed sensor to the input of the comparison element, ATD stator winding, then the mismatch signals are sent where it is subtracted from the given signal n. Further, to the blocks of relay elements that implement the “cur- the mismatch signal is processed by PI controllers to rent corridor” algorithm when controlling the AVI [1]. generate a torque signal Te, which enters the input of the iqs calculator unit. Then the signal iqs is fed to the input Virtual laboratory installation shown in fig. 4. of the coordinate transducer, the inputs of which are also The simulation is carried out for each value of the supplied with the signals of the calculator ids and the load resistance, and the ratio between its active and re- signal of the calculator θe, thus forming a three-phase active components must remain unchanged. system of currents of a fixed coordinate system. Further, The time diagrams of the currents and voltages of inside the block of the hysteresis current controller, the AVI, observed on the oscilloscope screen, are shown the given signals of the three-phase current are compared in fig. 5 and with the spectral composition of the load current are shown in fig. 6 [3]. 26

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 4. Virtual model of a three-phase AVI electric locomotive of the “O'zbekiston” series Figure 5. Oscillograms of currents and voltages of a three-phase autonomous inverter Figure 6. Spectral composition of the load current Conclusion control system has been developed that implements the “current corridor” control algorithm and was developed A simulation computer model of the AVI with ATD of an AC electric locomotive of the “O'zbekiston” series using the demonstrative file power_acdrive.slx. The ex- has been developed, which makes it possible to study electromagnetic processes in power circuits. A dual-loop ternal contour of the control system ensures the stabili- zation of the given rotational speed of the ATD. 27

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. References: 1. Dyakonov V.P. MATLAB 6.5 SP1/7 + Simulink 5/6. Basics of application. / V.P. Dyakonov. // M.: SOLON-Press 2005. - 800s. (Series \"Professional Library\"). 2. German-Galkin S.G. Computer simulation of semiconductor systems in MATLAB 6.0: tutorial / S.G. German-Galkin // - St. Petersburg: Crown 2001- 320 p. 3. Nazirkhonov T.M. Analysis of the spectral composition of the input current and voltage 4q-s of the converter of the electric locomotive of alternating current of the O'Z-ELR series using a computer simulation model / T.M. Naz- irkhonov, A.Ya. Yakushev, I.P. Vikulov // Bulletin of scientific research results. – 2020. – no. 3. - S. 41-63. 4. Plaks A.V. Control systems for electric rolling stock / M.: Route, 2005 - 224 p. 5. Vikulov I.P. Comparative analysis of the technical characteristics of electric locomotives of the O'Z-ELR and O'zbek- iston series / I.P. Vikulov, T.M. Nazirkhonov // Izv. Petersburg. University of Communications. - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - T. 16. Issue. 1. - S. 68-76. 6. Yakushev A. Ya. Determination of the main parameters of an asynchronous traction motor / A. Ya. Yakushev, T.M. Nazirkhonov, I.P. Vikulov, K.V. Markov // Izv. Petersburg. University of Communications. - St. Petersburg: PGUPS, 2019. - T. 16. - Issue. 4. - S. 592-601. 28

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. ANALYSIS OF OIL CONSUMPTION IN DIESEL ENGINES Marufkhon Saidyusupov Teacher, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Construction, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ РАСХОДА МАСЛА В ДИЗЕЛЬНЫХ ДВИГАТЕЛЯХ Саидюсупов Маъруфхон Баходирхон угли преподаватель, Наманганский инженерно-строительный институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT This article provides information about the corrosion of engine parts, the service life of oil depends on the physico-chemical properties of the oil, the speed of their changes during oil wear, and the fact that the temperature of the oil on the friction surface is above the critical level, which sharply increases the corrosion rate. The analysis of oil consumption in diesel engines is covered. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье приведены сведения о коррозии деталей двигателя, срок службы масла зависит от физико- химических свойств масла, скорости их изменения при износе масла, а также о том, что температура масла на трении поверхности выше критического уровня, что резко увеличивает скорость коррозии. Приведен анализ рас- хода масла в дизельных двигателях. Keywords: oil consumption, oil consumption, carbon layer, thermal shock, tars, asphaltenes, carbenes, carbides. Ключевые слова: расход нефти, расход нефти, углеродистый слой, термоудар, гудроны, асфальтены, карбены, карбиды. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Oxidation of hydrocarbons in engine oils can proceed When the oil is overheated, oxyacids and asphaltenes, in two main directions [8-9], for which oxidation products which are insoluble and sticky in the oil, are particularly are different. Oxidation products along the first direction dangerous oxidation products. They are filled with are acidic and form precipitates at low temperatures. ring ditches, causing the piston rings to stick and the Oxidation products in the second direction are neutral turbocharger rotor shaft to seize. The neutralizing effect and form varnishes and compounds. of additives is based on the interaction of additive metal with acidic products of fuel combustion or oil oxidation. The most rapid wear of oil occurs in the region of the piston rings of the engine, where the thin oil film has When the engine is running with a constant oil a high temperature and a concentration of fuel combustion content G in the oil system (adding oil equal to its burn), products, especially sulfur. Alkalinity of oil decreases as the amount of alkaline additive c is equal to the initial a result of neutralization of acidic compounds of sulfur amount Co, the total amount of alkaline additive that cor- fuel products. Sulfur oxides in the presence of water responds to the unit fraction of the system oil It depends form sulfur and sulfuric acid, which in turn interact with on the speed of ac consumption, oxidation products, oil hydrocarbons and their oxidation products and form combustion speed Qu for neutralization and additional sulfonic acids. oil injection Qd [1, 3-5]. Another place where engine oil wears out the fastest The amount of alkaline additive is reduced to a unit is the turbo compressor. The gas temperature at the en- volume of oil or Gdc to a whole volume of dc in the dis- trance to the turbine stage reaches 700-1000 ºС [2], tance traveled by Dl. Such a decrease occurs as a result which causes overheating of the turbocompressor body, of the consumption of an alkaline additive to neutralize including the bearing networks. After stopping the engine, oxidation products during operation, ascdl, the elimination the rotor shaft of the turbocharger continues to rotate of the alkaline additive with the burnt oil Qucdl, and for 20-30 seconds without oil in the bearing network. the consumption of the alkaline additive when adding QuCodl oil; because: As a result of \"thermal shock\", the oil in the bearings heats up to 200-220 ºС, and for modern oils, the critical Qу = Qд = Q0. Gdc cdl cQdl c temperature at which coking occurs is 150-160 ºС. With such a heat load, the oil very quickly forms coke and var- nish in the bearing networks, and thus the turbocompressor stops working. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Saidyusupov М.B. ANALYSIS OF OIL CONSUMPTION IN DIESEL ENGINES // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15232

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. To neutralize oxidation products, the unit of the engine oils from obsolete products. It is expressed as a working supplement is obtained in proportion to the in- sum of one approximate indicators. The use of this indi- tensity of the distance unit walking, the amount of sulfur cator increases the adequacy of the assessment of the in the hungry fraction fuel, and the cost of fuel. After properties of oils in the conditions of real operation of unraveling mathematical conversions and the equation, agricultural machinery. the dependence of alkali on the diaphragm is first de- rived from l: Thus, the proposed combined indicator characterizes the quality of cleaning of working engine oil by the number ������ = ������0 (������ + ������������ ������ ������+������������∙������) of oil combustion products and alkalis as a reserve of insoluble pollutants (tars, asphaltenes, carbenes, carbides) ������ of oil wear products. This makes it possible to optimize the technological process of cleaning working motor ������ + ������������ oils from obsolete products by determining the optimal parameters of cleaning agents without draining the oils For neutralization of oxidation products, the working from the crankcase of internal combustion engines [6]. additive is taken in proportion to the speed of the unit of distance traveled, the ac fraction, the amount of sulfur In connection with the strengthening of engines, the in the fuel, and the fuel consumption. After mathematical problem of coatings on parts is becoming more and more transformations and solving the equation, the dependence relevant, and they are divided into three main types - car- of the alkalinity on the range with respect to λ is first bon layers, varnishes and coatings [3-5,8-11]: obtained: • bodies are solid carbonaceous substances on ac=c’G/l, the surfaces of the combustion chamber, their residues cause poor combustion of the fuel mixture depending on where c' is the percentage of the alkaline unit of oil the temperature; used to neutralize oxidation products. • varnishes are products of oxidation of thin oil As the alkalinity decreases from the value of Cn, films on the surface of cylinder-piston group details under corrosion corrosion increases due to the complete neu- the influence of high temperature. The most dangerous tralization of acids. Therefore, if the initial alkalinity is the formation of varnish in the joints of rings and level Co is large and ac>cn with the mileage, then the pistons, as well as in the region of the turbocompressor's oil change period is determined by the accumulation compression rings, which causes them to coke (lose of contaminants. mobility), which also disrupts heat transfer to the piston and heat removal from it; The speed of the exponential decrease in the con- centration of the alkaline additive during operation de- • sediments (sludge) are often formed in parts due pends on the thermal regulation of engine compounds, to frequent starting and stopping when the engine is run- oil contamination and fuel quality. Therefore, when die- ning in winter, their amount mainly depends on the qual- sel engines accelerate, the requirements for the compo- ity of engine oil. sition of additives and the periodicity of oil changes increase. Oil aging is based on the processes of oxidation, polymerization and decomposition of hydrocarbons, Currently, chemistry does not have a unified ap- which are observed along with contamination. There are proach to restore the properties of engine oil or replace the following types of oil oxidation in engines [8-11]: it according to its actual condition, or a single indicator in a thick layer - in the crankcase; in a thin layer – that describes its quality. There are many methods for on the surface of heated details; in the case of fog (drip) - evaluating the quality of working engine oil, which in- in cylinder-piston and valve groups. In a thick layer, clude the use of various combinations of one or another oxidation forms a sediment in the form of turbidity, physicochemical parameters as criteria for evaluating its in a thin layer - in the form of varnish.. performance [6]. However, the results of these studies and the developed methods are mainly aimed at solving Varnish formation on the surfaces of engine pistons the problems of timely replacement of oils that have increases with increasing temperature. At the same time, consumed their resources. the growth rate of varnish formation on external surfaces decreases due to friction of varnish. Alkaline and acid numbers, both new and working oil, are the most important indicator of the composition Figure 1. The composition of mechanical and effect of additives in the oil. Thus, in a number of mixtures depends on the time the oil is processed technologies known to extend the service life of motor oils and replace them according to their actual condition, in the ZMZ-402.10 engine [9] the main number is taken as a defective indicator [7]. In order to express the operational characteristics of running engine oils, it is proposed to use a quality indi- cator that reflects both the dynamic state of oil properties and the quality of cleaning from old products [6]. Using this technique allows you to avoid the usual inefficient oil change and extend its service life. The CKrmm indi- cator was adopted as a sum of quality indicators in the research work [9], which describes the interdependence and interdependence of the oil condition and the param- eters of the technological process of cleaning working 30

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 2. The dependence of the composition Figure 4. Dependence of the thickness of mechanical compounds on the operating time of sediment layers on the surface of the valve cover of the ZMZ-5234.10 engine on its temperature [9] of the oil in the ZMZ-402.10 engine [9] Additional factors affecting the composition and The regular growth of varnish layers on the inner properties of engine oil during operation are its con- (non-working) surface of the pistons leads to a decrease sumption and the amount of new oil filled. In addition in heat transfer to the oil with an increase in the working to working conditions, oil consumption is also affected time. This operating time causes the engine temperature by the technical condition of engines and the quality of to gradually increase as the vehicle approaches the next their service. According to oil experts, 50% of engine TO-2 oil change. Due to the decrease in the water con- wear occurs in the last 20% of the oil's service life [12]. tent of the crankcase oil, the formation of deposits on the Thus, the main task of ensuring the performance of the surfaces of the crankcase and valve cover decreases with engine is to determine the torque that has developed the increase in surface temperature. 80% of its resource, in order to ensure timely draining of oil and simultaneous replacement of the oil filter. In this regard, the methods of assessing the condition of working oil and determining its limiting condition, as well as the periodicity of oil replacement, are of great interest. Figure 3. The dependence of the thickness of deposits on the crankcase surface of the ZMZ-5234.10 engine on its temperature [9] Table 1. Motor oil change intervals of different companies [12] Manufacturing Fuel, oil Operating conditions Intervals for different oils, company km Low sulfur Magnets CATERPILLAR CG-415W-40 API CG-4 Lightweight 40000 CUMMINS 43400-51500 Sulfur content up to 0.5% Normal 35400-40000 DETROIT DEISEL Heavy duty 24000-29000 Magistrallar 19200-24000 Shar (tez-tez to`xtab- yurishlar) 9600-19200 9600-19000 Qisga masofalar DETROIT DEISEL Magnets 16000 Sulfur content up to 0.5% Shar (frequent stops and walks) 6400 6400-12500 Short distances 31

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Limit values of engine oil state indicators [12] Table 2. Ko`rsatkichlar Detroit deisel Caterpillar Cummins 1000S composition, mm2/s - +/-3 +/-4 400S composition, mm2/s: -increase, %, max 40 - - -decrease, %, max 15 Mix with fuel, %, max 2,5 4,0 5,0 Flash temperature, 0S, min Max 20 decrease to 0 S 204 - 0,3 0,5 0,2 Water content, %, max 1,0 - 1,5 - 1,5 Insoluble add-ons, pentan-solvent, % e.g. - Burned, thermogravimetry, % e.g. .max The information given varies significantly due to significantly improving the quality of used engine oils the fact that it is based on different detection methods. and their additives, as well as by changing the design Therefore, it is appropriate to analyze the methods and of engines, increasing the efficiency of crankcase venti- criteria for determining the periodicity of oil change. lation, oil cooling and oil cleaning, etc. During operation, the process of oil wear occurs. Therefore, in the opera- Based on the above material and its analysis, the fol- tion of cars, it is necessary to take into account the laws lowing conclusions can be drawn on the section: of oil wear and its effect on performance characteristics. The rate of decrease in the number of alkalis during Modern car diesel engines are characterized by an operation depends on the engine's thermal regime, oil increase in total power due to the use of a turbocharger, contamination, and fuel quality. Therefore, when boosting which allows to increase the power by two to three times car diesel engines, the requirements for additives and and reduce the specific fuel consumption due to the me- the periodicity of oil changes are increased. chanical and thermal stress of the parts. Reliable opera- tion of such reinforced engines is ensured by References 1. Ф.Н. Авдонькин, Авдонькин Ф.Н. Теоретические основы технической эксплуатации автомобилей. Ф.Н. Авдонькин. - М.: Транспорт, 1985. - 215 с. 2. Носов А.О. Повышение эффективности эксплуатации автотракторных дизелей совершенствованием профилактики смазочной системы: дис. ... канд. техн. наук: 05.20.03 / А.О. Носов. - Саратов, 2013. - 118 с. 3. Е.С. Вентцель, Венцель С.В. Смазка и долговечность двигателей внутреннего сгорания / С.В. Венцель. - Киев.: Техника, 1977. - 207 с. 4. XA Alijon o'g'li - Avtoservis korxonalarini hududiy joylashuvini modellashtirish nazariy aspektlari Proceedings of International Educators Conference, 2023. 5. Венцель С.В. Применение смазочных масел в двигателях внутреннего сгорания / С.В. Венцель. - М.: Химия, 1979. - 240 с. 6. Остриков В.В. Критерии эффективности очистки моторных масел от продуктов старения и его работоспособности / В.В. Остриков, И.В. Бусин, С.Ю. Попов, И.А. Забродский. Научные труды ГНУ ВНИИТиН Россельхозакадемии. 7. Остриков В.В. Удаление загрязнений из моторных масел / В.В. Остриков, Л.В. Кашникова // Тракторы и сельскохозяйственные машины. - 1999. - № 10. - С 23. 8. Кузьмин Н.А. Процессы и закономерности изменения технического состояния автомобилей в эксплуатации: учеб. пособие / Н.А. Кузьмин. - Н. Новгород: НГТУ., 2002. - 142 с. 9. Кузьмин Н.А. Исследование отложений в автомобильных двигателях / Н.А Кузьмин, В.В. Зеленцов, И.О. Донато// Труды Нижегородского государственного технического университета им. Р.Е. Алексеева – 2010. - № 2. – С. 81. 10. Зеленцов В.В. Эксплуатационные свойства и тепловые режимы поршневых автомобильных двигателей внут- реннего сгорания: учеб. пособие / В.В. Зеленцов, В.В. Крупа - Н.Новгород. НГТУ, 2002. -72 с. 11. Рекомендации по выбору и замене моторных масел. Интернет-ресурсы. - 2013. - 12 с. 32

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. TRANSPORT, MINING AND CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15230 METHOD FOR SIZING AN ELECTRIC DRIVE FOR SMALL CLASS ELECTRIC VEHICLES Jamshid Inoyatkhodjaev DSc. in wheeled and tracked vehicles, Rector of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Fikret Umerov Ph.D. in wheeled and tracked vehicles, Associate professor at the department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Seyran Asanov Senior Lecturer at the department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering at Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] СПОСОБ РАСЧЕТА ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОМОБИЛЕЙ МАЛОГО КЛАССА Жамшид Иноятходжаев д-р техн. наук в области колесной и гусеничной техники, ректор Туринского Политехнического Университета в Ташкенте, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Фикрет Умеров д-р филос. в области колесных и гусеничных транспортных средств, доц. кафедры «Технология машиностроения и авиакосмический инжиниринг» Туринского Политехнического Университета в Ташкенте, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Сейран Асанов ст. преподаватель кафедры «Технология машиностроения и авиакосмический инжиниринг» Туринского Политехнического Университета в Ташкенте, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The implementation of mechatronic control of an electric vehicle depends on the totality of the joint work of many systems and their information communication. Therefore, the use of modern mechatronic systems in electric vehicles is among the factors that improve the mechatronic control of an electric vehicle and allow us to offer the customer a new level of electric vehicle control. The paper presents the calculation of the characteristics of the traction motor as part of the electric transmission of a vehicle using the example of a typical small class car. The parameters necessary for calcu- lating the limiting mechanical characteristics are indicated. The article presents the main types of electric motors currently used as traction drives used in electric transmissions: a collector DC motor, an asynchronous squirrel cage motor, a synchronous motor with excitation from permanent magnets, a self-excited valve motor and a valve motor with independent excitement. Their main advantages and disadvantages from the point of view of application as a traction electric motor are noted. The work indicates the forces acting on the vehicle, on the basis of which the traction balance equation is drawn up. The driving cycles used for electric vehicles are considered. It is necessary to use a modern test-driving cycle when calculating the limiting mechanical characteristic of a traction electric motor as part of an electric transmission of a car to determine some operational parameters and the main mechanical characteristics of a traction electric motor. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Inoyatkhodjaev J., Umerov F., Asanov S. METHOD FOR SIZING AN ELECTRIC DRIVE OF SMALL CLASS ELECTRIC VEHICLES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15230

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Реализация мехатронного управления электромобилем зависит от совокупности совместной работы многих систем и их информационной связи. Таким образом, использование современных мехатронных систем в элек- тромобилях является одним из факторов, которые улучшают мехатронное управление электромобилем и позво- ляют нам предложить заказчику новый уровень управления электромобилем. В статье представлен расчет характеристик тягового двигателя как части электрической трансмиссии транспортного средства на примере ти- пичного автомобиля малого класса. Указаны параметры, необходимые для расчета предельных механических характеристик. В статье представлены основные типы электродвигателей, используемых в настоящее время в качестве тяговых приводов, используемых в электрических передачах: коллекторный двигатель постоянного тока, асинхронный двигатель с короткозамкнутым ротором, синхронный двигатель с возбуждением от постоянных магнитов, вентильный двигатель с самовозбуждением и вентильный двигатель с независимым возбуждением. Отмечены их основные преимущества и недостатки с точки зрения применения в качестве тягового электро- двигателя. В работе указаны силы, действующие на транспортное средство, на основе которых составляется уравнение баланса тяги. Рассмотрены циклы вождения, используемые для электромобилей. Необходимо исполь- зовать современный цикл тест-драйва при расчете предельной механической характеристики тягового электро- двигателя как части электрической трансмиссии автомобиля для определения некоторых эксплуатационных параметров и основных механических характеристик тягового электродвигателя. Keywords: electric vehicle, electric drive, electric motors, mechatronics, diagnostics, information systems, electronic system. vehicle, automobile, driving cycle, traction balance, traction electric motor, mechanical characteristic. Ключевые слова: электромобиль, электропривод, электродвигатели, мехатроника, диагностика, информа- ционные системы, электронная система. транспортное средство, автомобиль, цикл вождения, баланс тяги, тяговый электродвигатель, механическая характеристика. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. Introduction Since the traction force on the drive wheels can be expressed in terms of the torque on the engine, taking The drive control in an electric vehicle is a complex into account the gear ratios of the main gear and the mechatronic system. This article discusses theoretical gearbox, as well as the power loss in the transmission calculations of the parameters of electric vehicles. The and the radius of the wheels of the electric vehicle. You can goal is to develop universal calculations for the selection write the following expression: of electric drive parameters for electric vehicles, taking into account different climatic conditions of electric ������������ = (������������������ ∙ ������������������ ⋅ ������������ ⋅ ������������������ ⋅ ������������������)/������, (1) vehicle operation. Most of the above calculations will be similar for a car, and, at the same time, many electric where: Fd - traction force on the driving wheels, N; cars are alterations of production cars, the following Ηf - coefficient of power loss in the transmission procedure will be described, which is also valid for cal- culating a car. of an electric vehicle (in an automobile transmission for a passenger car ηtr = 0,9-0,92); 2. Research methodology Me - effective engine torque, N * m; When making calculations for the choice of electric drives for electric vehicles, we resort to basic calculations utr - gear ratio of the gearbox; for determining the forces acting on classic cars and methods for calculating them, but at the same time we ufd - gear ratio of the final drive; take into account the absence of a classic traction drive r is the radius of the driving wheel, m. and an internal combustion engine. Also, when carrying out road tests, it is necessary to take into account the ab- To calculate the speed of movement of an electric sence of the addition of some changes in the regulation of the driving cycle time [[6, 8, 12]]. vehicle, depending on the speed of the engine shaft, the Calculations for the choice of an electric drive following formula is applied: for electric vehicles and their justification are necessary for the correct and optimal use of energy and units in ������ = (2������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ 3,6)/(������������������ ⋅ ������������������), (2) various operating and climatic conditions. where: ν is the speed of the electric vehicle, km / h; In order to start the calculations, you need to decide 3,6 - coefficient of speed conversion from m / s on the main forces acting on the electric car. In further to km / h; calculations, we will define the following designations: r is the radius of the driving wheel, m; Fd - traction force on the driving wheels; Ff - friction n is the rotational speed of the electric motor shaft, Hz; force in the transmission; Frf - rolling friction force of utr - gear ratio of the gearbox; wheels; Fr - force of resistance to rise; Far - air resistance ufd - gear ratio of the final drive[8]. force; Ffi - force of resistance to acceleration (force of To calculate the rolling resistance force, it is re- inertia)[11]. quired to take into account tire deformation, road defor- mation, tire friction force on the road and friction force For the electric car to start moving, the traction force in wheel bearings. Since the calculation of the influence on the driving wheels must exceed the sum of the remain- of these values is rather complicated, in practice, the em- ing forces - the forces of resistance to movement [7]. pirically obtained rolling friction coefficient is used, which, in the future, is involved in the calculation of the rolling resistance force [3, 9]. 34

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Table 1. Table for determining the rolling friction coefficient [8] Road Rolling friction coefficient, ƒ At a speed of 50 km / h Mean Asphalt or cement concrete in excellent condition 0,014 0,014-0,018 0,018 0,018-0,020 With asphalt or cement concrete pavement in satisfactory 0,025 0,023-0,030 condition Cobblestone pavement Gravel 0,020 0,020-0,025 Ground: dry, rolled – 0,025-0,035 Unpaved after rain – 0,050-0,150 Sand – 0,100-0,300 Rolled snow – 0,070-0,100 Let us give a formula for calculating the rolling is the formula for calculating the force of resistance resistance force: to acceleration [4, 14]: ������������������ = ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ (3) ������������������ = ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ (6) where: Frf - rolling resistance force, N; where: Fin. - force of resistance to acceleration, N; ƒ - rolling friction coefficient; m is the mass of the electric vehicle, kg; m is the mass of the electric vehicle, kg; a - acceleration of an electric vehicle, m / s2; g - acceleration of gravity, m / s2; σcr - coefficient of accounting for rotating masses. α - slope angle of the road, degree. The approximate coefficient of accounting for rotat- When the electric vehicle (car) moves downhill, ing masses σcr can be calculated by the formula[2]: it is affected by the resistance force of the rise: ������������������ = 1,05 + 0,05 ⋅ ���������2������������������2��������� (7) ������������ =⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ (4) where: Fr - force of resistance to rise (gradeability), It is necessary to describe the adhesion of the wheels N; to the road. However, this force is of little use in further calculations, so we will postpone it for now. m is the mass of the electric vehicle, kg; g - acceleration of gravity, m / s2; Now we already have an idea of the main forces α - slope angle of the road, degree. acting on an electric vehicle (car). Knowledge of this When an electric vehicle (car) moves at speeds theoretical issue will soon lead us to study the next issue - exceeding the speed of a pedestrian, the force of air the issue of calculating the characteristics of an electric resistance has a noticeable effect. To calculate the force vehicle necessary for an informed choice of engine, of air resistance, use the following empirical formula: battery, and controller[10] . ������������������������ = С������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������2/2 (5) At the moment, we already have some theoretical basis for calculating the parameters of an electric vehicle where: Fair - force of air resistance, N; (car): Forces acting on an electric vehicle (car). Based Cx – aerodynamic drag coefficient (streamlining on the previous calculations, now we can calculate the coefficient), Н * с2 / (m * kg). Cx is determined experi- parameters of the electric car engine. What has been said mentally for each body; below will also apply to the calculations of the car engine. ρ - air density (1,29 kg / m3 under normal conditions); However, for internal combustion engines, the torque S - frontal area of an electric vehicle (car), m2. parameters change depending on the rotational speed, therefore, the calculation of the required parameters of a To calculate the acceleration characteristics of an car engine is more complicated and will not be presented below, although the meaning of the calculations will electric vehicle (car), the force of resistance to acceleration remain in this case [2]. (inertia force) should be taken into account. Moreover, For the correct choice of an electric car engine, you need to know characteristics such as nominal and peak it is necessary to take into account not only the inertia of power, as well as the value of torque and shaft speed. The rated power is used to maintain a given constant the electric vehicle itself, but also the influence of the speed. Peak power is required to accelerate an electric vehicle. Knowledge of the power characteristics of the moment of inertia of the rotating masses inside the electric vehicle (rotor, gearbox, cardan, wheels). The following 35

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. engine will be required to calculate the parameters of the ρ is the air density; battery and the controller. Knowledge of the torque and ν is the estimated speed of the electric vehicle (car), speed of the motor shaft is required to determine the km / h; parameters of the gearbox and select the motor itself. a is the required acceleration of the electric vehicle, m / s2, calculated by dividing; values of the design speed To calculate the minimum engine speed required for for the time t required to accelerate to this speed; movement, we will use the formula already known to us: σvr - coefficient of accounting for rotating masses. The formula turned out to be great. Next, we add ������ = (2 ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ 3,6)/(������������������ ⋅ ������������������) (8) the missing elements of the resulting mosaic, make the formula gigantic and transform it into a form suitable where: ν is the speed of the electric vehicle, km / h; for further coding: 3,6 - coefficient of speed conversion from m / s to km / h; ������������ = ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ + ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ + С������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������2/ r is the radius of the driving wheel, m; n is the frequency of rotation of the motor shaft, Hz; /2 + ������ ⋅ (������/(3,6 ⋅ ������)) ⋅ (1,05 + 0,05 ⋅ ���������2���������) ⋅ ������/(������������������ ⋅ utr - gear ratio of a gearbox or electric motor reducer. ������������������ ⋅ ������������������). (12) ugt is the gear ratio of the main gear (when using a gearbox, it is taken to be equal to one). The above calculations are already enough to calcu- From it we derive the required formula for calculating late the required engine parameters. We select an engine the engine speed: with slightly higher effective torque and shaft speed, which will allow further calculations based on a model ������ = (������ ⋅ ������������������ ⋅ ������������������)/(2 ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ 3,6). (9) with a real engine. As we remember from the days of school, in order to determine the power required to Since many motors mark the shaft speed not in hertz, maintain a constant speed, it is necessary to know the but in revolutions per minute, to convert the values, value of the force that balances the action of the forces the result obtained in Hz must be multiplied by 60 [5]. that impede movement and the value of the speed itself. Multiplying these parameters, we get the value of the The formula for the balance of forces required rated power [3, 13]. to describe the uniformly accelerated movement of an electric vehicle (car): Similarly, you can calculate the peak power consumed by the motor during acceleration (you need to take ������������ = ������������������ + ������������ + ������������������ + ������������������ (10) the average acceleration speed), only in this case, for the accuracy of the calculations, you need to calculate where: Fd - traction force on the driving wheels; the average value of the air resistance force during the Frf - rolling friction force of wheels; acceleration. Fr - force of resistance to rise; Far - air resistance force; This cycle consists of four EDC15 sections and one Ffi - force of resistance to acceleration (force of for driving outside the city. The required torque of the inertia). electric motor, both static and dynamic components are Now we substitute the already known formulas into taken into account, is determined[1]: the equation: ������������������ = (������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ + ������������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������2/2 + ������ ⋅ ((������2 − ������1)/ (������������������ ⋅ ������������ ⋅ ������������������ ⋅ ������������������)/������ /(3,6 ⋅ ������)) ⋅ (1,05 + 0,05 ⋅ ���������2���������) ⋅ ������/(������������������ ⋅ ������������������ ⋅ ������������������) (13) = ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ + ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ ������ + where Mtn - engine torque, Nm; +С������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������2/2 + ������ ⋅ ������ ⋅ ������������������ (11) ƒ - rolling friction coefficient; m is the mass of the electric vehicle, kg; where: ηtr - coefficient of power loss in the g - acceleration of gravity, m / s2; Cx - coefficient of air resistance (streamlining transmission of an electric vehicle (in an automobile coefficient), N · s2 / (m · kg), determined experimentally transmission for a passenger car ηtr. = 0,9-0,92); for each body and taken in the calculations equal to 0,36; ρ - air density (1,29 kg / m3 under normal conditions); Me - effective engine torque, N * m; S - frontal area electro mobile, m2, S is the projection area of the body on a plane perpendicular to the longitu- utr - gear ratio of the gearbox; dinal axis; ν is the speed of the electric vehicle (car), km / h; ugt - gear ratio of the main transfer; utr - gear ratio of the gearbox; ηtr - coefficient of power loss in the transmission of r is the radius of the driving wheel, m; an electric vehicle (in an automobile transmission for a ƒ - rolling friction coefficient; passenger car ηfr = 0,9 ... 0,92). m is the mass of the electric vehicle, kg; g - acceleration of gravity, m / s2; α - slope angle of the road, °; Cx - coefficient of air resistance (streamlining coefficient), Н * s2 / (m * kg). Cx is determined experi- mentally for each body. S - frontal area of an electric vehicle (car), m2. S is the projection area of the body on a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis. 36

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 3. Discussion of the results Table 2. The mathematical model of the vehicle described in the previous chapter will be used to validate the peak parameters of power and torque for small class Electric Vehicle Wuling Macaron. Technical specification of small class electric vehicle Wuling Macaron EV Parameter Designation Value Unit of measurement Mass (including the driver) m 780 Kg Aerodynamic drag coefficient Cx 0.342 - Aerodynamic front area S 1.7 m2 Rolling friction coefficient (tires on asphalt road) f 0.018 - Maximum speed Rolling radius vmax 100 km/h Electric drive (PM DC electric motor) r 0.24 m rated power Electric drive rated torque Pmax 20 kW Electric drive efficiency Mmax 85 Nm Gearbox (fixed gear reducer) ηel 0.85 - - Final drive Transmission ratio utr 2 - Efficiency ηtr 0.92 - - Transmission ratio ufd 4 Efficiency ηfd 0.9 The validation of the peak vehicle performance was the results with the results of the mathematical model validated in two experiments. The first experiment im- (Figure 1). The second experiment involved driving the plied driving the car at a road with zero inclination. The vehicle at the constant speed of 60 km/h at roads with idea was to establish a relationship between the vehicle different inclination to validate the capacity of the vehi- speed and the electric drive power deliver and compare cle to overcome the gradeability of city roads (Figure 2). Figure 1. Dependence of Power required from the electric drive on the vehicle speed, with a zero inclination 37

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 2. Dependence of Power required from Electric drive on the road inclination (vehicle speed is taken to be equal to 60km/h) Besides, the proposed model offers the estimation of how much more power needs to be provided by elec- tric drive (with respect to the power require at a zero road grade) at different road inclinations. Figure 3. Power to be added (%) due to road inclination (vehicle speed is equal to 60 km/h) 4. Conclusion The development and research of electric drives for small class electric vehicles are an urgent task. Existing According to the proposed model for the sizing of the developments of electric vehicles require careful study, electric drive, the theoretical results and the experimental generalization of results, government support to expand show a fairly good similitude, with an acceptable differ- research, development, and implementation in the do- ence of 5-8%. As a matter of further studies, the model mestic electric vehicle industry. could be improved by adding the sub-model of the DC-DC controller, including its losses. 38

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. References: 1. Danov B.A. Electronic control systems of foreign cars / Danov B.A., ISBN: 5-93517-085-X-edition., Goryachay liniya- Telecom (in Russian), 2002. 2. Denton T. Automobile Electrical And Electronic Systems 1995. 3. Ehsani M. [et al.]. Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles, third edition 2018. 4. Genta G., Morello L. The Automotive Chassis: Volume 1: Components Design 2020. 5. Huang Y. [и др.]. A review of power management strategies and component sizing methods for hybrid vehicles // Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 2018. (96). C. 132–144. 6. Husain I. Electric and hybrid vehicles: design fundamentals 2003. 7. Jazar R.N. Vehicle Dynamics: Theory and Application 2009. 8. Khajepour A., Fallah M.S., Goodarzi A. Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Technologies, Modeling and Control - A Mechatronic Approach 2014. 9. Liu W. Introduction to Hybrid Vehicle System Modeling and Control: Liu/Introduction to Hybrid Vehicle System Modeling and Control 2013. 10. Lu L. [et al.]. A review on the key issues for lithium-ion battery management in electric vehicles // Journal of Power Sources. 2013. (226). C. 272–288. 11. Performance L.D. V., Committee E.M. Battery Electric Vehicle Energy Consumption and Range Test Procedure // 2017. 12. Ruan J. [et al.]. The Safety and Dynamic Performance of Blended Brake System on a Two-Speed DCT Based Battery Electric Vehicle // SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars - Mechanical Systems. 2016. № 1 (9). C. 143–153. 13. ’Umerov F. ’Juraboev A.Z.’ Analysis of the block diagram of the traction drive and the stages of calculation of a mechatronically controlled hybrid vehicle. // Scientific journal of the Tashkent State Technical University (TSTU) named after Islam Karimov, «Yulduzlari Technique». 2022. C. 29–33. 14. Vidal‐Bravo S. [и др.]. Light electric vehicle powertrain: Modeling, simulation, and experimentation for engineering students using PSIM // Computer Applications in Engineering Education. 2020. (28). C. 406–419. 39

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. TECHNOLOGY OF MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS OF THE TEXTILE AND LIGHT INDUSTRY PREPARATION OF BODY AND WIND THREADS FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL SILK AND COTTON RAW MATERIALS WITH HIGH HYGIENE CHARACTERISTICS Oxunjon Axunbabaev Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Uzbek Research Institute of Natural Fibers (Uzbekistan), Republic of Uzbekistan, Margilan E-mail: [email protected] Bakhromjon Davronov Doktoral student, Uzbek Research Institute of Natural Fibers (Uzbekistan), Republic of Uzbekistan, Margilan ПОДГОТОВКА ТЕЛОВЫХ И ВЕТРОВЫХ НИТЕЙ ДЛЯ ТЕКСТИЛЬНОГО ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ИЗ НАТУРАЛЬНОГО ШЕЛКОВОГО И ХЛОПКОВОГО СЫРЬЯ С ВЫСОКИМИ ГИГИЕНИЧНЫМИ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКАМИ Ахунбабаев Охунжон Абдурахмонович д-р техн. наук, профессор, Узбекский научно-исследовательский институт натуральных волокон (Узбекистан), Республика Узбекистан, г. Маргилан Давронов Бахромджон Вахобджон ог‘ли докторант, Узбекский научно-исследовательский институт натуральных волокон (Узбекистан), Республика Узбекистан, г. Маргилан ABSTRACT In this article, based on the analysis of modern researches devoted to the process of weaving fabric made from natural and cotton raw materials, information and recommendations were given about the working process of the currently used equipment, sorting equipment of theoretical and practical importance. The task and purpose of the research is to increase the efficiency of weaving, reduce the cost of weaving and prepare a competitive product in the world market by conducting theoretical and practical research. This product is made of 100% natural fibers. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье на основе анализа современных исследований, посвященных процессу ткачества ткани из натурального и хлопкового сырья, даны сведения и рекомендации по рабочему процессу используемого в насто- ящее время оборудования, сортировочного оборудования теоретического и практического значения. Задачей и целью исследования является повышение эффективности ткачества, снижение себестоимости ткачества и подготовка конкурентоспособного продукта на мировом рынке путем проведения теоретических и практических исследований. Этот продукт изготовлен из 100% натуральных волокон. Keywords: cocoons, natural silk, raw silk, unwinding, warping, twisting, surgical thread, resulting linear density, quality, standard, surgical operation, suture material, silk-rolling enterprise, packaging, bulk packaging. Ключевые слова: коконы, натуральный шелк, шелк-сырец, размотка, снование, скручивание, хирургическая нить, результирующая линейная плотность, качество, стандарт, хирургическая операция, шовный материал, шелкопрокатное предприятие, упаковка, групповая упаковка. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Axunbabaev O.A., Davronov B.V. PREPARATION OF BODY AND WIND THREADS FOR TEXTILE PRODUCTION FROM NATURAL SILK AND COTTON RAW MATERIALS WITH HIGH HYGIENE CHARACTERISTICS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15264

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Rewinding silk The improved quality of silk in the process of rewind- ing leads to an increase in productivity in subsequent The purpose of re-winding silk is to make it suitable processes and an increase in the quality of semi-finished for further technological processes. Also, in the process products made in the process. In our dissertation work, of re-winding, the quality of the silk is improved by re- a spool of silk is made from a silk skein in the MSH-3 moving thin, very thick and large knotted areas, and by silk rewinding machine. The followingTable 1 shows cleaning all kinds of impurities in the silk, and the amount the technological indicators of re-winding natural raw silk of silk in the winding increases several times. with a linear density of 3.23 tex on the MSH-3 rewinding machine. Table 1. Technological indicators of re-winding of natural raw silk O/R Name of technological indicators Unit of Value measure 1 Machine type MSH-3 2,33 2 Linear density of silk text 3,23 160 3 Rewind speed m/min 160 4 Input wrapping type 60-140 5 Weight of raw materials in a package g kalava 10-15 6 The tension of the thread in the winding sN 80-150 100 7 The weight of the suspended load on the boat g 10-20 40-70 8 Number of normal interruptions uz./kg 9 Type of packaging available 120 0,6-0,7 10 The density of the coil winding g/sm³ 25-40 1,1-1,6 11 The winding step of the hook on the spool mm 12 The width of the hook wrap on the spool mm reel 100 13 The mass of the hook winding on the reel 0,6-0,7 100-110 14 Ring connector number and node type g 1,1-1,6 100 140-160 \"0\"; simple knot Research of the quality parameters of cotton yarn properties also depend on the alternation of the working parameters of technological equipment. It should be noted The degree of ripeness of cotton fiber is one of the that yarn with different properties can be obtained from most important properties, and its determination is a the same raw material in different spinning methods. very laborious process. This work can be done mainly in scientific research centers or institutions. Cotton ginning The main function of the ring spinning machine is and textile enterprises operating in Uzbekistan use special to produce yarn from the pile. The purpose of the spinning methods to perform these tasks. These methods are a bit machine is to ensure the continuity and durability of the laborious and take some time. product, which is several times thicker than the thread, and to form a coiled thread with a convenient shape for Technological processes in the textile industry consist further processing. In the ring spinning machine, mainly of a complex set of physical and chemical phenomena, three technological processes are performed - stretching, which can only be successfully researched using modern baking and winding [4]. advances in science and technology [1]. Every produc- tion, including textiles, involves the reception of raw The thread coming out of the coil windings on the materials, the production of semi-finished products in suspension handle of the supply device, covering the various workshops and their reception in subsequent guide pins, passes through the tensioner of the drive departments, the production of finished products, mechanism and comes to the supply pair of the stretching the adoption of new techniques, the improvement of tool. In the stretching device, the hair is thinned to the technological processes, technological there are common specified linear density and comes out from the output problems such as placement of equipment and optimization pair in the form of a thin tuft (michka). A fluff sucker is of their basic technological and structural parameters [2]. installed at the bottom of the take-out cylinder, and when the thread breaks, it pulls the fibers into the fluff sucker The product of the spinning process varies depending system. After twisting the resulting thread into a thread, on the yarn used, the type of raw materials used, and the thread passes through the conductor and is cooked the methods of spinning. Raw materials are selected continuously under the influence of a high-frequency depending on the cooking of the thread and the customer's spinning iron. Then the thread passes through the loop order. Also, the quality of yarn is evaluated based on and is wound into the tube [5]. consumer requirements [3]. Various additional works are performed in order to satisfy the consumer's demand. The experiment was carried out in the production In addition to the properties of raw materials, thread conditions of the yarns of the 1st sample at \"Vodiy Toshloq Fergana\" textile LLC, and the yarns of the 2nd 41

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. sample at the \"Expo-solor print\" LLC enterprise. Yarn tests 16.5 tex spun yarn was produced and the quality samples were taken under experimental and production indicators of the obtained samples were determined conditions of Rieter ring spinning machines installed at in modern laboratory equipment of the enterprise. The the enterprises. obtained results are presented in A number of experiments were conducted in order to improve the quality indicators of spun yarns. Experimental Table 2. The main properties and quality indicators of Nye 54/1 (16.5 tex) thread taken for experimental testing Uster-statistics- Nye 54/1 2020 (5%) № Name of indicators Unit of measure No. 1 2nd that's it that's it 1 Linear density 2 Number of twists text 20 20,10 20,15 3 Breaking strength b/m 400 4 Relative breaking strength, (Rkm) cN 380 440 460 5 Elongation at break, Ye cN/tex 14.5 6 Unevenness according to Uster, (U) % 6,5 308 314 7 (- 50%) / thin areas % 13.71 8 (+50%) / thick areas Pieces/1000meters 2.5 14.5 14.7 9 (+200%) / nodes Pieces/1000meters 262.5 10 Tukdorlik, N Pieces/1000meters 400 6,51 6,16 % 4,4 12.47 13.89 2.5 3.12 285.0 312.5 420 465 4,70 5,08 We know the important role of densifiers in the ac- tive zone of the stretching tool in thread formation. It affects the parameters of product maturity. Ipdagi turgunlar soni, Neps200% /km 465 420 500 Example 1 450 1 400 2 Example 2 350 2 1 Figure 3. Histogram of the difference in Neps, 200%/km of knots of the yarn obtained in the two variants Example 1 Example 2 Figure 4. Histogram of the difference in % of the Uster non-textile of the yarn obtained in the two variants 42

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. The unevenness of the spun yarns refers to the rep- was 465 units/km. we can see. It can be seen that when etition of their thin and thick parts. In our study, we com- comparing the 16.5 tex yarns from sample 1, the yarn in pared the spun yarns, that is, the yarns produced at the the sample compared to the yarn produced in sample 2 enterprise, and the yarns obtained through experiments, was improved by 11%. and we managed to determine the difference in their in- dicators. It was found that the unevenness of the spun Conclusions yarn produced in sample 1 is 12.47%, while the uneven- ness of the yarn obtained in sample 2 is 13.89%. In this, 1. When creating a program for weaving new shirt we can see that the unevenness of sample 1 yarn is im- fabric from silk and cotton yarns, the main weaving proved. The purity of the thread is determined by the de- class: linen weaving was selected. fects on its surface. The smoother and cleaner the thread, the smoother and better the fabric will be. Currently, the 2. For the body of the fabric, we used cooked silks term \"neps\" is an important indicator [2]. In the con- with a linear density of 3.23x3 tex, the number of twists ducted research, when we checked the defects on the in the Z direction was 300 twists/m, and cotton with a surface of the yarn on the USTER TESTER 6 device, thickness of 16.5-17 tex and 400 twists/m. the average number of knots of the spun yarn of the 1st sample was 420 units/km, and the number of defects of 3. The technology of production of shirt fabric from the yarn in the experimental sample of the 2nd sample a mixture of silk and cotton threads was created and its technical parameters were justified. References: 1. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Respublikada pillachilik tarmog‘idagi mavjud imkoniyatlardan yanada samarali foydalanish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi PQ-3910-son Qarori, 2018 yil 20 avgust. 2. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “To‘qimachilik va tikuv-trikotaj sanoatini isloh qilishni yanada chuqurlashtirish va uning eksport salohiyatini kengaytirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”gi PQ 4186-son Qarori, 2019 yil 12 fevral. 3. O‘zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining “Yengil sanoatni yanada rivojlantirish va tayyor mahsulotlar ishlab chiqarishni rag‘batlantirish chora-tadbirlari to‘g‘risida”giPQ-4453-sonQarori,2019 yil 16 sentyabr. 4. Martin Sherburn. Geometric and mechanical modeling of Textiles//The University of Nottingham for the degree of PhD, July, 2007 y, 28-p. 5. N.G. Novikov. O stroyenii tkani i proyektirovanii yeye s pomoщьyu geometricheskogo metoda Tekst.N.G.Novikov// Tekstilnaya promыsh- lennost.—1946.-№2, s.-6. 6. G.V. Stepanov. Teoriya stroyeniya tkani: Monografiya//G.V.Stepanov. -M.: Ivanovo IGTA, 2004. – 17-20, 400-403-s. 7. T.Yu. Kareva. Razrabotka sposoba, texnologii izgotovleniya tkaney novыx struktur i issledovaniye ix stroyeniya// avtoref. d.t.n., Moskva, 2005 g, 8-s. 43

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15233 RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 5LP LINTER WITH AN IMPROVED AGITATOR PADDLE Mirjalal Numonov Researcher, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ПО РАЗРАБОТКЕ 5ЛП ЛИНТЕРА С УЛУЧШЕННАЯ ПРОПЕЛЛЕР ВОРОШИТЕЛЯ Нумoнов Мирджалал Абдумалик оглы научный сотрудник, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT This article presents the results of research conducted on the 5LP linter machine used in cotton primary processing enterprises. The agitator, which is one of the main working parts of linter machines, has been improved and compared with existing linter machines. Due to the high efficiency of the 5LP linter proposed as a result of the research work, according to the new requirements, cotton ginning enterprises should use 7 improved 5LP linters instead of 8 existing 5LP linters in the technological system, and in this case, 30.6 kW of electricity per hour from the reduction of one 5LP linter in the technology energy and, accordingly, spare parts consumption savings are determined. In this case, in order not to have a negative effect on the amount of oil extracted from the seed during technical seed lintering, it was determined that the distance between the saw teeth in the saw cylinder with the improved paddle tips should be set at 9-10 mm, and this distance should be set at 12 mm in order to prevent damage to the seed when linting the seed. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье представлены результаты исследований, проведенных на линтерной машине 5ЛП, используемой на предприятиях первичной переработки хлопка. Ворошитель, являющаяся одной из основных рабочих частей линтер машин, усовершенствована и по сравнению с существующими линтерной машинами. В связи с высокой эффективностью предложенного в результате НИР линтера 5ЛП, согласно новым требованиям, хлопкоочисти- тельные предприятия должны использовать в технологической системе 7 усовершенствованных линтеров 5ЛП вместо 8 существующих линтеров 5ЛП, и в этом случае 30,6 кВт электроэнергии в час от сокращения одного линтера 5ЛП в технологической энергии и, соответственно, экономии расхода запасных частей. При этом, чтобы не оказывать отрицательного влияния на количество масла, извлекаемого из семян при техническом опушивании семян, было определено, что расстояние между зубьями пилы в цилиндре пилы с усовершенствованными лопастными наконечниками должно быть установлено на уровне 9 -10 мм, и это расстояние следует установить равным 12 мм, чтобы предотвратить повреждение семян при опушении семян. Keywords: linter, agitator, parcher, saw cylinder, working chamber, seed roller, cotton, seed, fluff, hairiness, damage, productivity, quality. Ключевые слова: линтер, ворошитель, пропеллер, пильный цилиндр, рабочая камера, посевной каток, хлопок, посевной материал, пух, ворсистость, повреждения, производительность, качество. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. Drawings of the industrial- Kasansay cotton ginning enterprise of Namangan region experimental copy of the improved agitator, the paddles \"Namangan Pakhta TEKS\" LLC, and the linter was of which are selected on the basis of theoretical and improved (Figures 2, 3). practical studies in order to increase the productivity of the linter, improve the quality of seed and fluff, save electricity As a result of research conducted in laboratory and spare parts consumption, the tips of which are bent conditions, effective linting process in technical seed at 60 degrees towards the rotation of the seed roller, lintering in the proposed agitator, improvement of the \"Cotton Industry Scientific Center\" JSC prepared in the quality of produced seed and fluff is achieved by using design department (Fig. 1). The prototype produced was the saw cylinder with agitator paddles in the range of installed on the 5LP linter at the seed linting shop of the 9 mm and 10 mm, and in the linter of seed seed in the range of 12 mm. taking into account that it was carried __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Numonov M. RESULTS OF RESEARCH ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF A 5LP LINTER WITH AN IMPROVED AGITATOR PADDLE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15233

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. out at a distance [1, 2], comparison tests were carried out moisture content of 9.3% and 12.1%, contamination at the above-mentioned distances between the agitator of 4.8% and 7.6% [4, 5]. paddles and the saw cylinder. In the technology, there are 3 pieces of 5DP-130 type For comparison-testing, seed linting with the improved sawed seeds, the hairiness of the seeds produced from 5LP linter was carried out on a 5LP linter with an agitator sawed seeds is 10.2% and 11.5% on average in the I and of an existing design selected for the experiment in the III varieties, and the damage is 3.4% and 3.57 was %. technological system. A saw cylinder with 160 new saws To determine the seed performance of the linters, with an outer diameter of 320 mm and number of saws the seeds produced from the 5LP linters selected for was installed on both linters. The rotational speeds of the experiment and offered were individually collected the saw cylinder and agitators in both 5LP linters were at 3-minute intervals and then weighed. Fluff efficiency the same as in their passport, the saw cylinder was was measured after 15 minutes of fluff was collected 730 rpm, and the agitator was 500 rpm [3]. and weighed. Then, the seed and lint performance of the proposed and available 5LP linters selected for Comparison-test work was carried out after 4 hours the experiment was determined. of use of new saws. Tests were conducted on I and III varieties of Andijan-36 selection cotton with initial - А 1- shaft, 2- cross, 3- paddles Figure 1. A drawing of an industrial-experimental replica of an improved agitator paddle In order to study the effects of 5LP linters on the of distance between agitator and saw cylinder from hairiness, damage, lint contamination, and staple length 0.34 (abs)% to 0.27 (abs)% , showed an average of of the linters, samples were taken and analyzed in the 0.36 (abs)% to 0.4 (abs)% less than damaged (Fig. 4). company's laboratory. In order for the results of the The mass fraction of impurities and whole seeds in the lint analysis to be accurate, the samples were repeated 7 times produced changed from an average of 5.96% to 5.38%, and their average values were obtained. compared to the mass fraction of impurities and whole seeds in fluff produced from the 5LP linter with the Working chamber of 5LP linter with agitator existing construction agitator. (abs)% decreased to 0.77 and 5LP agitator with existing construction agitator (abs)% (Fig. 5). of Andijon-36 selection grade I seed at 9-12 mm change 1 2 1-working chamber, 2-improved agitator paddle Figure 2. A linter with an improved agitator paddle 45

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. The staple length of the fluff is 6/7 mm, and due to taken for the experiment. The 5LP linter was found to be the improvement of its quality, according to the state 70 kg/hr to 34 kg/hr higher than seed and 2.5 kg/hr to standard UzDst 645:2016 \"Cotton fluff\" \"Technical 3.1 kg/hr lint. Andijon-36 selection grade III seed with conditions\", it corresponded to class I grade B type a hairiness of 11.5% and damage of 3.57% produced \"Middle\". In this case, the linter productivity averaged from 5DP-130 type sawing gins in technology in a 5LP from 693 kg/h to 745 kg/h for seed, and from 27.9 kg/h linter with an existing agitator has an average hairiness to 24.8 kg/h for fluff, with the existing design agitator level of 7.57 - 8.64%, damage was 5.76-5.16% [6, 7]. Seed hairiness and damage, % Impurities in lint, mass fraction of whole seed and lint separation, % 1, 3- in an existing agitator linter, 2, 4- in an improved agitator linter Figure 4. Dependence of the hairiness and damage of the seed coming out of the working chamber on the distance between the saw teeth in the saw cylinder and the agitator The mass fraction of dirty mixtures and whole which is 0.69 (abs )% was found to be less than seeds in the fluff produced from the linting process was 0.75 (abs)% (Fig. 7). The staple length of fluff is equal on average 6.42-6.10%, and according to the quality to 6/7 mm, and due to the improvement of its quality, indicator, it corresponded to the II type B type \"Ilfos\" according to the state standard UzDst 645:2016, class [8]. In this case, the productivity of the linter was it corresponded to type II type B \"Middle\" class [9]. 615-688 kg/hour for seed, 24.6-21.4 kg/hour for fluff. In this case, the productivity of the linter is an average This indicator shows that in the 5LP linter with the of 672-734 kg/h for seed and an average of 27.1-23.2 proposed agitator, the distance between the agitator bent kg/h for fluff, compared to the productivity of the 5LP paddles and the saw cylinder is 9-12 mm. , and showed linter with the agitator of the existing design. it was 0.15 (abs)% to 0.19 (abs)% less hairiness and 0.28 (abs)% found to be higher from 57 kg/h to 46 kg/h for seed, to 0.4 (abs)% less damage than existing stirred 5LP and 1.8 kg/h for fluff from 2.5 kg/h. linters (6 - picture). The mass fraction of impurities and whole seeds in the lint produced averaged 5.73-5.35%, The distance between the agitator paddles and saw cylinder, mm Impurities in lint, mass fraction of whole seed and lint separation, % 1,3- in an existing agitator linter, 2,4- in an improved agitator linter Figure 5. Dependence of the mass fraction of impurities and whole seeds in fluff and the separation of fluff with the stirrer and the distance between the saw teeth in the saw cylinder 46

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. During the test period, the acceleration of the linter the speed of rotation of the seed roller along the length seed exit from the working chamber of the 5LP linter of the chamber without jamming the seed roller in the with an improved agitator was observed. As a result, working chamber occurred, and the process of effective the supply of new seeds from the linter supplier to the lintering of the seed was carried out. working chamber increased. Due to this, an increase in Seed hairiness and damage, % The distance between the agitator paddles and saw cylinder, mm 1, 3- in an existing agitator linter, 2, 4- in an improved agitator linter Figure 6. Dependence of the hairiness and damage of the seed coming out of the working chamber on the distance between the saw teeth in the saw cylinder and the agitator Due to the increase in productivity of the proposed cotton-textile cluster cotton ginning enterprises. lib, improved 5LP linter, the coordinated technology of cotton the reduction of one 5LP linter in the technological preliminary processing - based on PDI70-2017, it is aimed system results in a saving of 30.6 kW of electricity per to use 7 improved 5LP linters instead of 8 existing 5LP hour and, accordingly, spare parts consumption [10]. linters in the technological system for seed lintering of Impurities in lint, mass fraction of whole seed and lint separation, % The distance between the agitator paddles and saw cylinder, mm 1, 4- in an existing agitator linter, 2, 3- in an improved agitator linter Figure 7. Dependence of the mass fraction of impurities and whole seeds in lint and the separation of lint with the stirrer and the distance between the saw teeth in the saw cylinder Summary. Based on the results of the comparison studied. In this case, in order not to have a negative effect research, in order to increase the productivity of the on the amount of oil extracted from the seed during linter, to improve the quality of the seed and fluff, it is the lintering of the technical seed, the distance between aimed to bend the ends of the paddles in the agitator the saw teeth in the saw cylinder with the improved by 60 degrees towards the rotation of the seed roller, paddle tips should be set at 9-10 mm. It was determined and to make the length of the bent part 16 mm. was that it should be installed in mm. 47

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. References: 1. Q. Jumaniyazov, M. Nomanov. A study of the influence of the bending direction of the agitator paddles on the 5LP linter on the acceleration of the linting process of the seed. Scientific-technical journal of Machine building. Special issue №6, 2022, Andijan, Uzbekistan. 2. M.Nomanov. Analysis of improvement processes of cleaning technologies from various impurities in cotton seed linting process. Scientific and technical journal \"Problems of production technology\" /ISSN 2181-8622/ – Special issue №6, 2022. 3. Pasport of saw linter 5LP.-Tashkent, 1981.-18 p. 4. UzDst 644:2006. Cotton. Moisture detection methods. Tashkent, 2006.-17 p. 5. UzDst 615:2018. Cotton. Technical conditions. Tashkent, 2018.- 4 p. 6. UzDst 601:2016. Technical seed of cotton, Technical conditions. Fertility determination methods. Tashkent, 2016.- 11 p. 7. UzDst 597:2016. Technical seed of cotton, Technical conditions. Methods for determining the mass fraction of defective seeds. Tashkent, 2016.- 10 p. 8. UzDst 662:2016. Cotton wool. Methods for determining the mass fraction of impurity mixtures and whole seeds. Tashkent, 2016.- 14 p. 9. UzDst 660:2016. Cotton wool. Methods of determining length. Tashkent, 2016.- 12 p. 10. Coordinated technology of cotton preliminary processing (PDI 70-2017). A.S. Under the general editorship of Kamalov. \"Cotton Industry Scientific Center\" JSC. Tashkent, 2017. - 91 p. 48

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. FOOD TECHNOLOGY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15361 THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONAL NUTRITION IN THE FORMATION OF PHYSICAL CULTURE Rustamjon Medatov Senior Lecturer, Department of Food Technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ЗНАЧЕНИЕ ФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОГО ПИТАНИЯ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ ФИЗИЧЕСКОЙ КУЛЬТУРЫ Медатов Рустамжон Хошимович ст. преподаватель кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT This article shows that the components of a healthy lifestyle are physical activity, proper nutrition, exercise, good rest, failure to observe at least one of the healthy lifestyles has a negative effect on human health, and also when choosing physical activity information about the need to take into account the individual characteristics of a person is given. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье показано, что составляющими здорового образа жизни являются двигательная активность, правильное питание, физические нагрузки, полноценный отдых, несоблюдение хотя бы одного из принципов здорового образа жизни оказывает негативное влияние на здоровье человека, а также при выборе физической активности информация о необходимости учитывать индивидуальные особенности человека. Keywords: nutritional value, physical culture, health, useful products, physical development, functional nutrition vitamin, protein. Ключевые слова: Питательная ценность, физкультура, здоровье, полезные продукты, физическое развитие, функциональное питание, витамин, белок. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Normal physical development is a change in the meals: breakfast, lunch and dinner. 4 meals a day can structure and functions of the child's body depending on be a second breakfast (between breakfast and lunch) age, which naturally corresponds to his growth. Mor- or between lunch and dinner, it must be organized in phofunctional changes occurring in the body are very accordance with tradition and living conditions. Food complex, but nevertheless, according to some indicators increases the metabolism in the body of sodium, calcium, that externally reflect this process, it is possible to deter- magnesium, iron, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine and a num- mine with sufficient objectivity the normal or abnormal ber of other elements (trace elements) - iodine, fluorine, course of development. These indicators are height, zinc, copper, manganese, cobalt, etc. the need must be weight and chest circumference [1]. They are related to met at a lower level (1 mg - kg and even less). (Minerals body weight, density and shape. The physical strength maintain osmotic pressure in tissues, are part of bones, of a child can be assessed based on the interdependence teeth, hemoglobin, enzymes, hormones [2]. Fats are com- of these factors. It should be noted that growth, develop- posed of glycerol and fatty acids with carbon, hydrogen, ment, health and activity are primarily determined by oxygen. They turn food into energy. 'The richer compo- proper nutrition, adherence to a reasonable lifestyle and nents are recalculated. Oxidation of 1 g of fat in the body other social factors. provides 9.3 kcal of energy. Fats contain vitamins A, D, E, necessary for life, as well as biologically active sub- The daily food ration should be divided into 3-4 meals stances - unsaturated fatty acids. for adults and 4-5 meals for school-age children. 3 main __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Medatov R. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FUNCTIONAL NUTRITION IN THE FOR- MATION OF PHYSICAL CULTURE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15361

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Table 1. The value of vitamins is as follows Vitamins Function and type of product A Supports skin, vision, immunity and youth (sources: carrots, eggs, milk); In addition, due to a lack of vitamin A, the human body becomes salty, hair becomes dry, and nails become soft. Muscle and nerve fibers that provide energy-producing activity (sources: rice, meat, legumes, nuts) B 1 contained in such products; With the depletion of vitamin B1 and its group, a person becomes restless, memory deteriorates, nerves are irritated, and appetite is suppressed. Activates growth and energy metabolism (sources: egg yolk, poultry, fish, yeast); With a decrease B 2 in vitamin B2 in the human body, tears stop flowing, anemia occurs, the person becomes dehydrated, the lips crack, wrinkles appear on the lips. B6 Helps in the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, supports enzymatic reactions (sources: potatoes, fish, meat, whole grains, bread, vegetables); Vitamin B9 - (folic acid) is involved in the formation of amino acids (serine, glycerol) of nucleic acid B 9 in the body, affects the formation of red blood cells and platelets. This vitamin is found in green spinach leaves, cabbage, liver, chicken, and legumes. The daily requirement for adults is 2-5 mg. B 12 Prevents anemia, disorders of the nervous system (sources: sea, milk, meat, eggs); C Supports the immune system, healthy teeth, skin and bones (sources: oranges, lemons, black grapes, rose hips, sweet peppers); D Increases calcium absorption from teeth and nails (sources: oil, fish, dairy products); E Protects the body from oxidation at the cellular level and serves to regenerate the skin (sources: meat, vegetable oil, grain). Vegetable oil is considered one of the essential com- of 1 g of carbohydrates provides 4.1 kcal of energy. ponents in the nutrition of athletes, as they consume vit- The amount of carbohydrates in the daily diet should amin E in excess; Vitamin E contained in vegetable oil provide 60% of calories. Among vegetables, carrots, is necessary for fat metabolism, contributes to the nor- cabbage, beets are rich in vitamins, mineral salts, fiber. malization of protein and fat components in the blood, and Potatoes contain a lot of starch (polysaccharides) and prevents atherosclerosis [3]. are rich in calories. However, it will have fewer cells. Therefore, it is desirable to eat vegetables (with the Carbohydrates are made up of hydrogen, oxygen and addition of potatoes, beets, carrots, cabbage, onions, carbon. Depending on the amount of monosaccharides cucumbers) in the form of a vinaigrette. Although onions in 1 carbohydrate molecule, they are divided into are low in carbohydrates and proteins, they are very useful monosaccharides (fructose, glucose), disaccharides (beet due to the stimulating effect on digestion as a bactericide. sugar) and polysaccharides (starch, glycogen). Carbo- hydrates are the main providers of energy. Oxidation THE OPTIMAL RATIO OF NUTRIENTS IN THE DAILY DIET protein oil carbohydrate 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Nutrients Figure 1. The optimal ratio of nutrients in the daily diet 50

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. In food, the principle of diet is observed. Thus, at- It can be concluded that physical culture plays a tention is paid to boiling, steaming, steaming, baking huge role in human life, as well as in improving the and frying. The daily diet includes meat, milk, butter and health of people of any age. Regular and moderate phys- vegetable oil, wheat bread (at every meal). Once every ical exercise has a positive effect on the functioning of two or three days it is recommended to give fish, eggs, our body. Functional nutrition, malnutrition, low physi- cheese, cottage cheese, dairy products. Breakfast consists cal activity, of course, lead to poor health, the develop- of salad, hot dishes and hot drinks. Vegetables and fruits ment of various diseases and a reduction in life are recommended. Lunch includes salad, first and second expectancy. Everyone should understand this and care- courses (mostly hot meat, fish or poultry) and a drink. fully monitor their physical activity. References: 1. Ермолаев Ю.А. Возрастная физиология. Учебное пособие для студентов педагогических вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1985, 384 с. 2. Лукьянов В.С. О сохранении здоровья и работоспособности. – М.: Медгиз, 1952, 136 с. 3. Солодков А.С., Сологуб Е.Г. Физиология человека общая, спортивная, возрастная. – М.: Тера-спорт, 2001, 520 с. 51

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15368 THE VALUE OF COMPOUNDS THAT CHANGE THE COLOR OF FOOD RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS Dilshod Shodiev Assistant of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Hojiali Qurbonov Student of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Mohidil Abduvalieva Student of the Department of Food technology, Fergana polytechnic institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana ЗНАЧЕНИЕ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ, ИЗМЕНЯЮЩИХ ЦВЕТ ПИЩЕВОГО СЫРЬЯ И ГОТОВОЙ ПРОДУКЦИИ Шодиев Дилшоджон Абдуложон угли ассистент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Курбонов Хожиали Алижон угли студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Абдувалиева Мохидил Адхамжон кизи студент кафедры «Пищевая технология», Ферганский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Information is given on the use of natural and synthetic (organic and inorganic) dyes to give different colors to food products and semi-finished products, as well as on the coloring of products formed during the preparation of food products. АННОТАЦИЯ Приведены сведения об использовании натуральных и синтетических (органических и неорганических) красителей для придания различной окраски пищевым продуктам и полуфабрикатам, а также об окрашивании продуктов, образующихся при приготовлении пищевых продуктов. Keywords: amaranth plant, leaf, stem, flower, amaranth oil, amaranth flour, medicinal properties. Ключевые слова: пищевая добавка, сырье, хлорофилл, хиноновые красители, каротиноиды. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Consumers become accustomed to a certain color of color, which is familiar to the consumer, and in some cases food, in which the color of the product is associated with acquire an unpleasant color. This, of course, makes food its quality. At the same time, in the conditions of modern less attractive to the consumer, affects appetite and food technologies, products often change their original digestion. Natural and synthetic (organic and inorganic) __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Shodiev D., Qurbonov H., Abduvalieva M. THE VALUE OF COMPOUNDS THAT CHANGE THE COLOR OF FOOD RAW MATERIALS AND FINISHED PRODUCTS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15368

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. dyes are used to give different colors to food products products, α-, β- and γ-carotenes isolated from vegetable and semi-finished products. They are widely used in the raw materials (carrots, sweet peppers, peppers) or ob- production of confectionery, drinks, margarine, some tained microbiologically are used. Chlorophylls are pig- types of canned food, etc. ments found in plants, fruits and vegetables that give them their green color (cabbage, peppers, lettuce, dill, Materials for color correction. These include com- kale, carrot leaves, nettles). pounds that change the color of food raw materials and finished products. Among them, we can distinguish col- Natural chlorophyll (E140), isolated from the above oring products formed during the preparation of food plant objects and used as a green dye, is notable for its products or additives that break down natural pigments - instability, especially in acidic environments, at high bleaches. temperatures (green color becomes olive, then becomes yellow-brown). Chemically modified forms of chloro- For example, SO2 is sulfur dioxide. Solutions of phyll have a relatively stable color: Cu-complexes of H2SO3 and its salts act as bleaches and preservatives, chlorophyll (E140), Na- and K-salts of chlorophyll slow down the enzymatic browning of vegetables and Cu-complexes (E140). The former is soluble in water fruits, and slow down the formation of melaoidins. It and the latter is soluble in oil. should also be remembered that SO2 breaks down vita- min B1 and affects the protein molecule, which can lead Quinone dyes. Permitted dyes in this group include to unpleasant consequences. hacarmine, alkanine and curcumin. Alkanin (alkanet) is a red-brown dye (E103) obtained from the root of the Potassium nitrites and nitrates are used to preserve alkane plant. This paint color was not widely used due the red color when processing (marinating) meat and to insufficient durability. Curcumin is a yellow dye meat products. Myoglobin is a red dye that reacts with (E100) that does not dissolve in water, therefore it is nitrites to form nitrosomyoglobin and does not change used in the form of an alcohol solution. It is obtained when boiled. from a plant of the fig family - turmeric. The permissible daily dose is 2.5 mg per kg of body weight. Another rep- Potassium bromate (KBrO3) is used as a flour resentative of this group is turmeric (E100) - turmeric bleach, but its use leads to the breakdown of B vitamins, root powder. The permissible daily dose is 0.1 mg per PP and methionine. kg of body weight. A separate group of carotenoids is made up of their Carmine is a red dye derived from anthraquinone. derivatives: flavoxanthin, lutein, rubixanthin, violoxan- thin, rhodoxanthin, canthaxanthin. For coloring food OH O CH3 O CH3 (CHOH)4 C HO OH OH O COOH Carminic acid Carmine is obtained from cochineal, an insect that lives on cacti growing in Africa and South America. Alkanin is a derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone. CH3 CH CH3 OH O H2C CH OH OH O Alkanin 53

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Turmeric is a natural yellow dye derived from the perennial plant Suruma longa, which belongs to the ginger family. References: 1. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD COLORINGS IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY //Universum: тех- нические науки. – 2022. – №. 11-8 (104). – С. 23-25. 2. Dilshodjon S., Hojiali Q. NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF FOOD SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE BODY //Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 12-7 (105). – С. 32-35. 3. Xoshimjonova N., To‘xtaboyeva F., Mo‘minov M., To‘xtaboyev N.X. Amarantdan shifobaxsh moy ajratib olishni joriy qilish istiqbollari. “Farg‘ona vodiysi biologik xilma-xilligi: dolzarb muammolari va ularning yechimi” respublika ilmiy anjumani materiallari to‘plami. 78-80 betlar. Andijon, 2015. 4. Шодиев Д.А.У., Курбонов Х.А.Ў. Перспективы использования пищевых добавок в пищевой промышленности // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 5-7 (98). – С. 24-26. 5. Шодиев Д.А. Значение биологических количеств микроэлементов растениями //Formation Of Psychology And Pedagogy As Interdisciplinary Sciences. – 2022. – Т. 1. – №. 9. – С. 297-301. 6. Шодиев Д.А. У., Расулова У.Н. К. Значение амарантового масла в медицине // Universum: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 1-2 (94). – С. 69-72. 7. Шодиев Д.А., Нажмитдинова Г.К. Пищевые добавки и их значение // Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 10-3 (91). – С. 30-32. 54

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING ADDITIVE FOR GYPSUMBOARD BASED ON POLYMETHYLENENAPHTHALINE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS Orifjon Kadyrov Doctoral student (DSc) of the Department of National University of Uzbekistan, \"General and Oil and Gas Chemistry\", Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Zilola Karimova Researcher of the Department of \"Chemistry\" Bukhara engineering technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ДОБАВКИ ДЛЯ ГИПСОКАРТОНА НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИМЕТИЛЕННАФТАЛИНКАРБОНОВЫХ КИСЛОТ Кадыров Орифжон Шарипович докторант (DSc) кафедры «Общая и нефтегазовая химия», Национальный университет Узбекистана, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Каримова Зилола Махмудовна научный соискатель кафедры «Химия», Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT In the technology for the synthesis of additives for drywall based on polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid, it is proposed to carry out an additional stage, which allows reducing the mass fraction of residual formaldehyde. Studies have been carried out to study the effect of the synthesized additive on the plasticizing properties of the gypsum mixture. АННОТАЦИЯ В технологии синтеза добавки для гипсокартона на основе смеси полиметиленнафталин карбоновых кислот предложено проведение дополнительной стадии, которая позволяет снизить массовую долю остаточного фор- мальдегида. Проведены исследования по изучению влияния синтезированной добавки на пластифицирующие свойства гипсовой смеси. Keywords: residual formaldehyde; plasticizer properties; polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid; Cannicaro reaction. Ключевые слова: остаточный формальдегид; пластицифицирующие свойства; полиметиленнафталин карбоновая кислота; реакция Канницаро. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction and additives that improve its properties. Various or- ganic dispersants, in order to ensure even distribution of At the same time, the material that provides moisture the gypsum mixture between the cardboard sheets, and stability in the building, has air permeability, and forms to reduce the amount of water required to ensure the flu- the basis of plasterboard is gypsum. Disadvantages of idity of the gypsum mixture at the required level, diluents gypsum-based binding materials include: a large amount and superplasticizers (modified starch, lignosulfonates, of water is required for the preparation of gypsum mixtures, sulphite-alcohol bars, sodium polymethylenesulfonate, low water resistance, low cold resistance. During the etc.) are used. In addition, such additives reduce the time production of plasterboard, gypsum is mixed with water and energy resources required for gypsum drying [1]. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kadyrov O.S., Karimova Z.M. INVESTIGATION OF THE PROCESS OF OBTAINING ADDITIVE FOR GYPSUMBOARD BASED ON POLYMETHYLENENAPHTHALINE CARBOXYLIC ACIDS // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15290

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Plasticizers are structured film quality substances that characteristics of the finished product. The technological are adsorbed at the boundary of solid and liquid phases process of production of polymethylenenaphthalene sul- as a dispersant-stabilizer. Immobilization of bound wa- fonates (addition base) consists of the following stages: ter in gypsum flocs, reduction of the coefficient of inter- nal friction of gypsum water suspension, smoothing of • β- sulfonation of naphthalene with sulfuric acid the microrelief of hydrated gypsum particles and, in in order to obtain β-naphthalene sulfo acid; some cases, a significant change in the electrostatic re- pulsion of particles due to their electrokinetic potential • process of polycondensation of β-naphthalene are the main factors of the plasticizing effect of surfac- sulfo acid with formaldehyde to obtain polymethylene tants on the gypsum-water surface, which reduces their naphthalene sulfo acid; - neutralization of the obtained water demand and binder consumption[2]. reaction product with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide; Literature review • filter the additive solution to remove sodium/cal- The additive polymethylenenaphthalenesulfonic cium deposits. acid, which is the subject of research, is a highly effective diluent with a high molecular weight fraction, sodium and Depending on the conditions of the process, sub- calcium salts. Additives used today contain free for- stances of different properties are formed. We analyze maldehyde, which has a negative effect on the ecological all stages of the technological process. At the stage of sulfonation of naphthalene with sulfuric acid, the pro- duction of β-naphthalene sulfo acid is the main process. Depending on the temperature of the sulfonation Therefore, the sulfonation process is carried out at a process, a mixture of α- and β-naphthalene sulfo acids temperature higher than 160°С. When the temperature rises above 170°С, the level of side processes increases in different proportions is formed: • 14% β- and 86% α-naphthalene sulfonic acid and the amount of dinaphthylsulfonic acid (substances at a temperature of 110°C; insoluble in water) increases, decreasing the process • 90% β- and 10% α-naphthalene sulfonic acid temperature below 160°С leads to an increase in the amount of naphthalene sulfonic acid α-isomer. The pol- is formed at a temperature of 160°С. ycondensation reaction of naphthalene sulfonic acids with formalin proceeds through the following scheme: The polycondensation process is carried out at a mass spectrometric methods were used to determine the temperature of 100ºC for several days. The longer the pro- physical and chemical properties and chemical compo- cess continues, the higher the content of the polymerized sition of the selected raw materials and the obtained substance in the product, and the higher the content products. of the active substance in the product. The completion of the process is monitored by sampling. When cooled, Purpose of work the obtained polycondensate turns into a viscous mass, when stretched it stretches into thin fibers and dissolves Reducing the amount of residual formaldehyde by well in water (a clear, non-turbid solution) [3]. Research adding a new process to the additional production tech- methodology. Scientific research is mainly aimed at nology for gypsum board based on studying the synthe- studying the process of polycondensation of naphtha- sis process of polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid lene carboxylic acids with formalin, the product of mixture, and carrying out research on the effect of the oxidation of naphthalene homologues in nitric acid, and synthesized additive on the plasticizing properties of the using the obtained product as a superplasticizer in gypsum mixture. plaster mixtures, in which oxidation, neutralization, mixing, filtering, polycondensation processes were used. Hydrometers, IK-spectroscopic, gas chromatographic, 56

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Methods and results • process of polycondensation of β-naphthalene carboxylic acid with formaldehyde to obtain polymeth- Polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid (PMNK), ylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid; which is the subject of research, is a highly effective diluent with high molecular weight fractions, sodium • neutralization of the obtained reaction product and calcium salts. Synthesized polycondensate contains with sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide; free formaldehyde, which has a negative effect on the ecological characteristics of the finished product. • filter the additive solution to remove sodium/ calcium deposits. Depending on the conditions of the The technological process of production of process, substances of different properties are formed. polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acids (additional base) consists of the following stages: We analyze all stages of the technological process. At the stage of oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene with • oxidation of 2-methylnaphthalene with concen- concentrated nitric acid, the production of β-naphthalene trated acid to obtain β-naphthalene carboxylic acid; carboxylic acid is the main process. Depending on the temperature of the oxidation pro- increases. A decrease from 120°С leads to an increase in the amount of other oxygenated organic compounds cess, a mixture of different naphthalenesulfo acids is without oxidation to 2-methylnaphthalene acid. formed. Therefore, the sulfonation process is carried out The polycondensation reaction of naphthalene car- at a temperature higher than 120°С. When the tempera- boxylic acids with formalin proceeds through the fol- ture rises above 150°C, the level of side processes in- lowing scheme: creases, aromatic compounds are released, and the amount of various acids increases, the process temperature The polycondensation process is carried out at a mass, the goal is to ensure uniform distribution of for- temperature of 110 ºC for several days. The longer the malin throughout the reaction mass. If formalin is given process continues, the higher the content of the polymer- from one point, it can increase the viscosity of the re- ized substance in the product, and the higher the content action mass, and as a result, it can lead to unpleasant of the active substance in the product. The completion consequences, such as the failure of the mixer and other of the process is monitored by sampling. The obtained parts. polycondensate turns into a viscous mass when it is cooled, when it is stretched it becomes a thin fiber and it At the stage of neutralization of polycondensation dissolves well in water [4]. process products with sodium hydroxide, sodium salts of polymethylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid are In order to reduce the time of the polycondensation formed. The condensed mass is mixed with a certain process and the consumption of energy resources, the amount of water and diluted, cooled and an alkali solu- process was carried out at a high temperature in a high tion is added. The sodium hydroxide solution is stirred pressure setting, where the reaction is completed in a until the mixture is neutral. The reaction equation for the few hours. Formalin is introduced into the reaction neutralization process is as follows: mixture from several points and below the reaction 57

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. During the synthesis of the additive, the residual first stage, the hydroxyl anion is attached to the carbonyl formaldehyde mass fraction is 0.001% more than usual, group of the formaldehyde molecule, then hydrogen is which cannot be used in the composition of building ma- released from this adduct compound in the form of a hy- terials used for the interior decoration of buildings with dride-anion and combines with the second molecule of a lot of people [3]. formaldehyde. For example, formaldehyde is converted into methyl alcohol with potassium formate (since there In order to reduce the mass fraction of residual for- is potassium hydroxide in the medium). maldehyde in the production process of the additive, they proposed to use the Cannitzsaro reaction. In this The Cannitzsaro reaction was carried out at a high case, formaldehyde molecules interact and turn into var- temperature of 100ºС for several hours. After the pro- ious harmless substances. In such a process, a dispropor- cess was completed, the product was neutralized with a tionation reaction occurs, one molecule of formaldehyde low concentration sulfuric acid solution. As a result, the is reduced and the second molecule is oxidized, alkalis mass fraction of formaldehyde in the liquid product of play the main role as a catalyst of the process [5]: the process did not exceed 0.001%. 2СН2О + Н2О = СН3ОН + НСООН In order to evaluate the transportability of the syn- thesized additive solution, the relationship between its Aldehydes without a hydrogen atom in the alpha po- concentration and density was determined. The results sition undergo disproportionation under the influence of of the experiments are presented graphically in Figure 1. concentrated alkali solutions to form carbonic acid and One of the most important characteristics of the diluent- alcohol. The mechanism of the Kannitzer reaction com- plasticizer, which affects the gypsum mixture, deter- bines a two-stage nucleophilic coupling reaction: in the mined by the Suttard method, is the plasticity index [5- 7]. Figure 1. A graph of the dependence of the additive density on the concentration of the solution Table 1 presents the results of the experiments conducted to determine the spreadability of the gypsum mixture prepared using an additive based on polymeth- ylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid. Table 1. Dependence of the spread of gypsum mixture on the amount of plasticizer Naming Additional size, % Spread, mm•mm Control (gypsum+water - 183х183 Analog in the market 0,4 238х239 PMNK is an acid-based supplement 0,4 241х242 58

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Conclusion is to determine the time of beginning and end of hardening of the gypsum mixture from the time of the beginning of The additive synthesized with a similar additive the effect of the gypsum binder with water. It was found added to the mixtures was analyzed comparatively and that the time of hardening of gypsum mixture with the maximum dispersion value was determined. The 0.4% addition is not less than 28 minutes. value of the obtained additive was 0.4% compared to the gypsum mass. An excess amount of the additive reduces Thus, in order to reduce the mass fraction of formal- the plasticity of the gypsum mixture and, accordingly, dehyde in the dispersant-plasticizer additive used for the consumption property. Vic's apparatus was used the production of plasterboard based on polymeth- to determine the setting time of gypsum mixture of ylenenaphthalene carboxylic acid, it was proposed to add standard consistency. The essence of the analysis method the Kannitzsaro reaction to the technological process. References: 1. Kratkie characteristic gypsum. Text: electronic // MSD.com.ua. – URL: http://msd.com.ua/gypsum/gypsum2 (data processing: 05/25/2021). 2. R. Yu. Banin, N. Ts. Gatapova. Issledovanie protsessa polucheniya dobavki dlya gypsokartona na osnove polymeth- ylenenapthalinsulfonata. Vestnik TGTU. 2021. Volume 27. No. 2. 3. European standard EN 13986:2004. Wood-based panels for use in construction - Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking. Text: electronic. – URL: https://docplayer.net/30412682-Wood-based-panels-for-use-in-construction- characteristics-evaluation-of-conformity-and-marking.html. 4. Walker Dj.F. Formaldehyde = Formaldehyde / Dj.F. Walker; per. English P.P. Korjeva. - M.: Goskhimizdat, 1957. - 608 p. 5. GOST 23789–2018. Vyazhushchie gipsovye. Clinical method. – Vzamen GOST 23789–89; ved. 2019-05-01. - M.: Standartinform, 2018. - 11 p. 6. Мухамадиева К.Б., Каримова З.М. Математический аппарат процессов криообработки растительных материалов // Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 6-2 (75). – С. 73-75. 7. Makhmudovna K.Z., Anvarovich O.A. Mathematical apparatus for the cryoprocessing of plant materials //epra In- ternational Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR)-Peer Reviewed. – 2021. – Т. 7. – №. 4. 59

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15260 ANALYSIS OF THE DISPERSE COMPOSITION OF DUST OF COTTON CLEANING INDUSTRIES Ikromali Karimov Doctor of Technical Sciences (DSc), Associate Professor, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana Bobirmirzo Qo‘chqarov Assistant, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ ДИСПЕРСНОГО СОСТАВА ПЫЛЕЙ ХЛОПКООЧИСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАВОДОВ Каримов Икромали Тожиматович д-р техн. наук, профессор, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Кучкаров Бобирмирзо Улугбекович ассистент, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана ABSTRACT Annotation. The article determines the dispersion composition of dust in the air emitted into the atmosphere after cleaning from a cyclone device used at a cotton gin. A laboratory analysis was carried out to determine the percentage of dust by mass, as well as the median size of the dust emitted to the atmosphere. As a result, it became possible to determine the relative contact surfaces of dust particles. This, in turn, is important for comparison with the relative contact surface of the liquid droplets sprayed onto the device and for the correct choice of the ratio of liquid and gas flow rates. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье определен дисперсионный состав пыли в воздухе, выбрасываемой в атмосферу после очистки от циклонного устройства, используемого на хлопкоочистительном заводе. Проведен лабораторный анализ для определения процентного содержания пыли по массе, а также медианного размера пыли, выбрасываемой в атмо- сферу. В результате появилась возможность определять относительные контактные поверхности пылевых ча- стиц. Это, в свою очередь, важно для сравнения с относительной контактной поверхностью распыляемых на устройство капель жидкости и для правильного выбора соотношения расхода жидкости и газа. Keywords: cotton, dusty gas, wet method, liquid, dispersion composition, cyclone, percentage, average size. Ключевые слова: хлопок, запыленный газ, мокрый способ, жидкость, дисперсионный состав, циклон, про- центная доля, средний размер. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction and sent to cyclones, through which it is cleaned and re- Currently, in the cotton ginning industry, a large leased into the atmosphere. Cleaning efficiency of cy- amount of dust is generated during the initial processing of cotton. As a result, it causes great damage to the en- clones in cotton cleaning plants is 60-85% [4]. In vironment. In addition, dust pollution of the air of pro- cyclones, very small (1.0-10.0 μm) dust particles escape duction buildings has a great impact on the health of workers working there. Currently, single-stage and two- into the atmosphere without being caught. The amount stage dust removal equipment are used in cotton ginning factories to remove dust from the environmental point of of dust in the air in the production buildings of the cotton view. Dust from cotton ginning plants is sucked by a fan ginning plant should not exceed 10 mg/m3. Dusty air re- leased into the atmosphere is 300-350 mg/m3. It can be seen that the concentration of dust in the enterprise is much higher than the norm. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Karimov I.T., Qo‘chqarov B.U. ANALYSIS OF THE DISPERSE COMPOSITION OF DUST OF COTTON CLEANING INDUSTRIES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15260

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Research object Obtained results It is important to determine the dispersion composition Dust samples caught in the process of cleaning dust of the dust when determining the cleaning efficiency of in a cyclone in a cotton factory were taken out of the the dust cleaning device recommended by us and deter- cyclone and 500 grams were weighed on a laboratory mining the optimal values [1,2,3,5]. For this purpose, scale, and cotton fibers were separated into organic com- samples of dust cleaned by cyclones from the shops of the pounds (Figure 1). “Beshariq” cotton cleaning enterprise in Fergana region were analyzed according to the dispersion composition. A-Cotton fiber extracted from dust B-mineral and organic dusts Figure 1. Dust samples from the cyclone The dispersion composition and size distribution of The size of sieve meshes was selected up to 850, 600, these dusts were carried out in two stages: 1- by using a 425, 250, 125, 100, 75, 53 μm. Based on the obtained sieve and 2-microscopic laboratory analysis. results, the dusts were divided into fractions in percentages (Table 1). In the first step, the dust separated from the cyclone was subjected to 10-step sorting on a RETSCH-DIN- Table 1. ISO 3310/1 brand sorting laboratory sieve (Fig. 2). Sieve analysis of dust sample Sieve analysis Dust size (micron) Dust mass 500 (g) Percentage share % of dust sample№ Bigger than 850 151,47 30,29 1 850>600 76,97 15,39 2 600>425 59,68 11,93 3 425>250 69,89 13,97 4 250>150 55,93 11,18 5 150>125 19,15 6 125>100 23,25 3,8 7 100>75 19,96 4,6 8 75>53 9,21 3,99 9 14,88 1,84 10 smaller than 53 2,97 In the second stage, the dusts were crushed for sorting for 5 minutes through the RETSCH-DIN-ISO 5 minutes in the laboratory model of the LM-2Е brand 3310/1 brand sorting laboratory sieve. The size of the sieve sieving device (runner) and were subjected to 7-stage meshes was selected up to 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 μm (Fig. 2). 61

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 2. RETSCH-DIN-ISO 3310/1 sorting sieve laboratory device Based on the obtained results, the dusts were divided into fractions in percentages. The following are the results of post-crushed laboratory analysis of cotton dust samples (Table 2). Table 2. Sieve analysis of dust sample in crashed condition № Dust size (micron) Dust mass (g) Percentage of total dust 1 0>1 10 2% 2 1>3 25 5% 3 3>5 45 9% 4 5>10 175 35% 5 10>20 190 38% 6 20>40 40 8% 7 40>60 15 3% In the third stage, the method of optical microscopy was used to determine the dispersed composition of dust. The relative error of particle analysis in a biological microscope is ±1.5%. The relative error of the measure- ments to the average value is ±3.4%. Figure 3. Overview of the BM-1800 biological microscope 62

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. In optical microscopy method, photographs were carried out on a BM-1800 biological microscope (Fig. 3). taken of each of the dust samples from the cyclone de- Photo processing was done based on computer program. vice and the crashed dust samples (Figures 4 and 5). A The magnification degree of the microscope is up to hair fiber was used as a scale to determine the size of the 400 times, the dimension of the dust samples was de- dust samples and fractionated in percentages. The average termined in percentages with comparison 1÷100 μm median size of a hair fiber is 40 μm. Photography was interval relative to the hair fiber. (Dust. 100 times) (Dust. 200 times) (Cotton fiber. 200 times) Figure 4. Microscopic view of cyclone dust and cotton fiber samples Magnified 400 times Figure 5. Microscopic view of dust ejected from the cyclone into the atmosphere Laboratory analyzes show that dust from cotton raw by microscopy, the amount of dust smaller than 10 mi- materials consists of organic and mineral fractions. Or- crons was 51%. It follows that the fraction of dust enter- ganic fractions consist of crushed particles of bush or ing the cyclone with sizes smaller than 10 μm leaves cotton bolls and short cotton fibers [4]. without cleaning. The mineral fraction of dust consists of soil, sand The cleaning efficiency of wet vacuum cleaners de- and other impurities that enter cotton raw materials dur- pends on the size of the dust, which has different sizes ing harvesting, transportation and storage. in the size range. This, in turn, causes difficulties in de- termining the relative surfaces in contact with liquid At the beginning of the technological process, dur- droplets, depending on the size of the dust. Therefore, it ing the transportation and weeding of raw cotton, mainly is desirable to calculate by determining the contact sur- mineral dust is released and pollutes the air, and at the faces in relation to the individual dust size. end of the technological process, especially during lint- ing and pressing, organic dust is released. The exhaust The results of laboratory analysis determined by the air of the pneumatic transport system of cotton raw ma- method of sorting dust samples on a sieve and micros- terials contains 10-20% of the total dust content and 80- copy were processed on the basis of a computer pro- 90% of mineral dust. According to sieving and micro- gram, regression equations were obtained, and a graph scopic analysis of dust samples from the cyclone, parti- of the change in the percentage of dust was constructed cles smaller than 53 μm make up 3% of the total dust depending on the distribution of the dispersed sizes. mass. When the dust samples were sieved and analyzed (Figure 6). 63

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 6. The graph of the change of the percentage of dust samples depending on the dispersed content The resulting regression equations look like this: Conclusion y = 9,7178e0,051x R² = 0,984773 The error between the results of the laboratory anal- ysis between the sieving and the microscopy method on In the calculations, we assume that the dust samples the dust samples taken from the cotton factory was ±5%. are spherical and determine the relative (median) diameters As a result of laboratory studies, the average median size of the isolated dust through a horizontal line that makes of dust particles was determined. Depending on these di- up 50% of the total dust (see Figure 6). In this case, the mensions, the cleaning efficiency of wet dust cleaning values of dm were determined by drawing a vertical line devices is determined according to the volume surface from the intersection point of the graph drawn for dust diameters of dust and the amount of water supplied in samples with a horizontal line. It can be seen from the relation to the dust content of 1 m3 of air or gas. graph that the median size of dust samples is dm=10 μm. References: 1. Ikromali T.Karimov, Bobirmirzo U. Kochkarov “WET METHOD DUST GAS CLEANING DEVICE” Proceeding VIII International Conference “Industrial Technologies and Engineering” ICITE - 2021, Volume II. M. Auezov South Kazakhstan University, Shymkent, Kazakhstan November 10-11,2021. 2. Ikromali K., Bobirmirzo Q.C. RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS OF THE APPARATUS WITH CONE MESH WET CLEANING OF DUST GASES // Universum: технические науки. – 2023. – №. 1-5 (106). – С. 8-13. 3. Каримов И.Т., Қучқаров Б.У. “Чангли газларни ҳўл усулда тозаловчи янги аппарат” Фарғона политехника институти илмий – техника журнали Scientific-technical journal (STJ FerPI, ФарПИ ИТЖ, НТЖ ФерПИ, 2021, T.24, спец. № 1. 4. Справочник по первичной обработке хлопка книга 2, Ташкент «Мехнат»-1995 246-247 с. 5. Tojimatovich K.I., Ulugbekovich K.B. Wet Method Dust Gas Cleaning Device // The American Journal of Engineering and Technology. – 2021. – Т. 3. – №. 10. – С. 20-26. 64

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. STUDY THE PROCESS OF RECEIVING HYDROCARBONS FROM RUBBER WASTE Ruxsora Khojieva Assistant of the department \"Technology of oil refining\" of the Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Ruslan Khayitov Doctor of technical sciences, Professor of the department \"Technology of oil refining\" of the Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Sherzod Ataullaev Docent of the department \"Technology of oil refining\" of the Bukhara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Surat Oripov Master of Bukhara Engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ ИЗ РЕЗИНОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ Хожиева Рухсора Бахтиёровна ассистент кафедры «Технология переработки нефти» Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Хайитов Руслан Рустамжонович д-р техн. наук, проф. кафедры «Технология переработки нефти» Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Атауллаев Шерзод Набиуллаевич доц. кафедры «Технология переработки нефти» Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Орипов Суръат магистр Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT The prospects of recycling used rubber tires and obtaining a secondary fuel resource are considered. The results of the study of the process of obtaining hydrocarbons from rubber tires are presented. As a result of the conducted research, it was found that the most promising process for obtaining fuel distillates from rubber waste is pyrolysis without air access. The optimal parameters of the process of obtaining hydrocarbons from used rubber tires are determined. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: STUDY THE PROCESS OF RECEIVING HYDROCARBONS FROM RUBBER WASTE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khojieva R. [и др.]. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15271

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Рассмотрены перспективы утилизации отработанных резиновых покрышек и получения вторичного топлив- ного ресурса. Представлены результаты исследования процесса получения углеводородов из резиновых покры- шек. В результате проведенных исследований установлено, что наиболее перспективным процессом получения топливных дистиллятов из отходов резины является пиролиз без доступа воздуха. Определены оптимальные параметры процесса получения углеводородов из отработанных резиновых покрышек. Keywords: automobile tires, rubber, recycling, energy, chemical methods, physical methods, natural resources, pyrolysis, fuel distillates, pyrogas. Ключевые слова: автомобильные шины, каучук, утилизация, энергия, химические методы, физические методы, природные ресурсы, пиролиз, топливные дистилляты, пирогазы. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. At present, in Republic of Uzbekistan In spite of the existence of many ways of tire and in many other countries of the world, a large amount processing and the use of waste products, the volume of hydrocarbon-containing waste, such as worn tires and of processed tires currently does not exceed 30%. This plastics, is accumulated every year. is mainly due to significant material costs, the organization of additional production and the lack of efficiency of Spent tires are one of the main types of environmental the known processes [8]. pollutants, because they are difficult to biodegradable and non-destructive waste. During combustion, poisonous Processing of worn tires and plastic waste is one gases decompose, and waste products are considered a of the urgent tasks for the Republic of Uzbekistan [9]. favorable environment for the life of rodents and insects [1-3]. Based on the scientific, environmental and technical problem associated with the disposal of rubber waste and Most of leading countries of the world are intensively the production of a secondary fuel resource, the purpose working on improving and creating new technologies of this work was to study the process of processing worn for recycling tire waste, as well as on improving the per- automobile tires by pyrolysis without air access to obtain formance of individual stages of developed processes, fuel distillates. which significantly increases the efficiency of the method. At the same time, much attention is paid to Objects and methods of research. Worn automobile the environmental aspects of processing, namely, tires were used as the object of research. the creation of waste-free and low-waste resource-saving technologies [4-7]. To carry out experiments, we developed a technology for pyrolysis of worn automobile tires without air access, and on its basis, we assembled a laboratory setup, the diagram of which is shown in the figure. 1 – balloon He; 2 – rheometer; 3 – tubular reactor; 4,10 – thermocouple tubes; 5 – autotransformer; 6 – ЛАТР; 7 – Pressure gauge; 8,14 – thermocouple; 9 – steam generator; 11 – condensate collector; 12 – gas meter 13 - refrigerator; 15 – water tank Figure 1. Diagram of a laboratory installation for pyrolysis without air access of worn out car tires 66

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. By the method of thermogravimetry in crucible with- The gases released at the initial stage of pyrolysis out air access, the temperature range of decomposition (up to 300 °C) are mainly nitrogen and carbon dioxide. of rubber from tires was determined. At the same time, After 300 °C, in the absence of oxygen at the reflux tem- the temperature of the beginning of decomposition is set, perature, non-condensable light hydrocarbon gases, which is equal to 285 °С, the maxima of decomposition which have flammable properties, increase. are in the region of 350-425 °С, and the temperature at the end of the process was 535 °С. Based on the obtained Pyrolysis resin is a dark brown liquid containing thermogravimetric data, the pyrolysis process was carried 2-3% water, does not decompose during prolonged out at a temperature of 200-500 °C, which was controlled standing. The following parameters have been determined using a thermocouple located in the middle of the reac- for the pyrolysis resin: tor. The temperature rise rate was 7-10 °C per minute. Upon reaching the required temperature of the experiment, • boiling point - 180 °С; the sample was kept in the reactor for 1-2 hours. • heat of combustion - 35 MJ/kg; Overheated steam required for pyrolysis was obtained • content of aliphatic compounds - 5.3%; in a steam generator. The flow rate of water vapor going • content of aromatic compounds - 95.8%; into the reactor was controlled by amount of water • content of sulfur - 1.5%. entering the steam generator by changing the rate of its The resulting pyrolysis resin can be recommended outflow in the capillary depending on the pressure above for use as boiler fuel without additional treatment. the water created in the dosing tank using nitrogen. From Solid carbonaceous residue is black carbon with the steam generator, water vapor, and from the cylinder, ash content of 7-8%. helium, purified from oxygen, is blown into the reactor. For black carbon, the following parameters are cor- Water vapor is overheated to 500-600 °C. The evolved respond: gaseous pyrolysis products were evacuated from the re- • bulk density - 477.0 g/dm3; actor through a gas outlet tube and sent to cooled con- • adsorption activity on benzene - 142.0 g/dm3; denser for condensation of vapors of a hydrocarbon • sulfur content - 2.3%; mixture and a condensate collector. • calorific value - 24.5 MJ/kg. Black carbon can be used as raw material for the Flow rates of water vapor and helium were measured production of activated carbon, pyrocarbon, as well as with rheometers. The experiments were carried out in fuel in special combustion devices. In addition, now in the following sequence: the reactor was preheated to the all over the world there is an acute problem of finding process temperature, and then helium was blown new effective substitutes for expensive metallurgical through it for several minutes. The helium supply was cokes and the carbon black obtained because of pyroly- stopped and steam was blown into the reactor. After sis, if it is properly processed, can serve as a raw mate- loading the crumb rubber into the reactor, the temperature rial for the production of carbon reducing agents. dropped to 300 °C. After 7-10 minutes, crumb rubber However, a serious obstacle to this decision may be the was heated to the optimum temperature of the pyrolysis contamination of the pyrolysis residue with sulfur, the process, which was maintained constant throughout the content of which in metallurgical cokes is unacceptable. operation. At the end of the process, the supply of water vapor was stopped, the carbon residue was cooled with Conclusion. Thereby, because of the experiments helium, and the necessary parameters were determined carried out, it can be concluded that worn rubber tires regarding the properties of the pyrolysis products. have high-energy characteristics and, by subjecting them to high-temperature deep destruction without oxy- Results of research. During the research, the fol- gen access (pyrolysis), they can be used to obtain uncon- ventional energy carriers in the form of liquid and lowing pyrolysis products were obtained and their yield gaseous fuels, as well as black carbon, i.e. promising raw material for receiving high-efficient sorbents. according to the results of four experiments is: • pyrolysis gas - 6.8 - 8.2%; • resin + water - 61.4 - 62.8%; • solid residue - 29.0 - 30.8%. References: 1. Новичков Ю.А., Петренко Т.В., Братчун В.И. Исследование процесса бескислородного пиролиза изношенных ав- томобильных шин // Вестник ХНАДУ, 2005. – № 29. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/issledovanie- protsessa-beskislorodnogo-piroliza-iznoshennyh-avtomobilnyh-shin 2. Тиллоев Л.И., Усмонов Х.Р. У., Хамидов Д.Г. Техническая классификация отходов в газовых химических комплексах //Universum: технические науки. – 2020. – №. 5-2 (74). – С. 74-78. 3. Некрасов В.Г. Изношенные автомобильные шины как вторичный энергоресурс // Промышленная энергетика. – 1992. – № 7. – С. 42–45. 4. Бурханбеков К.Е. Гидрогенизационно-каталитическая переработка углеродсодержащих отходов в альтерна- тивные моторные топлива и ценные органические соединения: диссертация на соискание степени доктора философии (PhD). – Алматы, 2018. – 144 с. 5. Вольфсон С.И., Фафурина Е.А., Фафурин А.В. Методы утилизации шин и резинотехнических изделий // Вестник Казанского технологического университета, 2011. – № 1. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/metody-uti- lizatsii-shin-i-rezinotehnicheskih-izdeliy. 67