tech-2023_03(109)

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 6. Hojiyeva R.B., & Hayitov R.R. (2020). ISHLATILGAN AVTOMOBIL SHINALARINI QAYTA ISHLASH VA YOQILGI MAHSULOTLARINI OLISH IMKONIYATLARI. Science and Education, 1(9). 7. Хожиева Р.Б., Хайитов Р.Р. Исследование процесса получения углеводородов из резиновых отходов // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2021. 6(87). 8. Хожиева Р.Б., Хайитов Р.Р., Наубеев Т.Х. Резиновые отходы их утилизаций “Қорақалпоғистон Республикасида ишлаб чиқариш саноат соҳалари ривожининг долзарб муаммолари” мавзусидаги республикаси илмий-амалий конференция. Нукус-2021 йил 26 апрел 241-242 б. 9. Hojiyeva R.B., Hayitov R.R. Ishlatilgan avtomobil shinalarini qayta ishlash va yoqilg`i mahsulotlarini olish imkoniyatlari «ОЗИҚ-ОВҚАТ, НЕФТГАЗ ВА КИМЁ САНОАТИНИ РИВОЖЛАНТИРИШНИНГ ДОЛЗАРБ МУАММОЛАРИНИ ЕЧИШНИНГ ИННОВАЦИОН ЙЎЛЛАРИ» 144-146 b. 68

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

ДЛЯ ЗАМЕТОК

Научный журнал UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ № 4(109) Апрель 2023 Часть 7 Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ: ЭЛ № ФС 77 – 54434 от 17.06.2013 Издательство «МЦНО» 123098, г. Москва, улица Маршала Василевского, дом 5, корпус 1, к. 74 E-mail: [email protected] www.7universum.com Отпечатано в полном соответствии с качеством предоставленного оригинал-макета в типографии «Allprint» 630004, г. Новосибирск, Вокзальная магистраль, 3 16+

UNIVERSUM: ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ НАУКИ Научный журнал Издается ежемесячно с декабря 2013 года Является печатной версией сетевого журнала Universum: технические науки Выпуск: 4(109) Апрель 2023 Часть 8 Москва 2023

УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Дехканов Зульфикахар Киргизбаевич, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 4(109). Часть 8., М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2023. – 48 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/4109 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2023 г.

Содержание 4 4 Papers in english 4 Chemical engineering 9 12 STUDY OF THERMAL AND THERMO-OXIDATIVE DESTRUCTION OF COPOLYMERS BASED 15 ON STYRENE, METHYLMETACRYLATE, AND ACRYLONITRILE Bobohon Mavlanov 22 THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PLATE PASTEURIZER 27 Makhmudjon Tojibaev 32 PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS Zuhriddin Vokkosov 32 STUDY OF ANTI-KNOCK CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE WITH 38 THE ADDITION OF OCTANE BOOSTING ADDITIVES Mukhtor Makhmudov 41 Temirbek Naubeev Dilnoza Ametova 41 INCREASING THE DETONATION STABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES BY BASIC SYNERGISTIC MIXTURES OF OXYGEN COMPOUNDS Mukhtor Makhmudov Temirbek Naubeev Dilnoza Ametova SYNTHESIS OF DEPRESSOR ADDITIVES BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE POWDER AND EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL Ikramjan Sapashov Sadriddin Fozilov Batirbay Seydabullaev Islambek Polatov Energy industry ASSESSMENT OF THE LOSS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE TRANSFORMER IN THE NOSINUSOIDAL MODE Ilkhombek Kholiddinov Khojiakbar Eraliev Mukhayyo Yuldoshova Islombek Ibrokhimov ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF GAS HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES OF WELLS AT ALAN GAS CONDENSATE FIELDS Shahlo Oripova Bobirjon Adizov Baxshillo Akramov Azizbek Umurzakov Power, metallurgical and chemical engineering RENEWABLE ENERGY AND İNVESTMENT POLİCY Nureli Yusifbeyli Sevinj Novruzova

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH CHEMICAL ENGINEERING STUDY OF THERMAL AND THERMO-OXIDATIVE DESTRUCTION OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON STYRENE, METHYLMETACRYLATE, AND ACRYLONITRILE Bobohon Mavlanov Docent, of the Buxara engineering-technological institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] ИЗУЧЕНИЕ ТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ И ТЕРМООКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОЙ ДЕСТРУКЦИИ СОПОЛИМЕРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ СТИРОЛА, МЕТИЛМЕТАКРИЛАТА И АКРИЛОНИТРИЛА Мавланов Бобохон Арашович доц., Бухарского инженерно-технологического института, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара ABSTRACT The article studied the thermal and thermal-oxidative stability of copolymers based on styrene. It was revealed that the insertion of a small amount (0.5-3.0 mass %) of heterocyclic methylmethacrylate units in the composition of polystyrene contributes to a significant increase in their resistance to thermal oxidative degradation. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье изучены термическая и термоокислительная стабильности сополимеров на основе стирола, метилметакрилата и акрилонитрила. Выявлено что, введение малого количества (0,5-3,0 масс.%) звеньев гетеро- циклического метилметакрилата в составе полистирола, полиметилметакрилата и полиакрилонитрила способ- ствует существенному повышению стойкости их к термической и термоокислительной деструкции. Keywords: polymer, copolymer, degradation, stabilization, methyl methacrylate, styrene, polystyrene, thermogravimetric analysis, chromatography, monometric method, thermogravimetric analysis, thermooxidative degradation. Ключевые слова: полимер, сополимер, деструкция, стабилизация, метилметакрилат, стирол, полистирол, термогравиметрический анализа, хроматография, монометрический метод, термогравиметрический анализ, термо- окислительной деструкции. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The efficiency of the use of polymeric materials in It is known from the literature that an increase in the the national economy largely depends on the preserva- thermal stability of polystyrene can be achieved by in- tion of the properties of polymers under conditions of troducing into their macromolecule stabilizing units that processing and operation. An increase in the time of re- play a different role depending on their structure [3]. liable operation of polymers is equivalent to the produc- Thus, the effectiveness of some stabilizer monomers is tion of many hundreds of thousands of tons of additional due to the implementation of the “foreign link” effect, products. In this regard, the study of degradation pro- which leads to inhibition of the degradation process [4]. cesses, the establishment of the mechanism of polymer decomposition under the interaction of various factors, Of particular interest is the possibility of increasing and the development of ways to increase their stability the thermal stability of polymers by introducing into are relevant [1]. The stabilization of polymers thus be- their chains monomer units with a structure close to that comes one of the most rational ways to save labour of the stabilizing object [5]. This applies, in particular, costs, natural resources and energy [2]. to monomers containing active sulphur and nitrogen at- oms in the heterocyclic, due to their participation in the destruction of hydroperoxide and peroxide groups formed in the course of degradation and causing the onset __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Mavlanov B. STUDY OF THERMAL AND THERMO-OXIDATIVE DESTRUCTION OF COPOLYMERS BASED ON STYRENE, METHYLMETACRYLATE, AND ACRYLONITRILE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15308

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. of the chain depolymerisation process [6]. The introduc- the table, the introduction of nitrogen-, oxygen-, sulfur-, tion of a small amount of a monomeric stabilizer into the and halogen-containing heterocyclic fragments into the main polymer macromolecule leads to an increase in polymer chain contributes not only to an increase in the thermal stability and at the same time prevents migra- temperature of the onset of weight loss of the samples tion, volatilization, and washing out of the stabilizer [7]. (10%), but also to the temperature of maximum decom- position. The thermal and thermooxidative degradation of polymers and copolymers has been studied by thermo- The maximum decomposition rate also shifts to higher gravimetric analysis, chromatographic and monomeric temperatures compared to unstabilized samples. This, methods, as well as changes in their molecular weights apparently, is explained by the blocking effect of the during degradation [8]. kinetic chain of the decomposition of benzoxazolthionyl methyl methacrylate units. The results of dynamic thermogravimetry of polysty- rene, its copolymers with insignificant (0.5-3.0 wt.%) Monomer units of benzoxazolthionylmethyl methac- amounts of hetero-cyclic esters of methacrylic acids, show rylate, as in the case of a copolymer with styrene, have that the modified samples have higher heat resistance the strongest stabilizing effect than known analogues. than polystyrene. The onset of thermal decomposition shifts to higher temperatures. The stabilizing properties Apparently, during thermooxidative degradation, of the synthesized stabilizers are most effectively the stabilizing effect of heterocyclic units that have manifested when the content in the polymer structure throne groups is associated with the formation of low- is 0.5-1.0 wt.% heterocyclic methacrylates [9]. active compounds upon termination of chain processes, with the destruction of copolymer macromolecules. Ap- Table 1 shows the experimental results of thermograv- parent activation energies of thermal-oxidative destruc- imetric analysis (TGA) of samples of homopolymers and tion, according to dynamic thermogravimetry, were copolymers and their compositions. As can be seen from calculated by the Reich method of double logarithm. Table 1. Parameters of thermal-oxidative degradation of styrene homo and copolymers during non-isothermal oxidation in air at a rate Heating 50С/ minute The content Decomposition Temperature Weight loss Energy of thermooxidative is stabilized temperature at of maximum at maximum destruction kJ/mol Congestion, wt. % 100% weight loss, K decomposition rate, K decomposition rate,% 254 ± 1,6 BOMEMAK copolymer – styrene 238 ±1,5 242 ±1,1 0,5 666 719 23 234 ±1,4 1,0 553 715 38 237,9 241,5 2,0 508 697 57 229,8 223,4 3,0 595 688 69 240,5 Copolymer benzoxazolonylmethylene acrylate – styrene 245,6 232,0 0,5 666 693 226,6 1,0 685 721 2,0 643 684 3,0 628 680 Copolymer benzthiazolonylmethylene acrylate – styrene 0,5 671 698 1,0 688 725 2,0 646 687 3,0 631 683 The analysis of volatile products of thermal and phthalimidomethyl methacrylate, which was added to thermal oxidative degradation of stabilized polystyrene the polymer in the form of a conventional mechanical samples by mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic mixture, was studied (Table 2). As can be seen, a small resonance showed that, in fact, the main monomer, addition of phthalimidomethyl methacrylate to polymers as well as benzoxazolethione radical and CO2 and CO, increases the temperature of the onset of decomposition are formed in the process of thermal decomposition. of polyacrylonitrile by 22-570, polymethyl methacrylate - The formation of benzoxazolthione radicals during by 3-170, polystyrene - by 48-610. Moreover, an increase thermal degradation was confirmed by EPR spectroscopic in the content of phthalimido-methyl methacrylate in data. the composition leads to an increase in the temperature of the beginning of decomposition and the maximum rate Thus, the introduction of a small amount of hetero- of development of the process. cyclic methyl methacrylate units in the composition of polystyrene contributes to a significant increase in their Of greatest interest was the introduction of resistance to thermal oxidative degradation. phthalimidomethyl methacrylate units into the polymer chains of polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethyl And also, the influence on the process of thermal- methacrylate. For this purpose, copolymers of oxidative degradation of polystyrene, polyacrylonitrile phthalimidomethyl methacrylate with the indicated and polymethylmethacrylate of the monomer 5

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. monomers containing 0.5–3.0% FIMMA units were seen, the addition of phthalimidomethyl methacrylate synthesized. Since the process was carried out to high units to copolymers leads to a significant stabilizing ef- degrees of conversion (89–95%), the composition of the fect. The initial decomposition rate shifts to higher tem- copolymers practically corresponded to the composition peratures compared to unmodified samples, which of the initial monomer mixture. On the table 2 shows the allows us to conclude that intramolecular stabilization is dependence of weight loss on heating in air of copoly- highly efficient. mers with phthalimidomethyl methacrylate. As can be Table 2. Parameters of thermal-oxidative degradation of the composition of polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate and polystyrene with phthalimidomethyl methacrylate in air at a heating rate of 50 С/ min Content PAN PMMA PS FIMMA T started. Tmax speed T began Tmax mass Tstarted Tmax speed wt.% 0,0 Decomposition, K and mass loss, K decomposition, K loss rate, K decomposition, K and mass loss, K 0,5 1,0 430 528 529 600 570 606 2,0 3,0 452 637 531 605 618 657 455 642 534 609 625 676 465 631 537 614 627 685 487 648 545 620 631 694 The results show (Table 2) that not only the temper- interesting to compare the data of tables 2 and 3. As can ature of the beginning of decomposition, the maximum be seen from the comparison of the results, the copoly- rate of development of the process, but also the activa- mers exhibit a greater stabilizing effect compared to the tion energy of stabilized samples is higher than that of mechanical mixture, which indicates a higher efficiency unstabilized polymers. In principle, an increase in the of intramolecular stabilization. The introduction of a sta- activation energy of decomposition is observed with an bilizer not only shifts the decomposition start tempera- increase in the content of phthalimidomethyl methacry- ture, but also contributes to the conservation of the late in the copolymer. Separate results falling out of this molecular weight. regularity can be explained by experimental errors. It is Table 3. Parameters of thermal-oxidative degradation of copolymers of acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and styrene with methacrylic acid phthalimidomethylene ester in air at a heating rate of 50 minutes Content Links FIMMA,% Temperature Start Temperature Maximum Energy of thermo-oxidative destruction, kJ/mol 0,0 Decomposition, K Speed loss Mass, K 0,5 102,5 1,0 FIMEMAK Copolymer: Acrylonitrile 142,6 1,5 143,3 2,0 430 528 148,5 2,5 147,6 3,0 492 593 151,2 154,6 0,0 497 636 0,5 150,0 1,0 500 645 194,2 1,5 163,3 2,0 505 647 175,4 2,5 184,6 3,0 518 654 198,5 202,4 0,0 522 617 0,5 213,0 1,0 FIMEMAK copolymer: methyl methacrylate 228,2 1,5 234,6 2,0 528 601 238,5 2,5 242,7 3,0 553 632 256,8 246,3 568 625 571 628 573 634 576 637 578 640 FIMEMAK copolymer: styrene 570 606 633 685 648 689 652 695 671 698 689 722 695 726 6

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Studies have been carried out on changes in the vis- Consequently, the presence of phthalimidomethyl cosity of copolymers depending on the content of methacrylate units in the copolymer contributes to the phthalimidomethylene ester methacrylic acid in the last preservation of the molecular weight of the samples pre- units. The results are shown in Table 4. As can be seen vents the flow of products of thermal-oxidative decom- from the above results, samples with different content of position of copolymers of methyl methacrylate with phthalimido-methylene ether methacrylic acid in the co- phthalimidomethyl methacrylate at a content of the latter polymer have approximately the same intrinsic viscosity of 0.5-5.0% show that the main degradation products are and, after degradation, retain this parameter in different methyl methacrylate monomers, in addition, a small ways. The decrease in intrinsic viscosity for all copoly- amount of carbon oxides was found CO2 and CO, the mers depends on the content of the phthalimidomethyl formation of which occurs, apparently, during the de- methacrylate unit in them. Moreover, the more of them struction of methyl methacrylate. in the copolymer, the smaller the difference between the values of intrinsic viscosity and after destruction. Table 4. Dependence of the Reduced Viscosity of Solutions of Copolymers Phthalimidomethylene Ether Methacrylic Acid with Methyl Methacrylate and with Styrene on the Content of FIMEMAC Units in Them Content FIMEMAK copolymer: MMA FIMEMAK copolymer: styrene FIMEMAK in copolymer, % Temperatura, Reduced viscosity, dl/g Temperature, Reduced viscosity, dl/g K 1 Outcome After Destruction K Outcome After Destruction 0,0 0,0 23 4 56 7 0,0 0,5 523 1,86 0,65 573 1,74 1,07 0,5 0,5 553 1,86 0,39 593 1,74 0,65 1,0 1,0 573 1,86 0,06 620 1,74 0,17 1,0 2,0 523 1,85 0,97 573 1,73 1,03 2,0 2,0 553 1,85 0,75 593 1,73 0,80 3,0 3,0 573 1,85 0,62 620 1,73 0,65 3,0 5,0 523 1,84 1,08 573 1,72 1,09 5,0 5,0 553 1,84 0,87 593 1,72 0,94 573 1,84 0,65 620 1,72 0,75 523 1,82 1,18 573 1,70 1,21 553 1,82 1,05 593 1,70 1,06 573 1,82 0,77 620 1,70 0,82 523 1,80 1,30 573 1,68 1,32 553 1,80 1,16 593 1,68 1,12 573 1,80 0,94 620 1,68 0,87 523 1,77 1,40 573 1,66 1,45 553 1,77 1,29 593 1,66 1,28 573 1,77 1,04 620 1,66 0,93 Table 4. the dependence of the amount of released benzoic acid, carbon oxides are formed, which indicates methyl methacrylate monomer on the content of the oxidation of styrene molecules. phthalimidomethyl methacrylate in the copolymer is presented. The amount of released methyl methacrylate It is known that the thermal-oxidative degradation significantly decreases with increasing content of of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymers is accompanied phthalimidomethyl methacrylate in the copolymer, which by cyclization of units. This process is accompanied by is in accordance with the above studies and indicates shrinkage of the polymer, the appearance of a large number effective stabilization. of small pores in it. The sample then acquires a black color and completely loses solubility. When studying The analysis of volatile products of thermal-oxidative copolymers of acrylonitrile with phthalimidomethyl degradation of stabilized polystyrene samples by mass methacrylate by DTA, it was found that the cyclization spectrometry, IR spectroscopy, and chromatography process is shifted to a higher temperature region. showed that, indeed, a monomer is released during de- composition. In addition, products such as benzaldehyde, In the IR spectrum of polyacrylonitrile after heating at 528 K for 1 hour, an absorption band at 1620 cm-1 is 7

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. found, which is characteristic of the nitrile group and compounds. In this regard, the stabilizing effect of indicates intramolecular cyclization. In the IR spectrum phthalimidomethyl methacrylate units is apparently as- of copolymers of acrylonitrile with phthalimidomethyl sociated with the generation by it of rather inactive rad- methacrylate subjected to heating under similar condi- icals that participate in recombination reactions with the tions, an absorption band at 1620 cm–1 also appears, but resulting radicals. The generation of radicals can occur its intensity is significantly lower than in the case of ac- when the C-N bond of phthalimidomethyl methacrylate rylonitrile homopolymer subjected to degradation. Thus, is broken. Phthalimide radicals are generated due to the the presence of phthalimidomethyl methacrylate not relatively weak C-N bond in phthalimidomethyl meth- only causes the induction period of depolymerization, acrylate. but also prevents intramolecular cyclization of acryloni- trile. Thus, the introduction of a small amount of units of heterocyclic esters of methyl methacrylate in the com- The mechanism of thermal-oxidative degradation of position of polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, and polysty- and polystyrene contributes to a significant increase rene has been studied in detail and proceeds according in their resistance to thermal oxidative degradation. to a radical mechanism through the formation of peroxide References: 1. Grassie N. Degradation Polymer Science – A Materials Science Handbook //-1972. Vol. 2. Chap. 22, North Holland, - Англ. 2. Jenkins H.G. Aspects of Degradation and Stabilisation of Polymers. // 1978.-217 с. 3. Яриев О.М., Джалилов А.Т., Аскаров М.А., Едгоров Н. Синтез и исследование термостабильных сополиме- ров метилметакрилата с 2-тионбензтиазолметакрилатом // Высокомолек.соед.– 1976.–т. 18.-№7.– С. 530–532. 4. Tilloev L., Dustov K., Murodov M. Research of composition of oily part, obtained from the “Yellow oil”-wastes of pyrogas cleaning process by the method chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis //Journal of Physics: Conference Series. – IOP Publishing, 2022. – Т. 2373. – №. 4. – С. 042001. 5. Мавлонов Б.А., Худойназарова Г.А., Казаков А.С. Стирол ва бензоксазолтионилметилакрилат асосида сопо- лимерлар синтез килиш ва уларнинг хоссаларини урганиш // Бухоро Давлат университети илмий ахборот- лари. -2000 -№ 1.- С. 69-73. 6. Tilloev L., Dustov K., Turakhujaev S. Application of polycrotonaldehyde, obtained from recycling the waste “yellow oil”, in production of lubricants //Journal of Physics: Conference Series. – IOP Publishing, 2022. – Т. 2388. – №. 1. – С. 012163. 7. Мавлонов Б.А., Худойназарова Г.А., Ёриев О.М., Зайниева Р. Исследование термоокислительных свойств сополимеров на основе стирола и гетероциклических акриловых мономеров./ Юкори молекулали бирикмалар кимёси, физикаси ва технологияси. Ёш олимлар илмий анжумани.-Тошкент. -2000.- С. 58. 8. Мавлонов Б.А., Чориев И.К., Фозилов С.Ф., Худойназарова Г.А. Исследование термостойкости сополимеров метилметакрилата с бензоксазолтионметилметакрилатом. Межд.науч.конф. Инновация-2000. -Бухоро.- С. 48-149. 9. Мавланов Б.А., Мавлянов Х.Н., Яриев О.М. Senergy in mixes of antioxidants / Тез. докл. IX конф. Деструкция и стабилизация полимеров.-Москва.-2001. - С. 113-114. 8

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15267 THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PLATE PASTEURIZER Makhmudjon Tojibaev PhD student, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ СХЕМА И ПРИНЦИП РАБОТЫ ПЛАСТИНЧАТОГО ПАСТЕРИЗАТОРА Тожибаев Махмуджон Мухаммад угли PhD докторант, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT In this article, you will get information about the plate heat exchanger, the pasteurizer that pasteurizes liquid food products. Also, information on its working mechanism, application and installation work is provided. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье вы узнаете общие сведения о пластинчатом пастеризаторе, принципе работы, технических и технологических свойствах. Также предоставляется информация о его рабочем механизме, применении и работе по установке Keywords: plate heat exchanger, pasteurizer, milk, plate, temperature, heat exchanger. Ключевые слова: пластинчатый теплообменник, пастеризатор, молоко, пластина, температура, теплообменник. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Uzbekistan imported 22.3 thousand tons of milk and milk products from more than 30 countries in 7 months of 2022. The largest share of imported products is Russia - 8.4 thousand tons, Belarus - 3.8 thousand tons, Iran - 3.8 thousand tons, Kazakhstan - 3 thousand tons. However, 17,300 tons of milk and milk products were produced in our country during this period [1]. Thus, we can see that the demand for milk and milk products in our country is not fulfilled. Taking these into account, their production, improvement of the equipment used in production and creation of sufficient conditions are one of the urgent problems. Taking into account the above, the place and role of milk and milk products processing equipment, namely pasteurizers, is incompa- rable. Therefore, we have chosen a plate heat exchanger as an object of research. Types of plate heat exchangers in general, the principle of operation and their fields of application have been mentioned above. The general view of the plate heat exchanger is presented in the following picture. 1- holding pipe; 2-water heating tank; 3- heat exchanger; 4-milk balance tank; 5-milk pump; 6 control panel Figure 1. Plate pasteurizer __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tojibaev M.M. THE TECHNOLOGICAL STRUCTURE AND WORKING PRINCIPLE OF PLATE PASTEURIZER // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15267

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. When designing plate heat exchangers, special at- is low, the valve at the bottom gives the order to the milk tention should be paid to the heat transfer coefficient [2]. pump. In the opposite case, i.e. if milk reaches the upper Because the efficiency of the heat exchanger is closely part of the milk pump, the milk pump will be ordered to related to the average temperature difference. Plate heat turn off. The main reason why this container is called a exchanger, as we mentioned above, is widely used in the balance tank is that it balances the milk so that it does processing of many foods, including milk and dairy not decrease or increase, so it is called a balance tank. products. At the initial stage of the device, the processed The milk from the balance tank is pumped to the recu- raw material, i.e. raw milk, first enters the balance tank peration section of the plate device through the second of the pasteurizer through the milk pump. Inside the bal- milk pumping pump. ance tank, there is a floating sensor that turns on and off the milk pump in the upper and lower parts. If the milk 1-water heating tank; 2- water circulation pump; 3- holding pipe; 4- heating section of the heat exchanger; 5- recuperation section of the heat exchanger; 6- cooling section of the heat exchanger; 7- milk pump; 8- milk filter; 9 - balance tank floats; 10-balance tank Figure 2. Technological scheme of the plate pasteurizer When the device starts up, initially, there is no milk As we mentioned above in the heating section, hot milk on the other side of the platen in the recuperation sec- is sent from the water heating tank to the heating section tion, it will be in the space until the pasteurized milk is with the help of water pumps. pasteurized and enters the recuperation in the holding pipes. The milk stored in the heating section is pasteurized at the specified temperature. During the heating process, The main purpose of the recuperation stage is to heat relatively cooled water returns to the water heating tank the cold raw milk coming from the outside of pasteur- and is heated again and reused. Water heaters of differ- ized high-temperature milk and cool it. In recuperation, ent capacities can be used in the heating tank. In the if we say it in soda language, it is to prevent heat loss heating section, raw milk is reached to pasteurization and make efficient use of available energy in case of ef- temperature and transferred to the holding pipe. fective use of the temperature difference between raw milk and pasteurized milk [3]. The function of the holding pipe is to destroy some microbes in the milk by keeping them at a high temper- After recuperation, the raw milk is transferred to the ature for a certain period of time. heating section in a relatively lumpy state. In the heating section, there is liquid on both sides of the plate, that is, The length of the holding pipe is selected based on milk on one side and a heating agent on the other side. the chemical, physical and biological properties of the As a heating agent, hot water and steam are widely used. raw material being processed and in proportion to the Hot water was also used in our experimental setup. milk pumping pump. 10

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. References: 1. https://stat.uz/uz/matbuot-markazi/qo-mita-yangiliklar/27005-o-zbekiston-30-ta-davlatdan-sut-mahsulotlarini-im- port-qilgan 2. Н.Р. Юсупбеков, Ҳ.С. Нурмуҳамедов, С.Г. Зокиров. Кимёвий технология асосий жараён ва қурилмалар. Олий ўқув юртлари учун дарслик.-Шарқ-2003, б. 196-226 3. Gosta Bylund. Tetra Pak Dairy processing HANDBOOK. Sweden. Lund. Tetra pack processing Systems publishing 1995- pp. 79-91. 11

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS Zuhriddin Vokkosov t.f.f.d., PhD, Namangan Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Namangan E-mail: [email protected] ПРОИЗВОДСТВО ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ УДОБРЕНИЙ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЕСТНОГО СЫРЬЯ Воккосов Зухриддин т.ф.п.н., PhD, Наманганский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Наманган ABSTRACT Objective. Through this article, in order to increase the soil fertility and humus content, the amount of organic fertilizers obtained from local raw materials available in our republic, cow dung, manure waste and organic fertilizers on the basis of biomak-biomics, and determination of the recommended fertilizer through the process of composting in different proportions. changes in the chemical composition of the dog were studied. Methods. Significant scientific and practical results are being achieved in the direction of production of various organic and complex fertilizers on the basis of the biomass of livestock and poultry wastes available in our republic. Today, the quantities of organic fertilizers obtained on the basis of cattle manure , manure and biomechanics have been studied. For this, cattle manure: manure waste and biomac-biomic were taken in the ratio of 100:25:10-10, and the resulting mixture was composted in the ratio of 100:(25-35):(10-15)-(10-15) The change in chemical composition was studied. Results. Cattle manure: manure waste and biomac-biomic were obtained in the ratio of 100:25:10-10 and the chemical composition of the obtained mixture in the composting process in the ratio of 100:(25-35):(10-15)-(10-15) the amounts of change are as follows (wt., % ): P2 O5 - 0.846; organic substances - 37.27; humic acids - 4.73; fulvic acids - 3.96; water- soluble organic matter - 2.92; nitrogen - 0.50; humidity - 57.75. In turn, the loss of organic matter will be 12.02 % and the level of humification will be 78.08 % . Conclusion. From th point of view of agrochemical and economic efficiency, the ratio of CM:PM:BB=100:(25- 35):(10-15) can be taken as an acceptable ratio, and the compost ripening time, as in the previous case, is 90 days. In this case, we can observe that the total amount of nitrogen, humic acids, fulvic acids P2 O5 increases accordingly. АННОТАЦИЯ Цель. Посредством данной статьи в целях повышения плодородия почвы и содержания гумуса количество органических удобрений, получаемых из имеющегося в нашей республике местного сырья, коровьего навоза, отходов навоза и органических удобрений на основе биомак-биомики, и определение рекомендуется удобрение путем компостирования в различных пропорциях. изучались изменения химического состава собаки. Методы. Значительные научные и практические результаты достигаются в направлении производства различных органических и комплексных удобрений на основе имеющейся в нашей республике биомассы отходов животноводства и птицеводства. На сегодняшний день изучены количества органических удобрений, получаемых на основе навоза крупного рогатого скота, навоза и биомеханики. Для этого брали навоз КРС: навозные отходы и биомак-биомик в соотношении 100:25:10-10, а полученную смесь компостировали в соотношении 100:(25-35):(10-15)- (10-15) Изучено изменение химического состава. Полученные результаты. Навоз КРС: навозные отходы и биомак-биомик получали в соотношении 100:25:10-10 и химический состав полученной смеси в процессе компостирования в соотношении 100:(25- 35):(10-15 )-(10-15) количества изменений следующие (мас., % ): P2O5. - 0,846; органические вещества - 37,27; гуминовые кислоты - 4,73; фульвокислоты - 3,96; водорастворимое органическое вещество - 2,92; азот - 0,50; влажность - 57,75. В свою очередь потери органического вещества составят 12,02 %, а уровень гумификации 78,08 %. Заключение. С точки зрения агрохимической и экономической эффективности за приемлемое соотношение можно принять соотношение Навоз КРС:ПП:ББ=100:(25-35):(10-15), а сроки созревания компоста, как и в предыдущий случай, составляет 90 дней. При этом мы можем наблюдать, что соответственно увеличивается общее количество азота, гуминовых кислот, фульвокислот Р2О5. Keywords: cattle manure, manure waste, biomak-biomic, organic products, organic agriculture. Ключевые слова: навоз крупного рогатого скота, навозоотходы, биомак-биомик, органические продукты, органическое земледелие. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Vokkosov Z. PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC FERTILIZERS USING LOCAL RAW MATERIALS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15300

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Introduction ways of farming [6-7] . This goal is not important, the main thing is to protect the health of not only people who Significant scientific and practical results are being eat organic products, but also everyone. achieved in the direction of production of various organic and complex fertilizers on the basis of the biomass of Methods livestock and poultry wastes available in our republic. In the new development strategy of the Republic of The creation of modern organic farming conditions Uzbekistan for 2022-2026, \"Development and approval is of particular importance, as it allows to successfully of action plans in each branch of the sector to further solve the main task - obtaining the required amount of develop the export potential of local industries, including: high-quality products with the economical use of natural mineral o Important tasks such as \"to increase the export resources. In this regard, we have established a of fertilizers and chemical industry products to 400 million laboratory for the production of organic fertilizers, US dollars\" have been set. In this regard, including local including natural beneficial agricultural and biomech- raw materials It is important to develop the technology biomic effects of various additives, as well as cattle of obtaining organic fertilizers with different nutrient manure, various poultry wastes. studies were conducted components, which are very important for improving the [8-9] . soil structure and increasing the productivity of various agricultural crops . A dastaval in laboratory research We have ana- lyzed the chemical composition of cattle manure, The area devoted to organic agriculture will be poultry waste, and biomac -biomic raw materials it is 1.6 % of the world's agricultural land in 2021 . [1-2 ] . advisable to use fast, modern and, of course, highly ac- curate analysis methods to determine various physico- The USA, Germany, France and Canada are the chemical parameters of raw materials and finished prod- leaders in the production and export of organic products ucts. . Laws and regulations of the system of legal regulation of relations in the field of organic agriculture have been Biomacro - biomic samples were used as the main developed in these countries [3-5]. raw materials for laboratory work for scientific research [10-11] . The main chemical composition of these raw The term \"organic agriculture\" sounds like a very materials is presented in Table 1 fancy and ultra-modern term, but behind it there are old Table 1. Main chemical composition of cattle manure, poultry manure and biomak-biomic Type Moisture Organic Humic Fulvic Water- Water- P2 O5 N K 2O CaO Q. m of raw substances acids acids soluble org. insoluble org. 0.51 0.58 0.59 16.11 material substances 2,021 1,093 0.32 11.808 substances Cattle 55.4 26.53 7.1 3.67 2.52 13,24 0.28 manure Poultry 59.5 23.5 3.5 4.2 1.23 14.57 1,758 manure Biomak fertilizer is prepared by adding perennial used land areas. It increases the soil fertility and the plant raw materials and rotting barks shed in autumn and quality of the product is high. adding other additives. It contains carbon, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, nitrogen, sulfur, magnesium, and Results essential elements, which ensure normal growth and development of the plant, as well as increase soil fertility. The quantities of organic fertilizers were studied based on cattle manure, waste and biomac-biomics. For Biomic fertilizer is prepared by burning various this, cattle manure: manure waste and biomac-biomic plant wastes in hermetically sealed form and adding were taken in the ratio of 100:25:10-10, and the resulting various additives to them. As Biomik fertilizer is en- mixture was composted in the ratio of 100:(25-35):(10- riched with more than 40 microelements, it ensures nor- 15)-(10-15) The change in chemical composition was mal growth and development of the plant. There is no studied. need for mineral fertilizers in the care of plants in the Table 2. Cattle manure, poultry manure and biomac-biomics chemical composition of organic fertilizer samples obtained on the basis of (CM:PM:BB=100:(25-35 ): (10-15)) CM : M : P2 O5 um. , CaO general , OS,% HA, % FA, % WSOM , K2 O, % N general . Humidity , BB ratio % % % %% 100:25 : 10 :10 32.79 3.89 3, 7 3 100:28:14 :14 0.446 0.565 33.70 3.11 3.92 2.79 0.56 0.35 62.20 100:30:18 :18 0.482 0.584 3 4.61 4.41 3.81 100 :33:22 :22 0.591 0.642 35,44 4.58 3.78 2.81 0.59 0.38 61.34 100:35:25 :25 0.696 0.6 66 37,27 4.73 3.96 0.846 0.739 2.86 0.62 0.4 0 60.96 2.89 0.66 0.44 58,56 2.92 0.67 0.50 57.75 13

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Amounts of the main components in organic sample 1 - 81%, sample 2 - 78% and sample 3 - 80%. fertilizers obtained in acceptable sizes are as follows It is known from the literature that the hygroscopicity (wt., % ): P2 O5um. - 0.846; organic substances - 37.27; points of fertilizers have the following values: if the humic acids - 4.73; fulvic acids - 3.96; water-soluble hygroscopic point is less than 50%, it is a very strong organic matter - 2.92; nitrogen - 0.50; humidity - 57.75. hygroscopic substance; From 50 to 60%, a strong In turn, the loss of organic matter will be 12.02 % and hygroscopic substance; From 60 to 70%, hygroscopic the level of humification will be 78.08 % . substance; From 70 to 80%, a weakly hygroscopic substance; From 80 to 85%, almost non-hygroscopic Discussion substance; If it is higher than 85%, it is practically classified as a non-hygroscopic substance. The level It is known that physico-chemical (dispersibility, of hygroscopicity is obtained according to the scale of natural slope angle, etc.) and commodity properties N.Ye. Pestov, these organic fertilizers belong to the class (hygroscopic point, grain strength, etc.) are important of weak hygroscopic substances properties of solid and powder fertilizers used in agriculture. Because these properties, especially Conclusion commodity properties, determine the conditions of storage of fertilizers in warehouses, transportation in From the point of view of agrochemical and vehicles and direct application. economic efficiency, the ratio of QG:PCh:BB=100:(25- 35):(10-15) can be taken as an acceptable ratio, and the The following samples of organic fertilizers were compost ripening time, as in the previous case, is 90 days. used to study the hygroscopic points of such fertilizers. In this case, we can observe that the total amount of nitrogen, humic acids, fulvic acids P2 O5 increases The initial moisture content of organic fertilizer accordingly. samples taken to determine hygroscopic points was as follows, %: 1 – 3.05%; 2 – 3.27 and 3 – 3.15%. The hygroscopic points of these samples were as follows: References: 1. Chekha A.F. Organic production: basic trends in the development of the market / A.F. Chekha. – Text: electronic // Nauka bez granis. – 2021. – No. 3 (55). - S. 84-90. URL: https://naukabez-granic.ru/№-3-55-2021/3-55-2021/ 2. Svechnikova T.M. Analyz mirovogo rynka proizvodstva organicheskoy produksii // Moskovskii ekonomicheski zhurnal 2019. No. 8 (55). - S. 326-337. 3. Voronin B.A., Chupina I.P., Voronina Ya.V. Specifika organicheskogo selskogo hozyaystva // Agrarnoe obrazovanie i nauka. 2019. No. 2 -p. 23. 4. Шарипов С.Я., Воккосов З.К. У. СПОСОБЫ ХРАНЕНИЯ ПОЗДНИХ СОРТОВ ЯБЛОК, ВЫРАЩЕННЫХ В КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСЛОВИЯХ НАМАНГАНСКОЙ ОБЛАСТИ //Универсум: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 12-4 (93). – С. 29-3 5. Воккосов З.К. У. Получение органоминеральных удобрений на основе местных агроруд, минеральных удобрений, навоза крупного рогатого скота и растворов азотфиксирующих микроорганизмов //Универсум: технические науки. – 2022. – №. 6-4 (99). – С. 44-48. 6. Воккосов Зухриддин Комолхон Угли, Каноатов Хайрулло Муродиллаевич, Мехманов Бахтиёр Икромжон Угли, Ортигалиева Угилой Режавали Кизи РАЗРАБОТКА И ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТИ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ УДОБРЕНИЙ // Universum: технические науки. 2022. №12-5 (105). URL: https://cyber- leninka.ru/article/n/razrabotka-i-issledovanie-effektivnosti-organicheskih-udobreniy (дата обращения: 23.02.2023). 7. Kanoatov X.M., Vokkosov Z.K., Xodjiev A.A., & Alieva G.S. (2021). Organic-Mineral Fertilizer Based On Manure. NVEO-NATURAL VOLATILES & ESSENTIAL OILS Journal| NVEO, 10631-10636. 8. Zukhriddin V., Murodillaevich K.K., Elbekovich S.B. Obtaing Organomineral Fertilizers on Base of Local Raw Materials and Nitrogen-fixing Microorganisms // Chemical Science International Journal. – 2022. – T. 31. – №. 4. – S. 44-53. 9. Z.K.Vokkosov, X.M.Kanoatov Analysis of physical-chemical and mineralogical indications of local agriculture (bentonite and phosphorite flour) in the production of organomeneral fertilizers. // NamMTI ILMIY-TEXNIKA JURNALI. ISSN 2181-8622. 2022-№2 Vol. 7, Issue 2 –pp 109-113 Kuvshinnikov IM Mineral fertilizers and salts. - M.: Publishing House of Chemistry. - 1987. - 256 pp. 10. Vokkosov Z., Kholdarova G. Production of organic mineral fertilizers on the basis of local raw materials and nitrifying microorganisms. // NamMTI SCIENTIFIC-TECHNICAL JOURNAL. ISSN 2181-8622. 2022 - 1 84-87 pp. 11. Ikramova Maftuna, Qanoatov Xayrullo, & Voqqosov Zuhriddin. (2023). FERTILIZERS OBTAINED FROM NON- NATURAL RAW MATERIALS AND THEIR TYPES. International Journal of Advanced Research in Education, Technology and Management, 2(3), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7713619. 14

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. STUDY OF ANTI-KNOCK CHARACTERISTICS OF LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE WITH THE ADDITION OF OCTANE BOOSTING ADDITIVES Mukhtor Makhmudov Doc. chem. sciences, prof. Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Temirbek Naubeev Cand. chem. sciences, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus Е-mail: timan05mail.ru Dilnoza Ametova Assistant, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ АНТИДЕТОНАЦИОННЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК НИЗКООКТАНОВОГО БЕНЗИНА С ДОБАВЛЕНИЕМ ОКТАНОПОВЫШАЮЩИХ ПРИСАДОК Махмудов Мухтор Жамолович д-р хим. наук, проф. Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Наубеев Темирбек Хасетуллаевич канд. хим. наук,доц., Каракалпакский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Аметова Дилноза ассистент, Каракалпакский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT The number of high-octane gasoline fractions required by the market is constantly growing. The constant increase in gasoline consumption entails consideration as a possible option for the creation of a complete set of processes for the production of high-octane gasoline fractions in refineries. This path requires significant investment in the modernization of technological processes. In order to obtain high-octane gasoline based on low - octane gasoline and octane-boosting sitting about to, studies of degrees and influence me octane boosting them additive for anti-knock characteristics of low-octane gasoline. АННОТАЦИЯ Количество высокооктановых фракций бензина, необходимых рынку постоянно растёт. Постоянное увеличение потребления бензинов влечёт за собой рассмотрение, как возможного варианта, создания полного набора процессов производства высокооктановых бензиновых фракций на нефтеперерабатывающих заводах. Этот путь требует значительных инвестиций в модернизацию технологических процессов. С целью получения высокооктанового бензина на основе низкооктанового бензина и октаноповышающих присадок, проведены исследования степени влияния октаноповышающих присадок на антидетонационные характеристики низкооктанового бензина. Keywords: gasoline, isopropanol, methyl tert-butyl ether, sec-Butanol, N - methylaniline , octane number. Ключевые слова: бензин, изопропанол, метил-трет-бутиловый эфир, втор-Бутанол, N-метиланилин, октановое число. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Makhmudov M.J., Naubeev T., Ametova D. STUDY OF ANTI-KNOCK CHARAC- TERISTICS OF LOW-OCTANE GASOLINE WITH THE ADDITATION OF OCTANE BOOSTING ADDITIVES // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15301

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Introduction. The oil refining and petrochemical significant changes in the technology for the production industry produces a wide range of gaseous, liquid and solid of motor fuels [2]. petroleum products. In the consumption of petroleum products, motor fuels account for more than 50%. Dif- Of particular danger to humans are particles of toxic ferent types of engines have different requirements for aerosol emissions with a radius of less than 20 microns, them. The desire to improve the knock resistance of gas- which linger in the atmosphere for a long time and enter olines, the chemical and thermal stability of jet fuels, the the respiratory tract with air. cetane number of diesel fuels, to improve their low- temperature properties, fractional composition and vol- When in contact with carcinogenic substances, aer- atility is a constant stimulus for the development of oil osol particles adsorb them on their surface. Carcinogens, refining and petrochemistry [1]. getting inside the body, cause the formation of malig- nant tumors [3]. Petroleum fuels, in particular motor gasolines, are among the main sources of environmental pollution. There is only one way to solve the environmental Thus, with the combustion products of fuels, the following problem - the car must become environmentally friendly. are annually emitted into the atmosphere (million tons): An important place is given here to the quality of gaso- about 80 - sulfur oxides, 30-50 - nitrogen oxides, line and the exhaust gas after treatment system, the use 300 - carbon oxides, 10-15 billion tons - carbon dioxide. of which makes it possible to reduce the toxicity of ex- The adoption of new environmental standards has such haust gases. an impact on the state of many industries that it requires Some information about the composition of the ex- haust gases of vehicles with internal combustion engines running on gasoline is given in Table. 1 [3,4]. Table 1. The average composition of the exhaust gases of automobile gasoline engines Components Composition of gases, % vol. Level of toxicity, units Nitrogen 74–77 Non-toxic water vapor 3–5.5 Non-toxic carbon dioxide 5–12 Non-toxic Carbon monoxide 1–10 Toxic - 1 hydrocarbons 0.2–3 1.5 Aldehydes, formaldehydes 0–0.2 120 Soot 0–0.4 500 Nitrogen oxides 0–0.8 10 Sulphur dioxide 0–0.002 Non-toxic The toxicity of automobile gasolines and their com- (C18H12), 3,4-benzpyrene (C20H12), 1,2-benzpyrene bustion products is mainly determined by the content of ar- (C20H12), 3,4-benzfluoranthene (C20H14). Especially omatic hydrocarbons, benzene, olefinic hydrocarbons and dangerous is 3,4-benzpyrene, which is a kind of indicator sulfur in them. Aromatic hydrocarbons are more toxic of the presence of other carcinogens in the mixture. than paraffinic ones. If paraffins, in accordance with GOST 12.1.005588, belong to the 4th hazard class, then Once in the human respiratory tract, polycyclic aro- benzene to the 2nd, and toluene to the 3rd. When they matic hydrocarbons gradually accumulate to critical are burned, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are concentrations and stimulate the formation of malignant formed, including benzpyrenes, which have carcinogenic tumors. The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hy- properties. The higher the content of aromatic hydrocar- drocarbons in the air have not been studied enough, but, bons in gasoline, the higher the temperature of its com- apparently, they do not exceed 10–12–10–14 g/m 3 [6]. bustion and the content of nitrogen oxide in the exhaust gases [3, 5]. As for hydrocarbons, especially olefins, they are in- volved in the formation of smog, which causes irritation According to the nature of the impact on the human of the eyes, throat and nose. body, two groups of hydrocarbons are distinguished: ir- ritating and carcinogenic. Currently, in order to reduce the toxicity of vehicle exhausts, many countries have set limits on the content Irritant hydrocarbons have a narcotic effect on the of benzene (up to 1%) and total aromatic hydrocarbons central nervous system and affect the mucous membranes. (30–35%) in gasoline (Table 2). MPC for benzene in the These include aldehydes, all unsaturated and saturated atmosphere of settlements is 1.5 mg/m3. In the total compounds of carbon with hydrogen, not related to aro- composition of the organic components of toxic vehicle matic compounds [6]. emissions, saturated hydrocarbons account for over 32%, unsaturated hydrocarbons for about 27%, and aromatic The greatest danger to humans are hydrocarbon hydrocarbons for about 4%. compounds of the carcinogenic group: 1,2-benzanthracene 16

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Modern requirements for the quality of gasoline Table 2. Requirements Euro 5 2009 Indicators Euro 2 Euro 3 Euro 4 1.0 1995 2000 2005 0.001 Benzene content, max, % 5.0 Sulfur content, % 0.05 1.0 1.0 35 Content of aromatic hydrocarbons, % 14 Content of olefinic hydrocarbons, % - 0.015 0.005 2.7 Oxygen content, % - Fractional composition, %: - 42 35 46 up to 100 °C distilled, not less than 75 up to 150 °C distilled, not less than - 18 14 summer 70 - winter 90 Saturated vapor pressure, kPa, max 2.3 2.7 - 46 46 75 75 summer 70 summer 70 winter 90 winter 90 For each percentage increase in the benzene content To bring the quality of motor gasoline to the required in the fuel, its content in the exhaust gases increases by requirements and increase their octane number, it is more 0.7–0.8%; more than 75% of the benzene contained in economically feasible to use octane-boosting additives. the air comes from the exhaust gases of vehicles [7]. With a decrease in the benzene content in gasoline, as well Objects and methods of research. The objects as with the help of a fuel afterburning system and the of the study are commercial motor gasoline AI-80 and introduction of oxygen-containing compounds, and in the octane-boosting additives: isopropanol (IP), sec-Butanol, case of replacing aromatic hydrocarbons with oxygen- ethyl-tert-butyl ether (ETBE), N-methylaniline. Phys- containing compounds, a cumulative effect is observed, ico-chemical properties of these additives are given in a significant reduction in benzene emissions with exhaust table 3 [9]. is possible [8]. Table 3. Physical and chemical properties of octane boosters Index Isopropanol sec - Butanol ETBE N- methylaniline 789 806 742 0.986 Density at 20 o C, kg / m 3 95 98 108 250 Octane Number (ON): 117 110 118 280 according to the motor method (MON) according to the research method (RON) 82.4 99.5 73 195.6 -89.5 -114.7 -97 -57 Temperature, o C boiling 672 562.4 315 - solidification 33470 35520 39262 - 15.7 - Heat, kJ/kg: 26.6 21.6 20.7 10 evaporation combustion 13 9.7 Oxygen content, % (wt.) Saturated vapor pressure at 38 ° C, kPa To determine ON of the obtained new gasolines, a value was converted to mm Hg, as follows: 95200-190 single-cylinder universal unit UIT-85 was used (Fig. 1). (according to the barometer passport) = 95010. Accord- ing to the table, it was determined that 95010 corre- The study was carried out as follows: sponds to 712.6 mm Hg. The correction for barometric First, the barometric pressure of the room was meas- pressure was determined using the following equation: ured using a barometer and it was equal to 95200. This K \\u003d (760 - P) • 0.03 \\u003d (760 - 712.6) • 0.03 \\u003d 1.42 17

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. With the help of this coefficient, the degree of com- Results and discussion. And the anti-knock effi- pression of three samples of motor gasoline with differ- ciency of IP was evaluated by the increase in the octane ent ON was determined (79, 80, 81): number of AI-80 commercial gasoline. In fig. 2 shows the results of IP tests. 79 15.69 (from the table for ON 79 gasoline) + 1.42 = 17.11 As the results of the study show, with the addition of IP, the octane number of commercial gasoline syn- 80 15.88 + 1.42 = 17.30 chronously increases with an increase in IP concentra- 81 16.05 + 1.42 = 17.47 tion. At a concentration of IP up to 10% vol. RON rises to 85.7 points. It should be noted that the use of IP in its Before testing, the UIT-85 unit was prepared for op- pure form does not completely solve the problem of con- eration: first, the circulating oil was heated to 50-60°C. Af- verting low-octane gasolines into high-octane ones. ter that, the engine was started, which works with the Based on this, other octane boosters with higher ON help of an electric generator. After starting the engine, were used in a further study. the circulating water was heated to 96°C. Then, a reference isooctane with ON is tested at the facility 80 and a com- pression ratio of 17.30. When testing the standard, the display of the detonometer is set to 55 ± 3. RON 86 Figure 1. Single-cylinder universal unit UIT-85 85 84 12345678 9 10 83 IP concentration, % (vol.) 82 81 80 0 Figure 2. Influence of IP oxygenate on the detonation resistance of AI-80 commercial gasoline 18

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. In a further study, the sec-Butanol was used as oxy- oligomerization with the formation of butene as a by- genate. This oxygenate has not found wide application product. due to the insufficiency of its raw material base. The raw material base for the synthesis of sec-Butanol can be ex- The results of the study of the octane-boosting prop- panded through dimerization ethylene to n-butenes or its erties of sec-Butanol are shown in Figure 3. RON 85 84,5 84 83,5 83 82,5 82 81,5 81 80,5 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Concentration of sec -Butanol, % (vol.) Figure 3. Influence of oxygenate second - Butanol for detonation resistance of commercial gasoline AI-80 As can be seen from Fig. 3, the oxygenate sec-Butanol Octane-enhancing additive ETBE was tested. increases RON motor gasoline to 84.5 points. This addi- The additive was tested in an amount of 1 to 10% (vol.) tive also failed to achieve high detonation resistance of in the composition of AI-80 commercial gasoline. The test AI-80 commercial gasoline. results with this additive are shown in fig. 4. RON 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ETBE concentration, % (vol.) Figure 4. Effect of ETBE oxygenate on the detonation resistance of AI-80 commercial gasoline As the results of the study show, the ETBE additive to prevent corrosion of metal surfaces, that the main dis- has the best octane-boosting properties; when using advantage of gasoline-alcohol and gasoline-ether fuels this additive, RON AI-80 rose to 88.7. However, for is their phase instability, due to the presence of small the widespread use of the ETBE additive, it becomes amounts of water and, as a consequence, limited mutual necessary to establish its large-scale production in the solubility of the components. republic. To obtain commercial gasoline with improved anti- It should be noted that when C1-C3 alcohols and ethers knock properties, additives based on aromatic amines were are introduced into the fuel, there is a danger of water used in further experiments. As we know, N-methylaniline release, it is necessary to use anti-corrosion additives has a high octane number. On the basis of this amine, 19

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. several types of octane-boosting additives (for example, Based on the above data, to obtain high-octane mo- ADA) are produced in foreign countries. tor gasoline from the original low-octane and octane- boosting additives, N-methylaniline was used with con- ADA is a clear, low-viscosity yellow liquid. An ad- centrations from 0.5 to 3% vol. The research results are ditive in low-octane gasoline, 1.5% of this additive in- shown in fig. 5. creases its ON more than 6 units. ADA in Russia is used at various oil refineries at a concentration of not more than 1.3% (wt.) [9]. RON 88 87 86 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 85 Concentration of N- methylaniline, % (vol.) 84 83 82 81 80 0 Figure 5. Influence of the octane-boosting additive N-methylaniline on the detonation resistance of commercial gasoline AI-80 As can be seen from fig. 5, the additive based an octane-boosting additive is added, the properties of on the aromatic amine N-methylaniline has a high octane- gasoline and its composition with N-methylaniline addi- boosting effect. tive were investigated and compared (Table 4). The ad- ditive was mixed with gasoline at room temperature In order to determine the degree of change in the using a stirrer. physicochemical characteristics of AI-80 gasoline when Table 4. The influence of the MMA additive on physical and chemical properties of gasoline AI-80 Indicators Gasoline without additive Gasoline with additive Density at 20 o C, g / cm 3 0.770 0.772 RON (additive concentration 3% vol.) 80 85.8 Resins, mg/100cm 3 fuel 1.43 1.44 Mass fraction of sulfur, in % 0.02 0.02 Saturated vapor pressure, mm Hg. 216 215 Group chemical composition, % wt. Olefins - - Arenes Naphthenes 48.78 48.78 n- paraffins 3.0 3.0 Isoparaffins 14.23 14.23 33.99 33.99 As can be seen from Table 4, ON gasoline with the Conclusion. Thus, the results of the study showed that addition of the N-methylaniline additive increased sig- it is possible to obtain high-octane fuel without changing nificantly, while the physico-chemical parameters re- the component composition of gasoline. With ETBE ad- mained almost unchanged. ditive, the octane number of AI-80 gasoline according to RON increased from 80 to 88.7. When adding N-methyl- aniline in the amount of 3.0% vol. in AI-80 base gasoline, ON increased to 85.8 units according to RON. 20

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. References: 1. Poletaeva O.Yu. Fuels for various types of aircraft engines // Modern problems of the history of natural science in the field of chemistry, chemical technology and oil business: abstract. report _ V Intern . scientific conf . - Ufa: Reaktiv, 2004. - V. 1. – P. 93. 2. Abrosimov A.A. Ecology of hydrocarbon systems processing: Textbook /Ed. dr. chem. Sciences, prof. M.Yu. Dolomatova, Dr. tech . sciences, prof. E.G. Telyasheva . - M.: Chemistry, 2002. - 608 p. 3. Saifullin N.R., Ishmakov R.M., Abyzgildin A. Yu., Gubaidullin N.M., Gaskarov N.S., Khafizov A.R. Automobile and ecology.– Ufa: publishing house of UGNTU, 1998.– 133 p. 4. Vasiliev V., Pisarev V., Khazin G. Ecology and international relations. - M: Chemistry, 1978. - 240 p. 5. Yakubovsky Yu. Automobile transport and environmental protection. Translation from Polish. - M: Transport, 1979. - 198 p. 6. Harmful substances in the chemical industry. Handbook for chemists, engineers and doctors. / Ed. N.V. Lazareva and E.N. Levina. Ed..77e, perer. and additional Volume 1. Organic substances.– L.: Chemistry, 1976.–592 p. 7. Makhmudov M.Zh., Khayitov, R.R., Narmetova, G.R. (2014). Modern requirements for motor fuels. Young Scientist, (21), 179-181. 8. Makhmudov M.Zh. (2020). Determination of the adsorption capacity of synthetic zeolite nax under dynamic conditions for aromatic hydrocarbons of low-octane gasoline. Oil refining and petrochemicals. Scientific and technical achievements and best practices, (7), 13-16. 21

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. INCREASING THE DETONATION STABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES BY BASIC SYNERGISTIC MIXTURES OF OXYGEN COMPOUNDS Mukhtor Makhmudov Doc. chem. sciences, prof. Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara E-mail: [email protected] Temirbek Naubeev Cand. chem. sciences, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus Е-mail: timan05mail.ru Dilnoza Ametova Assistant, Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus ПОВЫШЕНИЕ ДЕТОНАЦИОННОЙ СТАБИЛЬНОСТИ АВТОМОБИЛЬНЫХ БЕНЗИНОВ БАЗОВЫМИ СИНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИМИ СМЕСЯМИ КИСЛОРОДНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ Махмудов Мухтор Жамолович д-р хим. наук, проф. Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Наубеев Темирбек Хасетуллаевич канд. хим. наук,доц., Каракалпакский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Аметова Дилноза ассистент, Каракалпакский государственный университет Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT This article examines the influence of local automobile gasolines AI-80, AI-91 and n-heptane on the detonation sta- bility of standard hydrocarbon mixtures with different isooctane and toluene contents. The results of the research are of great scientific and practical importance in the production of local low-octane gasoline and gasoline additives that meet modern environmental requirements. АННОТАЦИЯ В данной статье исследуется влияние местных автомобильных бензинов АИ-80, АИ-91 и н-гептана на дето- национную стабильность стандартных углеводородных смесей с различным содержанием изооктана и толуола. Результаты исследований имеют большое научное и практическое значение при производстве местных низко- октановых бензинов и присадок к бензинам, отвечающих современным экологическим требованиям. Keywords: gasoline, isooctane, toluene, n-heptane, methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), methyl tert-amyl ether (MTAE), detonation stability Ключевые слова: бензин, изооктан, толуол, н-гептан, метил-трет-бутиловый эфир (МТБЭ), метил-трет- амиловый эфир (МТАЭ), детонационная стабильность. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Makhmudov M.J., Naubeev T., Ametova D. INCREASING THE DETONATION STABILITY OF AUTOMOTIVE GASOLINES BY BASIC SYNERGISTIC MIXTURES OF OXYGEN COMPOUNDS // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15302

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Car gasoline is a petroleum product that is widely Category 1 – minimum standards set for the content produced in the world and requires relatively complex of toxic gases or non-existent markets; technologies in terms of production technology compared to other petroleum products. Also, today, the worsening Category 2 - markets with serious requirements of the environmental situation in the world is the reason or restrictions on the content of toxic gases; for the development of more serious environmental requirements for automobile gasoline. Category 3 – markets with high requirements or restrictions on the content of toxic gases; The problem of atmospheric pollution with fuel combustion products required restrictions on the content Category 4 - markets with the highest requirements of the most dangerous sulfur and aromatic compounds or restrictions on the content and quantity of toxic gases. in fuel. The most optimal processes for the production of motor gasoline with improved environmental lists some physico-chemical, colloidal and operational characteristics are: catalytic cracking, isomerization, parameters of motor gasoline recommended by the World alkylation devices and other modern hydrocatalytic Fuel Charter [4]. processes that allow reducing the amount of sulfur in the motor gasoline obtained with the help of a catalytic After such serious environmental demands, the oil cracking unit. refining industry around the world is going through the biggest transition since its inception, today in the direction Analysis of literature on the topic (Literature of producing the most environmentally friendly fuel. review). The world's major car and engine manufacturers have combined their proposals on the composition of It is impossible to achieve the technical-economical gasoline and published them in the Worldwide Fuel and ecological indicators of engines without improving Charter. Based on the quality of the fuel, it was divided the colloidal-chemical, physical and operational properties into four different environmental categories [1-3]: of automobile gasoline. These properties are achieved by new methods of improving various gasoline components, introducing oxygen-preserving compounds and various functional devices into the composition of gasoline [5-7]. Table 1. Some physico-chemical, colloidal and operational properties of motor gasoline recommended by the World Fuel Charter Indicators Quality category 4 1 23 Octane number, no less Research method (RON) 91 95 98 91 95 98 Motor method (MON) 82 85 88 82.5 85 88 Induction time, min, no less 360 480 1000 Sulfur concentration, mg/kg, no more 0.005 200 30 5-10 Lead concentration, g/dm 3 phosphorus and Mn, Fe and other metals, g/dm 3 - Not available 50 Oxygen content, %, not much 5 Not available The content of olefinic hydrocarbons, %, not more 2.7 Amount of aromatic hydrocarbons, %, not much 20 10 Benzene 40 35 The amount of resinous substances, in 100 cm 3 /mg of gasoline, is not much 2.5 1.0 15 o C, kg/m 3 70/5 30/5 Carburetor cleanliness, points, no less 715-780 715-770 Fuel injector cleanliness, throughput reduction %, not much 8.0 - 10 5 The clearance of the inlet valve, mg, no more S EC F-05-A-93 Not lower than 50 30 ACTM D 5500 9.0 100 50 ASTM D 6201 90 50 Entities in the combustion chamber, %, not much - 140 140 SEC F-05-A-93, mg/engine ACTM D 6201, % - 3500 2500 TGA-FLMB BZ 154-01, at a temperature of 450 o C, % - 20 20 23

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. It is not possible to assess the degree of chemical Analysis and results. At the first stage of our and hydrocarbon structural changes of gasoline, the effect scientific research, isooctane and heptane were mixed, on engine performance, and the quality of gasoline and a hydrocarbon mixture was prepared with an octane without accurate and reliable determination of many number of 80.8 points according to the research method. properties. Therefore, the requirements and controls on the In this sample, the isooctane concentration is 70%, and quality of gasoline are constantly increasing, and modern the heptane content is 30%. Then MTBE and MTAE gasolines today have various engine, physico-chemical, were mixed to this sample in amounts of 5, 10 and 15%, and physical parameters that can be determined [8-10]. and the octane number of these samples was determined. On the basis of existing technologies, the only At the same time, a mixture of 68% toluene and 32% optimal way to produce gasoline that meets serious heptane was also prepared and the effect of MTBE and environmental requirements and to increase its resource MTAE on the octane number of this mixture was also is to search for new additives that increase the octane studied. The main purpose of preparing such a mixture number. The second promising direction of research is is to determine the difference in the effect of MTBE and the search for rational approaches to their application, MTAE on the octane number of gasoline samples under namely: the same conditions and with the same composition, and to determine the difference in the detonation stability of • joint use of oxygenates and additives based on these oxygenates to aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures and aromatic amines to ensure a synergistic effect; isoparaffin hydrocarbon mixtures. Because the nature of chemical reaction of oxygen compounds to isoparaffin • determination and selection of the optimal chemical and aromatic hydrocarbons is different. composition of gasolines that increase the effectiveness of additives that increase the octane number; The effect of MTBE on the detonation stability of reference compounds is presented in Figure 1 below. • determination of alternative concentrations of oxygenated compounds and motor gasoline. As can be seen from this plot, the octane number of the hydrocarbon blends increased with the addition Research methodology. The following research of MTBE. However, the addition of MTBE at the same objects were used: AI-80, AI-91 brand automobile gasoline concentration to these mixtures affected the two samples produced at the BNQIZ plant, isooctane, toluene, heptane differently. When MTBE was added up to 15%, the and samples mixed with them in different proportions, octane number of the Isooctane+n-heptane mixture methyl-tert-amyl ether, methyl-tert-butyl ether. increased by 5.4 points, while the octane number of the Toluol+n-heptane mixture increased by 9.4 points. These Detonation stability of new gasoline compositions - results show that esters have a positive effect on the GOST 8226-82 determined according to [11]. detonation stability of relatively aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures. 90 82.5 84.2 86.4 80 81 73.1 75.8 79.4 70 70 RON 60 15 50 40 5 10 30 20 10 0 0 MTBE concentration, % Изооктан+н-гептан Толуол + н-гептан Figure 1. Effect of MTBE on the detonation stability of mixtures of isooctane and toluene with n-heptane The effect of MTAE on the detonation stability of benchmark mixtures is presented in Figure 2 below. 24

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 90 81 81.9 83.5 85.4 80 72.5 74.5 76.9 RON 70 70 60 5 10 15 50 MTAE CONCENTRATION, % 40 30 20 10 0 0 Изооктан+н-гептан Толуол+н-гептан Figure 2. Effect of MTAE on the detonation stability of mixtures of isooctane and toluene with n-heptane The results of the research in the chart above are the method - 99) is lower than the octane number of MTBE effects of MTAE on the detonation stability of various (in the research method - 102). benchmark hydrocarbon blends, and the effect of MTAE on the detonation stability of these hydrocarbon blends In the next stage of our ban, the effect of MTBE is lower than that of MTBE. This can be explained by and MTAE on the detonation stability of domestic AI-91 the fact that the octane number of MTAE (in the research and AI-80 brand automobile gasolines was studied. The results obtained are given below. 98 96 94.9 95.8 94 93.5 89.4 92 RON 15 91 90 88 87.5 86 84 84.1 82 80 80 78 5 10 0 MTBE concentration, % АИ-80 бензин + МТБЭ АИ-91 бензин + МТБЭ Figure 3. Effect of MTBE on detonation stability of AI-80 and AI-91 brand gasolines As can be seen from the graphs above, MTBE and high-octane AI-91 commercial motor gasoline. This can MTAE have different effects on the detonation stability be explained by the fact that the octane number of these of domestic motor gasolines. In this case, the influence oxygenates is close to the octane number of AI-91 index of these esters on the detonation stability of local gasoline. low-octane motor gasoline is much higher than that of 25

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 100 RON 95 92.8 93.8 94.3 90 91 85 87.7 80 80 85.7 82.7 75 70 5 10 15 0 MTAE CONCENTRATION, % АИ-80 бензин + МТАЭ АИ-91 бензин + МТАЭ Figure 4. Effect of MTAE on detonation stability of AI-80 and AI-91 brand gasolines Conclusions and recommendations. The results of appropriate to obtain a package of synergistic oxygen our research show that it is possible to increase the additives with a complex composition and to study their octane number of automobile gasoline with the help of effect on the detonation stability of automobile gasoline, MTBE and MTAE, but it is necessary to add them in a adding other types of oxygen additives with a higher large concentration in the composition of automobile octane number compared to these ethers in further gasoline obtained from these facilities and domestic scientific research. automobile gasoline. Therefore, we believe that it is References: 1. Makhmudov M.J. Modification of nizkoktonovogo benzina dlya uluchsheniya ego ecologo-expluatatsionnykh charakteristik // Mir nefteproduktov. - Moscow, 2020. - No. 3. - P.20-26. 2. Makhmudov M.J. , Naubeev T. _ X. , Sapashov I. _ Ya ., Bekturganova S.S. Metodika opredeleniya benzolsoderjashchey fractsii nizkoktanovogo avtomobilnogo benzina // Universum : khimiya i biologiya. - Moscow, 2020. - No. 7 (7 3 ). - S 80 - 82 . 3. Makhmudov M.J. , Naubeev T. _ X. , Sapashov I. _ Ya ., Bekturganova S.S. Fraktsionirovanie benzina s tselyu uluchshenia ego kachestva // Universum : chemistry and biology. - Moscow, 2020. - No. 7 (73). – S 83-8 6 . 4. M.J. Makhmudov. Effect of various functional devices on environmental properties of automobile gasoline // Uzbek- istan oil and gas log . - Tashkent , 2019 . - No. 4 . - 42-45 p . 5. Makhmudov MJ , Akhmedov UK Modern methods of reducing the content of aromatic hydrocarbons in gasoline // \"Austrian Journal of Technical and Natural Sciences\" . - Vienna , 2020. - No. 5-6 . 49-53 p. 6. Emelyanov V.E., Krylov I.F. Automotive gasoline and other types of fuel. Properties, assortment and application. M.: Astrel ACT Profizdat , Moscow, 2005. – 207 p. 7. Khaitov R.R. Adsorbtsionnoe uluchshenie kachestva benzina, poluchennogo iz neftegazokondensatnogo sryya. Abstract diss . ... k.x.n. - Tashkent, 2012. - 25 p. 8. Makhmudov M.J., Khaitov R.R., Narmetova G.R. Sovremennye trebovaniya k motornym toplivam // Russian magazine \"Molodoy uchennyy\", Kazan, 2014. - #21 (80). - S. 181-183. 9. Makhmudov M.J., Khalilov A.Kh., Hayitov R.R., Narmetova G.R. Poluchenie avtomobilnogo benzina, otvechayushchego trebovaniyam Evrostandarta po soderjaniyu benzene // Chemistry and chemical technology. – 2017. No. 1. - S. 66-68. 10. Shapovalova E.N., Pirogov A.V. Chromatographic analysis method. Metodicheskoe posobie dlya spetsialnogo kursa. - Moscow, 2007. - 109 p. 11. https://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200004507 26

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15320 SYNTHESIS OF DEPRESSOR ADDITIVES BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE POWDER AND EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL Ikramjan Sapashov Post-doctoral student, Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Sadriddin Fozilov Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, Bukhara Engineering and Technology Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Bukhara Batirbay Seydabullaev Master's student, Karakalpak state university named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus Islambek Polatov Student, Karakalpak state university named after Berdakh, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus СИНТЕЗ ДЕПРЕССОРНЫХ ПРИСАДОК НА ОСНОВЕ ПОЛИПРОПИЛЕНОВОГО ПОРОШКА И ИХ ВЛИЯНИЕ НА НИЗКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЕ СВОЙСТВА ДИЗЕЛЬНОГО ТОПЛИВА Сапашов Икрамжан Яумытбаевич докторант, Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Фозилов Садриддин Файзуллаевич д-р техн. наук, проф., Бухарский инженерно-технологический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Бухара Сейдабуллаев Батырбай Бахытбай улы магистрант Каракалпакского государственного университета имени Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус Полатов Исламбек Оразалы улы студент Каракалпакского государственного университета имени Бердаха, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT The article studies the influence of additives synthesized on the basis of polypropylene copolymers with methyl acrylate on the low-temperature properties of diesel fuel. The results of the study showed that both synthesized depressant additives had a strong inhibitory effect on diesel fuel, while the threshold filtration temperature of 0,4 % diesel fuel was reduced from -10 0С to -22 0С, and the pour point - from -10 0С up to -27 0С. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: SYNTHESIS OF DEPRESSOR ADDITIVES BASED ON POLYPROPYLENE POWDER AND EFFECT ON LOW-TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES OF DIESEL FUEL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Sapashov I. [и др.]. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15320

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье изучено влияния присадок синтезированных на основе сополимеров полипропилена с метил акрилатом на низкотемпературные свойства дизельного топлива. Результаты исследования показали, что синтезированные депрессорные присадки 0,4% концентрации дизельного топлива предельная температура фильтруемости была снижена с -10 0С до -22 0С, а температура застывания - с -10 0С до -27 0С. Keywords: polypropylene, powder, copolymer, depressant, additive, isotactic, atactic. Ключевые слова: полипропилен, порошок, сополимер, депрессор, присадка, изотактик, атактик. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction. The composition of diesel fuel, unlike [-CH2-CH(CH3)-]n when tested on an EVLAS-2M an- other types of fuel, can vary significantly depending on alyzer, the humidity was 10,97 % at a temperature of the raw materials and production technology. To obtain 102 0C, at 105,5 0C for one minute, a complete humidity highly efficient fuels, first of all, it is necessary to select drying [14]. high-quality raw materials and improve the technology of their production. However, it is impossible to solve Subsequently, the dried polypropylene powder the problem in principle without the use of additives [1]. was separated from the high-molecular fractions by re-precipitation from ethyl alcohol in solutions of hexane, The main active components of the developed de- heptane and ether, and then purified from the catalyst pressant additives are polymers, vinyl acetate copoly- residues. Isotactic and atactic polypropylene were dis- mers [2, 3], polymethylacrylate, ethylene poly-α-olefin solved in p-xylene at 130-140 0C, when the solution was [4], methacrylate-comalein anhydride [5], vinyl acetate cooled to 25 0C, the isotactic part was precipitated, and copolymers tetrapolymer consisting of methacrylates the atactic part was dissolved in p-xylene. with maleic anhydride and methacrylmorpholine and their amine compounds [6], dialkyl fumarate-styrene-vinyl The separated atactic and precipitated isotactic part acetate is a terpolymer [7], n-alkylacrylate-vinyl acetate- was dissolved in p-xylene and toluene in the range of 80- styrene is a triple copolymer [8], dimethyl fumarate is a 90 0C, then a methyl acrylate monomer was added, vinyl acetate copolymer [9], dimeric surfactants [10]. heated to 75-90 0C and a copolymerization reaction was carried out. The solution was placed in a three-necked In addition, the block copolymers polyethylene- flask equipped with a stirrer and a return refrigerator, poly (ethylene propylene) (PE-PEP), ethylene-propyl- in a three-necked flask equipped with a stirrer and a ther- ene show high efficiency as initiators controlling the mometer, the amount of polypropylene and methyl acrylate size of paraffin particles formed in diesel fuel due to the was taken up to 1:9 in organic solvents - toluene, benzene presence of external groups [11, 12]. or p-xylene. The resulting copolymer was precipitated with alcohol, the reaction mixture was filtered and Our country has a sufficient base of local raw mate- weighed after cooling to room temperature.. The number rials (monomers) for the production of synthetic de- of monomers in the resulting copolymer and the molec- pressors by increasing the production of polymer ular weight of the copolymers, as well as their structure, substances and increasing the production processes of were checked by IR spectroscopy. secondary products and waste in addition to the main products [13]. Results and discussion. The structure of the obtained copolymer was analyzed by IR Shimadzu IRAffinity-1S Objects and methods of research. The raw material spectroscopy device. Comparing the IR spectra of we selected is a secondary product of the polymer produc- polypropylene and methyl acrylate copolymers with a tion process at Uz-Kor Gas Chemical LLC. Polypropylene polypropylene monomer, one can clearly see the absorp- powder is obtained by polymerization of propylene using tion region characteristic of fragments in the IR spectrum a Ziegler-Natta catalyst (TiCl4:MgCl2) nCH2=CH(CH3) → of the copolymer. 28

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Figure 1. IRAffinity-1 S FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTRO-PHOTOMETER (SHIMADZU) IR spectrum of grafted polypropylene and methyl acrylate copolymer It can be seen from the IR spectrum (Fig. 1) that the According to the results, the number of monomers absorption region of 2866,22 cm-1 corresponds to sim in the ratio 1:1, 4:1, (0,2-0,4 mas. %) in copolymers of vibrations of the C-H bond in the CH3 group, the ab- sorption region of 2918,30 cm-1 corresponds to asim va- polypropylene and methyl acrylates tested in the condi- lence vibrations of this group, as well as 1375,25 cm-1 tions of the industrial laboratory of the Fergana Oil Re- absorption area to asim deformation vibration of the C-H bond, 2918,30 cm-1 absorption area to the valence finery, due to the low-temperature properties of diesel vibrations of the methylene group CH2 of the C-H bond, fuel, 0,2 wt.% of copolymers of polypropylene and 2839, 22 cm-1 of the absorption area with the same methyl acrylate in a ratio of 4:1 reduces the turbidity valence of the methylene group C-H, the vibrations temperature of diesel fuel to -5 0C, the freezing tem- of the C-H bond, the absorption area 2357,01 cm-1 refers perature is -26 0C, the maximum filtration temperature is -16 0C, 0,4 wt. % of polypropylene and methyl acrylate to the vibrations of the alkyl group C-O, The absorption area of 1734,01 cm-1 refers to the oscillation of the C= copolymers in a ratio of 1:1 Compared with a ratio of 4:1, O-group bond, and 1166,93 cm-1 refers to the defor- the lower turbidity temperature did not change at -5 0C, the freezing temperature -27 0C, the maximum filtration mation vibrations of the C-C bond [15]. temperature -22 0C. Table 1. Analysis results CFL Name of indicators Control The norm for Diesel. top. method O'ZDST 989:2001 Diz. top. without with additive additive 0,4% 1. Cetane index, at least GOST 3122 50 53,5 51 2. Density , kg/m3 , no more at 20 0C GOST 3900 863,4 860 861,4 3. Fractional composition: GOST 2177 280 262 263 50 % distilled at 0C, not higher 360 346 356 than 95 % distilled at 0C, not higher 4. Water content GOST 2477 Absence absence absence 5. Maximum filterability temperature, 0C ЕN 116 - 15 - 10 -22 not higher, 6. Iodine number, g per 100 g of fuel, no more GOST 2070 5 1,47 1,43 7. Coking capacity of 10% residue, % no more ASTM D 4530 0,20 0,19 0,015 8. Ash content, % (mass fraction), no more GOST 1461 Absence 0,01 absence 29

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. CFL Name of indicators Control The norm for Diesel. top. method O'ZDST 989:2001 Diz. top. without with additive additive 0,4% 9. Mass fraction of sulfur, %, no more, in fuel GOST 19121 0,100 type I 0,050 type II 0,035 0,042 0,04 type III 10. Mass fraction of mercaptan sulfur %, GOST 17523 0,01 0,01 0,0006 no more 11. Hydrogen sulfide content ASTM D 3227 Absence absence absence 12. Copper plate test ASTM D 130 Withstands Withstands Withstands Class 1 13. Content of water-soluble acids and alkalis GOST 6307 Absence absence absence 14. Kinematic viscosity at 20 0C, mm2/s, within GOST 31391 3,0-6,0 4,8 4,14 15. Acidity, mg, KOH per 100 cm3 of fuel, GOST 5985 5 0,25 0,1 no more 16. The flash point determined in a closed GOST 6356 62 53 crucible, 0C, is not lower than: 55 -for diesel and marine diesel engines and gas turbines 87 85 17. Mechanical impurities, %, no more GOST 6370 0,0024 0,0014 0,0014 18. Concentration of actual resins, GOST 8489 40 absence 10 mg per 100 cm3 of fuel, no more 19. Solidification temperature, 0C not higher, GOST 20287 - 25 - 10 - 27 20. Turbidity temperature, 0C not higher, GOST 5066 -5 -5 -5 The effect of additives based on polypropylene Conclusion. As a result of the conducted research, powder and methyl acrylate on the physic-chemical and the following conclusion can be made: polypropylene operational properties of fuel according to O'ZDTS powder from secondary products of the Uz-Kor Gas 989:2001 when introducing a 0,4 % additive solution Chemical LLC polymer workshop can be used as de- into hydro treated diesel fuel TD-L of the Fergana pressant additives to diesel fuel, and when added Oil Refinery, the general characteristics of the theoretical to summer diesel fuel from a 0.4% additive solution, justification of the effect of additives on improving it improved its low-temperature properties, did not affect the low-temperature properties of winter diesel fuel are the basic physico-chemical properties and was recognized presented in table -1. as fully compliant with the technical requirements of O'ZDTS 989:2001. From the obtained results, it can be seen that the devel- oped depressor has a positive effect on the solidification temperature of diesel fuel when it is used in the amount of 0.4 % in the fuel. References: 1. Импорт ўрнини босувчи қўндирмаларни маҳаллий хом ашёлардан олиш ва уларни дизель ёқилғилари хоссаларини яхшилашда қўллаш. Қорақлапоғистон Республикасида ишлаб чиқариш саноати соҳалари ривожининг долзарб муаммолари. Республика илмий-амалий анжуман материаллари тўплами. Нукус-2021. 163 б. 2. Farazmand S., Ehsani M.R., Shadman M.M., Ahmadi S., Veisi S., Abdi E. (2016) The effects of additives on the reduction of the pour point of diesel fuel and fuel oil, Pet. Sci. Technol. 34, 17–18, 1542–1549. 3. Zhou M., He Y., Chen Y., Yang Y., Lin H., Han S. (2015) Synthesis and evaluation of terpolymers consist of meth- acrylates with maleic anhydride and methacrylic morpholine and their amine compound as pour point depressants in diesel fuels, Energy Fuels 29, 9, 5618–5624. 4. Zhao Z., Xue Y., Xu G., Zhou J., Lian X., Liu P., Chen D., Han S., Lin H. (2017) Effect of the nano-hybrid pour point depressants on the cold flow properties of diesel fuel, Fuel 193, 65–71. 5. Xu G., Xue Y., Zhao Z., Lian X., Lin H., Han S. (2018) Influence of poly (methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride) pour point depressant with various pendants on low-temperature flowability of diesel fuel, Fuel 216, 898–907. 30

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 6. Zhou M., He Y., Chen Y., Yang Y., Lin H., Han S. (2015) Synthesis and evaluation of terpolymers consist of methacrylates with maleic anhydride and methacrylic morpholine and their amine compound as pour point depressants in diesel fuels, Energy Fuels 29, 9, 5618–5624. 7. Du T., Wang S., Liu H., Zhang Y., Song C. (2011) Study on dialkylfumarate terpolymer lowering cold filter plugging point for diesel fuel, Pet. Sci. Technol. 29, 17, 1753–1764. 8. Feng L.J., Zhang Z.Q., Wang F., Wang T., Yang S. (2013) Performance of AVS diesel fuel pour point depressant, Oilfield Chem. 30, 4, 586–589. 9. Du T., Wang S., Liu H., Zhang Y. (2010) Study on dibehenyl fumarate-vinyl acetate copolymer for lowering cold filter plugging point of diesel fuel, China Pet. Process. Petrochem. Technol. 12, 4, 52–56. 10. Maithufi M.N., Joubert D.J., Klumperman B. (2011) Application of gemini surfactants as diesel fuel wax dispersants, Energy Fuels 25, 1, 162–171. 11. W. Leube, M. Monkenbusch, D. Schneiders [et al.] Wax-crystal modification for fuel oils by self-aggregating par- tially crystallizable hydrocarbon block copolymers . Energy Fuels. – 2000. – Vol. 14. – No. 2. – P. 419–430. 12. M. Monkenbusch, D. Schneiders, D. Richter [et al.]. Aggregation behaviour of PE–PEP copolymers and the winter- ization of diesel fuel. Physica B: Condensed Matter. – 2000. – Vol. 276–278. – P. 941–943. 13. Сапашов И.Я., Фозилов С.Ф., Полатов И.О. UZ-KOR GAS CHEMICAL” ҚК-МЧЖ иккиламчи маҳсулотларини фойдаланиш. Озиқ-овқат маҳсулотлари ишлаб чиқаришда илм-фан ва инноваион технологиялар. Халқаро илмий-амалий конференцияси. Бухоро 2022. 14. Sapashov I. Fozilov S. Mavlanov B. Polatov I. Depressor properties of the products of polymeranalogical changes of low molecular polypropylene // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 2(107). URL:https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15034 15. Сапашов Икрамжан, & Фозилов Садриддин. (2022). Пропилен гомо-ва сополимерлари асосида иккиламчи хомашёларнинг термооксидланишини ўрганиш. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7293053 31

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. ENERGY INDUSTRY DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15363 ASSESSMENT OF THE LOSS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE TRANSFORMER IN THE NOSINUSOIDAL MODE Ilkhombek Kholiddinov Docent Fargana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Khojiakbar Eraliev PhD student Fargana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Mukhayyo Yuldoshova Master studen Fargana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: m.yo’[email protected] Islombek Ibrokhimov Master student Fargana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] ОЦЕНКА ПОТЕРЬ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ В ТРАНСФОРМАТОРЕ В НЕСИНУСОИДАЛЬНОМ РЕЖИМЕ Холиддинов Илхомбек Хосилжонович доцент, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Эралиев Хожиакбар Абдинаби угли докторант, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Юлдошова Мухайё Олимжон қизи магистрант, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Иброхимов Исломбек Зафаржон ўғли магистрант Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрена количественная оценка и определение процента дополнительных потерь электроэнергии, вызванных относительно синусоидального режима, с использованием значений высших гармонических составляю- щих напряжения, при несинусоидальных режимах работы трансформаторных пунктов в сети напряжением 10 кВ. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ASSESSMENT OF THE LOSS OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN THE TRANSFORMER IN THE NOSINUSOIDAL MODE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Kholiddinov I.X. [и др.]. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15363

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. ABSTRACT In this paper, the quantitative evaluation and determination of the percentage of the additional electricity loss caused by the sinusoidal mode using the values of the higher harmonic components of the voltage generated in the non-sinusoidal operating modes of the transformer points in the 10 kV network have been studied. Ключевые слова: низновольтная сеть, показатели качества электроэнергии, несинусоидальность тока и напряжения, несимметрия тока и напряжения, потери мощности, дополнительные потери мощности. Keywords: Low-voltage network, indicators of power quality, non-sinusoidal current and voltage, non-symmetry current and voltage, power loss, additional power loss. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction If there are high harmonic (YG) voltage organizers in the network, additional power losses will be available An important quantitative indicator assessing the on electrical devices and power lines. At these losses, technical condition of electrical networks and their mode the effect of the coefficient of high harmonic (YG) of operation is the tendency to loss of electricity and its constituents of the voltage will be noticeable. change. Despite significant progress in the development of electrical energy accounting systems, there is currently Currently, the number of equipment that causes high an increase in electricity losses, while the technical and harmonic voltages in industrial enterprises and utility commercial components of losses are also increasing. consumers is increasing at a rapid opportunity. At enterprises, this is due to the extensive modernization of According to international experts, the relative production, that is, with the introduction of modern total losses of electricity during the transmission and electrical equipment: pulse rectifiers and frequency distribution of electricity in low-voltage networks can be inverters, in the utility sector, personal computers, air considered satisfactory if they do not exceed 4-5%. In conditioners, televisions, etc.are included [7-8-9]. Russia, their value does not exceed 11-13%, in Japan and Western Europe-6-7%. According to official data Methods for low-voltage networks as of 2021 for the Kuva District of Fergana region of the Republic of Uzbekistan, these Currently, the number of equipment that causes losses are on average 13.08% [1-2]. high harmonic voltages in industrial enterprises and utility consumers is increasing at a rapid opportunity. The high loss of electricity in low-voltage power At enterprises, this is due to the extensive modernization networks is largely due to the following factors: technical of production, that is, with the introduction of modern parameters of the network elements, non-optimal operating electrical equipment: impulse rectifiers and frequency modes, insufficient regulatory technical means, insufficient inverters, in the utility sector, personal computers, air or unsatisfactory compensation of reactive power, conditioners, televisions, etc are included. nosymmetry of electrical loads, complete reliable failure of electrical energy accounting systems, an increase in Nonsinusoidal current and voltages also cause errors the installed capacity of nosinusoidal loads. Sometimes in electrical energy accounting devices. Especially the in low-voltage power networks, the nosymmetry of effect of the 11-13 - founders of YG has a significant effect electricity often exceeds the permissible values by a on induction computing devices. But at present, induction significant degree. This leads to the uncertainty of the electrical energy accounting devices in the network are initial data used in the accounting of electricity, calculation, low enough not to show their effect in general accounting. analysis and prediction of losses by regulatory [5-6-7]. If the coefficient of distortion of the Sinusoidal voltage In low-voltage power networks, the quality indicators is less than 5%, the effect of additional errors in of electricity are largely determined by the technical measuring devices turns out to be insignificant. characteristics and operating modes of electrical receivers in consumers. Many problems with the quality indicators In turn, the lack of electricity and the constant of electricity (the relationship between the enterprise deterioration of its quality lead to additional power and consumers) are currently not brought to the final losses in electrical devices and electrical networks. The solution, which is mainly due to the influence of con- decrease in electrical energy quality indicators causes sumers on the quality indicators of network electricity. additional electrical energy losses to the following One characteristic feature of electricity is that consumers existing losses: are also forced to consume electricity whose quality performance is impaired by consumers, which does not • To technical losses, negatively affect the quality of other electricity [2] • To losses in Transformers, Energy losses in low-voltage electrical networks are • To wastes in asynchronous and synchronous motors, largely due to the qualitative characteristics of electricity. • To losses in power lines It is possible to single out the main indicators of the quality • To losses in compensatory devices of electricity, which cause additional losses in the network: Additional active power losses due to voltage nosymmetry to losses in Transformers are expressed as • Rated voltage deviation; the sum of their additional losses in the load-free (idling • Voltage nosinusoidality coefficient; performance SI) and short-circuit (short-circuit QT) • Voltage n-coefficient of harmonic constituents; mode. Additional losses are also taken into account when • Coefficients of voltage nosymmetries in reverse a transformer is operating at a nosinusoidal voltage. and zero sequence. These losses typically account for an average of 5% of 33

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. the transformer's nominal short circuit losses, but addi- ∆������(2) = ������������������ ������22������ (3) tional losses increase dramatically if YG currents are ���������2��� flowing in the transformer and can reach 30-50% [2]. Here, ������2������ = ������2 – coefficient of reverse sequence Usually, for the transformer's idling mode of ������������������������ Operation, additional losses generated by Voltage voltage, ������2 – everse sequence voltage, in practical nosinusoidity and nosymmetries are ignored, but in some works they are taken into account. calculations, it is impossible to take into account additional The additional loss generated by the voltage losses in the idling operation mode due to voltage nosinusoidity in Idling performance mode is calculated by the following expression [1]. nosymmetry. Results ∆P������������ = ������������������ ∑������������=2 ���������2���∗ (1) To determine the coefficient of voltage n - harmonic ������2,6 constituting at Transformer points in a 10 kV power transmission network, the recording of quality indicators Here ������������������ - power loss in idling operation mode, of elektra energy was carried out in accordance with ������������ the requirements of GOST 13109-97 on the Malika-01 ������������∗ = ������������������������ device. When working with a Nosinusoidal voltage, additional For Transformers TM160-10/0,4,located at the beginning of two networks, and TM160-10/0, 4, located active power losses in the transformer are calculated by at the end of the network, the values of electrical energy quality indicators were obtained. The studies were carried the following expression. out in 0.4 kV tires according to [4], each measurement time was 24 hours. ∆������������ = 1.291 ������������������ ∑������������=2 1+0.05∗������2 ���������2���∗ (2) ���������2��� ������√������ In first picture first transformer point is shown and in second picture coefficient of N - harmonic organizers Here ������������ -short-circuit voltage, additional losses in of the voltage of transformers TM160-10/0,4 of the the idling operation mode due to YG are neglected. second transformer point are expressed in graphic form In Transformers in the nosymmetry mode, additional losses of active power can be determined using the following expression. Figure 1. 1 - values of the coefficient of N-harmonic organizers of voltage for the transformer As can be seen from Figure 1, we can conclude and in 17 harmonicas. These harmonic constituents also that the odd harmonics of the harmonic constituting contribute the most to the total energy losses associated of the voltage prevail, especially 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 with its quality. Figure 2. 2 - values of the coefficient of N-harmonic organizers of voltage for the transformer As can be seen from Figure 2, the harmonic predominate, especially 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 17 harmonics. constituting of the voltage in tranformator No. 2 contain These harmonic constituents contribute most to the total almost all harmonics up to 29. Often odd harmonics energy losses associated with its quality. 34

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Discussion a Nosinusoidal voltage (2) was calculated on the basis of the expression, the short-circuit power charge for The processing of the research results was carried out Transformers was obtained from the passport data of the in an Excel package. Losses in the idling mode of operation transformer and amounted to 1.28 kW. The short circuit from the YG voltage were not taken into account, voltage is 4.5%. The values calculated based on the data since their value did not exceed 1% of short-circuit obtained are presented in tables 1.2. losses. To determine additional active power losses with Table 1. Additional active power losses from high voltage harmonics for transformer number 1 №YG, Coefficient of N-harmonic constituting Power losses from high voltage harmonics, W / day n of voltage by phases Ku% Ku% Ku% А ВС phase А phase В phase С 3 1,462 1,214 1,233 33,29 27,64 28,07 84,50 61,96 50,99 5 2,156 1,581 1,301 407,55 11,42 13,43 29,46 25,07 24,45 7 0,37 0,21 0,247 18,11 17,42 18,19 19,56 16,81 23,22 9 0,423 0,36 0,351 14,29 10,47 10,71 17,13 15,62 8,90 11 0,212 0,204 0,213 13,71 13,71 11,22 12,97 7,54 8,41 13 0,192 0,165 0,228 650,61 207,71 197,64 0,385 15 0,12 0,088 0,09 17 0,125 0,114 0,065 19 0,088 0,088 0,072 21 0,074 0,043 0,048 Total, W/day Total thousand kW hours / Year Table 2. Additional active power losses from high voltage harmonics for transformer number 2 №YG, Coefficient of N-harmonic constituting of Power losses from high voltage harmonics, W / day n voltage by phases Ku% Ku% Ku% Ku% Ku% Ku% phase А phase В phase А phase В phase А phase В 3 1,214 1,447 1,476 27,64 32,95 33,61 74,35 70,98 45,43 5 1,897 1,811 1,159 226,91 15,18 10,12 12,47 13,65 9,96 7 0,206 0,279 0,186 13,24 10,76 13,41 16,10 25,67 21,19 9 0,179 0,196 0,143 9,17 10,60 7,03 16,31 16,45 6,85 11 0,155 0,126 0,157 9,04 13,09 9,35 6,49 10,52 8,07 13 0,158 0,252 0,208 411,73 219,86 165,02 0,291 15 0,077 0,089 0,059 17 0,119 0,12 0,05 19 0,058 0,084 0,06 21 0,037 0,06 0,046 Total, W/day Total thousand kW hours / Year For all Transformers, The average values of the co- efficients of active power losses and voltage nosinus- oidity by phases are presented in Table 3. 35

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Table 3. Average values of the coefficients of active power losses and voltage nosinusoidity by phases for Transformers № Tr Voltage nosinusoidity coefficient, % Active power losses from Nosinusoidal voltage, W / day ABC 1 ABC 2 2,76 2,15 1,97 2,35 2,43 1,99 650,61 207,71 197,64 411,73 219,86 165,02 As can be seen from Table 3. with an increase in the Conclusion coefficient of voltage nosinusoidity, the active power losses in the transformer also increase accordingly. It In conclusion, it should be noted that at present the can be ignored if the additional losses caused by the losses of electricity are included in the technical losses voltage nosinusoidity coefficient in the idling operation of energy, but it is also desirable to take into account mode do not exceed 1% of the short circuit losses. As a additional power isrfos, which are formed from voltage result of our research, additional losses generated by nosinusoidality. Voltage nosinusoidality amounted to 1 of short-circuit losses in transformer 3,5% , 2% in transformer 2,6. Nosinusoidal loads also affect the appearance of zero sequence currents in the transformer. Due to the zero sequence, a significant increase in resistance occurs, which increases power losses. In order to increase the energy efficiency and durability of transformer equipment, as well as to reduce electricity losses, it is necessary to take measures to reduce the impact of nosinosoidal voltages. References: 1. Широков О.Г., Алферова Т.В., Алферов А.А., Прусаков С.Л. Оценка потерь электрической энергии, вызванных несинусоидальными режимами, при расчете небалансов системных подстанций 10 кВ // Вестник ГГТУ им. П.О. Сухого. 2015. №1 (60). 2. Ю.С. Железко. Потери электроэнергии. Реактивная мощность. Качество электроэнергии : рук. для практ. расчетов /. - М.: ЭНАС, 2009. - 456 с. 3. Патент UZ FAP № 01892. Устройство для регистрации дополнительных потерь электроэнергии при несимметрии нагрузок в низковольтных электрических сетях. /Аллаев К.Р., Шаисматов С.Э., Холиддинов И.Х., Холиддинова М.М. // Расмий ахборотнома. –2022, – № 1. – С. 36. 4. ГОСТ 13109-97. Межгосударственный стандарт: электрическая энергия, совместимость технических средств электромагнитная, нормы качества электрической энергии в системах электроснабжения общего назначения. 5. Степанов В.М. Влияние высших гармоник в системах электроснабжения предприятия на потери электрической энергии / В.М. Степанов, И.М. Базыль // Изв. Тул. гос. ун-та. - 2013. - № 12-2. - С. 27-31. 6. Избранные вопросы несинусоидальных режимов в электрических сетях предприятий / под ред. И.В. Жежеленко. - М. : Энергоатомиздат, 2007. - 296 с. 7. Патент UZ FAP №01166. Устройство для регистрации дополнительных потерь электроэнергии при несимметрии нагрузок в низковольтных электрических сетях./ Аллаев К.Р., Шаисматов С.Э., Холиддинов И.Х.// Расмий ахборотнома. –2016, – № 12. – С. 36. 22.05.2015. 8. Холиддинов И.Х., Пономаренко О.И. Обеспечение приборной базы системы контроля качества электроэнергии в современных системах электроснабжения. // Universum: Технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2016. № 8(29). URL:http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/3527 9. Руководство по эксплуатации измерителя показателей качества электроэнергии «Malika-01». – Ташкент, – 2016. – 30 с. 10. Kholiddinov I., Tuychiev Z., Eraliev Kh. and Kholiddinova M. Influence Of Asymmetrical Modes On The Value Of Additional Power Losses In Low-Voltage Electrical Networks. Vol:54 Issue:10:2021 DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/S 11. I.X. Xolidinov, A.A. Qodirov, S. Kamoliddinov KUCHLANISH O‘ZGARISHINI REAKTIV QUVVATNI AVTOMATIK KOMPENSATSIYALASH QURILMASIDA ROSTLASH // Academic research in educational sci- ences. 2022. №3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kuchlanish-o-zgarishini-reaktiv-quvvatni-avtomatik kompensatsiyalash-qurilmasida-rostlash (дата обращения: 22.04.2022). 12. Khosiljonovich K.I., Solidjon o‘g‘li K.S. APPLICATION OF THE METHOD OF INDETERMINATE LAGRANGE MULTIPLIERS FOR OPTIMAL POWER DISTRIBUTION OF COMPENSATING DEVICES BETWEEN CONSUMERS. – 2023. 36

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. 13. Пономаренко О.И., Холиддинов И.Х. Автоматизированная система анализа и управления качеством электроэнергии // Главный энергетик. – 2021. – №. 1. – С. 18-24. 14. Kholiddinov I.X. et al. ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF ELECTRIC ENERGY QUALITY INDICATORS ON THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF ASYNCHRONOUS MOTORS //Scientific-technical journal. – 2021. – Т. 4. – №. 2. – С. 15-22. 15. Холиддинов И.Х., Туйчиев З.З. АНАЛИЗ РАСЧЕТА СЛОЖНЫХ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКИХ СХЕМ В ПРОГРАММЕ MULTISIM // Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии. – 2021. – С. 11. 16. Hamidjonov Zuhriddin, Abdullaev Abduvokhid, Ashurov Abdulahad, Ergashev Komiljon Ravshan O'G'Li REACTIVE POWER COMPENSATION IN POWER GRIDS // Universum: технические науки. 2021. №11-6 (92). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/reactive-power-compensation-in-power-grids (дата обращения: 06.01.2022). 37

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF GAS HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES OF WELLS AT ALAN GAS CONDENSATE FIELDS Shahlo Oripova Basic doctoral student, Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi E-mail: [email protected] Bobirjon Adizov Doctor of Technical Sciences, laboratory manager \"Petrochemistry\" Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Baxshillo Akramov Candidate of Technical Sciences, Professor of the Department \"Development of oil, gas and gas condensate fields\" branch of the Russian State University of Oil and Gas (NRU) named after I.M. Gubkin in Tashkent, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Azizbek Umurzakov Student of KarSU, Republic of Uzbekistan, Nukus E-mail: [email protected] АНАЛИЗ РЕЗУЛЬТАТОВ ГАЗОГИДРОДИНАМИЧЕСКИХ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ СКВАЖИН ГАЗОКОНДЕНСАТНЫХ МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИЯ АЛАН Орипова Шахло Каримовна базовый докторант КарИЭИ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Карши Адизов Бобиржон Замирович д-р техн. наук, ст. науч. сотр., зав. лаборатории «Нефтехимии» ИОНХ АН РУз, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Акрамов Бахшилло Шафиевич канд. техн. наук, профессор отделения «Разработка нефтяных, газовых и газоконденсатных месторождений» филиала РГУ нефти и газа (НИУ) имени И.М. Губкина в г. Ташкенте, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Умурзаков Азизбек Жанибек угли студент КарГУ, Республика Узбекистан, г. Нукус ABSTRACT The main method for determining reservoir parameters is gas-hydrodynamic research methods. The article discusses the analysis of the results of gas-hydrodynamic studies on the state of the well, the productive formation at the Alan gas condensate fields, as well as the determination of the value of the filtration resistance coefficients of the average well of the field, including the filtration resistance coefficients determined by the test results, characterize the state of the reservoir and fluid at the time of the well study. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF GAS HYDRODYNAMIC STUDIES OF WELLS AT ALAN GAS CONDENSATE FIELDS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Oripova S. [и др.]. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15270

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. АННОТАЦИЯ Основным способом определения параметров пласта являются газогидродинамические методы исследова- ния. В статье рассматривается анализ результатов газогидродинамических исследований о состоянии скважины, продуктивного пласта на газоконденсатных месторождения Алан, а также определение значения коэффициентов фильтрационных сопротивлений средней скважины месторождения, в том числе коэффициенты фильтрационного сопротивления, определяемые по результатам испытания, характеризуют состояние коллектора и флюида в момент исследования скважины. Keywords: gas and gas condensate fields (GCF), gas-hydrodynamic studies (GDT), filtration resistance coefficient. Ключевые слова: газовые и газоконденсатные месторождения (ГКМ), газогидродинамические исследования (ГДИ), коэффициент фильтрационных сопротивлений. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ The development of a gas and gas condensate field the impact on the bottomhole zone, provide valuable is understood as the control of the processes of movement information that is taken into account when establishing of gas and condensate in the reservoir to wells in order the technological mode of operation of individual wells to produce gas and condensate [1]. With full and uncon- and the entire deposit as a whole [3]. Gas-hydrodynamic ditional observance of the principles of establishing the studies of wells allow obtaining the necessary information technological mode of operation, rational development about the state of the well and the reservoir [4]. Well of gas and gas condensate fields will be achieved [2]. preparation for gas-hydrodynamic testing is shown in Studying the nature of the operation of each well, exam- fig. [5]. ining the state of the wellhead and columns during un- derground repairs, as well as when performing work on Figure 1. Scheme of well preparation for gas-hydrodynamic studies One of the main tasks of the development analysis flow rate in well 13 with an 18 mm choke was 1246 thou- is to prepare a technological basis for making adjustments sand m3/day. Gas-hydrodynamic studies (GDT) of pro- to the approved design indicators. The reliability of the ductive intervals over the past development period were forecast for the development of a gas field is largely due performed at 60 wells. At the same time, the maximum to the representativeness of the initial information used gas flow rate of 1280,1 thousand m3/day (with a drawdown for forecasting and, first of all, information about the of 30 kgf/sm2) took place in well № 136. filtration and hydraulic characteristics of wells [6]. The experience of operating wells in the fields of hydrogen At present, the main method for determining reservoir sulfide-containing gas shows that typical well designs parameters is gas-hydrodynamic research methods. The can be used in single-layer fields [7]. need to establish these parameters exists at all stages of the field. The tasks and volumes of these studies at var- During the exploration period at the Alan field [8-9], ious stages of field development are different. During 17 exploration wells were tested in 73 sites. At the same the periods of exploration and pilot operation of the field, time, gas inflows of more than 100 thousand m3/day gas-hydrodynamic studies are considered a prerequisite. were obtained in 37 cases, weak gas inflows - in 9 cases, In the process of deposit development, gas-hydrodynamic weak gas inflows with water - in 7 cases, water inflows – studies of wells are also carried out in order to control the in 11 cases and in 3 objects were obtained gas inflows, development. During this period, the volume of research but have not been measured. In 6 cases, formation fluid work carried out in order to analyze the development inflows were absent. Based on the results of these tests, and control the development depends on the change the Alan deposit under consideration can be characterized in reservoir parameters over time. as highly productive. Thus, the maximum working gas 39

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. As a rule, filtration resistance coefficients are deter- saturating it practically do not change. Based on this, mined based on the results of well testing using the it can be argued that the filtration resistance coefficients steady-state extraction method or using a modification determined by the test results characterize the state of of this method with long-term stabilization of bottomhole the reservoir and fluid at the time of the well test. pressure and flow rate. The duration of testing gas wells by the method of steady-state extractions in six to eight On fig. 2. presents the results of averaging the val- modes, depending on the reservoir properties of the for- ues of the coefficients of filtration resistance (FFR) by mation, ranges from several hours to several weeks. the graphical-analytical method, based on the well test- Conducting research for such a period is methodically ing data of the wells of the current operating fund. Thus justified, since during this time some parameters of the obtained average values of the coefficients under con- reservoir and the properties of the liquids and gases sideration are A=4.94; B=0.0249. Figure 2. Determination of the value of the filtration resistance coefficients of the average well of the GCF Alan In view of the fact that the last representative hydro- flow pipes 4–10 m/s. At the same time, the lower limit dynamic tests of the Alan wells were carried out using of the gas flow rate 4 m/s was adopted to ensure the modern innovative technologies, the updating of the FSC conditions for the removal of liquid from the bottomhole was carried out taking into account the parameters of the of gas producing wells. current technological mode of operation of gas produc- ing wells. In this regard, the values of the current FSC In conclusion, we can say that based on the above are A=4.94; B = 0.0249 and are taken in this work to results of gas-hydrodynamic and corrosion studies of predict the further development of the Alan GCF using the wells, taking into account many years of experience in material balance method. At the Alan gas condensate their operation, it is possible to predict the period of fur- field, in this paper, the following restrictions on the tech- ther development of the Alan gas condensate field. The nological mode of operation of gas producing wells are lower limit of the gas flow rate 4 m/s was adopted to adopted: drawdown ≤ 15 kgf/sm2, gas flow rate in the ensure the conditions for the removal of liquid from the bottomhole of gas producing wells. References: 1. А.Ф. Безносиков, М.И. Забоева, И.А. Синцов, Д.А. Остапчук. «Разработка и эксплуатация газовых и газоконденсатных месторождений» [Текст]: учебное пособие / Тюмень: ТИУ, 2016 г. – 80 с. 2. И.М. Фык, Е.И. Хрипко «Основы разработки и эксплуатации нефтяных и газовых месторождений»: учебник / – Харьков: Фолио, 2015 г. – 301 с. 3. В.А. Амиян, Н.П. Васильева «Добыча газа». М.: - Недра, 1974 г. – 312 с. 4. Мирзаджанзаде А.Х., Кузнецов О.Л., Басниев К.С, Алиев З.С. «Основы технологии добычи газа». - М.: «Недра», 2003 г. - 880 с. 5. Гриценко А.И., Алиев З.С., Ермилов О.М., Ремизов В.В., Зотов Г.А. «Руководство по исследованию скважин». М., Наука, 1995 г. – 523 с. 6. С.Н. Закиров, В.И. Васильев, А.И.Гутников и др. «Прогнозирование и регулирование разработки газовых месторождений». – М. Недра, 1984 г. 295 с. 7. Алиев З.С., Самуйлова Л.В. «Газогидродинамические исследования газовых и газоконденсатных пластов и скважин»: Учебное пособие для вузов. - М.: МАКС Пресс, 2011 г. - 340 с. 8. Орипова Ш.К., Адизов Б.З. «Технологические и технико-экономические показатели доразработки газовых и газоконденсатных месторождений» // «Экспериментал тадқиқотлар». No. 3 (2023) 1-7 с. 9. Орипова Ш.К., Адизов Б.З. «Химический состав пластовых вод верхнеюрских карбонатных отложений ГКМ Алан» // “Наука и инновации” Международная научная конференция Молодых учёных. Т. 2022. 422-423 c. 40

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. POWER, METALLURGICAL AND CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2023.109.4.15316 RENEWABLE ENERGY AND İNVESTMENT POLİCY Nureli Yusifbeyli Doctor of technical sciences, professor Azerbaijan State Technical University, Republic of Azerbaijan, Baku Sevinj Novruzova Teacher Nakhchivan State University, Republic of Azerbaijan, Nakhchivan E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected] ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА И ИНВЕСТИЦИОННАЯ ПОЛИТИКА Юсифбейли Нурели Адилович д-р техн. наук, проф., Азербайджанский Государственный Технический Университет, Азербайджанская Республика, г. Баку Новрузова Севиндж Югубовна преподаватель, Нахчыванский Государственный Университет, Азербайджанская Республика, г. Нахчыван ABSTRACT In the report, the energy security of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, which is a part of the Republic of Azerbaijan, and the use of renewable energy in its provision were studied. In the study, theoretical-calculation, observation and comparative analysis methods were used in the assessment of renewable energy resources. When evaluating the solar energy potential of the Autonomous Republic, as the main source - the experimental and observational materials of the Azerbaijan Republic and USSR Hydrometerological Committee on NAR for the years 1960-1980, the results of the researches of the Institute of Geography of the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences for the years 1936-1950, the experiment-observation materials of the hydrometeorological center of Nakhchivan AR for the years 1995-2021, static indicators of the Nakhchivan Solar Power Station for the years 2016-2021, as well as the results of theoretical and calculation studies were used. As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the renewable energy resources in the Republic of Azerbaijan, including the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan, are quite high. Today, mainly hydropower resources are used in Azerbaijan. Solar and wind energy resources are underutilized compared to hydropower resources. In the Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan, the use of renewable energy resources is quite high and exceeds the world average (43%). The reasons for the low interest in using RE were analyzed. So, there is a need to improve the state's investment and tariff policies in this area. Improvement of this policy can stimulate the use of RE resources in Azerbaijan and Turkey. АННОТАЦИЯ В докладе изучена энергетическая безопасность Нахчыванской Автономной Республики, входящей в состав Азербайджанской Республики, и использование возобновляемых источников энергии в ее обеспечении. В исследовании использовались теоретико-расчетный, наблюдательный и сравнительный методы анализа при оценке возобновляемых источников энергии. При оценке потенциала солнечной энергетики Автономной Республики в качестве основного источника - экспериментальные и наблюдательные материалы Гидрометкомитета Азербайджанской Республики и СССР по НАР за 1960-1980 годы, результаты исследований Института географии АН СССР. Национальной академии наук Азербайджана за 1936-1950 годы, материалы опытов-наблюдений Гидрометцентра Нахчыванской АР за 1995-2021 годы, статические показатели Нахчыванской солнечной электростанции за 2016-2021 годы, а также использованы результаты теоретических и расчетных исследований. В результате анализа было установлено, что ресурсы возобновляемой энергии в Азербайджанской Республике, в том числе в Нахчыванской Автономной Республике, достаточно высоки. Сегодня в Азербайджане используются __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Yusifbeyli N., Novruzova S. RENEWABLE ENERGY AND INVESTMENT POLICY // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2023. 4(109). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/15316

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. в основном гидроэнергетические ресурсы. Ресурсы солнечной и ветровой энергии используются недостаточно по сравнению с гидроэнергетическими ресурсами. В Нахчыванской Автономной Республике использование возобновляемых источников энергии достаточно высокое и превышает среднемировой уровень (43%). Проана- лизированы причины низкого интереса к использованию РЭ. Значит, есть необходимость в совершенствовании государственной инвестиционной и тарифной политики в этой сфере. Улучшение этой политики может стимулировать использование ресурсов ВИЭ в Азербайджане и Турции. Keywords: Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, energy security, renewable energy, leasing policy, investment, green tariff. Ключевые слова: Нахчыванская Автономная Республика, энергетическая безопасность, возобновляемая энергия, лизинговая политика, инвестиции, зеленый тариф. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Setting the problem. The problem of energy • reduction of the cost and payback period of security is an urgent issue for many countries of the electricity in the field of RE application as a result of the world, including the Nakhchivan Autonomous application of new innovative technologies (according Republic. The use of renewable energy in Nakhchivan to the calculations of the US Department of Energy, is very relevant due to both energy security and the the cost of electricity will not exceed 2-4 cents by 2025- requirements of the following two international 2030); conventions [1-7]: • increasing requirements for social efficiency • United Nations (UN) Framework Convention on (global warming and environmental safety requirements). Climate Change (UNFCCC) adopted in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 (on 09.05.1992) with the participation of In this study, theoretical-calculation, experimental- representatives of 161 countries; observation and comparative analysis methods were used in the assessment of solar energy resource as a renewable • «Kyoto Protocol» signed in Kyoto, Japan in energy resource of NAR. December 1997. When evaluating the renewable energy potential of The Milli Mejlis of the Republic of Azerbaijan ratified NAR, the following main sources were used: the ICCPR in 1995, and the Kyoto Protocol in 2000. • Experience-observation materials of the Republic The use of renewable energy is an urgent problem of Azerbaijan and USSR Hydrometerological Committee in Azerbaijan, and one of the main tasks in carrying out on NAR for the years 1960-1980; construction works in the liberated regions of Azerbaijan in 2020 was the use of renewable energy. • The results of the researches of the Institute of Geography of the Azerbaijan National Academy of According to the static data until the end of 2021, in Sciences for the years 1936-1950; the electrical energy system of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic, the generation capacity for renewable energy • Experience-observation materials of the is approximately 42.9% (total generation capacity - hydrometeorological center of Nakhchivan AR for the 250,500 KW, generation capacity with renewable years 1995-2021; energy - 107,500 KW). • Data of the Energy State Service of Nakhchivan According to the information approved by the Autonomous Republic for the years 2016-2021. International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) on April 22, 2022, the generation capacity of renewable The result of the study. According to the energy (RE) in 2021 was 3063926 MW worldwide, information approved by the International Renewable 1308 MW in Azerbaijan (0.043% of the world's RE), in Energy Agency (IRENA) on April 22, 2022, the Turkey 53233 MW (1.74% of RE worldwide). generation capacity of renewable energy (RE) in 2021 was 1308 MW in Azerbaijan (0.043% of the world RE), The installed capacity of renewable energy and 107,50 MW in the Nakhchivan Autonomous worldwide has increased 2,122 times in the last 10 years Republic (8.22% of RE for Azerbaijan). The renewable (2012-2021) (in 2012 - 1443923 MW, and in 2021 - energy generation capacity (107,500 KW) in NAR is 3063926 MW). According to the data of 2021, China 42.9% of the total generation capacity, and this indicator (33.98%), USA (10.62%), Germany (4.51%) etc. are is higher than for both the Republic of Azerbaijan and leaders in this field [1]. the world. 33,100 KW of the renewable energy generation capacity belongs to the solar power plant One of the main problems in the use of renewable (30.79%), and 74,400 KW to hydropower (69.21%) energy is its cost and the profitability of power plants (Table 1). The production of electric energy produced in (PP). In this regard, the implementation of the \"Green NAR in 2016-2021 shows that the production of electric tariff\" policy is relevant [2]. energy in RE ranges from 40-55%. In 2021, the amount of electricity produced in hydroelectric power stations in According to the experts of the International Energy NAR decreased by about 10% compared to previous Agency (IEA), in 2030, the role of renewable energy in years (table 2). The main reason for this is the instability the production of electricity will reach 30-35% in the of water resources in the NAR in 2021. field of application of new innovative technologies. This increase can be explained by several factors: • first, the production of organic fuels gradually decreases and its price increases; 42

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. Table1. Generation powers in the energy system of the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic S Power plants Year of construction İnstalled power, KW 1 Araz hydropower station 1970 22000 2 Nakhchivan modular power station (Diesel power station) 2006 87000 3 Nakhchivan gas turbine power station 1992 60000 4 Vaikhyr hydropower station 2006 4500 5 Bilav hydropower station 2010 22000 6 Arpachay-1 hydropower station 2014 20500 7 Arpachay-2 hydropower station 2014 1400 8 Nakhchivan Solar Power Plant 33100 2016-2021 250500 Total for the Autonomous Republic Table 2. Main indicators of power plants of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Produced electricity, kWh (%) S.s Power plants 2021 2020 2019 2017 2016 For organic fuel power plants 264438160 226399632 186695982 231432355 203939000 (59,45%) (53,34%) (44,62%) (53,61%) (46,57%) 1 Nakhchivan modular power station (Diesel power station) 262601000 226060000 186309000 231092000 203635000 2 Nakhchivan gas turbine power station 1837160 339632 386982 340355 304000 180365846 198014900 232076251 200259000 233977600 Renewable energy power plants (40,55%) (46,66%) (55,38%) (46,39%) (53,43%) 52381336 64961024 80671369 16900700 79614000 3 Araz hydropower station 6759500 12296200 10084500 4 Vaikhyr hydropower station 36361700 7075600 49173200 8780000 52265100 55 Bilav hydropower station 33197800 42914900 50823100 41843300 60250000 6 Arpachay-1 hydropower station 41069400 19003000 7 Arpachay - 2 hydropower station 870600 1252600 1707000 8 Nakhchivan Solar Power Plant 1050000 2419000 50794910 37972800 29657000 Total for the Autonomous Republic 444804006 40943976 418385251 3131000 437916600 424414532 431691355 (100 %) (100%) (100%) (100%) (100%) Assessment of hydropower resources and methods (for example: N.A. Grigorovich, P.S. Kalachev, preparation of hydropower cadastre is a very complex S.T. Daidbeyov and S.G. Rustamov, etc.). and practically necessary task. Taking into account environmental and social constraints in a market For the purpose of applying generalized accounting, economy creates additional difficulties in calculating the the criterion refers to the quantities of long-term average region's HER, especially the small HER. The \"linear flow, watershed area and the scale of the map used. method\" and \"generalized accounting\" methods are used in the evaluation of HER. A \"generalized account\" is The total energy potential of the water bodies in the considered more acceptable for estimating the HER of given region can be calculated as follows. small rivers. ∑ ������������������ = 2860 ∙ ∆������������������ ∙ ������������ (1) In the guidelines for the preparation of the \"Hydroenergy cadastre\", the use of the \"Method of the Here: Q p is the average annual flow over the entire USSR Academy of Sciences Division for Scientific area of the given accounting district, ������3 /������������������; Processing of Water Management Problems\", the method of generalized coefficients of S.V. Grigoriev ∆H_ab – is the average fall in the given gradation and the method of basic basins of S.V. Kolopov is recommended in the general accounting of the potential area (m), determined according to the average curve F = power of water energy. At the same time, there are other f (H) from the dependence between the water basin area (F) and the fall (H). 43

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. In the general case, Qp can be calculated as follows. The potential power of the river can be calculated with the following formula based on its perennial indicators. ������������ = ∑(������2 − ������1) (2) Based on the potential power of rivers, their energy Here: ������2 – is the sum of the average annual flow potential can be calculated. The potential power of the from the given accounting district, ������3⁄������������������; river can be calculated with the following formula based on its perennial indicators. ������1 – is the sum of the average annual streamflow within a given catchment area, ������3⁄������������������. ������������������������ = 8760 ∙ ������, ������������������ (5) According to S.V. Grigoriev's method of The aggregate power of KSES can be calculated by the following formula. generalized coefficients, the final potential strength of «average» rivers can be calculated as follows. ������������������ = 9,81 ∙ ������(������������������ − ℎ������) ∙ ������������.������������ ������������������ (6) ������������������������ = 9,81 ∙ ������������ ∙ ������, ������������������ (3) Here: ������ – is the consumption of water entering the water turbine, ������3⁄������������������; Here: ������������ – consumption of water in the course of the river, ������3⁄������������������; ������������������ – is static (gross) pressure, m; ℎ������ – are the local losses of water pressure (local loss ������ – is full fall in the river, m. in the pipe that transmits water to the turbine (h_y) and According to S.V. Kolopov's base basins method, local loss at the outlet of the pressure reservoir (ℎç)), m; the potential power can be calculated as follows. ������������.������������– F.I.E. of energy equipment. Table 3 shows the hydropower potential of rivers ������ = 9,81 ∙ ∑ ������������������ ∙ ∆������, ������������������ (4) based on the average consumption of water in small rivers controlled by the Hydrometrology Department Here: ������������������ – is the average annual consumption of of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of water in each area, ������3⁄������������������ the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic for the years 2002- 2021. ∆ ������ – is the height difference at the beginning and end of each area of the river, m. Table 3. Hydropower potential of small rivers of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic № Names of rivers Average water con- The height difference Hydro power potential and control points between the source of the river of the river, Epot , KVt sumption, Qor and the monitored station, H, m m3/san 1 Gilanchay (Nurgut) 30,741 ~1000 36699 2 Gilanchay (Bilav) 80,679 ~1000 85140 3 Ordubadchay (Nusnus) 00,249 ~1500 36640 4 Vanadchay (Dırnıs) 00,603 ~1000 5915 5 Alinjachay (Arafsa) 0,2 ~500 5888 6 Jahrichay (Payız) 30,059 ~1500 45013 7 Kukuchay (Kuku) 00,358 ~1000 3512 8 Nakhchivanchay (Bichenak) 40,57 ~500 22416 9 Nakhchıvanchay (Karababa) 30,1704 ~500 15550 Solar energy resources are widely used in the • secondly, the \"GREEN TARIFF\" policy for production of electricity in the Nakhchivan Autonomous electricity in Azerbaijan is not applied; Republic. Thus, the share of solar energy resources in the production of electricity was 6.8% in 2016, and Therefore, the use of RE is not attractive for these 11.4% in 2021. Solar energy resources of the reasons. In this field, projects were implemented only Autonomous Republic have been examined in various with the help of state investments. studies. For comparison, the use of renewable energy resources in the Republic of Azerbaijan is not at a high Investment is a relatively new economic concept for level, and the installed power on RE resources is 8.22%, the economy of Azerbaijan. In connection with the and the use of solar energy resources is even less. There transition of Azerbaijan to a market economy, the are several reasons for this: concept of investment began to be used more widely. • first of all, one of the main factors affecting the The term \"investment\" comes from the Latin word development of innovation is the right choice of (invest), which means to put out. In the broadest sense investment policy and its main forms. of the word, the phrase \"to invest\" means \"to part with money today in order to earn more in the future.\" 44

№ 4 (109) апрель, 2023 г. In practice, four main forms of investment have been including the Republic of Azerbaijan, is not linguistics, formed: but the main problem here is theoretical and legal aspects. The study of this issue is not the object of our • Credit (line of credit); research. Our main goal is to analyze the possibilities of • Leasing; applying leasing operations in the energy sector and to • Promissory note loan; reveal its main features. • Forfeiting. One of the main forms of investment in the market The analysis of the leasing market of Azerbaijan shows economy is a bank loan. This form of investment is that the main reason for the development of this field is widely used in all countries, including Azerbaijan. Thus, the accession of our country to the Ottawa Convention all production capacities put into operation in the last on International Financial Leasing (UNIDRUA) and the 10 years in the energy system of Azerbaijan (North formation of a legal base in this field in the country. DRES - 400 MW, Baku IEM-1 - 106 MW, Nakhchivan, Astara, Sheki and Khachmaz modular power plants – The experience of using leasing operations in the 87 MW each, Baku IEM-2, Astara and Guba modular world market shows that it has a number of positive power stations - 105 MW each, Sumgayit thermal power aspects for the lessee: station - 525 MW, Nakhchivan HPP, etc.) were built at the expense of bank loans. • The lessee is not required to obtain initial Leasing is medium and long-term leasing of financial resources; production equipment to user enterprises. Leasing is a type of rental activity, in which the elements of a debt • The lessee is not required to take bank and other obligation are observed, which gives it the identity of loans; credit relations. Currently, there is no unified interpretation of the • A new form of crediting is obtained in the form term \"leasing\" in the scientific literature. This is mainly of goods with beneficial (profitable) conditions; determined by two factors: • Lack of uniform terminology in conducting • Achieves flexible and prompt application of leasing transactions (for example, in France, the terms innovation in production; \"credit-ball\", \"credit-lease\", in Belgium\"location- financing\", \"financial lease\" are used); • Gets the opportunity to reject equipment that • The existence of legal and economic differences is physically obsolete and has a low security risk; in the legislative acts of the countries. Leasing operations in Azerbaijan were regulated by • Maintains self-financing capabilities, stable the \"Leasing Service\" law. In 2003, with the adoption of financial condition and profitability of production; the Civil Code of the new Republic of Azerbaijan, the law \"On Leasing Service\" lost its force. Chapter 38, • Since the leasing payments are included in the cost which is called \"Leasing\" in the Civil Code, and other of the manufactured product, it is obtained with a discount; matters not regulated in this chapter are regulated by Chapters 33 (renting of property) and 34 (lease) of this • Since the leasing contract is very flexible, the code. Leasing is widely used in Azerbaijan. Leasing lessee can take into account the characteristics of the operations are widely applied in sectors, like transportation, production process (break in work, periodicity, seasonality, agriculture, medicine, etc. etc.) in the contract. In leasing transactions, the following three parties are involved: • Since the party providing the technological • Seller (supplier) who manufactures technological equipment (seller) leases the equipment, it is freed from equipment; the problem of payment of its cost, which affects • Leasing provider, paying the cost of technological stability of its financial status, creditworthiness, etc. equipment and renting it out; • The lessee is the lessee who buys and uses From the leasing operation, at the same time, the technological equipment for a certain period of time. leasing and financing banks also get enough income. In world practice, two types of leasing are World experience shows that even in conditions of high distinguished: bank rates, the bank's income from the leasing operation • Operational leasing; of technical equipment and technologies is more than • Financial leasing. the income from bank loans. If we compare these types of leasing with the legislation of Azerbaijan, we will see that according to The above-mentioned positive aspects of leasing the leasing legislation, the term \"Operational leasing\" operations have encouraged its wide spread in the world. corresponds to the term \"lease\", and the term \"Financial Leasing becomes more efficient, especially in the field leasing\" corresponds to the term \"leasing\". of applying new technological equipment to production. The main reason why the international leasing This practice is more commonly used in the United operation (scheme) partially differs from the leasing States and Western European countries (Great Britain, operation scheme in the countries of the world, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden, Spain, etc.). In Eastern European countries, with the exception of the Czech Republic, leasing is not widespread, but its development dynamics is on the rise. Leasing operations are also developing rapidly in the Russian Federation. Legislation and leasing companies operate in this area. Leasing operations are not widely used only in the field of energy, there are only a few companies that provide leasing activities. One of them is \"Turbakon\" Scientific-Production Application Enterprise (Научно-Производственное Внедренческое Предприятие \"Турбакон\") and \"Saturn\" Scientific-Production Union (Научно-Производственное Предприятие «Сатурн), which produces energy-saving, 45