QUESTION BANK FINAL

201 Ans : inverse astigmatism 115. When the vertical meridian is more curved than the horizontal meridian this is known ……….. Ans : as with the rule astigmatism 116. When the horizontal meridian is more curved than the vertical meridian. This is known as ………. Ans : against the rule astigmatism 117. Distance between the two focal lines is known as …… of strum Ans : focal interval 118. Here the rays are focused on the retina in one meridian and infront the retina on the other meridian ………. Ans : simple myopic astigmatism 119. Here neither of the two foci lies upon the retina but are placed behind it. It is known as………. Ans : compound hypermetropic astigmatism 120. One focus is in front of and the other behind the retina, so that the refraction is hypermetropic is one meridian and myopic in the other.This is called ……………………. Ans : mixed astigmatism 121. .......... is the point where the more clear image is formed Ans : Circle of Least diffusion REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

202 122. The parallel rays come to the retina. One focused on the retina, and other one focused behind the retina is called ……… Ans : Simple Hypermetropic astigmatism 123. Astigmatism is type of refractive error where the refraction varies in ………………… Ans : different meridians 124. 41.50 x 43.50 @ 150……………. Ans : with rule astigmatism 125. 48.00 x 42.00 @ 130 ............... Ans : against rule astigmatism 126. Cylindrical lenses ranges from ………….. Ans : 0.12 D to 6.0 D 127. In cylindrical lens……… meridian is indicated by……….. and comes without handle for easy rotation. RAns : axis , special marks 128. Hypermetropia defined by……… Ans :Kestner in 1755 129. ……….. can be corrected by accommodation Ans : Facultative hypermetropia 130. …….. cannot be corrected by accommodation

203 Ans : Absolute hypermetropia 131.The parallel rays come to the retina. One focused on the retina, and other one focused in front of the retina is called …….. Ans : Simple myopic astigmatism 132. Total hypermetropia ……. Ans : latent + manifest hypermetropia 133. Absence of crystalline lens in the eye is called … Ans :aphakia 134. ………… may be occur due to posterior subluxation of lens Ans : Positional hypermetropia 135. Clinical types of hypermetropia is pathological …………. Ans : Hypermetropia and simple hypermetropia 136. Donders formula TH= ……….. Ans : MH+1/3 LH 137. Fogging method used to indentify the ……….. Ans : MH 138. ESo with hypermetropia will be given ……. Ans : full correction 139. Exo with hypermetropia will be given……. REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

204 Ans : under correction 140…….. … hypermetropia is corrected by normal physiological tone of the ciliary muscle. Ans : Latent 141. The Hypermetropia that is not corrected by the normal physiological tone of the ciliary muscle is ………. Ans : manifest hypermetropia 142. ……… formula is used for head ache with asthenopia problem patient. Ans : MH+1/4LH 143. ……….. formula is used for actual amount of hypermetropia. Ans : MH+1/3LH 144. ………… formula is used for hypermetropia with esotropia patient. Ans : MH+LH 145. ………. formula is used for headache with reading difficulty. Ans : MH+1/2LH 146. The oblique placement of macula will be produce ……… astigmatism. 147. Horizontal astigmatism means …….. Ans : retinal 148. Both parallel rays are focused in front of the retina,….. Ans : 180º±30º

205 Ans : Compound myopic astigmatism 149. Two parallel rays are come to the retina. One ray was focused in front of the retina, and other one was focused behind the retina is called ……. Ans : mixed astigmatism 150. Axial hypermetropia example …….. Ans :microphthalmus 151. Index hypermetropia ,………… Ans :aphakia, cortical cataract 152. …..…… is congenital, acquired, simple. Ans : The types of hypermetropia 153……….. are the types of accommodative hypermetropia. 154 …………. Are the types of manifest hypermetropia. Ans : LH,MH 155. The symptoms of hypermetropia are ………. Ans : FH, AH Ans : headache, blurred vision, defective near vision 156. Small cornea, small eye ball, shallow anterior chamber the signs of the ………… Ans : hypermetropia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

206 157. Complication of ……….. is amblyopia, accommodative convergent squint, closed angle glaucoma. Ans : hypermetropia 158. Treatment of hypermetropia ………. Ans : Spectacles / Contact lens /Surgery –hypermetropia 159. Clinical types of hypermetropia are …….. Ans : pathological, simple, acquired 160. The other name of Hypermetropia ……… Ans : long sight 161. Posteriorly placed crystalline lens causes …….. Ans : positional hypermetropia 162. Consecutive hypermetropia means ………. Ans :pseudophakia with under correction 163. At birth , eye ball is relatively short causing ...... Ans : Hypermetropia of +2.0ds -+3.0ds 164. If Hypermetropia patient sees Redcolour image clearly we have given the …….... Ans : over correction 165.If Myopia patient see clearly in Green colour image we have given the ………..

207 Ans : over correction 166. ………. result due to either congenital or acquired condition of the eye ball. Ans : Pathological hypermetropia 167. ….……. means when parallel rays of light from infinity are focused beyond the retina when accommodation is at rest. Ans : Hypermetropia 168. ---------------- is the treatment of hypermetropia Ans : convex lens 169. ------------------ cannot be corrected by accommodation Ans : absolute hypermetropia 170. In myopia patient normally see …….… clearly Ans : Red colour image 171. In hypermetropia patient normally sees ………. clearly Ans : Green colour image 172. Simple myopia is due to normal ……….. variation in the development of eye Ans : biological 173. Curvature myopia example ---------------------- Ans : keratoconus and megalocornea 174. Twilight myopia other name ------------------------ Ans : night myopia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

208 175. Index myopia example -------------------- Ans : incipient cataract 176. ----------------- myopia is due to hereditary Ans : pathological 177. Types of astigmatism ----------------------- Ans : 3 178. ………… is an age related progressive loss of the focusing power of the lens 179. Myopia other name ------------------- Ans : Presbyopia 181. Types of myopia ................... Ans : short or near sightedness Ans : 4 182. Axial myopia example ----------------- Ans :buphthalmos 183. The increase in 1mm of axial length causes ----------- of myopia Ans : 6D 184. Simple myopia other name --------------------- Ans : near sightedness 185. The different between the lines in astigmatic fan is ….…….

209 Ans : 10° 186. Pathological myopia causes --------------- Ans : degenerative changes in retina 187. Pathological myopia other name --------------------- Ans : Progressive / Degenerative Myopia 188. The peripheral thickness of cornea is …….. Ans : 1mm 189. The cornea is ……… Form 190.Myopia treatment --------------- Ans : Convex Ans : Concave Lens 191. In myopic patient the eye ball is --------------- Ans : larger 192. AC is deep in ----------------- Ans : myopia 193. The cornea diameter is…….. 194. Myopia various types ---------------- Ans : 11mm to 12mm Ans : 4 REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

210 195. PVD abbreviation -------------------- Ans : Posterior Vitreous Detachment 196. Myopia patient will have ------------------ glaucoma Ans : open angle 197. Index myopia example ----------------------. Ans :Incipient cataract 198. Surgical over correction of hypermetropia is ------------------ Ans :Consective myopia 199. The lens thickness is …….. Ans : 4.0mm 200. Myopia complication ---------------- Ans : retinal detachment 201. Features of Myopic fundus ---------------- Ans :Tigroid fundus ,temporal crecent , degenerative changes 202. ….……… is a series of image formed by astigmatic surface . Ans : Strums conoid 203. The posterior curvature of lens is…….. Ans : 6.0mm 204. Myopia far point is--------------------

211 Ans : Finite point in front of eye 205. Congenital myopia is associated with ---------------- Ans : Convergent squint 206. Write about the type of astigmatism is the curvature at .............. K1 = 8.2x180* , K2 = 7.9x90* Ans : Against the rule astigmatism 207. Write the corneal diopter for cylinder -3.25 х 150°…….... Ans : K1 = 41.0 х150°, K2 = 44.25 х 60° 208.Write the corneal diopter for cylinder -2.50 х 75° …… Ans : K1 = 39.50х165°, K2 = 42.0 х 75° 209. Write the corneal diopter for cylinder +3.25 х 150° … Ans : K1 = 44.25х150°, K2 = 41.0 х 60° 210. Axial hypermetropia example ----------------- Ans :microphthalmos 211.Index hypermetropia example -----------------------. 212.Types of hypermetropia are ------------------------------- Ans : 3 213. Write about the astigmatism is the Diopter at K1- 46.0 х180,K2- 42.50х90[4.50x90,+3.50x180].......... Ans : against rule astigmatism REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

212 214. ----------------- types of manifest hypermetropia Ans : 2 215. Headache, blurred vision, defective near vision, over eye strain are the ------- -------- hypermetropia Ans : manifest 216. In ……… is principle meridian are at right angle but not vertical and horizontal. Ans : Oblique astigmatism 217. In ………. principle meridian are not at right angle but crossed obliquely Ans :Bioblique astigmatism 218.Write about astigmatism in the diopter is K1 = 42.75х180, K2 = 48.25 х 90 ……… Ans : .-5.50x180 (or) +5.50x90 219. Write about the types of astigmatism is the curvature at K1 = 7.8x180*, K2 = 8.3x90*………… Ans : With the rule astigmatism 220.---------------- can be corrected by accommodation Ans : facultative hypermetropia 221. ----------------- cannot be corrected by accommodation Ans : absolute

213 222. Cornea may be slightly-------------------. 223………formula is used for actual amount of hypermetropia. Ans : MH + 1/3LH 224. Horizontal astigmatism means ……… Ans : 180°, ± 30° 225.Vertical astigmatism means ……. Ans : 90°, ± 30° 226 . ……. means vertical meridian is more curved than horizontal meridian. Ans : With the rule astigmatism 227. ……… is Horizontal meridian is more curved than vertical meridian Ans : Against the rule astigmatism 228. The human eyes do not refract the light rays correctly on the retina resulting in Ans : Blurred vision 229. The Donders formula is …….. Ans : MH + 1/3LH 230. ……….is a normal refractive condition of the eye. Ans :Emmetropia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

214 231. The Rays are focused either in front of (or) behind the retina, it is termed as…. Ans :ammetropia 232. Steep cornea means Diopter of the cornea…….. Ans : above 46D 233. Flat cornea means Diopter of the cornea……. Ans : below 40D 234. Steep corneal curvature of the cornea is……….. Ans : below 7.4mm. 235 …….cataract produced index myopia. Ans : Nuclear 236. The parallel light rays focused in front of the retina is called ……… Ans : Myopia 237. The parallel light rays focused behind the retina is called…… Ans : Hypermetropia 238.The parallel light rays focused at different focal points is called ……. Ans : Astigmatism 239. ……..causes increase in the anterio-posterior length of the eyeball. Ans : Axial myopia

215 240.Positional myopia is due to……. of lens. Ans : Anterior displacement 241. In myopia patient commonly presents with …… Ans :Exophoria 242. ……… causes is decrease in theanterio posterior length of the eyeball. Ans : Axial Hypermetropia 243. In hypermetropia patient commonly presents with...... Ans : Esophoria 244. ……. is present at birth. Ans : Hypermetropia, congenital myopia 245. Myopia is easily corrected by …… RAns : Concave lens 246. Myopia complication is………. Ans : Retinal Detachment, Vitreous degeneration 247. ……….is seen in commonly in myopia patient. Ans : Open angle glaucoma 248. ……….occurs when the individual has no stimulation for Distance fixation. Ans : Space myopia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

216 249. ………. the eye has difficulty seeing in low illumination even though day time vision is normal. Ans : Night Myopia 250. Pseudo myopia is due to ...........accommodation Ans : Excessive 251. Refractive index of the Cornea is ………. Ans : 1.37 252. Refractive index of the cortex of the lens is ……… Ans : 1.38 253. Refractive index of the air is………. Ans : 1.0 254. Refractive index of the water is ………. Ans : 1.33 255. Refractive index of the Diamond is ……. Ans : 2.5 256. Refractive index of the nucleus of the lens is ……. Ans : 1.40 257. Refractive index of the aqueous and vitreous is …….. Ans : 1.33

217 258. In flat corneal curvature of the cornea is …….. Ans : above 8.4mm 259. The lens and cornea is ……… Ans : Refractive medium. 260. ………. of the lens is accommodation part. Ans : Anterior surface 261. Corneal ectasia will produce …….. Ans : Acquired myopia. 262. Normal axial length is ……… Ans : 23.0mm to 24.5mm. 263. Normal corneal diopter is …….. Ans : 43D to 44D 264. Normal corneal curvature of anterior surface …… Ans : 7.8mm. 265. Normal corneal curvature of posterior surface …….. Ans : 6.5mm 266. The central thickness of cornea is …….. Ans : 0.5mm REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

218 III.UNSCRAMBLE WORDS : 1. REHEIORPYMTPA - HYPERMETROPIA 2. MUCOPDON - COMPOUND 3. CEMRTIPOME - EMMETROPIC 4. LUENUAQ - UNEQUAL 5. INERFD - FRIEND 6. LIMINLUATNE - ILLUMINATION 7. IAPIDLOHOR - DUOCHROME 8. APILOYPO - POLYOPIA 9. REDDORSIS - DISORDERS 10. EIADSES - DISEASE 11. ERIANT - RETINA 12. OCINDTNOI - CONDITION 13. STROHENSIGTHSS - SHORTSIGHTNESS 14. LGSIONESHSGNT - LONGSIGHTNESS 15. ROIPAMEAT - AMETROPI 16. HENBID - BEHIND 17. RINTOTN - INFRONT 18. ALIAX - AXIAL 19. OITPIOLANS - POSITIONAL

20. REUVTCUAR 219 21. NRAEICSE 22. NDEIX - CURVATURE 23. HECGAN - INCREASE 24. RENTIROA - INDEX 25. EPRSNTE - CHANGE 26. IULARLATNE - ANTERIOR 27. AIRABLTEL - PRESENT 28. PSLIEM - UNILATERAL 29. OREUPXEO - BILATERAL 30. SUPEYOMIAODP - SIMPLE 31. AHADEACH - EXPOSURE 32. TNESAINOPC - PSEUDO MYOPIA 33. HINTYOAINMP - HEAD ACHE 34. HLITG - ASTHENOPIC 35. UTNISQ - NIGHT MYOPIA 36. SUNATSYGM - LIGHT 37. AEPRYBOISP - SQUINT 38. SSDITGUEN - NYSTAGMUS 39. LARPELAL - PRESBYOPIA 40. MADACTNOICMOO - GUIDINESS - PARALLEL - ACCOMMODATION REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

220 - POSTERIOR - LENGTH 41. ORIEPTRSO - SHORTER 42. GENLHT - FLATTER 43. RSHTORE - NUCLEUS 44. TLFREAT - CORNEA 45. SUNEULC - COMPLEX 46. NCEAOR - MOTILITY 47. MCEPLOX - OCULAR 48. OITTYILM - MISALIGNMENT 49. UAOLRC - LATENT 50. AGINSIMNTMLE - MANIFEST 51. TAENLT - FACULTATIVE 52. AIMNESTF - INTERMITTENT 53. ACLATIEAFVT - HETEROPHORIA 54. MRTNIETTITE - HETEROTROPIA 55. EORTHRHIAOE - HYPERTROPIA 56. ROETHOTIARPE - EQUIVALENT 57. TREHPOIRAPY - PATHOLOGICAL 58. VAEQNTLEUI - CYCLOPLEGIC 59. ALTHOGPAOLIC - SUBJECTIVE 60. CLCICYPLOEG 61. JEVESUCTBI

221 62. DEPLAMTUI - AMPLITUDE IV. TRUE OR FALSE : 1. Refractive errors are the most common eye disorder and not a diseases Ans : True 2. A refractive error means that the shape of the human eyes do not refract the light rays correctly on the resulting clear vision Ans : False 3.Emetropia is a normal refractive condition of the eye in which the parallel light rays from infinity come to a focus exactly on the retina without any accommodation changes Ans : True 4. The rays focused in front of the retina is called the hypermetropia Ans : False 5.The rays focused behind the retina is called the myopia Ans : False 6.Myopia is called as nearsightedness Ans : True 7.Curvature myopia is due to increase in the anterio posterior length of the eyeball Ans : False REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

222 8.Index myopia is the change of refractive index in the lens Ans : True 9.Positional myopia is due to anterior placement of lens Ans : True 10.Myopia patient will have POAG glaucoma Ans : True 11.Distance decreases with increase in the degree of myopia Ans : True 12.The near object is focused without an effort of accommodation in myopia Ans : True 13.Congenital myopia is present at birth and may be unilateral or bilateral Ans : True 14.Space myopia occurs when the individual has no stimulation for distance fixation Ans : True 15.Exo with hypermetropia will be given full correction Ans : False 16.Retinal atrophy in the macula cause loss of peripheral vision Ans : False

223 16.Myopia is corrected with convex lenses Ans : False 17.Orthokeratology [ortho – k] uses rigid contact lenses Ans : True 18.Corneal astigmatism is the result of abnormalities of curvature of the lens Ans : False 20.Presbyopia is age related progressive loss of the focusing power of the lens Ans : True 21.The positional hypermetropia may occur due to posterior subluxation of lens Ans : True 22.The parallel light rays brought to focus behind the retina is called myopia Ans : False 23.Presbyopia is a refractive error Ans : False 24.In general, during refraction right eye is tested first Ans : True 25. In lASIK an excimer laser is used to reshape the lens Ans : False 26.Near visual acuity is measured usingsnellen’s chart Ans : False REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

224 27.Vertex distance is measured using a pd ruler Ans : False 28.A decrease of 1mm in axial length produces a hypermetropia of 3.0 d Ans : True 29.If rays falling on retina come from infinity, the patient has normal vision. Ans : True 30.One eye no pl and other eye have 6/6 vision, can get 40% concession Ans : False 31.Pseudo myopiaoccurs due to excessive convergence Ans :False 32.The posterior lens surface has a large radius of curvature than the anterior lens surface Ans :False 33.Astigmatism causes the person to see a distorted image Ans : True 34.Unifocalis a single vision spectacle Ans : True 35.Jaegers is the one type of near vision chart Ans :True

225 V. MATCH THE FOLLOWING : 1. Congenital Myopia - Present at Birth 2. Refractive Error - Eye Disorder 3. Emetropia - Normal Eye 4. Myopia - In front Of the Retina 5. Hypermetropia - Behind the Retina 6. Shortsightedness - Myopia 7. Axial Myopia - Anterior Posterior Length 8. Curvature Myopia - Curvature of the Cornea 9. Index Myopia - Change of Refractive Index 10. Positional Myopia - Anterior Placement of Lens 11. Convergence - Exophoria 12. Simple Myopia - Degenerative Change in the Eye 13. Pathological Myopia - Degenerative Change in Retina 14. Acquired Myopia - Corneal Ectasia 15. Pseudo Myopia - False Appearance 16. Night Myopia - Headache 17. Night Myopia - Asthenopic Complaints 18. Night Myopia - Day time Vision Is Normal 19. Space Myopia - No Stimulation for Distance Fixatio 20. Myopia - Close Working Habits 21. Near Object Clear - Myopia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

226 22. Near Visual Acuity - Jaege Refractive Power 23. Refraction - Retinal Examination Loss of Central Vision 24. Myopia - Concave Lens Contact Lens 25. Retinal Atrophy - Orthokeratology Lasik 26. Myopia - Short Wave Length Of Light Younger People Affected 27. Myopia Treatment - Hypermetropia 28. Myopia Surgery - 1.37 1.38 29. Myopia - 1.4 Micropthalmous 30. Night Myopia - Usually High Above +10 Hypermetropia 31. Night Myopia - Convex Lens Decreases Curvature Of - RX=MH+1/4LH RX=MH+1/2LH 32. Myopia RX=MH+LH Lenticonu 33. Corneal Refractive Index - 34. Cortex Refractive Index - 35. Nucleus Refractive Index - 36. Congenital Hypermetropia - 37. Acquired Hypermetropia - 38. Prolonged Close Work - 39. Hypermetropia - 40. Asthenopic - 41. Reading Difficulty - 42. Esotropia - 43. Lenticular -

44. Retinal Astigmatism - 227 45. Minus Cylinder 180 - Oblique Placement of Macula With Rule 46. Minus Cylinder 90 - Against Rule Keratometer 47. Curvature of the Cornea - Spectacle Astigmatism Power and Axis of Cylinder Lens 48. Concave, Convex Cylinder - Principle Axis Conical Cornea 49. Jackson cross cylinder - Focusing Power of Lens 50. Stenopic Slit - Presbyopia 33cm to 40cm 51. Keratoplasty - Age, Job, Working Distance Length of the eyeball 52. Presbyopia - Donder’s formula Inability of Focus near - 53. Point 54. Normal Reading Distance - 55. Near Vision Correction - 56. Axial myopia - 57. Manifest hypermetropia - VI. CORRECT SENTENCE : 1.A cylinder has maximum power in a direction parallel to its axis Ans :No power 2.Congenital anomaly like microphthalmos will result in congenital myopia Ans : Congenital hypermetropia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

228 3.Increase in add power greater than 0.5 D is difficult to tolerate. Ans : 0.75 - 0.5Ds 4.In hypermetopia far point is before infinity. Ans : Beyond 5. In Irregular astigmatism principle meridional are at right angles. Ans :Are not at right angles 6.Only myopia can be corrected by LASIK. Ans : myopia and hypermetropia VII.GIVE THE REASON : 1.Why is concave lens given for myopic patient? Ans :To decrease the power of the eye and to focus on the retina because concave lens has negative power . 2.Why After surgery pinhole visual acuity is measured ? Ans :To assess the vision status. 3.Myopia patients have clear near vision why? Ans : No need for accommodation. 4.Presbyopic patients prefer to read in bright light .Why ? Ans : pupil constricts and depth of field increases.

229 5.The refractive index of a medium is always greater than one Ans :Speed of light in air is maximum. 6.Concave lens is used to correct myopia Ans :To diverge rays and focus on the retina. 7. Hypermetropic patient has difficulty in doing prolonged close work. Ans : More accommodation for near work . 8.Vision will not improve for uncorrected Ammetropia. Why? Ans :To correct the refractive error. 9 .For astigmatism, the axis must be refined first Ans :To determine the correct prescription . 10.Myopia is a risk factor for retinal detachment Ans :Large eye ball. 11. How we see objects? Ans :The image is focused sharply on the retina. 12 .Unifocal is a single vision spectacle Ans :This type of spectacles is mostly used for distance vision or near reading work. REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

230 VIII. EXPLAIN THE FOLLOWING DISORDER : 1. Myopia Ans : It is one of the refractive error & it makes distant objects appear blurred. 2.Axial myopia Ans : Increase in the anterio-posterior length of the eyeball. 3.Curvature myopia Ans : Increases in curvature of cornea or one or both the surface of the lens. 4.Index myopia Ans : A change of refractive index in the lens result in index myopia. 5.Positional myopia Ans : This is due to anterior placement of lens. 6.Congenital myopia Ans : This myopia present at birth &it may be unilateral or bilateral.

231 7.Simple myopia Ans : It is the common type of myopia. It result from the normal biological variation in the developmental of the eye. 8.Pathological myopia Ans : This myopia subnormal visual acuity persists even with correction & there are degenerative changes in the retina. 9.Acquired myopia Ans : This is due to exposure to various pharmaceuticals, increase in glucose level ,nuclear sclerosis,and increase in the curvature of the cornea. 10.Night myopia Ans : It is due to increase in sensitivity to the shorter wave length of light and difficulty seeing in low illumination. 11.Space myopia Ans : It occurs when the individual has no stimulation for distance fixation. REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

232 12.Hypermetropia Ans : It is one type of refractive error,Difficulty with near&distant object appear blurred. 13.Axial hypermetropia Ans : When the anterior or posterior length of the eyeball is shorter than normal. 14.Curvature hypermetropia Ans : When the curvature of the cornea or lens is flatter than normal. 15.Index hypermetropia Ans : When the refractive index of the media is less than normal. 16.Astigmatism Ans : Astigmatism is a type of refractive error where the refraction varies in different meridians.

233 17.Regular astigmatism Ans : The astigmatism is regular when the refractive power changes uniformly from onemeridian to another. 18.With the rule astigmatism Ans : When the vertical meridian is more curved than the horizontal meridian. 19.Against the rule astigmatism Ans : The horizontal meridian is more curved than the vertical meridian. 19.Oblique astigmatismAns : When principle meridians are at right angles ,but are not vertical &horizontal. 20.Bi-oblique astigmatismAns : When principle meridians are not at right angles but crossed obliquely. 21.Presbyopia Ans : It is an age related progressive loss of the focusing power of the lens. REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

234 22.Congenital myopia Ans : Present from birth,Unilateral or bilateral. 23.Simple myopia Ans : Most commonDue to variation in the anatomy of the eye,Required power increases gradually until adult hood No degenerative changes. 24.Pathological myopia Ans : Rapid progressionLow VA , even with correction,Degenerative changes. 25.Acquired myopia Ans : Due to exposure to drugs, increase in glucose, nuclear sclerosis etc.Corneal degeneration 26.Pseudo myopia Ans : Due to excessive accommodation,Causes headache and aesthenopia complications.

235 27.Night myopia Ans : Deficiency of dim vision ,Due to increased sensitivity to shorter wavelengths. 28.Space myopiaAns : No stimulation for distant vision. VIII. ENGLISH TO TAMIL : Time Consuming - கநரம்எடுக்கும்சசயல்முவற 1. Process ைழங்கப்பட்ைது தரநிவல 2. Presented - பல பரிந்துவரக்கப்படுகிறது 3. Standard - முடிைிலி வகபிடித்தது 4. Multiple - பின்ைருமாறு இவணயாக 5. Prescribed - மூல தரம் 6. Infinity - கண்மருத்துைர் சதாைக்கநிவல 7. Hand Held - 8. Following - 9. Parallel - 10. Source - 11. Quality - 12. Ophthalmologist - 13. Early Stage - REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

236 - சதாவலகநாக்கி - கூர்வம 14. Telescope - பார்வை 15. Acuity - சலன்ஸ்சக்தி 16. Vision - கண் 17. Lens power - சபாருள் 18. Eye - கடிதம் 19. Object - சதளிைாைது 20. Letter - கைறுபாடு 21. Clear - குறிப்பிைப்பட்டுள்ளது 22. Distinguishably - தூரம் 23. Specified - இவைநிவல 24. Distance - கூர்வம 25. Medial - பாகுபாடு 26. Sharpness - வமயபார்வை 27. Discrimination - சதளிவு 28. Central vision - புறபார்வை 29. Clarity - தரநிவல 30. Peripheral vision - ைிளக்கப்பைம் 31. Standard - சுதந்திரமாக 32. Chart - சாதாரண 33. Independently 34. Normal

237 35. Separate - தைி 36. Angle - ககாணம் 37. Minute - நிமிைம் 38. Perfect - சரியாைது 39. Requires - கதவை 40. Factors - காரணிகள் 41. Light sense - ஒளிஉணர்வு 42. Colour sense - ைண்ணஉணர்வு 43. Universally - உலகளைில் 44. Test - கசாதவை 45. Legible - சதளிைாைது 46. Principles - சகாள்வககள் 47. Diminishing - குவறந்துைருகிறது 48. Picture - பைம் 49. Shape - ைடிைம் 50. Size - அளவு 51. Square - சதுரம் 52. Meter - மீட்ைர் 53. Ray - கதிர் 54. Parallel - இவணயாக 55. Purposes - கநாக்கங்களுக்காக REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

238 - பிரதிபலிக்கவும் - சைற்றுகண்ணாடி 56. Reflect - அவற 57. Plane mirror - அகலம் 58 Room - நீளம் 59. Breadth - நிவல 60. Length - சபாது 61. Level - சைளிச்சம் 62. General 63. Illumination IX. ANSWER BRIEFLY : 1.What is the name of the technique which uses rigid contact lenses to change the shape of the cornea? Ans : Orthokeratology 2.What is hypermetropia? Ans : An error of refraction in which parallel rays of light from infinity come to focus behind the retina. 3.What is with the rule astigmatism? Ans : The vertical meridian is more curved than the horizontal meridian

239 4. Presbyopia Ans :Loss of accommodation power due to aging problem. X. DRAW THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAMS : 1. Draw about myopia 2. Simple myopic astigmatism 3.Illustrate different types of astigmatism with diagrams 4. Draw about hypermetropia 5. Simple astigmatism 6.Compound astigmatism 7.Mixed astigmatism 8. Strums conoid XI. TWO MARK QUESTIONS : 1.Define myopia Page no : 24 (Manual) 2.What is the aetiology of myopia? Page no : 24 ( Manual ) REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

240 3.What is the optical condition of myopia? 4.What are the clinical types of myopia? Page no : 24 ( Manual ) 5.What are the symptoms of myopia? Page no : 24 ( Manual ) 6.Write about the investigations for myopia. Page no : 25 (Manual ) 7.What are the complication of myopia? Page no : 25 ( Manual ) 8.Write about the management of myopia. Page no : 25 ( Manual ) Page no : 25 ( Manual ) 9.What is the surgical treatment of myopia? 10.What is hypermetropia? Page no : 25 ( Manual ) 11.What is the optical correction for hypermetropia? Page no : 26 ( Manual ) Page no:26 ( Manual )

12.Waht are the types of hypermetropia. 241 13.What are the symptom of hypermetropia? 14.Define total Hypermetropia. Page no : 26 ( Manual ) 15.What are the complication of hypermetropia? Page no : 27 ( Manual) 16.What is the treatment of hypermetropia? Page no : 27 ( Manual) 17.Define astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 18.What is aetiology of astigmatism? Page no : 27 ( Manual) 19.What are the types of astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 20.What is simple astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) Page no : 28 ( Manual ) Page no : 29 ( Manual ) REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

242 Page no : 29( Manual ) Page no : 29 ( Manual ) 21.What is compound astigmatism? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 22.What is mixed astigmatism? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 23.What are the symptom of astigmatism? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 24.How to evaluate the astigmatism? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 25.Write about astigmatic fan? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 26.What is the use of Jackson cross cylinder? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 27.Write about steno pic slit? Page no : 30 ( Manual ) 28.Define placido disc? 29.What is the treatment astigmatism?

30.Write about presbyopia 243 31.What are the risk factor of presbyopia? 32.What are the signs &symptoms of presbyopia? Page no : 31 ( Manual ) 33.Write about the treatment of presbyopia? Page no : 31 ( Manual ) 34.What is the other name of the hypermetropia? Page no : 31 ( Manual ) 35.What is the latent hypermetropia? Page no : 32 ( Manual ) 36.What is presbyopia? Page no : 26 ( Manual ) 37.What is Astigmatism? Page no : 27 ( Manual ) 38.What are the symptoms of astigmatism? Page no : 31 ( Manual ) Page no : 28 ( Manual ) Page no : 28 ( Manual ) REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

244 39.What is the other name of the oblique astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 40.What is the other name of the against rule astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 41.What is symptom of presbyopia? Page no : 31 ( Manual ) XII. FIVE MARK QUESTIONS : Page no : 24 ( Manual ) Page no : 24 ( Manual ) 1.Explain about myopia &optical correction ? Page no : 25 ( Manual ) 2.Explain about clinical types of myopia. Page no : 31 ( Manual ) 3.Explain- Hypermetropia. Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 4.Explain presbyopia 5.Explain astigmatism

245 6.Explain strums conoid Page no : 29 ( Manual ) 7.Explain Sturm’s conoid with a neat diagram Page no : 29 ( Manual ) 8.Explain myopia definition, causes, symptoms, types and management Page no : 24 ( Manual ) 9.Types of astigmatism? Page no : 28 ( Manual ) 10. Clinical types of myopia? Page no : 24 ( Manual ) XIII. JUMPING WORDS : 1. DISORDER - D-S-RD-RS 2. EMMETROPIA - E--ET-O-I- 3. ACCOMMODATION - ACC-MM-D-T-ON 4. ANTERO POSTERIOR - A-TER--OS-ER—R 5. EXOPHORIA - E-OP-O—A 6. CONGENITAL - CO-G-N-T-- 7. BIOLOGICAL - B-O-O-I—L 8. VARIATION - V-R-A-IO- REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

246 - DE-E-E-AT- - P--HO-OG-C-- 9. DEGENERATE - C-R-A-UR- 10. PATHOLOGICAL - P-E-D- 11. CURVATURE - ST--U--L-T-ON 12. PSEUDO - T-ND--CY 13. STIMULATION - I--UMI-AT--- 14. TENDENCY - F-OA--E-S 15. ILLUMINATION - F-A--ING L-GH-S 16. FLOATERS - N-CL--R SCLE--S-S 17. FLASHING LIGHTS - H-P-R-ET-OPI- 18. NUCLEAR SCLEROSIS - M-CR--PTHAL-A- 19. HYPERMETROPIC 20. MICROOPTHALMAS INSTRUMENT AND USES : 1. Micro keratotomy - LASIK surgery 2. Astigmatic fan - Correct the axis in astigmatism 3. Stenopic slit - Irregular astigmatism 4. Keratometry - To measure corneal power

247 CONCAVE IMAGE FORMATION REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

248 CONVEX LENS IMAGE FORMATION

249 Sturm’s conoid WORKSHEET: 1.What are the causes of pseudo myopia? 2.Which myopic produces no stimulation for distance fixation? 3.What is the normal size of eyeball at birth? REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE

250 4.Presbyopia causes blurring of near vision. Why? 5.What is the other name of night myopia? 6.Write about the acquired myopia types: 7.Gives the example for: 1.Axial myopia