251 2.Curvature myopia 3.Index myopia 4.Positional myopia 8.Which glands inflammation causes the astigmatism? REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
252 9.Which age congenital myopia diagnosed ? 10.What is the causes of astigmatic refractive index error? 11.What is the causes of astigmatism curvature error?
253 12.What is the causes of astigmatism centering error? REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
254 CHAPTER – 5 ANISOMETROPIA, ANISEIKONIA & AMBLYOPIA
255 CHAPTER - 5 ANISOMETROPIA, ANISEIKONIA & AMBLYOPIA CONTENTS Anisometropia: • Aetiology • Vision status • Clinical types • Clinical test and results FRIEND TEST Worth Four Dot Test Treatment • Optical • Surgery • Aetiology • Clinical types • Symptoms • Testing Space eiknometer Rule of thumb • Treatment Amblyopia: • Mechanism • Characteristics • Types • Treatment • Follow up REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
256 I. ABBREVATIONS : 1. WFDT - Worth Four Dot Test 2. IOL - Intra Ocular Lens 3. D - Diopter II. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER: 1. Anisometropia is one of the ...... defect a] binocular optical b] uniocular optical c] a,b Ans : a] binocular optical 2. Anisometropia arises due to difference in refractive error between......... a] one eye b] two eyes c] a, b Ans : b] two eye 3. A Small degree of anisometropia occurs commonly when there is a small amount of............ a] refractive error b] myopic error c] astigmatic error Ans :c] astigmatic error 4. 1 Diopter difference between the refraction of the two eyes results in eye difference………. between the retinal image a] 1 % b] 2 % c] 3 % Ans : b] 2 % 5. Etiological types of anisometropia..........
257 a]congenitalanisometropia b]acquired anisometropia c]a, b Ans : c]a, b 6. Anisometropia occurs due to differential growth of the............. a] one eye ball b] a, b c] two eye ball Ans : c] two eye ball 7. What is the reason for acquired anisometropia.......….. a] uniocular lens removal b] trauma to the eye c] all of the above Ans : c] all of the above 8. Vision status in anisometropia can be . ............. a] binocular vision b] alternate vision c] all of the above Ans : c] all of the above 9. Binocular vision is present in............ degree of anisometropia a] high degree b] small degree c] low degree Ans : b] small degree 10.Anisometropiaof about ….......can be tolerated depending the individual a] 1.d to 4d b] 1.5d to 3d c] a, b Ans : b] 1.5d to 3d 11.Patient will have monovision if one is emmetropic or hypermetropic and other eye is …….... REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
258 a] astigmatism b] myopic c] a, b Ans : b] myopic 13. In Monovision the refractive error is high in one eye compared to the other then high degree refractive error eye receives continuously......... eye a] blurred image b] lear image c] double image Ans : a] blurred image 14. The eye receiving blurred image is suppressed and develops …....... a] anisometropia b] amblyopia c] aniseikonia Ans : b] amblyopia 15. One of the clinical types of anisometropia.... ……. a] congenital b] vision status anisometropia c] compound anisometreopia Ans : c] compound anisometreopia 16. In Simple anisometropia one eye is myopic and other eye is .......... a] astigmatism b] hypermetropia c] no refractive error Ans : ] no refractive error 17. Compound anisometropia........have refractive error
259 a] both eyes b] one eye c] a, b Ans : a] both eyes 18.Aniseikonia is due to-------- a. chromatic aberration b. spherical aberration c. blur circles on the retina d.unequal size of retinal image of both eye Ans :d ]unequal size of retinal image of both eye 19. Mixed anisometropia the refractive error is one eye in hypermetropic and other eye is ……..... a] myopic b] hypermetropia c] emmetropia Ans : a] myopic 20. Mixed anisometropia is also known as….…..... a] simpleanisometropia b] mixed anisometropia c]antimetropia Ans : c] antimetropia 21. Compound astigmatic anisometropia both eyes have astigmatism but of ...….... degrees a] equal b] unequal c] a, b Ans : b] unequal 22.In correction of more ametropic eye-------------is quite helpful. [b] REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
260 a]glass b]contact lens c]none of the above Ans : b]contact lens 23. Clinical test of anisometropia………... a] friend test b] wfdt c] a, b Ans : c] a, b 24. The word friend is illuminated with ……..... color a] yellow, blue b] red, green c] green, pink Ans : b] red, green 25. Red and green goggles are placed in ……….. of the eye a] back b] front c] between Ans : b] front 26. If the patient reads friend has …...... vision a] uniocular vision b] binocular c] a, b Ans : b] binocular 27. The patient first read, fin and then red then has...........vision a] alternating vision b] monocular vision c] binocular vision Ans : a] alternating vision 28. WFDT test is similar to the ……..... test
261 a] FRIEND b] duo chrome c] a, b Ans : a] FRIEND 29. WFDT test has........ dots a] five dot b] three dot c] four dot Ans : c] four dot 30. WFDT test consist of colors ……….. a] red, green, white b] green, white, blue c] a, b Ans :a] red, green, white 31.When they see five lights, two red lights and three green lights, it indicates ……...... a] polyopia b] diplopia c] a, b Ans : b] diplopia 32.In anisometropia surgery is indicated in ............ a] aadi surgery b] tkp c] unilateral aphakia Ans : c] unilateral aphakia 33. Refractive corneal surgeries are done for .......... a] myopia b] hypermetropia c] a, b Ans : c] a, b 34. Treatment of anisometropia........... REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
262 a] contact lens b] occlusion glass c] a, b Ans : a] contact lens 35.Implanting intra ocular lens for unilateral aphakia is the ------treatment for anisometropia a] optical b] surgical c] investigation Ans : b] surgical 36.If the size &shape of the images of two eyes are unequal ,the optical defect is known as ……….. a]anisometropia b]aniseikonia c]amblyopia Ans : b]aniseikonia 37. Anisometropia of about …………. is tolerated depending upon the individual sensitivity a]2.50-4.0d b]2-4d c]3d Ans : a]2.50-4.0d 38. ......... occurs when one eye is emmeteropic or moderately hypermetropic and other eye is myopic a]binocular vision b] alternate vision c]uniocular vision Ans : b] alternate vision 39.Occlusiontherapy is --------
263 a]patching the affected eye b]patching the normal eye c] alternate patching of both the eyes Ans : b]patching the normal eye 40. In Small degree of anisometropiawith difference as high as 2.5d, binocular vision is ---------- a] impossible b] possible c] nothing Ans : b] possible 41. Latent hypermetropia is detected when following mydriatic is used ----- a) adrenaline b) phenylephrine c) cyclopentolate d) atropine Ans :c] cyclopentolate 42.Refractive errors in the children should be ------------------- a]partially corrected b]fully corrected c]under corrected. Ans : b]fully corrected 43. Difference in 1d between the two eyes gives a discrepancy of ……… % in size of the image a]5% b]3% c]2% d]none of the above. Ans : c]2% III. TRUE OR FALSE : REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
264 1. Amblyopia can often be reversed if detected & treated early Ans : True 2. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia means uncorrected refractive error Ans :False 3. Uncorrected astigmatic refractive error results in strabismus amblyopia 4. Occlusion is the one of the treatment of amblyopia eye Ans : False 5. Amblyopia can be treated by surgical correction Ans : True 6. In occlusion therapy the good eye is patched Ans : False Ans : True 7. Stimulus deprivation amblyopia can be due to corneal opacity Ans : True 8.Each 1 diopter difference between the refraction of the two eyes causes 2% difference between the two retinal images Ans : True 9.If One eye myopic and other eye is Hypermetropicit is called simple anisometropia Ans : False 10.Anisometropia is one of the uniocular optical defects.
265 Ans : True 11.Anisometropia is one of the refractive errors. Ans : True 12. Retinal anisokenia due to any retinal odema causes separation of retinal elements Ans : True 13.Anisometric amblyopia occurs in an eye having a higher degree of refractive error than the other eye Ans : False 14. An anisometropia of about 4D to 5.5D is tolerated depending upon the individual Ans : False 15. Aniseikonia of3% or more becomes clinically significant Ans : True IV. FILL IN THE BLANKS : 1. The squinting of the eye causes .......amblyopia Ans :Strabismic amblyopia 2. Higher degree of refractive error causes .......amblyopia Ans :anisometropic amblyopia 3. Bilateral uncorrected high refractive error causes............ REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
266 Ans : Ametropic amblyopia 4.Theamblyogenic age is before ........ Ans : 7yearof age 5.Other name of Atropine therapy ........ Ans : Penalization 6.Atropine acts by ......... Ans : Paralyzing accommodation 7.Occlusion is depending upon the age of the patient &......... Ans : Type &severity of the amblyopia 8.Full time occlusion ratio is.......... Ans : 3:1 9.In FRIEND test, if a patient reads either FIN or RED, he has ………vision Ans : Alternate vision 10.Full time occlusion is 3 days occlusion to normal eye and one day/days occlusion in the --------------- Ans : amblyopic eye 11. For patients suffering from anisometropia, the best treatment is ------- Ans : contact lens 12.For a patient suffering from …… the size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal
267 Ans :aniseikonia 13. A child with decreased vision in squinting eye is due to ------- Ans : amblyopia 14.In occlusion therapy the ------ eye is patched Ans : good/normal 15.In FRIEND test, if a patient reads either FIN or RED, he has -------- Ans :uniocular vision 16.Ptosis can result in ………… amblyopia Ans : stimulus deprivation 17. Difference of refractive error between 2 eyes greater than 2D is called as ------------- Ans :Anisometropia 18. -----------------------is the treatment of amblyopia Ans : Occlusion , Atropine therapy 19.Binocular vision in which the images are of unequal size or shape is called … .............. Ans :aniseikonia 20.Opticalaniseikonia may occure due to ……..of high degree. Ans : inherent or acquired anisometropia 21. Aniseikoniaaetiology can be divided into ………….aniseikonia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
268 Ans : optical, retinal, cortical 22. Clinical types of aniseikoniaare ……… Ans : symmetrical, asymmetrical 23. The difference in the shape of the images is called………. Ans : asymmetrical aniseikonia 24. Symptoms of aniseikonia………. Ans :asthenopic, disturbuness of binocular vision 25. Measurment of aniseikonia…….. Ans :spaceeikonometer, rule of thumb 26. It is a condition where refraction of two eyes is unequal --------- Ans :Anisometropia 27.Unilateral aphakia is best corrected by IOL implanation the treatment of… ………… Ans :opticalaniseikonia 28. …………… are a better choice than spectacles for correcting anisoetropicaniseikonia Ans : Contact lens 29.Aniseikonia of ………. or more becomes clinically significant Ans : 3% 30. -------------is reduced vision in a normal anatomical eye.
269 Ans : Amblyopia 31. Aniseikonia means…………. Ans : unequal image size and shape 32. --------------,-------------is the testing of aniseikonia Ans : Space eikonometer, Rule of thumb 33. The difference is greater in one meridian compared to the other it is called ………… Ans : meridional 34. Aniseikonia symptoms any two ……… Ans : headache, asthenopia, photophobia vertigo, diplopia 35. -------------- colour letter is their FIN Ans : Green 36. In Aniseikonia the difference in image size will be about……. per diopter of anisometropia Ans : 1.5% 37. Treating the cause will correct aniseikonia in …………… Ans : Retinal aniseikonia 38. Retinal aniseikonia is due to widely seperatedarangementsof the ……… Ans : visual elements 39.Ametropic amblyopia example _______ REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
270 Ans : Right Eye 5/60 with +7.0ds 6/36 nip , Left Eye 4/60 with +8.0ds 6/36 nip 40. Any ………… causesseperation of retinal element Ans : retinal edema 41.---------------is the mechanism of amblyopia Ans : Abnormal binocular interaction ,Vision deprivation 42. Decreasing vertex Distance decreases the magnifying effect of……… Ans : plus lens 43. The anterior focal point of a typical eye is located about……….infront of the cornea Ans : 15.7mm 44. Knapp's law is difficult or impossible to apply clinically in ………… types of refractive error Ans :aniseikonia 45. A condition where refractioon of two eyes is unequal ---------------- Ans :Anisometropia 46.Anisometropiaof more than --------------- is clinically significant Ans : 2.5D 47. Anisometropiaof more than ---------------is scientifically significant. Ans : 0.25D 48 .Anisometropia causes----------------
271 Ans : Amblyopia 49 .In FRIEND test , FIN are written-------------- color. Ans : Green 50.Binocular state of vision may be assessed by either -------------- Ans : Friend test orWorth four dot test 51. In the presence of Binocular single vision patient will read ------------ at once. Ans : Friend 52. In the presence of uniocular vision patient will persistently read either ........... Ans : FIN or RED 53. In the presence of alternate vision patient will reaad-----------at one time and --- ------------ at once Ans : FIN, RED 54. Patient sees three green lights and two red lights alternately, it indicates presence of ---------------- vision. Ans : alternating 55.The corrective spectacles can be tolerated upto a maximum difference of--------- ------- Ans : 4D 56 .Intra ocular lens implantation is treatment of choice for---------------- Ans :uniocularAphakia 57.The ocular images are unequal in size (OR)shape (or)both is called -------------- REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
272 Ans :Aniseikonia 58.--------- implies symmetrical. --------- perceptioninspite of equal size of images formed on the two retina. Ans : cortical aniseikonia , simultaneous 59. Aniseikonia clinical types divided into ----------and ----------- Ans : symmetrical and asymmetrical 60.----------Aniseikonia is the difference in the image size perceived each eye Ans : Symmetrical 61 ………..Aniseikonia is the difference in the image shape perceived in each eye Ans : Asymmetrical 62. Clinical types of aniseikonia -------------,--------- aniseikonia Ans : Symmetrical , Asymmetrical 63. Symptoms of Asthenopic ………… Ans : disturbances of Binocular vision, spatial disorientation or Disturbances in Depth. 64. The degree of aniseikonia can be exactly measured with the help of an instrument called---------------------- Ans : Space Eikinometer 65. Rough estimate of degree of Aniseikonia can be made by the ----------------- Ans : rule of thumb
273 66.-------------this occurs due to inherent or acquired anisometropia of high degree Ans : Amblyopia / Squint 67.Aniseikonic spectacles are difficult to make and ------------ Ans : expensive 68. ------------------ is very difficult to treat. Ans : Cortical aniseikonia 69.----------- are a better choice than spectacles for correcting Anisometropicaniseikonia. Ans : contact lens 70.Fundus is normal. But vision is not improvement it is called-------------------- Ans : Amblyopia 73.Abnormal binocular interaction, Vision deprivations are mechanism of ….. Ans : amblyopia 74.Amblyopic characters ………….. Ans : Reduction of Visual acuity, Eccentric fixation, crowding phenomenon 75.Strabismic amblyopia is seen in unilateral………… Ans : constant squint 76. Srabismic amblyopia commonly present in…….. Ans :Esotropes 77.Anisometropic amblyopia occurs if one eye has ……… than the other eye. Ans : a higher degree of refractive error 78 .…………… occurs if power difference is more more than 2D – 3D . Ans :Anisohypermetropic amblyopia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
274 79. …………. Is seen if power difference more than 5 D. Ans :Anisomyopic amblyopia 80.Ammetropic amblyopia occurs in bilateral …………. Ans : uncorrected high refractive error 81.Ametropic amblyopia occurs in Hypermetropia if power is more than…….. Ans : +5D 82.Ametropic anblylopia occurs in myopia if power is more than………. Ans : -10D 83. -------------this occurs due to differential growth of the two eye balls Ans : Congenital anisometropia 84.Causes of Stimulus deprivation amblyopia ………… Ans :Ptosis,Corneal opacity, Cataract 85. Meridonial amblyopia occurs in…………. Ans : uncorrected astigmatic refractive error 86. Meriditional amblyopia always present in……… Ans : Bilateral 87. Amblyopia patient have a better prognosis when treated……… Of age
275 88.Critical period of Visual development is………… Ans : before 5 years 89.Visual plasticity is from……. of age Ans : 1 week – 4months Ans : birth to 7 years 90. Extended plasticity more than……… Ans : 10 Years of age 91.Treatment of Amblyopia is ………. Ans : Refractive correction,Occlusion therapy, Atropine therapy 92. ……….. is used for total occlusion. Ans : Direct patching 93.Cello tape (or) Ground glass over the normal eye is used for …… Ans : partialPatching 94. Full time occlusion ratio is…….. Ans : 3:1 95.In………. Uses topical 1% atropine to dilate pupil and cause paralysis of accommodation REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
276 Ans : Atropine therapy 96.Anisometropia is one of the…………. Ans : Binocular optical defects 97.An etiology of anisometropia can be ………… Ans : Congenital, Developmental & Acquired anisometropia 98. Acquired anisometropia: ………… Ans :Uniocularaphakia, Trauma to the eye, inadvertent surgical treatment of refractive error are the causes if acquired anisometropia 99. Developmental anisometropia occurs due to ……….. Ans : differential growth of the two eye balls 100. Visual status in anisometropia is ……………. Ans : Binocular vision, Alternate vision, Uniocular vision 101. Clinical type of anisometropia is ………… Ans : Simpleanisometropia, Compound anisometropia, Mixed anisometropia, Simple astigmatic anisometropia, Compound astigmatic anisometropia, Mixed astigmatic anisometropia 102. One eye myopic and other eye is hypermetropic is called ……… Ans : Mixedanisometropia
277 103. Other name of mixed anisometropia is ………. Ans :Antimetropia. 104. The BSV is assessed by …………….. Ans : FRIEND Test and worth four dot test 105. If patient says five lights seen in worth four dot test, So patient is having ….. Ans : Diplopia 106. Best treatment for anisometropia is ………….. Ans : Optical – Contact lens, Occlusion therapy, Anisometropic spectacle and surgical treatment 107. Unequal image size and shape is called ………… Ans :Aniseikonia. 108. ………… are the causes of aniseikonia. Ans : Opticalaniseikonia and Retinal aniseikonia 109. ……due to inherent or acquired anisometropia of high degree refractive error. Ans : Opticalaniseikonia 110. One eye is emmetropic or moderately hypermetropic and the other eye is myopic is called …………… Ans : Alternate vision REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
278 111 ……aniseikonia is the difference between the image sizes of two eyes. Ans : Symmetrical 111. ………aniseikonia is the difference between the image shapes of two eyes. Ans : Asymmetrical 113.……………are the symptoms of aniseikonia. Ans : Headache, Asthenopia, Photophobia, Nausea, Vertigo, Diplopia 114. Aniseikonia tested by ………… Ans : Spaceeikonometer, Rule of thumb 115. The degree of aniseikonia is exactly measured by……….. Ans : Space eikonometer 116.Treatment of aniseikonia is ………… Ans : Contact lens, Aniseikonic spectacles 117. ---------------is the best choice for anisometropia. Ans : Contact lens 118. --------is a condition in which the size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal Ans :Aniseikonia 119.Vision status in anisometropia can be ------------,------------------,------ Ans : Binocular , Uniocular , Alternate
279 120.The visual status is assessed by using either --------------,----------- Ans : Friend , Worth 4 dot V. GIVE THE REASON : 1.Ptosis causes amblyopia. 2.Anisometropia is one of the binocular optical defects .Why? 3.Differentiate between the refractive error in both eyes VI. UNSCRAMBLE WORDS : 1. IAOAIERTOMSP - ANISOMETROPIA 2. REORR - ERROR 3. OREIDTP - DIOPTER 4. CEARFINROT - REFRACTION 5. YMIPOC - MYOPIA 6. NLOCEGIATN - CONGENITAL 7. REAIQDCU - ACQUIRED 8. OLNRCIUAU - UNIOCULAR 9. OAELRVM - REMOVAL 10. IROBLCANU - BINOCULAR 11. EREGDE - DEGREE REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
280 - EMMETROPIA - ASTIGMATISM 12. RAMIOPMETE - IMAGE 13. GATMASITSIM - NEARVISION 14. GIAEM - REFRACTIVE ERROR 15. ORNEIAVNIS - BLURRED IMAGE 16. REFTIREVCAREROR - CLEAR 17. AIEGLRBURDEM - AMBLYOPIA 18. RECAL - ANISEIKONIA 19. ALIMBOAYP - DOUBLE 20. IEOINKAICAN - HYPERMETROPIA 21. EDLAUO - COMPOUND 22. REHEIORPYMTPA - EMMETROPIC 23. MUCOPDON - UNEQUAL 24. CEMRTIPOME - FRIEND 25. LUENUAQ - ILLUMINATION 26. INERFD - DUOCHROME 27. LIMINLUATNE - POLYOPIA 28. IAPIDLOHOR - DISORDERS 29. APILOYPO - DISEASE 30. REDDORSIS 31. EIADSES
281 32. ERIANT - RETINA 33. OCINDTNOI - CONDITION 34. STROHENSIGTHSS - SHORTSIGHTNESS 35. LGSIONESHSGNT - LONGSIGHTNESS 36. ROIPAMEAT - AMETROPIA VII. MATCH THE FOLLOWING : 1. Vision deprivation - Astigmatism 7 Binocular optical Small degree - anisometropia 3 2. defect - Normal fundus 5 3. Binocular vision - Amblyopia 1 4. Anisometropia - Normal eye 14 5. Amblyopia - Normal eye 10 6. Lazy eye- - Ptosis 13 7. Meridional - Amblyopia 6 8. Stimulus deprivation - Cover good eye 11 9. Ameteropia - Aniseikonia 2 10. Emmetropia - Ptosis 8 11. Occlusion High degree ansiometropia 16 12. FRIEND test - Unequal image 15 13. Stimulusdeprivation - Visual elements 17 14. Emmetropic - REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
282 15. Aniseikonia - Shape perceived 20 16. Optical aniseikonia - Two retinal images 4 17. Retinal aniseikonia - Anisometropia 12 18. Symmetrical - Refractive error 9 19. Rule of thumb - Size perceived 18 20. Asymmetrical - Aniseikonia measurement 19 VIII. ANSWER VERY BRIEFLY: 1.Aniseikonia Ans : The size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal 2.Anisometropia Ans : Difference in refractive error between the two eyes causes 2% difference between the two retinal images 4.Define amblyopia Ans : reduced vision in a normal anatomical eye . Patching helps in amblyopia management. 5.What is Anisometropia?
283 Ans :Anisometropia is one of the binocular optical defects difference in refractive error between two eyes. 6. What is alternate vision? Ans : One eye is emmetropic or moderately hypermetropic and the other eye is myopic is called alternative vision. 7. What is the vision status in Anisometropia? Ans : Vision status in Anisometropia 1. Binocular vision 2.Alternative vision 3.Uniocular vision. 8. What is the best choice of Anisometropia? Ans : Contact lens is the best choice for Anisometropia 9. What is aniseikonia? Ans :Aniseikonia is a conditioin in which the size and shape of images of the two eyes are unequal. 10. What is optical aniseikonia? Ans : Optical aniseikonia this occurs due to uncorrected axial anisometropia or uncorrected refractive anisometropia 11. What are the clinical types of aniseikonia? REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
284 Ans : Clinical types of aniseikonia, 1. Symmetrical, 2. Asymmetrical aniseikonia 12. How aniseikonia is tested? Ans : Space eikonometer, Rule of thumb are the tests of aniseikonia. IX. TWO MARK QUESTIONS : Page no : 34 ( Manual ) Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 1. Define anisometropia Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 2. Define the Aetiology of anisometropia Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 3. What are the clinical types of anisometropia? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 4. Define simple anisometropia 5.Definecompoundanisometropia? 6. Define mixed anisometropia?
7. Definesimple astigmatic anisometropia? 285 8. Define compound astigmatic anisometropia? 9. Define mixed astigmatic anisometropia? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 10. Define FRIEND test? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 11. Write about the treatment of anisometropia? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 12. What is aniseikonia? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 13. What is the aetiology of aniseikonia? Page no : 34 ( Manual ) 14. What is clinicaltypes of aniseikonia? Page no : 35 ( Manual ) 15. What are the symptoms of aniseikonia? Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Page no : 36 ( Manual ) REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
286 Page no : 36 ( Manual ) Page no : 36 ( Manual ) 16. What test is used for aniseikonia Page no : 36 ( Manual ) 17. What is the treatment of aniseikonia? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 18. Define amblyopia Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 19. What are the characteristics of amblyopia? Page no : 36 ( Manual ) 20. What is the mechanism of amblyopic eye? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 21. What are the reason for amblyopia? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 22. What are the types of amblyopia Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 23. What is strabismic amblyopia? 24. What is anisometropic amblyopia? 25. What is ametropic amblyopia?
26. What is the stimulus deprivation amblyopia? 287 27. Define meridional amblyopia 28. What is treatment of amblyopia? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 29. Define occlusion Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 30. Define atropine therapy Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 31.What are the symptoms of aniseikonia? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 32.What is the surgical treatment of anisometropia? Page no : 38 ( Manual ) 33.What are the types of anisometropia? Page no : 38 ( Manual ) 34.What is the treatment of aniseikonia? Page no : 36 ( Manual ) Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Page no : 34 ( Manual ) Page no : 36 ( Manual ) REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
288 Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Page no : 36 ( Manual ) 35.Aniseikonia formula? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 36.What is amblyopia? Page no : 37 ( Manual ) 37.What are the characteristic of amblyopia? Page no : 38 ( Manual ) 38.Types of amblyopia? Page no : 38 ( Manual ) 39.What is occlusion therapy? Page no : 38 ( Manual ) 40. What is the atropine therapy? 41.What are the types of occlusion Page no : 34 ( Manual ) X. FIVE MARK QUESTIONS : 1. Explain –Anisometropia 2. Explain-Aniseikonia
289 Page no : 35 ( Manual ) 3.Explain –Amblyopia Page no : 35 ( Manual ) Identify the disorders in the following cases and explain why ? (i) Right eye 6/6 nil glass Left eye 6/60 with +3.0 DSph 6/24 nig nip (ii) Right eye 6/12 with -1.0x180⁰ 6/6 Left eye 6/60 with -4.0 x 180⁰ 6/18 nip 4. What is amblyopia? Discuss the different types of amblyopia. Page no : 34 ( Manual Identify the disorders in the following cases and explain why ? (i) Right eye 6/6 nil glass Left eye 6/60 with +3.0 DSph 6/24 nig nip (ii) Right eye 6/12 with -1.0x180⁰ 6/6 Left eye 6/60 with -4.0 x 180⁰ 6/18 nip XI.ENGLISH TO TAMIL : REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
290 1.Aphakia - கண்ணில்சலன்ஸ்இல்லாவம மவறத்தல் 2. Occlusion - மாறுகண் கசாம்கபறிகண் 3.Strabismus - இழப்பு அபராதம் 4. Amblyopia - சமசீரற்ற 5. Deprivation - 6. Penalisation - 7. Asymmetrical - XII. JUMPING WORDS : 1. ANISOMETROPIA - A-ISO--T-OP-A 2. CONGENITAL - CO-GEN--A- 3. ANISEIKONIA - A-IS--KO-I- 4. AMBLYOPIA - A-B--OP-A 5. EIKONOMETER - E-KO-OM--ER 6. ASYMMETRICAL - AS-M-ETR--AL 7. AMETROPIA - A-E--OP-A 8. DEPRIVATION - D-PR-V-TION 9. STRABISMUS - ST-B-SM-- 10. OCCLUSION - O-CLUS--N
291 11. ATROPINE - A-ROP--E 12. PENALISATION - P--ALIS--IO- 13. SQUINT - S-U-NT 14. PTOSIS - P-OS-S XIII :CORRECT SENTENCE : 1. Alternating of vision occurs one is ametropic or moderately hypermetropic and the other eye is myopic . Ans :Emmetropic 2. The refractive error is high in one eye compared to other , then the high degree refractive error eye receives continuously clear images compared to the other eye. Ans : Blurred 3. Space eikonometer is used to measure amblyopia Ans :Aniseikonia 4. Topical atropine 1% is used to constrict pupil and paralyse accommodation. Ans : Dilate REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
292 Work Sheet 1.Vertigo is a symptom of ………….(aniseikonia) 2.Explain meridional Aniseikonia? 3.Explain thumb rule of Aniseikonia?
293 REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
294 CHAPTER - 6 ACCOMMODATION
295 CHAPTER - 6 ACCOMMODATION CONTENTS ANOMALIES Mechanism of accommodation Types of accommodation Characteristic features Changes in the eye during accommodation Accommodation in refraction Hypermetropia Pseudo myopia Myopia Changes in accommodation with age Controlling accommodation Cyclopegic Fogging method Anomalies of accommodation Excessive accommodation Insufficiency of accommodation REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
296 Spasm of accommodation Ill sustained accommodation Symptoms Treatment I. ABBREVIATION : 1. NPR - Near point ruler 2. NPC - Near point convergence 3. NPA - Near point accommodation 4. PRA - Positive portion of relative accommodation 5. NRA - Negative portion of relative 6. FM - accommodation 7. RA - Fogging method 8. AA - Range of accommodation 9. EA - Amplitude of accommodation 10. SA - Excessive of accommodation 11. IA - Spasm of accommodation 12. PA - Insufficiency of accommodation 13. AW - Paralysis of accommodation Accommodation weakness
297 14. AF - Accommodative flipper 15. CA - Controlling of accommodation 16. DP - Dioptric Power II. CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER : 1.The ability of the lens to alter its shape is called …… a] Physical accommodation b] physiological accommodation c] both Ans : a] Physical accommodation 2. The clear image at closest distance from the eye is called ….....…point of accommodation a] Nearpoint b] Farpoint c] infinity Ans : a] Nearpoint 3.Which patient have asthenopic symptoms while doing near work ................... a] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation greater than Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation greater than Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
298 c] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation & Positive portion of Relative Accommodation greater Ans : a] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation greater than Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation 4. How many types of accommodation. ................... a] 2 types b] 4 types c] 6 types Ans : a] 2 types 5.Maximum ability to relax accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision is called .................. a] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation c] physical accommodation Ans : a] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation 6. Maximum ability to stimulate accommodation while maintaining clear single binocular vision is called ................. a] Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation b] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation c] physical accommodation Ans : b] Positive portion of Relative Accommodation
299 7. Positive portion of Relative Accommodation is tested using ...…lens & Negative Portion of Relative Accommodation istested using …..Lens a] plus&minus b] minus&plus c] prism&plus Ans : b] minus&plus 8. The normal reading distance …...... a] 33cm-40cm b] 20cm-33cm c] 40cm-45cm Ans : a] 33cm-40cm 9. The method used to control the accommodation during Manifest Hypermetropia .................. a] Myopicglass b]Hypermetropic glass c] fogging method Ans : c] fogging method 10.Excessive accommodation will result in ……[C]........ a] Insufficiency of accommodation b] ill sustainedaccommodation c] pseudo myopia Ans : c] pseudo myopia 11.Spasm of accommodation …........... a]Pathological myopia b]Pseudo myopia c] night myopia Ans : b]Pseudo myopia REFRACTION DEPARTMENT-CBE
300 12.………. patient has clear near vision, no need for accommodation a] Myopic b]hypermetropic c]astigmatism Ans : a] Myopic 13. In myopic patient the range of accommodation …............ a] Less b] greater c] normal Ans : a] Less 14.Homatropine effect lasts for…............... a] 2days b] 3days c] 1week Ans : a] 2days 15. Atropine action lasts for….............. a] 1week b] 2week c] 3week Ans : b] 2week 16. Pseudomyopia due to ….... ..... a] Accommodative failure b]Accommodative spasm c] Accommodative paralysis Ans : b]Accommodative spasm
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