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6-8 Curriculum

Published by sarojthapaliya26, 2023-07-01 04:08:46

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 ;~rf/ l;k &=@ tfk  l;sfO l;k   ko| f]u l;k  &=@=! tfksf] kl/ro &=@=@ tfksf] zf]if0f tyf j:t'sf] tfkzf]if0f ug{] Ifdtf -If]qkmn / /ª_    cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&

kfgL aUbf, j:t' v:bf, u'n]nL xfGbf, pbfx/0f ;f]w/] , nV] g ;fdfg prfNbf, ufl8sf] OlGhg rNbf, nufP/ cflb_ lbg] / yk pbfx/0f lbg nufpg]  tfksf] kl/efiff;DaGwL tfk ;DaGwL bl} gs k|of]u tyf k|Zgf]Q/ u//] cge' jsf pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ub{} tfksf] kl/ro lbg nufpg]  j:t'sf] tfkzf]if0f ug{] Ifdtf / Ifq] kmn 3fddf a:bf jf lx6/sf] cufl8 a:bf ;DaGwsf] b}lgs lsg tftf] xG' 5 < 3fddf /fvs] f] efF8f] pkofu] ;DaGwL lsg tfT5 < h:tf kZ| gdf 5nkmn vfh] s] f pbfx/0fsf] u/fO{ j:tn' ] cfˆgf] jl/kl/af6 tfk u'0f:t/ x]//] ;f]if0f u5{g\\ eGg] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;3fpg]  ko| f]uaf6 tYo k|dfl0ft ug{ nufP/ j:t'sf] tfk zf]if0f Ifdtf / j:t'sf] ;txsf] Ifq] kmn larsf] ;DaGw af/]  bl} gs hLjgsf ko| f]ufTds cWoog ug{ nufO{ 7'nf] ;DalGwt cg'ejnfO{ Ifq] kmn eP w]/} tfk zf]if0f xG' 5 eGg] of] tYo ko| f]u u/L lg:isifd{ f k'Ug ;xof]u ug{] JofVof ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf hFfr]/ dflysf] tYosf] b}l] gs hLjgdf pkof]usf pbfx/0fx¿ ;ªs\\ ng ug{  j:t'sf] tfkzf]if0f nufpg] ug]{ Ifdtf / /ªsf] ;DaGwsf] b}lgs nu' f jf lj:s'g ;s' fpbF f lsg pkofu] ;DaGwL lkFmhfPsf] xf]nf < ;f]nf/ lx6/sf] vf]h]sf pbfx/0fsf] ;tx lsg 7'nf] agfPsf] xf]nf < kfgL ttfpg] jf eft ksfpg] efF8fs] f] 187

   &=# ks| fz  ko| f]u l;k  &=#=! ks| fzsf] l;wf–  l;sfO l;k  /]vLo k|;f/0f - Rectilinear propagation) 188

tNnf] efu lsg rf8} f agfPsf] u'0f:t/ x]/]/ xfn] f < cfuf] jf lx6/ tfKbf lsg xftsf cf}nf lkmhfPsf] xfn] f < h:tf  k|of]uaf6 tYo ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg] kd| fl0ft ug{ nufP/, b}lgs hLjgsf j:t'sf] tfk zf]if0f Ifdtf / j:ts' f] ;DalGwt cg'ejnfO{ /ª;DaGwL 5nkmn u/fO{ sfnf] /ªsf] of] tYo k|of]u u/L j:t'df ;a}eGbf a9L tfk zfi] f0f JofVof ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf xG' 5 eGg] tYo ko| f]uåf/f Ifdtf hFfr]/ lgis;d{ f kU' g ;xofu] ug{] dflysf] tYosf] b]l} gs hLjgdf pkofu] sf pbfx/0fx¿ vf]h/] Nofpg nufpg] ;fn] f/ lx6/sf] ;txdf lsg sfnf] /ª kf]t]sf] xfn] f jf lsg w]/}cf]6f sfnf] 6o\\ j' x¿ /fvs] f] xf]nf < udL{ df};ddf s:tf] /ªsf] n'uf nufpbF f lztn xf]nf < 3fddf a:bf skfn lsg a9L tfT5 < h:tf ljifodf 5nkmn u/fpg] ks| fz l;wf /]vfdf hfg] k|lj|mofnfO{  ks| fz l;wf /]vfdf ko| f]u u/L bv] fpg] hfG5 egL k|dfl0ft b}lgs hLjgdf of] tYo kd| fl0ft ug{] ug]{ s'g} Ps ko| f]u cGo cge' jx¿ eP atfpg], atfpg nufpg] . h:t} k|sfz 5l] sP/ 5fof jf bl} gs kl/36gf aGg,] u|x0f nfUg] cflb . j0fg{ ug{ nufP/ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

&=#=@ ls/0f -Ray_ /  k|of]u l;k  ls/0fk'~hsf] kl/ro  l;sfO l;k  &=#=# lkgxfn] Sofd/f   k|of]u l;k   ;~rf/ l;k  &=#=$ 5fof  ko| f]u l;k   l;sfO l;k   5fof aGg] tl/sf   ;g\\ 8fonsf] kl/ro / lgdf{0f  cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

k|sfz l;wf af6fd] f k|;f/0f x'G5 eGg]  ans] f] dg} aQL / tYosf cfwf/df ks| fzsf] ls/0f / lrdaf6 lg:s]sf ls/0fk~' hsf] cjwf/0ff lbg] ls/0f / ls/0fk'~hsf] lrq k|sfz hfg] af6fn] fO{ l;wf /]vf sf/] ]/ sfg] { nufP/ hgfpg] / pSt /]vfnfO{ ls/0f eGg] ul/Psf] atfpg] .  agfPsf] lkgxf]n k|sfzsf] ;|f]taf6 lg:ss] f ls/0f / Sofd/] fsf] dN\" ofª\\sg ls/0fk'~hsf] lrq sfg] { nufpg] u//] k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf hfg] l;4fGtdf  lkgxf]n Sofd]/fsf] cfwfl/t lkgxf]n Sofd/] f agfP/ sfo{ k|lj|mof ls/0f k|bz{g ug]{ tyf agfpg nufpg] lrqsf] ;xfotfn] ls/0f lrqsf] ;xfotfn] o;sf] j0f{g ug{ nufP/ sfok{ l| j|mof j0f{g ug{ nufpg] / cfjZos k[i7kf]if0f lbg]  5fof aGg] tl/sf JofVof ug{ tyf 5fof s] xf,] s;/L aG5 < cFWof/f]df k|bz{g ug{ nufP/ lsg bl] vbF }g cflb kZ| gåf/f ljBfyL{sf] kj\" { 1fg kQf nufpg]  laxfg, lbp;f] / a]n'sf 5fofsf] lbzf ks| fz l;wf /]vfdf dfq hfg] x'Fbf / nDafO kml] /g'sf ckf/bzL{ j:t'n] k|sfznfO{ 5]sd] f sf/0f k|ltljDag ug{ j:ts' f] 5fof aGg] tYo atfpg] nufP/ ;o\" {sf] ls/0f jf aQLsf] pHofnf] k|of]u u/L ljleGg ks| f/sf 5fof  5fofsf] nDafO / agfP/ b]vfpg] tyf b]vfpg nufpg] 189

       &=$ Wjlg  k|of]u l;k   Wjlg t/ª\\u\\usf]  l;sfO l;k pTklQ 190

k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf hfgsf ;6\\6f lbzf km]l/g] tYonfO{ afª\\ufl] 6ª\\uf] hfge] P 5fof x'g] lyof] k|bzg{ ug{ nufP/ ls lyPg xf]nf < lsg < h:tf k|Zg  ljBfyL{n] agfPsf] ;fW] g] ;g\\ 8fonsf] d\"Nofªs\\ g u/]/ aQLnfO{ la:tf/} j:t'sf] jl/kl/ 3'dfpFbf s] xG' 5 < j:t' / aQLsf] b'/L  j:ts' f] sDkgaf6 abNbf s] xG' 5 cWoog ug{ nufpg] Wjlg pTkGg x'g] tYo k|bz{g ug{ k|of]usf cfwf/df laxfg, lbp;F f] / an] s' f xfd|f] 5fofsf] lbzf tyf ;fOh km]l/g'sf sf/0f atfpg nufpg] 3l8 gx'Fbf xfdf| k\"vf{x¿n] 5fof x/] ]/ s;/L ;do cg'dfg uy]{ xf]nf < OG6/g]6df vf]h]/ NofO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg] labfsf] lbg laxfg, lbpF;f] / an] s' f cfˆgf] 5fofsf] cfsf/, nDafO / lbzf cWoog u/L k|ltjb] g tof/ kfg{ nufpg] ;g 8fonsf] kl/ro lbg] ;g\\ 8fon agfpg tyf k|of]u ug{ l;sfpg] j:ts' f] sDkgaf6 Wjlg pTkGg x'g] tYonfO{ k|bz{g ug]{ / kb| z{g ug{ nufpg] cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

 Wjlg t/ª\\u\\usf]  k|;f/0f    *= ljB't\\ / *=! rD' as  k|of]u l;k   l;sfO l;k rD' as *=!=! r'DasLo If]q cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

Wjlgsf] ;|f]tdf pTkGg sDkgn] nufP/ !% xfjfsf s0fx¿df sDkg u/fO  Wjlgsf] k;| f/0f xg' ] t/ª\\uu\\ pTkGg xG' 5 egL JofVof ug]{ k|lj|mof atfpg s]xL O6fx¿ 7f8f] agfP/ nfOgdf nufP/ /fvL z?' sf] Pp6f O{6f 9nfpFbf  7f]; / t/ndf klg j|mdz ;a} O{6fx¿ 9Nb} uPsf] k|bzg{ Wjlg k|;f/0f xG' 5 ub}{ Wjlg k;| f/0f xg' ] tl/sf k|bzg{ eGg] k|bzg{ ug{ ug{] . o;af6 Wjlg k|;f/0f x'g nufP/ kbfy{sf] dfWod rflxG5, zG\" o 7fpF  dfWod /lxt 7fpFdf -vacuum_ df Wjlg t/+u pTkGg Wjlg k;| f/0f xF'bg} x'Fb}g egL JofVof ug]{ egL kd| fl0ft ug]{ jf:tljs tYosf] ljleGg ko| fu] åf/f Wjlg 7f];, t/n pbfx/0f lbg nufP/ tyf Uof; ;a}df k;| f/0f x'G5 eGg] bv] fpg]  58 -Bar magnet_ kfgL leq a:g] hgfj/n] aflx/sf] rD' assf] r'DasLo cfjfh ;'G5 ls ;G' bg} xf]nf < lsg < If]qsf] lrq agfO{ ;fyLn] af]ns] f] s'/f s;/L ;'lgG5 xfn] f < rGb|dfdf ;fyL;Fu s/' fsfgL ubf{ s;/L ug]{ xfn] f < ;o\" d{ f 7n' f 7'nf lj:kmf]6g eO/xG5g\\ t/ klg tL cfjfh xfdLsxfF cfOkU' b}gg\\, lsg < h:tf kZ| g ;f]w/] 5nkmn u/fpg] Pp6f r'Dasn] cfˆgf] w|'jaf6 lglZrt b'/L;Ddsf rD' asLo j:t'NffO{ dfq cfsif0{ f ug{ ;S5 egL k|bz{g 191

  *=!=@ rD' as agfpg]  k|of]u l;k  ljlw   /u8g\\ ] ljlw   ljB'tLo ljlw  192  

ug]{ / rD' asLo If]q kl/ro u/fpg] gfdfs/0f ug{ nufP/ lbPsf] 58 r'Dasn] slt 6f9f ;Dd cfsif{0f ug{ ;S5 cWoog ug{  r'DasLo If]q k|bz{g nufpg] u/]sf] cjnf]sg u/]/ 58 rD' as dfyL ;]tf] sfuh /fv/]  rD' asLo If]qsf] kmnfdsf] w'nf] 5/L To; rD' assf] kl/efiff lbg nufP/ rD' asLo Ifq] b]vfpg] / To;sf] lrq sfg] { nufpg]  lrq x]/L rD' asTj sd ePsf] / a9L kmnfdsf] wn' f] afSnf] ePsf] 7fpFdf ePsf r'Das r'DasTj a9L x'G5 egL atfpg] 56' o\\ fpg nufP/ r'Dassf] sg' efudf ;a} eGbf a9L rD' asTj xG' 5 kQf nufpg nufpg] rD' as agfpg] tl/sf ;fW] f]/  /u8]/ rD' as ljBfyL{sf] kj\" { 1fg hfFRg] agfpg nufP/ Pp6f cflNkg jf kmnfdsf] sf6F Ldf  ljBt' \\ rD' as 58 r'Dassf] Pp6f w'|jnfO{ agfpg] ljlw Psgf;n] Ps} lbzfdf /u8]/ rD' as k|ltljDag ug{ agfP/ bv] fpg] nufP/ of] kl| jm| of ljBfyL{nfO{ klg bfx] f]¥ofpg  ljB't\\ r'Das nufpg] / s;n] agfPsf] r'Das a9L agfpg nufP/ zlStzfnL eof] bfHF g nufpg] kmnfdsf] nfdf] lsnf jf /8sf] 6j' |mfdf OG;n' ]6]8 tfdfsf] tf/ a/] ]/ 8«fO;]ndf hf]8L ljBt' \\ r'Das agfP/ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

 *=!=# ljBt' \\ rD' assf]  k|of]u l;k  rD' asTj a9fpg] tl/sf  l;sfO l;k   kmGsfsf] ;ª\\Vof tyf ljBt' s\\ f] dfqf a9fP/  *=!=$=ljB't\\ r'Dassf]  ;~rf/ l;k  pkofl] utf  cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

bv] fpg]  ljB't\\ rD' assf] rD' asTj a9fpg] ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;d\"xdf ljBt' \\ rD' as tl/sf atfpg agfpg nufpg] nufP/ ljB't\\ r'Dasdf tf/sf] kmGsfsf]  zlStzfnL ljBt' \\ ;ªV\\ of a9fpbF f jf 36fpFbf rD' as agfpg] r'DasTjdf kg{] c;/ cWoog ug{ tl/sf atfpg nufpg] nufP/ tyf k|bzg{ ug{ nufP/ ljBt' \\ r'Dasdf tf/sf] kmGsfsf] ;ª\\Vof kl/jt{g gu/L Pp6f  b}lgs hLjgdf 8«fO;n] sf] ;6\\6f b'O{cf6] f 8f« O;]n ljB't\\ r'Dassf] ko| f]u ubf{ rD' asTjdf s] c;/ k5{ pkof]lutfsf sx] L eGg] s/' f k|bz{g ug{ nufpg] pbfx/0f lbg nufP/ ljBt' \\ r'Dasdf ljBt' \\ kl/ky 6'6fpFbf rD' asTjdf s] c;/ k5{ cWoog ug{ nufpg] ljBfyLn{ fO{ cfˆgf] 3/df ljB't\\ r'Das sxfF sxfF k|of]u ul/G5 kQf nufP/ cfpg nufpg] sIffdf ;a}sf] pQ/ le8fP/ Pp6f tflnsf tof/ kf/L b}lgs hLjgdf ljB'tLo r'Dassf pkof]lutf zLifs{ /fvL sIff sf]7fsf] leQfdf e'mG8\\ofO{ k:| t't ug{ nufpg] 193

*=@ ljBt' \\  k|of]u l;k  *=@=! ;fwf/0f ;n]  l;sfO l;k    *=@=@ ljB't\\ kl/kydf  k|of]u l;k  ko| f]u x'g] ;ª\\s]tx¿ /  kl/kysf] /v] flrq  /rgfTds ;fr] l;k *=@=# ljBt' \\af6 tfk  ko| f]u l;k  pTkfbg -;fwf/0f ljlw_ 194

klxn] klxn] s;/L ljB't\\ pTkfbg  ;fwf/0f ;]naf6 ul/GYof] xf]nf egL ;f]Wg] / ;fwf/0f ljB't\\ pTkfbg xg' ] ;n] sf] kl/ro lbg] . o;sf] dxŒj tl/sf ;f]Wf/] / ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{] o;sf] dxTj atfpg nufP/ >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] k|of]u u/L ;fwf/0f ;]nsf] kl/ro lbg]  ;fwf/0f ;]n lgdf{0f ug]{ sfo{sf] ;fwf/0f ;n] sf nflu cDn jf cldnf] d\"Nofªs\\ g u/]/ j:t,' tfdf / h:tf kftf rflxg] s/' f atfpFb} lgdf{0f u/]/ b]vfpg] / ljBfyL{nfO{ o;sf] j0f{g ug{ nufpg] ljleGg kmnkm\" n,cfn,' cGo cDnLo kbfy{ tyf uf]a/ cflb k|of]u u/L ;fwf/0f ;n] lgdf{0f ug{ l;sfpg] ljBt' \\ axgsf nflu k\"0f{ kl/kysf]  ljB't\\ kl/kydf cfjZostf k5{ eGg] s/' f :d/0f ko| f]u ul/g] ;fwf/0f u/fpg] j:t'x¿sf ;ª\\s]t / gfdsf] hf8] f ljB't\\ kl/kysf] lrq agfpFbf ldnfpg nufP/ ;ª\\s]tsf] cfjZostf atfO{ ljB't\\ kl/kydf ko| f]u x'g] ;ª\\s]tx¿ tyf  ;ªs\\ t] n]Vg jf lrGxx¿ -8f« O ;]n, lrd aQL, l:jr, lrGg nufP/ tf/ / ltgLx¿sf] k|of]u u/L ljBt' \\ kl/kysf] /]vf lrq sfg] { l;sfpg]  kl/kysf] /v] flrq dN\" ofªs\\ g u/]/ 8f« O ;]n / l:jr /fvL gfOqmfd] jf  ;fwf/0f lx6/sf] sG:6]G6o\\ fg jf 6ª\\u:6]g tf/af6 tfk ljBt' \\ kl/kysf] lrq cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

*=@=$ kmo\\ 'h /  l;sfO l;k Pdl;aLsf] ;fwf/0f kl/ro  l;sfO l;k   ;~rf/ l;k  -k    (= kbfy{ (=! ld>0f  /rgfTds  (=!=! ld>0fsf] kl/ro / ;f]r l;k cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

pTkGg ug{ / sf]7f ttfpg] lx6/nfO{ sfg] { nufP/ !% ;fjwfgLsf ;fy d]gnfOgdf Knu  lx6/ afNg ;s] hf]8]/ tfk pTkGg ug{ l;sfpg] g;s]sf] x]/]/ w/] } ljBt' \\ ax]sf] v08df kl/ydf  km\\oh' tf/ / ePsf ;fwgx¿df w]/} tfk pTkGg eP/ hN5g\\ egL dflys} k|ofu] df tf/ Pdl;aLn] k|bfg ug{] anfP/ b]vfpg] ;'/Iff;DaGwL k|Zg ;fw] /] o:tf] cj:yfdf kmo\\ 'h tf/ / Pdl;aLn] ;'/Iff kb| fg u5{g\\ egL  ljleGg kbfy{ lbO{ km\\oh' tf/ / Pdl;aLsf] kl/ro lbg] . ljleGg ld>0f km\\o'h tf/n] arfPsf] k|bz{g ug{ klg 195 ;lsg]_ 7'nf tyf dxFuf ljB'tLo pks/0fdf km\\o'h /flvg] tYo atfpg] tyf ;Dej eP bv] fpg] o:tf pks/0fdf k|of]u ul/g] km\\oh' bv] fpg] 3/df kmo\\ h' hn] kl5 jf Pdl;aL em/] kl5 ljB't\\ kl/kydf ePsf] ;d:of ;dfwfg u/]kl5 csf]{ km\\oh' tf/ /flvlbg] tyf Pdl;aL cg ug'k{ g]{ s/' f atfpg] ljBfyL{nfO{ ;dx\" df ljefhg u/L g'g, lrgL, kfgL, cNsf]xn, sk\"/, sk/

k|sf/  ko| f]u l;k  ;dfg / c;dfg  l;sfO l;k ld>0f   3f]n, ;:k]G;g /  sfn] fO] 8  bl} gs hLjgdf 3f]nsf] dxTj     196

;Nkm]6 h:tf z4' kbfy{ lbg] / agfpg nufP/ / ltgLx¿nfO{ ld;fO{ ljleGg lsl;dsf sfo{ s'zntf ;fy} ld>0f agfpg nufpg] JofVofg Ifdtfsf] d\"Nofª\\sg u/]/ cjojx¿ b]lvg] / gb]lvg] cfwf/df ld>0fx¿ ;dfg / c;dfg lsl;dsf]  ;dfg / c;dfg x'g] s/' f pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg]{ ld>0fsf] hf]8f ldnfpg nufP/ kbfy{sf] s0fsf ;fOhsf] cfwf/df ld>0fx¿ ;:k]G;g, sfn] f]O8 / 3f]n  3f]n, ;:kG] ;g / u/L tLg lsl;dsf xg' ] s/' f sfn] fO] 8 lrGg pbfx/0fx¿;lxt :ki6 kfg{] nufP/ 7f;] 3'lnt kbfy{x¿ -gg' , lrgL jf  3fn] df 3l' nt / cGo_, kfgL / cfjZos ;fdu|L lbO{ 3f]ns kbfy{ klxrfg 3f]Ng nufpg] / k|Zg ug{] M s] 3'lnt ug{ / kl/efiff nV] g kbfy{ bl] vG5 < ljBfyL{sf] nufP/ kl| tlj|mofnfO{ cem k:| 6 kfb{} 3f]nsf] kl/efiff lgsfNg nufpg]  3f]n agfpg ;s] g;s]sf] cjnf]sg kb| zg{ åf/f 3'lnt / 3fn] s kbfys{ f] u//] kl/efiff atfpg nufpg]  b}lgs hLjgdf ;d\"xdf 5nkmn u/L b}lgs hLjgdf 3fn] sf] 3fn] sf] pkof]usf] ;r\" L tof/ u/L pbfx/0f;lxt ;r\" L k|:t't ug{ nufpg] tof/ ug{ nufP/ b}lgs hLjgdf 3fn] sf] dxTjnfO{ lel8ofå] f/f k|bz{g ug{] cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&

(=!=@ ld>0f 5'6o\\ fpg]  k|of]u /  ljlwx¿ l;sfO l;k   jfikLs/0f ljlw    cf;jfg lj|mof -  :yfgLo kl| jlw ;lxt_   k]k/ j|mfd] f6fu] |fkmL  ;l] G6«ˆo\"lhª\\ -:yfgLo k|ljlw ;lxt_    cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

ld>0fsf ljleGg pbfx/0f lbg] / lbg  ld>0f 56' \\ofpg] nufpg] / o;sf] 5nkmnåf/f ld>0f ljlwx¿sf] gfd 5'6\\ofpg] ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] kl/ro atfpg nufP/ u/fpg]  jfikLs/0f kl| j|mof jfikLs/0f kl| j|mofåf/f kfgLdf 3l' nt k|bzg{ ug{ nufO{ gg\" 5'6\\ofpg] k|of]u u/fpg] / cjnfs] g u/]/ 5nkmn tyf JofVofåf/f jfikLs/0f kl| jm| ofsf] ld>0f 56' \\ofpg] dxŒjsf]  cf;jg ljm| ofsf] rrf{ ug{]+ a'emfO kl| tljDag ug{ nufP/ cf;jg ljm| ofsf] lel8of] b]vfpFb} kl/ro lbg]  cf;jg lj|mofåf/f ld>0faf6 cjojx¿ cf;jg ljm| ofåf/f ld>0f 5'6o\\ fpg] 56' \\l6g] kl| j|mof k|bzg{ ug]{ / JofVof ug{ nufpg] JofVof ug{ nufP/ cf;jg lj|mofåf/f ld>0f 5'6o\\ fpg]  cf;jg ljm| ofåf/f k|of]u h:t} kfgLsf] z'4Ls/0f, /S;L ld>0f 56' \\ofpg] agfpg] kl| j|mof, vfgf agfpFbf k|of]usf] ;lj|motf, 9sgLdf kfgL hDdf xg' ] k|ljmof ko| f]u 5nkmndf ;xeflutf ug{] tyf lel8of] lSnk bv] fO{ 5nkmn / JofVofg Ifdtfsf] ug{] dN\" ofª\\sg u/]/ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;Dej eP ;Dd ;dx\"  kk] / ;dx\" df pknAw ;fdu|Lcg';f/ j|mfd] f6f]u|fkmLåf/f cf;jg ljm| ofsf] ko| f]u ug{ nufpg] /ªsf] ld>0faf6 /ª\\ cjojx¿ 5'6\\ofpg k]k/ jm| f]df6f]u|fkmL ljlwsf] 5nkmn nufP/ ug{]  /ª\\ 5'l66\\ g] sf/0f jm| fd] f6f]u|fkmL kk] /sf] k|of]uåf/f /ªsf] 197

     !)= bl} gs !)=! b}lgs k|ofu] sf  ;~rf/ l;k  k|of]usf /f;folgs kbfyx{ ¿  l;sfO l;k kbfyx{ ¿  vfB kbfyx{ ¿ -l3p, tn] , gg' , lrgL, a]lsª, 198

ld>0faf6 /ªx¿ 56' o\\ fpg] eGg nufP/ ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg] / lel8of] bv] fO{ /ª 56' \\l6g] sf/0fsf] 5nkmn /  ;l] G6«ˆo'lhª ljlwsf] JofVof ug{] ko| f]u u/L ld>0f 5'6\\6ofpg nufP/ ;l] G6«ˆo'hsf] k|ofu] u/L ld>0f 5'6o\\ fpg] kl| jm| of 5nkmn ug{]  ;l] G6«ˆo'lhª ljlwsf] j0f{g ug{ nufP/ bxLaf6 l3p 56' \\ofpg,] af6] ndf kfgL / df6f]sf] ld>0f 5'6\\ofpg], ;]lG6«ˆo'h  ;l] G6«ˆo'hsf k|ofu] sf dl] ;gaf6 rg' kfgL / df6fs] f] kfgL pbfx/0f lbg nufP/ lyU/fpg] k|of]u u/fpg] ;fy} lel8of] b]vfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg]  7s] L–dbfgLsf] gdg' f tyf sfo{ cjnfs] g :yfgLo kl| jlw 7]sL–dbfgLsf] / u//] cfwl' gs k|ljlwaf6 bxLaf6 gf}gL lgsfNg] ljlwaf/] eGg nufpg,] 5nkmn u/fpg,] ;Dea eP;Dd kb| zg{ ug{,] >Aobi[ o ljlwaf6 b]vfpg] 7s] L–dbfgLsf] gd'gf agfpg nufpg] / cjnf]sg u/fpg] cfw'lgs ;]lG6«ˆoh' d]l;g jf lel8of] bv] fO{ o;n] s;/L sfd u5{ atfpg] l3p, t]n, gg' , lrgL, a]lsª, ;f8] f  3/df b}lgs k|of]u !) nufotsf sx] L vfB kbfy{x¿sf] ul/g] /f;folgs kl/ro / ;fdfGo ko| f]u 5nkmn ub{} kbfys{ f pbfx/0f logLx¿nfO{ /f;folgs kbfy{sf] lbg nufP/ ¿kdf lrgfpg]  ;kmfOd{ f k|of]u x'g] cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

;f]8f_   ;kmfOsf nflu ko| f]u  xg' ] kbfyx{ ¿ -;fjg' ,  :ofDk', l86/h]G6, km]gf]n / stain remover_  /f;folgs kbfya{ f6 xg' ] jftfj/0fLo ke| fj !)=@ wft' / cwft'  ko| f]u l;k   lg0f{o l;k   wft' / cwft'sf efl} ts u'0fx¿ -aHg] u'0f (sonority_, 6nsbf/ (Lusture) tlGsg] (ductile), lk6/] kftf agfpg ldNg] - malleable), tfk / ljBt' \\sf] ;r' fng, cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

;fa'g, :ofDk', l86/h]G6, km]gf]n / /f;folgs kbfy{sf] stain remover h:tf ;\"rL tof/ ug{ ;/;kmfOdf pkof]u x'g] kbfy{x¿sf] nufP/ kl/ro / ;fdfGo k|ofu] 5nkmn ub{}  /f;folgs kbfy{af6 ltgLx¿nfO{ /f;folgs kbfy{sf] x'g] jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf lrgfpg] k|efj nV] g nufP/  5nkmn, lgjGw tyf b}lgs hLjgdf k|of]u x'g] cGo jStT[ jsnfsf] /f;folgs kbfy{x¿sf yk cjnf]sg u//] pbfx/0fx¿ vfh] L ug{ nufpg]  wft' / cwft'sf bl} gs hLjgdf ko| f]u x'g] /f;folgs ef}lts u0' fx¿ kbfy{x¿sf] cJojl:yt ¿kdf kmfNbf k/LIf0f ug{ ;Sg] jftfj/0fdf kg{] gsf/fTds ke| fjsf Ifdtfsf] d\"Nofªs\\ g pbfx/0fx¿ k|:t't ub{} 5nkmn ug]{ / u/]/ plrt Joj:yfkg ug'{kg]{ s'/fsf] af]w u/fpg], lgjGw nV] g nufpg,]  wft' / cwft' lar jSt[Tjsnf u/fpg] leGgtf n]Vg nufP/ pknAw wft' / cwft'sf aHg] u0' f  kl/ofh] gf sfo{sf] (sonority_, 6nsbf/ (Lusture) tlGsg] dN\" ofª\\sg u/]/ (ductile) / lk6/] kftf agfpg ldNg] -malleable) u0' f, tfk / ljB't\\sf] ;'rfng, 3gTj cflb u0' fx¿ eP gePsf] k|bz{g u/L o;sf cfwf/df wft' / cwft' lrgfpg] wft' / cwft'sf efl} ts u'0fx¿sf] j0fg{ ug{] 199

3gTj_   !! kY[ jL / !!=! df6f]  ko| f]u l;k   cGtl/If  df6fs] f] kl/ro  ;~rf/ l;k  df6f] aGg] kl| j|mof  /rgfTds ;f]r l;k  e\"Ifo / lgIf]k0f  df6fs] f] ;+/If0f   df6f]sf] kf| ]kmfOn !!=@ df6f] kb| \"if0f   sf/0f, c;/ /  /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ !!=# kY[ jL   kY[ jLsf] leqL agf]6  rf/ Ct'x¿ / bl} gs  hLjgdf To;sf c;/x¿  200

s]xL wft' / cwft'x¿ lbP/ ;dx\" df ltgLx¿sf] ef}lts u0' fx¿sf] k/LIf0f u/L wft' / cwft' klxrfg u/L km/s 5'6o\\ fpg nufpg] j/k/ kfOg] wft' / cwfts' f 6'j|mfx¿ ;s+ ng ug]{ kl/ofh] gf sfo{ u/fpg] df6fs] f] kb| z{g u/L kl/ro lbg  df6f]sf] kl/efiff !) nufpg] ;fw] /] cfˆgf] ljBfno j/k/af6 df6f]sf]  df6f] aGg] k|lj|mof gd'gf ;ª\\sng u/L df6f]sf] j0f{g ug{ nufP/ ;/+ rgfsf] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg]  df6f] ;+/If0f ug]{ df6f] aGg] kl| j|mofsf] af/d] f 5nkmn tl/sfx¿ eGg u/fpg] nufP/ e\"Ifo / lgIf]k0fsf lel8of] ;fdu|Lx¿  df6fs] f] k|f]kmfOn bv] fpbF } o;sf c;/x¿ rrf{ ug]{ klxrfg ug{ nufP/ df6fn] fO{ ;/+ If0f ug]{ tl/sfx¿  Dff6f] kb| i\" f0f x'gsf 5nkmn u/fpg] sf/0f / c;/x¿sf] klxrfg ug{ nufP/ Kfo| f]uåf/f df6f]sf] k|fk] mfOn kb| zg{ ug{] / ;f]xL adfl] hd ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{  Dff6f] k|bi\" f0f k|f]kmfOn tof/ ug{ nufpg] /fs] yfdsf pNnv] ug{ nufP/ ;Dej eP;Dd >JobZ[ o ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 df6f]sf] kf| ]kmfOn b]vfpg]  kY[ jLsf] leqL efusf] df8] n] df ljleGg Dff6f] k|bi\" f0fsf sf/0f, c;/ / efu lrGg nufP/ /fs] yfdsf pkfox¿ klxrfg ug{ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

     cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

nufO{ k:| t't ug{ nufpg]  ljBfyL{n] tof/ kf/s] f] k[YjLsf] leqL >JobZ[ o ;fdu|Lsf] ko| f]uåf/f df6f] efusf] df]8n] sf] kb| \"if0fsf sf/0f, c;/ / /f]syfdsf d\"Nofª\\sg u/]/ pkfox¿ Kf|:t't ug{]  l;hgsf gfd / kY[ jLsf] aflx/L efudf df6f,] r66\\ fg, ljz]iftfsf] hf]8f kfgL cflb xG' 5g\\ eg] o;sf] leqL ldnfpg nufP/ efu s:tf] xf]nf < 5nkmn u/fP/ kj\" { 1fg kQf nufpg]  sIfdf k[YjLsf] :yfg / l;hg larsf] k[YjLsf] leqL agf]6 ;DalGw lel8of] ;DaGwaf/] kZ| g b]vfpg] . ;De+ j geP lrq b]vfP/ ;f]w/] crust, mantle, core sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro lbg]  tof/ kf/]sf] rf6{ cjnfs] g u/]/ ljBfyL{nfO{ df6f] jf k'/fgf va/ sfuh lehfP/ k[YjLsf] leqL agf]6sf] 201 df8] ]n agfpg k|f]h]S6 lbg,] agfpg ;xofu] ug]{ . tof/L df8] n] x¿nfO{ ljBfno jf sIffsf7] f ;hfpg k|of]u ug]{ Unf]a / aQLsf] ;xfotfn] k[YjLn] c08fsf/ af6f] -sIf_ af6 ;\"on{ fO{ kl/j|mdf ug{ #^% lbg nufpg] ljm| of kb| z{g u/L ljleGg 7fpdF f k[YjLsf ljleGg efusf] ;\"o;{ Fusf] b/' L tn' gf ug{ nufO{ hf8f] udL{ s] xG' 5 cg'dfg ug{ nufpg] / ;o\" {;Fusf] b'/L geO ;\"o{sf] ls/0fn] kY[ jLsf] ljleGg

   !!=$ ;fo} { d08n  l;sfO l;k  / k|of]u l;k  ;o\" {sf] kl/ro - cfsf/, agfj6,  /rgfTds tfkj|md / tfksf] ;fr] l;k ;f| ]t_   ;fo} { d08nsf ;b:ox¿sf] kl/ro -  ux| , pku|x, lzzu' x| , nfdk5' ],« pNsf / pNsflk08_ 202

efudf agfpg] sf]0f -l;wf jf 58s\\ ]_ / ;dofjlwsf] af/d] f 5nkmn u/fpg] ;a} efudf lbg / /ft a/fa/ x'G5 ls xb'F g} / geP s'g cj:yfdf /ft nfdf / sg' cj:yfdf lbg nfdf] xG' 5 cWoog ug{ nufpg] o;sf] cfwf/df rf/ l;hg -ljG6/, l:kª| , ;d/ / c6d_ lrGg nufpg] tyf k|Tos] l;hgsf ljz]iftf atfpg nufpg] olx tYo af]8{df jf rf6d{ f lrq agfO{ bv] fP/ JofVof ug{] . ;Dej eP lel8of] b]vfpg] ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;\"o{sf] cfsf/ -k[YjL eGbf  ;\"o{ pmhfs{ f] k|dv\" slt u'0ff 7'nf]_, tfkj|md, kY[ jLaf6 ;f| t] xf] eGg] ;/b/ b'/L / tfksf] ;|ft] af/] tYox¿ tYonfO{ JofVof ug{ OG6/g]6df vf]h]/ l6Kg nufpg] / tL nufP/ tYox¿nfO{ ;dx\" df 5nkmn u/fpg]  ;f}o{d08ndf ePsf ;\"o{sf] lel8of] kb| zg{ u/L ljleGg lk08x¿sf] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ;o\" {sf] ljzfntf gfd eGg nufP/ dx;'; u/fpg] ;\"od{ f xfO8«fh] g k/df0fx' ¿sf] ;o+ f]hgaf6 tfk pTkGg x'G5 eGg] s'/f -/f;folgs ;dLs/0f cfjZos 5}g_ atfpbF } o;nfO{ ;f/f kf| 0fL cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

    hDdf sIff & jm| =; ljifoj:t'sf] ljifoj:t' Jojxf/sz' n dV' If]q÷PsfO l;k  ! j}1flgs !=! lj1fgsf ko| f]ufTds  /rfgfTds l;sfO sfo{ ;fr] l;k  kl/ro / ;fdfGo ljlw  ;d:of ;dfwfg  ko| f]ufTds sfo{ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

huts\\ f] hLjgsf] cfwf/sf] ¿kdf rrf{ u/fpg] ;fo} {d08ndf x'g] ;b:ox¿sf] af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg] ;f}o{d08nsf] lel8of] k|bz{g ug{] / o;sf] cfwf/df ;fo} d{ 08nsf] kl/efiff lbg nufpg] ;f}o{d08nsf] lel8of] / rf6{ b]vfO{ ;\"o{nfO{ kl/j|mdf ug]{ lk08x¿sf] gfd klxrfg ug{ nufpg] ;f}od{ 08nsf] lrq agfP/ ljleGg ux| x¿sf] :yfg b]vfpg nufpg] !^) Vo l;sfO ljm| ofsnfk ;Defljt sfo{ dN\" ofª\\sg 306f k|ljm| of !) cGo PsfO;Fu ;DalGwt jf ;fdfGo  k|ltj]bgsf] k|of]ufTds sfox{ ¿ kb| zg{ u/L cjnf]sg dN\" ofª\\sg u//] ug{ nufpg] / pSt sfos{ f] k|ltj]bg n]vg 9fFrfsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ug{] 203

k|ltj]bgsf cªu\\ x¿ M l;k  zLif{s, p2Z] o,  cg'dfg, cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;r\" L, lrq, ljlw, glthf tyf lgZsif{  k|ltab] g n]vg !=@ df8] n] lgdf0{ f  /rfgfTds  kl| jm| of ;fr] l;k  @ ;\"rgf @=! cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿  cjnf]sg /  tyf l;sfO l;k ;~rf/  kl/ro / pbfx/0f kl| jlw @=@ OG6/g]6, Odn] /  l;sfO l;k  204

lj1fgsf k|of]ufTds sfo{ u/]kl5 To;sf] k|ltj]bg n]Vgsf nflu jm| dzM ljm| ofsnfksf] zLifs{ , p2Z] o, cgd' fg, cfjZos ;fdu|Lx¿sf] ;\"rL, lrq, ljlw, glthf tyf lgZsif{ n]Vg l;sfpg] sg' } Ps lj|mofsnfk -pbfx/0fsf nflu cf;jg ljm| of åf/f ld>0f 5'6o\\ fpg] lj|mofsnfk_ u/fpg] / To;sf] kl| tj]bg tof/ kfg{ nufpg] p2Z] o lgwf{/0f, ;DalGwt l;4fGtsf]  df]8]n cWoog, cfjZos ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\\sng u/L :t/Lotf x]/]/ ;fjwfgLk\"j{s df]8n] lgdf{0f ug{ l;sfpg]  k:| t'tLs/0fsf] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljifoj:t;' Fu ;DjlGwt cjnfs] g ljleGg df8] n] x¿ tof/ ug{ nufpg] / u//] lgdf{0f k|ljm| of sIffsf7] fdf k:| t't ug{ nufpg] 5nkmnåf/f cfOl;6Lsf ;fwgx¿sf]  cfOl;6Lsf #) pbfx/0f lbg nufpg] / tkl;nsf ;fwgx¿sf] ;fwgx¿sf] lrq / jf:tljs j:tx' ¿ pbfx/0f k|bzg{ u/L ltgLx¿sf] gfd :d/0f u/fpg] atfpg nufP/ M Multimedia projector, scanner, digital  camera, e-book, video tutorials, digital resources, web, www, browsers, search engine 5nkmn tyf kb| z{gåf/f Online resources  OG6/g6] , cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

af| ph/  kf| ljlws   kl/ro ;fIf/tf   ;fdfGo ko| f]u l;k  ;r\" gf ;fIf/tf l;k @=# Spreadsheet  k|of]u l;k  software df uf| km /  rf6s{ f] lgdf0{ f  k|fljlws ;fIf/tf l;k @=$ kmf]6f] Ol8l6ª  ko| f]u l;k   kmf]6f] lvRg]  kf| ljlws ;fIf/tf cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

(e-book, video tutorials, digital Odn] sf] k|of]u resources, web, www, browsers, search u/L lgdf0{ f u/]sf] engine) x¿;UF f kl/lrt u/fpg] kl/of]hgf k/Dk/ft lr7Lsf] tn' gfdf On]S6f« ]lgs sfo{x¿sf] dn] sf kmfObf tyf ak] mfObf 5nkmn ug{] cfbfg k|bfg OG6/g6] sf] dfWodaf6 lj1fg ljifo;Fu u/]sf] ;DalGwt s'g} Ps ;fdu|Lsf] kl/ofh] gf cjnf]sg sfo{ tof/ ug{ l;sfpg] / ug{ nufpg] u//] tyf Odn] ug{ nufO{ cfbfgk|bfg ug{ nufpg]  Spreadsheet Spreadsheet software df ;ffwf/0f lx;fa -hf8] 36fp, efu, u0' fg, cf};t_ l;sfpg] software df / ko| f]u ug{ nufpg] ;fwf/0f Spreadsheet software df u|fkm / rf6{sf] lx;fa ug{ lgdf{0f ug{ l;sfpg] / lgdf{0f ug{ nufpg] nufP/ l8lh6n Sofd/] faf6 lj1fgsf]  Spreadsheet ljifoj:t;' Fu ;DalGwt kmf]6f] lvrL sDKo'6/df ;f//] To;nfO{ u|flkms software df lgdf0{ f ul/Psf] uf| km tyf rf6{sf] cjnfs] g u/]/  kmf]6f] lvrL Ol8l6ª u/]sf] cjnfs] g 205

 Ol8l6ª ug]{ l;k @=% sDo6' /df nfUg]  l;sfO l;k  efO/;   lgbfg  k|fljlws  ;'/Iffsf pkfo ;fIf/tf l;k @=^ Software sf] ;fdfGo kl/ro  l;sfO l;k  @=& sDo'6/ tyf  k|of]u l;k  OG6/g6] sf] k|of]u;DaGwL  cfrf/ ;l+ xtf #= hLjx¿ / #=! la?jfsf efux¿  /rgfTds  ltgLx¿sf]  h/f, sf08, kft, km\"n ;fr] l;k 206

;km6\\ j]o/sf] ;xfotfn] Ol8l6ª -sf6g\\ ,] u/]/ ;fOh a9fpg] 36fpg,] nfO6 / sn/ ldnfpg_ ug{ l;sfpg] / ko| f]u ug{  sDKo6' /df nufpg] efO/; eP÷gePsf] sDKo6' /df nfUg] efO/;, ;g]{ tl/sf, kQf nufP/ / o;sf] lgbfg / ;'/Iffsf pkfox¿;DaGwL efO/; 5nkmn ug{] / sDKo'6/ cfrf/ ;l+ xtf x6fpg] pkfo tof/ kf/L ;a}n] b]Vg ;Sg] 7fpdF f 6fF:g atfpg nufpg] nufP/ sDKo'6/df nfUg] efO/; lgbfg ug{] tl/sf k|bz{g ug]{ / ug{ nufpg]  Software sf ks| f/ atfpg System Software / application software nufP/ sf pbfx/0fx¿ k:| t't ub} 5nkmnåf/f kl/ro lbg] sDo6' / k|of]u ;DaGwL cfrf/ ;+lxtfaf/]  sDKo'6/ 5nkmn u/fpg] cfrf/ ;l+ xtf sDKo'6/sf] ko| f]u;DaGwL cfrf/ ;+lxt kfngf u/] kfngf ug{ nufpg] gu/]sf] cjnf]sg u/]/ ljBfyLs{ f] ;xofu] df ljleGg ks| f/sf  la?jf lbO{ !@ ;;fgf la?jf ;ª\\sng u/L h/f, sf08, To;sf cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

agf]6 / kmnsf] agf]6 /  l;sfO l;k sfox{ ¿  ko| f]u l;k  #=!=! la?jfsf ¿kfGtl/t  efux¿  ¿kfGtl/t h/f, sf08 / kftsf] klxrfg, agf]6 / sfo{      cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

kft, kmn / k\"mn 5'6\\6o\\ fpg nufpg] efux¿ klxrfg ug{ ;ª\\sng ul/Psf la?jfsf ljleGg nufP/ efux¿nfO{ 5'66\\ f 5'6\\6} 7fpFdf /fVg nufpg] / kT| o]s efunfO jm| dzM  lrq cjnfs] g ug{ nufO agf]6sf] cfwf/df cjnfs] g ljefhg ug{ nufpg] / lrq sf]g{ nufO u//] agf]6sf] j0fg{ ug{ nufpg]  km\"n km'Ng] kmn\" / kmn;lxtsf] la?jfsf] ;/n lrq la?jfsf sfg] { nufO{ efux¿sf] gfdfs/0f ug{ ljleGg nufpg] efux¿sf] j0fg{ ug{ h/f, sf08, kft, k'mn / kmnsf] sfoa{ f/] nufP/ 5nkmn u/fO{ ;\"rL tof/ ug{ nufpg]  lrq la?jfsf ¿kfGtl/t h/fx¿ -storage root, cjnf]sg aerial root, parasitic root) sf] pbfx/0f u//] k|:t't u/fpg]  la?jfsf efu la?jfsf ¿kfGtl/t sf08 (tuber, lrGg nufP/ rhizome, corm, bulb, tendril, thorn) sf] pbfx/0f k|:t't u/L ltgLx¿sf] sfo{x¿  sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg] u/fOPsf] 5nkmnsf] la?jfsf] ¿kfGtl/t kft (spine, storage cjnfs] g leaf, insect traping leaf) sf] pbfx/0f u/]/ k:| t't u/L ltgLx¿sf] sfox{ ¿ 5nkmn u/fpg]  la?jfsf efux¿sf] ;Dej eP ;Dd jf:tljs h/f, kft / sfox{ ¿sf] sf08 k|bzg{ u/L 5nkmn u/fpg] / 207

#=@ 9f8 gePsf  k|of]u l;k  hgfj/x¿sf] juLs/0f M  /rgfTds  Ps sfi] fLo, l5b| l5b|  z/L/ ePsf, vf]jm| f] z/L/ ;fr] l;k ePsf, r]K6f] z/L/ ePsf, 8fn] f] z/L/ ePsf, z/L/ v08 v08 ePsf, v08 v08 v6' \\6f ePsf, g/d z/L/ ePsf / sf8F f;lxtsf] s8f cfj/0f ePsf 208

cGoyf lrq∕lel8of] kb| z{g u/L cjnfs] g ;\"rL u/fpg] cjnf]sg u//]  sIff sfo{snfkdf ljBfyLs{ f] ;xeflutf / ;ljm| otfsf] cjnfs] g u//]  la?jfsf ¿kfGtl/t efux¿sf] lrqx¿ sfg] { nufP/ cfk\\mgf] j/k/ kfOg] hgfj/x¿sf]  9f8 gePsf -uF8o\\ f+n} f, h'sf, k'tnL, zª\\vl] s/f, gfDn] hgfj/x¿sf] hs' f, cflb_ cjnf]sg u/fO{ nIf0f 5nkmn lrqx]/L u/fpg] nIf0fsf hLjx¿sf :nfO8x¿ -cldaf, xfO8f« _ cfwf/df cjnf]sg u/fO{ nIf0fx¿ j0f{g ug{ ;dx\" lrGg nufpg] / lrq sf]g{ nufpg] nufP/ hLjx¿sf Dol' hod :kl] ;dg] x¿ -;fOsg,  9f8 gePsf hl] nlkm;, :6f/lkm;_ cjnf]sg u/fO{ hgfj/x¿sf] nIf0fx¿ 5nkmn u/fpg] ljleGg ;dx\" df kg{] cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&

hgfj/x¿sf nIf0fx¿ /  pbfx/0fx¿  #=# hLjsfi] f  /rgfTds  ;fr] l;k  sfi] fsf] kl/ro   jg:klt sf]if / hGt'sf]if  jg:klt sf]if / hGt'sfi] fsf] agf6] $= h}ljs $=! jftfj/0f / o;sf]  l;sfO l;k  ljljwtf / ;Gt'ng  /rgfTds jftfj/0f $=!=! k|fsl[ ts ;f| t] ;fr] l;k  cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&

5nkmnsf] cfwf/df 9f8 gePsf hgfj/x¿sf] hgfj/x¿nfO{ sfi] fsf ;ª\\Vof, z/L/sf] pbfx/0f lbg agf]6, v'6\\6f / cfj/0fsf] k|sf/sf nufP/ cfwf/df ljleGg ju{ -Ps sf]ifLo, l5b| l5b| z/L/ ePsf, vf]j|mf] z/L/ ePsf, r]K6f]  hgfj/sf z/L/ ePsf, 8fn] f] z/L/ ePsf, v08 v08 lrq jf kmf]6f] z/L/ ePsf, v08 v08 v'6\\6f ePsf, jf g/d z/L/ ePsf / sf8F f;lxtsf] s8f ljz]iftfx¿ / cfj/0f ePsf hgfj/x¿_ df ljefhg ug{ ju{ hf]8f nufpg] ldnfpg nufP/ 9f8 gePsf hgfj/x¿sf] :k]l;d]g, lrq jf kmf]6f] lbO{ ljz]iftfsf] klxrfg ug{ l;sfpg] hgfj/ / jg:klt sf]ifsf] rf6{ / lel8of]  cjnfs] gsf cjnf]sg u/fO{ ljleGg cjojx¿ - ;fO6f]KnfHd, dfO6fs] fl] G8o« f, Gol' Sno;, cfwf/df Eofsn' , sfi] f leQf, Knfli68 cflb_ sf] hgfj/ / klxrfg ug{ nufpg] jg:klt hgfj/ / jg:klt sf]ifdf bl] vPsf sf]ifsf leGgtfx¿ klxrfg ug{ nufpg] / leGgtf rf6{ tof/ u/L kb| z{g ug{ nufpg] leGgtf atfpg nufP/ jftfj/0f / o;sf] ;Gtn' g ;DaGwdf  k|fsl[ ts !) 5nkmn u/fpg] ;f| t] x¿sf] kf| sl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿sf] klxrfg ug{ nufO{ o;sf] kl/ro lbg nufpg] gfd atfpg nufP/ 209

 kl/ro / dxTj   $=!=@ kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf]  /rgfTds  juL{s/0f ;f]r l;k   gjLs/0fLo ;|f]tx¿  cgjLs/0fLo ;|ft] x¿ $=!=# hn;|f]t, hnfwf/  l;sfO l;k  / l;d;f/sf] dxTj  ;~rf/ l;k  210

5nkmnåf/f k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;\"rL tof/  kf| s[lts ug{ nufpg] ;f| ]tsf] dxŒj kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf] dxTj 5nkmn ug]{ . o; atfpg ;DaGwdf jSt[Tjsnf ;~rfng ug]{ nufP/ jSt[Tjsnf cjnf]sg u//] k|fsl[ ts ;f| ]tx¿nfO{ gjLs/0fLo /  gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLodf juLs{ /0f ug{ nufpg] cgjLs/0fLo k|fsl[ ts gjLs/0fLo / cgjLs/0fLo k|fsl[ ts ;|ft] sf] ;f| ]tx¿sf] pbfx/0fx¿ vf]hL k|:t't ug{ kl/efiff / nufpg] pbfx/0f ;f]w/] , juLs{ /0f ug{ nufP/ >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] dfWodaf6 hn;f| t] ,  hn;|f]t, hnfwf/ / l;d;f/sf] kl/ro, dxŒj / hnfwf/ / ;+/If0fsf pkfox¿af/] 5nkmn u/fpg] l;d;f/sf] kl/ro, dxŒj glhssf] hn;|ft] jf hnfwf/ jf l;d;f/sf] :ynut e|d0f u/fO{ ;/n / ;/+ If0fsf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ nufpg] pkfox¿ j0f{g ug{ nufP/  :ynut ed| 0fsf] cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&

$=@ k|fs[lts ;|ft] sf]  /rgfTds  ljgfz ;f]r l;k   sf/0f / c;/x¿  ;~rf/ l;k   $=# 7f;] kmf]xf/] d}nf  ko| f]u l;k  Joj:yfkg   ;d:of  7f]; kmfx] f]/d}nfsf] ;dfwfg  kl/ro l;k  7f;] kmf]xf]/dn} f Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&

ljBfno jf cf cfkm\\gf] 3/ j/k/ s] s:tf kl| tj]bg tyf jftfj/0fLo ;d:ofx¿ ePsf 5g\\ / k|:t'tLs/0fsf] x'gfsf] sf/0fx¿ klxrfg ug{ nufO cjnf]sg sIffdf k|:t't ug{ nufpg] u/]/ 5nkmnåf/f kf| s[lts ;f| ]tsf] ljgf;sf  k|fs[lts sf/0f / c;/x¿ klxrfg u/fpg] ;|ft] sf] ljgf;sf cfkm\\gf cg'ej, ;~rf/ dfWodaf6 sf/0f / k|sflzt∕ k|;fl/t 36gf ;g' fpg], bv] fpg] c;/x¿ tyf eGg nufpg] k|ltljDag ug{ nufP/ ;Dej eP ;Dd :ynut e|d0f u/fO cjnfs] g u/fpg] / kl| tj]bg k:| tt' ug{  k|ltj]bgsf] nufpg] dN\" ofª\\sg u//] pbfx/0fx¿ k|:tt' ub{} 7f;] kmfx] f/] dn} fsf] kl/ro lbg]  7f]; kmfx] f/] dn} f 7f;] kmfx] f]/d}nfsf] Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ hDdf xg' s' f -3Rs- Reduce, Recycle and Reuse_ sf/0fx¿ 5nkmn u/fpg] / :ki6 x'g ;xof]u ug]{ atfpg nufP/ cfcfkm\\gf] 3/df ckgfOPsf 7f]; kmfx] f]/dn} f Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ Aftfpg  ljBfnodf nufpg] ljBfyLx{ ¿n] 211


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