#=% ljifoj:ts' f] dfl} vs #=^ ; jf l;hg{ fTds cfwfl cleJolSt $= hLjgL $=! ;'gfO / ;/+ rgf $=! ;doa4 ;:j/ $=! -/fli6o« _ klxrfg k7g $=@ $=# $=@ zn} L klxrfg $=@ dfg} k7g / $=$ k|ZgfQ] / $=# 36gfj|md klxrfg, $=% wf/0ff lgdf0{ f / $=# 36gf l6kf]6 / ;f/ k:| t'lt $=^ $=$ ;+/rgf klxrfg $=$ JolStjQ[ j0fg{ $=% 36gfj|md klxrfg $=% 5nkmn, k|Zgf]Q/ tyf cgd' fg $=^ ;Gbz] u|x0f / nIo lgwf{/0f $=^ :d/0f, sNkgf / dfl} vs l;h{gf 36
;+jfb n]vg $=!>'lt;dleGgfyL{ ko| f]u k|z;+ f ( ;DalGwt ljwf jf zAbsf] ljifoj:t'df klxrfg / #=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] l/t :jtGq /rgf k|of]u klxrfg / k|of]u 36gfj|md ldnfg ;f/ n]vg x|:j psf/ kZ| gfQ] / -zAbsf] ;?' , JolStTj lar / dN\" ofªs\\ g cGTodf_ lgb]{lzt hLjgL nv] g $=! kb ;ªu\\ lt JolStjQ[ n]vg -s_ lnª\\u ;ªu\\ lt -v_ jrg ;ªu\\ lt -u_ cfb/ ;ªu\\ lt -3_ k'?if ;ªu\\ lt $=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg / ko| f]u bL3{ pmsf/ -zAbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf_ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
%= ka| Gw %=! ;'gfO / d'Vo %=! ;doa4 ;:j/ %=! > -of]u / ljifoj:t'ut tYo k7g %=@ 3 :jf:Yo_ :d/0f %=@ df}g k7g / %=# k ^= Jofjxfl/s %=@ ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ 5nkmn %=$ n]vg k|:t'lt -3/fo;L %=# ;/+ rgf klxrfg %=% lr7L_ %=# 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ %=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' %=^ ; &= syf %=$ 36gf / ;f/ j0fg{ klxrfg / afw] -;fdflhs_ %=% ;Gbz] ux| 0f %=% cg'ej / cge' l\" tsf] j0f{g %=^ sg' } ljifodf cfwfl/t :jtGq cleJolSt, sNkgf jf l;hg{ f ^=! ;g' fO / ;+/rgf ^=! dfg} k7g / ^=! k klxrfg 5nkmn ^=@ k ^=# n ^=@ z}nL cgs' /0f ^=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg ^=# 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ ^=$ ^=$ ljleGg dfWodaf6 ^=# Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' ^=% ; af]w df}lvs ¿kdf ;Gbz] ^=% ; kj| fx ^=$ ;Gb]z ux| 0f ^=% k|Zgf]Q/ &=! ;g' fO / cGt/lj|mof &=! ;doa4 ;:j/ &=! K &=@ wf/0ff lgdf0{ f / k7g &=@ dfg} k7g / cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
>l' tn]vg %=! ;dfjz] s– %=! jtd{ fg, et\" ljlzli6s/0f ( ;dfjZ] o / eljiot\\ tyf 36gfj|md ldnfg / zAbsf] sfnsf] ;fdfGoLs/0f ;f/ nv] g klxrfg / klxrfg / ko| f]u ko| f]u kZ| gf]Q/ %=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] ;fGble{s ljifo klxrfg / zLifs{ df ko| f]u -a÷j_ j0fg{ fTds n]vg a'Fbf l6kf]6 ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf k|Zgf]Q/ ^=! lzi6frf/ / ^=! ck0\" f{ kIfsf] lh1f;f ( ;Daf]wghGo klxrfg / !) kZ| g lgdf{0f zAbsf] k|of]u klxrfg / n]vg 9frF f / zn} L ko| f]u ^=@ låTj ePsf cg's/0f zAb klxrfg &=! cgs] fyL{ / ko| fu] k|To'Q/ n]vg zAbsf] klxrfg / ^=# j0fl{ jGof;sf] ;Gbz] d\"ns kf7sf] klxrfg / cgs' /0ffTds k|of]u -o÷P_ /rgf &=! k\"0f{ kIfsf] tn' gf ;Gbz] d\"ns :jtGq klxrfg / kf7 /rgf ko| f]u Kffq klxrfg / 37 tn' gf
k:| tl' t 5nkmn &=@ k &=# 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / &=# 3 &=$ syfsyg / 36gf &=# ;+/rgf, kfq / &=$ 36gf klxrfg &=% j0fg{ &=% cgd' fg / sNkgfdf &=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' &=^ c afw] cfwfl/t af]w / &=& l k|:t'lt * lgaGw *=! ;g' fO / efiffz}nL *=! ;doa4 ;:j/ *=! -lghfTds_ klxrfg k7g *=@ *=# *=@ k|Zgf]Q/ / 5nkmn *=@ dfg} k7g / *=$ 5nkmn *=% *=# ljifoIfq] df cfwfl/t *=^ ljifoj:ts' f] afw] / *=# ;+/rgf klxrfg cg'ejsf] j0f{g *=$ 36gfj|md klxrfg *=% ;Gb]z ux| 0f *=$ tYo, d\"No tyf ljrf/ ux| 0f / k|ltljm| of *=% cg'dfg, sNkgf / ljifo j0fg{ 38
k|Zgf]Q/ k|of]u &=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] 36gfj|md ldnfg klxrfg / &=@ pvfg / k|of]u -C÷l/_ ;f/ nv] g 6S' sfsf] tfls{s / klxrfg / ;dLIffTds nv] g ko| f]u cg'nv] g, >'ltn]vg / cg'R5]b /rgf lgbl{] zt tyf :jtGq syf nv] g 36gfjm| d ldnfg / *=! n3t' fjfrL *=! sf/ssf] ckI] ff / ( ;f/ lgdf0{ f zAbsf] klxrfg / ljZjf; klxrfg / ko| f]u k|ZgfQ] / / lgwfl{ /t k|of]u kªl\\ Stsf] lj:tf/ -stf{, sd,{ s/0f, ckfbfg_ cgR' 5]b k\"/0f tyf cgR' 5b] n]vg *=@ ljelStsf] a'Fbf l6kf]6 klxrfg / ko| f]u -n], cg's/0ffTds nfO{, åf/f, lgaGw n]vg b]lv, af6, sf÷] sf÷sL, ;DalGwt ljwf jf /f]÷/f÷/L, ljifoj:td' f gf÷] gf÷gL, cfwfl/t :jtGq df_ /rgf *=# j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg / k|of]u cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
( sljtf (=!= ;'gfO / ljifoj:ts' f (=! noa¢ k7g (=! -;fdflhs_ af/]df dfl} vs (=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg (=@ kl| tljm| of (=# ;Gbe{ afw] !) ;j+ fb (=$ k|Zgf]Q/ (=# e (=@ no klxrfg, 5nkmn (=$ / kZ| gf]Q/ (=% (=# kf7ut ;Gb]z (=^ ; cgd' fg (=$ sNkgfdf cfwfl/t ljifo lj:tf/ (=% lgwf{l/t ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t efj j0fg{ (=^ ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t k|Zg lgdf{0f / pQ/ klxrfg !)=! ;g' fO / ;Gbe{ !)=! cfzo, ;Gbe{ / !)=! klxrfg ljifoj:ts' f !)=@ cfwf/df !)=# !)=@ wf/0ff lgdf{0f / clego] fTds k7g !)=$ ;j+ u] fTds !)=% !)=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg ;rt] tf;lxtsf] !)=^ j0fg{ fTds k:| tl' t !)=# 36gfjm| d klxrfg !)=& !)=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ !)=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' k:| t'lt afw] !)=$ 5nkmn / kZ| gfQ] / !)=% ts{ ;dy{g / v08gd08g cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
-5÷If_ uBdf ¿kfGt/0f (=! ;d\"xjfrs (=! lj|mofof]uLsf] Wofgfsif{0f !) zAbsf] k|ZgfQ] / / lgwf{l/t klxrfg / klxrfg / k|of]u kª\\lStsf] efj k|of]u lj:tf/ -;dojfrs, :yfgjfrs, efj nv] g /Lltjfrs_ ;Gb]z n]vg (=@ gfdofu] Lsf] klxrfg / sljtfsf] ko| f]u ;+/rgfsf] cgs' /0f (=# j0f{ljGof;sf] ;DalGwt ljwf jf klxrfg / ljifoj:td' f ko| f]u cfwfl/t :jtGq -Zf,if,;_ /rgf ! 36gfjm| d ldnfg !)=! kf| ljlws÷ !)=! ;o+ f]hssf] lgisif{ ( klxrfg / klxrfg @ ;f/ n]vg kfl/eflifs zAbsf] ko| f]u klxrfg / # >'ltn]vg k|of]u !)=@ lj:doflbaf]w $ k|Zgf]Q/ ssf] klxrfg / k|ofu] % cgs' /0ffTds ;+jfb nv] g !)=# lgkftsf] klxrfg / ^ ;j+ fbsf] ;dLIff k|of]u n]vg !)=$ & ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:t'df 39
!! syf !!=! ;g' fO / !!=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !!=! ljifoj:t'sf] af]w k7g - afndgfl] j1fg !!=@ dfl} vs cGt/ljm| of !!=@ df}g k7g / !!=@ _ / ljifoj:ts' f] 5nkmn !!=# k:| tl' t !!=$ !!=# kfq klxrfg, !!=# ;Gbe,{ kl/jz] , ;/+ rgf, kfq / !!=% kl/jz] , ;Gbe,{ rl/q 36gf klxrfg lrq0f, 36gf j0f{g / 36gf ldnfg !!=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !!=^ af]w / k|ZgfQ] / !!=$ 5nkmn tyf k|ZgfQ] / !!=& !!=% >'ltaf]w / ljrf/sf] !!=* ;ªs\\ yg !@ hLjgL !@=! ;'gfO / dV' o dV' o !@=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !@=! -cGt/f{li6o« _ ljifoj:t' af]w k7g !@=@ !@=@ 36gfj|md klxrfg / !@=@ df}g k7g / !@=# k:| t'lt 5nkmn !@=$ !@=% !@=#= ;'gfO / JolStjQ[ !@=# ;+/rgf klxrfg !@=^ j0fg{ !@=$ 36gfjm| d klxrfg !@=$ k|ZgfQ] /, 5nkmn / cgd' fg !@=% k|/] 0ff ux| 0f / nIo lgwf/{ 0f !@=% wf/0ff lgdf{0f / 40
cfwfl/t :jtGq j0fl{ jGof;sf] /rgf klxrfg / ko| f]u -UoF÷1_ Kffq klxrfg / !!=! kofo{ jfrL !!=! jfSo pT;'stf !) tn' gf zAbsf] kl/jtg{ ( klxrfg / klxrfg / 36gfj|md ldnfg ko| f]u ko| f]u ;f/ nv] g $ k|Zgf]Q/ -s_ lnª\\usf % tflss{ n]vg cfwf/df >l' tnv] g tyf jfSo kl/jt{g cg'R5]b /rgf ab'F fsf cfwf/df -v_ jrgsf syf nv] g cfwf/df * ;DalGwt ljwf jf jfSo kl/jtg{ ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t :jtGq !!=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] /rgf klxrfg / k|of]u -xnGt, chGt_ ;+/rgf / zn} L !@=! ljk/LtfyL{ !@=! jfSo k|/] 0ff klxrfg zAbsf] kl/jtg{ @ 36gfj|md ldnfg klxrfg / ko| f]u klxrfg / k|ofu] JolStjQ[ n]vg $ ;f/ nv] g -s_ k?' ifsf % k|Zgf]Q/ cfwf/df jfSo kl/jtg{ cgs' /0ffTds hLjgL n]vg -v_ cfb/sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&
k:| tl' t !@=& !@=* !# jStt[ f !#=! ;g' fO / kl| tlj|mof !#=! ljifoj:ts' f !#=! cfwf/df !#=@ !#=@ ;j+ ]ufTds !#=# ;rt] tf;lxt tss{ f] clegofTds k7g !#=$ k:| t'lt !#=@ ;/+ rgf klxrfg !#=% !#=^ !#=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ !#=# 36gfj|md klxrfg k:| tl' t !#=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !#=$ 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / afw] !#=% cGt/ljm| of / ;d:of klxrfg !#=^ ;d:of ;dfwfgk/s lgisif{ lgdf0{ f / syg cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
& ab'F f l6kf]6 !@=@ pk;uå{ f/f zAb lgdf0{ f * ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:t'df -k,| ck, cg,' cfwfl/t :jtGq lj, cf, kl| t, /rgf ;', a,] ab,\\ c_ !@=# j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg / k|of]u -rGb|laGb_' 36gfj|md ldnfg !#= l;ª\\uf] zAbsf] !#=! s/0f / ;Dk]i| f0f ( klxrfg / cs/0fsf] ;f/ nv] g k|of]u cgn' ]vg klxrfg / k|of]u $ kZ| gfQ] / Pjd\\ !#=@ k|Tooåf/f tfls{s n]vg zAb lgdf{0f ab'F f l6kf6] -P/, cfn', ;DalGwt ljwf jf cfxf, cf]6, ljifoj:t'df kg, nL, cfwfl/t :jtGq cf8L, Oo{ , /rgf Os _ !#=# j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg / k|of]u -lz/laGb_' 41
!$ lgofqf !$=! ;g' fO / kl| tlj|mof !$=! ljifoj:t'sf] !$=! ;:j/ k7g !% uB sljtf !$=@ kf7sf cfwf/df !$=@ -k|s[ltk/s_ ;Gbz] j0f{g !$=@ ljifoj:t'sf] !$=# cfwf/df kl/jz] !$=$ !$=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ klxrfg k|:tl' t !%=! !$=# ;/+ rgf klxrfg !%=@ !$=$ 5nkmn / kZ| gfQ] / !%=# !$=$ 36gfjm| d !%=$ !$=% cge' jsf cfwf/df klxrfg, l6kf6] / !%=% cfkm\\gf] ;:+ sl[ t j0fg{ ldnfg !%=^ !$=^ cg'dfg tyf !$=% Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' sNkgfdf cfwfl/t af]w / kl/j]zk/s j0fg{ kZ| gfQ] / !$=^ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' af]w / ;Gb]z u|x0f !%=! ;'gfO / ljifoj:t' !%=! noa¢ k7g af]w !%=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg !%=# ;Gbe{ / efjafw] !%=@ 5nkmn / kZ| gf]Q/ !%=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !%=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ af]w / k|Zgf]Q/ lgdf0{ f / syg !%=$ d'Vo ljifoj:t' l6kf6] / k|:tl' t !%=% ljifoIfq] df cfwfl/t cge' jsf] j0fg{ !%=^ ljifoj:t'sf] efj 42
! e|d0fsf !$=! df}lns / !$=! zAbju{, cj:yf j0fg{ ( ljifoj:t'sf] cfuGt's sfn / kIf, l;nl;nfa¢ zAbsf] sf]l6sf] lnlvt k:| tl' t klxrfg / klxrfg / k|of]u ko| f]u @ zLif{ssf cfwf/df ljifoj:ts' f] j0f{g !$=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] # :jcg'ej ldnfg klxrfg / u/L :jtGq l;h{gf k|of]u -k~rd j0f_{ $ kZ| gf]Q/ ! >l' tn]vg !%= nofTds !%=! jfSo kl/sNkgf !) zAbsf] ;Z+ n]if0f / @ kZ| gfQ] / / efj klxrfg / ljZn]if0fsf] j0fg{ ko| f]u klxrfg / k|of]u ;f/ n]vg !%=@ ;d:t $ ;Gb]z n]vg zAbsf] klxrfg / % ;+/rgfsf] k|of]u cgs' /0f !%=# j0fl{ jGof;sf] ^ ;DalGwt ljwf jf klxrfg / ljifoj:td' f ko| f]u cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
JofVof !%=& :yfgLo cyjf nf]s uLt >j0f / k|:t'lt !^ Jofjxfl/s !^=! ;'gfO / ;+/rgf !^=! ;doa4 k7g !^=! nv] g klxrfg !^=@ dfg} k7g / !^=@ -;Ddfg kq_ !^=@ 9fFrf / z}nL 5nkmn cg's/0f !^=# ;+/rgf, 9fFrf / !^=# !^=# ljifoj:t'sf] dfl} vs z}nL klxrfg !^=$ !^=% k:| tl' t / cGt/lj|mof !^=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !^=$ ;~rf/ tyf afw] cleJolStsf j|mddf :jfefljs !^=% ;Gb]z u|x0f efiffzn} Lsf] pkof]u !^=^ kZ| gfQ] / !^=% 5nkmn / kZ| gf]Q/ !& syf !&=! ;g' fO / cGt/ljm| of !&=!;doa4 ;:j/ !&=! -;fdflhs_ k7g !&=@ ljifoj:t'sf !&=@ cfwf/df wf/0ff !&=@ dfg} k7g / !&=# lgdf0{ f / k|:t'lt 5nkmn !&=$ !&=% !&=# kZ| gf]Q/, 5nkmn, !&=# ;+/rgf, kfq, !&=^ syfsyg / 36gf kl/j]z / 36gf cg's j0fg{ klxrfg !&=$ cgd' fg, sNkgf / !&=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' lgisif{ af]w !&=% ljifoj:t'df cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
-kbofu] _ k|Zgf]Q/ !^=!cgs' /0ffTds !^=! efj jf ;fjwfgL ( zAbsf] cys{ f] k|Zg lgdf{0f klxrfg / klxrfg / ko| f]u k|of]u n]vg 9frF f / z}nL cg's/0f -s_ ;fdfGofy{ $ k|ToQ' / n]vg -v_ cf1fy{ % ;Gbe,{ kl/jz] sf -u_ ;Defjgfy{ cfwf/df ;Gbz] dn\" s kf7 -3_ OR5fy{ /rgf -ª_ ;ª\\s]tfy{ !^=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg / ko| f]u -kbljofu] _ Kffq klxrfg / !&= kb tyf !&=! jfRo ;dfnfr] gfTd !) t'ngf kbfjnLsf] kl/jt{gsf] s ;f]r @ 36gfj|md ldnfg klxrfg / klxrfg / k|of]u k|of]u ;f/ n]vg $ k|Zgf]Q/ / JofVof -s_ st{j[ fRo % cg'R5]b /rgf ^ syfk\"/0f Pjd\\ -v_ sdj{ fRo s/0ffTds syf -u_ efjjfRo nv] g !&=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg / 43
cfwfl/t kZ| g !&=& lgdf0{ f / pQ/ !&=* klxrfg !=! $ -u_ ljifoj:ts' f] Ifq] jm| d / lj:tt[ Ls/0f -sIff *_ !=@ !=# j|m= If]q eflifs l;k !=$ ;= !=% ljwf tyf ;g' fO tyf af]nfO k9fO ljifoj:t' != uLlt sljtf - !=! ;g' fO / ljifoj:t'sf !=! noa¢ k7g b]zelSt÷>d af/]df wf/0ff lgdf0{ f _ / cGt/ljm| of !=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg !=# ;Gbe{ afw] !=@ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ !=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' af]w / k|ZgfQ] / !=# ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t 5nkmn, kZ| g lgdf0{ f / pQ/ k|:tl' t !=$ ljifoj:ts' f] df}lvs kg' s{yg 44
& tfls{s / ;dLIff k|of]u -/ sf nv] g ljleGg ¿ksf] ko| f]u_ * kf}/fl0fs syf ;ª\\sng / n]vg eflifs k'g?Tkfbg sfo{ 306f n]vfO zAbe08f/ Efflifs ;+/rgf / Efflifs !) j0f{ljGof; k|sfo{ >l' tn]vg !=! nofTds !=! gfd zAbsf] klxrfg ;fdYo{ zAbsf] klxrfg / ko| f]u @ uBdf ¿kfGt/0f / ko| fu] !=@ ;j{gfd zAbsf] k|Zgf]Q/ / efj klxrfg / ko| fu] j0f{g !=# gfd / ;j{gfdlarsf] $ ;/+ rgfsf] ;ªu\\ lt cgs' /0f !=$ gfd / ;jg{ fdsf] % ;DalGwt ljwf jf lj|mofkb;uF sf] ljifoj:td' f ;ªu\\ lt cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf !=% j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg / k|ofu] x:| j Osf/ -zAbsf] ;'?, lar / cGTodf_ cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
@ syf @=! ;g' fO tyf kl/j]z / @=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g @=! l;nl;nf klxrfg -P]ltxfl;s_ @=@ dfg} k7g / k|ZgfQ] / @=@ ljifoj:ts' f] @=# ;+/rgf, kfq / 36gf @=@ l;nl;nfa4 k:| tl' t klxrfg @=# ljrf/ lgdf{0f, @=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' @=# 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ af]w / k|ZgfQ] / @=$ @=$ syfsyg jf @=% 36gfj0f{g @=^ @=% sNkgfdf cfwfl/t cg'dfg @=& # hLjgL #=! ;g' fO / dV' o #=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g #=! -/fli6«o_ ljifoj:t' klxrfg #=@ #=@ df}g k7g / k|Zgf]Q/ #=# #=@ ;+/rgf / efiffz}nL #=$ klxrfg #=$ ;/+ rgf klxrfg #=% #=^ $=# 36gfj|md klxrfg, #=% 36gfj|md klxrfg wf/0ff lgdf0{ f / #=& k:| t'lt #=^ nIo lgwf{/0f / k|:tl' t #=* #=$ JolStTj j0f{g #=% 5nkmn, kZ| gf]Q/ tyf cg'dfg cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
! rl/q j0fg{ / @=! kof{ojfrL @=! ljz]if0f zAbsf] ;Defjg !) tn' gf zAbsf] klxrfg klxrfg / ko| f]u f / ko| f]u @ 36gfj|md l6kf6] @=@ e]bs / eb] \\olar / ldnfg ;ªu\\ lt # ;f/ nv] g @=# ljzi] f0f / ljz]iolar $ kZ| gf]Q/, JofVof ;ª\\ult % ;dLIff nv] g ^ >l' tn]vg tyf @=$ ;fdfGo, k/|] 0ffys{ / gfd wft'sf] klxrfg cgR' 5]b /rgf / k|of]u & ;DalGwt ljwf jf @=% ;dfks / c;dfks ljifoj:t'df ljm| ofsf] klxrfg / cfwfl/t :jtGq ko| f]u /rgf @=^ j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg / k|of]u bL3{ Osf/ -zAbsf] ;?' , lar / cGTodf_ 36gfj|md ldnfg #=! ljk/LtfyL{ #=! k\"0f{lj/fd, cNklj/fd, dN\" ofª\\s ( @ JolStj[Q n]vg zAbsf] klxrfg g / ko| fu] cw{lj/fd, k|Zg ;f/ nv] g lrx\\g, pbu\\ f/ lrx\\g, $ kZ| gf]Q/ ofh] s lrx\\g, sf]i7s % JolStjQ[ n]vg lrxg\\ , lgb]z{ lrx\\g cg's/0ffTds #=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg hLjgL n]vg / k|of]u & a'bF f l6kf]6 / ;f/f+z n]vg x:| j psf/ -zAbsf] * ;DalGwt ljwf jf ;'?, lar / cGTodf_ 45
$ Jofjxfl/s $=! ;g' fO / ;+/rgf $=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g $=! nv] g Pjd\\ z}nL klxrfg -Jofj;flos $=@ dfg} k7g / $=@ lr7L_ $=@ ;g' fO / ljifoj:t'df k|ZgfQ] / cfwfl/t kZ| g lgdf{0f $=# 9fFrf / ;/+ rgf $=# 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / klxrfg $=$ bv] s] f, ;'gs] f / $=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' $=# cg'ejdf cfwfl/t afw] tyf k|Zgf]Q/ ljifoj:td' f df}lvs j0fg{ $=% ;Gb]z ux| 0f / kl| tljm| of $=$ % lgaGw %=! ;'gfO / ;+/rgf %=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g %=! -lghfTds_ klxrfg %=@ kZ| gf]Q/ %=@ %=# ;/+ rgf klxrfg %=# %=@ ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ %=$ k|:t'lt %=$ 36gfj|md klxrfg %=% %=% Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' %=# 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / %=^ %=$ ljifoj:t' l6kf]6 / af]w %=^ efj ux| 0f dfl} ns k|:tl' t %=% kf7;Fu ;DalGwt 1fg, :d/0f, cg'ej / cge' \"ltsf] j0f{g %=^ s'g} klg ljifodf lghfTds cleJolSt, 46
ljifoj:t'df $= ;d\"xjfrL / $=! lnªu\\ , jrg, cfb/ / cfZro{ ( cfwfl/t :jtGq >l' t;dleGgfyL{ k?' ifsf cfwf/df /rgf zAbsf] klxrfg stf{ / lj|mofkbsf] / ko| fu] ;ª\\ult ! ljifosf] aF'bf l6kf]6 / ;f/ $=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] k:| t't klxrfg / ko| f]u @ ;Gbe{, kl/jz] , bL3{ pmsf/ -zAbsf] ;'?, cfjZostf / lar / cGTodf_ cfl} rTosf cfwf/df ;Gbz] d\"ns kf7 /rgf # kZ| gf]Q/ $ k|To'Q/ n]vg ! ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ %=! ;dfj]zs– %=! jtd{ fg, et\" / sf/0f / ( k|:tlt' ;dfjZ] o eljiot sfnsf] k|efj zAbsf] klxrfg klxrfg / k|of]u @ k|Zgf]Q/ / JofVof / k|ofu] %=@ j0f{ljGof;sf] # kZ| g lgdf{0f / klxrfg / ko| f]u pQ/ n]vg -a÷j÷cf_] $ cg'R5b] n]vg % ;fGbles{ ljifoj:t'df sfNklgs n]vg ^ aFb' f l6kf]6 / ;f/f+z n]vg cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&
sNkgf jf l;hg{ f %=& %=* ^ syf ^=! ;g' fO / ;r\" gf tyf ^=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g ^=! -;fdflhs_ ljifoj:t' afw] ^=@ df}g k7g / k|Zgf]Q/ ^=@ ^=@ ljifoj:t'sf] dfl} vs ^=# j0f{g / cGt/ljm| of ^=# ;/+ rgf, kl/j]z, kfq ^=$ / 36gf klxrfg ^=# 5nkmn tyf k|ZgfQ] / tyf rl/q lrq0f ^=% ^=$ ;Gbe{ / kl/j]z ^=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' ^=^ cgs' \"n xg' ] u/L af]w ljrf/ lgdf0{ f / ^=& cleJolSt ^=% kZ| g lgdf0{ f / pQ/ klxrfg ^=% >'ltafw] / ljrf/sf] ;ªs\\ yg ^=* & ;+jfb &=! ;g' fO / cGt/ljm| of &=! ;doa4 ;:j/ k7g &=! &=@ dfg} k7g / k|Zgf]Q/ &=@ &=@ ljrf/ lgdf{0f / &=# ;/+ rgf, kfq / 36gf &=# k|:t'lt &=$ klxrfg &=% &=# 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ &=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' &=$ ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
& cg'R5]bk\"/0f * ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf ! Kffq klxrfg / ^=! cg's/0ffTds ^=! ck\"0f{ kIfsf] klxrfg kZrftf !) rl/q t'ngf zAbsf] klxrfg / k|ofu] k / k|ofu] @ 36gfj|md ldnfg ^=@ låTj zAb klxrfg / ko| f]u ;f/ n]vg ^=# j0f{ljGof;sf] klxrfg $ kZ| gf]Q/ / lglbi{ 6 / k|ofu] - o÷P_ kª\\lStsf] JofVof % tflss{ / ;dLIff nv] g ^ >l' tnv] g, cgR' 5]b /rgf & cg's/0ffTds syf n]vg *=;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf ! Kffq klxrfg &=! cgs] fyL{ &=! k\"0f{ kIfsf] klxrfg / pbfx/0f ( @ kl/jz] j0f{g zAbsf] klxrfg k|of]u ;lxtsf] # ;f/ n]vg / ko| f]u k'i6o\\ fO{ $ >l' tn]vg &=@ c1ft / cEo:t % kZ| gfQ] /, tflss{ kIfsf] klxrfg / ko| f]u &=# j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg 47
k:| tl' t af]w &=% ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t k|Zg lgdf{0f / pQ/ klxrfg &=^ * sljtf *=! ;g' fO / efiffzn} L *=! noa¢ k7g *=! -;fdflhs_ klxrfg *=@ *=@ 9fFrf / ;/+ rgf *=# *=@ ljifoIfq] df cfwfl/t klxrfg 1fg, :d/0f / *=$ cg'ejsf] j0f{g *=# ;Gbe{ af]w *=% *=# tYo, d\"No tyf *=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' *=^ ljrf/ ux| 0f / af]w kl| tlj|mof *=% ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] *=$ cg'dfg, sNkgf / k|of]uaf6 cGo kB ljifo j0f{g sljtf jfrg ( ka| Gw (=!= ;g' fO / (=!;doa4 ;:j/ k7g (= -jfl0fHo_ ljifoj:ts' f af/d] f (=@ ;/+ rgf klxrfg df}lvs kl| tlj|mof (=# ;Gbe{ af]w (= (=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' (=# (=@ 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / (=# kf7ut ;Gb]z afw] / k|Zgf]Q/ 48
nv] g / / ko| f]u -C÷l/_ ljifoj:t'sf cfwfl/tdf JofVof ^ ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf ! >'lt nv] g *=! n3t' fjfrL *=! sf/ssf] klxrfg / ;Ddfg !) zAbsf] klxrfg ko| f]u ( @ uBdf ¿kfGt/0f / k|of]u -stf,{ sd{, s/0f, # k|ZgfQ] / / efj ;Dkb| fg, ckfbfg, j0fg{ clws/0f_ $ ;f/ nv] g *=@ ljelStsf] klxrfg / ko| f]u % lgwf{l/t kª\\lStsf] efj -n], nfO{, åf/f, b]lv, JofVof af6, sf]÷sf÷sL, /f]÷/f÷/L, gf]÷gf÷gL, ^ ;DalGwt ljwf jf df_ ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t :jtGq *=# j0f{ljGof;sf] /rgf klxrfg / k|ofu] -5÷If_ =! ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ (=! k|fljlws÷ (=! zAbju{ sf] klxrfg ;e' mfj n]vg kfl/eflifs / ko| f]u zAbsf] klxrfg =@ k|Zgf]Q/ / k|ofu] -s_ lj|mofof]uL -;dojfrs, # k|Zg lgdf{0f / :yfgjfrs, pQ/ n]vg /Lltjfrs, cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
cg'dfg (=$ (=% (=$ sNkgfdf cfwfl/t eO{ yk ;Gbe{ / (=^ ljifo lj:tf/ (= (=% lgwfl{ /t ljifo jf ;Gbed{ f cfwfl/t j0fg{ !) dgfj] fb !)=! ;g' fO / ;Gbe{ !)=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !)= !! syf klxrfg k7g !)= !)= !)=@ ljifoj:t'sf !)=@ 9fFrf / ;+/rgf !)= cfwf/df ljrf/ klxrfg !)= lgdf{0f / ;+j]ufTds ;r]ttf;lxtsf] !)=# ;f/ klxrfg !!=! k:| t'lt !)=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !)=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ af]w k:| t'lt !)=% zn} L cg';/0f !)=$ 5nkmn / k|ZgfQ] / !!=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !)=% dgf]jfbsf] ljifoj:t' rog / k:| t'lt !!=! ;g' fO / ;/+ rgf cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
$ >l' t n]vg tyf kl/df0fjfrs_ cgR' 5b] n]vg -v_ gfdofu] L -;do, % ;fGbles{ :yfg, /Llt, lbzf, ljifoIfq] df ;xefj_ cfwfl/t ljZn]if0ffTds (=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] nv] g klxrfg / ko| fu] -Zf,if,;_ ^ aFb' f l6kf]6 / ;f/f+z n]vg !)=! kof{ojfrL / !@=! ;o+ f]hs ;d:of ( ljk/LtfyL{ sf] =& ;DalGwt ljwf zAbsf] klxrfg -;fkI] f / lg/kI] f_ sf] k|:tl' t jf ljifoj:td' f / ko| f]u klxrfg / ko| fu] cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf !@=@ lj:doflbaf]ws =! d'Vo dV' o -cfZro,{ k|z;+ f, ljifoj:ts' f] a'bF f lt/:sf/, zfs] _ sf] l6kf]6 klxrfg / ko| f]u =@ kf7sf] ;f/ !@=# lgkftsf] klxrfg / n]vg ko| f]u =# >l' tnv] g !)=$ j0fl{ jGof;sf] =$ kZ| gf]Q/ klxrfg / k|ofu] =% lgwfl{ /t -UoF÷1_ zLifs{ df dgfj] fb nv] g ! Kffq klxrfg / !!=! cg]sfyL{ !!=! jfSo kl/jtg{ ;fw] k'5 !) zAbsf] klxrfg 49
-afn klxrfg k7g !!=@ dgf]lj1fg_ !!=# !!=@ z}nL cg's/0f !!=@ df}g k7g / !!=$ k|Zgf]Q/ !!=# ;j+ ]ufTds !!=% k:| tl' t;lxt df}lvs !!=# ;/+ rgf klxrfg cGt/ljm| of ^=$ Kff7sf] !!=^ ljifoj:t' af]w !!=$ ;~rf/ tyf !!=& cleJolStsf j|mddf !!=% ;Gbz] ux| 0f !!=* :jfefljs efiffzn} Lsf] pkof]u !!=^ kZ| gf]Q/ !!=% 5nkmn / kZ| gf]Q/ !!=^ kfq klxrfg rl/q j0f{g !@ hLjgL !@=! ;'gfO / dV' o dV' o !@=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !@= -cGt/f{li6o« _ ljifo jf tYo af]w k7g !@= !@= !@=@ 36gfj|md klxrfg / !@=@ dfg} k7g / !@= k|:t'lt kZ| gfQ] / !@= !@=#= ;'gfO / JolStj[Q !@=# ;+/rgf klxrfg j0f{g !@= !@=$ 36gfj|md klxrfg !@= !@=$ >'lt ljZn]if0f !@=% k]|/0ff ux| 0f / nIo !@=% kZ| gfQ] /, 5nkmn, lgwf/{ 0f cg'dfg !@=^ wf/0ff lgdf{0f / k:| tl' t 50
t'ngf / ko| f]u -s_ lnªu\\ sf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g @ kl/j]z j0f{g -v_ jrgsf cfwf/df # ;f/ nv] g jfSo kl/jt{g $ kZ| gf]Q/ / !!=@ ;d:t zAbsf] lgwfl{ /t kª\\lStsf] klxrfg / ko| fu] JofVof !!=# j0fl{ jGof;sf] % tfls{s / klxrfg / k|of]u ;dLIffTds n]vg -xnGt, chGt_ ^ >'ltnv] g, cgR' 5b] /rgf & syfk/\" 0f * ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:t'df cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf =! 36gfj|md ldnfg !@=k|fljlws !@=! k'?ifsf cfwf/df OR5f ( =@ ;f/ nv] g jfSo kl/jtg{ =# kZ| gfQ] / ÷kfl/eflifs zAbsf] =$ cg's/0ffTds klxrfg / !@=@ cfb/sf cfwf/df ko| f]u jfSo kl/jtg{ hLjgL n]vg =% ab'F f l6kf]6 / !@=# pk;u{ -c, cg, cg,' cle, pk, k,| ;f/f+z n]vg cj, pt\\, a], lj, la, =^ JolStj[Q nv] g ;x, u}/_ =& ;DalGwt ljwf !@=$ j0f{ljGof;sf] jf ljifoj:t'df klxrfg / ko| f]u - cfwfl/t :jtGq rGbl| aGb_' cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&
!# sljtf !@=& sNkgfdf cfwfl/t !#=! no / ;+/rgf !#=! -ks| l[ tk/s_ JolStj[Q j0f{g klxrfg !#=@ !#=# !#=! ;'gfO / kl| tlj|mof !#=@ efj klxrfg / !#=$ !#=@ noafw] / 9fFrf kZ| gfQ] / !#=% klxrfg !#=# Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !#=# ljifoj:ts' f] ;f/ afw] k|:tl' t !#=$ ;Gbz] klxrfg / !#=$ 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ l6kf]6 !#=% ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t cGt/lj|mof !#=^ ;DalGwt ljifoj:ts' f] lj:tf/ !$ bl} gsL !$=! ;g' fO / kl| tljm| of !$=! cfzo, ;Gbe{ / !$= ljifoj:t'sf !$=@ ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ cfwf/df ;:j/ k7g !$= k:| t'lt !$= !$=@ ;+/rgf klxrfg !$= !$=# 5nkmn / kZ| gfQ] / !$= !$=# 36gfj|md klxrfg !$=$ :jcg'ejsf cfwf/df cfkmg\\ f] !$=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' ;+:s[ltsf] klxrfg / af]w / k|ZgfQ] / k:| tl' t !$=% 36gf tyf !$=% dN\" odfGotfsf] ;Gbe{sf] klxrfg / tfls{s l;nl;nfa4 k|:tl' t k:| tl' t cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
/rgf ! uB sljtf !#= l;ªu\\ f] zAbsf] !#=! s/0f / cs/0f ljgolz !) ;ªs\\ ng / nv] g klxrfg / ntf ( ko| f]u !#=@ k/]| 0ffys{ / @ ljifoj:t' ck]/| 0ffys{ lj:tf/ ljm| ofkbsf] klxrfg / k/]| 0ffys{ lj|mofkbdf # kZ| gf]Q/ / efj kl/jt{g lj:tf/ !#=# kT| oo -cSs8, ct, $ :jfg'ejsf cs, cfn', O{o, Onf], cfwf/df wf/0ff Os, cf}gf, cfj6, lgdf0{ f / n]vg PnL, tf, cfxf_ % ;DalGwt ljwf !#=$ j0f{ljGof;sf] jf ljifoj:t'df klxrfg / k|of]u cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf -lz/laGb_' =! 36gfj|md !$=! df}lns / !$=! zAbju{, sfn / b}lgsL ldnfg cfuGt's kIf, lnªu\\ , jrg, j0fg{ zAbsf] klxrfg k'?if, cfb/, =@ ;f/ n]vg / ko| fu] s/0f÷cs/0f =# >l' tnv] g k'g/fjl[ Q =$ kZ| gfQ] / =% ;DalGwt ljwf !$=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] klxrfg / ko| fu] jf ljifoj:t'df -k~rd j0f_{ cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf 51
!% ofqf j0fg{ !%=! ;g' fO / ljifoj:t' !%=! ;doa4 ;:j/ !%= afw] k7g !%= !%=@ ;dfg ;Gbe{ / !%=@ ;/+ rgf klxrfg !%= Ifq] sf cfwf/df !%=# ;Gbe{ afw] ljifoj:t'sf] tn' gf !%=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' !^= !^= !%=# ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ af]w k|Zgf]Q/ !^= lgdf0{ f / syg !^= !^= !%=$ 5nkmn / kZ| gf]Q/ !^= !%=% ljifoj:t' l6kf6] / k:| t'lt !%=^ ljifoIf]qdf cfwfl/t 1fg / cg'ejsf] j0f{g !^ Jojxfl/s !^=! ;g' fO / ;/+ rgf !^=! ;doa4 ;:j/ nv] g klxrfg k7g -;DkfbsnfO{ !^=@ 9fFrf / z}nL !^=@ df}g k7g / 5nkmn lr7L_ cg's/0f !^=# ljifoj:ts' f] df}lvs !^=# ;/+ rgf klxrfg k:| tl' t / cGt/lj|mof !^=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' af]w !^=$ ;~rf/ tyf cleJolStsf j|mddf !^=% ;Gbz] u|x0f :jfefljs efiffz}nLsf] pkof]u !^=^ k|Zgf]Q/ !^=% 5nkmn / k|Zgf]Q/ 52
=! kZ| gfQ] / !%=! kb tyf !%=! ;/n, ;o+ 'St, ld> ljifo ( kbfjnLsf] jfSo klxrfg / lj:tf/ =@ cfkmn\" ] u/]sf] klxrfg / k|of]u e|d0fsf] ko| f]u l;nl;nfa¢ !%=@ jfSo ;Z+ n]if0f / nv] g ljZni] f0f =# lglb{i6 zLif{ssf !%=# j0f{ljGof;sf] cfwf/df klxrfg / k|ofu] ljifoj:ts' f] j0f{g -kbof]u_ =! kZ| gf]Q/ !^=!cg's/0ffTds !^=! ;fdfGofy{ lgb{z] g ( zAbsf] klxrfg !^=@ cf1fy{ =@ kZ| g lgdf{0f / ko| f]u !^=# ;Defjgfy{ !^=$ OR5fy{ =# n]vg 9frF f / !^=% ;ª\\st] fy{ z}nL cg's/0f !^=^ j0fl{ jGof;sf] =$ kT| o'Q/ n]vg klxrfg / k|ofu] -kbljof]u_ =% lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df jfSo kl/jt{g =^ ;Gbe{, kl/jz] , cfjZostf / cfl} rTosf cfwf/df ;Gbz] d\"ns kf7 /rgf cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
!& syf !&=! ;g' fO / cGt/ljm| of !&=! ult jl[ 4sf nflu !&= -;fdflhs_ ;do lgwf/{ 0f u/L !&=@ ljifoj:t'sf ;:j/ k7g !&= cfwf/df wf/0ff !&= lgdf{0f / k|:tl' t !&=@ dfg} k7g / !&= 5nkmn !&% !&=# kZ| gfQ] /, 5nkmn, syfsyg / 36gf !&=# ;+/rgf, kfq / !&= j0fg{ 36gf klxrfg !&= !&=$ cg'dfg, sNkgf / !&=$ Kff7sf] ljifoj:t' lgisif{ af]w !&=% ;Gbe{ / kl/jz] sf cfwf/df ljifoj:tn' fO{ leGg bl[ i6sf0] faf6 j0f{g cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
=! Kffq klxrfg / !&=! ;ªl\\ IfKt !&=! jfRo kl/jtg{ clgR5f !) t'ngf zAbsf] klxrfg / k|of]u -s_ st[{jfRo =@ 36gfj|md ldnfg =# ;f/ n]vg -v_ sd{jfRo =$ k|ZgfQ] / %^ tfls{s / -u_ efjjfRo ;dLIff n]vg !&=@ j0fl{ jGof;sf] =& >'ltn]vg, tyf klxrfg / ko| f]u -/ sf ljleGg ¿ksf] cgR' 5b] /rgf k|of]u_ =* ;DalGwt ljwf jf ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t :jtGq /rgf 53
%= l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mof cfwf/e\"t tx -sIff ^–*_ sf nflu lgwfl{ /t ;Ifdtf / sIffut l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ugs{ f nflu lzIfs / ljBfyLn{ ] ljifoj:td' f cfwfl/t eO{ ug]{ lj|mofsnfk l;sfO ;xhLs/0f xf] . eflifs l;k / ltgdf cfwfl/t ks| fo{x¿ efiff l;sfOsf dV' o cfwf/ x'g\\ . efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0f ul/G5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t, JolStut / ;fd\"lxs cEof;df cfwfl/t tyf ;fGbles{ / l;sfOsf lglDt ;xofu] L xg' k' 5{ . lzIfsn] ljBfyL{nfO{ ko| f{Kt l;sfO cj;/ pknAw u/fO{ cfjZostfcg';f/ ki[ 7kfi] f0f kb| fg u/L l;sfOdf ;xhLs/0f ug'{k5{ . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof l;sfO / dgf]lj1fgsf lglZrt kl| j|mof cg';/0f ug{] Ps ks| f/sf] snf xf] . sIffnfO{ l;sfOd'vL agfpg / ljBfyLn{ fO{ eflifs l;k l;sfOdf ljm| ofzLn agfpg lzIfsn] ;xhstf{sf] el\" dsf lgjfx{ ug{'k5{ . efiffsf] l;sfO kl| j|mofsf] ke| fjsfl/tf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| j|mofdf lgwf{l/t xG' 5 . l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl| jm| of 5gf]6 ubf{ ;Ifdtf tyf l;sfO pknlAwx¿, ljifoj:t'sf] :j¿k, dgf]lj1fg, ;|f]t ;fwgsf] pknAwtf, ljBfno jftfj/0f / l;sfO ;xhLs/0f kl/l:ylt, ;do / ljBfyL{ ;ª\\Vof, Ifdtf / ?lr h:tf kIfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;sf nflu b]xfoadfl] hdsf l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof cjnDag ug{'k5{ M ;'gfO / af]nfO l;k ljsf;sf nflu o;df df}lvs cGt/lj|mof, wf/0ff lgdf{0f / k|:t'lt, ;'gfO / cleJolSt, ;g' fOsf] tYo, k|ltlj|mof, ;~rf/, ;:+ sl[ t, cg'el\" t, 36gf, sNkgf;Fusf] ;DaGw Pjd\\ bl[ i6 lgdf0{ f;Da4 lj|mofsnfkdf hf]8 lbg] k7g / afw] , nv] g cEof;, zAbe08f/sf] 1fg tyf ko| f]u / sfod{ \"ns Jofs/0fsf] klxrfg / k|of]unfO{ eflifs ljm| ofsnfkdf ;dfjz] ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] JolStut leGgtf / l;sfO Ifdtfsf cfwf/df l;sfOnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{] ljBfyL{ s]lGb|t / afndq} L lzIf0f ljlw ckgfO{ lg/Gt/ l;sfOdf hf8] ug{] ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutfdf of]hgf lgdf{0f, kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ Ifq] ed| 0f, ;d:of ;dfwfg, vf]hdn\" s cWoog, kj| t{gd'vL lzIf0f k4ltnfO{ l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ljlwsf ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ug{] ko| f]ufTds kIfdf hf8] lbO{ l;Sg] cj;/ k|bfg ug{] k7gkf7gdf ;r\" gf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlwnfO{ pknAw ;fwg, ;|f]t / cfjZostfcg;' f/ pkof]u ug]{ afns]lGb|t, l;sfOs]lGb|t, cge' jsl] Gb|t, p2Z] od\"ns / ljljwtfdf cfwfl/t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mof ;~rfng ug]{ lzIfsn] ;xhstf,{ pTk|]/s, kj| w{s / vf]hstfs{ f ¿kdf e\"ldsf lgjf{x ug{] l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ cfjZostfg;' f/ låeflifs / axe' flifs l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ljm| ofsnfk cjnDag ug{] . eflifs l;k, ;/+ rgf tyf zAbe08f/;Da4 l;sfO ;xhLs/0fsf ;Gbe{df ljsf;sf nflu lgDgfg;' f/sf lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ug{'kb{5 M 54 cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
-s_ eflifs l;k -c_ ;'gfO / af]nfO l;k M o;cGtu{t j0f{ / jfSo lje]bLs/0f, noaf]w, >'lt/rgf, >l' tafw] , ;Gbe{af]w, kf7sf] ;'gfOsf cfwf/df k|Zglgdf{0f, cg'dfg, j:t' jf 36gf j0fg{ , >l' tsyg, lrqsyf j0f{g, ljifoj:t'sf] ;f/ k|:t'lt, ;r\" gf ux| 0f / ;Gb]z k|jfx, ljrf/sf] ;ª\\syg, jSt[tf, bl} gsL, 36gf tyf lj|mofsnfk j0fg{ , jfbljjfb, gf6sLs/0f h:tf ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . -cf_ k9fO l;k M o;cGtu{t ;:j/ / dfg} k7g, k7g ultsf] dfkg, zAbfy{ afw] tyf k7g af]wcGtu{t k|ZgfQ] /, cgd' fg, ;+/rgf j0fg{ , kZ| gx¿sf] pTkfbg, 36gf j0fg{ / ldnfg, ;Gb]z u|x0f h:tf lj|mofsnfk u/fpgk' 5{ . -O_ n]vfO l;k M o;cGtu{t cgn' v] g, >'ltn]vg, >'ltj0fg{ , >'lt/rgf, j:t' tyf 36gfsf] j0fg{ , ofqf j0fg{ , cg'ej j0fg{ , a'bF f l6kf]6, ;f/f+z n]vg, kf7ut k|Zgf]Q/ n]vg, efjlj:tf/, cg'R5b] nv] g, lgaGw÷k|aGw /rgf, cgs' /0ffTds n]vg, tfls{s cleJolSt, jfbljjfb, b}lgsL, jSt[tf, l;hg{ fTds tyf :jtGq nv] g h:tf lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . -v_ eflifs ;+/rgf / zAbe08f/ o;cGtu{t zAb tyf eflifs ;+/rgf klxrfg, zAb pRrf/0f, cy{afw] / k|of]u;uF ;fGble{ s{ lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . o;;uF ;DalGwt ljm| ofsnfk u/fpbF f kofo{ jfrL / ljk/LtfyL zAbaf]w / k|of]u, s/0f tyf cs/0f zAb lgdf0{ f tyf ko| f]u, kb;ª\\ultsf cfwf/df zAb lgdf{0f tyf ko| f]u, lrxg\\ , sfn / ljelStsf] klxrfg / k|of]u;Fu ;DalGwt lj|mofsnfk u/fpg'k5{ . pkoS' t l;sfO ;xhLs/0f ubf{ klxnf] tyf bf;] |fe] fifL ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO ult, :t/ / eflifs cEof;df ;xhtfsf nflu ljleGg ;fGbles{ ljlwsf] 5gf6] tyf pkofu] ug{k' 5{ . lzIfsn] cfˆgf] lzIf0f sf}zn k|bz{g ug,{ ljBfyL{df ck]lIft l;k ljsf; ug{ / kf7\\oj|mdsf] ;xL sfofG{ jog ug{ lgDgfg;' f/sf ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| ofx¿ klg pkof]u ug{ ;S5g\\ M -c_ pbfx/0f / ko| fu] M o;cGtu{t kf7sf ljifoj:t'af6 pbfx/0f, k|of]u / cEof;df hf]8 lbgk' 5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug'{k5{ . o;df dfgs efiffsf] ko| f]udf cfwfl/t eO{ gdg' f k|:t'lt, ljBfyL{åf/f ;xcEof;, efiffsf] :jtGq tyf l;hg{ zLn k|of]u h:tf eflifs ljm| ofsnfk ug'k{ 5{ . efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu o;sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . lrq jf cfs[lt lgdf0{ f, lgb]{lzt, Jofjxfl/s nv] g jf :jtGq /rgf, ;:j/jfrg tyf b'|tk7g klg o;cGtu{t pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 . -cf_ eflifs ;Dk]i| f0f / k|sfos{ f] pkofu] M o; ;xhLs/0f k|ljm| ofnfO{ eflifs ;Dk]i| f0f / ks| fo{ lzIf0fsf nflu pkof]u ug{'k5{ . 3/kl/jf/, e|d0f, v]ns'b, oftfoft, rfnrng, ckl/lrt kl/j]z cflbdf efiff ko| f]usf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ o;sf] k|of]u ug'{k5{ . -O_ k|bz{g;lxtsf] lzIf0f M o; ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofdf ljifoj:t;' Fu ;DalGwt tl:a/ jf cGo bZ[ o ;fdu|L tyf >JobZ[ o ;fduL| k|bz{g, pRrf/0fut zn} L cgs' /0f, gofF zAbsf] klxrfg / k|of]u, ljleGg ;Gbe{ / kl/j]zdf cfwfl/t eO{ ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg tyf k|:t'lt, ljifoj:ts' f] j0f{g h:tf eflifs ljm| ofsnfk ug{k' 5{ . cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&& 55
-O{_ ;f]wk'5 tyf kZ| gfQ] / M o; ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofdf zLifs{ tyf ;Gbe{sf cfwf/df kj\" f{g'dfg, sYo efiffsf] pkof]u, >JobZ[ o ;fduL| sf] k|of]u, s'/fsfgL, 5nkmn / lgisif{ h:tf eflifs lj|mofsnfk ug{'k5{ . o; ljlwnfO{ ;'gfO tyf afn] fO l;k l;sfOdf k|of]u ug{'k5{ . o;df gdg' f k|bz{g / ;xcEof;, tYo, tYofª\\s, kfq, 36gf, ;Gbe,{ kl/j]z, cgd' fgnufotsf ljifoIf]qdf cfwfl/t kZ| g / pQ/ lgdf{0f tyf k|of]u, JolStut tyf ;fd\"lxs wf/0ff jf lgisif{ lgdf0{ f h:tf eflifs ljm| ofsnfk ug{k' 5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{'k5{ . -p_ clego tyf gf6sLs/0f M o; ;xhLs/0f k|lj|mofdf ofh] gf lgdf{0f -pb\\3f]if0f, e\"ldsf clego jf gf6sLs/0f_, ljifoIf]q, zLif{s, gf6s, kfq, 36gfsf] 5gf]6, JolStut jf ;fdl\" xs k:| tl' t, efiffz}nLsf] 5gf]6 tyf pkof]u, 5nkmn, dN\" ofªs\\ g / k[i7kf]if0f h:tf eflifs ljm| ofsnfk ugk'{ 5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . -pm_ :jfWoog / 5nkmn M o;cGtu{t ;fdu|L 5gf6] , cWoog, wf/0ff jf ljrf/ lgdf{0f, ;Gbe{ut pkof]u h:tf eflifs lj|mofsnfk ug'{k5{ . o;nfO{ k9fO, n]vfO, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . o;nfO{ :jk7g, ou' n k7g / ;d\"x k7g u/L 5nkmn ug{'k5{ . o;sf j|mddf syf ;G' g], eGg] tyf nofTds zAbaf]w, kfq, 36gf, sfos{ f] af]w, ;f/ lgdf0{ f, kg' sy{ g, kfq kl/jt{gaf6 gofF kf7 lgdf{0fsf] cEof; ug]{ h:tf eflifs lj|mofsnfk ug'k5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . -C_ vf]h, kl/ofh] gf tyf ;d:of ;dfwfg M o;cGtut{ eflifs tyf ;~rf/ut ;d:of jf kZ| gsf] k:| tl' t, vfh] sfo{ jf tl/sfaf/] 5nkmn, lgbl]{ zt jf :jtGq ¿kdf ljBfyL{åf/f vfh] , :ynut cjnfs] g / k:| t'lt, 5nkmn / ki[ 7kf]if0f h:tf eflifs lj|mofsnfk ug{'k5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu k|ofu] ugk{' 5{ . -P_ >JojfRosf cfwf/df l;sfO ;xhLs/0f M o;df JolSt, hf8] L, ;fgf] ;dx\" / ax[ t\\ ;d\"xdf ;'gfO / 5nkmn, gd'gf jfrg / cg's/0f, t'ngf, ljZn]if0f, d\"Nofªs\\ g / lgisif{sf] dfl} vs k|:t'tLs/0f, h:tf eflifs lj|mofsnfk ug{k' 5{ . o;nfO{ efiff lzIf0fcGtu{t eflifs l;k, zAbe08f/ / cleJolStsf] lzIf0fsf nflu k|of]u ug{'k5{ . efiff lzIf0fsf] dn\" clek|fo eflifs Jojxf/ l;sfpg' xf] . l;sfO ljm| ofsnfkdf lzIfs l;sf? cGt/ljm| of, ;d\"x l;sfO, l;sfO dN\" ofª\\sg, lzIfs lzIfs ;xsfo{, lzIfs ;d'bfo ;xsfo{ h:tf kl| j|mofdf hf]8 lbgk' 5{ . eflifs ;+/rgfnfO{ kf7;Fu hf]8/] ;xhLs/0f ljm| ofsnfk u/fpg'kb{5 . Jofs/0f, zAbe08f/, j0f{ljGof;, nV] o lrx\\g k|of]usf] l;sfO ;xhLs/0fnfO{ /rgf / ko| fu] sf dfWodaf6 lzIf0f ug{' pko'St x'G5 . ^= ljBfyL{ d\"Nofªs\\ g l;sfOsf j|mddf kf| Kt u/]sf 1fg, l;k / clejl[ 4sf] n]vfhfv] f ug]{ lgoldt / lg/Gt/ kl| jm| of g} ljBfyL{ dN\" ofª\\sg xf] . ljBfyL{ dN\" ofª\\sg lgdf0{ ffTds / lg0f{ofTds bj' } p2Z] on] ul/G5 . ljBfyLs{ f] eflifs Ifdtf:t/ cfsng / efiff l;sfOsf] k|efjsfl/tf klxNofpg ko| fu] ul/g] d'Vo ;fwg g} d\"Nofª\\sg xf] . lzIf0f l;sfOdf ;'wf/ Nofpg] / sIff]Gglt ug]{ p2Z] on] lgdf{0ffTds / lg0fo{ fTds d\"Nofªs\\ g ul/G5 . lgdf0{ ffTds dN\" ofªs\\ g ;'wf/fTds jf /rgfTds 56 cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&&
x'G5 . o;sf] d'Vo p2Z] o ljBfyL{sf sdLsdhf]/L ;dod} kQf nufO{ l;sfOdf ;w' f/ Nofpg' xf] . To;n} ] cfwf/e\"t tx -sIff ^ / *_ df lgdf{0ffTds÷;'wf/fTds dN\" ofª\\sg k4ltsf cfwf/df ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO ;l' glZrt ul/G5 . lgdf0{ ffTds d\"Nofª\\sgdf sIffsfo,{ ux[ sfo{, kl/ofh] gf sfo,{ k|of]ufTds sfo{, Jofjxfl/s kl/jtg{ sf] cjnf]sg, l;h{gfTds sfo,{ sIff ;xeflutf / ;lj|motf, lnlvt tyf dfl} vs kZ| gf]Q/, ljBfyL{sf sfos{ f] k|bzg{ , 36gfjQ[ clenv] , cfTdd\"Nofª\\sg, xflh/Lhjfkm, pknlAw k/LIff, ;xkf7L d\"Nofª\\sg, cleefjs ;Dks,{ kf6] {kmfl] nof,] cWoog ed| 0f, ljBt' Lo ;~rf/ dfWoddf kf| Kt ;fGble{s ;fdu|Lsf] vf]hL / k|:tl' t h:tf ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . d\"Nofªs\\ gsf jm| ddf p2]Zodf plNnlvt ;'gfO, af]nfO, k9fO, n]vfO h:tf l;k tyf eflifs ;/+ rgf, zAbe08f/ / cleJolSt kIfsf] k/LIf0f ug'{kb5{ . lgdf{0ffTds dN\" ofª\\sgdf k|ofu] ul/g] ;fwgx¿af6 k|fKt ;\"rgfx¿nfO{ clenv] Ls/0f ug'{kb{5 . sIff ^ / * df lgdf{0ffTds d\"Nofª\\sgaf6 k|fKt glthfnfO{ cfGtl/s d\"Nofª\\sgsf ¿kdf lg0f{ofTds ko| f]hgdf k|ofu] ul/g] 5 . oL sIffx¿df cfGtl/s dN\" ofªs\\ gsf] ef/ %) k|ltzt sfod u/L afsF L %) kl| tzt ef/sf] k/LIff ;~rfng ul/g] 5 . k/LIffdf ;fl] wg] k|Zgx¿n] ;a} ljifoIf]qsf] kl| tlglwTj xg' ] u/L l;sfO pknlAwsf cfwf/df ljleGg txsf l;sfO Ifdtf k/LIf0f ug;{ Sg' k5{ . k|of]ufTds kIfsf] d\"Nofª\\sg lgdf0{ ffTds tl/sfn] ;~rfng u/L cfGtl/s dN\" ofª\\sgsf] cª\\usf ¿kdf ;dfjz] ul/g] 5 . dN\" ofªs\\ g k|lj|mofsf] lj:t[t 9frF f lgDgfg;' f/ /xg] 5 M ^=! cfGtl/s dN\" ofª\\sg lgdf{0ffTds dN\" ofªs\\ gsf] cªs\\ sf] lglZrt ef/ cfGtl/s dN\" ofª\\sgsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . o;sf nflu lgdf{0ffTds dN\" ofª\\sgnfO{ clen]vLs/0f u/L k|Tos] ljBfyL{sf] sfo;{ ~rlosf Jojl:yt u/L /fVg' k5{ . o:tf] clenv] sf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt kIfdf tf]lsPcg';f/sf] ef/sf] cª\\s cfGtl/s dN\" ofªs\\ gsf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/g] 5 . j|md;ªV\\ of dN\" ofª\\sgsf If]q ef/ != ;xeflutf $ @= ;'gfO tyf af]nfO !^ #= k9fO / nv] fO @) $= qd} fl;s k/LIff !) plNnlvt tflnsfsf g=+ ! b]lv # ;Ddsf If]qut lj|mofsnfk lgoldt l;sfO ;xhLs/0fs} j|mddf u/fpg'k5{ . pSt ljm| ofsnfknfO{ lgdf{0ffTds d\"Nofª\\sg;Fu cGt/;DalGwt u/L To;sf] clenv] klg /fVg'kg]{ 5 . pSt clenv] nfO{ g+ $ sf] lj|mofsnfk;Fu} lg0f{ofTds dN\" ofªs\\ gdf ;dt] pkof]u ugk'{ g{] 5 . cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&& 57
pknlAw:t/ dfkg :s]n JofVof sdhf/] ! != ;xeflutf ;fdfGo -s_ &% k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt -v_ lbOPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ JolStut tyf ;fd\"lxs ¿kdf /fdf| ] ;d]t ko| f; gu/d] f @= ;'gfO / af]nfO lbOPsf ;'gfO / af]nfO ljm| ofsnfk ;g' ]df t/ k|ltlj|mof ghgfPdf #= k9fO / n]vfO lbOPsf k9fO / nv] fO;Da4 s]xL ljm| ofsnfkdf dfq ;xeflutf hgfPdf @ != ;xeflutf -s_ &% k|ltztbl] v a9L t/ *) k|ltzteGbf sd pkl:ylt -v_ lbOPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ JolStut tyf ;dx\" sfod{ f Gog\" ;xeflutf hgfPdf @= ;g' fO / afn] fO lbOPsf ;g' fO / af]nfO lj|mofsnfk ;g' /] To;sf af/d] f ;Lldt kl| tlj|mof JoSt u/]df #= k9fO / n]vfO lbOPsf k9fO / nv] fO;Da4 ljm| ofsnfkdf rfln;b]lv krf; kl| tzt ;xeflutf hgfPdf # != ;xeflutf -s_ *) kl| tztb]lv a9L t/ *% kl| tzteGbf sd pkl:ylt -v_ lbOPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;dx\" sfo{df ;lj|mo ;xeflutf @= ;'gfO / af]nfO lbOPsf ;'gfO / af]nfO lj|mofsnfk ;g' ]/ To;sf af/d] f ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf kl| tlj|mof JoSt u/d] f #= k9fO / nv] fO lbOPsf k9fO / nv] fO;Da4 ljm| ofsnfkdf krf;bl] v ;Q/L kl| tzt;Dd ;xeflutf hgfPdf 58 cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&&
pRr $ != ;xeflutf -s_ *% kl| tztbl] v a9L t/ () kl| tzteGbf sd pkl:ylt -v_ lbOPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;fd\"lxs sfos{ f] gt] [Tj u/d] f @= ;g' fO / af]nfO lbOPsf ;'gfO / af]nfO lj|mofsnfk ;g' /] To;sf af/]df cfzo / efj;lxt k|ltljm| of JoSt u/]df #= k9fO / nv] fO lbOPsf k9fO / nv] fO;Da4 lj|mofsnfkdf ;Q/Lb]lv gAa] k|ltzt;Dd ;xeflutf hgfPdf u/]df pTs[i6 % != ;xeflutf -s_ () kl| tzteGbf a9L pkl:ylt -v_ lbOPsf sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ;ljm| otf;lxt ;fd\"lxs g]t[Tj / lhDdj] f/Lk\"j{s sfo{;Dkfbg u/]df @= ;'gfO / af]nfO lbOPsf ljm| ofsnfk ;'g]/ To;sf af/]df ljifo lj:tf/;lxt k|ltlj|mof JoSt u/]df #= k9fO / n]vfO lbOPsf k9fO / n]vfO;Da4 ;a} ljm| ofsnfk ;kmntfk\"js{ ;dodf g} ;DkGg u/]df plNnlvt sfo{ ubf{ lzIfsn] lgDgfg';f/sf sfo{ / ltgsf] lj:t[tLs/0fnfO{ pkof]u ug{ ;Sgx' 'g] 5M != ;g' fO, afn] fO / nv] fO -s_ x|:j, bL3{, z÷if÷;, a÷j, P÷o, C÷l/, -s_ ;'gfO / nv] fO >'ltaf]w÷ nv] g 5÷If k|of]u ePsf kf7\\ok:' tsleqsf @$ cf]6f zAbsf cfwf/df >'ltaf]w÷n]vg -v_ *) zAb;Ddsf] s'g} Ps cgR' 5]b -b[i6f+z_ sf cfwf/df >'ltaf]w÷nv] g dfl} vs k|ltlj|mof sg' } ;fGbles{ ljifoj:t' jf lrq lbO{ dfl} vs tyf j0fg{ k|ltlj|mof tyf j0f{g -v_ af]nfO @= k9fO cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\oj|md, @)&& 59
-s_ k7g cEof; zAbfR] rf/0f -kf7df ko| S' t gofF @$ cf]6f zAbsf] pRrf/0f ;:j/jfrg kf7leqsf ^) zAb;Ddsf uBf+z jf noa4 kf7sf b'O{ Znf]s ult, olt ldnfO{ efjcg';f/ ;:j/ k7g k|jfx tf]lsPsf] ;dodf ult, olt / xfpefp;lxt kf7 k7g -v_ k7gaf]w cgd' fg sg' } ;fGble{s ljifoj:t' jf lrq lbO{ kj\" {, cg'dfg / kZr cg'dfg ;r\" gf k|of]u tYo, tYofª\\s, ldlt, kfqnufotsf ljifoj:t'sf] pkofu] 5nkmn tyf ljifoj:t'sf] af]w tyf cleJolStsf nflu ko| f]u k|Zgf]Q/ j0f{g lgwfl{ /t ljifoj:ts' f cfwf/df cleJolSt ;f/ lgdf{0f ljifoj:ts' f] ;+Zn]if0f t'ngf / k/LIf0f ljifoj:tn' fO{ :jcge' j tyf l;sfOsf cfwf/df ldn] gldn]sf] bfFHg ljifo lj:tf/ ljifoj:t'sf] ljZni] f0f #= nv] fO -s_ n]vg cEof; cgn' ]vg d'lb|t tyf lnlvt ljifoj:t' afGsL / lxHh] ldnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] kg' M n]vg >l' tnv] g ljleGg dfWodaf6 ljifoj:t' ;g' L afGsL / lxHh] ldnfO{ ljifoj:t'sf] n]vg lgb{l] zt nv] g kZ| g, aF'bf / lgb]{zgdf cfwfl/t ljm| ofsnfk :jtGq n]vg :jtGq cEof; jf /rgf hDdf b|i6Jo M zAbe08f/ / sfod{ n\" s Jofs/0fnfO{ rf/}cf]6f eflifs l;k;Da4 lj|mofsnfk;Fu cGt;DalGwt u/fpg'kg{] 5 . -s_ dV' o l;sfO pknlAwdf ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO:t/ 60 cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ jm| d, @)&&
d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw ljBfyL{n] xfl;n u/s] f] l;sfO :t/sf] d\"Nofª\\sgsf nflu ljBfyLs{ f sfo{ tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] cjnfs] g, dfl} vs tyf lnlvt kZ| gf]Q/, sIff tyf PsfO k/LIff, Jojxf/ cjnf]sgnufotsf tl/sf k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf nflu ?h';r' L, >]0fL dfkg nufotsf Jojxf/ cjnf]sg kmf/d, ljleGg txsf l;sfO Ifdtf dfkg ug]{ k|Zgx¿, Jofjxfl/s ;d:ofnufot sIff ;xeflutf, sIff sfo{, ux[ sfo,{ kl/of]hgf sfo,{ ko| f]ufTds sfo{ cflbdf ljBfyL{sf] ;xeflutf / pknlAwsf ljifodf lzIfssf] clen]v jf gf6] cflb d'Vo l;sfO pknlAwdf ljBfyL{sf] l;sfO :t/ d\"Nofª\\sg ug{ ko| f]u x'g;Sg] ;fwgx¿ x'g\\ . o:tf] d\"Nofªs\\ g ljifoj:t'sf] k|To]s If]q jf PsfOsf] l;sfO kZrft u/L ;f] If]q jf PsfOcGtu{tsf dV' o l;sfO pknlAwdf ljBfyLs{ f] l;sfO :t/ k/LIf0f ljleGg ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]uaf6 ug'k{ 5{ . o;/L l;sfO pknlAw k/LIf0f ubf{ ljBfyLn{ ] Go\"gtd l;sfO :t/ xfl;n u/]sf] gkfOPdf ;w' f/fTds l;sfOsf] cj;/ kb| fg u/L k'gM k/LIf0f u/L Gog\" td l;sfO:t/ ;l' glZrt u/L yk jf dflyNnf] :t/sf] l;sfOsf] cj;/ kb| fg ug'{ kb{5 . k6sk6ssf] ;'wf/fTds l;sfO kZrft klg Go\"gtd :t/sf] l;sfO :t/ xfl;n ug{ g;Sg] ljBfyL{sf nflu pkrf/fTds l;sfOsf] of]hgf lgdf0{ f u/L To:tf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;xof]u ugk{' b{5 . plNnlvt dN\" ofª\\sg tl/sf tyf ;fwgdWo] pkoS' t tl/sf tyf ;fwg k|of]u u/L ;xeflutfsf] :t/, d'Vo k|Tos] l;sfO pknlAwdf ljBfyLs{ f] pknlAwsf] :t/ tyf ko| f]ufTds÷kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] sfo;{ Dkfbg :t/nfO{ lgDgcg;' f/ dfkg ug'{ kb5{ M pknlAw:t/ dfkg pknlAw:t/sf] ;fdfGo JofVof :s]n sdhf]/ ! dV' o l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n ug{ g;s]sf,] ;ah} ;f] l;sfO pknlAwsf nflu ;w' f/fTds l;sfO cfjZos ;fdfGo @ sx] L dV' o l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf,] ;'wf/fTds l;sfO cfjZos /fdf| ] # clwsfz+ d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf], sx] L kIfdf ;w' f/fTds l;sfO cfjZos pRr $ d'Vo l;sfO pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] pTsi[ 6 % dV' o l;sfO pknlAwdf dflyNnf] :t/sf] pknlAw xfl;n u/]sf] cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&& 61
-v_ cfGtl/ssf] clGtd kf| Ktfª\\s tflnsf ljBfyLs{ f] q}dfl;s k/LIffsf cfwf/df kf| Kt k|fKtfª\\s kfrF kfrF x'g] u/L hDdf bz k0\" ffª{ s\\ x'g] 5 . o;nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ k:| tt' ug{'kg{] 5 M j|m=;= ljBfyLs{ f] ;xeflutf ;g' fO / k9fO / n]vfO qd} fl;s k/LIff s'n hDdf %) gfd -$_ af]nfO -!^_ @) klxnf] - bf;] f| ] -%_ hDdf %_ -!)_ ! @ ^=@ cfjlws dN\" ofªs\\ g lg0f{ofTds dN\" ofª\\sgdf clGtd k/LIffsf] ef/ %) k|ltzt x'g] 5 . kT| o]s k/LIffdf k|Zg ;fW] bf zl} Ifs ;qsf] ;?' b]lv k9fO ePsf ;a} kf7x¿af6 ;dl] 6Psf] x'g'kg5{] . o; ljifosf] k/LIffdf ljzi] f u//] 1fg / af]w, ko| f]u / pRr bIftfdf cfwfl/t x'g] 5g\\ . kf7\\oj|mdn] lgwf{/0f u/s] f p2Z] ocg¿' k ljBfyLx{ ¿n] 1fg, l;k, clej[lQ k|fKt u/] gu/]sf] dN\" ofª\\sg u/L To;sf] cfwf/df kd| f0fLs/0f ul/G5 . clGtd k/LIffsf] kZ| gkq kf7o\\ j|md ljsf; s]Gb|n] tof u/]sf] ljlzi6Ls/0f tflnsfnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL lgdf0{ f ul/g'k5{ . -s_ eflifs l;k dN\" ofªs\\ g -k9fO / n]vfO_ j|m=;= Ifq] -k9fO / n]vfO_ k/LIf0f ug{] kIf cªs\\ ef/ != zAbe08f/ zAbfy{ / zAb klxrfg $ jfSodf k|of]u @ @= j0f{ljGof; z'4Ls/0f # #= zAbju{ kxrfg @ eflifs ;+/rgf sfn / efj @ jfSo kl/jtg{ # $= af]w -b[i6f+z_ eflifs ;+/rgf klxrfg # ljleGg ljwfsf uB ;fduL| $ %= lgb{l] zt /rgf syf÷hLjgL, lr7L÷;j+ fb÷ jfbljjfb÷ b}lgsL # 62 cfwf/et\" lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7\\ojm| d, @)&&
^= aFb' f l6kf]6 / ;f/f+z uB ljwf $ nv] g -b[i6f+z_ &= efjlj:tf/ noa4, cfVofgfTds, k|aGwfTds÷lgaGwfTds, # hLjgLk/s kf7sf ljlzi6 kª\\lSt *= kf7ut af]w ;Gbed{ f cfwfl/t ;ª\\lIfKt pQ/fTds $ tfls{s lzNk÷;d:of ;dfwfg # ;Gbed{ f cfwfl/t nfdf] pQ/fTds % (= :jtGq nv] g lgaGw % hDdf %) cfwf/e\"t lzIff -sIff ^–*_ kf7o\\ j|md, @)&& 63
Basic Education Curriculum 2077 Grades 6-8 English 1. Introduction English is the language of international communication. It is widely used in education, mass media, information and communication technology (ICT), business, tourism, science and medicine. English is also a popular language in Nepal, particularly in the field of education, science and technology, media, travel and tourism and so on. It is taught as a compulsory subject right from grade one. This curriculum has been developed to cater to the essential linguistic needs of the children learning English. It has incorporated recent trends and contemporary developments in language learning. The main aim of teaching English at this level is to enable the learners to communicate with confidence. This curriculum aims to enable the students to exchange their ideas with the people who speak or write English. It also aims to expose the students to the vast treasure of knowledge and pleasure available in both written and spoken English. The major focus of this curriculum is on language skills viz. listening, speaking, reading and writing and, thus, it aims to develop communicative competence on the part of students. The students learning English in these grades will develop their linguistic base in English for their further studies. 2. Competencies By the end of grade eight, the students should be able to achieve the following competencies: a. listen in order to understand and respond appropriately in a variety of situations for a variety of purposes; b. speak appropriately to communicate with different audiences for a variety of purposes in a variety of personal, social and academic contexts; c. read and understand a variety of literary, informational, and graphic texts, using a range of strategies or cognitive processes to construct meaning; d. write for an intended purpose and audience by generating, gathering, and organizing ideas and information; and e. demonstrate good control of vocabulary and syntax to express basic communicative needs. Basic Education Curriculum (Grades 6-8) 2077 64
3. Learning Outcomes 3.1 Listening By the end of grade six, seven and eight, the students can: Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 1. understand and 1. understand and extract 1. understand and extract extract specific specific information specific information information from from short and clearly from short and clearly short and clearly articulated spoken articulated spoken articulated spoken English on familiar English on familiar English on everyday matters. matters. matters. 2. understand and pick out 2. understand and pick out 2. understand and pick the main points from the main points and out the main points short audio materials or supporting details from from short audio oral presentation. audio materials or oral materials. 3. show an understanding presentation. 3. show an of conversations on 3. show an understanding understanding of everyday matters. of conversations on conversations on 4. understand instructions familiar matters. predictable matters. and announcements 4. respond to multi-step 4. follow short and addressed carefully and directions/ instructions simple instructions. slowly and follow and announcements 5. understand short, simple directions. correctly. information from 5. understand information 5. understand information electronic media e.g. from electronic media from electronic media radio and television.. e.g. radio and e.g. radio and television. television. 3.2 Speaking By the end of grade six, seven and eight, the students can: Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 1. ask and answer 1. initiate and respond to 1. exchange ideas and simple questions in simple statements in information on familiar the areas of the areas of immediate topics in predictable immediate need. need. everyday situations. 2. exchange 2. exchange information 2. interact with reasonable information on on familiar matters. ease in structured familiar matters. 3. participate in short situations and short 3. express feelings in conversations in conversations. simple language. routine contexts on 3. participate in short 4. act short dialogues. topics of interest. conversations in routine 65 Basic Education Curriculum (Grades 6-8) 2077
5. describe pictures. 4. act dialogues and contexts on topics of 6. describe charts, engage in group interest. tables and diagrams. discussions. 4. engage in group 7. retell short stories 5. describe pictures, discussions to reach a using simple cartoons and maps. conclusion. sentences. 6. describe charts, tables 5. describe pictures, 8. describe oneself and diagrams. cartoons, maps, and including the aspects 7. retell stories and events posters with a wide of their background using simple sentences. range of vocabulary. clearly in simple 8. describe oneself and 6. describe charts, tables terms. their immediate and diagrams. 9. speak with correct environment in simple 7. narrate stories and stress and intonation. terms. events using a wide 10. describe people, 9. speak with correct range of vocabulary. places and things in stress and intonation. 8. describe the aspects of simple terms. 10. give a short, basic their background and description of people, immediate environment places and things. in areas of immediate need in simple terms. 9. speak with correct stress and intonation. 10. describe people, places and things with a wide 3.3 Reading range of vocabulary. By the end of grade six, seven and eight, the students can: Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 1. understand short 1. understand a 1. understand the description simple personal straightforward of events, feelings and letters and very personal letter and wishes. simple formal letters email and basic type of 2. understand and extract and emails. standard letters and relevant information from 2. understand and emails on familiar everyday materials. extract specific topics. 3. understand rules and information from 2. understand and extract regulations. simple everyday specific information 4. understand texts describing materials. from simple everyday people, places, everyday 3. understand simple materials. life and culture. brief rules and 3. understand simple rules 5. understand and retrieve Basic Education Curriculum (Grades 6-8) 2077 66
regulations. and regulations. required information from 4. understand texts 4. understand texts graphic texts (charts, describing people, describing people, tables, graphs and maps). places, everyday life places, everyday life 6. understand recipe and and culture. and culture. instructions. 5. understand and 5. understand and retrieve 7. find the meaning of retrieve required required information unfamiliar words from information from from graphic texts context. graphic texts (charts, (charts, tables, graphs 8. find out the main ideas and tables, graphs and and maps) supporting details from a maps). 6. understand simple text. 6. understand simple recipes and 9. understand a short brief recipes and instructions. biography of a instructions. 7. find the meaning of national/international 7. find the meaning of unfamiliar words from figure. unfamiliar words context. 10. read short poems and from context. 8. find out the main ideas stories for pleasure and 8. find out the main and supporting details understanding. ideas and supporting from a text. 11. consult a dictionary details from short 9. understand a short (including e-dictionary) to texts. simple biography of a learn the different aspects 9. understand a short national/international of words. simple biography of a figure. national figure. 10. read short poems and 10. read short poems and stories for pleasure and stories for pleasure understanding. and understanding. 11. consult a dictionary 11. consult a dictionary (including e-dictionary) (including e- to learn the different dictionary) to learn aspects of words. the different aspects of words. 3.4 Writing By the end of grade six, seven and eight, the students can: Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 1. write personal letters 1. write personal letters 1. write personal letters and and simple official and simple official simple official letters. 67 Basic Education Curriculum (Grades 6-8) 2077
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