Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

MYSTIC RIVER. 325 ward of Morgan's Point. The channel pasSes to the westward of it, and leads to the Dangera--11,)'s- northeastwarcl past Morgan's Point, and between a red spar-buoy on the cast and a tic Ril'Br. black spindle abreast of Morgan's Point Light-house on the west. The red buoy, which is marked No. 2, indicates the t!$lreme northwestern lirn:it.s of Ram Idand Flam, which here extend more than a quarter of a mile to the westward of the island,-the channel at this point being but little over a hundred yards wide. The spindle is known as Crook's Spindle, rises from a granite base, and is surmounted by a keg. It is built upon the eastern end of the shoal making o:ff to the eastward from Morgan's Point, and bears from the light-house E. by s., nearly two hundred yards distant. When past Crook's Spindle the channel keeps close along the west.em shore to Mason'a Island avoid l\\fason's Island Flats, which make in a southwesterly direction from Mason's Fial$. Island for nearly three-quarters of a mile, occupying almost the entire width of the river, and leaving a channel only about one hundred and fifty yards wide between their western end and the N oank shore. They have from three to five feet upon them at mean low water, and their ex- tremity is marked by a pile. It is not safe for strangers to at1:empt to ascend this river above Koank. A pilot can always be obtained either at this village or at the light-house. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. .Prom. #he eastward, 'having co1tae #hrough #he JIC<tdn Channel of Fisher'a Island Sound.- On thew. :f N. course through the Sound, when Morgan's Point Light-house bears N. by E.-§- E. and North Hammock Light-house W. by B. :f S., the depth will be ten fathoms, and a N. course will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to abreast of the red buoy on The Sweeper's Ground. When past this buoy, and in about fourteen feet, with Eel GI'3Ss Light-vessel bearing E. ! S. Southerly, and the spindle on Groton Long Point Reef W. l S., NE. l N. will lead, with not less than twelve feet, to the spindle on Whale Rock. Passing to the westward of this spindle, (in four fathoms,) when you are exactly between it and Morgan's Point Light-house, having the former bearing S. and the· fatter N., st.eer about NE. by E. ! E., aiming to pass about midway betwL>en Crook's Spindle and the red buoy on the northwestern side of Ram Island Flats. On this course you will not have less than four fathoms. When between the spindle and the buoy turn to the northward, giving the former a berth to the westward of about fifty yards; and then keep the western shore of the river close aboard (say about seventy-five yards off) until past Noank and nearly up with the southern point of entrance to the large cove making into the western shore just above that village. At this point the channel turns abruptly to the eastward, rnnning ~tly for the middle of l\\lfason's Island, with the summit of the wooded hill on that island a little to the southward of the course. When within about two hundred yards of the island the channel turns abruptly to the northward, passing about midway between l\\fason's Island and the marsh island off the western shore, and leading directly for Willow Point. When abreast of the southern end of Mason's Hill it again turns more to the eastward, passing about one hundred yards to the westward of the northwestern point of the island. When within about a quarter of a mile of the southern end of Portersville a stake or spindle, maintained by privatc enterprise, will be soon a little to the eastward of the course. The channel passes about one hundred yards to the eastward of this, and then leads direct.ly towards the line of wharves in Portersville. Strangers, however, should on no account att.empt to pa.ss beyond Crook's Spindle, but should take a pilot at :Aforga.n's Point, or before entering the river. The above courses pass about two hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on The Sweeper's Ground; about fifty yards to the westward of Whale Rock spindle; one hundred yards to the west.- ward. of the red buoy on the northwestern end of Ram Island Flats; the same distance to the eastward of Crook's Spindle; and one hundred and :fifty yards to the we8tward of the southwestern end of Mason's Island Flats. Or, a vasel of light draught may, when on the W. ! N. course the red buoy on the southern .end of Ram. Island Reef bears NE. by N. -f N., Morgan's Point Light-house N NW., and :Eel Grass Light-vessel E. by N. l JI'., st.eer J!ffW. f N., which will lead, with not less than ten feet, between The Sweeper's Ground and Ram Island Flats, and up with the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the western end of the latter. When up with this buoy, with Morgan's Point Light-house bearing N NE., N NE. Easterly will lead, with not less than fourteen feet, past the spindle on Whale Rock. When exactly

326 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- between this spindle and 1\\-forgan's Point Light-house, having the latter bearing N. and tions--Mystic the former S., the depth will be four fathoms, and NE. fiy E. ~· E. should be steered, River. following the directions for the river previously given. The above courses pass a quart€r of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on the southern end of Ram Island Reef; the same distance to the eastward of the red buoy on The Sweeper's Ground; one hundred yards to the westward of the western end of Ram Island Flats; and fifty yards to the westward of the spindle on ·whale Rock. Or, from Ed Gra&~ Light-ve88cl steer W. by N. :Northerly, for the southwestern end of Ram Island, carrying not less than twelve feet, until within two hundred and fifty yard\"! of it, when pass to the southward of the island about one hundred yards, and steer W NW., which will lead, with not less than nine feet, to the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the western end of Ram Island Flats. When up with this buoy, steer N NE. Easterly, as before, and follow the previous dirootions. The above courses pass three hundred and fifty yards to the northward of Ram Island Reef spindle; one hundred yards to the northward of the \"six feet shoal\" to the northward of Ram Island Reef; and fifty yards to the southward of the southern edge of Ram Island Flats. This channel should not, however, be attempted by strangers. DANGERS. II. .Pl'Olft t:he Eastward bu the Northern .Pa88age.-This channel, although buoyed, should never be attempted by strangers. It may be entered from St-onington by passing between 'Vhite Rock and Red Reef, to the northward of Ellis' Reef and Ram Island, and between the. southern end of Mason's Island Flats and the northern end of Ram Island Flats. Or, from the 1'.fain Channel, it may be entered by passing to the eastward of Ellis' Reef, and then to the northward of it, joining the sailing-lines from Stonington .at the black buoy to the northward of Ram Island. That portion of the channel which lies between Ram Island and Morgan's Point is so narrow and crooked that no intelli- gible directions can be given; and a mere menton will, therefore, be made of the dangers and their marks. If coming from Swningf,on, after passing 1\\ramphassuck Point, White Rock will be Reen a little to the southward of the course; and to the northward, bearing about W. ! N., five- eighths of a mile off, a red spar-buoy. This is on Red Reef, a small detached rock, Red Reef. with two feet at low water, lying about t!hree hundred and fifty yards to the northward of tVhite Rock. The buoy is marked No. 10, and placed on the southern side of the reef. . A little over half a mile to the westward of Red Reef is a group of bare rocks Cormorant surrounded by shoals, and known as Cormorant Reef. Their southern end is about a Reef. quarter of a mile E. t S. from Bush Island, and five-eighths of a mile W. by N. ! N. from White Rock. The sailing-line passes well to the southward of them. When abreast of these rocks a black spm.·-buoy will be seen to the southward of the course, about :five hundred yards off'; and a bla&: spindle, with square cage, about three hundred yards Elli$' Reef. to the southward of it. The spindle is on the d=7 part of Ellis' Reef, and the buoy is placed in eleven feet off its northern end. Ellis Reef is a small detached shoal, dry at low water, about five-eighths of a mile S. t W. from the southern end of Dodge's Island, and nine hundred yards SE. l E. from the southern end of Baker's Island. The sailing-line by this chan- nel passes one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the buoy. When past Ellis' Reef buoy, the channel turns to the westward, leading about midway between Mason's Point and the northern end of Ram Island; and when abreast of the southern end of Baker's Island a black spar-buoy will bQ seen directly ahead, and half a mile off. This is on Shoal Groand the northern end of the Shoal Ground N. of Ram Island, which is formed by a line N. of Ram of sunken rocks extending in a northeasterly direction for two hundred yards from the /~land. northernmost of the rocky islets to the northward of the island. The buoy, which is marked No. 3, is :placed in three fathoms off the northern end of the reef, aml bears from the black buoy N. of Ellis. Reef W. i N., seven-eighths of a mile distant. From this buoy Morgan's Point Light-house bears W. l S., nearly three-quarters of a mile dist.ant. When past the bnoy N. of Ram Island, the southern edge of the channel is marked by piles; but these are sometimes carried away, and mariners must not depend upon them. There is a pile placed on the northwestern edge of Ram Isbid Fkrt,s, and another on the southwest.em end of .Mason's Island F/.af,s. These two are almost always in position marking the northern and southern limits of the channel, and can be distinctly seen when abreast of the black buoy l!f. of Ram Island. After passing the pile oft' the sou.thwestern end of Ma.son's Island Flats, the channel leads nearly for Crook's Spindle, which you may approach safely within sixty yards, and then steer up into the river.

MYS'I'IC RIVER. 327 SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. Fro- t:1~e Eatdward by 1;1.e Nortlaern Pafr8ft17e.-A vessel from Stoningfa:m, bound to Mystic, and wishing to pass to the northward of 'Vl1ite Rock, may bring Stonington Light-house to bear E. t N., and steer W. t S., which course will lead, ·with not less than twelve feet, between White Rock and Red Reef, past Cormorant Reef, Bush and Baker's islands. When abreast of the southern edge of Baker's Tuland, the black spar-buoy off the north end of Ram Island will be seen a little to the southward of the course, and half a mile off. The course must now be changed so as to pass a little to the northward of this buoy; and when abreast of it W. -! S. will lead, with not less than ten feet, into the river, steering nearly for Crook's Spindle, which will be seen a little to the northward of the course, and open a little to the southward of Morgan's Point Light-house. When within sixty yards of the spindle, N. by W. i W. will lead, with not less than fifteen feet, past the southwestern end of ~{ason's Island Flats; after which, the western shore of the river must be kept up to Noank. The above courses pass one hundred yards to the southward of 'Vamphassuck Point buoy; the same distance to the northward of W\"'11ite Rock; two hundred yards to the southward of the buoy on Red Reef; nearly three hundred yards to the southward of Cormorant Reef; two hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy N. of Ellis' Reef; nearly thre.e hundred yards to the southward of Bush Island Point; a little over a hundred yards to the southward of Baker's Island; close-to to the northward of the black buoy N. of Ram Island; one hundred yards to the northward of the pile on the northweRtern end of Ram Island Flats; about sixty yards to the southv;'U.rd of the pile on the southwestern end of Mason's Island Flats; and the same distance to the eastward of Crook's Spindle. Or, wi.shing to pa88 to the southward of TVhite &cl.:, you may bring Stonington Light-house to bear E. t N., and steer W. ! S., which will lead directly towards Ellis' Roof spindle. On this course, when abreast of White Rock, having it bearing N. ! W., and an eighth of a mile off, steer W. ! N. towards Morgan's Point Light-house, which will lead, >vi.th not less than three fathoms, up to the black buoy N. of Ellis' Reef. Pass to the northward of this buoy, and steer W. ! N., which will Jearl, with not less than fourteen feet, to the black buoy N. of Ram Island. Round this buoy to the northward, close-to, steer W. ! S., and follow the directions previously given. fIII. or, havh1,g ccnn.e 1;h-rov.gh #he Wa.t:ch HUl Passage.•- O n the W. N. course, when Ston- ington Light-house bears N. by W., and you have just passed Napatrce Point buoy, steer NW. by W. ! W., which will lead, with not leRS than three fathoms, past Ellis' Reef; and, with not less than twelve feet, to the blru:ik buoy (No. 1) N. of that reef. When up with this buoy, pass about fifty yards to the northward of it (in fifteen feet), when you are in the Northern Passage, and W. ! N. will bring you to the black buoy N. of Ram Island; after which follow the directions for that passage given above. . This coarse, from the Main Channel into the Northern Passage, passes three hundred yards to the southwestward of N apatree Point buoy; nearly a quarter of a mile to the westward of The Middle Ground buoy; between six and seven hundred yards to the eastward of the Eel Grass Ground; and an eighth of a mile to the northeastward of the spindle on Ellis' Reef. DANGERS. III. .Pr- ,.,_ Weahm:l&nl, 1u&mttt1 - . . #hrawgh #he Iain. C'lt4nnel of Fltlla<ir's Island Sov.'194.-ln approaching Fisher's Island Sound from the westward, the first danger met with will be seen well to the northward of the course, bearing about NE. :f E .• and distant one mile. It is known as Sea-Flower Reef, (sometimes called Potter's Pi,eej,) and lies Sea-Flower almost exactly in the middle of the west.em entrance to the Sound,-being a mile to Reef. the.southward of Mumford's Point, and nbout a mile and a quarter to the northward of N-0rthwest Point. There is equally good water on all sides of it; but the ]\\fain Channel passes to the southward of it,-that to the northward being known as the_.,._ Island Chan.eZ, and used on]y by vessels bound to and from New London. A large granite beacon, supporting a spindle and barrel- shaped oo.ge, is placed upon the·western side of the reef, and should not be approached from the south- ward nearer than three hundred yards. This beacon bears from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel E. i N., a little over four miles and .a half distant; and from it the spindle on Groton Long Point Reef bears E. by N. t N., one mile and thrOO-eighths; the red buoy on The Horse-Shoe NE.! N., nearly three- quarters of a mile; and North Hammock Light-house SE. Southerly, over three-quarters of a mile distant.

328 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. But little over :five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Sea-'Flower Reef, the course turns to the northeastward, running about NE. by E.; and there will soon be !'leen, to the northward of the course, bearing about NE. ! N .• and half a mile distant, an iron spindle, close in with Groton Long Point. The spindle is painted red, and surmounted by a cage in the form of an Groton Long inverted cone. It marks the southern extremity of Groton Long Point Reef, which Point Reef. extends to the southward from Groton Long Point for two hundred yards, and is bare at low water. Vessels may pass within one hundred yards of it with not less than sixt-Oen feet at low water; but those miing this channel do not approach nearer than three hundred north~yardWhen up with Groton Long Point, a perpendicularly-striped buoy will be seen a little to the ward of the course, bearing about NE., and six hundred and fifty yards off; and a red spar-buoy to the eastward of the course, bearing about E. by N. i N., and half a mile distant. The former is a channel buoy, in eleven feet water; but vessels usually pass to the eastward of it, as Sweeper's the best water is about midway between it and the red buoy. The latter is on The Ground. Sweeper's Ground, an eight feet shoal about half a mile to .the we..«tward of the south- western end of Ram Island. The buoy is marked No. 16, placed in twelve feet on the southwest.em end of the shoal, and marks the eastern limits of the channel at this point. It bears from Groton Long Point spindle E. t S., about eleven hundred yards; from Sea-Flower Reef Beacon E. ! N. Northerly, a mile and seven-eighths; and from North Hammock Light-house NE. by E., a mile and :five-eighths distant. From this buoy Morgan's Point Light-house bears N NE., five-eighths of a mile distant. On coming abreast of the perpendicularly-striped buoy, above mentioned, another spar-buoy, similarly painted, will be seen a little to the southward of the course, bearing about E NE., and three- eighths of a mile off. This is also a channel buoy, but being placed off the south- Ram Island western end of Ram Island FlatB, vessels usually pass to the westward of it. Ram Flats. Island Flats is the name common to all that mass of ledges and flatB which extends to the westward from Ram Island. Some of them are bare at all times, others only at low water, and some have from two to three feet upon them. A bare islet, about one hundred yards long, lies near the we8tern edge of these flats, about three hundred and :fifty yards from Ram Island, and between six and seven hundred yards to the southward of Morgan's Point. By passing to the westward of the channel buoy, and steering up between :Morgan's Point Light-house and \"Whale Rock spindle, they are avoided. (See also page 324.) Whale Rock. \"''hale Rock, (the spindle upon which will be visible a little to the eastward of the course when you are up with the channel buoy off Ram Island Flats,) is a mass of loose boulders about twenty yards in diameter, and bare at low tides. It lies on the western edge of Ram Island Flats, two hundred yards to the southward of Morgan's Point; and the channel passes to the westward of it, leading to the northeastward past J\\ilorga.n's Point, and between a red spar-buoy on the east and a black spindle abreast of the light-house on the west. The red buoy, which is marked No. 2, is on tlw nortkwestern end of Ram Isl.and Flak, which here ext~md more than a quarter of a mile to the westward of the island,-the channel at this point being but little over a hundred yards wide. The spindle is known as Crook's Spindle, rises from a granite base, and is surmounted by a keg. It is built upon the eastern end of the shoal making to the eastward from Morgan's Point, and bears from tbc light-house E. by S. nearly two hundred yards distant. When past this spindle the channel keeps close along the western shore to avoid /la/6on's l1tland Mason's Island Flats, which make in a southwesterly direction from Mason's Island Flats. for nearly three quarters of a mile, occupying almost the entire width of the river, and leaving a channel only about one hundred and fifty yards wide between their western edge and the Noank shore. A pile is placed on their southwestern extremity to mark the eastern limits of the channel at this point. From three to five feet is found upon these flats at mean low water. Strangers should not attempt to ascend Mystic River above Noo.nk. A pilot can alwuys be obtained either at this village or at the light-house. SAILING DIRECTIONS. '\"\"°'IV. ......._ w~rei, lacn- - t:h.--gA ,,_ :6.l'a:lft Cha#leel info ~..'111..ia.& . s . - 4 . - Being about one hundred yards to the southward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, (in Long Island Sound,) steer E. ! N., which course will lead into Fisher's Island Sound, with not less than four and a quart.er fathoms, passing between Sea-Flower Reef Beacon and North Hammock, but nearer to the latter. When just past North Hammock, having the light-house bearing 8. by E., about four hundred yards off, Morga.n's Point Light-house will bear NE. ! E., and the depth will be :fifteen fathoms. Now steer NE. by E •• which will lead, with IlQt less than twelve feet, to abreast of the perpendicnlarly- Btriped buoy off the southwestern end of Ram Island Flam. When abreast of ~ buoy in twelve feet

.MYS1'1C RIVER. 329 water, having Morgan's Point Light-house bmring NE. by N. ! N., and the south- $ailing Oirec- western end of Ram Island E. by S. f S., steer NE. i N., carrying not less than twelve fions--MJsfic feet, until you are exactly between Morgan's Point Light-house and the spindle on River. Whale Rock, having the former bearing N. and the latter S. Now steer about NE. by E. ! E., aiming to pass about midway between Crook's Spindle and the northwestern side of Ram Island Flats. On this oourse you will not have less than four fathoms. \\Vhen between the spindle and the buoy turn to the northward, giving the former a berth of about fifty yards to the westward, and then keep the western shore of the river close aboard, (say about seventy-five yards off,) until up with Noank, where you should take a pilot. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the northward of North Hammock; about nine hundred yards to the southward of Sea-Flowe!' Reef Beacon; three hundred and fifty yards to the southeastward of the spindle on Groton Long Point Reef; one hundred yards to the eastward of the channel buoy E. of Groton Long Point; three hundred yards to the northwestward of the red buoy on The Sweeper's Ground; one hundred yards to the westward of the channel buoy off the southwestern end of Ram Island Flats; about fifty yards to the westward of the spindle on Whale Rock; one hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on the northwestern end of Ram Island Flats; fifty yards to the eastward of Crook's Spindle, and one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the pile on the southwestern end of Mason's Island Flats. DANGERS. IV. .ll'roan f:he West-u>arcl, by f:he .Pallsage f:o f:he Norll&11Dard of Sea-Floft'er .Reef.-In entering by this passage the first danger met with is Sea-Plower Ree:f, already described on page 306. The sailing-line passes to the northward of it, and when abreast of it there wiJl be seen well to the northward, off the mouth of 1\\-Iumford's Cove and about five-eighths of a mile off, a red spar-buoy. This is on Horse-Shoe Reef, a dangerous shoal three hundred yardR long Horse-Skoe N NE. and S SW., and bare in places at low-spring tides. The buoy, which is marked Reef. No. 18, is placed in four fathoms off its southern end, and bears from Sea-Flower Reef Beaoon NE.! N., nearly three-quarters of a mile; from Bartlett's Reef Light-v~l E. by N. ! N., five miles and an eighth ; and from Bluff or l\\Iumford's Point S. by E. t E., three-eighths of a mile distant. From this buoy North HB.mmock Light-house bears s. ! E., a mile and an eighth; and the spindle on Groton Long Point Reef E. by s. Southerly, seven-eighths of a mile distant. When to the eastward of Horse-Shoe Reef, the next danger met with is Grof.on Long Point Reef, on the northern side of the channel; which, together with all the dangers met with in the river, have been fully described on the preceding page. . SAILING DIRECTIONS. V. Ji'rom. f:he W~rd, &tr Me Pwulaatle f:o f:he NorihM>ard of Se&-.ll'~r Beef .Beaeon.-Bcing about a hundred yards to the southward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, (in Long Island Sound,) steer E. by N. ! N., which course will lead, with not less than five and a half fathoms, to the northward of Sea-Flower Reef. On this course, when North Hammock Light-house bears S. by E. i E. Nearly, and the southeastern extremity of Groton Long Point E. by N., the depth will be four and three- quarter fathoms, and an E. course will lead safely past Groton Long Point, with not less than four and a half fathoms. When the spindle on Groton Long Point bears NW. t N., nearly four hundred yards, and Morgab's Point Light-house NE., nearly one mile distant, steer NE. by E., and follow the directions for the river given above. The above courses pass an eighth of a mile to the northward of Sea-Flower Reef Beacon; six hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the red buoy on Horse-Shoe Reef; an eighth of a mile to the ,southward, and four hundred yards to the eastwa.M., of the spindle on Groton Long Point Reef. ClJJ.UU!lN'rS J:N J!'.l'.SDEWl!I :uo:...un> SOtr.ND. ln the W&tch lb.ll ......_. the clll'1'9Dt otflood sets nearly in the direction of ibe channel, though with a slight tendency to the northward, while the ebb showa the ft.me tendency to the sonthward. Neither current will materially affect the sailing OOUl'llell. Na:r llelGrau Lla'llt-\"+'911i161 the cm-rent of :flood has a tendency to the southward ofW., while the ebb ruIJJ!I nearly due B.,- the average velocity being but litt.Li over a mile an hour. Oft'~ 1-& Poln1i the fiood sets neilrJy 11'., while the ebb baa a. tendency t-0 the southward ofB.,-the fatter haviJJg a Velocity of nearly a mile arul a ha1£ c, P.--42

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. In the llaJ.n Chamlel, to the northward ofWicopesset, the flood runs about NW. t W., and the ebb nearly SE. f E., with a velocity of two miles an hour. Off East Harbor the flood runs W. t S., and the ebb E. l N., while between :Horse-Shoe and Sea-Flower reefs the flood runs nearly WNW., ancl the ebb ESE., with a velocity of two miles an hoqr. In the Catumb and Sugar Reef passages the tidal current SBti! nearly at right angles to the axes of the channels; and these passages should, therefore, not be attempted by strangers. The following table will show the set and drift of the current at those positions in the Sound where observations have been made by the Coast Survey: TABLE. 1 Second Quarter. 1 Third Quarter. Flood Set. Drift. or No. STATION. ~-1&<. Ebb. ...w_....,...,. .... ...,,._...,.. ,1 2 Near :Eel Grass Light-vessel ..•.•.• - •.•.• I I I3 Off Groton. Long Point••.••••••••• -- •• . . W. byN.tN...... 1.17 WNW••••••••••• 1.20 Flood. 1.25 Ew..bbyySs..tt 1.10 Ebb. :E. btyss...t. s. .............. 1.22 S. - ..• - 1.12 Flood. 1.05 8 .. .•• . 1.25 ! Ebb. w. 1.18 1.22 :E. i N. Northerly .. 1.11 1.43 EFlbobo.d. :E.tN.Northerly •. w... ··•··· ...... W. tN.•••••..••. E. bys. f s .... --- SE. byE. t E••••. ICE A.ND rrs EFFECTS IN FISHER'S ISLAND SOUND. Except in severe winters this Sound is not much obetructw by ice. What there is generally comes from Long Island Sound being part of the drift-ice from that Sound which is driven north of 1'1.sher's Island by westerly winds. During heavy winters the great masses of drift-ice in passing to the eastward separa.te near Bartlett's Reef,-a part passing out through The Race into Block Island &und, and the rest being forced into Fisher's Island Sound, completely closing navigation. With milder weather and strong westerly winds it is soon broken up and passes out into Block Island Sound through the Watch Hill Paesage. The harbors in the Sound are, of course, closed to navigation in such winters. LONG ISLAND SOUND. Thli! extensive body of water lies between the shores of Connecticut and New York on the north, and Long Island on the· south, and is between eighty and ninety milee long. It ii! widest about midway of its length (say on a line between Bmnford llarbor and Herod's Point, see page 337,) where it jg over sixteen miles in width, and from this point gradually diminishes towards its eastern and western ends• .A.t its eastern entrance, between Fisher'\" Island and Plum Island, it is about six miles and a half wide; while at its western extremity, between Throg's Neck and Willet's Point, (at its point of junction with the East River,) it is only three-quarters of a mile wide. This Sound forms a most important part of the system of inland coast navigation to the eastward of New York,-four-:fifths of the coastwise tmde between that city and the New England ports passing through it.. The important harbors of New Lon- don and New JlaTen. lie on its northern shore, together with many of the so-called \"Tidal\" Harbors, whicli latter, though not available for strangers, are much frequented by coasting vessels of light draught. On the southern shore of the Sound lie the harbom of Greenport and Sag Barbor, (in Shelter Island Sound,) :S:untlllgton and Oyster Bay, Kempatea.4 and Jlla.nhasset Ba.y,-all of which, with the exception of the last-named, can be entered at low water by vessels drawing eighteen feet. !funha.eset Bay jg good for only thirteen feet at low wa.ter, and there ii!, besides, the \"tidal\" harbor of Port Jefferson, into which not more than three feet at low water can be taken. Long Island Sound is singularly free from dangers throughout its entire length; affords ample room for beating to wind- wru-d, and good anchorage in adve,,.e weather. The great drawback to its usefulness Ill! a thoroughfare between New York and the Eastern States is the well-known and much dreaded passage of :Rell Gaw, (in the Narrow!! of the East River,) where the velocity of the current and the numerous sunken reefs and ledges have long boen very great obstructions to navigation. Of _later years, however, the increasing use of steam-power, and above all, the energetic and liberal measures taken by the Govern· ment to remove the most dangerous of the sunken reefs, have much diminished the dangers of this passage, and there is little doubt that in the not distant future the Sound will become the highway for all vessels bound from New York to the eastward. DESCJnPTION OF SHORES OF LONG ISLAND SOUND. As before-mentioned, the entrance to this Sound from the eastward is between Race Point (the western end of Fisher's Island) and Plum Island Point, (the eastern extremity of Plum Island.} Between these two points the entrance is si:lc miles and a half wide; but the fl.Vailable channel is contracted to a width of three miles and a hair by the Gull Islands, which lie nearly in a line between Plum Island and Race Point; and there is a very dangerous rock, called valfa.D.t The Race. :B9*, almost exactly midway between Race Point and the Gull Islands. This main channel is known as The Race, on aceount of the groo.t velocity of the tidal. current, which, during onlinary tides, runs at the rat.e of four milea an hour, and clurlng l'pring tides has been known to reach a maximum veloeity of over six miles. Race Point. Race Point, wht!n seen from the eastward, will appear low, fiat and sandy, with a llne .ofl>oulders at its western enil, and a little gt'UB on its summit. A. but of refuge, attached to the J.U'e-41a\"VUIC ·8*adml flt this point, will be Be<>D near the beac;h,-~ as aJow house of a dark-brown color. About half a mile to tlre·l!Outhweaiward of the point lies : a - Boek, upon whiclt 1\"4 ligbt-house i& now building, (1878.)



RACE ROCK LIGHT-HOUSE. This light wiJI be exhibited January I, 1879, and will he of the fourth order of .Fresnel, revolv- ing red and white at intervals of thirty se<xmds, with short periods of total eclipses. It will be visible fourteen miles. A bell, struck by machinery giving two blows in quick succession every twenty seconds, will be sounded during thick weather.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 331 When completed this light-house will be known as Booe Rock Light-houee, and will show a light of the Race Rock second order of Fresnel. Its geographien.l position is Light-houae. Latitude·----· •.••.• ····-··-··-·-----·-----·-··- .••.•••••••••••. 4J.0 14' 31i\"N. Longitude ••• --· ••• --- •• ---· ··---- •. ----. -- • -· ··-··· ·-- •••.•••••• 72° w.21 11111 It bears from Point Judith Light-house W. i S., twenty six miles and a half; from Block Island North Light-house W. by N•• twenty miles and three-quarters; and from Montauk Point Light-house NW. by N. t N., thirteen miles and a half distant. From this light-hou$e Milos. New London Llght-houae bears N. b::V w. t w....•..•......•...•••..•...•..•...... - . . . . •. .. . . . . .. 4! Bartlett's Reef Llght-vessel lfW. by W. i W. - - ••• - ••• - - - •••••••••. - - •••• - --· ·-- -- •••••••.•.••. - - 4 Cornfteld Point Llght-vessel W. t N •• - - --· •••• - ••••••••••••• -· ••• --- •• - ••• ---- ••••• -- ••••••••••• 15 i Llttle Gull Island Ligh\"\"\"h<>use sw. by w. ci- w...................••................ ··---- -·-- ---- 3! Ga.rd1D.er's Island Light-house SW•. -- - ...... --- • ---- ---- -··- ---· --- ••• -··- •••••••••••• --··.. ••• 7 i On the western side of the entrance lie the Gull Islands, known as Great Gull a.nd Little Gull. The Gull Islands. latter, which is the easternmost, is very small and low, and is easily recognized by the light-house and keeper's dwelling. It is surrounded by shoals, and there is no passage between it and Great Gull Island, which lies three-eighths of a mile to the westward. This latter is half a mile long ENE. and W SW., with low and nearly level surface, covered only with grass, and shows sandy faces here and there. Near its eastern end it is somewhat higher, and perfectly fiat on top, with steeply-1<loping faces, covered with grass,-giving it the appearance of an earth-work. Between t.bis' island and Plum Islnnd there is a passage about a mile and three-quarters wide, with from three to six fathoms in it, but obstructed by the dangerous ledges known as Old Sllas and Bedford lleef, which lie nearly in the middle of the passage. Little Gull Island Light-house, when seen from the e11Btward, will appear as a granite tower connected Little Gall Island with a red dwelling,-both elevated on a protecting pier, also of granite. The tower is seventy-four feet Light-house. high, and shows a :fixed white light, of the second order, :from a height of ninety-two feet above the sea, visible seventeen miles. Its geographical position is Latitude·-·-·· ••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••.••.• 41° 121 2111 N. Longitude .••.....••.••••. ·----··-·- •••• ---- ••.••••..••••..••.•••. 72° &' 26\" w. It bears trom Miles. Point J\"udlth Llght-house, W. i B•••••. - •••.. - ••••••••••.••••• ---· •••• ---- -- -·---- •••••••••••••• 30 w.Bloell: Isla.nd North Llght-hOuse, t N ••••••• ···-·· •••••••••••• ·---·· ··--·- •••••••••• -··- .••••• 2.1! Jlllonta.uk Point Light-house, NW. t W. ---· ••• --- - .• -·. - .•••.•.• - •.. - .• - • - .• - . - ..•..• - • - .••.•. - .• 14 Watch mil Light-house, W. by. S. t S.••• - - •. - ••••. -- --· •••••••••.••••••••••• • : • ••••••••••••.••• 12i lla.ce Book Llght-house, sw. by w. t w........•... -- ...... -........... --- -- ............ --- .... - St From this light-house Miles. Gardiner's Island Llgh\"\"\"hOuae bean sw. b::V s. t s •••••••••••••••••••••• - •••••••••• - -· •• - ••• a.bout 4:l New London Light-ho11Se N. bT E. t E ••.••.• - •••. - - •••• --- •• - •••••••••·••••••••••••••• - ••••• about 6t Bartlett's :Reef' Light-vessel N. t w...•..•...•...•••••• -•..•••.... -· .••••.••.••.•••••a little over 3! OOrnileld Point Llght-Tel!lllel w. by N. i N. - ·- - - •••• - -· .••• - - •• - ••• - •• --- • - - - • -· •• - - -- ••••• - - • - ••• 12! The fog-signal at this light-house is a steam fog-siren of the second order, (in duplicate,) giving blasts Fog-signal. offive seconds at intervals of forty eeeonde. Plum island, the westernmost a.nd largest of the islands lying in the eastern entrance to the Sound, is Plum Island. of very irregular shape, and a little over two and a halfmile11 long iu an ED. and WSW. direction. When seen :from the eastward it appears of moderate height, with rolling surt&ce, covered with grass, and precipitous sandy faces at intervals along it.. southeastern shore. Near its eastern end it appears to be separated into two ielands,-a perpendicular cliff descending to the beach from what appears to be the western end of the eastern island. This sharp division line is very per- ceptible six miles off, and by it the island is easily recognized. PJum Island Point, the ea.stern extremity of this island, is composed of low, grassy la.nd, with a very Plum Island gentle rise. To the westward the land is still lower and almost level, forming a continnous plain, extending Point. to the foot of Brown's Hills. - \"The land is grossy and two or three houses are eeen. Brown's Hills are the highest land on the island. They lie on its northern side, about a. mile and a half Brown's Hills. to the westward of Plum Island Point and a mile to the eastward of Light-house Head,-the western ex- tremity of the island. They are very prominent, and at present(1877} the highest snmmit is marked by a large tripod erected by the Coast Survey. There are no t.rees on these hills,-their summits being bare or covered only with grass. Light-house Head, the western extremity of Plnm Island, is easily recognized by the large granite Light-house Head. dwelling on its l!lummit, surmounted by a lantern.. This is Plum Island Light-house, and is used principally as a guide to Plum Gut and Gardiner's Bay. The Head is a sandy bluff, a.bout forty feet high, with rolling Plum Island surfuce, covel'<.\"d w.ith graes, and perpendicular water-worn &ces, at the base of which lie innume=ble Light-ho•ae. bouldef'B. The light-honse is erected on top of the keeper's dwelling, which is a two and a half story granite houM, and the light l>hown is a revolving white light, of the fourth order, seventy-six feet above the 1\"vel of the sea, and visible fourteen miles. The· interval between the &ashes ie thirty seconds. The geographical position of Plum Island Light-house is :Latt'tude. -· •••• -···· ••••••••••• ·-· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••ftl.0 10' 23\" N. ~-·. ••• ••••••••••••••• _ .•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 'TSO 12' 4'311 W. It_ bears &out Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel SW. t 8., six miles and five-eighl.!.is distant. From this light-house Saybrook Light-house bears ltW. t lf., eight. miles Qd th.._....;ghths; Cornfield Point Light-veuel NW. by W. f W'., eight miles and a half; aa<l Falkner's Island: ~t·ho':JS!'.Vf.• by N. t N., nearly twenty miles distant. ,

332 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Fog-signal. The fog-signal at this light-house is a bell struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen seoonde. The North Shores or Long Island Sonnd begin at Bluffor Mumford's Point, the northern point of the western entrance to :Fisher's Island Sound. On the western side of this point is formed a cove about a mile wide, in which anchorage in from two t-0 three fathoms may be found during northerly winds. The northern shore of this cove is formed by a flat sand beach, terminating to the westward in a naITOw flat point, with a few trees on it. This point is Bushy Point. known as Bushy Point, and is the southern point of entrance _to a narrow and shallow stream, called Poquo- nock River, at the head of which, and about two miles above the entrance, is the small village of Poquonoek. Another small stream, known as Baker's Cove, also penetrates the land to the northward just inside of Busby Point; but neither of these is of any commercial importance. , Pine Island. Close t.o Bushy Point,-its eastern end being only -0ne hundred yards distant,-lies Pine Island, whiclt gives the name to the Pine Island Channel leading from Fisher's Island Sound into New London Harbor. Pine Island It is easily recognized by the long, low, black-looking clump of woods with a slight depression in the Channel. centre, which is on its eastern end. The other half of the island is bare of trees, and hna several houses upon it. The Pine Island Channel leads between this island and Blaclt or Bouthea.st Ledge, on which there is a beacon, surmounted by a spindle and cage. The channel is here about four hundred yard\" wide. Avery's Point. Three hundred yard<! to the northwestward -of Pine Island lies Avery's Point, the eastern point of entrance to the Thames River and harbor of New London. It i\" a low, grassy point, nearly level, and under cultiva- tion, and has several houses on it. On it.. northern side makes in a small shallow cove,-the northern point of which is cmllcd Eastern Point, and is low, rocky, with nearly level surface, covered with grass, and has several houses close to the Bhore-line. A little way back from the point is a thlck growth of low bushy trees. The entrance to New London Harbor is seen on the western side of Avery's Point,-the western side of the entrance being marked by a white tower attached to a gray dwelling-house. This is New London Light-house, on Light- Llght-ho11se house Point,, which is low and rocky, and backed by low, thick woods. Several small houses are also seen Point. in the vicinity of the light-houee. Both banks of the river, near the entrance, are cleared and settled, antl the shore rises with a gentle slope to higher wooded lands in the distanee. The city of New London is seen on the western bank, about two miles above the light-house, and opposite to it the village of Groton, on the eastern bank, situated at the base of high, steep hills, ou the summit of one of whic11 is a very tall monument, l0-0kiug like a chimney. This is Groton Monu- New London men-t, on the site of ancient Fort. Griswold, and is the most prominent object seen on approaching the harbor. New London Light-house is a white tower, P.ighty-:five feet high, attac11ed w the keeper's dwelling, Light-house. which is painted drab. It shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, from a height of ninety feet above the sea, vi,.ible fifteen miles. Its geographical pot\"ition is Latitude·-···- -- - - •••• -- •••. -- - -·---- --· .•• --- --- • ·--- -· .. -. - •••• 41° 18' 158\" N. Longitude---------··---·----·--··---------·-------------- -·-----72° D1 24\" W. It bears from Race Rock Light-houae N. by W. f W., four miles and three-quarters; from Little Gull Island Light-house N. by :E. ! :E., six miles and a half; and from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel BE. IN., nearly three miles and a half distant. (For full description of the shores of New London Harbor eee pages 388--390.) Fog-signal. A third-class fog-trumpet, giving blasts of six seconds at intervals of fourteen eeconds, is placed close to the light-house. · Goshen Point. A mile and a half to the southwestward uf Light-house Point is Goshen Poi;nt,-the land between them being nearly level, and showing cleared and cultivated fields alternating with groves of trees. Goshen Point, like the shore in its vicinity, Hi low and nearly level, covered with grass, and backed by a thick grove of low trees. It is shoal in its approaehes,-the dangerous Qoshen B.eef extending from it to the southward for nearly a mile. There is, however,,a narrow and crookffi p!ISl!a.ge, through which about ten feet may be carried, between the shoalest part of this reef and the point; but it is entirely nnfit for strangers, and is used only by the small fishermen of the neighborhood. Whitestone From Goshen Point to the westward, the shore runs nearly W. by J.!f. for a mile and three-eighths, and Creek. then turns to the northward w the mouth of Whitestone Creek, on which is situated the village of Wawr- fOrd, about a mile and three-quartel'B above the mouth. All of this shore is low and nearly level, highly cultivated, and thickly settletl. The cultivated fields are dotted with clumps of low woods, and a line of trees on the higher ]ands in the back-ground cfoees the view. Off the mouth of Whitestone Creek and three-quarters of a mile SE. by S. from Millstone Point lies Two Tree lalaD.d,-a low flat island, about one hundred and fifty yards long in a 1'. and 8. direction, and surrounded by dangerous ehoa.ls; and about eight hundred yards to the eastward of this, and a mile and a quarter w. l B. from Goshen Point, is the Bartlett's Reef. northern extremity of a very dangerous ree£, known as Bartlett's B~ which extends about S. by B. for a mile and a quarter, and has many nx:ke upon it bare at low water. Bartlett's Reef About eight hundred and fifty yards 8. y E. from the southern end of Bartlett's Reef, and half a mile Light-vessel. a. ! E. from its southwestern end, is placed a light-vesael, called Bartlett's Reef Light-veS11el, which is the principal guide to Fisher's Island Sound from the westward. It is a two-masted veesel, painted black, with a whi~ streak, and the words \"Bartlett's Beef\" in large letters on ea<:h aide. In day-time it shows two circular day•ma.rks, and at night two fixed white lights, from a height of twenty-eight :feet above sea-level, visible ten miles. The approximate geo- graphical poeiti<>n of this ligbt-v-1 is Latn'll4•-....-. -·.. ·- ...-.---.. -......._..... ·----- ·--- ••.•...••.ol10 115' 158\" 1(. LoDgitude ···••• .... • - - - ·- -- - --- --- - -- -····· ·-- ·-· .. -··- - ------·.'ISO '11 3011 W. It bears from North Hammock Light-bowse W. t S., five miles; from Raee Rook Light-honse :NW. by W'. i W., four miles; and from Little Gull bland Light-house N. i' W., three miles and three-quarters distant. l!rom this light-veaael :Mllee. 1knr L-don Llght-houae bea.re NB. i li. ·-·- .............. -···· ................ --··-- ____ :n.eazly. 3i PlllDI. Isla-4 utfh1i-ll00ae ..... i •. -·· - ·- -... ··--- - ·- -·· - - -- - --· --· -- --- - .. - --· .. ·-- - ~. -- --- ··- - 6f CGnlAeld. J!o1ld; ~veaael W. i S. ··-- -·-- -· •••• --·- - ••••••••••••••• -·-. _-- _ •••••••• --- •••••• N S&ybrook Lilrh'-hoUlle w. i ··- ... ··-. , .. ~ .. ,,;; ::•.:- ....,. ~-·\" ... -~· '\"-= ,,. \"··: • ._..=••:t.!:• •• ·--~· i't

LONG ISLA.ND SOUND. 333 A bell is struck and a horn sounded on this vessel during thick weather. F09-aignal. On the western side of the entrance to Whitestone Creek is Millstone Point, the eaAtern point of entrance to Niantic Bay. It is low, level and grassy, and has several houses upon it. The land bel1ind it Millstone Point. forms the eastern shore of the bay, and is composed of cultivated fields, dotted with houses and clwnps of trees. Niantic Bay is a large indentation in the northern shore of the Sound, about a mile and a half long, Niantic Bay. with an average width of a mile and a quarter. At ite hesd it receives the waters of NI.antic River,-a small and very shallow stream of no importance. The bay itself ha.. good anchorage in from twelve to twenty·one feet, a.nd is easily entereci in day·time,-the few shoals in it being carefully buoyed. (See also pages 398-402.) Black Point, the western point of entrance to Niantic Bay, is a little over two miles W SW. from Mill· Black Point. stone Point, and is occupied entirely by cultiva.tecl fields, backed by a large grove of tNeS. The southern extremity of the point is quite low and sandy; but a.bout a hundred yards to the northward the land rise\" rath•r abruptly to a le•·el surface, about twenty feet high, which is occupied by the cultivated fields above mentioned. It is compa.ra.tively bold-to, aand may be safely approached within quarter of a mile, with not less than twenty-one feet at low water. On the western side of Black Point empties Pattaguansett River,-a small shallow stream of no Pattaguansett importance, leading up to tbe settlement of lftant:tc. It is half a mile wide at its mouth, but the available River. channel is diminished to a width of about one hundred yards by a. number of marshy islets, suITOunded by fiats. Of these isler.. the northernmost, called Blu.fr Island, lies in the middle of the river about a mile to the northward of Black Point. It is about a quarter of a mile in diam&er, and has a grove of trees on it. The next largest of these islets ;., called Griawold'a Iala.nd, and lies a little over three-quarters of a mile NW. from Black Point, and three hundred yard\" to the southwestward of Bluff Island. It is about three hundred a.nd fifty yards long, and covered entirely with marsh. There are several other and much smaller islets in the group; and what appean1, when seen from a di..tance, to be another marsh island, about three hundred and fifty yards in diameter, close to the western side of Black Point. It ie, however, connected by a. narrow strip of sand beach with the mainland. A group of three small islets, known as The Black Boys, ;., the southernmost of the line of islands off Pattaguallilett River. They lie three-quarters of a mile NW. The Black Boys. t W. from the £Outhern extremity of Black Point; and there is a dangerous ledge, known as Black-boy Rock, and bare at low water, four hundred yards to the southward of them. Two mil\"s and a half W. l N. from Black Point lies Hatcbett's Point, which is low and grassy, covered Hatchett's Point. with cultivated fields, and backed by thick woods. On its eastern side, and a mile to the westward of the mouth of Pattaguansett, makes in Four Mlle River, which leads up to the village of South Lyme. Between the two rivers the shore is composed of gently sloping lands, partly under cultivation, and partly wooded, and intersected by narrow valleys com- posed of salt-meadow. That portion of the cultivated land which lies on the western bank of the Pattaguansett is known as Grant's Neck. Hatchett's Point is shoal, and should not he approached nearer than three·eighths of a mile. So also with the large bay containetl between it and Black Point and into which the Pattaguansett and Four-Milo rivers empty. It is full of shoals and dangerous rocks, and strangers must not attempt to enter it. From Hatchett's Point., the north shore runs about W. i N., for two miles and three--quartcrs, to New New Breach Breach or Griawold\"a Point, the eastern point of entrance to the Conneet;tcut River. This part of the shore Point. shows low and nearly level lands, for the most part highly cultivated and well settled, and dotted with groves of trees. It iB foul, and must not be approached, by vessels pa.aeing through the Sound, ne_are,. than a mile and a quarter. New Breach Point is a long, low, narrow and marshy point of land, faced by sand beach, which extends out from the mainland in a nearly WNW. direction for half a mile. Just to the westward of New Brea.ch Point will be seen a strip of white sand-beach, apparently ext.end- Poverty Island. ing into the middle of the river. This is Poverty Island Beach, the southern extremity of Poverty Island,- a marshy i.,land a mile and a quarter long, lying close to the eastern bank of the river, from which it is separated by a narrow anrl shallow stream, called Back River. The beach is the only firm ground upon it, and is sufficiently remarkable when seen from the bar. The western extremity of Poverty hland Besch is called Poverty Point. Between New Breach Point and Poverty Island, is a shallow passage, an eighth of a mile wide, leading into Gr1Bwold'a OOve, BlM!rbaJJ River and Back River. The first mentioned is contained between New Breach Point and Blackball Point, which separates it from Blackball River. Thia latter point iB formed by low and level Blackball Point. land, cultivated and settled, and showing romewhat steep fa.cee to the southward. The small settlement of BJ&ekhell is situated on this point, about three-eighths of a mile back from the river. The western point of entranoe to the river is called Lynde's Point; and between it and New Breach Lynde's Point. Point, the mouth of the river is a mile wide. More 1.han half of this width, however, is occupied by flats. Lynde's Point is low and nearly level, and, at its eastern extremity, bare; but t-0 the westward the land j., somewhat higher, doited with hon-, and bu a large hotel npon it, which i11 the most prominent object, with the exception of the light-house, &een on approaching the river. The light-honee, which is called Saybrook Ligbt-houa8, stands upon the eastern extremity of the point, Saybrook Llght- and will appear as a tall white tower, with yellow dwRlling-house at its base, and a bell-frame of open-work house. close by. The tower is sixty·f-0ur feet high, a.nd shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, ti-om a height of seventy-three feet above tb.. sea, visible foart-een miles. Its geographical position is Laut11.de ••••••••••••••••• ·-··-··-···· ---·---- ·------·------ •••••• &1° 161 16\" N. It bears from ~ - •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - ••••••••••••••••••••••• 711° DO' U\" W. w. tBe.rtlet;t\"• ·Beef Licht-~ Miles. JI'•••••••••••••••••• ·- •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - •• - • • • • • • • • • 9 f *Jtaoe Book Jdellt;-hetue. w. by•· f Jr. ---- •• --- ••••••••••••••••••• ---· ••• -·· ··-·- ••••••••••••••• 13i Ltnle .Clull 111Jaa4Llsb'-blue, :aw. 'by w. w......• •··•·• .•••...•••.. ·-· •••... -·- •.. ·-. -··· •... 11f Phunlll&D4 Idght;-U-, NW.ts.......................... ··-··· .. -··· ...... ··-··· . •. . .. •.• .•. Sf

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Fog-signal The open-work tower near the light-house contains the fog-signal, which is a bell struck by machinery at intervals of twelve seconds. Saybrook Point. In approaching Connecticut River, or in passing its mouth either to the eastward or westward, Saybrook Point and the village of Saybrook will be seen on the west bunk, about three-quarters of a mile above Lynde's Point. The point will appear low a.nd nearly level, with a few trees at intervals, and thickly dotted with houses,- forming the eastt'rn suburbs of the village. The village itself is situated a little ov\"r a mile inland, and its thickly clustered houses will appear over the low land of Lynde\"& Neck. Several wharves will be seen jutting out from the eastern face of Say- brook Point. (For description of Connecticut River and Saybrook Harbor see pages 404-400.) From Lynde's Point the north shore of the Sound has a general course W. t S., for a little over two miles, to Cornfield Point. The e-0untry iB low and nearly level, entirely under cultivation, and has perpendicular ~andy faces to the southward.·, It is also somewhat foul, and should not be approached nearer than eight hundred ya.rds. Guard-House Guard-House Point, nearly a mile and a. quarter to the westward of Lynde's Point, shows perpendicular Point. sandy faces, and is occupied by cultivated lands, backed by woods and marsh. Cornfield Point is low and sandy, with .nearly level surface and perpendicular faces,-at the base of Cornfield Point. which innumerable boulders are soon. It is covered only with a scanty growth of grass. A little over two miles to the southward of this point wil1 be l!lt>en a sloop-rigged light-vessel, known as Cornfield Point Cornfield Point Light-v.,,.sel. It is placed on the southern side of an extensive and dangerous shoal, cillled Long Band Light-vessel. Shoal, which lies E. and W., at a distance from the north shore of nearly two miles, and though quite narrow is five miles and a quarter long. There is a good channel, known as the North Cha.Jul.el, between it and the northern shore; but the 1lla1n Channel passes well to the southward of it. The light-vessel is painted red, with the words \"CCY1\"1f!ield Point!' on each side in white letters. It is moored in seven and a half fathoms, about an eighth of.a mile from the southern edge of the shoal, shows in day-time a square cage day-mark, painted red; and at night a fixed red light from a. height of forty feet above the sea.. Its geographical position is (approximately) and it bears from Latitude ____ - - - __ - _- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - •• - - - -- . 41° 131 32\" N. Longitude . __ - -- . --- - - --- -- - --- -- - - - --- -- - - - . ·- --- - -- ---- -- ·- ·---'12° 231 1'111 w., Miles, Saybrook Light-house, SW. t w. - ---· ·- --- ..•.••. ---· --- ... -·-. -- -- -. ---- --- --- --· - ---- ---- -··. 3t Plum Isla.nO. Light-hOWle, NW. by W. t W.-. -- - --- - ---- --- • ---· ---- •••• ---· -·--. - - - • - - --- --- - --- - St J.lttle Gull Isla.D.d Light-house, W. by N. t N•••• -- • - - • - ••. - -- ••• - - -- - -- - • -- .• -- - - -- - --· - - - _nea.rJ.y 13 JtaceBocll:Light.-house, w. ,!-Ji.--------------··-----------------·-----------·-·----------·----- 15! Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, W. ts... --- - . ----- -- ---- ·-- --· --· - --·- ---- -- --- . -- --- . -- -- -. ·----- 12 From this light-vessel Falkner's Island Light-house bears W. i N., twelve miles; and Horton's Point Light-house SW. by a. i S., nearly nine miles dist.ant, Fog·signal. A bell is rung and a horn sounded during thick weather. At Cornfield Point the shore makes an abrupt turn to the n01-thward for about n mile to the mouth of Oystoer 11.iver; and thence to the westward to the mouth of Menunketeeuck River. Thus is formed a. large bay, or properly speaking, two coves, in which from six to twelve feet may be found, with fair holding-ground in northerly, eastclrly aud westel'1y winds. The shore from Cornfield Point to the mouth of Oy11ter River and for half n mile beyond that river is composed entirely of marsh, with cultivated and settled country in the background; but at thi\" point the cultivated land extends to the water's edge,-formiug a low and nearly level point, called Old Kelsey's Point, which marks the dividing line Westbrook Har- between the two coves,-that to the westward being known 8.1! Westbrook Harbor. The ~rthern shore of bor and Menun- this harool' is formed by low, level and cultivated land to within three-quarters of a mile of the month of ketesuck River. Menunkctesuck River, where marshy land takes its place. The river is of no import.a.nc4,-being a. mere shallow stream, which divides ju!!t inside its mouth, sending one branch to the northwarft, and the other, (commonly known as Westbrook 11.iver,) to the northeastward to the village of Westbrook, which lies about three-eightlui of a mile inland, and through the centre of which the stream runs. The village is plainly visible from the harbor. The western point of Westbrook Harbor and the southern point of entrance to the river is called lhnunketesuck Mennnketesuek Point, and is low, nearly level and grassy, with Bandy faces proteeted by a.i.line of boulders. Point. A single small white houi<e stands upon this point near its 110uthern end, 11.nd the point itseif, which extends in a southeasterly direction for about five-eighths of a. mile, forms a. natural breakwater, protecting West· brook Harbor from w\"\"terly winds. The land in the background to the northward of Menunketesuek Point is much higher than that near the shore, and is thickly wooded- ;, About five-eighths of a mile to the southwestward ofMenunketesuck Point lies a low grassy islet, called Duck Island. Duck Island. It is very similar to the l'Qint iu appearance, having perpendienlnr faceiii and being &u~ rounded by boulders. Shoal water extends in every direction :trom 1his island, but it is ]'boldest-to on ite &0uthern side, where it may be approi.cbed wiibin seven hundred yard8 with not lea than five filthoms. .4. narrow passage stra.n8ers-with foarteen feet at low water leads between .Menunketesuck Point and this island; but it ia not ea!e for . A little ovar two miles to the westward of 'Meuunketesnels: Point is Kelsey's Point; and between the two'ls formed a large semicircular cove, in which anchorage is found in from eight to eighteen feet at low water. It is entirely -+obstructed,. and ve1!8els may enter it with safety by pa.ssing between Duck hland and Kelsey's Point. The ~·of thill cov+:are fur the IJ10i\\t part .marsh and gnlll81 backed by nearly level cultivated lands. ; Kelsey's Point. Kelsey'11 PoinL is Hat and grassy, with et.eep faeee, and terminates to the eouthwam)m a bhdl' ro4)kJ' head, about thirty feet. high with bare ledgoe cropping oat over its s.u:dBce; and an old di1'¢dated dwelling' upon it. When s.een from the eastward low thick woods appear behind the point; 11.nd in the distance high b$s, one t>f which presents a remarkable appeu&nw, as it the l!!llllUllit and middle part were -compoeed of bare saDd, while ~ .!'Mt is wooded. Kt>l.sey's Point must nut be approached hm tfi l!IOllthwa.rd nellJ'er' than lhr..e-qua.rleft of a .mila. Thia pomr.ja a.leo ~hn4!& called 8&11'1'8 !'obit. .

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LONG ISLAND SOuND. 335 Abont six hnndred yards to the westward of Kelsey's Point, and m1 eighth or a mile from the north Stone Island. shore, lies a mass of bare rook, called Stone Island. It is two hundred and fifty yards long N NE. and B SW.: and its greatest width, (which is abont seventy-five yards,) it1 midway between its northen1 and southern ends. The northeMI end of this island bears WSW. from Kelsey's Point, distant nearly six hundred yards; and its southern end SW. by W. l W. from the s;i.me point, distant seven hundred and fifty yards. Rocky ledges with less than six feet at low water surround it, extending to the northward one hundred and fifty yards, and to the southwa1'tl seventy-five yards. There is a passage for vessels of six feet draught between this island and the mainland; but it is not available for strangers. Btone Isla.nd Ledge makes off t-0 the southward from the island for about four hundred yards, with less than twelve feet water; and there is a g-0od channel • (though unsuitable f-0r strangers) between it and the northern end of Stone lsland Reef. On the western side of Kelsey's Point is Killingworth Ha.rbor,-a c-0ve about three-qua.rt.ers of a mile Killingworth wide, but very shallow, which receives the waters ofJla.m.mona.saet and Indian rivers. Not more than two feet Harbor. at low water can be taken to the mouth of the latter, on the banks of which is situated the village of Cllnwn. The shores of the hnrbor are for the most part marsh, except in the neighborhood of Clinton, which village lies amid level lands finely cultivated. This ancb-0rage is n-0t -00nsidered good except for very small vessels; and strangers should never att<>mpt to enter it. Hammona.sset Point, the westeMI point of entrance t-0 the harbor, is a mile and a half to the westward of Kelsey's Point, and is low and grassy, with somewhat undulating surface, terminating in a. bluff,-the • Hammonasset steep faces and base oi which are strewu with boulilers. There is a gCTmp of old unpainted hcuses on this Point. bluff. The point is shoal and should not be approached by large vessels nea.re1· than five-eighths of a mile. At Hammonasset Point the land tnrns abruptly to the northward (running about NW. for about two miles an<l a quarter,) and then t-0 the westward, having a general courss about W. i N. for three miles and a half to the. entrance to Guilford Harbor. The village ofllla4l.aon is built about half a mile inland, and about midway between Hammonasset Point and Guilford entrance. The land near the shore is low and nearly level, and under high cultivation, with dense woods in the background. A small rocky islet, ca.lied Tuck's Island, lies off this shore at a distance of between three and four Tuck's Island. lmndred yards, and two miles and three-qllll.rters NW. by W. i W. :&-om H!Wlmonasset Point. It is notice- able for the peculiar w bite rocks on its southern face Olld the clump of thick bushy trees on its eastern end,- the western end being bare. At low water this island is joined to the mainland. Several wharves are seeu to the northwest- ward of the island, and between seven and eight hundred yards :&-om it, affording a.ccomm-0dation to the few vessels which trade to Madison. Hogshead Point lies a mile and a quarter to the westward of Tuck's Island, and a little over four miles Hogshead Point. HW. by W. !-W. from Hammona.sset Point. It is low and level, and occupied entirely by cultivated fields. Indeed the wbule of tkis sh-0re is beautifully cultivated, and thickly dotted with houses. In the distance will be seen a remarkable looking bill, with nearly revel summit, but terminating to the eastward in a bluff precipitous head. This is Mount Carmel. Mount Carmel. From Hogshead Point to the entrance to Guilford Harbor the shore is marshy, but backed by cultivated lands and thick woods. Guilford Harbor is situated about five miles to the westward of Hammonasset Point, and a little over Guilford Harbor. tw<> miles from Madison. It is formed by a. large but shallow cove, nearly a mile wide at its mouth, and wbich receives the waters of a very small, narrow and cr-00ked stream, called Ea.st River. Anoth<.>r, and smaller stream, leads from the western side of the harbor to the town of Oullford, which is situated about three-quarters of a mile inland, but whose suburbs extend to the northern shore of the harbor. All the land near the·ahore-line is marshy, except a small portion on its northem side, where the wharves are built, and upon whieh there are a number of houses. Guilford Harbor is entirely unfit for strangers.. Its larger portion is oecupied by Ba.ts, with from one to four feet water npon them; and it has besides many sunken ledges and daugero1l8 ehools. Its western point of entrance is called .Mulben-y Pomt. It is low, rocky, and nearly level, bare of trees, and :faced with innumerable bould- Mulberry Point. ers; and there are ahio many outlying rocks oft\" the point. On its western aide is rormed a small shallow cove, a.bout throo-eighths of a mile long.in a B\". and S. direction, and with frt>m two to five feet in it at low water. It is not, hinvever, a A.fe anchorage, and is never used. There are so many outlying and dangerous reefs oft' :Mulberry Point, that it is not llafe :fur large vessels to approach it nearer than three-qna.rters of a mile. Directly s. from the middle of the entru.nee to Guilford Harbor, and beating S. by E. i E. from Mulberry Falkner's Island. Point, two miles and five-eighths distant, lies a remarkable looking islet, called Falkner's Island. It appears, when seen from the eastward, as a grassy ialet of moderate height, with ~p sandy faces and smooth summit, and has near its centre a\" tall white light-tower, with a dwelling-house attached, and o. wfi9den frame-work, supporting a fog-bell, close to the tower. A couple of bushy trees (the only ones on the island) stand to the; aouthwestwa.rd of the light-house. The southern end is lower than the northern end, but partakes of the same genel.'lll ch~r. , Falkner's Island is surrounded by shoal water. ..II. reef of rocb, dry at:low water, extends to the northward between seven and eight bu~ yards, and, within the lines of three mthoms, the shoals :extend to the northward nearly half a mile, to tha eastward the same distanoo, and t-0 the Wtllltward nearly a mile, uniting the island, in the last-named direc- tion, vdth another amall rocky island, also eovered with graas, but su~ded b;r a. reef of bare rocks. Goose Island. 'l'1iis Hi Goose Wand, and lies sevoo.-ei.ghtba of a mile W. t S. from ihe ligb\\rhouse. There is a paesa.ge for v - l a .of 1 - than 1'W~ve f.eot dnulgh&, between Falkner's Island aud G®se Island, by keeping a quarter of a mile from the former. \". The soutbem side of Falkner's Is1aml ia comparatively bold-to,-four ·i\"4\"boms being found within two hundrocl and fifty ya.J:ds of it. . Falkner's·Island Light-hoWKl is ll,ll oetagonru \"stooe tower, furty-eight feet high, painted white, pnd Falkner's Island Ught-tiouse. attaehed to the keeper's dwelling. lt shows a :fixed white light of too foui:i!/h order, (varied every miuute and a hAlf'by fl1M1l1<i11,) visible :fifteen milea. The light jg shown i'rom a bei~ of ninety-eight feet above the ~ aud is one of the m081 promincit land-marks in going lhrongh the Sotmd. Ite geograpbio,a.l position i.. .~\" ... ·- ··----- .... ---\"·-·\" ------- ·----· ·-·· .. ~·--- .............u 0 a• •1u ?f. ~........ ~·............ ---· •.• .,............. ;............... 7il0 89' lfl' W.,

and it bean from Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. i 111'., twelve miles; from Plum Is1and Light-hoUBe W. by W. ! JI!., nearly twenty miles; and from Horton's Point Light-boruie :RW. t N., twelve miles distant. From this light-huuse New Haven Tower bears W. by N. t N., eleven miles and a ha.If; Stratford Point Light·house W. Southerly, twenty miles and a half; and Old :Field Point Light-house SW. by W. l W., a little over twenty-five miles distant. Fog-signal. A bell is sounded by machinery at int-ervals of fifteen seconds during thick weather. Tbe sou1'llern Bhelres Of\" Long Isla.nd Sound are formed exclusively by the northern side of Long Island, beginning with Oyster Pond Point,-the northeastern extremity of that island. Between this point and Plum Islan<l is the wide Plum Gut. and deep po.eeage known as Plum Gut, leadiug into Ga.rdinm\"a Ba.y, and thence to Shelter lsl&D.d SOUlld and the Peconie bays. It has an average width of about a mile and a quarter, but the available channel is ~nly about five-eighths of a mile wide,-the Jl\"\"'BRg0 being obstructed by the long reef making off from Oyster Pond ' Point. There lB p!enty of water in the Gut for veeeels of the largest size; but the velocity of the tidal current is such that it is, at times, difficult to stem it unless with a very strong fair wind, and it is, therefore, not NCOmmended to strangers. Oyster Pond Point is the eastern extremity of that long peninsula of Long Island which separates the Oyster Pond Sound from Grea.1i and LiWe PeOOll1.c bays. The point itself is low and level, and is composed of sand, Point. faced by a shingly beach, and covered with g ......s. It is very rapidly wasting away by the action of the sea, which has advanced several hundred yards within the last forty ye.an. To the westward of the ez:tremity of the point the land gradually.rlses,-showing st.,..p sandy faces to the northward- and is occupied by culHvated fields, dotted with houseB and occa.sional lone busby trees. There is a large hotel, surmounted by a -0upola, standing a little way back from the point, and to the westward of it. Mulford'• Point. Mnlford's Point lies a little over two miles to the westward of Oyster Pond Point, and at the eastern extremity of the highest land on the neck, which is known as Brown's HillB. On it.. eastern side is a small cove-of little importance, called Petty's Btg'ht. The point itself is ea.ndy, with precipitous faces and perfectly level surface, covered with grass. It lli =mparat.i.v.ily hold-to, and may be approached within four hundred yards with not less than four fathoms water. Brown'• Hilla. · Brown's Hills are composed mainly af sand, in many places entirely bare of vegetation, in others covered with grass, n.nd in others with low blaek-lo-Oking troos. Theil\" northern faces (towards the Sound) are preaipitot111 and composed entirely of yellow sand. Alm\"\"1 all of the eastern slopes are grassy and dotted with groves of low troos. The central hill, which is also the highest, is entil\"<'ly bare, and is at present ( 1877) surmounted by a tripod and stalf, Terry's Point. marking the site of the Coast Survey Signal at that point. A little over a mile and a half W. by 8. i 8. from Mulford's Point is Terry'\" Point, which is low, sa.ndy, and faced with boulders at its extremity, but has a slight rise to the BOUthward,-the higher land\" being covered with grass. Over the l-0w land of the valley, between this point and the foot of Brown's Hills, will be seen the thiekly- cluetered houses in the village of Ortent, which occupies the eastern shore of OrleD.t HarbOr, on the southern side of the ]><\".nin- sula. The point is comparatively bold-to, and may be approached within an eighth of a mile with not less than four fathoms water. Rocky Point. Two miles to the westward of Terry's Point is Rocky Point, which is of moderate height, showing steep sandy faces to the northward, and terminating in a flat Hnd beach, strewn with boulders. A thin and scattered growth of trees dole the gentle slopes in the vicinity of the point, extending to the dense woods about half a mile back. Between this point and Terry's Point the land descends to a :liatsand beach, dotted -with ho!J.8eB, and known as 'l'ruma.n's Bea.ell.• .A.t its narrowest part this beach is but an eighth of-a mile wide, which width is all that separa- Orient Harbor from the Sound. Good anchorage, in from two to three fathoms, is round in the bight, oft\" this beach, in southerly winds; but the approach to it is obstrneted by Orient. Sboal, which has six feet water- on it, and is marked by ::. black buoy. Rocky Point may be appJ\"OBched within two hundred yards with not lees than :five fathoms. Inlet Point. Inlet Point is a mile and three-quarte~ SW. i 'W. from :Rocky Point, and between the two the shore presents a.n. almost unbroken line of steep sandy faces, terminating in a:flat sand beach, strewn with bouldel'I!.. The land i,. slightly undulating, graBlllY, and partly UDd.er c111tivatfon; and the h . . - in the village of SttrUDg will be visible just to the eastward of the point, and about a third of -a mile inland. At Inlet Point the land is higher, with steep, almost perpendicular, Wies, ehoutfilly feet high, descending to a beach eovared with rocks. It should not be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile. Westward from Inlet Point the shore turns more to the eou.thward, rmmmg abou.t SW. J 8. fhl' a mile and a quarter, and then aboat W. by S. for three-quarteni ofa mile to Malfurd's Point. The laud hi mueh lower than that in the vicinity of Inlet Point, but still shows perpendicular f&eel!, ekirted by a dai 8UJd bea.ch atrewn with boulders. The country is well coltivated and thickly uttled. Malford's Point. Mulford's Point is low and flat at it.! extremity; bat Abom eeventy-five yards ha.ck the land rises abruptly to a height of between tweuty and thirty feet, &.Dd the ground at its base is etnmrn with bould-. The name, B'MbamO'lmlC1£ Be&ch, lli given to that portion -Of die flat beach which stretches to the -iward and westward of Mulford'• Point. From this paint to Horton's Point the course of~ Abore ill W. t S., and the diatanoo a mile and a half.: The Horten's Point. land gradually increases in height, still showing abrapt faces, and backed. by thick w~ Barton's Point ill five miles and a qoarwr aw. l>yW. JW. from llocky Point, and almost directly oppc- oraite to Menunke&esuek Point, (on the noribern ahore.) It. ill the DOrtbern extrewity Jitfn11ou'a lfeck, baa an nndltlating sm'f'aoo, betweeB 1111wnt,y and eighty A.et high, wir.h steep faeea ti> the northward. Tbe l<JW landa to the southward eamio•of the point are divendfiecl with thick woods and cultivated. .fields; but the greater portion of 1he wooded coantry sesD until to tin! w~ of the point, owing w the height of the latter. be Honoa•s Polm On the wes\\em. slopes of the point, abmn 110Venty tOOt above high·wder mark, 'Mande llolWa'• Point Llgbt-llouae. Light-houae, which will appear a a square. whi&e tower attached to a dwelling of 1lle ome .colur. It is thirty-five feet hilJb~ and ahowa .a lsec1 'White Jight, <if the third tmier, from a hagbt of a ·h.mMJred and $Nt f~ above .Ue - . visible llix~ milaa. Its geecrapbioal poi1iltion ia •'!·•.~ ~ --~~ --~·\"' \"!-•••- ....--10 ._,.............. .......... .......... ..;.___ ........................ __ II!' _ _ _ .. ...... ···-·· .•.. ...........................................~ - - ~---'·····

I~ONG ISLA~TJl SOUND. 337 and it bears from Saybrook Light-house SW. by B. t B., a little over twelve miles, an<l from Cornfield Point Light-vel!Sel SW. by S. i B., nearly nine miles distant. From this light-house Miles.. Falkner's Island.Light-house bears NW. i N. ---- -- -- _--- --- - - - -- - - - - -- --- ....•.... --- --· ••. . • .•• 12 The entrance to New Haven Harbor NW. by W. i- W. - - -- - ............ -- . ·-- •• ___ .••• __ ••••• nearly 23 · Stratford Point L1gh1\"-house w. by N. t N•••.••..• --·· ••••••••.•.•••.. -- .. -- .••.•...•.. _.... _... _ 30 ts.Old Field Point Light-house W. Nearly •..•.... -- - . - . -- .. - --- --- .... - ---- •..•..••.•.••• -- • ___ 31 Duck Pond Point is a little over four milet< BW. by W. i W. from Horton's Point, but the shore between them makes a curve • to the southward a.nd westward, running first SW., for two miles and a qunrter, to Goldsmith's Inlet, and then W. by S. South- erly, for about two miles, to Duck Pond Point. Between Horton's Point and Goldsmith's Inlet it is composed of a broad sand beach, (called Horton's Beach.) backed by higher la.nds, covered with dense woods. Goldsmith's Inlet is a mere stream, about one hundred yards wide at its mouth, and of no importance. Goldsmith's Inlet. Between it and Duck Pond Point the shore is for the most part thickly wooded, showing steep, almost per- pendicular faces, dPScending to a level sand beach, and having bare ledges cropping out at intervals a.long their whole length. This is a foul shore, and should not be approached nearer than a mile and a quarter. Duck Pond Point is somewhat higher than the land to the eastwnrd, bnt partakes of the same general Duck Pond Point. character, except that the beach at its base is fringed with boulders. The land in its vicinity is nearly level, cleared and cultivated, and backed by thick woods. It should not be approached nearer than half a mile. From Duck Pond Point to Jacob's Point the direction is W. by S. l S., and the distance seven miles and a quarter. The shore is composed of a series of hills, intersected at long intervals by narrow gullies, and ranging In height from sixty to one hundred feet. These bills are for the most pan thinly wooded, but the country back of them is highly cultivated and thickly settled. The Manor Hills are the easternmost of the range,-their eastern end being Manor Hills. about a. mile to the southwestward of Duck Pond Point. They a.re from sixty to eighty feet high, thinly WQOded, with precipitous fu.ces to the northward descending to a. flat sand beach, and they extend about a mil<.> and a quarter to the marshy land :fringing the banks of l!la;itituck Inlet. This inlet, which leads into llla.ttltucll: POD.4, is of little importa.nce,- being very shallow and only two hundred and fifty yards in width at its mouth. With the low land sur- sonnding it, it separat\"\" the Manor Hills from the Mattituck Hill>< on its western side. These hills form Mattituck HUis. a rnnge about a mile and a half long,-the highest, c:illed COoper•s Btll, being over one hundred feet high. They are for the m08t pa.rt wooded, but not quite so steep to the northward as the Manor Hills, and a.re faced by the usual sand beach. Joining them on the west is another range, about a mile long and somewhat higher, called Jacob's Hills, which partake of the same general characteristics. At their base, to the westward, is a very small Jacob's Hills. inlet known a.s Ln.ce\"s Landlng; and hence to Jacob's Point the land, though still hilly and undulating, is much lower and not so steep. Jacob's Point is between sixty and seventy feet high, with steeply-sloping face to the northward, and Jacob's Point. terminating in the usual tle.t sand beach. It is bare of trees and shoal in its approaches, so that it must receive a berth of not less than a mile. It is directly opposite Falkner's Island, from whfoh it is distant thirtoon miles and a. half, which is here the width of the Mo.in Channel. Roanoke Point is a mile and three-quarters W. f 11. from Jacob's Point,-the land between them pre- Roanoke Point. senting the same general features as that to the eastward,-the summits of the hills being thinly wooded, nnd their northern faces somewhat steep, with bare ledges cropping out along their whole length. The sand beach, which fringes the base of the hills, has boulders scattered over it; and in this vicinity we find the :first of the line of outlying bare rocks, which are found in great numbers all the way to Mount Misery Point, at the entrance to Port Jefferson. A hmg shoal makes off to the northward from Roanoke Point, and large vessels should not approach it nearer than a. mile and three-quarters. From Roanoke Point to Herod's Point the direction is W. J lf., and the dista.noo six miles and a quarter. The shore line is nearly straight,-making but a. slight curve to the southward; and the shore itl!!elf hB8 an undulating surfooe, for the most part wooded, with somewhat steep fuoes, descending on the north to a flat sand beach strewn with l/oulders. Friar'a Head, the highest summit in this vicinity, and one of the most prominent hills on the south shore of Friar's Head. the Sound, is about one hundred and thirty feet high, with steep faces to the nortl1ward, showing many out- cropping ledges; and is visible, in clear weather, from off the southern coast of Long Island. There are many outlying rocks cff thi11 shore, and strangers of large dl8.nght should not approach it nearer than two miles. There a.re many bont landings on this beach, between Roanoke and Herod's points, at an average distance.from ea.ch other of about one mile. Deginning at the eastwa.rd they are known as B.oalloke Lan4illg, just to the westward of Roanoke Point; Fri.a.r's Bead La.nlUDg, at the base of Friar's Head, (nearly a. mile and three-quarters to Boat Landings. the westward of Roanoke Point;) Jericho LlLJld1n.g; Fresh PoJl.d La.ndtng; Hulse 'a La.nd1nc; and Half- way Rollow La.ncUDg ;-the last named being a mile to the eastward of Herod's Point. Herod's Point is a.bout sixty feet hlkh, with steep faces, broken by outcropping ledges, and descending Herod's Point. to a fiat sand-beach, off which there ll1'e many omlying :rooks. The l!lllDmit is wooded. This point ia foul in its approaches, and should not be approached from the northward ne8l\"l!l\" than two miles. It is nearly opposite to New Haven on the northern Rho~. · From Herod's Point to Rooky Point the distance is between five and six milee, and the direction W. i 1'. The shore is pretty straight, (haYing but a slight CUM\"e to the southward,) and ia very similar in appearance to the ]and to the eastward, showing ll!teep fuces, with outcropping ledges, partly wooded and partly cleared, and gradually diminishing in height until within about a. mile of Rocky Point, where the Jand is somewhat higher. The only break in the Jiue of bluffs begins at Ea.st La.ndbl.C.-a. mile to the westward of Herod's Point, and is funned by the marshes fringing the banks of Wa.4blg JU.ver,-a. narrow, crooked and shallow etream, which leads up to the vtUage of the same name, about half a mile inland. On the beach, at tho western aide of the entrance to tins river; is Wen Laadtng; a little over half a mile to the westward of trus is 'l'uihlll'a Landtng; a. little over a mile from Tuthill's is S'WU'J''• ldmcJlD«, which is easily recog- Boat Laadiaga. nized by the group of hoU8011! on the bluft\"; and the same diataoee to the w....tward of Swezy's ia BallocJl:'s J.a.mUDg; all of whieh are of 1ocaI importa<nee only. C. P.-43

338 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Rticky Point. Rocky Point is about sixty feet high, but is divided in a N. and S. direction by a nal\"l'Ow valley running between the llills to the pitch of the point. A number of houses aN! ~n at the head of tl1e valley; and a road leads from these houses to the beach, at the point known as Rocky Point Landing. There are many outlying boulders off this point,-one of which, '1'.be Old Sow, is four lrnndred yards from shore. Thls part of the shore js very shoal, and strangers, should not approach it nearer than two miles. From Rocky Point to Mount Misery Point the direction is W. by N. NOl'therly, and the distance five miles and three- quarters. The bln.ff's still show steep :faces, but vary in height from twenty t-0 fifty fuet; and their summits are partly wooded and partly under cult-ivation. From Rocky Point to Woodhull's La.nding, a mile a.nd a quarter to the westward, the summit of the bluffi! is entirely cleared; while from Woodhull's to Miller's La.ndln.g, they are mostly wooded. Millei-'s Landing is two miles and a half to the westward of Rocky Point, and ie the highest and steepest land between it and Mount Mie&ry. There are many outlying boulders off this shore, especially in the vicinity of Woodhull's Landing; and it is by no me8.llil eafe for .,trangers to approach the land, anywhere between Rocky Point and Old Field Point, nearer than a mile and a half. · Three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Millei-'s Landing, and a.boat three miles and a quarler from Mount Sinai Rocky Point, is the entrance to Mount Sinai Harbor, a shallow cove, full of flats and mal'llh islands,-the Harbor. entrance to which ia by a shallow inlet a hundred yards wide. The shore in this vicinity ie a flat beach, backed by ma.rah, and is known as Ea.at Bea.eh, on the eastern side, and West 'Bea.ch, on the western side of the Pntrance. West Beach extends from the. inlet nearly a mile, where it meets the higher wooded land of Strong's Neck; and thence to Mount Misery Point the distance is neat\"l.Y a mile and a half in a NW. by W. direction. Mount Mis11ry Mount Misery Point is the northwestern extremity of a wooded hill, about one hund1'ed and eighty feet Point. high, called Mount Jllliaery; anrl is also the eastern point of entrance to Port JeJferaon Harbor. It has a steep face, about twenty feet hli:rh, with outcropping bare ledges; and behind this the hill ;rises, with a very gentle slope, to a height of one hundred and eighty feet. It is faced by a fl.at sand bee.eh, on which are a few ecattered boulders, and is directly opposite to Stratford Point, on the northern shore. The Sound is here between ten and eleven miles wide. Port Jefferson Port Jeft'ereon Harbor is a cove of irregular ehape, making into the northern shore of Long bland, for Harbor. about a mile and a half, iu a S SE. direction, with the village ofPort Jeft'ereon at its head. The entrance is very contracted,-being only about one hundred yards wide, with a depth at low water of three feet; but when once past the bar, good anchol'flge ie found in from two to :live fathoIDI! in a land-locked cove, five-eighths of a mile wide. The western side of the entmnce to Port Jefferson Harboi- is formed by a narrow etrip of sand, called Se1auket Beach. Setauket Beach, which extends in a NW. by w. direction nearly to Old Field Point; while the eastern side is guarded by atiother flat .eand beach, e.:irtending about W. by S. from Mount Misery Point for seven hundred yards. Thflre is but little trade at Port J&ffenwn; but it is connected with the northern shore of the Sound by a small st..am- boat, which plies regularly between it and Bridgeport. Old Field Point. A little over a mile and a qua~r t,, the iwrthwastward Qf the entmnoo to Porl Jeffel\"80n Harbor is Old Field Point, a loog grassy point between thirty and forty feet. high, faced by a sand beach and frlnged with boulders. lt is a little over thirty-one miles to the westwai-d of Horton's Point, and twenty-five miles from Falkner's Island. Th-e land in its vicinity ie low, nearly level, and under cultivatfon, except on its western side near the shore, where there ie a stretch of low woods fol' nearly three-quarters of a mil-e. Old Field Point The northern extremity of Old Field Point is the eite of Old Field Point Light-houee, which wHI appear Llgh1-hollse. as a white dwelling, two stories high, with a black lantern risiugfrom its gable end. It shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, .&om n height of.seventy-nine feet above the sea, visible fourteen and a half miles. Ite geographical position is J.&titudCt-•u ou oo u•• u o --·- - - · - • u • h ---• ---• • •- • • -·-• •••- ._. .olOO 6$1 3411 lf. 0 'l' 11 w., Lollgihde ·--·---·-·· -----------------------·-· -·-··----··--- ----'lS 6 and it bears from Miles. n:orton·a hmt IJ&ht-houae, w. t .a.•. --·. ·-. --- ·- -- •• ···- -- ---- __ . --- -- ---· ---- ·-· --- ----&bom 31 Co:rnA.&1d 'Poblt Ltght-veaael, w. b:y s. t S. _. -- ••• ·-. -- - •• ---· --· _ ••• - •• ·--. - • - -·.----&little OTer 36 J!allmer'a Isla.Dd U&'bt-bOuae, sw. by w. i w.. ·- ·-· ·----- _-- -- •... ---·. __ . -- ·--. -- .-a. llt.Ue over 25 Boutl:nrest Ledge Ltght-ho'UBe, SW. i s••• _. -- -·-· __ • _ ·--· ---· -··· _••• --- • ---· •• -·· - ---· ·--· --- • 17 f atraUl>rd Pomt U&'ht-l:IOUae, s. by w. wes1;e1-17 •• __ •• ___ • ____ ---- -- --·· -----· __ --·. -· ·-. --· ·--- 101 lllD::a.tfold Shoa.1, CJl' lltlddla Grcnmd, Light-house, 8. bl\" W. t W .... __ •• - • -- -- - ..... - - • - - - ••• - •• - .. • r. From tJiW light-house :MUes. Jb.1.dgeport f.firJJt-llouse bears ir. t w. ·-·. ___ .•... -.. ·-·- -·- __. _. -•-.• ·-. -- -·. -. --- -.. ----. --- - 11 Black :&oo11: J4Pi;-houae N. by w. t w. _____ -··- •••••••. -··~·- _. _.•• ·-·· ··- ·- ...• -- .. _. ·-. -·---. 101- Pe2dllll4'• Beet Lllfht-houae R. bY w. t \"'·-·-- _________ . -· .. ___ . __ . --· -- -·- _-- -- .. --·- _-· .uearl:r 91 lforw&lk Llal&-llouae JrW. b7 w. t w. ____ . --· _.... - ___ •.. _... ---- ··-· ••.••. -· ··- .. -·- ·-- -·· . _.. 14f *•.Oa,ptala'• .t8lQ4 LJBhf;,.-holue .... it •• ··-· -- ·- -- • -·- ---- -·-- - ·-- __,,_ - •• - - • ·--- -- -·- --· ---- -·--- - 23 Jl&toiL'• •ec11t I.1Cht-hoUe w. lfea.rJ.Jt •··- - ··- ---- ---· ·--- ·---·· ---- ·-. --- -· •••• - •••• ·-· -· .. 12t Fi\\\"e miles If. by lL i B. from Old Field Point, and 11ear}y in ate middle of ~Bound, will be seen a two-story grey B10De house, with pit.ch roof,, supported UJl<>n a pier of dark colored 11ton&, and 111ll'1Donnted by tm eight-sided low Stratford Shoal or tower, wi.t.b lantern. This is Stratford Shoal or Middle Grollnd Light-home, and is built near the uortberu Middle Gl'Ollad -0. of'l'he lltckUe Grouad.• It ahows a ilaahing red and white light &om a height DC aixty·three feet Above LIPl:·hone. • high water, visible lbirtan and a half miles. ~ li_ghf,u of the fourth order of :E'reuel, dasbe& omie every 'tbil\"t7 aeoonck, -d bean fioorll

MlDDLE HROCXD J,IGHT-HOl'SE. This light will be changed, after Dc>cember 15, 187H, r.o a white li~qhl, fla.-.;hiug ever_v fif'tl•en f'eOOnd::i.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 339 Soutllwen Ledge Llght-bouse, sw. f w....................................................... . :Falkner's Island Light-hollB&, W. by S. f 8 .............................. --- •••••••• a. l1ttl8 over 8aybrook Ltght-house, w. by B............................................................... . Cornfle1d. Point Light-vessel, w. l B. NearlY .••••••• - ••••••• -- - - •• -.- .. - .. - - - - -- - --- - .. - - .. -· - -- - Horton's Potnt Light-house, W. i N.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••• From this light-house Miles. Stratford Point Light-house bea.ra N. t W .••••••••••••••••••••••• --- ••••••••• -- • ••• ••• •• • •• • •• • • 5 i Br14gepcrt :e:a.r1>0r Light-house, NNW. .• . . •. • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• •• . • . • •• • • • •• • ••• • • • • • • • • 6t Bl&cll: Bock Light-house, NW. t N................................................... a. little over 7 Pentleld'B Reef Ligh~house, NW. i W ......................................... - •••••••••• -- • •• • • 6 f Norwalk Light-hOUse, w. -l N................................ -- ••. --- .......... - ••• a. little over 14! Great Captain's Island Light-house, W. ts..................................................... 24 Eaton's Neok Lllrht-l:J.Ouae, w. bY s. ·t 8•••••••••.••• - ............................ -- •• --- .... ---- 14 t A bell is struck by machinery, during thick weather, three blows in quick succession, at intervals of thirty seconds. On t.he Northern Shore of the Sound, about a mile to the southwestward of .Mulbeny Point, is a low, flat, rocky point, with cleared surface, backed by woods ; and on the western side of this point makes in a small shallow cove, about half a mile wide, separating it from Sachem's Head, a 1:1mooth, gently sloping, rocky point, for Sachem's Head. the most part cfoared, but in places fringed with a thin growth of kees, and in othel'I! having small clumps of trees dotting the surface. It is almost entirely barren at its southwestern extremity,-being covered wiih bare ledges. There is a small hotel, about a quarter of a mile back from the shore; and around this a cluster of houses bas collected. The point is shoal in its approaches, and should receive a berth to the northward, of not less than eight hundred yards. From Sachem's Head to JefFry's Point the ilirlction is W. by !i., and the diet.a.nee five miles; but between these two points the shore curves to the northwli.rd and westward,-forming a large but shallow bay, studded with islands, and full of shoals. Strangers should never enter this bay,-the natToW channels in which are so crooked and full of rocks as to render any intelli- gible directions impossible. A quarter of a mile to the n<>rthwestward of Sachem's Head is Joshua's Point; and between the two Sachem's Head is a narrow cove, abont seven hundred yards long, with an average width of two hundred yaros, called Harbor. Sachem's Head Harbor. Nine feet at low water can be taken into this harbor through a narrow channel leading close under the western side of the head, Its shores are all }ow, nearly level, and cleared. Joshua's Point is about forty feet high, with a very gem!., slope and grassy surface, except on its Jo.hua'• Point. northei:n side, where there is a thin fringe of trees. The shore is faced with steep bare rocks. The whole of the northern shore from thIB point to the westward. is cut up by small shallow coves, 011' which lie many Hoadley'a Polat. bare and sunken rocks and a. labyrinth of small ilolands. HO!Miley's Point, which lies neady a mile to the northwestward of Joshua's Point, is composed of bare rocks, hacked by level grassy land, and this again Stony Point. by woods. To the westward of this point marsh land, a1ternating with low grassy land, extends for about a mile and a quarter to Stony Point, wbich is very \"imilar in appearance to Hoadley's,--being composed of bare rocky ledges, backed by nearly level land, partly cleared and partly cultivated. About midway between Hoadley's and Stony points is a flat :rocky point known 118 F1ylJag Po!nt. Three-eighths of a mile to the westward of Stony Point is Brown's or Haycock Point, whicll also terminates in bare rocky ledges; and thence to .Jeffry's Point the shore is for Brown's or Hay. the most 1?art level aud under cultivation, but with rocky faces and many outlying bare ledges. The back- cock Point. ground is formed by higher wooded lands; and when near Jeffry's Point portions of the village ofBra.DlOrd will be seen over the low shore. All of tbe rocks· fringing the shore, between Joshua's and .Jeffry's points, have a peculiar yellow look, which gives them, s.t a distance, s. sandy appearance; and these rocky faees are dotted at intervals with clumps of low black-looking trees. The islands which stud the whole of this bay a:re ao numerous that it is impassible to give an intelligible description of any but the principal 01;1ee. They are for tbs most part rocky, and oovered with a b1111hy growth of low trees. The Thimbles, which form the principal group, w-e oompoeed of about a dozen islets lying closa The Thimbles. 1ogeth~r,-tbe centre of the group being about a mile and three-quarters to the westward of Joshua's Point. The sonthemmoet of these, which ill known a& The Tlllabl•, is a.bout three hundred yards long N. and s., and bare except for ooe or two lmah.y trees upon it. About one hu.ndred y.e.rd.!o to the southeastward of it lies a round bare rock, called The OU.\\er 'J'Jdml>le, and the sailing-line of tbe North Channel passes within one hundred and fifty yards af ii. Next to the northward of a .The Thimble (uy about two huDdred ylU'dii of its southern end) is a high rooky ialet., between th1- and thur hundred yard.a .1oug, called Honse Island;· and one· hundred and fifty yard& to the nortbeaatward of Horse Island. r....asthis ia Baat; Jalaad.. ver;r similar ·in appearance. Kidd's Ialands,-the eouthernmost. of which is about th1- huwl.red :W. ot Horse ,Isl.qd, and two hundred yards to die northwestward of East Island,~ a Kidd's Islands. RJOUP of tout-·~ ialets exieading in a line about half a mile long in a 1'B. and inr. direction, and close 'together. Between this ~p on the north, Bud Eut and. Hol'l!e islands on the south, there is good and convenient anchorage, in &om fLfleen to ~ 1-t at lo.w waier, which is much ~ned to by small veseels. About a hn.ndred yards to the eastwal'd ·Of Ed Island is l'ot;.Bocll: ·~ i n - ofltare ledges; and about two hundred yards t-0 the e6Stward of this is a bare ledge, ·- l y a hundred yards in diameter,.km>Wll tu.! .B'Oldl J.e4ce• Thne huudnd yards to the northeastward of Pot Bock lslawl is High Waiad.~ ~t of' the. group,-a. near1.v round rocky islet, mmar..a~ut - · Hlela telatld. and BJ\" .;yaN..ifi ~. with .-p·fiwes, 11.Dd baPe of Uees. Betwieen High Ial&nd .and .Pot Book ....... it .a ·vert narrow ~l, ~h wbioh eighteen feet may by taken aa Ar u \\he aneb~ 'Which ill .fietweea tke~el,'Jl eud of Bigh. lalmid.~tbe ~ -1 <if·Potllock, where from thirtMn io twenty &et may be tqmad,

340 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. with soft; bottom. .Another rocky islet, about two hundred yards long in a l!t. and S. direction, lies a Jmndred and fifty yards to the southeastward of High Island, and three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Pot Rock Island. It bas a grassy surface, and is bare of trees. Three hundred and fifty ;ranls to the eastward of High Island, and nearly flix hundred yards to the Bare Island. northwestward of Hoadley's Point, is Ba.re Island,-a rocky islet about two hundred and fifty yards in cliameter, bare of trees, and surrounded by outlying bonldet\"S. Little Bare Island lies a hundi'ed yards to the southward of it, and is a mere rna88 of rocks. Four hundred yards to the westward of Bare Islancl, u.nd two hundred yards to the northward of High Island, lies another rocky islet with st.\"'P faces and grassy surface, au<l n.hout three hundred yal\"ds long in an ENE. and WSW. direction. A narrow channel, through which fourteen feet at low water may be ta.ken, leads between the Bare Islands on the east and High Island on the west, and, in common 1vith the numerous other amall channeli! winding among the Jabycinth of islands, is often NIWrted to b;v small vessels. About two hundred yards to the northwestward of the northernmost ofKidd's Isla.ads, and four hundred Governor'a yards to the southwestward of Flying Point, is Governor's lsland,-a rocky islet of irregula.r shape, with Island. Bteep faces, and bare of trees. It is about Bix hundred yards long En. nnd WSW., and at its wjdest pru1:, (where it Benda off a spur to the eastward,) it is a little over two hundred yards wide. There is no pa1188ge to the eastward of it, but there is good anchorage in &om two to four fathoms between its northern end and Flying Point; and a passage with eleven feet at low water leads along the western side of Kidd's Islands to a oomfortable anclwrage between the eastern end of Governor's Island and the northernmost of those islands, in from two to three mthoms at low water. Strangers, however, should not attempt ·any of these pauages. Between five and six hundred yards to the northwestward of Govemor'a Island lies Rodgers' Island; and between the two, and about two hundred yards from the former, lies a ba,... rocky iB~et about three hundred yards long in an Rodgers' Island. E. and 'W. direction. It hBil no name. Rodgers' Island is sometimes called Bound lsl&nd, and is about three hundred yards t.o the southward of Stony Point. It is about two huudl:'ed and fifty yards in diameter, with steep rocky fuces, and nearly level summit, destitute of trees. Of the numberless bare rocks and rocky islets scattered over the ba.y to tpe westward of those j net d('JK)ribed, it is impossible to give any intelligible dei!Criptiou,-the more so, that but few of them are named; but on approaching Jeil'ry's Point a number of larger islands are seen extending in a line from that point to the southeastward. Of these, the easteromost and first - met with ill a mere mass of bare rock, extending BB. and SW. fur four hundred yards, and is called Ball Island. Ball Island. Jt is two miles to the westward of Thimble Island, and three-eigh tbs of a mile from the western shore of the bay. About eight hundred yards to the southward of it is a mass of boulders known as The lfearo lleada; and between the two there is a good channel with four fathoms water. Flagg Island. - --Al,;,ut th,_ hundred yards to the zwrtbwestward of Ball Island is Flagg Island, aJso rocky, with 11teep faces,_and bare oflreei!. It lies KB. and SW., and is ab<>ut two hundred and fifty yards long. About one hundred and fifty- yards to the northward of Flagg hland, and two hundred and fifty yaros Squaw laland. from the western shore, lies Squaw Island,.--a Ill88ll of bare rook, three hundred yards Jong iu an E N'E. and WSW. direction; and about one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Flagg Island lies Spectacle ,. Spectacle Island. li!land, which is of euch an irregular ehape tbat no proper idea of ita Bise ca.n be given by description. It may be said, however, that its greatest length, (B. by JJ. a.nd W. by 8.,) ii! three-eighths of a mile ; and that its wi1ith v&ri\"\"' f...,m twenty ro two hundred yards. It is for the most part a mass of bare l'OCk, although there is a scant · growth of grass near its western end, where it i.s separated from Je&ry'11 Point by a pa.ssage two hundred and fitly yarda wide. 1''rom its northern end, at low water, a long apit extenda to the northeastward a little -0ver a hundred and fifty yards, joining the .reef making -0ut from the mainland. Jeft'ry'a Polllt. Jeffi-y'e Point ie low, flat, and rocky, entirely bare, but backed by thick woods, with a number oflaPga white hou&eil appearing here and there. It is the ~rn point of entmnce oo Branford. Harbor,-a large Bruford Harbor. cov-e, of iITegllla.r shape, about a mile long, a!l<l having an average width ofthree-eighthil of a mile, in which anchoragti is foand in from six t,o twelve feet at low water. It is, however, much obstructed by ledgee and sunken rooks, and is not suitable for et.rangers, however light their draught. The village of Braaf'ord is situated about a mile back from the bead of the harbor, on the banks of a narrow and crooked stream known as ~ Cl'eek. The most of the land back of the village is thickly wooded,. tuid the ahoree of.the harbor are :laced with a yeli-Owlsh rock. Jelrry'• Point is also eometi.mEs called lJldl&a Polm,-heing Ute southweetern extremity oftmllan lfeclc, which fOrma the eastern sho-re of the hsroor. Bf'IUlftlrd Pc?Jlll. Branford Point, the W8l!lterll point of entrance to Bnnfenf. Harbor, i11 three-quarteri! ot a mile to the wl!lltward of Jeftry's Point,. and ie bare, and composed of a yellowitlb-wbite rook, backed by thick wood1J, alternating with cultiva.ted fields. It should not be approached from the 80utbward :nearer than llll!Ven hundred yards, a11 Lmg a...d ~ .tlwala make off in a l!IOUtherly direction from the :mainland a little to the westward of it. Two rocky islets lie in the middle of 1he entrance to Branml\"d Harbor. The east<11\"111Doat and largest, Taunton Beall. known as Taunton Rock, is between Jive and ei:ic hundt'<ld yards W'. by 8. -j- s. tmm Jeff\\-y's Pnmt, and is a little oy-er one hundred yards long in a l'f. and a. direction. It bas good water on all sidw of it; but the main ehp.nel ls betw\"'n it. and J eft'ry'11 Poillt. · 'Blyn Reck. Four h-andrt!d yards to too westwvd of Taunton Rock ia Blyn Hoek:, about thirty yards m diameter. It is about a quart.er ofa mile to the eastward of Branibrd Point, with a tweJve feet cliaenel on both eida of it. Both rooks are oomparativelybold-t.i>. -·- On the We6tern side of Branful\"d Pcibrt makes in a large 'bui aballo:w-ve, &Dout half a mile in -diamete:i-, in Which anchorage may be found in from ilve to Six feet at low wate-t-. I~ -iern -ahone are, howevill', very foul, owing to :the_ number of ~ lsMs, bu'6 reefs, =-ad sunken 1\"001tkt1 ctaudtng of/ 1i:om it in a a aw. diNotion; while its ~ . _ _ ~ _eompaa:sti.,ilb' bold-to. The land an botb si.W. ill low and.-_ky,-woods and cultivat.cl fields .:ltenta&t.., _

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 341 The western point of entrance to this cove ie called Johnson's Point, and forms the eastern side of the Johnson's Point. mouth of a narrow and crooked stream, called Farm River, le.ading up to the village of Eaat Ra.Ten. a mile aud thne-quarters inland. It is a long and n&.lTOw point of bare rock backed by marsh, and this again by thick woods, and stra.ngere must not attempt to approach it. The mouth of Fa.rm River is about th-ree hundred yards wide. About one hundred yards to the westward of Farm River makes in Bra.dford\"a Cove, small and unimportant. Three-eighths of a mil\" to the gouthward of it lies a mass of bare 1-cck, two hundred yards long E. and W., called The Scotch Cap. VeSBels must not attPmpt to pass between this rock and the mainland, nor should they approach The Scotch Cap. the rock from the southward nearer than a quarter of a mile. About seven-eighths of a mile W. from the mouth of Bradford's Cove is South End, which is also two South End. miles and tbree-quartera W. l N. from Jeifry's Point. 1t is low, flat and mlln!hy, an~l backed by thick woods and caltivated fields, dotted with houses. In the back-ground will appear the high hills to the northward of East Haven. South End is shoal, and vessels should not approa.ch the shore in its vicinity nearer than seven-eighthe of a mile. Five-eighths of a mile to the westwl\\l'd of South End is Morgan's Point, a low, Hat, grassy point, faced with rocks, and backed by trees alternating with cultivated fields. Dangerous sunken ledges lie off this Morgan's Point. point, and it sl1ould not be approached nearer than tivf>-eighths of a mile. Half a mile NW. i N. from it is Five-Mile Point, the eastern point of entrance to New Haven Harbor. This is easily distinguished by the Five·Mile Point. white tower (which formerly carried the ljgbt) standing on its western extremity, in a clump of low scrub, near which there a.re several small houses. Back of the tower the land is thickly wooded with tall trees, betw<!en which and the l-0w scrub is a narrow lltrip of cleared land, which, when eeen from the &onthward and eastward, looks like a large \"nick\" in the woods. Five-Mile Point. is faced with bare rocks, destitute of all vegetation, and vessels entering the harbor should give it a berth of not less than three hundred and fii\\y yards to the ea!!tward. New Haven Harbor is situated at the confluence of the Qu1DJ11pta.c and Jl[ll]. rivers, an<l its entra.noo is New Havea about thirty-nine miles to the westward of The Race, and between forty-eight and furty-nine miles from Harbor. Throg's Neck. Though of considerable commercial importance it is not a deep harbor,-twelve feet at low water being the best that can be taken up to the city, and that through a very narrow channel. The city of lf'ew Ra,.__ is built upon the west ba.nk of Mill River, but is connected with the ..Mtem shon. by bri:dges. The most remarkable object seen in the foreground, on approaching this harbor from the eastward, is Southwest Ledge Southwest Ledge Light-house, which will appear 88 a on.:.story eight-sided house, with mansard roof, (all Light-house. painted drab,) and surmounted by the lantern rising from the centre. It is supported on an iron tabular foundation, painted red, and apparently standing in the water, and shows a fixed white light, of the fourth -0rder, from a height of fifty-seven feet above the aea, visible thirteen miles. Its geographical position is Latt'tude_ ••••• ---· -·-·-- - -·-· ··-- -··· ·----- ---- ------ ··-· •••••••••1° 1•' 2'' 11. Long1.tude •• -· \"·· ••••••••••••••••••••••••• -·- ••••••••••••• - --· ••• Tac> M' t.D\" W., and it bears from Falkner's Island Light-house W. by R. i N., about ten miles and three-quarters, and from Horton's Point Light-house NW. by 'W. i W., nearly twenty-three mili.'13 distant. From this light-boll80 Miles. Old Pleld. Pom1; up1;-hou. . bean SW. i S. llo\\lt.herll' •••••••••• -· •••••••• ·-·· - ••• - --·. -- ·-·De&rl7 18 Kttldle Ground Idgbli-llonae sw. f w...... -- -.......... -... ·- ....•.... ----·. --·. ·--· --- ..... -... 13! :E&wn•e Reck Llgh~houae SW. bT W. i W •• - .•• - -- - ·- .• - ••••••••••••••••••••••••• - •••• a little over 27 Stratford Po1n.t Light-hoUBe W. b:y 8. i 8 •••••••••••••••••••••• --·--· •••••••••• ·-· ••.•••••. a.-rll' 10 A bell ia struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen seconds during thick weather. Fo9-signaf. The large iron epiadlti, surmounted by a cask, seen a.bout half a mile to the eastward of the light-hon.se, is on Qutr;e'11 Ledge. , The western point of entrance to New Haven Harbor is called Oyster River or- Clark's Point. It is low Oyster River or and grassy at its southern extremity, hut the land rieee to the northward with a gentle slope t.o a wooded Clark's Peitrt. crest., about forty feet high. Behind this the hills begin, stretching in a line to the northward, with a pretty nearly equal elevation, and no specially remarkable feature, exeept W\"ni JLOck. which will appear aa a precipitous yellow blufl; orwith Wl'&ther-furrowed face, projecting :&om the otherwise unbroken line high 1anda. All a.long the western shore of the harbor, at the base of t.bese bills, will be seen tbe level, cultivated lands, thickly dotted with houses, forming the village of Wot BaV8l1, and still farther to the northward, the city itself, with ita many holl1'e8 and spires; and the high hills in the baek-gnmnd. On the ea.stem shore houses are thickly scattered from Five-Mile Point to &nth End, and the line of distant bills is plainly seen above the low wond&. Of theae hills ihe most remarkable are JSaal .Boole and Moul11; Carmel, the torme.r- a precipitous bltdf, with yellow perpendicular faces, and level summit, tiToWned with low treM and bushes; and the Jast-mentit:med composed C'l'ftwo hnmps, with a ftf17 peculiar \"niok\" between them, whieb renders it, perhape, the most remarkable of all the ln11s in this vicinity. (See V\"iew.) • From Oyster River Point to Pond Point ihe dima:o.ce iB a Jittle over two milefl and a ha.If, and the direction nearly SW. by W. ~.the two the ·llhoN tOm:a& a eonple of shallow covH, fnH of ahoalsr and of no importa.noe. The land is nearly l&\\\"el, ele&Nd, cnltivatecl, dotted with hon-, and backed by woeded bills. • Pand !Vint is about aixty Alet, high. with a very gentle gnl80'y alepe and backed by trees. About half a Pond Petllt. mile to the north~. of it:la a •tees> bill. over .a .hundred feet high, with elea.red: aurt\"aee, perpendicular faces to the l!Ollthwar:d, aud a llingle ho- on i&ll ~ The water ia shoal off\" Pond Point, which should not be approached -...rer than ~.of a nine. . From. th~ point to Stfttftmi l'9iat 1'he direetion ia SW. by w. t w., and the distance a UtUe over five milee; bnt the cnrvea of the shore-line are :'~et'OllS a.nd very ~--'-a large· bay' being formed between the two points, into whieh .empty the Ia.:lian ·!ind Houll&t.onic n~ alld .lil8veral. ~er~- .. 'l'b& a h - of this bay are low and nearly level, except ~ fP\"CJ\"• wtu.N _.Pon4 P«ut · ftlal'llh am1 &11d tohre m!Nih of ladi.n :m~. ~ .b:oWwhat hilly and undulatillg, diversified with cleared lands, tl'eell. · ·

342 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Welch's or Cedar Wefoh's or Cedar Point is about seven-eighths of a mile to the west.ward of Pond Point-a Bhallow cove, Point. of no importance lying between them. The point is low and fiat,-the land rising very gradually to the northward to a wooded summit about a hundred feet high, which is on the southern bank of Indian Rlver. This river, which empties into the Sound about half a mile to the northward of Welch's Point, is of no importance,-being bare a.t low water a.nd having its mouth closed to navigation by a. dam. Just to the W<->stward of it is the entrance Milford River. to Milford River,-a very narrow and shallow stream, at the mouth of which is what is called llD.lford Charles' Island. l!arbor, fit only for very small vessels. 'l'he village of lllllford, which i\" situated on the western bank of this stream, about three-quarters of a mile above its mouth, i~ Been over the low land. Nearly a mile SW. by W. from Welch's Point lies Charles' Isla.nd,-a low island, about a quarter of a mile in diameter, nearly round, gently sloping, and dotted with ihick bushy trees, except at its southern end, which has but a single Lombardy poplar. A large white house is visible above tbs trees on the summit of the isla.ntl, and another, with tall brick chimney attached, is seen on the northwestern end. TJ1is latter is used as a. fish-oil fa.etory. Charles' Island should not be app\"N>ached from the southward nenrer than three-eighths of a mile, and there is no passage to the north- wanl of it,-a narrow sand spit, dry at low water, connectiug it with the mainland. \"rha.t is known as Mllford ltoa.de.tea.d lies between this island and Welch'\" Point, with fair anchorage in northerly winds for small vessels. From the mouth of Milford river the general trend of the shore is SW. by W., for three and a half miles, to the mouth of the Housa.tonic River. The land is low and nearly level, diversified with wooda and cleared fields, and, in the background, dotted with houses. Bonatonic River. The Housatonie ·River, though of considerable length, is of but little commercial importance owing to the bar at its month, over which but two feet at low water can be taken through a very narrow channel. Vessels of very light draught may proceed up the river for a.bout twelve miles; but beyond this there is no navigation. The town of Stratford is situated upon its western bank, abot~t two miles above Stratford Point, and is the only place of any import- ance on the river. The New York and New Haven R&ilroad crosses by a bridge about a mile above the town. The eastern point of entrance to this river is formed by a long, low, fiat sand beach extending in a southwesterly direction from the mainland for nearly three-quarters of a mile,-Ieaving a. pa.ssage about five hundred yards wide between its western extremity and the western shore, as the actual width of the entrance. This point, as well as the western shore, is skirted by extensive mud flats, which are dry at low wa.t.P-r. Stratford Point. Stratford Point, the western point of entranc\"e, is of moderate height and grassy, with somewhat undti- lating surface, and steep sandy faces to the southward and eastward. It is for the most part cleared and grasey, but there are a few clumps of trees here and there. The land back of it is all cleared, and for the most part low and level, though the usual high. hills a.re seeu in the distance. On a cleared and nearly level space on its summit will be seen a Stratford Point light-house, painted white and black in vertical stripes, with a white house on each side of it. This is Ligbt-houae. Stratford Point Light-house, and shows a revolving white light, of the third order, from a height of fi.fty- three foot above the sea, vU.ible twelve miles. This light revolves once in every minute and a half. Its geographical position is Latitude -- ·----·--·-········ ··-····-·---·-···----·----- -----·----41° 91 lS11 N. Longitude .• ------·------·-··-----·--·-··--·-··----· --·····--·-·--73° 61 1311 W., and it bean from Southwest Ledge Light-house W. by 8. f 8., about ten miles; from Falkner'!! hla.nd Light-house 'W. Southerly, twenty miles and a half; and from Horton's Point Light-hoUBe W. by 11. i H., thirty miles dist.ant. From this light-house · :Miles. Jllldclle Ground Ltght-ho11lle bears 8. ! W. ·- -· _••• ·-. - •••••• - ••••• -- - - - -- - - . _- • - • _. _- ·- _-· _ -- _-·· 5f Old :Field PoiJlt Light-house s. by w. Wuterl;y - -- - - - ---- •• -·-· - • - - - • - •••• - • - •••••••• ·----· - - - -- • lOf Eaton's Neck Li&bt-hou.. SW. by W. i W._ --· ·-· ••• - ·-·· ··- ·-- - • -- - - - - --- - -- • - - --- -- - _--·-nearly 18 Norwa.lk Ll.l:llt-1:1.ouse W. bys. f s .••• - -·. -- - --· ------ - ••• - • - _. ·- ·-·. -· •• _--· -·- ••••• --- • ________ 15t l:'enll.eld\"11 Jteet Li&ht-hollae W. bl' s. i s •••••• __ -- • --- --- _. ___ • -· -- _-·- --·· ---· ·-· _-·. ·-· •••• ·-·. 5! F09-aignal. A bell is struck by machineey during thick weather, first, four blow11 at intervals of ten eeconds, and Bf\\er an interval of thirty l!leOOnds, again four blows, ten EOeoonde apal't. Tashua Hill. In this connection it may be mentioned that a prominent land-mark for distinguishing the entrance to the HoUBatonic is TMhne. Hill, which will appe&r in the distance as a very high, smooth, round hill, with a very prominent iree on its summit. It cannot be mistaken, as, apart from th10 peculiarities jllS\\ described, it is by far lhe highest land in the vicinity. From Stratford Point to Shoal Point th@ direction is W. f 8., and the ditlta.nce nearly six miles and a halt'; but bi.tween these two points the l!!bore forms a large bay, into which empty the Pequa.mJoc1t :&I.var and 1'a1rtltl1d Cnlelt. The citr of Br14gepod. and the villag<ll! of Black 11.oclt and Fa.h1lel4 are situated on the shon111 ~f this bay, and are plainly visible from the Sound. The land near the 11hore is all low, nearly level, and tOt- the mU11t part. cultivated and thickly settled. The cleared lands are booked by trees, above which are visible the spires and larger houses of the t-OWUS. In the di1Jlance are high Jmds, (partly wooded, but fur the moat part bare of troos,) prominent amnng which is the round summit ofTaehua. From Stratfurd Point the tl\"etld of the shore is first W. t S., for a mile and a half; (showing steep 11andy fil.oos, with cleared level summit,) and then about NW., for a mile and three-qnartel.\"8, to the eaatera }')(lint of entranae to the p.,.. Loq Beacll quannook River and harbor of Bridgeport.. This point is called Long Beach Point, and iB easily rooognized Point. aa a low, flat l!&lld beach, with a few house11 near its northern end, and a long etone bnakwat.er tiXt@nding from it to the weatward. The wel!!tem point of entraoee is calledPaclrl'ob:lt, and is oom:po!!!ed of law and nearly le-rel land, i.bickly d.!>tted with clumpa Bridpport of tnea,-4:he whole Wrming what is lOcally known u Seu14e Park, belonging to the clly of BridfM>orL Marllar. The c!ty itaeli ~ tla4 western ha.Ilk of Ole river, from. wens• Pola1\\ (Tbe 'to:agae). haff'a mile abo\" Park Point, te ~1>ond,-w..tan-of a 1nik and a hai£. Tmt bm-bor is barftd, and at vre->t. Ital!! not more than iwelve:ht over tire Wat low water, through a channel oue htmdred feet wide, but 1be Uaheil . Stalel!I Engineen are engaged in wideJliDg ·this ehlwnel with the ex,_tation o.f obtaiiiing a \"l'l'1dtb of two hundliell. fee'.

~ If ·---~--:.v- ! \"~\"' I \"0\"..', -,..... ··-.;.;,,.,. z- ~~ ~'\"' 0 en.0 !-< 1fj ,..... 0-z \"C\"i' j :s <~ j § en. ....:i- -u 'Jl rfl ~ ;::::: ~ ~0 ';! .....;i <~ ~ .. ~ :;'l .p0,.:.;. 1 -l' :J .. ' . ,i.-\" ; ' 11.' ··l ~; t·\"\"\"] ;<,' fi ,,--'·--- ; ', 'i ;;}~~;;;_ _, :-;··· d ' ~- / '\\\"~\"~ ,-:'· ' \" -- i-4 , I \\/ / ,/' . -~ \\ ' I \\ I '\\ ·1 .,, .\" t \" ' .. \\ 1\\; ~~~~\\

·--------- ------'\"- '-------·· -------------------- - --~------ j .:r::- J= 4:fJ~- ~-.., <i./ .,; 'ii ·'=i \"·i \"'!l l,, \"' ., \" -- :-, - .. -~ --·::. ..j .,, >'. \"] _/ .,/ 1!- ·,; J -~ .,,. .. -ci\" .:; ~ l -,; ]~ ';.~f :.-..:l

LONG ISLAND SOUND.· 343 At the entrance, about seven hundred yards to the southeMtward of Park Point, and nearly three- Bridgeport Harbor quarters of a mile to the westward of Long Beach Point, is Bridgeport Harbor Light-house, bllilt upon the Light-house. southeaatern extremity of the long shoal making off from Park Point., and thus marking the western limits of the chanuel. It is a screw-pile structure, supported on a stone foundation,-the tower rising from one end of the dwelling, and both being painted white. 'It shows a fixed red light, of the fourth order, from a height of fifty-six feet abo..-e the sea, visible twelve miles and three-qua.rters. Its geographical position is Latitude ••• - •••••• _••• - •• - • --- -·. -- • -- • - • -·· ••• --· -· ••••••• -·. -· .41° 9' 24'\" N. Longitude.·- - -· ••• --· ·-. --· ••••• - -- - .•• - - -- • -- • - - •••••• - -· - -- --- . 730 10' 48\" W., and i~ bears from Middle Ground Light-house N NW., six miles and five-eighths; and from Old Field Point Light-house N'. i W., eleven miles distant. From thiB light-house Penfield's Reef Light-house bears nearly SW. :1- W., three miles; and Black Rook Light-house W. by S. ·i S., nearly two miles distant. .A bell is struck by machinery every fifteen seconds during thick weather. Fog-signal. From Park Point the shore runs about W. t S., for a little over a mile, to Short Beach Point,-being all low and flat, and for the most pa.rt cultivated, and dotted with honses. To the northward the land rises in natural terraces, gener- ally well wooded, bnt with houses and steeples appearing at intervals, au cl tall lone trees rising above the general crest of the woods. About a. mile and three-quarters to the westward of Bridgeport Light-house will appear a white tower, on the southern end of a low island, and about three-quarter!! of a mile to the southward of the main shore. This tower is Black Rock Light- honse, and the island Fairweather Island, forming the eastern side of the harbor of Black Rock. Fairweather Island is three-quarters of a mile long in a N. by E. and S. by W. direction, very irregular Fairweather in shape, and for the most part covered at high water. Its northern end, which lfos abreast of the village is Island. about six hundred yards to the southwestward of Short Beach Point, with which it is connected at low water; and from this northern end the island is covered at high water to within half a mile of the light-house. Black Rock There are in fact two islands, joined by a rocky reef, and it is on the most southerly of the two, which is Light-house. never covered, that the light-house is built. This southern island is composed of marsh and graBS, destitute of trees, and has one or two houses on it. The light-bouse is built near the southwestern end, and is a white stone rower, thirty- three feet high, which shows a fixed white light, of the fifth order, from a height of forty-three feet above the sea, visible twelve miles. Its geographical position is Latitude.·--·· •••. __ .•••••.•. --· ............ __ --- . ____ . --- .. __ ••. 41° 8' so\" N. Longitude ..••. - .••.••.••.. - . - ••••.•••••.••••.•..•.•... - .••..•.••. 73° 131 4\" w., a.nd it beers from Bridgeport Light-house W. by S. i B., nearly two miles; and from Middle Ground Light-house NW. i N., a. little over seven miles distant. From this light-house Penfield's Reef Light-house bears S. by w. t W. Nearly. about a mile and a. half; and Ea.ton's Neck Light-house SW. Southerly, thirteen miles and three-qnarters distant. There iR no fog-signal. Fairweather Island when seen from the eastward will appear in range with the high land on the western side of the harbor, called Grover's Hill, which appears over it as high, smooth, gently-sloping land, between Grover's Hill. sixty and seventy feet high, dotted with cultivated fields, interspersed with orchards, small clumps of trees, and handsome houses. Its summit, however, is covered only with grass. The village ofBlack Rocli: extends along the base of this hill, on its eastern side, and occupies the western shore of the harbor, to what is called The Cove, three-quarters of a mile above. Anchorage in from ten to twelve feet at low water is found, and the channel is unobstructed; but the southern end of Fairweather Island Bhould not be approached nearer than .half a mile on account of the dangerous reefi! ma.king off from it. On the western side of Grover's Bill makes in Fairfield Creek,-a very narrow and shallow stream, Fairfield Creek. with marshy shores near its mouth, and of little importa.nce,-being cloeed to navigation at low water. From the mouth of this creek to Shoal Point the trend of the shore iB BW. by S. i S., and the distance one mile. It is all low,-being composed of e. flat sand beach, backed by marsh, behind which is seen a cultivated and thickly eettled country. The spires and houses in the village of Fa.ll1leld. are especially prominent. Shoal Point is a mere flat sand point, backed by marsh. From it extends in a SE. by E. direction for a Shoal Point. little over a mile, a vt1ry narrow sand spit, dry at low water, a.nd called Fa1r1leld Bar. From the eastern extremity of this bar a. line of boulders a.nd ha.re and sunken rocks extend.. in a NE. t N. direction for a quarter of a mile, and is known as The CoWll; while on its southern side lies a long reef, with from one to five feet at low water, called Penfteld'a :&eef. On the eastern extremity of this reef is built a light-house, called Penfield's Reef Light-house, which will appear as a one-story grey house, with mansard roof, surmounted by a low tower and lantern, painted white. Penfiefd's Reef The building is supported by a pier of dark granite, and the light shown is red, flashing at intervals of five Light-house. seconds. It is of the fourth order, shown from a height of fifty-four feet above the sea, and visible thirt.een miles. Its geographical position is Latitude--·-----·- - --- ••. --· -· - --· .•• ·--. -- --- - •• ·- - -· .. ---· •-· ·- .41° 71 3\" w!f.., Loll&itude----. _---· ---- ___ • -- • --- •• ·- ___ • ________ •• ___ ••.• ___ ••.• 7s<> 13' 11111 and it bears from .Mlles. vr.s.Bl&c1I: :&oCk Llgll.~JMnule. bJ' w.t liearJ.y • -- • -- - -- • --- -- •••• -- ••••• - ••• ·- •• ·--- ••• - --- .&bOut l l tBridgeport Jia.rbor Lishto-llouae, BW. W'. Nea:rlJT. --· •••• -·· •••••• _••••• --- - ••••••••• - - - -- - ••• ---- 3 Btra.tfo:rd Poiat. J.tght-bouae, W. 1>7 S. i- B•• -·-··· --- --- • -- --· ·-··-· ---·-· ·-- ·-· -- ··-· ••• -- .neerl7 5f •inr.X144leGrOUaclL\"8'JD-llo'a.ee, :RW. f W. --·· ··----- ·--··----- -----·---·-····· ··-· ·····------· ··-··· 6f. 014 l\"leld Point Ugb.t-:i.o-, Jlforlill.erly ·-·· - •·- ··-. ----- ·-- ••• ------·--- -· ·--- -----· ···- ---- 9i From this light-holll'I& Norwalk Light-house bean W. by B. i 8., nearly ten miles; and Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. i w;. aboui; twelve and a. half miles distant. In appro&ebing it &om the westward, veMels should pass about throo-eigh\\hs of a mile 10 the acntthward. ofit, to avoid the ahoal.

344 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Fog-signal. A. bell is struek by machinery two quick blows at interval~ of twenty eeconds during thick weather. At Shoal Point begins Fab1leld Bea.ch, which extends in n nearly WSW. direction for about a mile, to Pine Creek Pine Creek Point, so called from the creek of that name which makes in on its northwestern side. The Point. shore is a mere sand beach backed by marsh, und this again by cultivated and settled country. A mass of boulders lies about three hundred and fifl;y yards to the southwestward of Pine Creek Point; and a little to the westward of t.bese a very narrow sand spit, bare at low water, extends about N. and S. for six hundred and fifty yards,- its southern end being about eight hundred yanls from the point. It is the rule, therefore, for vessels passing this point to ghe it a berth to the northward of not less than three-quarters of a mile. From Pine Creek Point to Kensie's Point the trend of the shore is WNW., and the distance five-eighths of a mile; and thence to the mouth of Mill River it is HW. t W., and the distance three-quarters of a mile. The shore is all ' Kensle's Point. low, except at Kensie's Point, which shows an almost perpendicular face to the southward, about ten feet high, from the summit of which grassy land for the most part under cultivation rises with a very gentle slope to a height of about seventy feet above the sea. Mill River. Mill River is a very narrow stream of little importance, on the western bank of which is built the village of SOUthJIOrt, close to the mouth of the river. Strangers cannot enter this river, even at high water, but must always take a pilot. A stone breakwater, somewhat over one thousand feet in length, extends in a southwesterly direction from the eastern point of entrance; and on its extremity is built a granite beacon, surmounted by an iron shaft and ha.IL About a quarter ofa mile to the southward of this is another and similar beacon, which marks the eastern limits of the entrance, and is c&!led Southport. Beacon. From the mouth of Mill River to Farms Point the shore-line is very irregular,-ooing much cut up by coves and other indentations ;-but its general course is SW. by W. i: W., for about a mile and three-eighths. Basco Creek empties into the Sound about five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Mill River, but is extremely shoo.I and of no Jemainp' Point. importance. Jennings' Point, about a quarter of a mile to the southward of the mouth of this creek, is a cleared and cultivated point, with nearly level surface faced by a eand beach strewn with innumerable boulders. From this to Farms Point the distance is a.bout five-eighths of a mile. f\"arms Point. Farms Point, or Frost's Poblt, as it is locally called, is, lilrn Jennings' Point, low, nearly level, culti- vated and settl<'d. The beach in front of it is covered with boulders to a distance of a quarter of a mile from shore, and vessels should not attempt to approach it nearer than three-eighths of a mile. From Farms Point to Sherwood's Point the direction is W. t B., and the distance one mile. The shore is a strip of low, :flat, grasey land, faced by a •and beach backed by marBb, and this again by a hilly undulating country, cleared, cultivated and settled. The sand beach between the two points is called Alvord's Beach, and is di\\'ided by the mouth of a narrow and crooked stream, c&!led Buddy Brook, which empties into the Sound, about half a mile to the westward of Parms Point. A.lvord's Beaclt is entirely clear of boulders. Sherwood's Point. Sherwood's Point was formerly called Ba.Jisrord Polnt. It is fla.t, level, bare of trees, and grRl!fly; and the beach at its base, as well as that to the westward of it, is strewn with boulders. Cedar Point lies a mile and an eighth w. by 8. t 8. from it, and between the two is furmed a cove of irregular shape, into which empties a very narrow stream called Sherwood's Creek, which has its rise in a shallow pond, about a hundred and fifty yards hack, called Sherwood's Pond. The beach is strewn with boulders, especia11y abreast of the several projections of land, Hill's Point. and notably so at Hill's Point, the western point of entrance to the creek. This point, which is low and cleared, lies at the base of a steep grasey bill, called Compo Blll, and ooth its eastern face and the beach at its base are lined with large houlden, most of them bare at Jow water. Cedar Point. Cedar Point is a Jong, narrow projection of sand, faced hy a great mass of rocks, and forms the eastern point of entrance to Saugatuck River. It is backed by marsh, and this again by level, cultivated lands, thickly dotted with houses. Seymour's Point. The western point of entrance to Saugatuck River is called Seymour's Point, from a rock of the same name which lies on the flats about a quarter of a mile to the eastwanl of it. It is composed entirely of Saugatuck River. marsh, and between it and Cedar Point the mouth of the river is five-eig11ths of a mile wide. The town of WeRllOr' is situated on both banks of the Saugatuck. about three miles abo\\'e its mouth, but is of little commercial importance, as the river is closed to large vessels by a two-feet bar about three-quarters of a mile abo\\'\"e the entl\"!lllce. Off the mouth of Saugatuck River begins that line of islands, extending in a l!Outhwesterly direction Norwalk Islands. for nearly four miles, and called the Norwalk !@lands. Beginning with the eaatemmoet they are known, respectively, as Cockenoe'a, (pronounced C&wll:iDa,) Goose, CJa1f P&atlll\"e. Betta', Bay, Oh1Dlo11.'1, Oop»s', Long :Beach, Ram, 'l'aTern, imd Shetlleld islands; and between them and th.. mainland is formed what is known as Sbelllel4 Ialaad Barbor. From Seymour's Point to Calf Pasture Point the direction is BW. by W. f W., and the distance a mile and three-eighths. The land is low and almost entirely composed of marsh, ha.eked by cleared, cultivated and thickly-settled country. About mid- way between the two points, and three hundred and fifty yards from the shore, (with whieh it is connected at low water,) lies a tmiall island, about three hundred yards long, :E JfE. and 'W SW., called 8prtte lalalul. It is nearly level, entireiy bare oftNies, and ahowe steep faces, fringed with boulders, to the southward.. Calf Pasture Calf Pasture Point is the eastern point of entrance to Norwalk River, and is composed entirely ofmarsh Point. land, faced with mud and sand. It is very shoal in its approaches, and Vel!ffels mWlt not attempt to pa.s11 between it and the Norwalk Islands. Norwalk River. Norwalk River is five-eighths of a mile wide at its mouth, but gradually diminishes, until at the village of llfonra.lk, a little over two miles and a half above, it hi a mere creek. Under appropriatioue by 1he United States Government a channel sixty feet wide, with six feet at low water, has been dredged &om the mouth up to Norwalk, and it is proposed {1877) to increase it to a width of one hundred feet. Beacon Point. The western point of entranee to Norwalk River is a rrui.rshy point, known aa Beaoon Point, from the granite beaoon on its l!IUdenl erul. About three hwidred yards to the westward of it ~is an Island of fi1'h!l gra.uy l..ud, with som.-wlla.t l!teep faees, and nearly level aurfuce, rising from the m&il'llh. To the northward tbe land riiiea lo

LONG ISLAND SOl!ND FHO.M STRATFOHD l'OlNT TO NOHWALK HIVER • ···F\"'t -_- F\"\"> N.,utw\"J Mot,, --f\"\"\"'UU!W.I......,_,_~-- ',, ·-·~ ;i 1l '\"'' '..! .i <l '\"l ,.,,, i\" ~ [ >it II\\ u~ \\~< 1 \\\\ ,,,. I I ,.,~ i . ... \"' IH11TYH q \"\"\"'if(,./ L>·u,!•' 1\" tw ldi ut mrni'ny '\"\" .'>w1<b<,..r.( tnL,,-1..· i R/,,,/.• <Dul /l,,,f \"'\"''\"\"\"'\"'' •·0{1-.,.o·_l)a1we.rbu'!.v

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 345 st.eep wooded hills, with very irregular outlines. All this part of the shore is vecy shoal in its approaches, and strangers muat not attempt to pass into the river without a pilot. From Beacon Point to.Norroaton Point the direction is SW'. by W., and the distance one mile and a half; Wilson's Point. but the shore-line is much cut up by coves and other indentations. At Wilson's Point, a mile to the west- ward of Beacon Point, the land is about sixty feet high, gently sloping, '\\'\\ith steep rocky faces to tbe southward, and.tringt!d with shingle strewn with many boulders. The rest of the shore is marshy and faced by mud flats. The small streams whleh make in on both sides of 'Vilson's Point are very shallow,-being for the most part bare at low water. Norroahm Point is low, rocky and covered with a thick growth of scrub. The land back of it is com- Norroaton Point. posed of a gt'eai number of high, steep wooded hills, which present a very irregular outline. It is the northern point of the entrance to Sbeftield Island Harbor from the westward,-Sheffield Island forming the southern point. The Norwalk Islands, as before mentioned, lie in a line about three miles and throo-quarters long along Cockenoe'a the northern shore of Long Island Sound. In coming from the eastward you first meet with Cockenoe's Island. Island, which is cre><cent-slmped, witl1 the rim to the southward, and a diameter of half a mile. Only the eastern half of the crescent is composed of good land,-the rest of the island being a mere narrow strip of sand and marsh. The eastern half of the island has a perfectly level surface, entirely under cultivation, with a single house upon it, and shows yellow sand bluffs, with steep faces, separating the lower cultivated lands, and descending to a narrow sand beach, fringed with boulders. From the northern side of this east.em end a very narrow strip of sand beach extends in a N NW. direction for six lrnndred and fifty yards to within one hundred and fifty yards of the sand spit S. of Seymour's Point, on the western side of the entrance to Saugatn~ River. This n!UTOW sand spit, extending as it does in a line parallel to the western half of the island, enc1oses a narrow and shallow cove, which affurds an excellent boat harbor; but is otherwise of no importance. There is no passage between Coekenoe's Island and Seymour's Point. . Next to the westward of Cockenoe's Island, and three-quarters of a mile from it in a SW. by W. direc- Goose Island. tion, is Goose Island, which is a mere narrow, low, sand spit, about three hundred yards long, N. by E. and 8. by W., covered with grass, and with a single house in the middle of it. .At low water its bonndaries are extended by the bare sands to a length of eight hundred yards; and at extreme low springs it is connected with Chimon's Island, to the westward. It is surrounded by shoal water, and vessels passing through the Sound must not approach it nearer than half a mile. Between Goose Island and Cockenoe's Island is a good anchorage, with thirteen feet at low water, called Cookenoe's lsla:ad Harbor. Next to the westward of Goose Island ie Copps' Island, a low sandy islet, lying W. by N. and E. by S., Copps' Island. and about four hundred yards long. It is destitute of trees, but has a single house near its eastern end. Its eastern extremity is distant from Goose Island seven-eighths of a mile in a SW. t W. direction; but the space between is occupied by flat.a and dangerous sunken ledges, so that no saf., pll&lage exU.ts. A quarter of a mile to the northward of Copps' Island, and three-quarters of a mile t-0 the westward of Chlman'a Island. Goose Isl611d is Chimon'a Island, a low sandy islet, nearly level, but showing steep yellow faces to the south- ward and e\"8tward. Th€'re is a single house near the middle of the island. .A sand beach, strewn with innumerable bonlde,..., 1mrrounds it, and extends to the southward to within fifty yards of Copps' Island. Shoal water makes off ft-om it, except on its western aide, where there is a pocket with from three to five fathoms between it and Ram Island. Two hundred yards to the eastward of Chimon'a Island iB Ifay Island, which lies ENE. and WSW., Hay Island. and is four hundred yards long. It is low, bare of trees, nearly level on top, with steep faces descending to a sand beach fringed with boulders, and there is no passage on any side of it. Three hunched and fifty yards t-0 the northward of it is Betts' Island, which extends to the westward Betta' Island. to within one hundred and fifty yards of the northern side of Chimon'a Island. It is, in reality, two islands, three hUDdred yards apart, and joined at half tide by a strip of shingle. The easternmost, and larger of the two, is about one hundred and fifty yards long, {E. and W.,) and is oomposed of sand, covered with grass, with steep faces descending to a beach, fringed with boulders. The westem island is only about one hundred ye.rd.! in diameter, and composed .of be.re sand. Five-eighths of a mile to the northward of Hay Island, and a little over three-quarters of a. mile to the weatw&l'd of Cookenoe's Isla.nd, lie The Calf Pasture Iela.nds, three 111Da.ll rocky islets,-the largest of Calf Pasture triangnlar shape, and about one hundred yards in diameter, and the other two mere bare rooks sarroun.ded Islands. by shoals. The largest islet is low, nearly level on top, and has a steep rocky fuce to the southward, the beach at the base of which is thickly covered with bonlders to a distance ofone hundred and :fifty yvds. Ba.re rocks. a.nd ledges bare at low water lie to the eastward of this island, and dot >he space between it and Hay and Betts' islands; and extensive flats connect it with the mainland. Round Beach Island, a mass of stones and rocks, lies a Round Beach little over half a mile to the westward of it, and about.two hundred yards from Calf Pasture Point, on the Island. eastern sid<t of the entrance to Norwalk River, while on the western side of the same entrance, and about seven hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Roi:uul Beach, is Long Bea.ch Island, composed of marsh, Long Beach about two hundred and fifty yards in diameter, the western end of which is about two hundred yards to Island. tba eaatward af Beacon Point. .At Jow wat.er this island is increased in length to nearly sev:en hundred yards by a bare apit, composed of sand and pebbles, fringed with ooulders. The channel into Norwalk River passes between tbl.a and Round n-ih hland, with six feet at low water. The epace to the southward of it, or between Beacon Point and Ram Ialand, is lll:ndded with islfle, bare rocks and ledges bare at low water, tht'ough and among which winds the White Rock. '{)hanuel leading to the river. . Of these islet8 the northernmoet is called White Rock, and is abont a quarter -Of a. mile to the aoo.thwa.rd of Bi!lllCOll Point. Tree Ra;mmock and BaD4:y RaDm1ocJc lie about three hundred and 8t\\y yards to the &0utbward of White Rook,-the channel paaaing between it and them ;-while Ram lBl&n4 :Rammook lit only aboat two hundred and fifty ;yardi! A-om the northern shore of Ram Islaod. . Ratti IBland is the ne:s:t of the larger islands to the westward ofChimon'e Island, from which it is distant Ram Island. about ei:t hrmdred yards. It lies nearly lL and W., is -rly eight hundred yards Jong, and w1-l seen from the. soutbea.Btwanl apJ>elU'8 low, flat, and graaey, dotted at nearly regular intervals with iall lone irooa. A clump of &hick low ac:rub,-1bove whiCh project the tops of a few taller t.--,~ near its western end; while another clwnp of basby tNM ia C. P.-44 ,

346 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. She11ield Island. seen near the eastern· e~d. At low water it is connected by a mud flat, mixed with stones, with She:ffieM Island, the westernmost as well as the largest of the group. This island is very irregular in shape, lies nearly E. by N. and W. by S., and is about a mile loug. It is low, level, and for the most part ..andy, with a thick growth of bushy trees about midway of its lengtl1, in the middle of which will appear a large white house, with flag-staff in front of it. Its eastern end is almost entirely marshy, while the middle of the island is oeonpied by cultivated fields, and its weswru end termi- nates in a Jong, narrow, curved sand spit, locally known as-The West Book. The beach surrounding the island is strewn with boulders, especially on the southern side where the land descends precipitously. About a quarter of a mile from the end of West Hook, and close to the grove of trees above mentioned will be seen a. two- story stone house, of a gray color, surmounted by a low tower and lantern; and a little to the northeastward Norwalk Light- of this a smaller house, painted white. The tower is called Norwalk Light-house, and shows a fixed whitlj house. light, varied at intervals of one minute by red flashes, visible twelve miles and a half. The house stands upon .a low point !.'ix feet above high waror, and the light is shown from a. height of fifiy-two feet above sea-level. Its geographical position is La.titude .•. - --·· •••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•..•.•••••..•.•• 410 2' 53\" N. Longitude ••. _..••.•....••.••••• ·-- ...•••....•..••••••.••.•••••• '13° 2151 1111 w.. and it bears from Miles. PeD11.eld's Reef Light-house, w. by s. t s ••• -- --- •••• -- ••••••••• -- ••.•••. -- •••••• -- •••••••• nearly 10 Stratford Point Light-house, W. by S. i S•••• -- ••••••••• -- •••••. - ••••••. - ....•• -- •...... : •. a.bout 15! l!Clddle Ground Light-house,-W. t N.•.••••••••••••••.•. ----- ••• --- ------ .••••••••••••••••.•••••• 14i- l'a.llcler's Island Light-house, w. f s.... ---- ............ -- ---- .............•.......... --- . -- . --· 36 Old Field Point Light-house, NW. by W. t W.••• --- .•• --· ••. _ .••••• -- ••••••••••. -- --- ••• --· -- --- • 14i- Ea.ton's Neck Light-house, N. t w. ·-·--- ----··--·····- ....•....... --··-·--·--·-·--·--· .••....... 5! From this light-house Great Captain's Island Light-house bears w. by S. f S., a little over ten miles; and Exeeution Rocks Light-house SW. by W. ! W., a little over eighteen miles distant. There is no fog-signal. Half a mile t<:> the northward of Sheffield Island, and about six hundred yards to the southeastward of' Tavern Island. Wilson's Point ia Tavern Island, a small islet about two hundred yards long, with a rocky hillock at its western end, on which is a tall Hag-staff. Its surfuce is dotted with low tree.., and there is a large i.ingle tree at its eastern end, and a house nt>ar the centre of the island. There is no passage between it and Wilson's Point. On the Southern Shore of\"Long Island Sound, from Old 1<1.eld Point to Crane Neck Point, the direction is W. IS., and the distance c;n a straigl1t line ootween the two p<>ints) nearly two miles; but the shore curves to the southwa.rd,-forming a. sort of bight, in which anchorage muy be found in from two to three fathoms during S-OUtherly winds. It is not recommended, however, as the bottom is hard and does not afford good holding-ground. The land is low, very gently sloping, and for the most part wooded, except at the entrance to Fla.x Pond, about a mile and a quarter to the westward of Old Fiel<l Point, where there is a fringe of marsh and sand. Crane Neck Crane Neck Point, the northwestern extremity of Crane Neell:, is a high, bluff, sandy head, with steep Point. precipitous fuces, ranging in height from sixty to one hundred and twenty f'eet. It is mostly wooded, and its northwestern \"lopes are terraced, and i'how a series of yellow sandy faces, with dal\"k-looking bushes clinging to them. The b<.'ach at its base is strewn with boulders, and the point itself is shoal in its approaches, and should receive a berth of not less than half a mile. Smithtown Bay. Crane Neck Point is aliw the eastern extremity of' Smithtown Bay, which is formed by that great curve in the north !!hore of Long Island whfoh extends from Crane Neck to the Broken Land; and lnto which :Bow the waters of Stony Brook, Niseequague River, and Sunken Meadow Creek,--imeh of which has thri viDg settlements on its banks. Between Crane Neek Point and the Broken Land the bay is nearly seven miles wide, and, measuring perpendfou1e.rly to a line joining these points, it is over two miles long in a N. and S. direetion. The general trend of its eastern shore, from Crane Neek Point t-0 Stony Brook Beach, is nearly due S.; but tbe outline is irregnlar,-first curving to the southea.stward for half' a m\\le, then turning to the \"\"\"tward for three-eighths of a mih!, and then about S. by W. t W., for two miles, to the eastern point of entranee to Stony Brook Harbor. From Crane Neck Point, for a mile and three-eighths to the southward, the shore is composed of steep wooded bluffs, with preclpitone sandy fu.ces, descending to a narrow beach; and thence, to the mouth of Stony Brook Harbc>r, of a narrow sand beach, backed by meadow-land, a.nd this again by wooded bills, sparsely dotted with houses. Stony Brook The entrance to Stony Brook Harbor is not quite two hundred yards wide, and e:xtremeJy shoal,-- Harbor. but three feet at low water being found in a. very narrow channel. When :fairly past the ifiltl\"Rnce the streaIU turns to the westward, widenJl' to nearly nine hundred yards, and is separated into several small channels l>y large marsh islands. This westerly oounIB continues for a little over a mile, when it !!preo.ds away to the northward and southward lnto a large but ,,-hallow bay about a mile and a half wide, known as Stooy Bl'l><>k Harbor. The village of Stoll$ Brook is situated on the eastern bank of the stream just above ite mouth; but the place is of little commercial importance, (owing to t11e shallownet!s of the entrance,) and is frequented by very small vessels only. Stony Brook Si<my Brook Beach, on the western side of the entrance, is a strip of low land, about a mile and three- Beach. eighths long, from ten to twenty f'eet higl1, partly wooded, &nd backed by marsh. The mn.fu channel of the 11arbor pasaes a.long its .southern side between marshy banks. The land on which the village is built i11 high and partly wooded, with preciP.itous fuces t.owards the harbor. The channel learuug from the Sound passes between two immenee l'B.nd flat.s, dry at low water;--t.hose making off from C:rane Neck being known as Jlast Fl&'tll, and extending nearly halt\" a mile from shore; and tb0110 from Stony Brook Beooh, called ·W'est l\"la.ts, extending to the nortl:1w11rd about a third of a mile. · .At the western extremity of Stony Brook Beach, and a mile and thme.eighths from the <mtftlnce to Raeltepeagae Stony Brook, begin the R-peague Blufl's,-a long Ji.ne of steep e1illll from forty to sixty foot high, wit.h Bluft'e. level summit, diversified with wQ-Ods and cleared lands. The cliffii ilre faced b7 a narrow mnd beach, anil

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 347 t'it.end about W. by S. for uearly two miles, where they terminate in a fiat sand beach, called East Bar, which extenrla for l1alf a mile to the westward, to the entroncc to Nissequague River and Smithtown Harbor. East Bar is also sometimes called Smith- town Bea.ch. Nissequague Nissequa.gue River is a narrow and shallow stream, having a nearly SE. course from its mouth towards River. its head, and is fnll of marsh islands, which separate it into numerous small channels. It is of little im- portance, as not more than eight feet at high water can be taken into it, and that only through a very narrow channel. The entrance, between East Bar and West Bluff', is only about sixty yards wide, and no stranger, however light his drought, should attempt to approach it. The Tillage of Nissequa.gue is built upon the eastern liank of the river, ahont a mil.a above its mouth, and the small settlement of DarUngtown on the w\"stern bank, about half a mile beyond the former. West Bluff, the western point of entrance, iB a eandy cliff, with nearly level summit, cleared and West Bluff'. cultivated, and with several houses upon it. It descends to a narrow beach, from which a large pier extends, known RE! New Dock. Prom this bluff the shore has a general direction NW. hy \"W. i W., for three miles and a half, to The Broken Land, passing, first, the mouth of Sunken Meadow Creek, half a mile beyond West Bluff; then Sunken Meadow Beach, extending from the mouth of the creek to the northwestward about a mile and a quarter; and then a range of clif!B, of various heights, about a mile and three-eighths long. Sunken Meadow Creek. Sunken Meadow Creek is a narrow and crooked str.,am, of no importance, which runs in a nearly w. direction for about a mile and a quarter. Sunken lll:eadow Bea.ch is a narrow strip of saud, backed by trees, and extending from the mouth of the creek to the eastern end of the cliffs. The cliff's between the beach arnl The Broken Land are nearly level on top, nnd for the most part wooded. About midway of their length is the traditional site of one of the burial places of Kidrl'B treasure, locally known as :Kidd's lllOnsy Jlole. At their western end tho land descends to a narrow, flat, marshy valley, separating them from The Broken Land. Tho Broken Land is a seetion of hilly country, about three-quarters of a mile in length, and is formed The Broken Land. by two hills, over one hundred foot high, separated by a narrow valley but little elevated above sea-level. They are partly wooded and partly grassy, and on their northern side are cut into natural terraces, with precipitous races descending to a narrow sand beach. Many bonlders and sunken rocks lie off this beach, extending t-0 a distance of eight hun- dred yards. In fact, a.11 of the shore of Smiihtown Bay, from Stony Brook entrance to the westward, is foul; and vessels, standing to the southward, should not approach it nearer than a mile. On the western side of The Broken Land begins Crab Meadow Beach, which extend\" in a WNW. Crab Meadow Beach. direction, for three-quarters of a mile, to the mouth of Crab m:ea.dow Creek. It is a narrow strip of sand, a.bout one hundred yards wide, dotted with sand hillocks ranging in height from ten to twenty feet, and backed by marsh. The ereek is very narrow and shallow, and of no importance,-being almost entirely closed at low water, and having a width of only twenty yards at its mouth. A bare rock, called The Suga.r Loaf, lies about four hundred and fifty yards NW. from the mouth of this creek, and a little over three hnndNJd yards from the nearest shol'e. On the western side of Crab Meadow Creek the land is undulating, rises·to a height of one hundred feet, with steep faces to the northward, and has a general course about W. t S. Half a mile to the westward of the creek, (where the cliff is some- what higher,) the high laud terminates at Vtnega.r Point, which is separated from another !'mall clift', about thl'ee-eighths of a mile to the westward, by a cove, mostly occupied by meadow grass, and known as Joel's Clove. Here East Beach. b1?.gins East Bea.eh, which extends in a R'W. by N. direction, for about one mile, and separates Northport Bay from the waters of the Sound. This beach is from an eighth to a quarter of a :mile wide, and has several sand hillocks upon it, with a few trees. At its northern end there will be eeen, about half a mile back from the shore, a Tery remarkable-looking round hill, about one hundred feet high, thinly wooded, and showing a perpen- dicular bluff at jtt; southern end. This is Duck Island Bluff, in Northport Bay; and three-eighths of a mile Duck Island Bluff'. to the northeastward or it, and three hundred yards back from the beach, will be seen another hill, of the • Bame height, with wooded slopes and graBRy summit, and low cliffs about twenty feet high on its northern and eastern sides. This is the northern end of Duck hland, as the bluff is the southern end,-t.he two being joined hy a strip of sand and marsh. Duck Island is in reality, however, a neck ofland connected with the beach by salt-meadow, and projecting in a southwesterly direction into Northport Bay. On its northwestern side, and between it and the south- Duck Island east-em shore of Ea.ton's Neck:, is formed a convenient little harbor for small veeeels, called Duck Island and Harbor. Harbor. From the northern end of East Beach the trend of the shore continues HW. by l!f. for a mile and three-quarters to Eaton's Point. The high wooded hills of Walnut and Eaton's necks are lff1en over the low beach; and just to the \"6nthward of the point a grassy hill, about eighty feet high, rises steeply from the beach, with precipitous face, about twenty feet high, and bare ledges cropping out at intervals on its eastern sfopt!S. Eat.on's Neck is composed of a series of' hills, with gentle slopE'f!, separated by narrow valleys. Its Eaton's Neck. surface is, therefore, undulating, and is diversified with wooded and cultivated lands,-the 1mm:mits <Jf the hills being fur the most part cleared. The Lombardy poplar is a prominent feature of the landscape in this vicinity. On the south side of the neck is the convenient harbor of Northport Bay, and on its western side is Huntington Bay, embraced between this neck and Lloyd's Neck, and in which anobomge may be found in from three to eight fathoms, sheltered from all t>Xcept northerly winds. Eaton's PDlnt. Eaton's Point, the northern extremity of the neck, is a bold bluff', between eighty and ninety feet 11igh, with precipitous face on the northern side rising to a height of about thirty feet. J:t.s western s1opes are Eaton's Neok wooded, but its summit and eastern side are o1eared; and on the former is bnilt the light-house, with the Light-hoaae. keeper's dwelling elose to it. This light-house is known a.s .Eaton's Neck Light-house, and ie a stone tower, Bi::Jtt.y-three teet high, painted white, and shows a fixed white light, of the third ordel', from a height of one . hundred and forty-seven feet above the Bea. visible eighteen miles. The keepers dwelling, which is close to the tower, is ahio -painted white, and is remarkable for the peculiar black appearance of its windows. To the northwestward of' the llgbt-hou11e, on the edge of the bluff, a small white building, with a tall pipe of the same color projecting from its roof, le 800n against the high woods behind jt_ This contains the fug-signal, which ie a second order steam siren, atin dupli¢ate, giving blasts of nine BeConds lutervale of thirty-five secon<18.

348 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. The geographical position of Eaton's Neck Light-house is L&tttude-------------- ------ ---------- ---- ----- -------------- ----4<1° llT' 11111 '.N. Longitude __ - - • - • - - • - • - • - • - - - • - - • - - - •••. - - - • - •• - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 73° 113' .r;\" W., and it bears from Miles. Penlleld's Reef' Ligcht-house, SW. -J: w. ·--··· .•..•.... --- --~--· .••••.•.••.•.•••....•...•.•.a.bout 12t Stratford. Po1nt L1gllt-bo1U1e, SW. by w. i 'W-- -· --- -----. - • - --- - - -- • -- • -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- -- ••• -- - •• 17 t Southwest Ledge L.lght-house, SW. by w. t w....••........ --- ..•..•.•••.. ---- .••.•. a. llttle over Z'1 M1ddle Ground. L.lght-house, W. bys. i S. - - - - - - --- - -- -- ---- -- - - ---· --· - ••• - •••• -- •• - ••• --- • • • • • 14-1 Old Field Point L1gllt-house, W. l N. -- ••••••••••••••• --· •• - --- -- ---· •••••••••• - •••• a llttle over 12-l }Tc>m this light-house Norwalk Light-house bears N. -J: w., about five miles and three-quartel'B; Great Captain's Islaud Light- house beal'1!! W. by N. t '.N., about ten miles and a half; and Lloyd's Point, (the northwestern extremity of Lloyd'sNeck,}W. l :tr., a little over four miles distant. Huntington Bay. Huntington Hay is a large deep bay, lying nearly l!f. and S., two miles and a half long, and having an average width of a mile and a quarter. On the ea.st it is bounded by Eaton's Neck and West Beach; on the west by Lloyd's Neck; and on the south by :Ea.st Neck and Great Neck. That portion of its es.stern shores which is formed by Eaton's Neck is hilly and undulating; and there is one remarkable perpendicular sandy clitl', about a hundred feet high, with two tall Lombardy poplars on its nearly level summit, a.bout a mile and a half t.o the southward of Eaton's Point. The neek terminates to the southwestward in a long, fiat sandy point, dotted with hillocks and clumps of low 11ernb. This is West Bea.ch. and forms the northern point of entrance to 1forthport Ba.y, sometimes called Cow Harbor. Lloyd's Neck. Lloyd's Neck, which forms the western shore of the bay, is a. large peninsula, lying near1y E. and W., three miles long, and from half a mile to a. mile and three-quarters in width. Its surface is billy and undu- lating, for the most part wooded, except on its southern side, where there is much cultivated land dotted with houses. This nook is joined to the mainland, at its southwestern end, by a narrow strip of sa.nd beach a. quarter of a mile long, called Lloyd's Beach. It is also separated from Weat 1feck, on the southeni side, by a. long o.nd shallow cove, called Lloyd.'& Barbar, in which anchorage is found in from four to twelve feet at low water. East Fort. The eastern extremity of Lloyd's Neck is called East Fort, from an old earthwork built upon the 1mmmit of a steep blnlf, about eighty feet high, with perpendicular faoes to the eastward. The summit of the bluff is cleared· near the edge, but the rest is thickly wooded; and at its base is a remarkable tall boulder, whose peculiar appearance rendel'1!! the point unmistakable. Jo'rom East Fort the northern shore of the neck trends about HW. by W. t W., for two miles and three-quarters, to Lloyd's Point, its northwestern extremity. The land U. high and rolling, and covered with thick woods, until within a mile of tlie point, where the hills terminate in a long perpendicular sandy cliff, over one hundred feet high, with its summit fringed with scrubby trees. This is 1fortheaat BllUI', and at. its base begin low, level lands, covered with BC1'11b and grass, a.nd known as 'I'he Meadows. Lloyd's Point. The Meadows extend to tllfl northward and t-erm.inate at Lloyd's Point, which is low, flat and sandy, and has a long grov-e of fow trees a little way back from its northern end. From this point the shore turns abruptly to the southward, running about SW. by S. t S. for a mile and a half, forming the western side of the neck, and the eastern side of the entrance to Oyster Bay. ThU. western shore is composed of low meadow lands, backed by steep wood-ad hills for a distance of a mile to the southward of Lloyd's Point, wb<!l'e a high, stl'.ep precipitous bluff ri.Bes from the beach, with a grassy level summit, except at the edge of the cliff, where th'91'8 is a clump of scrubby trees. This is called Jfort.ln.-est BluJI'. *On its southern side the land descends gently for about a quarter of a mile, terminating in sandy cliffs :from twenty to forty feet high, with a narrow 1>trip of low, grassy land, separating it from West Fort to the southward.. West Weal Fort. Fort, like East Fort, is named from the earthwork on its summit, and, il! a nearly perpilndicular bluff', with low scrub clinging to the face of the cllit There is a large and handsome house, surrounded by cleared fields, on the summit; but the most of the bluff is covered with woods. .A.bout Hix hundred yards to the eouthward the high Janda terminate abruptly in the flat sand of Lloyd's Beach, which extends to the eouth-tward, for seven-eighths of a mil.., to the month of Brick-ya.rd Oreek, in Cold Spring Harbor. Oyater Bay and Oyst-er Bay is contained between Lloyd's Neck and West Neck on the east, and Centre Isla.nd and ll:IJ1 Harbor. BlKl1l on the west. It is very irregular in sho.pe,-being divided into two parts by Centre Island, the ea.stern side of which fol'IDll also the western •bores of its entranoo. Its eastern point of entrance is formed by Northw\"\"t Bluff, and its western by Centre Island Point, the northern extremity of Centre Island. About a mile to the southward a! the entrance the bay divides; one arm continuing to the 110uthward, for two miles and a qua.rter, to the village of Ool4 B:prlns, and forming a wide cove, embra.oed. between West and Cove nooks, called Cold 8prlDg B&rbor; and the other arm tuming to the -ward between Cove Neck and Centre Island, then pa.asing between fibe southern end of Centre Island nnd the m&in, and then turning to the northward between the island and Mill Neck, thus.'&hning a large ho......,,hoe-shaped bay, known u Oyster Ba7 Harbor. There is excellent anchorage and perfect sheltP.r in both this and Cold Spring harbors; but the entrance to the hay is v-ery much contracted by a long spit ma.king off from the west.em shore of Centre Island for seven-eighths of a. mile, leaving an available channel of only three hmidred yards betWe'9n its extremity and West Fort.. Thia spit is known - Centre Jala.nd BboaL Centre Island, ll!Ollletimes calW Bog &l&nd, is a peninsula of irNlgular shape, 1,-ing nearly W trE. and B:SW., and about two miles long. It is hilly and undulating, but nowhel\"e very high, and is for the most part thickly wooded. Centre Island. Its northern -extremity bi called Cell:lire Ia1a.D4 1'o1J:lt, and terminates in a precipitous blnff~ nearlT one hun· dred feet high, wit.b: a group of tall straight trees on its sunnnit, which are VilJ'Y remarkable,-the rest of the growth being only low scrub and small bultbes. The bluif' deacends gent.lT to the weetward1 and tennina.1ea in a narrow, ti.at sand beach, called Centre Ialaad. BeaOJS. l>y whillh it is joined to Oak Neok. The eutern shorn of the island, to .the sollth'Wa.td of Centre ·Ialand Point, is lower, and not ao et.eup, except about fivO- cigbths of a mile below the point, wh- tl:umi is a low aam1 elift' about twenty feet high.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 349 A very dangerous line of rocks extends to the northward from Centre Is1and Point for three-quartel'S of a milo, and is called Centre lala.n.d Reef. Vessels standing t-0 the southward should not approach the point nearer than a mile and a quarter. From Centre Island Point to Oak Neck Point the direction is W. t N., and the distance a little over two mileo;i: but the shore takes a bend to the southward,-forming a large bight, in which anchorage may be found in from two to four -fathoms, sheltered from easterly winds by Centre li!land Reef. Oak Neck Point is the northern end of Oak Neck, and is gently sloping, except at its extrenity, where it terminates in a nearly perpendicular cliff. It is cleared, finely cultivated, and haa several houses upon it. Oak Neck is of moderate height, gently sloping, and for the most pa.rt Oak Neck. thickly wooded; bnt at it\" north\"rn end, and on its western side, are eleved and cultivated lands, d..scend- ing with a gentle slope to a nal\"t\"OW marshy valley, leading fo the shores of Mill Neck Creek. On the east it is joined to Centre J,.Jand Point by a strip of low land thickly covered with trees, over which are seen the high wooded hills on MHl Neck. On the south it is sepal'ated from Mill N eek by a shallow stream, called 1llllll !iecll: Creek, which empties into the nol'thwestern end of' Oyster Ba.y Harbor. To the westward of Oak Neck the land is low, nearly level, finely cultivated, and diversified wlth clumps of trees and grassy fields, sloping gently back to the higher land.. in the background, which are crowned with thick woods, but for the most part cultivated throughout the whole extent of their northern slopes. The line of ftat beach to the westward of Oak Neck is broken, at a distance of five-eighths of a mile, by a small sand hill, with level grassy sLJrfaee, and steep faoes to the northward, rising abruptly, like an island, from the surrounding beach. This is :i,~ox Island. Fox Island. Two homies a.re 1<een near its centre, with a fia.g-sta.ff close to them, and the beach at its base is strewn with boulders. It is not sate to approach the shore between Oak Neck Point an<l Fox Island nearer than half a mile. Three miles W. t B. from Oak Neck Point is Matiuicook Point; and about midway betwe€n the latter and Fox Island is a sma.ll wooded point, with perpendicular faees, ealled Peacock Point. The beach at its Peacock Point. base is strewn with bould<>rs, as is the case abreast of Fox Island; while iu the coves on either side there a.re none. The shore between Pox Island and Matiuicock Point is composed of a fiat sand beach, hacked by high, rolling country, diversified with woods and cleared fields, and oooasioua.l clusters of honseB. Matinicock Point is a long level point, about twenty or thirty feet high, dotted with a thin and llCattered Matinicook Point. growtl1 of tretl8, and terminating in a precipitous sandy cliff, tringed with a long reef of rocks. On its western sidu the shore turns abruptly to the southward, running about SW. t S., for a mile and three-quarters, to Red Spring Point, the e8\"1ern point of entrance to Hempstead Harbor. This part of the shore is similar to that to the eastwa.-.l,-being composed of high rolling lands, fringed with low grassy fields, and faced by sand beach. The slopes of the bills are in part culti\"\\'ated and iu part wooded. West Island, about five-eighths of a mile below Matini- West Island. cock Point, is a nearly round hill, about thirty fel\\t high, (with a level summit, and precipitous sandy mces,) which r~s abruptly, like an island, ti-om the surrounding flat marshy lands. Its surf'a.ee is covered with a thin growth of large tret>s, except. at its southwestern end, where there is a thick grove of tall spruce, pine, and other trees. A group of houses occupies the middle of the island, and occasional glimpses of them ere seen through the treeA. Hempstead Harbor is a large and deep coYe, lying nearly N. and S., and four miles aud a half long. Hempstead At its mouth, between Red Spring Point and Prospect Point, it is nearly two miles and three-quarters wide, Harbor. but gradually contracts in width until at the \"\\'illage of Kempatea.d or JLolllyn, at its bead, it has become a mere brook. The harbor proper ends about three miles above the mouth of the cove, where its width is diminished to two hundred yards by a long nru-row strip of sand beach making out from the western shore, and known a.s Ha:rbor Beach. To the l!OUthward of this beach it sprea& out again to a width of about seven hundred yards, which it keeps for a little over a mile, when it suddenly terminat('8 in a narrow stream leading to the village of Roslyn. Red Spring Point, the eastern point of entrance to this harbor, is a. S't~ wooded bluff, with perpeu- Red Spring Point. dicular sandy :taoes and level grauy eummit. On its extreme southwestern point there is a large clump of high bU&hy trees, and the beach at its base bas a number of large boulders extending out below low-water line,- feature which is repeated abreast of every projection on both shores of the harbor. The (><>int is comparatively bold-to, and may be safely approached within four h1111dred yards with not less than four &thopis water. Prospect Point, the western point. of entrance to Hempstead Harbor, ehows as a high grassy bank, with Prospect Point. steep sandy faces, rising abruptly from the low sandy shore. There is a. thin fringe of trees on top, bat near the edge of the blntfthe surface is a nearly level graeay tield. The p<>int is frlnged with :rocks, and there a.re a number of out- lying boulders, tb<i most prominent of which is The Old Ben, three hundred yards from shore, a.ud awash at low water. To the aasnvard of Prospect Point the trend of the eboPe is ,.boat SJ&. by B. for nearly two miles to Mott's Point, whert' the western shore of the harbor turns abruptly to the southward, running about S. by Mott's Point. +B. Jl, to Harbor Beach. This point is veey prominent when seen from the Soqnd, and will appear as a perpendicular, sandy bluff a.t the eaetel'tl extremity of a. long line of higb, precipitous clilfs of yellow sand, which extend in a NW. direction nearly to Prospect Point. These clifli!, 'togc!ther with Mott's and Prospect points, form the northeastern shore of COW' or •anhaqet, Meck, which separate& Hempstead Harbor from Ma.nha.sset Bay. The summit of Mott's Point i\" fringed with scrub, backed by thick.woods, &nd has a la.rgs boW!I! on it. The clifli! extend to the northwestward from it for a mile and a quarter, or to within fi'Ve-eighths of a mile of Proepect Point, where they terminate in low, level lands, partlyea.ndy and partly marshy, and thinly dotted with trees, whieh extend to the mouth of a small crook, washing the southern and eastern faces of Pr<>lilpOOt Point.. Sands' Poiat. Sands' Point is three-quarteN ot a mile to the westward of Prospect. Point, and is tha northwestern enrmnity of ManbaMet Neck. waen - from the eastward it appears AB a level, cleared rocky point, with a loiig reef, bare at low water, extendillg t7roxn it to the northwestwa.rd, and a white light-tower, with dwelling-hoU89 attached, neat' tb<l extl'elllity of the point. A. large bUBhy tree will acppea.r behind the tower, with a group of houses close to it; hut on pasai.ug the poinl the woocla \"'Pi-r' to come c l - down to the light.-house, and above them will be Been the top of a large whi&e house t111nuoun&ed by a ~npola.. $everitl aiokly-WokiDg popbl.n and an old hut 11tand clooe to the extt\"emity of the point. The land b\\ltween ~ Poiat ~ s-4&' PoiJ:R ie tor the most. part low and thickly wooded.

350 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sands' Point Sands' Point Light-house is a stono tower forty-six foot high, painted white, and attached to the keeper's Light-house. dwelling, which ls painted a light-brown. It shows a revolving white light, of the fourth order, from a height of sixty-eight feet above the sea. The light revolves once in thirty seconds, and is visible thirteen mil\"\"- Its geographical position is Latitude ____ - - •.• - _- •• - ••••• - - - - - _•• - - - _- ••. - __ - - . - _. _- ..• _••.••• 40° !51' 5511 N. Longitude.--------··· .••••.•••• ---···--· •.•. --- --· •...•.••... -- __ 730 431 4811 W. It bears from Great Captain's Island Light-honse nearly SW. i S,. eight miles and three-eighths, and from Norwalk Light-house SW. by W. i W., about eighteen miles and a quarter distaot. From this light-house the light-house ou Execution Rocks bears N. by W. t W., seven-eighths of a. mile, and Throg's Neck Light-house SW. i W., four miles and a half distant. There is no·, fog-signal. Execution Rocks Nearly a mile to the northward of this light-house lie Execution Rocks, guarding the northern side of and Light-house. the Main Channel. These a.re a group of rocks, partly bare and partly 1mnken, extending about N NB. and Saw. for three-quarters of a mile. On the largest, which is a bare rocky islet about ten feet high, is built the light-boase,-a white stone tower, attached to a two-story granite dwelling, and showing a fixed wbite light, of the fourth order, from a height of fifty-eight feet above the sea., visible thirteen miles. I1s geographical position is Latitude _. _____ .. __ •.•••••. _.••••••.••..•• _•... _.••.••..••.•. _•• _40° &21 3811 N. Longitude .•• _..••.•..••... - - ... _- __ ... - _.• - _- _. _..•.•••..•••.• - .•'l 3° 44' 1'l11 W. It bears from Great Captain's Island Light-house SW. t W., a little over eight miles, and from Nor-walk Light-house SW. by W. ! W., seventeen miles and five-eighths distant. From this light-house Tbrog's Neck Light-honse bears aw.!- S., five miles distant. The Main Channel passes between this and Sands' Point Light-hom•e. Fog-si11nal. A fog-trumpet of the third order gives blasts of seven seconds at intervals of fifteen seconds during thick weather, antl a powerful fog-born is sounded in case of accident to the trumpet. There is a wide ~nd good passage on the northwestern side of Execution Rocks, with not less than eight fathoms in it, but it is not often used. A little over a mile SW. by S. i S. from Sands' Point is Barker's Point,-the ea.stern point of entrance to )fanhasset Bay. Bet.weed the two points the shore forms a cove, in which anchorage may be found in from twelve to sixteen feet at low water, and which is oft.en ~sorted to by coasters bonnd to New York. Its shores are low and faced by a sand beach, over which appear higher alee.red lands crowned with woo.Js. Barker's Point. Barker's Point is a high sandy bluff, with nearly perpendicular faces and level grassy summit, fringed with a thin growth of large trees. A dangerous reef of rocks makes off from it to the northwestward five- eighths of a mile, and a black buoy is placed upon its extmemity. Manhasset Bay. Manhasset Bay is a large cove of irregular shape and nearly foul' miles long, which makes into the southern shore of the Sound in a nearly SE. direction. At its mouth it is Eleven-eighths of a mile wide between Barker's and Hewlett's points, and does not begin to diminish until you are past Mott's Point, a mile and three-quarters above. It is good for anchorage in from ten feet. to five fathoms, sheltered from all winds; but only fourteen feet at low water can be taken over the bar at its month. Hewlett's Point. Hewlett's Point is of moderate height, grassy, with steep faces and backed by thick woods. It is also faced by a line of reefs, which extends to the northward for about three hundred yards, and is in places bare at low water. The point is the northern extremity of Great Neck, which separates Man.basset Bay from Little Neck Bay, and here the sbore turns abruptly to the southward, running about SW. by S. i a. to Elm Point, a mile and a J:ialf from Hewlett's. The shore-line ;,. irregular,-being indented by a large but shallow cove of no importanee, called lieWlett's Cove. This part of the shore is from forty to eighty feet high, undulating and almost e<ntirely under cultivation,-being composed of orchards and cultivated fields, dotted with clumps of trees and backed by woods. Elm Point. Elm Point is the western extremity of Great Neck and the eastern poiutof entrance to Little Neck Bay. It is steep, blu1f and sandy, thinly covered with woods, and has a large white house near the water and a long wharf extending from it, upon which is a warehouse. A long and dangerous reef extends from it to the northwestward for three-quarters of a mile, and is known as The StepplJll: Stones. Upon their northwestern extremity is Stepping Stones built a light-hou!'e,-a. one-story stone dwelling, supported on a granite pier and surmounted by a lantern, Uglrt-houae. which shows a fixed red ligbt, of the fifth order, from a height of fifty-two feet above the sea, visible ten miles. Its geographical position is Latitude .••••••••••••••.•..• ------· .•••••••••••• ---· ••.. ----. --- .40° ti' 28\" .N. I.oDgitude. - - - - - - - • - - - - - . - . - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- - - • - •• - -- - - - - • - - - • - ••• '130 461 '111 w. It bean from Execution Rocks Light-house SW. f S., three miles and five-eigbtha, and from Sands' Point Light-house SW. i w. Westerly, throo miles and a quarter distant. From this light-house Throg's Neek Light-house bears SW. ll0111ibel'ly, a mile and a quarter distant. A bell is struck by ma.chinery in quick succession at intervals of twenty second\" during thick W'!&thel\". Great Neck is of moderate height and almost entirely under cultivation ; but the cleared fields are dotted with bolJl!e8 and handsome groves <>f trees. Little Neck Bay. Little Neck Bay is a large but shallow cove, pe11etrating the l!Outhern shore to a diatance·of about two miles and a quarter, and is of no importance, ..., an anchorage, to any but vellllels of very light drangbt,-- not more than five feet at low water ca.n·be ta.ken into it. At its mouth it is seven-eighths of a mile -wide, which width it keeps for a little over a mile above Willet'• Point, or until you come abreast of the nOt'thern end of LitUe Beek, after wbfoh it gradually coo tracts, and terminates at its•.hee.d iD two very narrow and shsllow streame. Willet's Point. Willet's Point, its western point of entrance, is a high, steep, g1'88l!Y blu1f, having a tenaced appearance, owing to a. large eaTth-work whieh occupies its c\"\"'t and n«>rthern &lopes. At the foot. of the bluff' is ftD unfinished fortifieatfon of granite, with the fMlovring warning to mariners post.ed OOD11piemillt!ly on its walla: \"'l\\or,pedGied 1:1 c11arme1; don'' a.ncJaor.\" Willet's Point is also the eont.hern point or the easliem entrml<le w the.Ban mver. whiob ~

~ .u.... !7; II ~ 00 z; b i~ 0 0 ~ er, E-< 0 E-< .~....... l ci:: .....z \"J;j ;;..- ~ ,....::ip:; ~ -' 1J:l ,..;i -·~ ~ ~~........ 0z ;::;:;: I ·I 0 ~

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 351 Long Island from the mainland of New York, and joins the Hudson River at the southwestern extremity of Tlw09's Neck. Manhattan Island. The northern point of entrance is called Tbrog's Neck, and is easily reoognized by the large granite fort and light-house on its extremity. The neck is a long projection of level grassy land, which is almost entirely oooupied by the large earth-works and buildings connected with Fort Schuyler. The light-house stands about one hundred yards to the northeastward of the fort, and is known as Throg's Keck Light-house. Throg's Neck It is a wooden tower.,sixty-one feet high, paint.ed white, and shows a fixe.d wbite light, of the fifth order, Ligbt-house. from a height of sixty-six foet above the sea, visible eleven miles.. Its geographical position is It bears from Latttude.---·- -----· ·--· ·---------·· ------ ------ -----------------40° 48' 17 11 N. Longltude•••••••••••••••••• --· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -- •••• _73o 47' 30\" w. J.Illes. Execution Rocks Light-house, SW. t S •••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --- --- ·-·---nearly u Great Captain's lBlaJ:ld Light-house, SW._ .• - - - • --- - -- - - ••• - - - - -- • - - . - • -- - - - • --· - •••.••• - •. nearly 13 Sands' Point Light-house, SW. t W •••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••.••••. ····-··-··---· .••••••••••• 4t Stepping Stones Ligbt-houae, SW. Southerly .•••.•• ·---·· - . - •• -- -·-· •.. - - •... - - ••• __ - --- ______ . _ 1 t From this light-house the eastern extremity ofWillet's Point bears SE. t S., about seven-eighths of a mile, and tlie light-house on The Brothers (in East River) W. t N., five miles distant. A bell-tower of conica1 shape and painted white stand.. between the fort and the light-house, and contains Fog-signal. tbe fog-bell, which is struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen seconds during thick weather. The North Bhoras or Long Isle.n4 Bound to the westward of Norroaton Point are exceedingly irregular in outline,-being cut up by a succession of coves and bays of more or less importance all the way to Throg'\" Neck. They are for the most part composed oflow and gently-sloping lands, diversified with woods and cultivated fields, dotted with houses and backed by a hilly country, partly cleal\"'ed, but for the most part wooded. From Norroaton Point to Long Neck Point the direction-is WSW., and tbe distance a little over two miles and a quarter. Between the two is forn1ed a large shallow cove full of islets and small rocks, and unfit for anchorage. A narrow and shallow stream, called Five-Mile River, empties into this cove about fi'\"'e-eighths of\" a mile to the Five-Mile River. westward of Norroaton Point, but it is of no importance. The shore is for the most part low and much broken up by rocky hillocks, interspersed with woods and marsh lauds. Colyer's point is about five-eighths Colyer's Point. of a mile to the westward of the mouth of Five-Mile River and a mile and a quarter from Norroaton Point. It is low and wooded, with undulating surface and rooky faces to the l!outhward, and is backed by maNhy laud. .A.bout one hundred and fifty yards to the southward ofit lie the F1Sh !Blanda, two small marsh islands fringed with rooks. The easternmost and largest is of irregular \"hape, a quarter of a mile long N. and S., its northern half composed entirely of marsh and the southern pa.rt of grass and broken rocky ground. The western island is much smaller, and is composed entirely of marsh, fringed with rocks on its southern side. On the western side of Colyer's Poini makes in a small shallow cove, called Scotch Cove, of little importauce ; and tlwnce the shore runs to the southwestward fo.- a little over a mile to Long Neck Point. The western shore of Scotch Cove is formed by a wooded rocky isl11,Dd, called Grea.1; Island, which is \"eparated from the mainland by a narrow strip of marsh. Long Neck Point is a smooth, gently-sloping grassy point, entirely under cultivation. It is compara- Long Neck Point. tively bold-to, and may be approached within six hundred yards with not ]e,.s tha.n ·three futhoms at low water. On its western side makes in Da.rlen. or Good-Wtve11 :B.iver, which leads up to the village of D&rien, between low, gently-sloping cnltfr:e.ted banks. It is bare at low water, and of very little importance. On the western side of this river is Norroaton Neck, which is almost entirely composed of marsh, faced with boulders and dotted at intervals with emall clumps of trees. On the western side of this neck makes in a large but very shallow cove, leading into RoUy's :Pond, which is now called Norroaton :Ba.y. The western point of entrance to this cove is celled Sound View Point; and there is a l!llla.11 rocky island close to it called Waite Island. Ellis' Island, or Vincent's, as it is now called, lies about Watte and Ellis' two hundred yards to the westward of Waite Island, and the same distance to the 11W>uthward of Sound View Islands. Point. Both islands lie on the ,northern Bide of the entrance to Weatoolit's Cove,-a large but shallow cove embl'&Ced between Sound View Point tmd Shippan Point. The shore is all low and marshy, backed by cleared and cultivated lands dotted with clumps of trees. From Long Neck Point to Shippan Point the direetion ill W. by S. t S., and tbe distance two miles Sbippan PoinL and a quarter. Shippan Point has a very gentle slope, is cleared and cultivated, dotted with a few trees, and at &0me distance back from the shore is Cl'Qwned with a thick growth of bushy trees. All of this part of the shore from Sheflield Island to Shippen Point is very foul; and v011sela should not approach Norroaton, Long Neck or Shlppall Point nearer than a mile. The dangeroUll bare rocks, called The Co.,,., lie three-quarters of a mile to the eon.thward of the last named point, and there is a passage to the northward of them good for fourteen feet at low water; bnt it is not recommended for strangers. , From Shlppan Point to Greenwich Point the direction is WSW., and the dist.an- a little over two miles; but the shore- line is very irregula.r, running first to the northward, for three-quarters of a mile, to Stamford Barbor, at the mouth of Mill River, and then to the aouthwestward, foJ\" over two mires, to Greenwich Point. Mill Riveria a shallow stream, ()tl the banks of which, about a mile and a quarter abo'\"'e i.ts mouth, Mill River. etanda 1.he village of Sta.mftJzd. lt.is of little importanee to na'Vigators, BS not more than three feet at low water ean be carried i11to it; and its approaches are full of bare and ennken rocks, which make it entirely unfit for etrimgers. The ahore:-line is for·the mOl!t part ma.rah, fringed with rocks, a.M \\)aek~ by a nearly level country under fine cultivation. l'eclr.'• Po1nt. a fiat sandy point strewn with boW.ders, is the western poini of t.'ntrance to this river; and from it the shore runs about SW'., for a mile and a half, to Greenwich Point, a low and nearly level peninsula, with lialldy faces and grru.ey surll>.ce, except...tih!I western end, where there ia a tbiek grove of tnea. These mark the eastern point of entrance to Grea.WiG!a Ooff,-- large but shallow cove running to the not'tbeaatward between Greenwich Point and Greeawieh Peltd:. die mainland; and in which &nebor11g9 may be fowicl in from six: to twelve feet at low water. In approach- lllg. the poi:m from lhe eutwfml several ..,_,. prominen& white rum- will appear on the mainland to the northweetwvd. uf it.

352 ATLANTl:O OQAST PILOT. They form part or the village of Oreenwicll; and the mllflt remarkable, which :is a very tall building with mansard roof and two towers, :is the Amerl.CUll Club llouse. Elias' Point. The northwestfil'll point of entrance to Green..,,ieh Cove is called Elias' Point, and separates the cove from ma.nus lti-r, or Cos Cob Harbor, as it is now called, on which is situated the village of lil1anus. This point is a mixture of marsh, cleared fields, and clumps of woods; and, in common with the rest of the shore between Gt'eenwich Point and Mauursing Island, is not safe of approach. Cos Cob Harbor. Cos Cob Harbor is a very shallow arm of the Sound running in a N NE. direction, for a mi1e and three- quarters, to the village of Mia.nus. At its mouth it is a.bout nine hundred yards wide, but rapidly dimin- ishes, until at Mianus it is a mere brook. Its shores are marshy, and backed by nearly level, cultivated fields, except on its western bank, about 8even-eighths of a mile above the mouth, where a. steep, thinly-wooded bluff projects into the river, and'is known as Btudwell's Point. From the western point of the entra.nee to Cos Cob Harbor to Horse Neck Point the direction is SW. by W. t W., and the distance a mile and a half. Between the two lie the small unimportant harbors, known as Indta.n. lla.rbor or The Chimney OOrD.er, Bm.1th'a O~. and Bush's Ba.rbor. Between the last named a.nd Indian Harbor tl1e land is known Rocky Neck. as Rocky Neck, and is composed of broken eonntry, formed by hilly, wooded lands, intersected by narrow JDQl'Shy ravines, and terminating to the southward in low, bare, level points fuced with rooks. A small flat grassy island, surrounded by rocks, lies off the mouth of Indian Harbor, about a hundred and fifty yards from shore, and is called Tweed's or 1\"1D.che'a Ialaltd.. Horse Neck Point. Horse Neck ,Point is a smooth, gently-slopinir grassy point, entirely under cultivation, fringed with rooks, and h>1ving clumps of trees on its east\"6rn and western sides. The beach is strewn with boulders, Great Captain's and only small vessels can approach it, even with experienced pilots. A little over a mile due S. from this l•land Light- point lies Great Captain's Island, about seven hundred ;rards Jong in an E. and W. direction, and easily house. recognized by the light-house on its western end. This light-house will appear as a gray dwelling, 1mr- mounted by a white lantern,-the whole perched on. a dark-looking hill with perpendicular faces of a yellowish-white appeanwce. It is forty-six feet high, and Bhows a fixed white light, of the foucth order, from a height of seventy-four feet above sea-level, visible fourteen miles. Its geographical position is La.t1'tU4e •••••••• - ••••••••••••••• - • ' - • - - ••••• - ••• - ••••• - ••• - • - •••• t.0° 081 01111 Jr. Longitude - - - - - . - .• - ••. - - • - - •• - •• - •.... - - .•• - •• - •• - •• - •••• - - •••••• '13° 8'11 26\" W. It bears from Miles. Norwalk Light-llOU8e, W. by S. f S. ·---·-·---·- ------ ·----· ·--· --·- ·----·---· •••••• a. little over 10 Ml.ddl.e Ground Light-houae, W. ts..... --- --· .... -- .. -----. ---·-. -- ....... -- -- ............. -·. 24 Old Fleld Point Light-house, W. i X••••• - -- - •• - - •• - • - -- --·. --· •• -- --· -· •••••••••• --·- --- . - • - •• - 22 t Ea.toa's Recll: L1ght-h0use, w. by N. t N •• _••• --· •••• ·--- -- -- ·--· ·-- ••• ---- •• -- •••••••• _--·about 10 t From this light-house Sands' Point Light-house bears SW.ta. lfearly, about eight miles and three-eighths; Throg's Neck Light-house SW., nearly thirteen milM; and Execution Bocks Light-house aw. t w., a little over eight miles distant. There :is no fog-signal. Great Captain's Great Captain's Island ill compoeed of two graeey hills, about five-eighths of a. mile aparl, and united Island. by a narrow etrip of sand. The wei.tern bill, on whieb the light.himse stands, is tbe highest,-being thirty feet above --level, with precipitous :faeee 1:0 the southward. ,The eastern hill is lower, rising with a very gentle slope from JI. to W ., and terminatfog in low cliffs <>11 its western side. The isl.-d is surrounded by a sand beach strewn with innumerable bonldel'S, and is juined to Little Capiain's Island, about five-eigbtha of a mile to the eastward, by a line of very dangerous reefs. Little Captain'• Little Captain's hla:nd is funned by two very small islets, joined at low water by a sand beach strewn Island. with boulders. The easternmost islet is about seventy..fivo Y'l:rds long, with nearly level grassy surface, and perpendiculu faces to the 80Uth.,....tward. The western islet, which is about tw-0 hundred yards from the former, is a mere ridge of BaUd, about one hundred and eeventy-:five yards Ieng, surrounded by shoalB and bare and s11nken rocks. Dangerous ledges extend to the eastward from Little Captain'slaland for about n!ne hundred yards; but there is a good pa.esage, to the eastward of these, lea.ding to a eomfartable ancho:rage, with Crom two to five fathom11, to the northward. of the i ..land, and known a.s Ba.at llubor. .Anehorago may alao lie found in from two to four fatooms -0n the The Calves. northern side of Great Captain'• Island, between it and The Calves, or the C&1t Isla:Dd.11, - they 8.1'8 llO!De- times called. TheM are threli! gmuy Wands, with perpendioular J&om, fringed with rooks, and joined to eae.h other at low water by sand and &alt-meadow. The northernmOllt is about an eighth of a mile ftt>tn the northern 11hore, and three-quarters of a mile tc> the we11tward of Hone Neck Point. It i& faced by l'Olllice, l!IUJ'l'Outaded by a beach 6ta\"eWn with bc>u1dera, and connect.id, on the south, by a. strip of bare 8IWd. two hundred yal'da long, with the ult-meadow, which in turn joins it to Che two southern islands. Of lhese latrer, the easternmost is ·about .twenty feet high, nearly round, about two hun- dred ya.rds in diameter, and tthowB perpendicular faces to the J1£mthwanl.. A·.narrow .trip of aand, about one hundred yards long, counects it with the eonthemnroet island, which is allout three ~ yal'dll loog JC. a!ld 8., with gently-eloping grassy surface, and perpend1en1a.r fa.cell, abont ten feet high, on it.II Mathe&B elite. Both iabuMlll ue ekined by a sand beach strewn with ltou1ders; and a dallgerou reef, for the moat part bal'e at 1-water, make. to the llOUthward from the 110uihemmoat isbmd fur a qua.rt.er of a mite. · About £ODr hundred and fifty yards to tlle eastward at the ea&ttm>tnollt of The Calv...i, and eight h~­ Bowers' lalalNI. dred and fifty yards to the 110uthwe11twvd of HOftKI Neck Point, lies a amall 8Mldy islet, wrrottuded by marsh and boulder.II, -1W Bowet'1!' hl:aml. There .is· no ·paaaage between tmy of thMe ialanda and the mainland. From Borsa Neck Point to Byram Point the directiou ia 'W llW'.;,·and ~ distance ~ mile and Jl~, The 1!bore- 1ine is Ve'J7 irregaJar,-beint ind~ .,,. a luge shallow 00'11\"8~ .t;he-- shore of. n - Neek. It .. ~ and bllr& ot treo3li!, and the c0W1t17\" behind 1-\\ ls \"Tfery nutcb 'broba~~being,com~ of innumerable·rodcy riGtJes, Cl'Owned ~ baa-& Jeclgelf. and separated hJ\" - - mviaea. The laml risell in ~ ~ to - 'IUJl't.hwud oi . . . . ~mm t . h tlni~ part. under eultivation and well ettled.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 353 Byram Point is formed by a low rooky islet, about two hundred yards long, very gently sloping, and Byrlllll Point. bare of trees. It is connected with the mainland by a narrow strip of marah and sand, faced with rocks; and a bare rocky ledge extends from it to the southward for about two hundred yards. It is the eastem point of entrance to a shallow stl\"eam, called Byram River, upon which is situated the village of Port Chester, ·three-quarters of a mile above its mouth. Its ea.stern banks present a very broken outline,-being composed of a great number of bare hillocks; while tl1e wffitern shores, though hilly and undulating, are for the most part under cultivation and well settled. Its banks are a succes- sion of wooded and bare hillocks, interspersed with marsh lands. On the western side of the entrance to Byram River, the shore spreads away to the southwestward into a large shallow cove, about three-quarters of a mile long, and terminating in a very naTTOw and shallow stream, separating Manursing Island from the mainland. It is of no importanoo,-being for the most part bare at low water, a.nd having its entrance barred by \"\\'ery dangerous reef!<. Ma.nursing Island lies about 1' 1'E. and 8 SW., and is about a mile long. At its northeastern end it has Manuraing Island. perpendicular faces, and grassy summit destitute of trees, except near the centre, where there are some thick clumpe. The rest of the island is lower than the northeastern extremity, slightly nndnlating, but nearly level, and is in reality composed of several islands of firm ground, separated by marsh. There are several houses on the island, and a few trees on its southern end close to the edge of the bank. Its approaehes are l!boal, and veBSels should give its southem end a berth of not less than half a mile. From the southern end of Manursing Island to Parsonage Point the direction is BW., and the distance a mile and five- eighths,-the shore betw\"\"n the two points forming a large sb'hllow cove, full of bare and sunken ledges.. The land is of moderate height, undulating, and diversified with woods and cultivated and settled lands. Rye Neck, which forms the western shore of this cove, is also of moderate height, with nearly level surface, fringed Rye Neck. with rocks, and its summit covered with tall trees. Long roeky ledges surround it, (many of them bare at all times,) and vesi!els must not approach Rye Point, its southwestern extremity, nearer than three-quarters of a mile. Parsonage Point, the southeastern extremity of the nook, is low and nearly level, be.re of trees, :laced with rocks, and fringed with boulders. It is al\"\" dangerous of ll{lproach, owing to long reefs extending Paraonage Point. from 1t to the southward, and should receive a berth of not less than a quarter of a mile. The Sound at this point is quite narrow,-being only about three miles and a qnarter wide between Parsonag\" and Matiniooek points ;-and hence to the westward the northern and southern shores gradually approach each other until the mouth of the East River is reached. Rye Point, the southwestern extremity of the neck, is formed by a series of :flat, wooded islets, sepa- rated by marsh; and from it a line of ·bare reefs and rocky islets extends to the southwestward, about six Rye Point. hundred and fifty yards, terminating in a ragged-looking mass of rock, known a.s The Seotc Cha.pg. On the westem side of Rye Neck makes in Mill Creek, on which are situated the villages of Rye and Miil Creek. MUton,-the latter about a mile, and the former two miles and a half, above its mouth. It is shallow, and of no commercial importance. At its entrance it is a third of a mile wide; but a little over a mile above its mouth it suddenly contracts to a mere brook, flowing between marshy banks, backed by beautifully cultivated and nearly level lands. Hen Island, its western point of entrance, is the southern end of a long marshy point, dotted with Hen Island. similar islets, and the eastern point of a large cove, into which empties Xama.roneck River. Between this island and Delancey's Point, the entrance to the cove is about a mile wide, but it is quite shoal,-only four feet at low water being found as far M the mouth of Mamaroneck River. The shores of the cove are low and nearly level, faced with rocks, and their surface diversified with thick woods, cultivated fields, and ornamental grounds, and dotted with hou8f!S. The river banks are fringed with marsh, and the village oflla.ma.roneek is situated on its ea.stem side, about three-quarters of a mile above its mouth. About :five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the mouth of the river is Delancey's Point, low, grassy, and nearl;r level, and crowned with a thick clump of trees. It ie fringed with a sand beach strewn with Delancey'& Point. boulders, and must not be approached nearEr than half a mile, on account of a long reef making off from it in a southeasterly direction. To the southwestward tlui shore extends into a l<;ng, Jiat, sandy point covered with gt\"888 and n1arsh, and known as· Long Beach Po1D;t. On the westem side of this point makes in a large, but shallow oove, ca.lied Delanooy'sCove. It lies :tr. Delancey'& Cine. and B., is about half a mile long, between eight and nintt hundred ;rarcls wide, has many bare rocks in it, and is nearly bare at low water. Its western shores are low, nearly level, and rocky, with clumps of treee at inte.-vala; but the lll-ORt of the land is grassy and under cultivation. From Delancey's Cove the shore run!!· about SW. by W. for a little over a mile to Premium Point, a low, Premium Point. flat, rocky point, for the mQBt part wooded, but terminating in marshy land fringed with rocks. The coun- try in the background is somewhat undulating, but low, and diversified with eu1tiva.t..d fields, ornamental grounds and thick woods, and dotted wit-h clusters of boUBeR. Abreast of this point the Sonnd is only about two mi:kis and three-quarters wide. On the western side of Premium Point makes in a shallow cove, about half a mile in diameter, called Kellogg's Cove. Kellogg's Cove, of little importanoo. Its western shoJ'@S are furmed by Davenport's Neck, abreast of which beg!ng the labyrinth of islands which extends nearly to Throg's Neck, and very sensibly diminishes the available width oftbe Sound. The villageoflf.,..~e is situated a.boutiiv!.eighthtlofamile inla.nd from the western ehore of thla cove, and its thfokly-cluatered hol.lllC8 are OOOBBionally visible to veeeels p8111!1ing through the Sound. Davenport's • Davenpol't's Neck lies n~y 'lll'B. and SW., and is abont one mile long. It is composed eniirely of cul- tivated landa, aomewhat higher than the adjacent shores, but having a very gentle slope. It is fringed with Neck. beach and manh alterna.tely,-the former being strewn with bould.era,~ it termina.&eB at its eouthwestern end in a tlalldy hillock \"With a. few trees on it. Between this eoutbwestern end and the eaatern extremity of Locust Iela.nd is lhe entrance to New Rochelle Barbor, whioh 1s here ODly llilct.y yarda wide. A. rocky islet, about two hundred yards long, called Pine Ieland, lil!lll clo8f> in with the e&l!tern shore of the neck, about a quarter of a mile to Plu lalalid. the eontbward of the tmtrmwe to Kellogg'a Cove; and about a qUA\\\"ter of a. mile to the i!OUihesstward ofthis is a da.ngerooe reef; about tluoee hundred aDd filly yard& in ~-. and bare at low water, called llld4llt 8lloal. From three to five fathoms, .at low water, may be t&ken between thili reef' and Pine Jaland • but neither this nor any other oE the chanDeJa ua the northern aide of the Sound abeuld be WJed by strangers. ' C. P.-45

ATLANTIC COAST J»ILOT. Whortleberry About eight hundred yards to the ilOUthward of the dry part of Middle Shoal, and nearly a mile NW. laland. from the light-hou..e on Execution Rooks, lies Whortleberry Island, low and nearly level, taced with rocks and covered with grass, except at its southern end, where there is a thin grove of low bushy trees. A few tall single trees dot the 1mrface of the island at long intervals, !Uld on its northeastern end two trees stand close together. There are numerous outlying roeks,-espeeially to the westward of the island,-the whole space between it and Davenport's Island being full of ledges. · Davenport'a Davenport's bland is three-eighths of a mile to the W88tward of Whortleberry hle.nd, and its northern lalud. end is a.bout a quarter ofa mile to the southward of the shore of Davenport's Neck. It lies nearly N. and a., is about nine hundred yards long, with an average width of four hundred yards, and when viewed from the eastward appears rocky and thickly wooded, with se•·eral houses 1md a tall flag-staff appearing among the trees. It is fringed with marsh, beech, and rocks alternately,-the beech being strewn with boulders and the marsh edged with ledges. It is not safe to appro&eh it without a pilot, owing to the innumerable ledges and bare roeks which lie to the eastward and southelUliw&rd of it; but, with a good pilot, anchorage may be found on its western side in from eight feet to five futhoms at low water. Davenport's I&land was formerly called He9lett'• laland, but of late ye&rs bas been locally known as D&vid'a Illla.Jl4• .About hair a mile 8 BW. from Whortleberry Island,. and three-eighths or a. mile to the southeastward of Pea Island. Davenport's Island, lies Pe& Island, which is alao a. mile to the westward of Execution Rocks. It is low, flat, covered with &erub and l!urrounded by :rocks, and must not be approached from the eastward or south- ward nearer than a quarter of a mile. A channel, with not less than three fathoms, leads along it.. northern side, between it and the bare ledges betweenDavenport's and Wbortleberry islands; but, like the numerous other channels among these islands, must not be attempted by strangers. New Rochelle New Rochelle Harbor is a narrow sheet of ahoal water containOO. between the northern shore of the Harbor. Sound and Davenport's Neck. It cannot, of course, be entered by strangers, and owing to the contracted limits of the channel it<i navigation is confined almost exclusively to steamel'B and barges. The entrance, which i.11 about sixty yartle wide, is between Davenport's Neck and Locust bland; but ths village is not upon the banks of the harbor, but about half a mile inla.nd. Lecuat Island. Locuat Island lies NE. and SW., is about half a mile long, and for the most part composed of marsh. Its northeastern extremity, however, which is· the western point of entrance to New Rochelle Harbor, is formed by a. wooded hill of moderate height, with precipitous fa.ces to the eastward; and there a.re several smaller wooded hillocks ecattered over the surface of the island. It lies cloae in with the northern shore,-'-being in no place more than one hun- dred and fifty yards from it,-and there is no safe paesage inshore of it. It is about seven hundred yards to th\" westward of DaveniWrt's Island; but there are many bare ledges and rocks between the two, and it is not safe for strangers w attempt to pass through without a pilot. H1uder'a Island. Hunter's Island lies just to the southwestward of Locust I&la.nd, and about two hundred yards from the northern shore of the Sound, with which it is connected by a causeway. It is of moderate height, with a very gentle slope, and is entirely under cultivation, except at its northern and eastern ends, where there is a fringe of trees. It lies n . by Jr. and aw. by 1'., is about three-quarters of a mile long and half a mile wide, a.nd is slllTOunded by marsh, which extends to the northward from the firm ground, to within one hundred yards of Locust Ialand. Near its southeastern end it is joined by a causeway to two rocky wooded islets, surrounded by marsh, and called The Twilul. Between these and Davenport's hlaod there is good anchorage in from eight to eleven feet, sticky bottom, but it is not &afe for strangers. About half a mile B. by 8. from The Twins, and between eight 1md nine hundred yards WSW. &om Pea Island, lies an islet of bare roek, about three hundred yards long HW. and BB., and surrounded by a dangerous reel\" called M14dle Beef extending to the southward to within about a quarter of a mile of Hart Island. It has no name, but is a serious obstruction, 1LB it almost. eloses the otherwise wide passage between Davenport's and Hart islands. Channels with not less than three tathoms at low we.ter are found on both aidel!I of it, but they are not &afe for strangers. Hart Island. Hart Island lies nearly Jr. by E. and S. by W., and is nearly a mile long. Its southern end bears from Sands' Point Light-houae SW. by W. t W., two miles and an eighth, and from Execution Rocks SW. SOUtberly, two miles and three-eighths distant. When seen ii-om .the eastward it is unmistakable, on account of the low, flat- roofed yellowish buildings, having the appea.rance of a line of ears, which stand upon ita northeastern end,-irome of them projecting out over the water and supported by piles. It has a tolerably level surl'aee, but is highest at its northeastern end, and there.~ BC&tt81'ed trees here and there. About midway between its northern and 11out.hern ends is 88ell a similar row of one-story ft.at-roofed houaee, which, together with those on the northeasiern lllld, are uaed aa quarten for the boy;i of the &etbrm llchaol- .masp. The souai-tern part of the island is level and eandy, with perpendicular fuees, liehind which appear dark woods. The island tenninateB to the southward in a bare grassy bluff, about twenty feet high, and is here eompantively bold-to,-five fath- oms being found at low we.ter within an eighth of a mile. Ci&y lalaDd lies half a mile to the westward of Hart Island, and between the two there is a.a excell..nt harbor of refuge, in which anchorage may be found in from nine feet to ten mthomfl, well eh.eltered. There are no obstructions, and the harbor is thereforl easy of a.cceu even to etran~ City hland lie11 5. anil a., and ill about a mile and & quarter long. It is of moderate height, somewhat undulating, with steep eandy faces, and thickly .dotted with h o - and groves of trees, exeepi e.t its northern end, which is bare. To the 8-0llthward it extends into a long, low level poiat, on which is a grove of bushy trees. A dangerous rock; known as ~ Tom. lies about Rix hundred yards to the west- ward of lhia soathem end, -Obatruating the entra.nce to Pelham Be.y and Hutchinson's River. ()ft' the eutern shore of City IA!and, near ~te northern end, and au distauces from it <>f five and f!BVen Gree• Flat ud hundred yarda, respectively, lie two islets known u Green Flat and Rat ia1-da. The fonner, which iii the Rathlaada. wellterumoet, is a•- marshy fiat about a hundred yarda in diameter; while the latter is a bare rock, betw,eeu. Mixty and seventy yards long, markiiag the western boundarie& of the puaage betw;_ Ban and Citr ialaml& TOOre ie .iw pueage between them ot inshore of th$D; bat Ba\\ Waad may be approached on its eutem aide wkhin tifl.r ;yard& ')!ritli nut 1 - ~four mthomll ~ low water.

- - - - - -n.11:ra:>1o~ae BOU:NlllNGS EASTERN ENTRANCE TO LONG ISLAND SOlTND \"\" I't ,, A p \"E A e r. 'B A y \"! \" \"\"''''

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 355 About two hundred yards E. by N. from the northern end of City Island lies a Bmall nndy island called High Island. High Island. To the northward, eastward, and southward it shows precipitous faces, and its summit has a few scattered trees and houses upon it. Nearly three hundred yards to the northeastward of it lies a group of ha.re rocky islets, known as The Ohimn.ey Sweeps, which are also bold-to on their eastern side, and may be approached Morris' Cove. within less than one hundred y&\"ds with not lees than four fathoms water. They obstruct also the approach to Morris' Cove, which makes in on the southern side of Hunter's Island, between it and Pelham Neck. Anchorage in from eight to ten feet at low water may be found in this cove, but the approach is so obstructed as not to be safe for strangers. Pelham Neck. Pelham Neck is a peninsula about a mile and a quarter long in a N. by E. and 8. by W. direction, and rises with a very gentle slope to a height of sixty feet above sea-level. There is a small clump of trees at its northern end, but the rest of' the neck is under cultivation and has several houses upon it. Marsh, fringed with rocks, suITOUnds it, and a channel about an eighth of a. mile wide, with twelve feet at low water, separates it from City Island. Pe!ha.m Neck was formerly called Bod.ma.n's Heck. Pelham Bay. On the western Ride of Pelham Neck, between it and the mainland of Westchester, lies Pelham Bay, into which empties Hutchinson's River, which leads up to the village of East Chester. Although five- eighths of a mile in width at its mouth, this bay is only good for si:r: feet navigation, and strangers must under no circumstances attempt t.o enter it. Its shores are low on both sides, and almost entirely under cultivation. Hutchinson'a Hutchinson's River is a very narrow and shallow stream, which leads from this bay with many tortu-- River. ous windings to East Ob.ester, about two miles and a. quarter to the northward. Its shores are mostly low and marshy, but backed by eultivated lands thickly dotted with housoo. From the entrance t-0 Pelham Bay the shore has a general course about 8 SE. for two miles and a half to the southern extremity of Throg's Neck, passing the village of 8chuylerTille, (which is situated about half a mile to the southward of the entrance to the bay,) and Locust Point,· a projection of low, level lruid, partly wooded and Loc11at Point. partly marsh, about five-eighths of a mile to the northward of Fort Schuyler. All of this pa.rt of the shore fa shoal in its approaches, but for light-draught vessels excell..nt anchorage may be round in from eight to ten fuet at low water anywh<lre between LoCUllt Point on the west and City Island and Pelham Neck: on the north and east. \"t'llro8''• lifecll: has been already described on page 351. DANGERS. I. Having _ _. ~ Yiftell'ard Sound, or Bu.1t11t1ar4'11 Bau, and ln1ew4lftlll e• p.._ e A - - A Long IBland Sound &ti ehe llCaln, 01&an,nei.-The course from Vineyard Sound to the Main Entrance to Block Island Sound is W. Southerly, until Block Island North Light-house bears S. t W., a little over three miles dist.ant. On this course there are no dangers; but, if the wind be foul, and the vessel be obliged to beat, she should not, when to the westward of Point Judith, st.and further to the north- ward than to bring Point Judith Light-house t.o bear E. by N. i N. This bearing avoids Squid ~ a. narrow rocky shoal, lying in the bight on the wei;itern side of Squid Ledge. Point Judith NeclC,- with thirteen feet water upon it. It extends nearly N. and 8., is three-quarters of a. mile long, and has from three to five fathoms on all sides of it. Its southern end bears from Point Judith Light-house W. is., one mile and a half distant. It may be remarked, in this connection, that when well clear of Sc:\\uid Ledge, t.o the westward, (say a.bout three miles from Point Judith,) you may safely stand to within three-eighths of a mile of the northern shore, with not less than six fathoms, until nearly up with Watch Hill Point. .A. gwo.odtsru.le is to go about when Point Judith Light-house bears E. t N., or Watch Hill Light-house Qn the southern side of the Sound, when near Block Island, look out for Block Island North ~f, so~etimes called .&fnd'!I. Poim Ruf. This is a very dan~us Block /1/and rocky ledge makmg off m a northerly direction, for over a mile, from Sandy Pomt - llorth Ruf. tw;the northwesttirn extremity of Block Island. Soundings on the reef vary from to twelve feet, and a depth of five feet is found nearly a mile and a quarter to the northward of the light- housa .A. black nun-buoy* of the seoond el.ass, marked No. 1, is placed in four fathoms, close to the northern end of the reef, and bears from Block Island North Light-holl!3e N. f E., nearly a mile ~a Lalf; and from Point Judith Light-house SW. t B. Nearly, about eight miles distant. From this buoy Miles. Watch Eml Light-houae bears WNW. Norther1Y-------------------- 13l \".rh-e buo;v on Cerberne Shoal W. ! &.------------------------------ 17f Ba.oe Book w. ! ··--------------------------------------------- L'I'ihtteleb'GuUoyDo. .nJaVla.anl.idanLtigBhotc-hkoWua.e}Wlf.. f--lf-.-,_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-a-l-it-t-le--o-v-e-r 21i The buoy on ~ .Beef W. by s. l s. Southerly--------------- 2242f Xont&lik Point 148ht-h.Ouae SW. by W. t W----------------------- 17l 16f When to the westward of Block Isiand there are no Wma:ers in the channel; but, if standing w the nort.b:wud en a wind, you. muat be earefu1, when in tlle vicinity of Wat.ch Hill Point, not to

356 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Watch Hill approach nearer than three-quarters of a mile, to avoid the dangerous Watch Hill Reef, Reef. a large detached shoal, dry in plaoos at low wat.er, and lying on the southern side of the Watch Hill Channel into Fisher's Island Sound;-its northern end being six hundred yards from the light-house. The ledge lies nearly NE. by N. and SW. by s .. is about seven hundred and fifty yards long, and the dry part, which is near its southern end, is marked by a spindle of iron, surmounted by a square cage, and bearing from \\Vatch Hill Light-house SW. by S. Southerly, eleven hundred and fifty yards; from Point Judith Light-house W. t S. Southerly, nearly eighteen miles; and from Block lsland North Light-house NW. by W. i W., a little over thirte-On miles and a half distant. From this spindle the buoy on Valiant Rock bears W. by S. f S., a little over ten miles; ·, and Little Gull Island Light-house W. by S. ! S., a little over twelve miles distant. About three hundred yards E ..by N. ! N. from this spindle is placed a black nun-buoy* of the seoond class, (No. 1,) to mark the southeastern end of the reef. When Race Rock Light-house shall have been completed, a good rule for avoiding Watch Hill Reef will be not to shut in that light behind the southern point of lt,isher's Island, or, in other words, ro go about as soon as that light-house bears W. ! B. At present, however, there is no better rule than not to approach Watch Hill Light-house nearer than three-quarters of a mile; or, not to go inside of eleven fathoms. In standing to the southward on a wind, you must beware, when to the westward Cerberu8 Shoal. of the longitude of I\\fontauk, of Cerberus Shoal, sometimes called The Middle Grownd. This is a det.ached shoal, about an eighth of a mile in diameter between the lines of three futhoms, and has thirteen feet upon it at low water. Its shoalest part is five miles and an eighth s. by E. Easterly, fro~ the southern point of Fisher's Island, (abreast of Prospect Hill;) and five miles and three-quarters N. by W. l W. from Sbagwong Point, near the eastern extremity of Long Island. A can-buoy* of the second class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, is placed in thrre fathoms close to the eastern edge of the shoal. It bears from Miles. Watch Hill Light-house, SW. i S. ----------------------------nearly 9 The. wbl.aicks. _b_u_o_y__o__n__th__e_n_o_r_t_h_e_r_n__e_n_d___o_f__B_l_o_c_k__I_sl_a_n_d___N_o_r_t_h_ aRbeoeuf,t 17f The black buoy on Shagwoug Reef', N. by W. ! W.___________________ 4 7114ontauk. Point Light-house~ NW. by N. i N·------------------------ From this buoy Miles. Race Rock Light-house bears NW. ! N.__________________a little over 5! 61 The middle Of The Bace :NW. by w. i w.__________________________ 7 Little Gull 'Island Light-house NW. by W. :l W.________________about 8!Gardiner's Island Light-house W. i B---------------·---------------- To avoid Cerberus Shoal, when in its vicinity, do not stand to the southward of Gardiner's Island Light-house bearing W. ! S., or, Little Gull Island Light-house bearing WNW. Yaliant Rock. When approaching The Race with a fair wind, look out for Valiant Rock, a detached shoal, with seventeen feet at low water. lying almost exactly midway between Race Point and Little Gull Island,-being nearly two miles to the southwestward of the former, and a little over two miles to the northeastward of the latter. It is of small extent,-being about one hundred. and fifty yards in dia.meter,--and ha.s deep water all a.round it. A nun buoy* of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, is placed on the southwestern side of the rook; and the sailing-lines pass to the southward of it. The velocity of the tide in The Race is, however, so great that it is difficult to keep this buoy in position; and mariners must, therefore, depend more upon the land-marks and ranges than upon the position of the buoy~ The llrtarks £or Valiant Bock are as follows: :Morgan's Point Light-house will be seen just open to the northward of North Hill, (<>n Fisher's Island.,) bearing about 10!:. l N.; New London Light- house will be on with the gap in Bolles' Hill, (N. of New London,) bearing due N.; Little Gull Island Light-house will be open a little to the southward of Great Gull Tuland on a bearing of SW. by W. ! W .; and the southern point of Fisher's Island (abreast of Prospect Hill) will be in range with the southeastern or most diBtant point of the island. The buoy on Valiant Rocle bears from xues. Baoe Bock Light-h ottchuheseHn,osirltwlb.B.ereiie:lfw,eWn·d-.-ob-f-y:-BS-l.o-o-Jk-SX-.&---la--n--d--l-5--1--'-o--r-t-h--l-i-.-e-•e-lf-i',t-wt-l-e.1-1-o-1v-.e_-r li The spindle on Wa 10 The black buoy on 221 '.t'he buoy- on Oerberu8 Shoal, :NW.! W._______________________nearly 6 lllionta.uk Point Light-house, NW. t l51'--------------------------•bout 181 From this buoy

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 357 Miles. Little Gull Island Light-house SbeWe..rst SW. by W. -f W. ---------------- 2 Gardiner's Island Light-house 6 S. Nearly _________________about Bartlett's Reef' Light-vessel NW. ! N·------------------------------ 3j New London Light-house N. -------------------------------------- 5! Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. ! N. ------------------------------- 14! Vessels may pass on either side of Valiant Rock, but it is usual to pass to the southward of it. The velocity of the current is from three to five knots under ordinary circumstances, but reaches six knots during spring tides. On the southern side of the entrance, and within a few hundred yards of Little Gull Island, will be seen a black nun-buoy* of the second class. This marks the east.ern extremity of Little Gull Island Reef, whjch is bare at extreme low tides, and makes out in a Little Gull WNW. direction from the island for about three hundred yards. The buoy, which is Island Reef. marked No. 1, is placed in sixteen feet at low water, and bears from the buoy on Valiant Rock SW. by W. ! W., a mile and seven-eighths; from Rare Rock Light-house SW. by W. t W., three miles and a quarter; and from Little Gull Island Light-house E. by N., four hundred yards diste.nt. From this buoy Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel bears N. -f W. Westerly, three miles and three-quarters; and Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. by N. t N., thirteen miles diste.nt. When past this buoy you are fairly in Long Island Sound, and the channel is clear; but, if standing to the northward on a wind, you must beware of Bartlett's Bartlett's Reef. Reef, a very dangerous shoal on the northern side of the Sound, off the mouth of Whitestone Creek. It extends S. by B. for a mile and a quarter, and has upon it many rocks bare at low water. Its northern end bears W.-! s. from Crt>shen Point, a mile and a quarter dist.ant, and has upon it a black spar-buoy, marking the southern side of Two Tree Island Channel. Its southern end bears from Goshen Point BW. i S., about a mile and three-quarters; and from Race Rock Light-house NW. by W ., four miles and a quarter distant. Here is placed a red spar-buoy, marked No. 4, in three fathoms water; and th~ighths of a mile to the southward of this will be seen a lif,rht-vessel with two masts. This light-vessel is known as Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, Bartlett's Reef and is the principal guide to Fisher's Island Sound from the westward, and to the Light-ressel. North Channel of Long Island Sound from the eastward. The hull is painted black, with a white streak, and the words \"Barlkll's Reef\" in large letters on each side. In day-time the vessel shows two circular day-marks, and at night two fixed white lights, from a height of twenty-eight feet above sea-level, visible ten miles. Its approximate geographical position is Latitude-------------------------------------41° 15' 58\" N. Longitude -----------------------------------72° 7' 35\" W. It bears from Rare Rock Light-house NW. by W. t w .. four miles; and from Little Gull Island Light-house N. ! W., three miles and three-quarters distant. From this light-ve.ssel New London Light-house bears NE. IN. _____________________ a.bout Miles. Saybrook Light-house W. i N. ----------------------------------- 3f PClourmnflIeslldaPnodi.LDitgLhitg-hhto-uvseesssewl W.1. l&&._·_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_-_-_-_-_._-_-_-_--_-_-_·_-_-_-_-_- 9! 162 i A bell is struck and a horn sounded on this vessel during thick weather. Fog-signal A channel three-eighths of a mile wide, with not less than seven fathoms water, exists between this light-vessel and the red buoy on the S<luthern end of the reef, and is sometimes used by vessels bound through the North Channel. When to the westward of Bartlett's Reef, it is not usual for vessels to stand farther to the north- :Ward ~to b:ing the light-vessel t.o bear E. i N .• or Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. t S. But it IS safe m day-time to ste.nd well to the northward of the former, say until Black Point bears w., and you a.re nearly- in line between it and Two Tree Island. When to the westward of Black Point, however, you.should not stand farther to the northward than to b7;ing that point to bear E. by N. i N. In standing to the southward you should not approach the northern shores of Great Gull Island and Plum Island nearer than half a mile;-not that there are any shoals but to avoid being sucked by the strong current into the dangerous passages between those islands. {See also pages 331 and 336.) There are also two dangerO'UB sunken rocks otr the northern shore of Plum Island, exactly midway between ita eastern and western ends, which must be avoided by vessels standing t.o the southward in this vicinity. Th~ outermost, 'Which has nine .feet at low water, is a hundred and ii.fly yards from sh~re; an<;f the. inner ~, which .bas six f~t, is ~yardB inside of it. . They.are not bnoy~, but are easily avoided m day-time ·by not approaching the ISiand nearer than half a mile; and at mght by not standing to the southward of Little Gull l&laiid light bearing E. ··

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. On the northern shore of the Sound, when in the vicinity of Black Point, do not approach it from the southward ne,arer than half a mile; an<l when to the westward of it, beware Blacl-bo_y Roel. of standing into the bight on aooount of the dangerous Black.:.boy Rock which extends N. by E. and B. by W. for nearly six hundred yards, and is bare in places at low water. Its southern end bears W. ! s. from Black Point, distant three-quarters of a mile, and is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 4) placed in three fathoms water. From this buoy the red buoy on the south- eastern end of Hatchett's Reef bears W. by S. ! s .. two miles distant. This rock receives its name from The Blaok-boys,-two rocky islets a quarter of a mile to the northward of its northern end, and off the mouth of Pattaguansett River. (See also page 333.) To ·, avoid it do not stand-to the northward of Black Point bearing E. by N. t N. The above bearing also avoids Hatchett's Reef, which is the easrern extremity of HatchBtt'a Reef. that extensive area of shoal ground which surrounds the mouth of Connecticut River. The reef itself lies off Hatchett's Point,-its northern end being five-eighths of a mile S SW. from that point. This northern end is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 1) which defines the southern limits of the ~ between it and the point. The southern end of the reef benrs W. by S. i S. from Black Point, distant two milffi and three-qnartel'I!!; and W. ! N. from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, distant a little over six miles. It is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 6) placed in sixteen feet water. The passage to the northward of the reef is not sate and is rarely used, though it has as much as seven fathoms in some parts. . . Sa_ybrook Bar. From the red buoy on the southem end of Hatchett's Reef the red ran-buoy* on the southern extremity of Saybrook Bar bears W. by s. about two miles and a half distant. This bar is ve:ry dangerous to vessels using the North Channel of Long Island Sound, and it makes to the southeastward from Lynde's Point for a mile and three-quarters, and to the south- ward from New Breach Point for a mile and a half. The depths on it vary £rom four to nine feet at low warer. The buoy is marked No. 8, and plaoed in eighreen feet water,-Corn:field Point Light- vessel bearing w. by s. t s.~ three miles distant. V easels hffiting through the A-Iain Channel avoid this bar, as well as Long Sand Shoal, by going about as soon as Cornfield Pqint Light-vessel bears w. ts. Long Sand Long Sand Shoal is an extensive sand bar lying nearly E. and W., and five Shoal. miles and a quarter long, but is comparatively narrow,-its greatest width not exceeding a quarter 0£ a mile. 118 eastern extremity is nearly two miles 8. by E. f E. from Say- brook Light-house, and :five-eighths of a mile SW. t W. from the red can-buoy on the southern end of Saybrook Bar,-the last-named distance being the width of the North Channel at this point. The western end of the shoal bears SW. by W. t W. from Cornfteld Point, distant three miles, and W. by N. from Cornfield Point Light-vessel, distant two miles and a quarter; and here is placed a nun-buoy* of the second class, painted red and blook in horizontal stripes. From this buoy Falkner's Island light bears w. t N., nine miles and three-quarters distant. A spar-buoy, also painted red and black, is plaoed on the shoal about a mile and a half to the westward of it.s eastern end, but it should be moved from its present position (where it does little good) t.o the eastern end of the reef, t.o mark the southern side of the entrance t.o the North Channel. Such change will be recommended. · Cornlieltf Point About an eighth of a mile from the southern edge of Long Sand Shoal, and Light-rea1tel nearly midway of its le~, is placed a sloop-rigged light-vessel known as Cornfield Point Lighfr.vessel. It IS painted red, ~th the words \"C!omjield Pmm\" in white letters on each side, and shows during the day a square cage day-mark, painted red, and at night a fixed red light, from a height of forty feet above the sea, visible twelve miles. Its approximate geo- graphical position is · :Latitude --------~----------------------------41° 181 3211 w. Longitade---------------------------------...;-72° SS' l~\" W., . and it bears :from Hiles. 8ayb1'00k Light-house, BW. i W·---------------------------------- 3f Bartlett's Beef Light-vessel, W. l S. ------------------------------- 12 LPBlaiutctmlee.:BQIsouloalknl DdLliL1giah.n$thd-hflLo-hiugoshueta,-ehW, oN.uWsiel..!Iab'.by-o-wu-t-.w-i -.-wb-.-y_-l_-!I_-'._-t_-_-J_f-_.-__-_:-_,__-__-__-__-_: _-___-__-__-__-_n-_e-_a-_r-_l-_y 11351 Bi From this light-veesel xn-. Falkner's :ratand Llght-house bears W. !•------------------------- 12 BOJ\"ton'a Point Light.:houee SW. by S. i 8 •. ------- -!- -----------ne&rlY .3931 Kiddle Grormd Light-hoase .{Btn.tford Sho als) W. S. l!l'ear]y_________ Fog-1tig11al. ,,A bell is rung and a horn sounded on thiS veseel during thick weather.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 359 To avoid Long Sand Shoal: When to the eastward of the light-vessel go about as soon as it bears W., and when to the westward of it do not stand to the northward of Falkner's I.sland Light- house bearing W. i N. The southern shore of the Sound to the westward of Plum Gut is comparatively bold-to, and may be safely approached within a quarter of a mile until you have passed to the westward of Brown's Hills, when it becomes necessary to look out for Orient Shoal, Orient Shoal. which lies about midway between Terry's and Rocky points, and about fiv~ighths of a mile to the northward of Truman's Beach. It is a sand shoal, lying E. by N. and W. by s., about half a mile long, and has six feet at low water on its shoalest part. Three hundred yards E NE. from this shoal spot is placed a black spar-buoy (No. 3) in eighteen feet wat.er,-Plum Island Light~house bearing E. t N. and open a little to the northward of Muiford's Point. To avoid this shoal do not, when in its vicinity, go to the southward of Plum Island Light-house bearing E. t N., or, should the light not be visible, do not go inside of twelve fathoms. To the westward of Rocky Point the southern shore of the Sound is comparatively hold-to, and may be safely approached within half a mile, until Horron's Point is reached; but to the westward of this point it is not so clear, and, as a safe rule, it is well not; to stand to the southward of Horton's Point Light-house bearing E. !- N. In fine weather, however, you may approach the shore within a mile, until near Roanoke Point, where a long sand spit makes to the northward for over a mile and a half, with from six to twelve feet water upon it. It is known as Roanoke Point Roanoke Point Shoal, and is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 5) placed in eighteen Shoal. feet water at it:s northern end,-Horton's Point Light-house bearing E. by N. North- erly. The rule above given for avoiding danger on this shore, (Horton's Point light bearing E. i N.,) carries you well clear of this shoal. On t.he northern shore, when to the westward of Long Sand Shoal, it is best not to go to the northward of Falkner's Tula.nd Light-house bearing W. ! N. or Cornfield Point Light-vessel E. i s .• by which means all dangers between the two will be avoided. In day-time, however, with clear weather, vessels may stand so far to the northward as to bring Falkner's Island Light-house to bear W. i S. In doing so they must be careful not to approach Duck Island nearer than three-eighths of a mile, and Hammonasset Point nearer than three-quarters of a mile. Off Hammonasset Point there is a shoal ext.ending in a S SE. direction for about eleven hundred yards, with from six to ten feet wat.er upon it. It is known as Ilammonassct Point Reef, and is marked Hammona••et by a red spar-buoy (No. 2) plooed in three fathoms on iU. southwestern side,-Falkner's Point Reef. Island Light-house bearing about w. by B. When to the westward of Hatnmon11BSet Point, vessels beating through the Main Channel should not stand into the bight between that point and Sachem's Head, as the shore is rocky and foul. When nearing Falkner's Island they must look out for Kimberley's Reef, Kimberle.Ts a very small detached shoal lying a mile and three-eight.hs E. i N. from the light- Reef. house. It has ten feet wat.er upon. ity .and five and six fathoms on all sides of it, and is marked by a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stri~ and placed in fifteen feet on the northern side of the reef. To a.void it ioUow the rule given ahove,-not going to the northward of Falkner's Island Light-house bearing w. ! N. Goose Island open to th.e southward of Falkner's Island also clears this roof. Da.ngerom ledges lie between Falkner's and Goose islands, rendering it unsafe for strangers to attempt to pass through; and,. in beating, Goose Island must receive a berth to the northward of not Jess than half a mile, to a.void the .rocky shoals off its southern end. ~en to the.westward of Goose Island you may stand far enough to the northward to bring Falkner s Tuland hght to boor E. :f S., but no farther, on account of the ledges lying to the ~nth.ward of The Thimbl':8. Of these the sou~ernmost is called East Ledge, and East Ledge. has six feet at low water. It lB a demched ledge, with from four to aeven fathoms on all sides of it, lies NNB. and B SW., and is about three hundred and iifty yards long. A red s~-bnoy {No. 12) is placed in three fathoms off the southern end of the ledge, and bears from Falkner s Island Light-house W. by l.'f. ! n., a little over five miles and an eighth diJlltant. . About two hundred yards to the northward of the northern end of East Ledge Bro•n's anti lies Brown's Reef, nearly a quart.er of a mile long in an E. and W. dii-ootion and bare Wheaton's at .lo~ water near !t:s western end; and aoout two hundred yards to the northward of Reefs. this lies Wheaton s Reef, also bare at low wat.er, and marked on its northern side by a. black SJ>m:-huoy (No. 3) p~aced in fifteen feet t.o mark the southern side of the North Channel. These ledges will he fully described under the head of \"Dangers\" in the North Channel. (See pages 374-375.) -' One. mile and th~nart.ers t.o the westward of East Ledge buoy will be see!1 Branford RHI. ~gray stone beacon of eu•uolar rorm, surm.ounted by an iron spindle and ball. Thui . lS on Branford ·Reef, a detecbed shoo.I, six hundred yards long n. by E. and S. by W ., bare at low · ~t.er, and surrounded by depthS varym.·g from four to eight fatho~. On its northern side, between it and The Negro Heads, pasileS. the Inner North Channel. To avoid Branford Reef do not stand to the northward of Falkner's Island .Light-house. bearing li:. i s.

360 ATLA.NTIC COAST PILOT. On the southern shore of the Sound, when to the westward of Friar's Head, a good rule for vessels in beating is not to approach the shore nearer than two miles and a quarter until past Herod's Point, or, at night., not to stand into less than seventeen fathoms water; after which they should not approach nearer than two miles. By this means all the shoals between Roanoke Point and Old Field Point will be avoided. Of these shoals the first met with, after passing Roanoke Herod'a Poiat Point, is off Herod's Point, and is rolled Herod's Point Shoal. It extends a mile and Shoal. three-quarters from shore, and has six feet at low water nearly a mile and a half N NE. from Herod's Point. At this position there is a black spar-buoy, marked No. 7, and placed in three fathoms; but this buoy should not be approached closely, as there is a depth of fourteen . feet half a mile NW. by W. t W. from it,-the buoy being placed on the northeastern end of the shoal. ' About five miles and a half to the westward of Herod's Point an area of shoal ground extends out from Rocky Point nearly a mile and a quarter, and has soundings upon it of ten feet at low water three-quarters of a mile from shore. This shoal ground extends from Rocky Point to abreast of Miller's Landing, a distance of two miles and a half, and the name Rocky Point Rocky Point Shoals is given to it. There are several bare rocks and a great number of sunken Shoala. ones scattered over its surface, prominent among the former being The Obi &JU,, four hundred yards NE. l E. from Rocky Point, and .Miller's Rock, half a mile NE. l E. from Miller's Landing. None of these a.re buoyed, as the rule given above for avoiding the southern shore is considered sufficient. Mount Missry Olf Mount Misery Point, five miles and throo-quart.ers to the westward of Rocky Shoal. Point, lies Mount Misery Shoal, with six feet at low water. It is six hundred and fifty yards long in an E NE. and WSW. diroc-tion, and is marked at its eastern end by a black spar-buoy, (No. 11,) placed in fourteen feet three-quarters of a mile to the northward of Mount Misery Point, with Old Field Point Light-house bearing W. f N. Nearly, and the Middle Ground Light-house N. t W. There is a passage, with thirteen feet, between this shoal and Mount l\\Iisery Point. To avoid Mount Misery Shoal do not stand to the southward of Old Field Point Light-house bearing W. by S. t S.; or, keep two miles from shore, as directed above. On the northern shore of the Sound, when to the westward of Branford Reef, do not, unless bound into New Haven, stand farther to the northward than to bring Stratford Point Light-house to bear W. by B.; or, go about as soon as you strike five fathoms. By these means the shoal ground between Branford Harbor and New Haven will be avoided. Several dangerous detached shoals lie off thiB part of the shorc,-the first one met with to the westward of Branford Reef being Tfte Cow and known as The Cow and Calf,-two bare rocks surrounded by shoal water, with a Calf. twelve feet spot a little to the westward of them. They lie about five-eighths of a mile SW. by S. l S. from Branford Point, and a mile and seven-eighths NW. Westerly from Branford Reef Beacon. They are not buoyed. To the westward of The Cow and Calf the shore is foul as far as the entrance to New Haven,- shoals extending out to distances from shore varying from one-half to seven-eighths of a mile. In st.anding in towards New Haven Harbor a nun-buoy of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen about five-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Luddington Southwest Ledge Light-house. This is on Luddington Rock, a dangerous sunken rock, Rook. with :fifteen feet at low water, which lies near the southeastern end of the great mass of shoals making off from the western side of New Haven Harbor. The buoy is in sixteen feet on the eastern side of the rock,-Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing E NE., and Strat- ford Point Light-house W. by 8. :f S. Between New Haven Entrance and Stratford Point the shore is much cleaner, but strangers are not recommended to go to the northward of Stratford Point Light-house bearing W. by S., Pond Point 88 above mentioned. There is a buoy off Pond Point, on what is known BB Pond Point Shoal. Shoal, two miles and three-quarters to the southwestward of Oyster River Point. This shoal extends nearly due 8. from Pond Point for six. hwidred and fifty yards, and has two feet upon it five hundred yards from shore. The buoy is a red spar, marked No. 14, and placed in three fathoIDB on the extreme southern point of the shoal. A little over three-quarters of a mile to the westward of it will be seen another red spar-buoy, which marks the southern Welch'• or Ce- extremity of \"\\Velch's or Cedar Point Reef, ma.king oft\" in a southeasterly direction dar Point R11t1f. from Welch's Point for three-eighths of a mile. The buoy is marked No. 16, and placed in eighteen feet on the southern edge of the shoal,-Pond Point Shoal buoy bearing E., and the house on Charles' Island W. bys. Nearly. Charles' Isl&nd should not be approached from the southward nearer than half a mile, as shoal water ext.ends from it in that direction for six hundred yards, with soundingB at that distance of ten feet; nor should the bight between this island and Stratford Point be entered at all except by vessels hound to Stratford. On nee.ring Stratford Point, in pasSing through the Ma.in Channel, it should receive a berth of a mile .and a h&lf, in order t;o clear the dangerous shoals making off from it to the southward,-the wutbemmo!St of which has nine feet at low wa.ter1 and is nearly a mile

LO.NG ISLAND SOU.ND. 361 from shore. The general name, Stratford Point Shoal, is given to the whole area of Stratford Point this shoal ground; and the southern end of the nine feet shoal is marked by a red spar- Shoal. buoy, (No. 16,) placed in fifteen feet at mean low water,-Stratford Point Light-house hearing NE. t E., a mile and five-eighths; Penfield's Reef Light-house W. ! S., four miles and three- eighths; and Bridgeport Harbor Light-house NW. i W., two miles and seven-eighths distant. To avoid this shoal, at night, do not stand to the northward of Penfield's Reef Light-house bearing W.fN. The MiddltJ The Middle Ground, or Stratjm-d Shoal, as it is sometimes (though incorrectly) called, lies almost exactly midway between the northern and southern shores of the Ground. Sound,-being nearly five miles to the northward of Old Field Point, and five miles and three-eighths to the southward of Stratford Point. It extends N. ! E. and S. i W. for about eight hundred and fifty yards, with an average width of three hundred yards, and soundings over it varying from two to fifteen feet at low water. On its shoalest part near its northern end is built Ji[iddle Ground Light-house, before described, (see pages 338-339.) It shows a red and white light, flashing once every thirty seconds, and a bell is struck during thick or foggy weather. This light-house bears from Miles. Falkner's Island Light-house, w. by s. i s.______________a little over 22 Cornfi.eld Point Light-vessel, W. :! S. Nearly----------------------- 33! Horton's Point Light-house, W. !- N·------------------------------ 29! Old Field Point Light-house, N. by E. j- E·------------------------- 5 On the northern shore, about four miles and three-eighths to the westward of the Fairfield Bar red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal, we come to Fairfield Bar and Pen1ield's Reef, on and Penn~ the western side of the entranoo to Black Rock and Bridgeport harbors. Fairfield Bar field's Reef. is a very narrow sand spit a little over a mile long, and dry at low water, extending about SE. by E. t E. from Shoal Point,-the eastern extremity of Fairfield Beach. About two hun- dred and fifty yards to the northeastward of its southeastern end lies a group of rocks, some bare and some awash at low water, called The Cows; and on its southern side is what is known as Penfield's Reef, with from one to two feet upon it at mean low water. . Two hundred and :fifty yards to the eastward of the eastern extremity of Fairfield Black Rock Bar is placed a spindle composed of iron screw-piles, surmounted by a cage, and called Beacon. Black Rock Be.aeon. It serves as one of the guides for the entrance to Black Rock Harbor. The beacon is painted red, and bears from Miles. Bridgeport Harbor Light-house, SW.!- W. ____________________about 2i Red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal, W._____________________ ------- 4t Ji[iddle Ground Light-house, NW. t W·---------------------------- 6t Old Field Point Light-hollSe, N. by W. ! W. ----------------------- 9! From this beacon Pen:field's Reef Light-house bears SW. l W., about six .lmndred yards distant. Penfield's Reef Light-house, which is about four hundred yards to the southward of the eastern extremity of Fairfield Bar\" .has been already dE&ribed on page 343. It Psnfield's Reef shows a red light flashing at int.ervaJs of five seconds, and visible thirteen miles. Light-house. During thick weather a bell is struck by machinery two blows in quick sucoession at intervals of twenty seconds. To avoid Penfield's Reef and the shoals in its vicinity, vessels must not stand to the northward of Norwalk Light-hoUBe beAring W. by S. This bearing also clears Cockenoe's Island Shoal, sometimes (though erron~usly) called Norwalk Island Eastern Shoal, which makes off from Cockenoe's Island in an E. by B. direction for more than a mile and a quarter. The shoo.ls which surround the Norwalk Islands 1U\"e very dangerous and extensive, and strangers cannot be too rareful in avoiding them. The eastern portion of this great area of shoal .ground is formed by ~-0ekenoe's Island Shoal, (as above mentioned,) which is Cocken06's ls/- bare Ill some places, awash mothers, and has scattered over its surface many rooks and Shoal. which ~re alwi:ys out. A mile a.nd one-eighth E. by S. t s. from the eastern extremity of the island lS a rook awash, ealled George's Rook. .A. mile and a quarter BE. by E. t E. from the same point of the island there is nine feet at low water; and three-quarters of a mile SE.! s. from the middle ~f the island there is ten feet. The only portion of the shoal which is buoyed is the nine feet spot at its southeast.em extremity, where there is placed e. red can-buoy of the second cla.ss, marked No. 20. It bears from Pen1lelt¥s lleet Light-house, w. bys. ls._________________________ Miles. 3-f Kiddle Ground Light-house. w. by B. f B------------------------- lOt Old Field Point Light-house, lfW. i w. --------------------------- 11 i From this buoy Norwalk Ligh~house bears w. by s. f s .• four miles and a halt distant. C. P.-46

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. When in the vicinity of the N orwa.lk Islands, in order to clear them and their adjacent shoals, vessels should be caref11l not to st.and into less than five fathoms at low water; or, not to stand to the northward of Penfield's Reef Light-house bearing ENE. Green'$ Ledge. From the western extremity of Sheffield Island, (the westernmost of the Norwalk group,) there extends in a W. by S. l S. direction for a mile and a half, a long and narrow ledge, called Green's Ledge, which marks the southern side of the western entrance to Sheffield Island Harbor. Near Sheffield 1sland it is bare at low water; and rocks awash, and sunken rocks with from two to eight feet upon them are scattered a.long its length. A red can-buoy* .of the second class is placed in sixteen feet water just to the westward of an eight feet rock, a little over·, a mile and an eighth W. by S. ! s. from Norwalk Light-house; but vessels of great.er draught than sixteen feet must, if intending to enter Sheffield Island Harbor, give it a berth to the eastward of a quarter of a mile. Nearly due S. from the western end of Sheffield Island, about four hundred yards distant, is a. wooden spindle surmounted by a cage. This is on Gre,at, RR,ef, which extends to the southward from the main portion of Green's Ledge; and it bears from Norwalk Light-house· SW. by S. t S., distant i;even hundred yards. From this spindle Green's Ledge buoy bears W. l S., a mile and an eighth, and the buoy on The Cows W. by B. t S., five miles distant. Eaton'a Point On the southern side of the Sound, nearly opposit.e to Norwalk Light-house, Shoal. makes out Eaton's Point Shoal, which must be carefully avoided by vessels passing through either the Main or South channels; especia.lll as the buoy upon this shoal is no guide for large vessels. Eaton's Point Shoal makes off from Ea.tons Point in a nearly N. direction for about seven-eighths of a mile, and soundings-of from two to six feet are found upon it in a NE. direction from the light-house for half a mile. It is on the extremity of this northeastern arm of the shoal that the buoy is placed,-a black spar, (No. 13,) which is only useful as a guide to vessels draw- ing less than eleven feet,-the proper position for the buoy being :five-eighths of a mile N NW. of its present position, and on the northern extremity of the shoal. This change of position _will be recommended. - To avoid Eaton's Point Shoal, v~ beating through the Sound should not st.and to the south- ward of Captain's Island Light-house bearing W. ! N. Uoyd'a Point A little over four miles to the westward of Eaton's Point will be seen a black Shoal. spar-buoy off Lloyd's N eek. This is on Lloyd's Point Shoal, which has fourteen feet at mean low water, and extends to the northward from Lloyd's Point for eight hun- dred yards. The buoy is marked No. 15, placed in eighteen feet water on the northern end of the shoal, and may be avoided, when in its vicinity, by not standing into less than nine fathoms; or by going about as S<JOn as Eaton's Neck Light-house bears E. by B. Long Neck On the northern side of the Sound, after passing Green's Ledge buoy, look out Point Shoal. for Long N eek Point Shoal, which lies a mile and a half to the westward, and is not marked in any way. It makes off to the southward from Long N eek Point for seven hundred yards, and is best avoided by not standing to the northward of Norwalk Light-house bearing ENE. The same rule is applicable to Smith's Rook, three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Long Neck Shoal, and two miles and three-eighths to the westward of the buoy on Green's Ledge. Smith's Rock is really a ledge, half a mile long N. and S., and for the most part Smith'• Rock. bare at low water. It is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 24) placed upon its southern extremity in two fathoms water,-Norwa.lk Light-house bearing E. by N. t N., three miles and five-eighths; and Captain's Island Light-house W. by s. j- S., six miles and a. half distant. When to the westward of this rook; do not go to the UQrthward of Norwalk Light-house bearing ENE. until past The Cows,-a group of bare rooks off Sbippa..n Point, and a mile and three-quarters to the southwestward of Smith's Rock. Tiie Co••· The Cows are a group of detached rooks, bare at low wa'ter, which lie three- qu.a.rl.ers of a mile due S. from Shippan Point, and directly opposite to the entrance to Oyster Bay, on the southern side of the Sound. A red can-buoy* of the second class is placed on their southern side in two fathoms at low wat.er, and from it Norwalk Liaht-house bears B. by N. !- :N., five miles and a quart.er; and Captain's Island Light-house W. f S., four milm and three-quarters distant. To avoid it, in beating, do not stand to the northward of Norwalk Light-house bearing E NE., or Captain's Island Light-house W. l 8. , Vessels beating through the Sound must also avoid Greenwich Point, which (as before described on page 351) lies two miles and a quarter to the westward of Shippan. P~ and about two miles and five-eighths to the eastward of Captain's Island Light-honse. Here there is a lung 8hoal, wi1h BUfl.ken. rochl and rocks awash, making off to the southeastward for six hundred yards; a1ld a'fWther, with from six t,q ttool'De /uJ,, making oft' to the southward for about half a mile. Neither is buoyed; and to avoid them, v~ls must not go to the northward of Ca):>tain's Island Light-house bearing W. t s. On the southern side of the Sound, and the western side of the entrance to Oyster Centre l•land Bay, a. long shoal, known as Centre Island Reef, makes off for one mile to the north- ward from Centre Island Point. A black spa.T-bnoy (No. 17) is plaood on its north- Reef.

363 western side, about three-quarters of a mile from the point; but this is of no use to Dangen--Main fa.i'b:re vessels, as seventeen feet is found three-eighths of a mile to the northeastward of Channel, Long it. The reef is dotted with bare rocks, and rocks awash at low water, and in its deeper Island Sound. parts has from three to seven feet upon it. The buoy on it.s northwestern side bears SW. by W. t W., two miles and a half from the black buoy on Lloyd's Point Shoal; and E. f- N., nine miles and three-quarters from the light-house on Execution Rocks. The proper position for the buoy on this reef would be in three and a quarter fathoms, with Lloyd's Point Shoal buoy bearing E NE., and the light-house on Execution Rocks W. by s. Oak N eek Point, a little over two miles to the westwnrd of Centre Island Point, should not be approached nearer than half a mile, to avoid the shoals making off from it; or, as a general rule for all the southern shore from Centre Island Point to Sands' Point, vessels should not stand to the south- ward of the light-house on Execution Rocks bearing W. by S. l S. The same rule applies to Matinicock: Point, off which shoal wat.er ext.ends in a northerly direction for about a quart.er of a mile, and is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. ·19) placed in three fathoms on its northern end. To avoid this shoal, vessels may go about, when standing to the southward, when 8ands' Point Light-housa bears WSW., or Execution Rocks Light-house W. b)\" S. t S. On the northern side of the Sound, when t.o the westward ·of Captain's Island Light-house, you must be careful not to go to the northward of that light-house bearing NE. f E., by which means all of the shoals on the northern shore, between Great Captain's Island and \"\\Vhortleberry Island, will be avoided. There is a dangerous kilge, with four feet at mean low waier, about a quarrer of a mile W. ! S. from the western end of Great Captain's Island, on which there is a red spar-buoy, (marked No. 2,) as a guide t.o the entrance to Captain's Island Harbor from the westward. It is easily avoided by not going to the northwanl of the bearing of Captain's Island Light-house given above. One mile to the westward of the western end of Great Captain's Island will be seen another red spar-buoy, (not numbered,) which marks the southeastern extremity of Blue-fish Reef Blue-fish Reef Shoal on the western side of the western entrance to Captain's Island Shoal. Harbor. This shoal lies off .Manursing Island at a distance of fiv~ighths of a mile, and has fifteen feet at low wa~. It is a.voided by following the rule given above with regard to Captain's Island Light-house. Transport Rock, seven hundred yards to the southward of Manursing Island, and Transport and Forbes' Rock, three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the same island, are also Forbe.1 Rock8. avoided by keeping t.o the southward of Captain's Island Light-house bearing NE. f E. Both rocks are awash at low wat.er and neither is buayed. Shoal water and swiken rooks lie '00 the southwestward of Rye Nrok, ext.ending to a distance of five-eighths of a mile in a SW. by a. dirootion; but vessels easily avoid all of these dangers, as before mentioned, by watching the bearing of Captain's Island Light-house. Execution Rocks, (before described on page 350,) are surrounded by shoal wat.er. Exacution To the northeastward the shoals extend in a l!fE. by N. direction for half a mile, with Rod$. depttts varying from nine t.o twelve feet. On the nortlrern extremity of this reef is placed a black: spar-buoy, (No. 12!,) which bears from Sands' Point Light-house N. ! W., a mile and a quarter; and from Captain's Island Light-house SW.! W., seven miles and five-eighths distant. From this buoy Throg's Neck Lh;rht-house bears SW. f s., :five miles and a quarter distant. It is usual for vessels using the Main Channel t.o pass to the southward of Execution Rooks, between them and Sands' Point; but with the wind scant, 'OI' a strong ebb-tide, it is sometimes convenient to pass t.o the northwa.nl and westward of . them. From the southern side of· Execution Rooks shoel water e~ t.o the southwestward for six hund~ ~d fifty yards, with ;from twot.o eight feet water, and is marked by a red spat'-buoy (No. 28} J¥tlep~ 1~ eighteen feet,-the ligh~house on the rooks bearing NE. t E., seven hundred yards; Sands Pomt Light-hmist: SE.! S., a ov~ th:ree..quarters of a mile; and Throg's Neck Light-house B\"!· ! S., four miles and five-eighths distant. V-esse1s usually pass between this buoy and Sands' Pomt. . C?n s?oa1the northern side\"'! the Sonnd ~r makes off from Delancey's Point in a southeast.erly direction for about three-eighths of a mile. Eight feet at mean low wat.er is found on this shoal a q~ of a .mile from shore, but vessels passing through the Sound ~y no attention t.o it unless heating to wmdward, when they should go about as soon as Captain s Island Light-house hears JU:. f E. About a. mile and a quart.er to the southwestwa.t'd of De1a.ncey's Point a.nd off the mouth of De- Janooy's ~ve lies a ~us reef, .bare in plaees at low water, and known as Long Beach Pomt Reef. It JS about tive-eighths of a mile lorig N. by E. and s. by W., Long Ilea.cit and a quarter of a mile wide, and over this area are scattered numerous rocks awash, Point RHf. and sunken rooks with :from two .t;o nine feet upon them. · This shoal is not buoyed, but there should be a red buoy on its soutbeni end as a guide t.o vessels bound into New Rochelle LHiagrhbto-hr ofursoembtehaerinegasBtwEa.rdf. To avoid i t vessels s hould not go to the northward of Captain's Island B.