Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

460 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. o,., eoualnu from, :Uunt:lnm- Bau.-'Vhen Lloyd's Point bears SW. by W. -! W., distant a mile and three-eighths, and Eaton's Neck Light-house E· by S. l S., distant three miles, you will have eight fathoms, and must steer NW. i W. until the eastern extremity of Greenwich Point bears NW. by W. s-! W., two miles, Great Captain's Island Light-house W. Northerly, four miles aml a quarter, and the low bluff on the en.stern side of Shippan Point NE. by N. N., two miles distant. Now ste~ N. t W. to the anchorage, as before. DANGERS. II. Proue t:&e Weshcara.-Vcssels from. the westward usually anchor on the western side of Stamford Middle Ground; though it is not unusual for them to anchor in the Eastern Channel, between the ~fiddle Ground and Shippan Point. In the latter case the dangers are the same as those already described on pages 458-459; while in the former the first danger met with lies off the Greenwich Point eastern end of Greenwich Point, and is known as Greenwich Point Shoal or lVoolsey's Shoal. Rock Shoal. It is a dangerous ledge, covered with sunlrnn rocks and rocks awash,- the former having from two t.o three feet upon them at low tides,-and extends in a BE. by E. direction over six hundred yards. T-Vool8ey's Rock, which is awash at low water, lies near the eastern edge of the shoal, a quarter of a m.ile SE. by E. ! E. from Greenwich Point, and nearly two miles W. t S. from the red buoy on The Cows. Neither the shoal nor the rock is buoyed; and, to avoid them, vessels in beating should not go to the northward of Great Captain's Island Light-l1ouse bearing W. ! S.; and, in going into the harbor, should not approach the point nearer than eight hun- dred yards. When past Greenwich Point look out, on the western side of the passage, for a ddn,.ehed six feet shoal, which Hes about a quarter of a mile from the western shore, and nearly five-eighths of a mile SW. i S. from Peck's Point. This shoal bears W. ! S. from Shippan Point, distant a mile and an eighth; and, as it is not marked in any way, the only direction that can be given for avoiding it is not to go to the westward of Peck's Point bearing NE. by N. t N. · About eight hundred yards E. ! S. from the \"six feet spot,\" and three hundred yards NW. by W. ! W. from the bare rock at the southern end of the Middle Ground, lies a sunken Saurs Rock. rock, with two feet at low waoor, called Saul's Rock and sometimes Tod'8 Rock. The only rule that can be given for avoiding it is to give the bare rock on the southern end of the 1\\fiddle Ground a berth to the eastward of not less than a quarter of a mile. Nearly a quart;er of a mile to the northeastward of the \"six feet spot\" is the southernmost of a group of rocks covering an area of about three hundred yards square. Most of them are awash at low water, and a large portion of the ledge is bare at low spring tides. They a,re called Hu/rs Rock&. Hull's Rocks, and their eastern extremity is a quarter of a mile SW. by S. ! S. from Peck's Point; six hundred yards N~ by W. :f W. from Saul's Rock; and about nine hundred yards NW. :f N. from the bare rock on the southern end of the I.fiddle Ground. An eighth of a mile to the northward of Hull's Rocks, and about the same dis- Psck~s Point tance SW. by B. -! S. from Peck's Point, lies another sunken rock, cal.led Peck's Point Rock. Rock. Both this rock and Hull's Rocks may be avoided by not going to the westward of the middle of Grassy Island bearing NE. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. .D-o- the Wedacartf.-On the E. by N. l N. course from o1f Sands' Point, when just past Matinicock Poll.it, with Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing N. by ]G. }- E., three miles aod Reven-eighths; and Execution Rocks Light-house W. by S. ! s.~ five miles a.nd three-eighths distant, you will have nine fathoms, and must steer NE. t.owards Shippan Point. If iwtendi~ fo e:nter tllrough the Western Channel: When Great Captain's Island Light-house bears w. llortheriy, nearly three miles distant, st.eer NE. by N. -! N.~ which will lead to the ancho:rage with not less than twelve feet water. Anchor, with Shippan Point beating E. by a. ! 8., in from twelve to thirteen feet, soft bottom. The above courses pass about six hundred and fifty yard£! to the eastward of the ea.stern end of Greenwich Point Shoal; three-cighths of a mile to the eastward of Woolsey's Rock; about a qwirter of a mile t.o the westward of the ha.re rock on the southern ei;ad of SUunford M;iddle Gr:oun.d; the same distance to the eastward of the \"six feet shoal ;\" an eighth of a mile to the westward of Saul's R@k; the same dist.a.nee to the eastward of the ea.stern end of HuU's Rocks; a quarter of a mile to the w:-e$- wnrd of the bare rock n,ear the centre of Stamford Middle Gro®d; ll.Qd. Q.OOU~ tw:o huncl.red yards to the eastward of Peck's Point Rock. ·

OYSTER BAY. 461 Bat, if iatending to ente,. btl the Eastern Channel: Continue the NE. course 8tiiling Direc- towards Shippan Point until within eight hundred yards of it, with the eastern extremity tions--Stam- of Greenwich Point bearing W. by S. ! S., distant a mile and three-quarters, when steer ford Harbor. w..N. t carrying not less than twelve feet to the anchorage. .Anchor in twelve feet, sticky bottom,-Shippan Point bearing E SE., distant about three-eighths of a mile. The above courses pass half a mile to the eastward of the eastern end of Greenwich Point Shoal ; eleven hundred yards to the eastward of W oulsey's Rock; four hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the bare rock on the southern end of Stamford Middle Ground; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the extreme southwestern point of Shippan Point Shoals; and six hundred yards to the westward of Shippan Point. Or, uou nu~u bring ExeeutiOn Bocks Light-house to bear SW. by W. -f W., and steer NE. by E. ! E. until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NW. by N., a little over two miles distant. Here you will have nine futhom.s, and must steer NE. for Shippan Point, following the directions given above. or, on the E. by N. l N. eourse from off Sands' Point, when abreast of Oak Neck, in seven and a half fathoms, with Lloyd's Point bearing E. t S., and Great Captain's Island Light-house NW. t N., steer NE. by N.} N. to enter by the Eastern Channel. On this course, wh.en within about eight hundred yards of Shippan Point, with the eastern end of Greenwich Point bearing W. by S. ! S., distant one mile and three-quarters, steer N. t W., as before, to the anchorage. These courses pas8 seven-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Greenwich Point Shoal; three- quarters of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on The Cows; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the bare rock on the southern end of Stamford Middle Ground; and one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the southwestern end of Shippan Point Shoals. Or, eona-tnu frottt, t;he vi.einllu of G,.~ fJapt:aiN!s Island Ha'r'bor, bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear W. Northerly, and steer E. Southerly until the eastern end of Greenwich Point bears N. by W. l W., seven-eighths of a mile distant. Shippan Point will now bear NE., and that course may be steered to enter hy the Eastern Charin.cl; or NE. by N. i N. to enter by the Western Channel. III. CO'm:lng f'ron& the EaBi:UJtu·d, to -ke the An.eh-age - the eastern side of GreenU>leh Neek.-Bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear W. Northerly, and steer for it until past The Cows, with the low bluff on the east.em side of Shippan Point bearing NE. by N. t N., and the e&stern end of Greenwich Point NW. by W. ! W. Now steer NW. i W., and anchor in three fathoms about a quarter of a. mile from the. shore. Or, front. the mcl1alt,, of Bv1n.fiugt;on Ba:v.-Bring Lloyd's Point to bear SW. by W. ! W., dis- tant one mile and three-eighths, and Eaton's N eek Light-house E. by S. i s., distant three miles, and steer NW. i W., which will lead safely to the anchorage. tOr,fe_ oJr Ovllfe.. Da:u.-With Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing E. by S. S., Lloyd's Point SE. l E., and Great Captain's Island I:.ight-honse W NW., steer N. by W. ! W., which will lead to a comfortable anchorage under the ea.stern shore of Greenwich N eek, in from fifteen to seventeen feet at low wat.er. This course passes half a mile to the eastward of Greenwich Point Shoal; five-eighths _of a mile t.o the westward of the bare rock on the southern end of Stamford Middle Ground; half a mile to the westWard of Saul's Rook ; and two hundred yards to the westward of the \"six feet shoal.\" Or, - the NE; \"'°'\"\"\"'for swpp.n :fli\"ftm, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears W. t N., distant two miles and three;.qllBrters, steer N. by E. f E., and anchor at discretion in from fourteen to seventeen feet at mean low water. This course passes about three hundred yards to the eastward of Greenwich Point Shoal; a. quarter of a mile to the eastward of W oolsey's Rook ; and two hundred yards to the westward of the \"six feet shoal.\" OYSTER BAY .AND TBIBUTARms. isOyster Bay lies on the Mnth aide of the Sound, and the next harbor to the westward of Htmtington Bay. It is-of very irregular shape,-being divlded into two parts by Centre Island, the eastel\"ll side of which forms also the western 11ho~ of the bay. Tht1 entnmoo lies between Lloyd'\" Point on the eut and Centre Island Point on the w.,..t, and is a little over two miles and an eighth wide; but rapl<lly contraet10 to aboat a mile and a quarter abreast or Northwest Blu:ft\", which width it keepB fur about a mile until you come A~ at the eastern paint of Centre Jsland,-where it divides,--one arm running to the soulhward, beiween West Neck and Cove Neck. and the other to the eoutbwestward Md westward, between Centre Island on \\he north

462 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. and Cove Neck and the mainland on the south. The former is called Cold Spring Earbor, and the latter Oyster Ba.y Harbor. ':Kot less than six fathoms can be taken into the bay through a channel about three hundr<'d yards wid<'; and good anch~rage is ·found between West Neck and Centre Islaml in from three to seven fathoms a.t low water. From fifteen to seventeen feet is found ia Cold Spring Harbor, and from two to five fat.horns in Oyster Day Harbor. Lloyd's Point. Lloyd'\" Point, the ea.etern point of entrance, is, as already described 011 page 348, low, flat and sandy, and has a long grove of low trees a little way back from its northern end. J:t is the northwestern extremity of Lloyd's Neck. Centre Island Centre Island Point, the western point of entrance, is the northern end of Centre Island, and appears, Point. when viewed from the northward, as a precipitous bluff nearly one humlred feet high, with a group of .tall straight treeB on its summit. These trees are somewhat remarkable from the fact that the rest of the gro,~th in this vicinity ia 1ow scrub and •mall bushes. The bluff descends gently to the weshvard, terminating in a narrow· flat sand beach, called CBDtre Island Bea.eh, connecting the island with Oak Neck. From Lloyd's Point the eastern shore of the bay takes a general direction about SW. by S. t 8. for a mile and a half; and then about SE. by S. for three-quarters of a mile, to the northern end of Lloyd's Beach, by which Lloyd's Neck is joined to West Neck. The land is composed of meadow, backed by steep wooded hills for about a mile t-0 the southward of Northwest Bluff. Lloyd's Point, wliere a steep precipitous bluff, called Northwest Bluff, ri\"es from the beach to a height of over one hundred foot. It bas n grat1sy level summit, except at the edge of the cliff, where there is a clump of 8CruhLv tree... :Fro~ Northwest Bluff to the southward the land descends gently for about a quarter of a mile, terminating in sandy West Fort. clHls, from twenty to forty feet high, and connected by a narrow strip of low grassy land, with \\Vest Fort, named, like East Fort, from the earthwork on its summit. The bill is a nearly perpendicular bluff, with low scrub clinging t-0 the face of the cliff, and a. large and handsome house on its summit standing amid cleared fields. The most of the bluff is, however, covered with woods. About six hundred yards to the southward the high lands terminate in the flat sand of Lloyd's Beach,-e. narrow strip of West Neck. sand extending to t.he southeastward for seven-eighths of a mile t-0 the mouth of Brick-ya.rd Creek, in Cold Spring Harbor. The beach is backed by rolling hilly country, forming the western \"bore of West Neck, and ranging in htJight from twenty to one hundred and twenty feet. The bills are for the most part cleared, but show occasional clumps of trees. On the beach, at the moutl1 of Brick-yard Creek, and extending about a quart.er of a mile to the srmthward, wi11 be seen what appears to be a small settlement, compO!itld of low houses and sheds, with several wharves projecting out to the edge of the channel. This is The Brick-yards, a.nd behind it rise steep clay bluffs, their summits fringed with a line of large trees. From The Brick-yards the enst shore has a general course nearly due S., for a mile aud three-quarters, to the head of Cold 8priog Harbor, where i\" the village of Cold Spring. It presents an unbroken line of steep, thickly wooded bluffs, skirted by a nan-ow sand heach at their base. The western shore of Oyster Day jg formed by the northenstern end of Centre Island. This island U., in reality, a penin- sula,-being joined to the mainland, at it.s northern end, by Centre Island Beach, as above mentioned. lt is very irregular in sl1ape, lies nearly N HE. and 8 SW., is about two miles long, 11illy and nndulating, but nowhere very high, and is for the most Centre Island. part thickly wooded. Its northeastern face, from Centre Island Point, extends in ahout a BE. by S. direction for nearly a mile a.nd an eighth; and here the land is much lower and not so steep, except about five-eightl's of a mile below the point, where there is a low sand cliff, about twenty feet high, behind whieh tl1e land rises with a very gentle slope, and is crowned with a line of low :firs, with a.n occasiona.1 tall oak or maple. On the southern side of this hill a strip of marsh land, about tl1ree hLmdred and fifty yards wide, separates it. fi-om another hill, about eighty feet high, with gentle slopes, dotted with low fir and cedar treeo;, and terminating to the southward in a flat sandy point, forming the east- ern point of the island. With these exceptions this shore shows gently sloping cleared lands, skirted by a narrow eand beach, and dotted with occasional trees. From this point to Cooper's Bluff, {the western point of entrance to Cold Spring Harbor and the southern point. of entrance to Oyster Bay Harbor,) the distauce is five-eighths of a mile, with a channel four hundred yards wide between them, through which from five to eight fathoms may be taken at low water. Cooper's BlWI' is· the northeastern extremity of Cove Neck, aud appears as a high cliff of yellow sand, thickly clothed on Cove Neck. top and on its ea.stern and northern sides with low scrub. Cove Neck is a peninsula about a mile and a quarter long, and with an average width of three-quarters of a mile, which extends nearly due N. from the mainlaml between the harbors of Cold Spring and Oyster B<iy. lt is comp-OSRl for the most part of a hilly and rolling country, descending rather steeply to the eastward,-the slopes being covered thickly with low scrub. Ou its eastern eide it shows low sand cliffs, descending to a flat beach, a.nd these extend for about a mile and a quarter to the southward of Cooper'8 Bluff, where lower and more nearly level land begins and extemis to the head of the harbor, seven-eighths of a milo to 1he S<>utheastwnrd. Between Cooper's Bluff and The Brick-yards the entrance to Cold Spring Harbor is seven·eighths of a mi.le wid.., and this width it keeps for about a mile, when it begins to contract, until, at the head of the harbor, it is but a quarter of a mile wide\" A light-house will shortly be established as a guide to Cold Spring Ha.rbor. The southern \"bore of Centre Island, which forms the northern side of the entra.nce to Oyster Bay Harbor, iE1 for the most part low and wooded, though occ-asional cleared :fields are seen. It is comparatively bold-to, and may be approached anywhere within three hundred and fifty yards with not less than five fathoms; and it tenninat\"\" to the southwestward in a sandy point, behind which the land rises, with a gentle elope, t-0 a height of about eighty feet. It is almost entirely cleared, but there are here and there a few low trees. This is the 110utheasten1 point of the island; and hence the north shore of the harbor, which is also tlie southern side of Centre Island, runs nearly due W. for about half a mJle,-being composed of gently 1>fopi11g grassy lands rising to a height of about forty feet. The southern shore of Oyster Bay Harbor is occupied for the m06t part by the village of Oyster Bay, whieh is beautifully situated on low, flat, gra....y lands, a little·way back from the edge of the shore, and at the base of a line of hills ranging in height from sixty to one hundred and twenty fuel. The village is surro<JUded by orchards and beautifully cultiva.ted lands, but baa no oommeree, and is not eonnected with New York by ra.il-

OYSTER BAY. ·463 . At tl1\"l soutbellStern end (Jf tbe hnrbor is The Cove, at the head of wbich is the usual Iamliug-place, The Cove• . known as Cove Landing. It is crmtained between the flat shores of Cove Keck ou the east and De Kay's mu, a grassy hill, eighty feet high with precipitous fucei<, on tlie w\"\"t. It is six hundred yards wide at it.s mouth, and a.bout four hundred and fifty yards long; but the channel is narrow aml shallow, and fit ouly for srn:1JI boats. .At the soutl1we!'tern end of Centre I~land the irregularly shaped cove, in the southern part of which is situated Oyster Bay Harbor, tnrns ahruptly to the northward, with a whlth of about five-eighths of a milt·, arnl thrn to the northeastward, spreading out into n shallow bay, nbuut seven-eightl1!< of a mile wide at its mouth and a mile nnd a. qunrter long, which is embr:iced between the western shore of C!'ntre lslanu on the east, Oak Neck and Ctmtre Island Beach on the north, an<l Mill Neck on the west. At its northwestern end it receives the waters of a shallow creek, called llllll Neck Creek, the entrance to which is about one hundred and fifty yards wide. Good anchorage is found in this harbor in from three to five fathoms at low water; but not more than fourt.Pen feet can be taken into it, as there is n bar with that d<!plh at its mouth. A,. before mentioned, its eastern shore b formed by Centre Island, which, viewc•d from this direction, shows a gently rolling country, for the most part thickly wooded, ancl showing occasional cleared fields, a few housPB, nncl here and ther\" a p<>rpt>ndiculor sandy bluff. Its north shore, which is formed by parts of Oak Neck :md Centre Isl:i.nd Beach, is composed of low, flat, grassy lnrnl, hacked hy woods. It\" western shore, which is formed by the·eastern face of lll[lll Neck, sl1ow1' a hilly country of moderate height, fur the most part wooded, but showing occasional cleared fields. At the l1nse of the higher l:i.nd is a narrow strip of low, len·l, grn.sf'y land, dotted with occasional houses. DANGERS IN APPROACHING .AND ENTERING OYSTER BAY. Coming from the eastward and intending to enter this bay, navigators must give Lloyd's Point .a good berth to the southward, as shoal water extends to the northward and northeastward from it for nearly half a mile. Vessels of less draught than ten feet may, however, cross this shoal in fourteen feet three hundred yards from the point; but from the northeastward it should not be approached nearer than five-eighths of a mile, as there is a dangerous sunken rock, with two feet at low water, called M0T1·1\".<J' Rock, about half a mile due E. from the northern extremity of the point. The shoal off Lloyd's Point is called Lloyd's Point Shoal, and is marked by a black Lloyd's Point spar-buoy (No. 15) placed in three fathoms on it.<1 northern end. To avoid it do not, Shoal. when in its vicinity, stand to the southward of Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing E. by S. On the western side of the entrance vessels beating into the bay must beware of Centre Island Reef, a long shoal making off to the northward from Centre faland Point for about a mile. It is thickly strewn with bare and sunken rocks, and in its deeper parts has from three to seven feet upon it at low water. A black spar-buoy (No. 17) is plat,m about three-quarterri of a mile to the northward of Centre Island Point, and a quarter of a mile to the southward of the northern end of the reef,-tlLere being seventeen feet at low water some distance outside of it. Large vessels should, there- fore, give this buoy a berth to the southward of not less than half a.mile. From the Centre Island Reef. black spar-buoy on Lloyd's Point Shoal it bears SW. by W. i'f W., distant two miles and a half, and from Execution Rocks Light-house E. ! N .• distant nine miles and three-quarters. The proper position for this buoy would be in three and a quarter fathoms, with Lloyd's Point Shoal buoy bearing E NE., and Execution Rocks Light-house W. by S.; and such change will be recommended• . On the ~tern side of t?e approach the shore should receive a berth of not less than a quarter of a mile to av01d the flats making off from Llqjd's Nook, for ahout, two htmdrcd and fifty yards, wilh six and seven feet a_t /,ow water. They are not buoyed and are somewhat abrupt, so that great care is necessary to avoid them. On the weste~n side of the entrance the channel is very much obstructed by Centre Centre /sfand Island .S~oal~ which makes off to the eastward from Centre Island for nearly a mile, Shoal. or to w1thm six hundred yards of the eastern shore,-leaving an available channel only about three hundred and fifty yards wide. The shoal has from two to five foot upon it; and on its eastern end is_plaood a red spar-buoy (No. 2), bearing from the black buoy on Centre Island Reef SE. by E., two miles, and from West Fort SW., a quarter of a mile distant. This buoy will be visible, (when off Northwest Bluff,) bearing about BE., and three-quarters of a mile off; and, from its position close under the eastern shore, a stranger would be apt to think it wrongly colored, but they must be careful to pass to the eastward of it. . Whe~ pas~ Centre Island Shoal buoy, vessels bound int.o Cold Spring Harbor meet with no ·dangers,-1t bemg only necessary to keep off the banks; but if bound mto Oyster Ba.y Harbor, the .eastern point of Centre Island must receive a berth to the w::Stward of not lC'.Ss than East Point fm~r hundred yards in order to avoid East Point Shoal, which makes off from that JX!mt, for about three hundred~yards, with from one to four feet at low water. So also w~th the north end of Cove N eek, oft' which dangerous reefs extend for a quarter of a Shoal. . ·mil.e, and are not buoyed. Cooper's Bluft' should receive a berth to the southward of about six hun- dred yards, and Smith's Point (the northwestern point of the neck) a berth to the southward of not less than a quarter of a mile.

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers -- Oys- The southeastern shore of Centre Island must not be approached nearer than three ter Day. hundred yards to .!J.void the flara on that side; while the southern shore of the harbor, opposite the village, mU::i\"\"'t not be approached, by vessels drawing more than sixteen feet, nearer than eight hundred yards, as all of this shore is jlat,-although affording good anchorage for small vesselfi, in from nine to ten feet water, under the western side of Cove Neck and off the month of The Cove. The southern shore of Centre Island is bold-to, and may be approached within one hundred and fifty yards with not less than three fathoms; while its southwestern end should receive a berth to 'the eastward of about two hundred and fifty yards from ves.sels intending to anchor between the island and Mill Neck. SAU.ING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING OYSTER BAY. I. Fr<»n -the Ead~ra.-On the W. by S. i B. course through the Sound, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears W. by N. t N., distant five miles and a half, and the western extremity of Northwest Bluff B. t W., distant two miles and a half, you will have thirteen fathoms, and S. by W. will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to abreast of the bluff. Here is good anchorage, and it is not advisable to proceed fartl1er without a pilot. But, wishing to enter the inner harbor, when you have just passed Northwest Blu:ff, and are exact1y in line between it and Centre Island Point,-the blllff bearing E. by N. t N. and the point W. by S. i S.,-West Fort will bear SE. by E., about three- qnarters of a. mile off, and SE. :l S. will lead safely, with not less than four fathoms, to abrCilSt of the Nd buoy on Centre Island Shoal. Tusa to the eastward of this buoy, giving it a berth of about two hundred yards, and, if bound into Cold Spring Harbor, steer S. f E., and anchor at discretion in from fifteen to seventeen feet, soft bottom. But, if bound into Oyster .Bay Harbor, round the buoy on Centre Island Shoal to the southward, and steer SW. -! W., which will lead, with not less than five fathoms, between the eastern point of Centre Island and Cove N eek. On ibis course, when Smith's Point bears BE. Southerly, about four hundred yards off, and the large wharf on the south side of the harbor S. by W. ! W., distant a mile and a quarter, steer SW. by S. ! S. for about five-eighths of a mile. Yon may continue this course and anchor off the viUage in from ninll feet to three fathoms; or, wishing to anclwr betwe,e;n, JJI'tll Neck and Centre I8land, when the southeastern end of the island bears NW. l W., throo hundred and fifty yards off, steer W. l N., carrying not Jess than three and a quarter fathoms, and keeping about two hundred yards from the southern shore of the island. On this course, when the southwestern end of Centre Island bears NE. by E., about three hundred and fifty yards off, and Allen's Point (the northeastern extremity of Mill Neck) N. by W. ! W., steer for the latter, carrying not less than fourteen fQet, and anchor, when over the bar, in from three to five fathoms, soft bottom. Or, uau -au, -hen .wreaait •f ~th.'B Polnl, and the wharf in Oyster Bay bears S. by W. l W., as before, steer for the wharf, and anchor in from ninB to ten feet off the mouth of The Cove. The above courses pass thi-ee-quarters of a mile fu the westward of the black buoy on Lloyd's Point Shoal; a mile and a quarter to the eastward of the black buoy on Centre Island Reef; three- eighths of a mile to the westward of Northwest Bluff; one hundred and 6.fty yards to the westward of the flats making out from Lloyd's Neck a quarter of a mile below Northwest Bluff; two hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on the eastern end of Centre Island Shoal; six hundred yards to the southward of that shoal ; one hundred yards to ,the southward of East Point Shoal; the same distance to the northward of the ledges off Smith's Point; three hundred and fifty ya.rds to the south- eastward of the santheast.ern, point of Centre Island; two hundred yards to the southwnrd of the southern end of the iSiand; and throe hundred and fircy: yams to the west-ward of its southwestern end. Or, '\"\"\"..\" eo1ne e.,;.Oriii#,,.,· i.,.e s-eA aaannet or r-u .i\"......_. .8ound.-On the W. t N. course through this channel, when Lloyd~s Point bears s. by E. f B., distant a little over a mile and one- eighth, and Great captain's Island Light-house W~ by :N. t N., distant nearly six miles, steer B~ by w. ! w., nearly for the eastern, poizit of Centre Island. On this course, when exactly between Centre Island Point and Northwest B1ufr,-the former bearing W. by B. ls. and the latter E. by N. i :N••- West Fort will bear BE. by :B.,.and the eastern edge ofCooper's BJuif s. f E. Now steer SE. t G., which will hri:ng you up with the reel buoy on the eastern end of Centre Island Shoal. When up with this buoy follow the directions for the harbor given above.

GREENWICH CO\"\"'E· 465 The above courses pass half a mile to the westward of the black buoy on Lloyd's Sailing Dirsc- Point Shoal; six hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Northwest Bluff; one tiona---Oyster hundred and fifty yards to the weshvard of the flats making out from the eastern shore Bay. about a quarter of a mile below Northwest Bluff; and two hundred yards to the east- ward of the red buoy on Centre Island Shoal. II. FrfHn t:l1,e Westward, to emer Ouster Bay.-On the E. by N. f N. course from off Sands' .Point, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NW. :! W., three miles and s3ven-eighths, Northwest Bluff SE. f E., two miles and three-quarters, and Eaton's Neck Light-house E . .g. S., nearly seven miles distant, you will have nine fathoms, and SE. t S. will lead, with not less than five fathoms, as far up as Northwest Bluff, and, with not less than four fathoms, to abreast of the red buoy on the eastern end of Centre Island Shoal. Pass about two hundred yards to the eastward of this buoy, and follow the directions for the harbor given above. The above course passes half a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Centre Island Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of Centre Island Point; three-eighths of a mile to the west- ward of Northwest Bluff; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the flats to the southw~rd of Northwest Bluff; and two hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Centre Island Shoal. ! i<no, uou. -au bring EJ:e#!Y&tion Boch .Light-hou11e to bear W. by S. S., and steer E. by N. N., until you come abreast of Centre Island Point, having it bearing S. by E. l E., distant a mile and a half. Great Captain's Island Light-house will now bear NW. i W., and Eaton's Neck Light-house will be exactly in range with Lloyd's Point. The depth will .be seven and a half fathoms, and the course SE. l s., which will bring you up with the red buoy on the eastern end of Centre Island Shoal, as before. The above courses pass three-quarters of a mile to the northward, and half a mile to the eastward, of the black buoy on Centre Island Reef. TIDES. Correeted Establishment.••••• -- ••• - •• -· .. - .• _·-· .••••••••• _•••.••• -- ·-· -· •... ·-. _.• -· .....• llh 7\"' Mean Rise and Fall of tides .... -· .•.••.•...•••• -·· .••.•.•...•••••• ··-· ••.••. -· ·-·........ •. • 7. 3 fl. JllleanRille and Fall of ilprtng tides.·-····-······-··········-·····-·············-··-·-······· 9.2 ft. Jlllean Rise and Fall of Nea.p tides .•.......... -··· .....•..•..•••••••••• ·-···· •••• - ·----· ••• ••• 5. 4 ft. mean duration of :&lse ··-·····-··· •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ·-·-·· •••••• ·······-·· ••••• •••• 6h 8\"' Hean duration of Fall ••.• _.••••..•..•..•...••..•..•.....••..••••..•• _•.... _•..•.••. _...... 6b 24m Mean duration of ilta.Jld •........•..•..••...... _•.•..•••••••.•.•.•••.. _. . • • • • • • • • • • . • • . • . . • Ob 25m Rlae of hlglleat 1'lde observed ••• ·- .•...•....... _..•..••.....•...•.....•...•...•.....•.....• 10. 4 ft. VARIATION OF THE COMPASS. The magnetic variation at Oyster Bay, for 1878, is so O' W., with an .,,pproximate annual increase of 2!'. GREENWICH COVE AND COS COB HARBOR. On the northern side of Grtffinwich Neck, between it and Elias' Point, is the entrance to Greenwich Cove, a large but w~ry ahallow cove running to the nortooastward, and having anchorage in from six to twelve feet at low water. Between Elias' Point ou the north and Pelican Point (the northwestern end of Qreenwtch Neck) on the south, the entrance is six hundred yards wide; but this width is diminished by severs.I outlying islets off Pelican Point, so as to leave an available channel of only about two lmndred yards. The general tlirection of Greenwich Cove is NE. by E. and SW. by W., and its length ebout a mile, with an average width, after pa.....iug the entrance, of a little over half a mile; but it is extremely shall-0w, and is, moreover, occupied by several marshy and rocky islets lying nearly in the mid<Ue of the cove, and lt>aving but a very narrow channel between them and the north shore,-11.U the \"\"uthern pal't of the harbor being bare at low spring tide&. l'lat lfecle Point, tho wa.t<Jrn extremity of Greenwich Neck, is easily :recognized by the thick grove of trees upon it,-all the rest. of the neck being bare. Pelloan Pomt, the northwestern point of the neck, h1 bare of trees, B<>mewhat undulating, and sutTOunded by mal\"l!h, from which a strip of sand and meadow, covered at high water, makes off to the northwestward for about two hundred and fifty yards, where there is a small sand islet, called Pell.can Island, marking the southern limits of the entrance. All this part of the shore is shoal, and, between Flat Neck Point and Pelican Point, ahcmid receive a berth of not lees than four hundred and fifty yards to the eastwani to avoid the flats. Elias' Point, the northern point of entrance to the cove, is a narrow strip of sand, backed by marsh, Elias' Point. and thia again by cleared fields and occasional clumps of woods. In the background a number of very pl'uminent white houses will appear, forming pa.rt of the village of OreenW'10l:L. The most remarkable of these is the Americus Club Rouse, A very tall .building, with mansard roof and two towers. Th.a shol'W! of Greenwich Cove are eompo&ed. fllltirely of marsh, faced by a se.nd beach covered at high wat.er, and bacll;KI by nearly level land, finely cultivated and well sett.led. The northern ahores are bacl!:~d by somewhat higher ground than thM on the eastern mde,-the hilli! in some places :showing eteepslopee to the eouthward,-nd there are occasional groves of treea. C. P--59

466. ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Greenwich In the middle of the harbor is a group of throo islets,---one of which is rocky and surrounded by marsh, Island. and is know as Greenwich Island; while the others are mere strips of marsh, and are covered at extreme high tides. Greenwich Island lies about nine hundred yards to the eastward of Elias' Point, and the same distance from Pelican Island,-bearing E. i N. from the former and NE. ! E. from the latter. The fast land, which is of mod- erate height and bare of tree.s, is about a hundred and fifty yarllii long N NE. and 8 SW.; but a sand spit extends to the north- ward from it about sixty yardB, and marsh to the southward about a htmdred and seventy-five yards, making the whole length of the island about three hundred yards. A marshy islet, about two hundred and fifty yardB long N. by E. and S. by W., lies about one hundred yards to the southwestward of Greenwich Island; and another, a little less than a hundred yards in diam_eter, lies on the eastern side of tlie island, close to its southern end. These islets aro surrounded by flats,-the whole of the ·!love between them and the eastern shore having only from one to three feet at low water; but they serve as excellent channel marks, as they 1ie on the northern edge of the flats-the channel passing to the northward of them. Mianus River. A quarter of a mile to the we,.tward of Elias' Point is Todd's Point, tlie eastern point of entrance to Cos Cob Harbor, or Mianus River, as it is sometimes called. This river is a very shallow arm of the Sound, running in a N NE. direction, for a mile and three-quarten;, to the village of Mianus. At its month, between Todd's Point on the east and Quarry Ball Island on the west, it is nearly half a mile wide, but rapidly diminishes, until at l\\lianus it is a mere brook. Tlie river affords anchorage for small vessels in from seven to fifteen feet at low water; but not more than two feet can be taken up to Studwell's Point, seven-eighths of a mile above the mouth, and not even small boats can reach Cos Cob or l\\Uanus at extreme low tide. Todd's Point. Todd's Point, the eastern point of the entrance to the river, is a rocky hillock with steep faces tO'tbe southward, and is connooted with the mainland by a strip of sand and lllarsh. It is partly wooded, as is ahm the point of laud two hundred yards to the northward of it; but the country to the northward and northeastward of it is almost entirely under cultivation and nearly level. Quarry Ball Quarry Dall Island, the wP,stern point of entrance, is in reality a part of the main1aud, though sepa- Island. rated from the firm ground to the northward by marsh. It is a flat grassy point, with thick woods ap- pearing behind it t-0 the northward, and is surrounded by shoals, so that it is not anfe to approach it nearer than two hundred yards. Both banks of the l:lianus River e.re fringed with me.rah, which is covered at high water, at which times the river appears to flow among cultivated fields, nearly level, well settled, and for the most part bare of trees. The excep- Studwell's Point. tion to this description is on the west bank, seven-eighths of a mile above the mouth, where a steep, thinly- wooded bluff projects into the river, and is known as Studwell's Point. On the western side of this bluff makes in a cove, bare at ha1f tide, e.nd called Studwelra Cove; while on its eastern side is Cos Cob Creek, also bare at half tide, on the western bank of which is situated the settlement of Coe Cob. About five-eighths of a mile above Cos Cob is the village of lllia.D.WI, occupying both banks of the stream, which is here but little over fifty yards wide, and is barred by a bridge or causeway which eli'ectually closes it to navigation. Blu1f Island. In the mouth of the river lie throo rocky islets in a line nearly due N. and S. The southernmost, called Bluff Island, is about one hundred and fifty yards long NW. and BB.; and at its centre is higher and steeper than any of the othilrs, whence its name. A ledge of rocks, bare at half tide, lies about eighty yards to the w ..stward of the island, and is known a.a BlUff Iela.Dd Ledge. The centre -0f Bluif Island ;.,. about e. quarter of a mile to the westwa1·d of Tudd'\" Puint, and about the same distance SE. t S. from Quarry Ball Island ; but there is no passage between it and Todd's P-oint,-tbe channel passing on its western side. Rocky Island. A little over two hu·ulred yards to the northward of Bluft' Island lies Rocky Island, which is merely a bare ledge, very irregular in shape, a.bout a hundred and twenty yards long in a NW. and SE. direction. It is exactly in the middle of the river,-being about four hundred and fifty yards from either shore,-and the channel passes close along its western side with ,from seven to nine feet at low water. Goose Island. Three hundred yards to the northward of Rocky Island, and one hundred and fift.y yards from the western bank of tbe river, lies Goose Island, a flat rocky islet, with its surface covered with gras,., aml about one hundred yards long NW'. and 8.E. At low water it is joined to the mainland by a strip of sand, on which there are many Rmall det.acbed rockM. It may also be remarked that off Quarry Ball Island there are a number of rooks, bare a.t low water,-the outermost of which is one hundred and fifty yards from shore, and renders a near approach dangerous. DANGERS Hl APPROACHING A.ND ENTERING GREENWICH COVE. I. Pro-. the .Eadroard.-The entrance to this anchorage, from the e.astward, is between Flat Neck Point on the east and Little Captain's Island on the west., and is nearly a mile and a quart-er wide. Little Captain's Island, as before described on page 352, is in reality two very small .islands joined at low water by a strip of sand beach strewn with boulders. . From the east- Littls Captain's ernmost islet, which is the smallest, extends a long and very dangerous reef, called Island East Little Capt.ain's Island East Reef, which has many bare rocks and rocks awash upon Reef. it, and is marked by a buoy. This reef lies nearly NE. and SW., and is about five- . eighths of a mile long, with depths, where it is not bare, of from two t.o six feet at low wat.er. Seven hundred yards E. by N. ! N. from the island is a rock awash, and close to it another with two feet at low water; and about one hundred and 6.fty yards to the eastward of this is placed a black spar-buoy (No. 1) in twelve feet water,-Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing w aw., distant nearly a mile and a quarter; and Flat Neck Point NE. by E. j- E., distant nearly seven-eightLs of a mile. From this buoy the middle of .the,entrance·to Cos Cob Harbor bears about .J!i. by E., and Elias' Point NE. ! l'i., a mile and a quarter distant.

GREENWICH COVE. 467 On the eastern side of the entrance look out for Flat Neck Point Shoal, which Flat Neck Point makes off from :Flat N eek Point to the westward for more than a quarter of a mile, Shoal. with less than six feet at low water. There are many bare rocks and rocks awash at low water scattered over this shoal. A red spar-buoy (No. 2) is placed in fifteen feet, about two hundred yards to the westward of the shoal,-Great Captain's !::;land Light-house bearing SW. by W. t W., Flat Neck Point E. by N. Northerly, three-eighths of a mile, and Bluff Island (at the entrance tto Cos Cob Harbor) N. by W. W., nearly a mile distant. It must also be remarked that the south shore of Greenwich Neck, from Greenwich Point to Flat Neck Point, is very shoal, and must receive a berth to the northward of not less than half a mile. If standing to the westward on a wind, beware of a very dangerous sunken rock, Cove Rock. called Cove Rock, which lies about nine hundred yards SW. ! W. from Todd's Point, and about six hundred yards S. by W. from Bluff Island. To avoid it, when bound into Greenwich Cove, do not stand to the northward of Elias' Point bearing NE. by E. l E., or to tthe westward of Great Captain's Island Light-house bt>..aring SW. W. A buoy should be placed upon this rock, as it is directly in the way of vessels bound into Cos Cob Harbor from the eastward. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING GREENWICH COVE. I . .Pt-.-n #he Eas#U\"ard.-On the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears W NW., four miles and three-quarters, Eaton's N eek Light-house E. by S. :l S., five miles and three-quarters, and the woods on Flat Neck Point NW. t N., three miles and five- eighths distant, you will have ten fathoms, and NW. t W. will lead safely between Flat Neck Point Shoal and Little Captain's Island East Reef. On this course, when Great Captain's !Aland Light- hom~e bears W SW., and you are nearly abreast of the black buoy on the East Reef, Elias' Point will bear N. by E. i E., and you must steer that course, for about half a mile, until you bring the southern end of Horse Neck Point to bear W. l N. and Pelican Island NE. by E. t E.,-the latter being distant about nine hundred yards. Great Captain's Island Light-house will now bear SW. ! W. Westerly, and NE.! E. Easterly will lead safely to the anchorage. Or, you may anchor on the NW. i W. course in from three to five fathoms,-Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. The above courses p:lSS three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the shoal ground south of Greenwich Neck; about six: hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Littlo Captain's Island East Reef; two hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on :Flat Neck Point Shoal; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Cove Rock; six hundred yards to the southward of Elias' Point; and one hundred yards to the northward of Pelican Island. Or, \"'\"' ttaav bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear W. Northerly, and steer for it until the east.em extremity of Greenwich Point bears NE. by N. !- N., distant nearly a mile, where you will have twelve fathoms, and must steer NW. ! w., as before, following the directions given above for the harbor. !Or, 11<>u nt.av &ring Great «Japtatn•s Island Uui.t-Aov-se f:o bear W. N ., and steer for it until the western edge of the woods on Flat Neck Point bears NW. by N. i N., distant nearly a mile and a half; when steer NW. ! W., as before, and follow the directions for the harbor. II. .F'r_,., l:he D'estma:ra, outBiae Great and Idffl.e. captcdn•8 ulancfs.-In approaching G.reen- wich Cove by this passage there are no dangers, except the shoal wat.er surrounding Great and Little Captain's islands, until you come up with Little Captain's Isla.ltd East Reef at the entrance. It is only necessary to keep about a quarter of a mile from Great and Little Captain's islands until you come up with the buoy on this reef; beyonrl which the dangers are the same as those described in the approaches from the eastward. A good rule in coming in from the Sound is to bring the southern end of the woods on Flat Neck Point to bear NE. t E., distant about four miles, and Great Captain's I~la~d Light-house NE. f N., distant two miles and a quarter, and steer NE. t E. for the woods until w1thm seven-eighths of a mile of them, with Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing W. by S, l s., a mile and a quarter distant. YQu will now be about abreast of the black buoy on Little Captain's Island East Reef, and may steer either N. by E. £ E. for Elias' Point, carrying not less than seventeen feet, or NE. by N. ! N., carrying not less than fourieen feet. On either of these courses, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears ew. ! w. Westerly, steer NE. f E. Easterly into the COYe, and anchor in from nine to twelve feet about three hWidred yards to the northeastward of Pelican Island.

468 ATLANTIC COAST PII...OT. DANGERS IN APPROA.CHING A.ND ENTERING GREENWICH COVE. II. -\"\"\"-• the West..,ard, •nBide Great and Little Capta•n's isl:aflds.-This passage, though not fit for strangers, i9 very commonly used by vessels of light draught, either when making an anchorage in Great Captain's Island Harbor, or wishing to enter Greenwich Cove or l\\'lianus River. Twelve feet at low water can be taken through it, with the aid of a pilot, as far as abreast of Cove Rock ; .but, as very few of the shoals are buoyed, strangers must not attempt to pass through. The passage on' the <Yl.lt8i.de of Great and Little Captain's islands is much safer, and quite as direct, and should always be used. by those unacquainted with the locality. To enter the irntide passage you first pass between Great Captain's Island on the east and Manursing Island on the west. On approaching this latter island look out for G/owr's Raef. Glover's Reef, which lies off the southern end of that island at a distance of five hundred yards, is awash in some places at low water, and is not buoyed. Vessels must, therefore, give the southeastern end of the island a berth to the westward of about half a mile. About three-quarters of a mile E. f N. from the southeastern end of Manursing Island, and a little over a mile and a quarter SW. by W. i W. from Great Captain's Island Light- 8/ue-fish Reef house, will be seen a red spar-buoy. This is on Blue-fish Reef Shoal, a small detached Shoal. shoal, with fifteen feet at low water, which lies about three-eighths of a mile SE. by S. l S. from the southern end of Blue-fish Reef, and between eleven and twelve hundred yards from the nearest point of Manursing Island. The buoy is wrongly colored, as vessels must always pass to the eastward of it; and a change of its color to black will be recommended. From this buoy the southern end of Calf Island bears NE. by N. :f N., a mile and an eighth ; the red buoy on Cormel Reefs NE. t N., a mile and three--eighths; and the bluff at the western end of Great Cap- tain's Island NE. by E. t E., a little over one mile distant. Blue-fish Reef. Blue-fish Reef is a projection to the southeastward from the line of the shoals making off from the eastern side of J\\ianursing Island, near its northern end. It is awash at low water, and extends nearly two hundred and fifty yards from shore. There is less than eighteen feet for six hundred and fifty yards to the southeastward of the reef, and it is better for vessels not to pass to the westward of the buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal. · Four Feat Rock. A little over half a mile to the northeastward of the buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal is a very dangerous ledge, nearly in the middle of the passage, and known as Four Feet Rock, from the depth of water upon it. It is not buoyed, but should be, to render this passage safe. The shoal of this rock bears. from the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal NE. by N., a little over half a mile; fr:om the red buoy on Great Captain's Island West Reef W. by N. l N., eight hundred yards; and from Great Captain's faland Light-house W. t s., nearly seven-eighths of a mile distant. From this rock the easternmost bluff on Calf faland bears N NE., three-quarters of a mile; and the red buoy on Cormel Reefs NE. t E., a little over three-quarters of a mile distant. GrsatCaptain's On the eastern side of the entrance you must look out for Great Captain's Island Island WeBt 'Vest Reef, extending from the western end of that island about four hundred and fifty yards W. by S. t S., with less than twelve feet at low water. The reef is dry for one Reef. hundred yards from the island, has less than six feet two hundred yardR off, and eight feet at low water is found at a distance of three hundred yards from shore. A red spar-buoy (No. 2) is placed in eighteen feet of!:' the western end of this reef, and bears from the light-house W. by S. ! S., about half a mile; and from the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal NE. by E. i E., three-quarters of a mile distant. From this buoy Four Feet Rock bears W. by N. f N., eight hundred yards; the southern end of Calf Island N. by W. ! W., about fourteen hundred yards; and Cormel Reefs buoy N. by E. f E., nearly three-quarters of a mile distant. The sailing-line passes between this buoy and Four Feet Rock, in from sixteen to eighteen feet at low water. Vessels drawing over ten feet must, when past this buoy, give Great Captain's Island a wide berth to the southward, to avoid the dangm-ous rocks lying ojf it.fJ north slwre; and Calf Island mUhi; also receive a berth to the northward, on account of the df.Lnge:rous reefs 'ITt<lking off from U8 southern e:nd. Thus the channel is contracted to a width of but little over two hundred yards between the lines of two fathoms; and great care is necessary in navigating this part of the passage. Of the shoals on the north side of Great Captain's Island, the most prominent are the Connel Reefs, two Cormel Reefs. very dangerous ledges,-the northernmost of which is in some places bare, and in others has from two to five feet at low water; while the southern ledge is entirely bare at three-quarters ebb. This southern ledge is about a quarter of a mile to the northward of Great Captain's Island, lies about NE. i N. and SW.! S.~ and is three hundred yards long. A passage nearly two hundred yards wide, with ten feet at low water, leads between thi.~ inner shoal and Great Captain's Islancl ; but it is not reoommende?. A little over one hundred yards to the northward of the southernmost reef lies the outer reef, which extends about N. by W. J. W. for three hundred yarclB, terminating at the southeast.em edge of the channel. Near its southern end it is bare at low water; but the rest of the reef has from two to :five feet. .At its northwestern extremity, in eighteen foot at

GREEloi-,vJ:CH COVE. 469 low water, is placed a red spar-buoy, (No. 4)-bearing from Grea.t Captain's Island Light-house NW. by N. i N., about twelve hundred yards; from the red buoy on Great Captain's Island \\Vest Hccf N. by E. ~ E., nearly three-quarters of a mile; and from the red buoy on Illue-fish Reef Shoal NE. ~· N., a mile and three-eighths distant. From this buoy the eastern end of Horse-Xeck Point bears NE. by N. § N., seven-eighths of a mile; Elias' Point E NE. Northerly, a little over two miles and a quarter; and the middle of Pelican Island E. by N. -& N., two miles and a quarter distant. Calf Island Reef lies on the western side of the channel, about three-eighths of a Calf Island Reef. mile to the southwestward of the Cormol Reefs. It makes in a S. by E. ! E. direction from the south shore of O.ilf Island,-its southern extremity being a quarter of a mile from the southern end of that island. It has many sunkt:'n rocks and rocks awash at low water scat- tered over its surface; and great care is necessary to avoid it, as it is not buoyed. About au eighth of a mile NE. i E. from its southern end lies a group of bare rocks, known as Jone.s' Rock~, from which shoal water extends to the northwestward, for an eighth of a mile, with from two to six feet at low water. Jones' Rocks are out at half tide, and are, therefore, easily avoided; but, to avoid Calf Island Reef, vessels should not go to the westward of the southeastern point of l\\Ianursing Island bearing aw. t s. This bearing also avoids Jones' Rocks. When up with the red buoy on Cormcl Recfa, the course turns more to the eastward, leading about midway between Elias' Point and Pelican Island. On this course, when abreast of Horse-Neek Point, there will be seen, well to the northward of the course, bearing about NE., and three-quarters of a mile off, a group of rocks bare at half tide. These are Tweed's or Tweed's or Finch's Island Rocks, and, with the shoal water surrounding them, cover an area Finch's Island nearly two hundred yards in diameter. The bare rocks lie a little over four hundred Roc/c1;. yards SE. i} S. from the middle of Tweed's Island, (with a Reven feet channel between them;) E. by N. from Horse-Neck Point, three-quarters of a mile distant; and NE. i E. from the red buoy on the Carmel Reefs, a mile and a quarter distant. The sailing-line passes well to the south- ward of them. \\Vhen to the eastward of Tweed's Island Rocks, look out for the dangerous Cove ' Cove Rock. Rook, which lies about eleven hundred yards to the eastward of them, and is not buoyed. The exact locality of this rock is not known; but its approximate position is eleven.hundred yards E. f S. from Tweed's Island Rocks; six hundred yards s. by W. ! W. from the middle of Bluff Island; a mile and a quarter E. ! N. from Horse-Neck Point; and nearly one mile NE. by N. f N. from the northeastern end of Little Captain's Island. To avoid it, you should not go to the north- ward of Elias' Point hearing NE. by E. ! E., until the middle of Bluff Island bears N. ~ E., when you will be to the eastward of the rock. Cove Rock should be buoyed, and such action will be recommended. \"\\Vhen past it the dangers are the same as those described in the approaches from the eastward. (See pages 466-46 7.) SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROAOHING AND ENTERING GREENWICH COVE. III. Fro:m, 'l:he Wed..,ard, in.aide Great •Rel Little Capttdn•• ulanda.-Bring Execution Rocks Light-house to bear SW. by W., and steer NE. by E. until Sands' Point Light-house bears SW. ! s., Great Captain's Island Light-house NE. Northerly, and the southeastern end of Manursing Island NE. by N. f N. Here you will have eight and a half fathoms, and NE.! N. will lead safely into the p3SSage, with Horse-Neck Point a little to the northward of the course. When just past the red buoy on the Cormel Reefs, and Great Captain's Island Light-house bears SE. bys. f s., distaut fivc- eighths of a mile, and Elias' Point ENE., distant two miles and a quarter, you will have three and a half fathoms, and E. by N. ! l'lf. will lead safely to the entrance to Greenwich Cove· after which the directions given on page 467 must be followed. ' The above courses pass nearly six hundred yards to the eastward of Glover's Reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal; a little over two hundred yards to the eastward of Four Feet Rock; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Great Captain's Island '\\Vest Reef; two hundred yards to the eastward of the southern end of Calf Island Reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of J\"ones' Rock; s~venty-five yards to the westward, and nearly one hundred yards to the northward, of the red buoy on Cormel Reefa; nearly three-eighths of a mile to the southward of Tweed's Island Rooks; nearly seven hundred yards to the northward of the northeast.em end of Little Captain's Island F.A1St Reef; and nearly two hundred yards to the southward of Cove Rook. The least water taken to the entrance to the cove, on the above COlll'BeS, is ten feet at low spring tides.

470 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- On the above eoursea, to en#er lfrianus Biuer.-On the E. by N. :! N.·course f1on.r--Green- for the entrance to Greenwich Cove, when Great Captain's Island Light-house bears wich Cove. SW. ! S., distant nearly a mile and an eighth, and Horse-Neck Point W. by N. :f N., distant three-quarters of a mile, the middle of Bluff Island will bear NE. t E., and NE. t :Dr. will lead, with not less than eight feet, into the mouth of the river. The above course passes four hundred yards to the eastward of Tweed's Island Rocks ; between five and six hundred yards to the westward of Cove Rook; a little over one hundred yards ro the westward of Bluff Island Ledge; and about seventy-five yards to the westward of Rocky Island. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING !HANUS RIVER OR COS COB IIARBOR. I. Pro~ the Eastu-art.i.-In approaching this harbor from the eastward the directions for Greenwich Cove must be followed until you are fairly between Flat Neck Point and Little Captain's Island. Thus, you must bring Eaton's Neck Light-house to bear E. by S. t S., Great Captain's Island Light-house WNW., and the woods on !!~lat Neck Point NW. t N., and steer NW. t W. until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears WSW., and Elias' Point N. by E. l E., when steer N. by W. i W., carrying not less than eleven feet, until you come abreast of Bluff Island, having it bearing E. by N. i N., a quart.er of a mile di'3tant. Now steer NE. i N. inro the river, and anchor abreast of Goose Island in from thirteen to sixteen feet. The above <'A>Urses pa.o;s about a quart.er of a mile to the eastward of the black spar-buoy on Litt.le Captain's Island East Reef; the same distance to the westward of the red buoy on Flat Neck Point Shoal; nearly two hundred yards to the westward of Cove Rock ; eight hundred yards to the eastward of Tweed's Island Rocks; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Bluff Island Ledge; a little over one hundred yards to the westward of Rocky Island; and seventy-five yards to the south- eastward of Goose Island. II. .Fro- the We#l:M>ard, oul:iride Great and .Llll:l.e Captain'• uland'.•.-Bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear NE. f; N., distant two miles and a quarter, and the woods on Flat Neck Point NE. i E., distant four miles and a quarter, and steer for the latter until within about seven- eighths of a mile of the point, with Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing W. by S. t S., distant a mile and a quarter. Now steer N. i W., which course will lead, with not less than ten feet, to the entrance to the river, paBSing close alongside of the black buoy on Little Captain's Island East Reef. On this course, when abreast of Bluff Island, in eleven feet,-the centre of the island bearing E. by N. } N., a quarter of a mile off,--steer NE.! N. into the river, as before. The above courses pass half a mile to the s0uthward of Great Captain's Island Light-house; about three-eighths of a mile to the southward of Little Captain's Island; one hundred yards to the southward, and about the same distance to the eastward, of the black buoy on Little Captain's Island East Reef; three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Flat Neck Point Shoal; three hundred yards to the westward of Cove Rock; and one hundred and fifty yards t,o the westward of Bluff Island Ledge. LITTLE CAPTAllf'S ISLAND HABBOR. This convenient anchorage lies on the nBrth side of Little Ca.ptain'., r..land, and is good for from ten feet to four fathoms, affording shelter from all winds. It is entered by the passage, described above, leading from the eastward into Greenwich Cove and Mllmus River, and is easily accessible to strange\"\" by following the sailing directions. Little Captain's Little Captain's Island is in reality two small islets joined a.t fow water by a sand beach strewn with Island. ooalders. The easternmost islet is about eeventy·five yards long, with nearly level graaay surface and per- pendfoul&l' faces to the l!Outh.,....tward. The western islet, which is about two hundred yards to the sou.tb- westwBl'd of the former, is a mere ridge of sand, about two hundred and seventy-five yards long. They rise from the middle of a large shoal, strewn with bare and sunken rocks, and extending to the northeastward from the easternmost islet for eight hundred yards, and to the sonthwesiward from the westernmost islet between six: and seven hundred yards. The eastern portion of the shoal U. called Little (laptaiD.'a IJlla114 BBA Beef, <-page 466,) and the western portion L1We C&pta:tn\"a IBl&ll4 West :B.eer. There is no sa.fe passage between thU. wand and Great Captain's Island, which lies aoont twelve hundred yvds to tbs 110utbwestward. ·

GREAT CAPTAIN•S ISLAND HARBOR. 471 Flat Neck Point, the eastern point of entrance to this anchorage, has been already described in t1ie Flat Neck Point. approaches to Gre<.>nwich Cove from the eastward. It is the western extremity oc Greenwtch Neck, and is easily recognized by its thick clump of woods,-the rest of the neck being deBtitute of trees. A dangerous shoal makes off from it to the westward for between six and se..-en hundred yards, having many bare and snnken rocks npon it. It is called Flat Neck Point Shoal, and is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 2), placed in fifteen feet off its western end. Little Captain's Island Eal'lt Reef, described above, is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 1), placed in eighteen feet near a two feet rock on the eastern extremity of the reef. The channel between this buoy and that on Flat Neck Point Shoal is half a mile wide, with f...,m three to six fathoms in it. SAILING DIRECTIONS. On the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, whQn Great Captain's Island Light-house bears tWNW., Eaton's Neck Light-house E. by S. t S., and the woods on Flat Neck Point NW. N., steer NW.! W .• which course will lead about midway between the two buoys at the entrance. You may anchor on this course, in five fathoms, as soon as Great Captain's Island Light-hon.__~ bears SW. ! W.; or, from this bearing, you may steer W. by S., and anchor in from three to four fathoms, with the light-house bearing SW. t s. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Little Captain's Island East R~f; the same distance t.o the westward of the red buoy on Flat N eek Point Shoal; and an eighth of a mile to the northward of the northeastern end of Little Captain's Island East Reef. The NW. ! W. course <.,-ontinued will lead to the entrance to Bush's Harbor, passing an eighth of a mile to the westward of Tweed's Island Rocks. GREAT CAPTAIN'S ISLAND HARBOR. Tliis anchorage lies on the north side of Great Captain'H lsla.nd, between it and the southernmost and Great Captain's la.rgest of the two Calf Islands. Great Captain's Island jg about seven hundred yards long E. and W., and Island. is easily recognized by the light-house on its eastern end. It jg formed by two grassy hills five-eighths of a mile apart, and united by a narrow strip of sand. The eastern hill, on which the light-house is built, is the highest,-being about thirty feet above sea.-level,-and «hows precipitous faces to the southward. The western hill, which is lower, rises with a very gentle slope from E. to W., and terminates in a low cli:ff on its western side. Tbe light-house is a · gt·cy dwelling, surmounted by a white lantern, and is perched upon a dark-looking bill, with perpendicular Great Captain's faces of a yellowish-white color. The light is fixed white, uf the fourth order, is shown from a height of Island Light- seventy-four feet a.hove the sea, and is visible fourteen miles. Its geographical position is house. Latitude .••• _.·--------··---··-·--·------···-·--··---·---·· •••.•.•. olOo 68' 15511 N. Longitude .................. --···········----··············· ••••••• 'Tao S\"I' 26\" w .. and it bears from Miles. Norwalk Light-houae. W. by 8. f 8 ••••••.•••• _..................................... a. little over 1O Middle Ground LI.gilt-house, w. 1 s. Bout.herly ••• _•••••••••• _____ ... . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 24 014 Field Point Light-house, w. t H •..• ____ ·-- _______ ....... _••••••••••••••••••• _ •••• __ •••• ••. • 22t Eaton•a Neck IJ.ght-bouae, W. b:y N. t H. _•••••••••••••••••••• __ .................. _.• _. •• • •• • •• • 10 t From this light-house Sands' Point Light-house bears SW. t 8. Nearly, eight miles and thl\"oo-eighths; Throg's Neck Light-house SW., nearly thirteen miles; and Execution Rocks Light-houi.e SW. i w., a little 0 ,-er eight miles distant. There is no fog-signal at this light-house. Great Captain's Island is surrounded by shoale, and must not be eloaely appreacbed. The Jong reef which connects it witb Little Captam's Island, to the eastward, is called Grea.t Oapta1n'a Ja1&n4 Eaat :Beef\", and has several bare rocks anJ rocks awash upon it. There is no safe passage between the islands. The reef which extends to the westward, and which obstructs the approach to the harbor, is called Oru.t Captain's Ia'l.a:ad Wen lklef,··and· bas been already described in the approaches to Greenwich Cove and Mianus River on page 468. lt extends in a W. by S. ts. direction from the western end of the islaud between four and five hundred yards, with lesg than twelve feet at low water and has less than six feet an eighth of a mile tr:'m the island. A red spar-huoy (No. 2) is placed on its western end,-tbe light-house bearing E. by N. t N., distant half a mile, and '.he buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal SW. by 'W. i W., distant about three-quarters of a mile. The ..ailing-line p88Se8 between thu;\"buoy and Four Feet. Bock, alPeady described on page 468. The Calf Islands, or The 0&1vea, as they al'<'! sometimes called, lie on the north side of the harbor,- Calf Islands. the distance between their southern end and Great Captain's l&land being about thirteen hundred yards. They .-,on..ist of two islands liflnr. and 8 s:E. of each other, and joined st low water by a narrow ridge of sand and salt-m.eadow. The southernmost, which is the largest, is eompoAed of two gra81!y hlllocks lying NE. and SW. from each other, and joined by a narrow eanP, beach. The.eastern~ost hillock is about twenty feet high, nearly round, and shows perpendicular faces to the southward. The western hillock hes !I BW. and BBB., has a gently sloping gra\"\"Y surl:&ce, and a low cl:itf-like face, about ten feet high, on its southPrn &ide. The northern islet is only a.bout two hundred and :fifty yards long NE. and SW., is bare of trees, and bas a very- gentle rise to iw summit, which is not. IDOTe than ten feet high. It is about two hundred yards to the northward of the llOuthQJ\"D island. ·

472 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Calf\" Island Reef, already described on page 469, extends from the southern shore of Calf Isfo.ntl S. hy E. i ·E. for a quaMer of a mile, and ha>1 many 1-ocks upon it bare at low water. .An eighth of a mile NE.-!- E. from its southern end lies a gronp of half~tide rocks, known as Jones' Rocks, from which a ledge, with from two to six feet at low water, extends to tb., northward for about two hundred and fifty yards. These rocks being out at half tide are e&Sily avoided; but, to avoid Calf Island Reef, vessels must not go to the westward of the southeastern end of Manursing Island bearing SW. i S. The eastern boundary of the anchorage in Great Captain's Island Harbor isformed by the dangerous Connel Reefs, (already described on pages 468-469,) which are marked by a. red spar-buoy (No. 4), placed on their northwesten1 end in three fathoms water. Vessels using this anchorage do not, however, approach this reef, but anchor about three hundred and fifty yards to the southwestward of the buoy. '' SAILING DIRECTIONS. I . ......._the .Eastu.ara.-On the W. by S. t S. course, when abreast of Centre Island Point, in nine fathoms, with Great Captain's Island I ..ight,..house bearing NW.! W., nearly four miles distant, and Flat Neck Point N. by W. :f W., three miles and five-eighths distant, steer NW. by W. !- W., which course continue until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. ! E., distant three-quarters of a mile. Now steer N. by W. i W., and anchor under the western side of the southern Calf Island, in eleven feet, soft bott-Om; or, when past the red buoy on Great. Captain's Island West Reef, and the light-house bears E. H- N., about three-quarters of a mile off, steer NE. ! N., carrying not less than sixteen feet, and anchor in seventeen feet with the light-house hearing SE. hy E. ! E. If bound j\"Jdo Bura- River, you may c-0ntinue the NW. by W. ! W. course until witl1in a quarter of a mile of ltfanursing Island, where you must anchor and take a pilot. The above courses pass five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the red spar-buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal ; three hundred yards to the westward of the red spar-buoy on Great Captain's Island West Reef; three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Four Feet Rock ; and about two hun- dred yards to the southward of the southern end of Calf Island Reef. Or, having eo:nn.e along #lhore frono. the Ea.shrara, you may, when off Flat Neck Point, bring the southern end of Manursing Island to bear W. by S. t S., and steer for it until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. i E., three-quarters of a mile off; when steer N. by W. i W., and proceed as above direded. II. Pron& the w~rc1.-Bring Execution Rocks Light-house to bear SW. by W., and ste~r NE. by E. until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. Northerly, and the southeastern end of 1\\fanursing Island NE. by N. ! N. Here you will have eight and a half fathoms, and NE.! N. will lead, with not less than sixteen feet, to the anchorage. Anchor, ~ before, with the light-house bearing BE. by E. f E. The above courses pass between five and six hundred yards to the eastward of Glover's Reef; about one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal ; an eighth of a mile to the eastward of Four Feet Rock; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Great Captain's Island West Reef; and two hundred yards to the southward of Calf Island Reef. TIDES. corrected Establlsllment ••••••••• _•••••• -· •••••• ·- ··- ___ •.. ___ . __ . -· _... _.. _.•. __ .. _. _... llh 1m Kean :at.e and Fall o:ftidea ----------··----·--···-···-----·-·-····---····--·---··-·----- 7. 4 ft. 8. 2 ft. lleau JUae and Fall o:r Bpnng tid.ea •• __ .• -·-· --·. -· --·. ···- •••• __ ••. ·-· ---- ___ . __ . __ . -··. 7. 0 ft. 9.1 ft. llea.n B.lll8 &D4 l'all of !r-p ticlea. __ --- --· - •. -- -- -· -----· ••.••. -- ---· .••• ·-· • -··- • ••• -·· - lUse o:f ldg>beat tlde observed·--·-·--·-····-· •••••.•••••••.•••••.••••••••••••.••. ···-······ BYRAM RIVER. Thu is a narrow and shallow stream, for the moat part bare a.t low wat.ar, which empties into the Sound just t-0 the north- ward of Manuniing !eland ; and its entrance, which is between Byram Point and the noMh end of Ma.nursing hland, ill about six hundr.<d yards wide, bnt soon contract.I to a width of less than fifty ;yvds a.bout three huudred yards above Byram Point. Beyond this the width of the stream, at high water, varies, but ie in no plaee greater than one hundred yards, BS far up as Port Cheater, which is built on its western bank, three-qua.rtere of a. mile above its mouth. Byram Point. Byram Point, the northern point of entrance, is low and rocky, bare of trees, and has a very gentle slope. It is connreted with the mainland by a UArrow sand beach fuood with rocks; and from its southern end a rocky ledge extends to the southward for two hundred yards, a.ud is bare at half tide. ::Mannrsing Island, wh~ northern end forms the southern point of entrance tu the river, lies Jf :RE. and 8 SW., and is about a mile Jong. It is composed of four il!lets of fast land, connectoo by marsh and sand beach, destitute of trees excep\\ on its summit, (which ia wooded,) nearly level, and not more than twenty fee.& in height. At its nonbeutem end ii abowe perpen-

BY~I R.IYER. 473 dicular faces to the eastward and northward. Tliere are several houses on tht' island, and a fow trees on Manursing Island. its southeastern end close to the shore-line. This island fa very shoal on its eastern and southern sides, and should n<>t be approached, by vessels drawing over 1'1ixteen feet, nearer than seven hundred yards. The eastern bank of Byram River, above Byram Point, shows as a. very broken country, composed of innumerabh• rocky ridges separated by narrow ravines, and crowned by bare ledges. About three-eighths of a mile above the point, however, the bare ledges disappear, and the land, though much broken, is grassy and under some cultivation. The western shore is also hilly, and shows steep rocky faceR towards the river; bnt it is grassy and under cultivation, with a number of houses on the • higher ground. This bank is also skirted in places with marsh, which is covered at high water. Strangers cannot enter Hyram River, as it is full of dangerous rocks, which are not buoyed; and it is also nearly bare at low water. Anchorage may be found, in westerly winds, under the northeastern 0<hore of Manursing Island, in from twelve to sixteen feet at low water; bnt it is very seldom used. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING BYRAM RIVER. I. Prona t:he Easttrard.-ln approaching this harbor from the eastward the red Blus-fish Reef buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal is first seen. This shoal bas fifteen feet at low water, Shoal. and is, therefore, not dangerous to vessels intending to enter Byram River. It is only necessary, therefore, to remark that Byram Point bears from the buoy N. by W. ~ W., a little over a mile distant. On the eastern side of the approach, bearing about NE. by E. ! E. from the buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal, will be seen the red spar-buoy (No. 2) on Great Capta.in's Island JVe~ Reef. This reef has been already described on page 468. About eight hundred yards W. by N. i N. from the buoy on it.s western end, and about eleven hundred yards NE. by N. from the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal, lies the dangerous Four Fed Rock, which is not buoyed, and is the most serious obstruction to the entrance to this river and to Great Captain's Island Harbor. It should be marked by a horizon- tally-striped buoy, and this will be recommended. When to the northward of Blue-fish Reef Shoal, do not approach the eastern Blue-fish Reef. shore of Manursing Island nearer than four hundred yards, to avoid Blue-fish Reef, parts of which are awash at low water. This reef makes off from l\\.fanursing Island between five and six hundred yards below its northern end, extending in a SE. by S. direction about two hundred and fifty yards. There is a rock awash upon its southeastern end, but it is not buoyed. To avoid Blue-fish Reef vessels should not stand to the westward of Byram Point bearing N.f W. Next to the northward of Blue-fish Reef, and about six hundred yards due Byram Roets. E. from the northeast point of Manursing Island, lies a group of half-tide rocks, called Byram Rocks. They cover an area about one hundred and fifty yards long NE. and SW., and fifty yards wide, and, being nearly always out, are easily avoided. The western end of these rocks lies three-eighths of a mile SE. f S. from Byram Point. - About four hundred and fifty yards NW. by W. f W. from the west.ern end of Channel Rock. these rocks, and nearly in the middle of the ent.rance to the river, is Channel Rock, awash at low water. ~rom Byram ~oint it bears S. f E., about three hundred and fifty yards, and from the ~ortheast pomt of Manursmg Island NE. i- N., three hundred yards distant. It is not buoyed. · Off the northeast.em point of Manursing Island a ledge extends to the eastward Northeast Reef. for about three hundred yards, and is called Northeast Reef. There are many bare rooks and rocks awash upon it, and it is not buoyed, so that this point of the island should receive a berth to the westw~ of not less than three hundred and fifty yards. BJram Point . C?ff Byram Pomt a dangerous ledge, hare at half-tide, extends in a s. by E. ! E. Ledga. d1rootion for ~bout two. hundred yards. It is not buoyed; but to avoid it, it is onlv necessary to give the pomt a berth to the northward of not less than three hundred ya:rds. This reef is called Byram Point Ledge. Above Byram Point no intelligible description of the dangers can be given. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING BYRAM RIVER. I . ..rr- ~~ ~rd.-Bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear N., distant one mile and three-eighths, and the southeastern end of Ma.nursing Island WNW., distant two miles, and st.eer NW.! Ii., which course will le.ad, with not less than twelve feet, to the entranoo to the river. Anchor, in from twelve to sixteen feet, about a quarter of a mile from the east.em shore of Manursing Island, with Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing E. f s. Here, if hound into the river, you must take a pilot. C. P.--60

474 ATLAN'l'IC COAST PILOT. The above conrses p3ss between six and seven hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Blut,'-fish Reef Shoal; eight hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the red buoy on Great Cap- tain's Island 'Vest Reef; four hundred yards to the westward of Four Feet Rock; a little over a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Blue-fish Reef; and about one hundred and seventy-five yards to- the westward of Byram Rocks. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING BYRAM RIVER. II. Ji'rona. ~he westH>ard.-The bight between Manursing Island and Rye Neck is full of dan- gerous rocks, many of which are out at half-tide, and others awash at low water. This part of the shore should, therefore, receive a wide berth to the northward and westward. Of the numerous ledges between ~1anursing Island and Parsonage Point, (the southeastern extremity of Forbes' Rock. Rye Neck,) the most easterly, and consequently the most dangerous, are Forbes' Rock and Transport Rock,-both awash at low water. The former, which is the southern- most and first met with by vessels from the westward, lies seven-eighths of a mile NE. by E. from Parsonage Point, and the same distance SW. -! S. from the southeastern end of Manursing Island. l!,rom this rock Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. by E. i E., distant two miles and three- quarters, and the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal NE. by E., distant a mile and three-eighths. There is no buoy. Transport Rock lies about nine hundred yards NE. by N. t N. from Forbes' Transport Rock. Rock, and eight hundred yards SW. t B. from the southeastern end of 1\\-Ianursing Island. It is, in reality, a reef of rocks covering an area about two hundred yards long E. and W., and one hundred and :fifty wide. There are many rocks awash scattered over this area, and others having from two to three feet upon them. The bearings, however, are taken from the middle of the reef. From the centre of Transport Rock the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal bears E NE., distant one mile, and Great Captain's Island Light-house ENE. Northerly, distant a little over two miles and a quarter. To avoid this rock and Forbes' Rock do not stand to the northward of Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing NE. -! E. \\Vhen past Transport Rock the next clanger met with is Glover's Reef, which Glover's Reef. lies off the southeastern end of Manursing Island at a distance of five hundred yards, is awash in some places at low water, and is not buoyed. Vessels must, therefore, give this end of the island a berth to the westward of about half a mile. 'Vhen past Glover's Reef the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as when approaching from the eastward. (See preceding page.) SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND E1'\"\"TERING BYRAM RIVER. Fr•-II. t'the west-ra.-Briug Execution Rocks Light-house to bear SW. W. and steer NE. l E., which will lead directly towards Great Captain's Island Light-house. On this course, when within two miles and a quarter of the light-house, and the extreme northeastern end of l\\Ianur- sing Island is exactly in range with Byram Point on a beiµ-ing of N. t E., st.eer N. by E. f E. for about a mile and three-eighths, passing to the westward of Blue-fish Reef Shoal, and carrying not Jess than sixteen feet at low water. On this course, when in twenty feet, with Great Captain's Island Light-house bearing E. :f N., a mile and a quarter distant, stA:ler N. by W. -! W. for Byram Point, and anchor in nft.een feet, soft bottom, with the southern end of the southernmost Calf Island bearing E. by N. f N., and the ~orth end of Manursing Island W. -f S., three hundred and fifty yards distant. The above courses pass half a mile to the southward of Forbes' Rock; five-eighths of a mile to the southward, and half a mile to the eastward, of Transport Rock; four hundred yards to the east- ward of Glover's Reef; three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal; four hundred yards to the eastward of Blue-fish Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Great Captain's Island West Reef; three-eighths ofa mile to the westward of Four Feet Rock ; and one hundred and .fifty yards to the westward of Byram Rocks.

HARBORS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND. 475 MILL CREEK. This insignificant stream makes in to the northeastward, between Rye Point on the ea.st and Hen Island on the w ....t, and · between the two is about three-eighths of a mile wide, with a depth of from two to four feet at mean low water. Its width rapidly diminishes, however, and but little over a mile above its mouth it suddenly contracts to a mere brook, a.bout fifty feet wide, on the banks of which are built the villages of Milton and Rye. Rye Point. Rye Point, the east<irn point of entrance, is the southwestern end of Rye Neck, and is the southernmost • of a lineof:ftat, wooded islets, separated by marsh, extending about SW. t S. from the neck. A line of bare reefl! and rocky islets extends from the point southwesterly six hundred and fifty yards, and terminates in a ragged-looking mass of bare rocks, known as The Scotch Caps. Hen Island, which forms the western side of the entrance, is the southern extremity of a long marshy Hen Island. point, dotted with similar islets, which extends from the mainland SW. by S., half a mile. It is low, fiat and wooded, like most of the islets in this vicinity. Bofh banks of Mill Creek nre fringed with marsh, behind whic}.i appear, on the east, the nearly level lands of Rye Neck, with tall trees on the summit; and, on the west, the higher and more hilly country separating this creek from Mamaroneck River, to the westward. This west bank shows in places steep, almost perpendicular, faces, with occasional groves of trees cloBt> to the edge of the bank, but is for the most part cleared. Mllton is situated on the east bank of the stream, about a mile above its mouth; while Rye occupies both banks two and a half miles above the mouth. Between the two villages both banks are under cultivation. Mill Creek is of 110 importance commercially,-being bare at low spring tides; but anchorage is sometimes found off its mouth, in from ten to fifteen feet, sheltered from northerly winds. It is not much used, however, on account of the many dangers obstructing its approach. D.AN\"GERS. Strangers must not attempt to make this anchorage. The channel is ·narrow, and none of the dangers are buoyed. If coming from the eastward the first danger met with is Rye Point Ledge, a mass of bare and sunken rocks lying about six hundred and fifty yards Rye Point due S. from Rye Point. Ten feet is found between this ledge and the point, but the Ledge. channel is narrow and unsafe. The southern end of the ledge bears from Parsonage Point (tlie southeastern end of Rye Neck) SW. t W., distant three-quarters of a mile, and from Great Captain's Island Light-house SW. by W., dist.ant four mile.sand a quarter. To avoid it, therefore, it is only necessary to keep to the southward of Great Capt.ain's Island Light-house bearing NE.! E. The Scotch Caps are shoal on their southern side,--sunken and bare rocks extend- ing about SW. by s. for three hundred and fifty yards. This danger may also be The Scotclt avoided by not standing to the northward of Great Captain'.s Island Light-house Cap$. bearing NE. f E., until you head up for the entrance. The outermost rock i<i, how- ever, bare at low water, and, if it can be seen, you may approach it within one hundred yards with not less than seventeen feet. Ship Rock. On the western side of the entrance, about eight hundred yards W. by B. t s. from the southern end of The Scot.ch Caps, lies Ship Rock, a detached ledge with about one foot at low water. From Rye Point it bears SW. by W., five-eighths of a mile, and from Hen Island SW. by S. ! S., three-eighths of a mile distant. In coming from the westward Execution Rocks Light-house bearing SW. by S. clears this rock. Between Ship Rock and Hen Island, and between one hundred and fifty and one hundred and seventy-five yards from the former, are Beveral ~ BUnken rocks with from six to eight fed upon them. They are not buoyed, and no directions can be given for avoiding them other than to keep to the eastward of the eastern point of Hen Island bearing N NE. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I • .11r.._ ~he .lila8hcarc1.-Bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear NE., and steer SW. until Rye Point bears NW. by N. ! N., distant a mile and a quarter. Here you will have eight fathoms, and must steer NW. by W. for about a mile, or until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. by E. k E., (seen just to the southward of Parsonage Point,) and the middle of Hen Island ~· t W., distant half a mile. Now steer N. by W. t W. for about three-eighths of a mile, and anchor rn from twelve to fourteen feet about four hundred yards to the southward of Hen Island, with Rye Point hearing NE. by E. f E. The above courses pass half a mile to the wffitwaro of Rye Point Ledg-e; three hundred yards. to the westward of the outermost rock oft' The Scotch Caps; an eighth of a mile to the eastward of Ship Rock; and one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the ledges to the northward of that rock. · •eII• .Pro-. w_.__..-Bring Execution Rocks Light-house to bear SW. ·! S., and steer NE. t 1'. until Great Captain's Island Light-house bears :NE. ! E., and Hen Island N. ! W. Steer for the latter, and anchor in from ten to thirteen feet, with Rye Point bearing about NB. ! E.

476 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the westward of the outermost rock off The Scotch Caps, and three hundred and fifty yards t-0 the eastward of Ship Rock. ar, brinu EJ;r.p,eu:tlon B~ks Light-house :to bear SW. by S., and steer NE. by N., which course will lead directly to the anchorage. .Anchor in from twelve to fourteen feet with Rye Point bear- ing NE. t E. The above course passes three hundred yards to the westward of the outermost rook off The Scqtch Caps, and two hundred yards to the eastward of Ship Rock. MAMARONECK RIVER. This river 1>mpties into a large cove embraced between Ren Isla.nd on the east and Dela.ncey'a Point on the west. It is narrow, shallow and of little importance; but anchorage in from seven to eleven feet is found in the cove o:ff its mouth. Between Hen Island and Delancey's Point the entrance to the cove is about a mile wide. The shores are low and nearly level, except on the north side, where the country is somewhat hilly and rugged in outline. Its eastern shores are roareby, alternated with flat wooded islands, whHe the northern shorff< are faced with rocks, and diversified with woods and cleared lands alternately; and thu western shore, from Delan~y·s Point to the mouth of the river, is low and nearly level, bare of trees, except on ita summit, (where there is a large grove about three liundred yards inland,) and faced by a sand beach strewn with boulders. The river is about three hundred yards wide at ite mouth, but gradually contracts as it approaches \"the divide,\" a quarter of a mile above. Here it is less than two hundred yards wide, and bra.nches,--one branch running to the westward fur about eight hundred yards, and the other to the northw,,.,tward, about half a mile, to the Yillage of Ma.ma.roneck. Both banks are fringed with marsh, but the eOBt<lrn bank is bighBr and more hilly than the western, which is composed of nearly level grassy land, with here and there a clump of trees. DANGERS. In approaching this harbor from the eastward the first danger met with is the reef. c1f The &otch Caps, already described in the approaches to Mill Creek. On the western side of the entrance, how- ever, it will be necessary to look out for the sunken rocks and bare ledges off ~lancey's Del ance_y's Point. The general name Delanccy's Point Ledge is given to this shoal, which makes Point Ledge. about SE. ! E. from the point for a quarter of a mile, and is in many places bare at low water. It is easy to avoid it, however, by giving the point a berth t-0 the west- ward of three-eighths of a mile, or by not standing to the westward of Execution Rocks Light-house bearing SW. by S. ! s. About half a mile to the northeastward of the end of this reef, and four hundred yards from shore, is a ledge abom seventy-five yard,s long, and bare at half-tide. It is not buoyed, but is easily avoided,-being almost always out. Ship Rook, and th'!- ledges between ii, and Hen Illlamd, have been already described in the approaches to Mill Creek. Ship Rock bears from Delancey's Point E. ! N., a little over three-quarters of a mile distant; and to avoid it, as well as the lodges to the northward of it, you must not go to the eastward of Execution Rocks Light-house bearing SW. by S. l S., or Hen Isl:ind NE. by N. l N. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I . .Jl'r07ft fhe .Eadu>a:rd.-Bring Great Captain's Island Light-house to bear NE. l N., four and a half miles, and the extreme southwestern end of Rye Point NW. by N. i N., a mile and a quarter distant, and steer NW. by W. i W., carrying not less than twelve feet, until Hen Island bears NE. af E., nearly half mile, and the southern end of The Scotch Oaps E. t :N., five-eighths of a mile dist.ant, when steer N. by W. ! W. for about eight hundred yards, and anchor in eight feet off the mouth of the river. Beyond this strangers cannot go without a pilot. o.., .,_ - • -etaue -the :NW. by W. t W. -.-- towards the west shore, and anchor in eight feet about a quarter of a mile from it. The above courses pess four hlllldred yards t.o the westward of the outR.rmost rock o:ff The Scotch Caps, and one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Ship Rock. II• ..,.._Dae JFedMYaN.-Bring Execution Rocks Light-house to bear SW. by S. ! s., and st.eer NE. by N. ! N., which course will lead, with n~t leBS than nine feet, to an anchorage between Hen Island and the Mamaroneck shore. Here there is nine feet at low water. The above COU1\"8e passes three hundred yards to the eastward of Delanoey's Point Ledge; two hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the sunken rooks N :NE. of that ledge; seven hundred yards to the westward of Ship Rock; and six hundred yards to the westW&rd of the !edges between that rock and Hen Island.

HARBORS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND. 477 HEMPSTEAD HARBOR. This harbor lies on the oouth side of the Sonnd, nearly opposite to Rye Neck, and makes in between Red Spring Point on the east and Prospect Point on tne west. It is formed by a large hay, fonr and a balf miles long N. and S., and two miles and three-r1uarters wide at its mouth; but it gradually contracts in width to its head, where it is a mere brook. Here is situated tlie village of Hempstead or Roslyn. The harbor proper ends about three miles above the mouth of the bay, where its width is diminished to two hundred yards by Harbor Beach, a long and narrow strip of sand making out from the western shore. To • the southward of thfa beach it spreads out again to a width of seven hundred yards, which it keeps for a little over a mile, and t\"rminates abruptl.v in a narrow stream leading to Hempstead. Red Spring Point, tlie eastern point of entrance to this harbor, is a steep wooded bluff with perpen- Red Spring Point. dicular sandy fl)Cee a.nd level grast<y summit. On its extreme southwestern end there is a large clump of high bllSl1y trees; and the beach at its base shows a number of large boulders extending out below low-water line. ThiE< foature is repeated abreast of every projection on both shores of the harbor. Red Spring Point is comparatively bold-t-0, and may be approached witbin four hundred yards with not less than four fathoms. Prospect Point, the western poiuf, of entrance, appears, when seen from the westward, \"\"a high grassy Prospect Point. bank with steep sandy faces, rising abruptly from a low beach. There is a thin fringe of trees on top, but near the edge of the bluff the surface has the appearance of a nearly fovel grassy field. The poin.t is fringed with rocks; and there are a: number of outlying ooulders, prominent among which is The Old Hen, three hundred yards from shore, and awash at low water. When viewed from the eastward Prospect Point presents an entirely diJferent appearance, having a very gentle rise from the low sand beach which skirts its eastern side, and being destitute of trees. A very small stream, bare at low water, m ...kes iu between sandy and marshy banks on this side of the point. Prospect Point is the northern extremity of Cow or M&nhasset Neck, which separates Hempstead Harbor from Manha.sSet Bay. 1''rom this point the western shore of th\" harbor l1as a general direction about SE. by E., for nearly Mott's Point. two miles, to Mott's Point. This point, which is one of the landmarks for entering the harbor from the oostward, is very prominent when seen from the Sound, appearing as a high, perpendicular, sandy blrllr at the eastern extremity of a long line of precipitous cliflB of yellow sand, extending northwesterly nearly to Prospect Point. On its summit the point is fringed with scrub, backed by thick woods. There is a large house near the top of the hill. The eutern shore of the harbor takes a general direction about S. i W., and is composed for the most part of a high rolling country, diversified with woods and cultivated fields, and dotted at intervals with houses. A little over three-qnarters ofa mile below the point will be seen a small settlement on the l>each at the base of the hills, and a long wharf making out in a south- westerly direction. This is Glen cove Landing, situated at the northwestern end of o. thinly wooded hill, called Mosquito Neck. Between Red Spring Point and the landing the shore presents perpendicular sandy faces, from twenty to forty feet high,-the land rising, with a gentle slope, to the top of the cliffs to a height nf a.bout one handred and fifty feet, and thinly wooded. The shore is skirted by a sand beach; an6 each projecting poiut has a line of boulders extending out from it. From Glen Cove Landing to the entrance to Mosquito Cove, half a mile to the southward, the cliffs almost entirely disap- pear,-tbe land rising with a regulnr and gradual slope to a height of nearly two hundred feet, partly wooded and partly cleared. Mosqnito Cove, a very narrow, shallow and crooked stream, makes in to the Mosquito Cove. eastward for about three-quarters of a mile, between Mosquito Neck on the north end Carpenter's Neck on the south. It is closed at its mouth by a ca.nseway. The village of Glen Cove is situated on the banks of the mill·pond, about three-quarters of a mile from the month of the cove, and at the eastern base of Mosquito Neck. Carpenter's Point, the western extremity of Oa.rpenter'a Neck, is on the Bouth 11ide of the entrance to Carpenter's Point. Mosquito Cove, and is remarkable when seen from the Sound,-appeari.ng as a high yellow bluff, with precipitous faces about fifty feet high, and a thinly wooded summit. From the top of the cliff the land ris0t1 very gradually to a heig~t of about one hundred feet, and ls for the most part grassy. On its southern side the land near the shore-line is level and grassy, dotted at intervals with houses and a few trees, and showing low precipitous faces to the westward. Three-eighths of a mile below the southwestern end of Carpenter's Neck begins a long narrow strip of beach, extending in a southerly direc- tion for about six hundred yards, nearly parallel to the shore, leaving a narrow cove, bare at low water, between it and the m~nland.. This is called East Beach. To the southward of it the eastern shore of the harbor appears undulating, of moderate height, with here and there perpendicular bluffs, and diversified with grass lands, cultivated fields, occasional clumps of woods and grouP\" of houses. A quarter of a mile to the southward of Ea.st Baa.eh, and almost directly opposite to Harbor Beach, is a steep bluff hill, called Clleeaema.n's Bill; and, about 11ix hundred y&rds to the southward of this a round smooth nearly level point with low elifF-lik~ f..,,.,.., and s long wharf making out from it to the westward. This is Mott'B Lan'4111g,-:he northern point ;f entrance to lllott s Cove, a shallow stream, bare at low water, which runs in an easterly direction for a little over a quarter of a mile to a. mill-dam. There ;,. a small settlement on the northem bank of the stream. F~ Mott'e Cove the land is lower near the shore-line, but has low precipitous faces and thinly wooded •lopes for about half a mile to the southward. Thence to the head of the harbor it is low, flat and level, dotted with houses and groves of ornamental trees. The wes~rn shore of Hempt!tead Harbor, from Mott's Point, baa a gen<'Mll direction about s. by E. t E. to Harbor Beach, n~rly two miles below. This shore is nearly straight and very uniform in appeara.nce,-being composed of hills of various heightR, {from forty to one hundred and My feet,) their slop@ showing alternate woods and cleared lands, and their summits being for the most part under cultivation. The't'e al\"e, however, occasional groves to be seen on the high lands at some distance b_ack from the shore-line. From Mott's Point, :fur about three-eighths of a mile to the southward, the land hos a very gentle r1ee, and is alternately cleared and wooded; but below this it is much steeper, nearly all wooded, and ehowe precipitou11 face8 here And there. There am but few h<>11R<!A on this shore. · Harbor Beach is a narrow strip of sand beach, six hundred yarcho long, which makes tv the eastward Harbor Beaeh. from th., we11tern shore of tl•e harbor, about two miles below Mott's Point and diminishe11 the width of the available channel to lei!& than one hund-1 yards. It fQl'ms the IK>Uthern boundary of the hubor proper,-there being no navi· ga.tion beyond this point.

478 ATLANTIC OOAST PILOT. To the southward of Harbor Beach the western shore of the harbor shows land or a nearly uniform height, (about eighty f,,.,t,) with wooded slopes, somewhat steep, and level summits almost entirely under cultivation. .A narrow fringe or flat land, dotted with houses, skirts the base of the hills, at intervals, until the vill!&ge is reached, where the higher lands retire back, and the level lands, thickly dotted with houses and clumps of trees, extend to the water's edge. • DANGERS IN APPROACHING A.~D ENTERING HEMPSTEAD HARBOR, Matinicock I. Fron1. the EculhDa7'd.-The only danger met with in approaching this harbor PointShoal. from the eastward is Matinicock Point Shoal, which makes off to the northward from Matinicock Point about six hundred yards, and is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 19), placed in eighteen feet close to a sunken rock with sixteen feet water. There is twelve feet at low water just inside this buoy, and vessels coming from the eastward should give the buoy a berth to the southward of not less than one hundred and fifty yards. Between Matinicock Point and Red Spring Point the shore should receive a berth to the eastward of six hundred yards;· and Red Spring Point should not be approached nearer than three hundred yards, on aocount of the outlying rocks off that point. Mott's Point On the western side of the harbor Mott's Point should receive a berth of not less Shoal. than three-eighths of a mile to the westward, to avoid l\\fott's Point Shoal, which makes off in a northeasterly direction a quarter of a mile, and has a number of sunken rocks and rocks awash upon it. Of these, Picket Rock is one of the most dangerous,-being awash at low water, and lying a quarter of a mile N. by W. from the extremity of the point. Downing'sLand- When past Mott's Point, and approaching East Beach, look out for Downing's ing Shoaf. Landing Shoal, which makes off from Downing's Landing (on the southern si~e of Carpenter's Neck) for seven hundred yards, and is bare at low water a quarter of a mile from shore. It is not buoyed; and to avoid it you must keep the western shore aboard. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING .AND ENTERING HEMPSTEAD HARBOR. I. Frona ithe Eadft>ard.-On the W. by S. S. course through•the Sound, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears W. by S. ! S., four miles, Sands' Point Light-house SW. by W. l W., four miles, and l\\fott's Point SSW., three miles distant, steer for the latter until within a mile and an eighth of it, with Red Spring Point bearing E. t N., distant three-quarters of a mile. Here you will have five fathoms, and must steer S. i- E., carrying not less than fifteen feet, until just past Downing's Landing, having the end of the road leading down to the landing bearing E. by N. f N., eight hun- dred yards distant. Here there will be sixteen feet, with the eastern extremity of Harbor Beach bearing S SE. Easterly, and that course should be steered, which will lead, with not less than fifteen feet, to the head of the harbor. You may anchor anywhere on these Courses after passing Red Spring Point. The harbor is open to the northward, and is resorted to in easterly, westerly, and southerly winds only. The above courses pass nine hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy on Matinicock Point Shoal; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Red Spring Point; half a mile to the eastward of Picket Rock; six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Mott's Point Shoal; and two hundred yards to the westward of Downing's Landing Shoal. DANGERS IN APPROACHING .AND ENTERING HEMPSTEAD HARBOR. Prospect Point II. .rrona ~he W~7'd.-0n approaching Prospect Point from the westward, Shoal. look out for Prospect Point Shoal, which makes off from that point to the northward half a mile, and baa a number of sunken rooks and rocks awash at low water upon it. There is less than three feet upon this shoal four hundred yards from shore; and vessels bound into this harbor should give it a berth to the southward of not less than half a mile. Prominent among the rocks is TM Old Hen, which is awash at low water, and lies three hundred yards N. by :m. i E. from Prospect Point. A buoy is~'f}ry much needed on the northern end of Prospect Point Shoal, and will be reooro- mended to the Light-house Boa.rd. In coming from the westward, to avoid this shoe.I, do not ·stand to the southward of Execution Rooks Light-house bearing W. f li'.

DELANCEY'S COVE. 479 When past Prospect Point there are no dangers until you come up with Mof.t!s Point Shoal; but the west shore, between the two points, should receive a berth to the westward of not less than six hundred and fifty yards. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING HEMPSTEAD HARBOR. II. .Fro- the Wcst'Wara:.-On the E. by N. ~ N. course from off Sands' Point, when just past Prospect Point, with Sands' Point Light-house bearing SW. t S., a mile aml a quarter, and :Mott's Point SE. f S., two miles and a qnarter distant, you will have nine fathoms, with the wharf at Glen Cove Landing bearing SE. by E. t E., nearly three miles distant. Steer for the wharf, carrying ncl't less than four and a half fathoms, until you are within :five-eighths of a mile of it, with Red Spring Point bearing NE. t E., seven-eighths of a mile, and l\\fott's Point SW. t S., three-quarter8 of a mile distant. Now steer S. fr E., and follow the directions for the harbor given on the preceding page. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the northward of Prospect Point Shoal; half a mile to the northeastward of The Old Hen; eleven hundred yards to the northeastward, and half a mile to the eastward, of Picket Rock; and six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Mott's Point Shoal. DELANCEY'S COVE. This cove lies on the north shore of Long Island Sonnd, next to the westward of Mamaroneck Entrance. It is of irregular shape, about nine hundred yards in diameter, very sboa1, and much obstructed by ledges, some of which lie almost in the middle of the cove. Its entrance, between Long Beach Point on the east and West Point on the west, is abont ejght hundred and fifty yards wide, with twelve feet in the channel; bnt the approach to it is obstructed by a dangerous ledge, with bare rocks and rocks awash upon it, calloo Long Beach Point Reef. There is an <.'qually good channel on both sid<>;; of this reef. Long Beach Point is a long, flat, sandy point, covered with grass and backed by marsh. It is half a mile SW. ! W. from Delancey's Point, and is skirted by a beach strewn with boulders. Being somewhat Elhoal it should not be approached nearer than three hundred yards. West Point is a flat rocky point,-the south\"astern extremity of a smoot.h, nearly level grassy neck, of which Premium Point, a mile to the westward, is the southwestern end. It is fringed with rocks, but is quit., bold-to,-tbree fathoms being found within seventy-five yards of it. A line of bushy trees skirts the !>bore at this point, and there are clumps at intervals along the western shore of the cove; but back of the shore-line the ]and is all cleared, grassy, nearly level and destitute of trees. The eastern and northern shores of Dela~cey's Cove are composed of alternate marsh and woods,-tbe latter bring fringed with rocks. The western shore is low and nearly level, with alternate grassy land and clumps of trees. A long reef of rocks, bare at half-tide, makes off from a point on the eastern shore, about thre.,.eighths of a mile above Long B<!ach Point, extending in about a SW. by W. direction for a quarter of a mile, and effectually closing navigation, for even the smallest vessels, except at high water. DANGERS. I~ approaching Delancey's Cove either from the eastward or westward there is but one danger met with, but that a very serious one,-being bare in places at half-tide, in others awash at low water, and elsewhere over its. area having from two to five feet upon it. It lies nearly 1:\"· and S:• covers an. area rune hundred yards long by five hundred wide within the Long Beach lmes of SIX feet, and 18 known as Long ~h Point Reef. There is no buoy; but its Point Reef. northern end ~ fro~ Long Beach Pornt SW. ! S., distant a little over half a mile, and from Prerruum Pomt E. by N. l N., dist.ant about a mile. The southern end of the reef bears 'V~ortleberry Island end) NE. i • fir om a little over one mile (southern N., a mile and a half, and from Premium Point E. distant. S., SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. ~ e1&e Eaauttar«1.-0n the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears W. by S. f S., and Long Beach Point NW. f w., steer NW. by W., which will lead to the anchorage between West Point and Long Beach Point. The depth at the anchorage is from seven to eleven feet at low water. Llt1M·•-,. · -Or, 11- - · flrlNft 6re« ~·· L.8latul NE. ! E., and steer SW. ! w. until Sands' Point Light-house bears s. by W. ! W., with a depth of between six and seven fathoms. Now steer NW. by W., and follow the directions given a.hove. ·. The above COUl\"S€S pass eight hundred yards to the east:ward of Long Beach Point Reef. II. Fron& e:a.e W_..._Ni.-ro. _._. e. n.e w~ of IAnl1 Beae• Pol-M ~ end ~ ~· ~-'--On the NE. course from off· Stepping Stones Light-house, when Sands' Point

480 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- Light-house bears NE. by E. f E .• distant a mile and three-eighths, and Execution tions--Delan- Rocks Light-house NE. -! N., distant a mile and three-quarters, you will have eleven cey's Cove. fathoms, and N. by E. ! E. will lead, with not less than four fathoms, past Whortle- berry Island and the entrance to Kellogg's Cove. On this course, when the southern end of Premium Point bears W. ! N., distant three-quarters of a mile, and the eastern extremity of West Point N. by E. i E., distant nearly three-quarters of a mile, steer N NE., which will lead stfely to the anchorage. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the weal:ward of Long Beach Point Reef. • KELLOGG'S COVE• This anchorage lies about a mile and a quarter to the westward of Delancey'11 Cove, and is contained between Premium Point on too east and Davenp<>»t'~ Neck on the west. Between Gut lllland (which lies off Premium Point) and the neck it is about a quarter of a mile in diameter; but above thiA it spreads out to a width of about half a mile. The available width of the Premium Point. cove, however, is not more than four hundred yards at low water. Premium Point, the eastern point of entrance, is low, flat and wooded, and terminates to the westward in mar11h 1 fringed with rocks, joining it to Gut Island. The country behind it is cultivated e.nd well settled, and is low e.nd somewhat undulating. Qu\"t lllla:D.d is a marshy islet, about three hundred yards long llf. and 8., is fringed with rocks, and has clumps of trees on its northeastern and southern ends. There is a small wooded islet about one hundred and fift.y Davenport's yards to the northwestward of it. Da.venport'A Neck, on the western llide of the cove, lies NE. and SW., and is about one mile long. It is Neck. entirely under cnltivat.ion, eomewhat higher than the adjacent shores, but with very gentle 11lopes, and is fringed alternately with beach and mar11h,-the former being strewn with boulders. The rest of the shonw of the cove are composed principally of' marsh, dotted with wooded islets. DANGERS. It is not safe to attempt to enter Kellogg's Cove unless with the assistance of a competent pilot. Although there are many channels leading among the numerous islands which obstruct the approach from the westward, yet, as none of the ledges extending off from these islands are buoyed, strangers should never attempt any of the passages. ' long Beach Approaching from the eastward only two dangers obstruct the approach, viz: Point RBBf. Long Beach Point Reef and Middle Shoal, and the sailing-line gives each a good berth. Long Point ·Beach Reef has been already described, in the approaches to Delanoey's Cove, as a dangerous reef nearly half a mile long N. and S., and in places bare at half tide. Its south- ern extremity bears from Gut Island E. i s .• distant one mile; from the dry part of Middle Shoal NE. by E. i E., distant one mile and an eighth; and from Whortleberry Island (southeast:ern extrem- ity) NE. t N., a mile and a half distant. It is not buoyed. Middle Shoal is a very dangerous detached shoal,surrounding a small marshy islet, Middle Shoal. covered at high water. It lies nearly N. and S., and that portion of it which is bare at low water covers an area three hundred and- fifty yards long by two hundred broad, and is strewn with boulders. l!-Our feet at low water is found upon its northern end, six feet upon its easrern end close to a rock awash, two feet upon its southern end, and five feet on its western end. It is not buoyed; but, as the dry part almost always shows itself, the shoal may be easily avoided by giving that part a berth to the westward of a q_uarter of a mile, or by not going to the westward of the eastR.rn extremity of Whortleberry Island bearmg S. by W. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. Pr.- Me .Eadwardl.-On the W. by S. ! 8. course through.the Sound, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears W. bys_., nearly two miles and a quarter, and Sands' Point Light-house sw. by w., about the same distance, you will have about six and a half fathoms, and W NW. will lead safely to the anchorage, in fifteen feet, about midway between Gut Island and Davenport's Neck. There is nothing in the way on this course, and you may anchor at discretion by keeping the western shore rather the best aboard. The above course passes six hundred yards to the southwestward of Long Beach Point Reef, and the same distance to the northeastward of the northem end <L Middle Shoal. II. .Pr- a.e ·~~ the lnl. course -From oft' Stepping Stones Light-house, when Sands' Point Light-house bears l.'Oil. by 11. f E .• distant a mile and three-eighths, and Execution Rocks Light-house NE. IN., distant a mile and _three-quart.en, steer·li. by E. l E.,(asdirect.ed for approach- ing Delaooey's Cove from the westward,) and continue this course until you are past WhortleberrY Island, (its southeastern end bearing aw. t w.. distant three-eighths of a mile,). and Da:venport's

MANHASSET BAY. 481 Island opens to the northward of the north end of Whortlcbcrry Island. Herc you will have five fathoms, and NW. by N. will lead safely to the anchorage between Gut Island and Davenport's Neck. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Whortleberry Island, and two hundred yards to the eastward of Middle Shoal. MANHASSET BAY. This bay lies on the south side of the Sound, and is embraced between Cow or Manha!ISet Neck on the east and Great Neck on the west. It is of irregular shape, makes in a SE. direction, is nearly four miles long, seven-eighths of a mile wide at its mouth, and does not begin to diminish in widt,h until you are pa.st Jl.fott's Point, a mile and three-quarters above the entrance. It affords anchorage in from ten feet to seven fathoms, sheltered from all winds; but only fourteen feet at low wa.ter can be ta.ken across the bar at its entrance. Barker's Point, the eastern point of entrance to the bay, is the northwestern extremity of l!la.nha.sset Barker's Point. Neck, and is a little over a mile to the southwestward of Sands' Point Light-house. It is a high sandy bluff, with uearly P\"rpendicular faces and level grassy summit, fringed with a thin growth of large trees. A very dangerous reef of rocks extends from it in a NW. i N. direction for five-eighths of a mile, and is marked by a black buoy numbered 23. It is, therefore, not safe to approach this point from the northward nearer than three-quarters of a mile. Hewlett's Point, the western point of entrance to the bay, is nearly a mile t-0 the westward of Barker's Hewlett's Point. Point, and is of moderate height and grassy, with steep faces, and backed by thick woods. It is the extreme northern end of Great Neck, and between it and the southern end of Hart Island the width of the Sound is but three-quarters of a mile. The eastern shore of Manhasset Bay, which is formed by the western side of Manhasset Neck, has a genel'Bl course a.bout SSE., for nearly a mile, to the southern extremity of Plum Beach, formerly called Long Beach. The land is Plum Beach. low, ..omewhat undulating, but very nearly Je,·el, for the most part under cultivation, but with a few groves of trees appearing here and there, especially in the vicinity of Long Bea.ch. The latter is a narrow strip of 88.lld, about six hundred yards long, extending in a S. t W. direction from the mainland, and is bold-to,-four fathoms being found within two hundred yards of the beach. To the southward of Plum Beach the shore spreads away to the eastward, trending about E. t S. for three-quarters of a mile, and then about S. by E. for nearly half a mile,-thus increasing the width of the bay to a little over a mile. The land is of moderate height, undulating, with steep faces here and there, and level summits, diversified with wooded, culth·a.ted and settled lands. A small shallow cove make\" int.o the eru<tern shore nearly a mile b<>yond Plum Beach, and almost directly opposite to Mott's Point. It is closed at its head by a mill-dam, and has a wharf making out from its easteni shore, near its mouth. About a quarter of a mile to the southward of this wharf begins Mitchell's Bluff, a steep bluff, about eighty feet high, with perpendicular faces and a partly wooded and partly cleared summit. It descends to Mitchell's Bluff. the southward to nearly level, though slightly undulating, land, averaging in height from twenty to forty feet, and with low perpendicular faces here and there. It is nearly all under cultivation, and grassy lands and orchards appear alternately. This portion of the shore is also pretty thickly settled, and the houses increase in number until the village of lllla.n- ha.aset is reached, which occupies the eastern bank nearly four miles above Barker's Point. The western shOL'e of Manhassct Bay is formed, as before mentioned, by the ea.stern Bide of G1·eat Neck, and is composed of alternate wooded and cleared lands of moderate height. From Hewlett's Point to 11,:fott's Point its general course is about SE., and the distance a. mile and tbree-quarters;-nea.rly fovel but slightly undulating lands, cultivated and dottPn with house.., alternating with higher wooded lands, the whole faced by a sand beach, with occasional outlying boulders. Mott's Point. Mott's Point is about forty feet high, with grassy summit and steep face t-0 the eastward. Here the western 8hore takes a turn to the southward, running about S. by E., for two miles, to the head of the bay. The land is mostly cleared, cultivated and well settled for about a mile above Mott's Point; but beyond this woods and cleared fields appear alternately. The bay iB bare at low water from its head to within a mile of Mott's Point. DANGERS. I. Pro- the ~ani.-On approaching this harbor from the eastward the Prospect Point first danger met with is Prospect Point Shoo.I, already described in the approaches to Shoal. • ~em~tead Harbor as. a lo1!g reef making out from Prospect Point in a northerly d1recti~n for half a mile, with a n!11llber of 8llllken rooks and :rocks awaah at low water upon it. There.IS less than three f~t U:{l<>n thJS shoal four hundred yards from shore. Prominent among the rocks 1S The,. Old Hen, which JS awash at low water, and liea three hundred yards N. by E. t E. from Prospect Pomt. A buoy is very much nooded on the northern end of Prospect Point Shoal and will be recom- mended to the Light-house Boa.rd. ' Wh~ past Prospect Point there will be seen to the northward of the course, first, a black spar- hu?Y'. bearing a.bout ~· ! N., three-quarters of a mile oft'; second, a whit.e tower, with grey stone bu1ldmg a~ed, bearing nearly W. by 'l'{., and five-eighths of a mile off; and thirdly, a red spar- huoy, ~g .about W. i S., and three-quarters of a mile off. These are all on · Executi~ ROOks, wJ:ieh lie nearly in the middle of t?e Sound at th~ point,-be~ ExecutionR_ocb th~uartersofamile to the northward ofSands' Pomt,and seven-eighthsofam1le and L1glrt- to the south~ of Whortleberry Island. The black buoy is on the northern end of llou.se. the shoal; the 1.qrht-homie on the bare rooks near the middle; and the red buoy on the southern end. The light--hoW!e is called Execution Rocks Light-house, and shows a fixed white O. P.--61

482 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. · light, of the fourth order of Fresnel, from a height of fifty-eight feet above the sea, visible thirteen miles. Fog-signal. During thick weather a fog-trumpet gives blasts seven seconds long at intervals of fifteen seconds; and there is an .Anderson's fog-horn, which is intended to be sounded in case of accident to the fog-trumpet. From this light-house the buoy on the northern end of the shoal bears N NE., about half a mile; and the red buoy on the southern end SW. t W., six hundred yards distant. . You may pass on either side of Execution Rocks; but it is the usual custom to pass to the south.!. ward of them. The channel is wider on the north side,-being about three-quarters of a mile in width between Whortleberry Island and Execution Rooks, with a depth of from five to sixteen fathoms,-but the southern channel is the more direct, though only eight hundred yards wide. From the red buoy on the southern end of Execution Rocks the southern end of Hart Island bears SW. t B., and Stepping Stones Light-house SW. f B. Sand$' Paint On the southern side of the channel, and directly opposite to Execution Rocks Reef. Light-house, will be seen a black spar-buoy off Sands' Point. This is on Sands' Point Reef, which makes off to the northward from that point for about six hundred yards, and has soundings over it varying from two to seventeen feet at low water. The buoy is marked No. This:Rocks Light-house B. by E. t E., five-eighths of a mile distant. 21, and bears from Sands' Point Light-house NW.! N., a quarter of a mil~ and from Execution is not properly placed, as there is a seventeen feet spot some distance to the northward of it; and v in passing the point must give the buoy a berth of an eighth of a mile to the southward. When past Sands' Point Reef look out, on the south side of the channel, for the long reef making otl' from Barker's Point, on the northern end of which will be seen a black spar-buoy; and, about four hundred yards to the southenstward of the buoy, a red spindle. The black buoy, Gangway and which is marked No. 23, is 011 Gangway Rock, which has six feet at low water, and Success racks. lies at the extreme northwestern end of the reef; and the spindle is on Success Rock, with eight feet, which lies about eight hundred and :fifty yards to the northwestward of Barker's Point. It is an iron shaft, surmounted by a conical cage, and small vessels may pass between it and the buoy with thirteen feet at low water. . The buoy on Gangway Rock bears from Execution Rocks Light-house SW. by S. f S., a mile and a quarter; from Sands' Point Reef buoy BW. :! W. Westerly, seven-eighths of a mile; and from Sands' Point Light-house W SW., seven-eighths of a mile distant. From this buoy the southern end of Hart Island bears BW. by W. -1- W., a mile and a quarter; and Stepping Stones Light-house SW. t S., two miles and three-eighths distant. From the spindle on Suooess Rock Stepping Stones Light- house bears SW. l W., about two miles and three-eighths distant. When past the buoy on Gangway Rock the course turns somewhat abruptly to the southward,- the bay being now opcn,-and vessels of twelve feet draught must give Hewlett's Point a berth to the westward of not less than half a mile, to avoid the 11hoal wafer surrou111dirig that point, which makes otl' to the eastward for three-eighths of a mile with from seven to eleven feet at low water. There is no buoy on this shoal, and no directions, other than those just mentioned, can be given for avoiding it. When up with the southern end of Plum Beach, you must give the northeastern shore a berth of half a mile, to avoid the flats whWhfill the cove making in to the eastward of that be.ach, and which have from two to six feet wat.er upon them. They .are easily avoided by keeping the western shore best aboard. SAILING DffiECTIONS. I. _...,._ •u _..__.-...-On the W. ·by S. i S. course through the Sound, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears N. i W., three-eighths of a mile, Sands' Point Light-house SB. by B. -! S., half a mile, and Stepping Stones Light-house SW. i S., three miles and three-eighths dist.ant, steer BW. until you oome abreast of the black buoy on Gangway Rock. Now steer S. by W. i W., towards Hewlett's Point, until Throg's Neck Light-house bears SW., when Sll. f 8. will lead safely int.o the bay, where you may anchor a.t discretion in from ten feet tA> seven fathoms; but not more than four- teen feet can be carried into the bay 8Cl'Ol38 the bQ.r at ifs entrance. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Execution Rocks; the same dist.a.nee to the northward of the black buoy on Sands' Point Reef; three hundred yards to the northward, a.nd the same distance to the westward, of the black buoy on Gangway RQok ; half a. mile to the westward of the spindle on Suooesa Rook ; the same dist.anoe to the eastward of HewleWs Point; two hundred yards _to the westward of the southern ~of Plum Beach; and four hRDdred yards to the eastward of Mott's Point.

NEW ROCHELLE HARBOR. 483 DANGERS. II. Frona ~he w~ra.-In approaching Hewlett's Point from the westward, Hewlett's Point it should receive a berth to the southward of not less than four hundred yards, to avoid Reef. Hewlett's Point Reef, which makes off to the northward for about three hundred yards, with several bare rocks and rocks awash at low water upon it. It is not buoyed, and in beating vessels may avoid it by not going to the southward of Sands' Point Light-house bearing NE. l E., or Stepping Stones Light-house SW. t W. On passing Hewlett's Point and turning into the harbor, vessels of more than twelve feet draught should give that point a berth to the westward of half a mile, to avoid tlw shoal, water making <df to the casi,ward for about three-eigh:tlu! of a mile, with from ten to eleven feet at low water ; but light draught vessels may pass within three hundred yards of the point with not less than ten feet. • Beyond Hewlett's Point the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as in approaching the harbor from the eastward. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. ..rr-n. ~Jt.e Wedu>arci.-On the Nlil. by N. i N. course from off Throg's Neck, when past The Stepping Stones, and in twelve fathoms, with Stepping St.ones Light-house bearing s. t w., three- eighths of a mile, and Barker's Point E NE., two miles distant, st.eer for the latter until within eight hundred yards of it, and exactly in the middle of the entrance to the bay. Sands' Point Light-house will now bear NE. ! N., and Execution Rocks Light-house N. by E. i E., and SE. ! B. will lead safely in, carrying not less than fourteen feet at low tide over the bar. Anchor as above direct.ed. The above courses pass seven hundred yards to the northward of St.epping St.ones Light-house; four hundred yards to.the northward of Hewlett's Point Reef; and one hundred and fifty yards tQ the northward, and two hundred yards to the eastward, of the shoal east of Hewlett's Point. TIDES. Corrected Ea'8.1>11shmen.t •••• - ................................................... ···-•• •••••• llh 13m Xea.J1 lt.1lle and. Fall ot Ud.ea ••••••••••••• - •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - • • • • • • • • • • • • • 7. 7 ft. lllea.n B.ille and Pall ot B»rlD!r t:ldaa • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 8. 9 ft. Jlea.n JLille and Fall 01\" 1'-.P tides. •• •• •• • ••• • • •• • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• •• • • 6. 4 ft. Bean duration of Bille • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Sh 55m llfea.n duration of Fall•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6h 30m llean duration of 81;and....... •• •••• •••••• •••••• •••••• •••••••••••• ••••• •••••••••• •••••• •••• Oh 14m Bille of hl&'heat tide obserTed • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _• • • • • • • • • • • 1 O. 1 ft. NEW ROCHELLE HARBOR. This harbor lies on the north side of the Sound, nearly opposite to Manhauet Bay, and is a narrow sheet of shoa.J. water embraced between the'northern shores of the Sound and Davenport's Neck. It cannot be entered by strangers owing to the contracted limits of its channel, and the m&ny dangers by which the approach to it is obstructed; and its navigation is, there- fore, confined almost exclusively to steamers and barges. The entrance, which is between Daveuport's Neck on the north and Locust Island on the south, is leu than one hundred. yards wide; and the village of Hew ltochelle is situated. half a mile inland, on nearly level, very gently llloping land, under fine cultivation. Good anchorage is round, in from two to five fathoms, off the mouth of the hat'bor, between Davenport'a Neck and Davenport's Island; and also, ifyou have oome from the westward, between Davenport'\" and Locust islands, but this latter anchorage i& not ~mmended to strangers. .The approach from the eastward lead& between WS.tldle Shoal on the north, and WhortlebetTY Ialand, about three-eighths of ~mile to the southward of it. The former surrounds a sma.U manhy islet, covered at high water, and that portion of it which 18 bare at low water OOVel'I! an - three lnmdnid and fifty yards long ir. and s. by two hundred :B. and W., a.nd is strewn with bouldel'B. Whortleberry Ialand lie!! nearly E. anci W., is about a quarter of a mlle long, low and nearly level, Whortfeberry with rocky faces, and covered with grass. Over its surfilee are llC&ttered a few lone tall trees and there is Island. a thin grove of low bushy n-s at ita BOUthern end. Com1pieu0Ull on the northeastern end of die island are two tall trees eloee together; and a bue rook off its -uthera end has a Bingle tl'e8 upon it. Although bold-to on its eastern and southern !!ides, there is no safe paaaage between tlUs island and DaTimport'a Isla.nd,-the space between being studded with rocks. Between Wbortlebenylaland and Kiddle Slioal there bl a~ rock with _.fed ae z- 'll!tller1 which is not buoyed, forma a veey l!EJ'iowi obstrnetion to the a~es from the eutwvd. ' · -d ~tbs of a. mll~ to the W88f.wani of Whortlebel'ry Island llee Davenport',. l&land,-its northern Davenport'• end being a quarter of a mlle to ~ eouthwa.ni of Davenport's Neck. It lies nearly JJ. and B., is about nine hundred yardi! long, ~th an BTerage width of four hundred yaftla, and, when viewed from the east· l•laad. ward, appears rocky and thickly wooded, wish eeveral hOtt!lel! and a tan ilag...taft' showing among the trees. A long :reef makl!B off from l~ to the northward, wich Bevera.l. roeka DP!Jn 1t aWllllh at. law water; and it iB not safe, iherefore, to approach the northern end of the Hiland nearer.than a quarter of a lllile.. · Thia iB1and waa tbnneriy eallell Bn'lllWa lllllm«.· bat i8 now loOaaly known as Da:n4'• ~

• 484 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Between Whortleberry and Davenport's islands the space is so studded with l'O-Oks and islets as to render nny attempt to pass through without a pilot impoi'sible. There is, however, a narrow channel, between Davenport'e and Pea islands, through which not less tban three fathoms may be taken, if the navigator is possessed of a good Coast Survey chart. Davenport's Neck. Davenport's Neck, which forms the northern side of tbe entrance to New Rochelle Harbor, lies NE. and SW., and is abont a mile long. It is entirely under cultivation,-the land being somewhat higher than the adjacent shores, but having a very gentle slope. It is fringed altemately with beach and marsh,-the former being strewn with boulders; and its southwestern end, which forms the northern point of entrance to the harbor, is a sandy hillock with a few tre,es upon~ ' Locust Island. Locust Island, which forms the southern aide of the entrance, is compOlled of marsh and wooded lands alternately; lies BE. and SW., and is half a ·mile long. Its northeastern end, which forms the southern point of entrance to the harbor, is a wooded bill of moderate height, with precipitous faces to the eastward; and there are several Bmallwr wooded clumps scattered over the surface of the island. Locust Island is seven hundred yards to the westward of Davenport's Island, and lies close in with the mainland,-being in no place more than one hundred and fifty yards from it,-and there is no safe passage inshore of it. Nor is the channel between it and Davenport's Island safe without a pilot,-being obstructed by a bare rock, about two hundred yards long, called Rocky Island, which lies four hundred yards to the westward of Davenport's Island, and three hundred to the eastward of Locust Island. There is, however, good anchorage between this islet and Davenport's Island, in from two to five fathoms ; but it is necessary to cross an eight feet bar to reach it. When you have passed between Locust Island and Davenport's Neck, the harbor terminates in a very narrow and shallow stream, which runs about n . by :N. for half a mile, where it is crossed by a dam, shutting it off from a mill pond. Not less than twelve feet can be taken into the harbor, past Locust Island, and up t-0 abreast of the lower wharf; but strangers must not attempt the passage, which is exceedingly narrow and foll of shoe.ls. DANGERS. I. Prt»A t.lte Balltmard fl'fl the Mal• c11.a.-i.-In approaching this harbor from the eastward the first danger met with is Middle S lw<il, already described above, and which lies on the north side of the entrance. There is, however, a good pas.sage to the northward and westward of this shoal, between it and Pine Island, but it is seldom used. Nearly in the middle of the cntrancc,-bcing about two hundred and :fifty yards to the north- ward of Whortleberry Island, and one hundred and :fifty yards to the southward of lliddltJ Rock. the southern extremity of Middle Shoal,-lies Middle Rock, the most dangerous of all the obstructions in this approach. It has seven feet on it at low water, and covers an area a little over one hundred yards square, with a depth of from three to :five fathoms on all sides of it. If this ledge were buoyed this passage would be perfectly safe; and a buoy will be recommended to be placed upon it. Pine Island When to the w~\"tward of Middle Rock, the next danger met with lies on the Rocks. north side of the ~' and is known as Pine Island Rocks,-a line of rocks, bare at half tide and low water, extending about BW. by B. from Pine Island for three- cighths of a mile. They are easily avoided, as they always show themselves, and there is a bare rock on their southern extremity. Exactly opposite to this southern end, and about an eighth of a mile from it, is the northern end of Dave:nport!s Island North Reef, which makes off from the northern end of that island for nearly four hundred yards, and has sevE>.ral bare rocks and rocks awash upon it close to its northern end. The available channel, between this reef and Pine Island Rocks, is about two hundred yards wide, with a depth of from three to six fathoms. To avoid Davenport's Island North Reef it is necessary to keep the shore of Davenport's Neck aboard after passing Pine Island Rocks. A 'good rule is to keep about two hundred yards from the shore of the neck. About four hundred yards NW. from the northwestern point of Davenport's Island, and two hundred and fifty yards E. is. from the southern extremity of Davenport's Neck, is a detached rook, bare at low water, and almost exactly in the middle of the passage. Five fathoms at low water may be carried between it and the shore of the neck, and from three to five fathoms between it and Daven- port's Island,-the latt.er channel being the wider of the two. At low water it is easy t:o avoid this rock; but when covered, especially if the sea. be smooth1 it is difficult to discover its position. A spindle will be recommended to be placed upon it. Beyond this rock no intelligible description can be given of the dangers in this passage. SAILING DffiECTIONS. I • .Prcma t'lee ~rd..,. tlt.e I-'n C\"4n.aei.-0n the W. by S. i S.·oourse through the Sound, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears W. by S. I- s •• distant two miles and a quarter, and Sands' Point Light-house SW. by W., distant two mile.s and three-eighths, steer W. f; N~, which course will .lead between 1!.liddle Shoo.I and Whortleberry Island, passing 1:o the northward of Middle Rook with not less than three and a half fathoms. On this course, when within one hundred yards of the south- ernmost of the Pine Island Rooks, with the northwestern point of Davenport's Is1aud bea;ritJg SW. i}

NEW ROCHELLE HARBOR. 485 S., about seven hundred yards dist.ant, steer WSW., and anchor off the mouth of the Sailing Dirsc- inlet in from three to five fathoms. If bound into the inlet you must take a pilot, tions--Nsw Bo- as the channel is extremely narrow. chel/e Harbor. The above courses pa._qg eight hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy on the northern end of Execution Rocks; between three and four lmndred yards to the northward of \"\\Vhortleberry Island; one hundred yards to the northward of ]\\.fiddle Rock; one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Middle Shoal; fifty yards to the southward of Pine Island Rocks; the same distance to the northward of JYJ.venport's Island North Reef; and the same distance to the southward of the bare rock E. l S. from the southern extremity of Davenport's Neck. The Passage betu:>een Davenport•• Island and Pea Island, although it has from three and a half to five fathoms in it, is so narrow and full of rocks as to be entirely unsafe without the assistance of an experienced pilot; and no intelligible directions can be given for it. That bdween Pea Island and Hart Island, however, though very much obstructed by ledges and sunken rocli;:s, affords a com- paratively safe channel, about three hundred and fifty yards wide, by keeping close to the Hart Island shore. DANGERS. II. Prona t1r-e E&Mt-ward ,.., t:he passage East of Hart Islan.d.-This passage is unobstructed until you approach the northern end of Hart Island, when you must look out for the great Middle Reef, which lies nearly midway between Pea Island and Hart Island, Middle RBef. and covers an area nine hundred yards long NW. and SE., by seven hundred yards wide. It is for the most part bare at low water, and in several places, especially near it.s northwestern end, at half tide, and is not buoyed. Where not bare at low water it has soundings over it varying from two to ten feet; and there is no safe passage between it and Pea Island. Its southwestern extremity comes within a quarter of a mile of the northern end of IIart Island, leaving a channel three hundred yards wide, with not less than tliree fathoms at low water, between the two. To avoid the reef, therefore, it is necessary to keep the Hart Island shore aboard, and under no circumst.ances to pass it at a greater distanoe than four hundred yards. On the western side of the passage yon must look out for Hart Island North Hart Island Reef, which makes in a northwesterly direction from the northern end of that island North Reef. for nearly a quarter of a mile. Near the northern extremity of this reef, and about three hundred aml fifty yards from the north end of the island, is a group of three bare rocks, known as The :Bolgers, and sometimes The North Brothers, which serve to pretty well define the northern limits of the reef. Between The Bolgers and the island there are many rocks, bare at low water, with a depth between them of from five to eight feet. If beating in, do not stand to the westward of the range of the southwestern end of Hunter's Island with the northeastern extremity of Hart Island, in order to avoid The Chimney Sweeps. . These are a. group of three bare rocks and one sunken reef with five feet The Chimney wate:i;, lymg to the northeastward of High Island,-the bare rocks being distant from Sweeps. that ISland three hundred yards, and the sunken reef an eighth of a mile to the east- ward of the ha~ ~~· an~ a quarter of a mile to the northeastward of High Island. Between this sunken reef (which JS sometimes called the Eastern Chimney Sweep) and The Bolgers there is a passage about four hundred J:ards wid~, with not less than three fathoms. The bare rocks always show them- selves; but the outlymg reef IS a very dangerous obstruction to the approach to New Rochelle Harbor from the wes~ward, ~d should be buoyed in order to render that passage safe. The Twins, which are the two rocky wooded islets off the southeastern end of Tiie Twins. Hunter's Island~ should not be approached from the southeastward nearer than two hundred and fift}\" yards, as dangerOU8 shoah, with frum -f1ttree t,o eight feet upon tlwm, make off from the easternmost 1Slet about one hundred and seveuty-five yards. There is no buoy. About seven hundred yards SW. ! S. from the southern end of Davenport's Island, half a mile ?fENE. from the southern e~ty of the eastermuost of The Twins and four hundred yards to the io:nnorthw~~rd o~ the dry part Middle Reef, is a rock bare at water, which is a very serious obstruction mt~ passage. It JS, however, bold-to, and is easily avoided by not going to the eastward of the western pomt of Davenport's Island bearing N NE. · There are also several .detciehed rool-.8, ~e at low water, lying about one hundred Briar Islands. and fifty yards to the eastward of the Brmr Islands - a group of three bare rocky islets three hundred yards to the eastward of HunWs Islalld and one hundred and fifty yards to the northwn.rd of The Twins. To avoid the bare rocks Briar Is'iands should receive a berth to the west- ward of not less than thl\"OO hundred yards. of About two bheutwndereendLaoncdusfttfatyndya~r~dps oSrWtl. fbiv:·iBs.lainsds., from Rocky Island, and nearly in the middle is a 8Urr0'1llnded the passage rook bare at bJw water and

486 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers--Ksw by shoaw, to avoid which it is necessary not to go to the westward of the northeastern Rocltslls point of Rocky Island bearing N. :f- E. On the other hand it is necessary to give the Har6or. southwestern shore of Davenport's Island a berth to the eastward of not less than mfour hundred yards, in order to avoid the shoal which makes off' from that shore, for three hundred yards, with not more than feet at low water. By these two shoals the width of the channel is diminished to about two hundred yards, with a depth of eight feet at low water; but beyond this it is possible to carry a depth of four fathoms between Rocky and Davenport's islands, but only with the assistance of a competent pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. . r r - the ~a:rd bu t:i- ,,.__,,e FAuJt of Hart J.sland.-Bring Execution Rocks Light- house to bear NE. by E. l E., and steer SW. by W. l W. for the northern extremity of Hart Island, until within four hundred yards of the latter, and the highest part of the easternmost of The Twins bears NW. Now steer that course, carrying not less than fo'ur fathoms, until within six hundred and tfifty yards of The Twins, with the southern end of High Island bearing SW. B. Nearly, and the southeastern extremity of Davenport's Island NE. l :N. Now steer N. by E. t E., carrying not less than eight feet water, and anchor, between Rocky Island and the southwestern point of Davenport's, in from three to :five fathoms at low water. Here, if bound to New Rochelle, you must take a pilot. The above courses pass over one hundred yards to the westward of the southwestern end of Middle Reef; four hundred yards to the eastward of The Bolgers; a quarter of a mile to the east- ward of the Eastern Chimney Sweep; nearly four hundred yards to the eastward of the shoals off The Twins; an eighth of a mile to the westward of the northwestern end of Middle Reef; two hundred yards to the westward of the detached bare rock northwest of that reef; three hundred yards to the eastward of the outlying rocks off the Briar Islands; one hundred yards to the westward of the shoal off the southwestern end of Davenport's Island; and the same distance to the eastward of the rock to the southwestward of Rocky Island. DANGERS. JHS-•eIII. Prona the wen-rd &., eAe 6et.een. Hart a:nd cu,, holcnu.1.er.-.A description of this approach C01Ilprehends also the anchorage on the western side of Hart Island, comJnonly known as Hart a.nd City Island Harbor, which is very frequently used as a harbor of refuge Hart Island. in east.erly and westerly gales. Hart Island, which lies on the eastern side of the approach, extends N. by E. and S. by W. for nearly a mile,-its southern end bearing from Sands' Point Light-house SW. by W. ! W., two miles and one-eighth, and from Execution Rooks Light-house SW. Southerly, two miles and three-eighths distant. It is of irregular shape,-being only about thirty yards wide midway between its northern and southern ends, six hundred yards wide just to the northward of this point, two hundred yards wide at it.s northern, and one hundred yards at its southern end. It.s surface is nearly level, but highest at its northeastern end, and there are scattered trees here and there. Its southeastern part is level and sandy, with perpendicular faces, behind which appear, when viewed from the southeastward, dark woods. The island terminates at its southern end in a grassy bluff, bare of trees, and about twenty feet high; and it is here comparatively bold-to,- :five fathoms at low water being found within an eighth of a mile. At its northeastern end are the quarters for the boys of the Reform School-ship,--a. line of low, :flat-roofed, yellowish buildings, appearing from a distance like a train of cars. The southern half of the island is bold-t.o, and may be approached from the westward, within one hundred and fifty yards, with not less than three and a half fathoms; but the northern half is shoal on it.s western side, and must receive, from vessels draw- ing more than sevenU!en feet, a berth to the eastward of not less than six hundred and fifty yards. Vessels drawing twelve feet or less, however, may approach this part of the island within five :htindred yards without danger. City /•land. City Island is half a mile to the westward of Hart Island, lies nearly :N. ands•• is a mile and a quarter long, of moderate height, somewhat undulating, with steep sandy faces to the southward and eastward, and thickly dotted. with houses and groves of trees exoo(>t at its northern end, which is bare. To the southward it extends into a long, low, level poin~ on whiCh stands a grove of bushy trees. The water is shoal to the southward and southwestward oi the island, and prominent among the shoals is a dangerous rook, known as Big T~ which obstructs the City l•lantl entrance t.o Pelham Bay and Hut.ehinson's River. V eseeJs of ~ draught than twelve feet must keep close t.o the Hart Island Flo.t8. shore to avoid City Island Flats, which make off to the eastward from this island for over half a mile, leaving a passage, but little over one .hundred and :fifty ~ wide, for vessels drawing more ~ twelve feet. Small vesse)gt however, (that is, .such. as chaw less than ten feet,) have an entirely unobstructed paesage,-it ~ only necessary for iihem not t.o approach the City Island shore nearer.than. three hundred and fifty yaias.

NEW ROCHELLE HARBOR. 487 On the western side of the passage, and near the northern end of City Island, there makes off t.o the eastward a kmg flat with from two to five feet upon it at low water. At its eastern end, seven hundred yards from the City Island shore, there is a bare rock, lying nearly N. Graen Flat and and S., and between sixty and seventy yards long, known as Rat Island; and about Rat Island. one hundred yards inshore of this there is a marshy fl.at, about one hundred yards in - diameter, bare at low water, and known as Green Flat. There is no passage between the two, nor between Green Flat and Rat Island ; but the latter is bold-t.o on its eastern side, and may be approached within fifty yards with not less than four fathoms. On approaching Rat Island, if you wish t.o pass in the best water, you must give the island a berth to the westward of about one hundred and fifty yards, as the Hart Island shore i.8 shoal in fAi.8 'Vicinity,-the flats '11Ullcing qjf from ii f.-0 Ow wesi,ward for ahout seven huml:red yarrh. V esse]s of ten feet draught or less may, however, approach this part of the Hart Island shore within four hundred yards. On the western side of the passage, and about two hundred yards E. by N. from High /11/and. the northern end of City Island, lies a sandy islet, called High Island. To the north- ward, eastward and southward it shows precipitous faces, and its summit has a few houses and scat- tered trees upon it. Its eastern face may be approached within two hundred yards with not less than seven fathoms; but on its northern side it is shOal,-the bare rocks, known as The Ch.im.D.ey Sweeps, lying about three hundred yards t.o the northeastward of it. (See page 485.) A sunken reef, with five feet water, lies a little over two hundred yards E. by N. ! N. from the outermost of The Chimney Sweeps, and nearly in the middle of the passage,-the eastern end of High Island bearing SW., distant six hundred yards, and the northernmost of The Bo!u:ers SE. by E. t E., distant a little over a quarter of a mile. The channel passes between this reef and The Bolgers with a width of about three hundred yards between the lines of three fathoms. The Bolgers have been already described on page 485 as a group of three bare rocks, lying at the northern end of Hart Is/,and North R,eej, and within three hundred and fifty yards of the northern point of that island. Vessels of ten feet draught or less may approach them within one hundred and fifty yards, but larger vessels must give them a berth t.o the eastward and southward of not less than an eighth of a mile. · \"'\\\\nen past The Bolgers the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as when coming in by the passage east of Hart Island. (See pages 485-486.) SAILING DIRECTIONS. _,__rd.,,III. ,,._ tlae ... cu.tla.e ~lie behceen Harl . . . . ulan4B.-1. Y-.ela •f trre#der flr4•11M tJM:an ~i- feet should bring Stepping Stones Light-house to bear SW. by B. ! s., and steer NE. by N. :f N. for the southern end of Hart Island. On this oourse, when within three hundred yards of the island, with the southern end of City Island bearing W. by S. f S., steer N. by W. i W., heading about for The Chimney Sweeps. This course carries not less than three and a half fathoms, and you may anchor on it, anywhere under the Hart Island shore, in from three to seven fathoms, soft bottom; but, if bownd to New ~ when exactly abreast of Rat Island, in six and throo- q~r fathoms, with the northern extremity or Hart Island bearing :NE. by E. f E •• steer N. f E. until Yc:>U come betw~n The Chimney Sweeps and The Bolgers. Here you will have four fathoms,- Execution Rocks Light-house bearing E. by N. f N., and the middle of High Island w. bys.:! s. Now steer N. by E. i- E., which will lead, with not less than nine feet, to the anchorage between Davenport's and Rocky islands. Here yon may anchor :in from two t.o five fathoms or continue your 1 course, with not less than throe and e. half fathoms, to the anchorage off the mouth of New Rochelle Harbor. The above courses pass about twelve hundred yards ro the eastward of the southern end of City Island; two hundred yards to the westward of the southern end of He.rt Island; one hundred yards t.o the eastward of the southeastern end of City Island FJats; the same distance t.o the eastward of the east.em end of those flats; the sam.e d.iataoce to ihe westward of the WEStern extremity of Hart Island Flats; two hundred ya:rds 'to the eastward of Rat Island· four hundred yards t.o the eastward of High Island; .the same di.stance.to the westWard of The &1~; three hundred yards to the eastward of The Chimney Sweeps; a little over one hundred yards to the eastward of the sunken reef oft' The Chimney Sweeps; three hundred ya.rda to the westward of the northwest.em end of Middle Reef; four hundred yards to the eaefJovard >Of The T:wina; and a little over one hundred yards t.o the west- ward of the shoe.I off' the eouth~ side of Davenport's Island.

488 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- 2. S-all veBBelB (tlud u., 'Vessel.• draunnu less than t:,.,n f.,.,t:) may bri;ng tions--NewRo- Stepping Stones Light-house to bear S. ! W., and steer N. i E., carrying not less than chelle Har6or. eleven feet at mean low water, until they come abreast of The Chimney Sweeps, between them and The Bolgers. Here there will be four fathoms, with Execution Rocks Light- house bearing E. by N. :f- N., and the middle of High Island W. by S. ! s. Now the course is N. by E. l E., following the directions given above. The N. i E. course crosses City Island Flats in not less than eleven feet at low water, and you may anchor on the flats according to your draught; but it is best for vessels simply seeking a shelter to haul to the eastward and anchor under the Hart Island shore, where is deeper water and better holding ground. 3. :Ct: -11 also be re'UUIT'ked, -ln this rwnneet:ioa, that: vessels fr_,, the Etud:'Wa.rd may reach the anchorage between Hart and City islands by obeying the following directions: On the SW. course from off Sands' Point, bring Stepping Stones Light-house to bear SW. bys. i S., and the southern end of City Island W. k S.,-the latter being distant three-quarters of a mile,-and steer N. by w. i W., which will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, into the harbor. .Anchor at discre- tion, after passing the southern end of Hart Island, in from three to seven fathoms at low water. TIDES IN NEW ROCHELLE HARBOR. Corrected.Esta.bl1sbment ····-·-·--···-·-····-····· -····-·-···· ·----------- ·-----·---------- 11h ll1\"\" Mean Rise and Fall of tides •••• -- •••• _•••••••••• - ••••••. - ••••• _•••••••••••• - ••••••••••••• - - • 7. 6 ft.. Jllea.n BlBe and Fall of Spr1Dgtides •••.••.••• ·----- •••••• ------ --------······················ 8. 5 ft. Mean Bise and Fall of Neap tides---- ••. _••••••••• ___ •••. ·--_ •••• ---· ••••••••••• -----···----· 7. Oft. Mean duration of JUae ------ ------·-·--- ---- ---------·-- -------------······· ••••••••••••••• 5h 5lm lllea.n duration of Fall .•••• _ •• __ ••.•••••••• _•• __ . _•••••••••••••••••••••••.•• __ • ___ • ___ ••••• 6h 34m Mean duration of Stand.---·------------·--------------------------·-········-------·-····- Ohlfim. Rise of highest '14e observed·-·-·-·--·-·------·-··------··-·------ __ ---- ____ •.•. ____ -·-·-· 9. 0 ft. LITTLE NECK BAY. This is a large but shallow bay on the south side of the Sound, and is oonta.ined between Great Neck on the ea.et and the Flushing shore on the wet1t. It is two miles and a quarter long, but of little importance, as it affords anchorage for very small vessels only. Five feet at low water is the 1-t that can be taken into it beyond Willet's Point. The entrance, between Elm Point on the east and Willet's Point on the west, is seven-eighths of a mile wide; and this width the bay keeps for a little over a mile_. or until you come abreast of the northern end of Little Neck, after which it gradually contracts until it terminates at its head in two very narrow and shallow streams. Elm l'oint, the eastern point of entrance, is the western extremity of Great Neck. It is steep, bluff and sandy, thinly covered with woods, and has a large white house near the water, and a long wharf' extending from it, upon which i;; Stepping Stones a warehouse. The dangerous reef, known as The Steppblg Stones, extends from it to the northwestward Light-house. for three-quarters of a mile, and has a light-house, known as Stepping Stones Light-house, on its extremity. Thia lighr-bouse is a one-story dwelling suvported on a granite pier, and surmounted by a lantern showing a furnd red light, of the fifth order, visible ten miles. Its geographical position is Latitude •.• - •.•.•. - . - - ..• - •• - •••••• - ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••4()0 f.9' 9811 N. Longitude •••• ---··-·-··---·····-·----------··-·--------·---- ----··'l'So461 '1 11 w .• and it bears from Ezecution Rocks Light-house SW. f 8., three-miles and five-eighths, and from Sands' Point Light-house SW. i W. Westerly, three miles and a quarter distant. From this light-house Throg'e Neck Light-house bears SW. Souiherly, a mile and a quarter dist.ant. Fog-signal. The fog-signal is a bell struck by machinery, in quick euooel!IBion, at intervals of twenty seconds. Wlllet'a l'Oint, the westet•n point of cntmnce to the bay, is a high, steep, grassy bluff, having a terraced appearance, owing to the large earthwork which occupies its crest and norihern elopes. A.t the foot of the bluff is an unfinished fortification of granite, with the following warning to mariners posted eonspicuously on its walls: \"Torpedoe& ln cba.DJlel; don't ancbor.\" This point is also the southern point of entrance to the Eaet River. The eastern shore of Little Neck Bay is, as before remarked, formed by the western side of Great. Great Neck. Nook, and appears as a somewhat undulating country, but low, with very gentle elopes, for the most part under cultivation and thickly settled, with occasional handBOme groves of trees. A mile and three-quarters to the southward of Elm Point makes in Little Bay. between three and four hundred yard& wide at its mouth, but almost entirely bare at low water, and occupied by grass. Little J!l'eek, which lies on ita western Bide, is low, flat and Jevel n-r its north- ern end, and for about 11even hundred yards to the southward; after which it has a very gentle rise to a height of about forty feet, with occasional groves of treee on 1ts easteMt slopes. It is almost entirely under cultivation and thiok]y settled. The Fluidiing shore, which forms the western side of Little Neck Bay, is of moderate height, (somewhat higher than the Great Neck shore,) and ia composed aJmost entirely of a highly cultivated and well 11etlled country, dotted with groves of treeS· At its bead the bay terminates in a narrow sloo, six hundred yards long, which leads np to a drawbridge. DANGERS. I . .rr- e1a.e ~.-As this bay is only available for vessels of six feet draught and leBS, the only danger in approaching it from this direction is Tke Stepping St&ne8, which have bee!1 described above, and which are marked by the light-house on their northern end. When past this light-house there are no dangers.

PELHAM BAY. 489 SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. Frona 'the Eas'tuia:rd.-When, on the SW. by S. ·~ S. course towards Throg's Neck, you come abreast of Stepping Stones Light-house, having it bearing SE. by E. i E., about three hundred yards distant, steer S. ! E., which will le.ad safely into the bay, where you may anchor, to the southward of -Willet's Point, in from five to six feet at low water; or, in easterly winds, you may anchor under Elm Point in from ten t.o fourteen feet water. The above courses pass three hundred yards t.o the northward, and two hundred and fifty yards to the westward, of Stepping Stones Light-house; half a mile to the westward of Elm Point; and between six and seven hundred yards to the eastward of Willet's Point. DANGERS. II. Fro\"\"' l:he Wedw&rd.-Having come through the East River from New York, Throg's Neck and intending to anchor in Little Neck Bay, you will meet with but one obStruction, Shoal. viz: Throg's Neck Shoal, which makes off from the point of that name to the south- eastward for about two hundred yards, and is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 32) placed in three fathoms. Such vessels as are of sufficiently light draught as to be able to anchor in Little Neck Bay may, however, pass fifty yards to the northward of this buoy with not less than eleven feet at low water. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. Pl-om. 1:.r..e We8hc>a::rd.-Bring Throg's Neck Light-house to bear NW.} W., and steer SE. i E. until in the middle of the entrance to the bay, with Willet's Point bearing W. by N. t N., distant half a mile. Stepping Stones Light-house will now bear N. ! W .• and S. :f E. will lead safely to the anchorage. The above courses pass four hundred yards to the northward, and between six and seven hnndred yards to the eastward, of Willet's Point. PELHAM BAY AND HUTCHINSON'S RIVER. Pelham Bay lies on the north side of the Sound, at its western end, and the entrance to it is between City Island on the north and Throg's Neck on the south. Between these two points it is nearly two miles wide, but gradually contracts in width until, between Pelham Neck and Schuylerville, it is but five eighths of a mile wide; and at its bead, where empties Hutchinson's River, it is but six hundred yards wide. Neither the bay nor the river is fit for any but the smallest vessels,-five foot at low water being the best that can be taken above Pelham Point, the southern extrenilty of Pelham Neck. It is, therefore. but seldom used, and should never, under any circumstances, be entered by strangers. City Island, the northern point of entrance to the bay1 has been already described on page 304, and its southern end extends into a long, low, level point, on which is a grove of bushy trees. Throg's Neck, the southern point of entrance, is a.lso the northern point of entrance to the East. River, Tbrog's Neck. and is easily recognized by the large granite fort and light-house on its extremity. The fol't is called Fort Schuyler, and the light-house Throg•s Heck Light-h01l88.. The neck is a. long projection of level gmssy laud, almost entirely occupied by the large earthworks and buildings connected with the fort. The light-house bears ii-om Execution Rocks Light- house·SW. t S., nearly five miles, and &om Stepping Stones Light-house SW. SOu'&Jlerly, a mile and a. quarter distant. During thick weather a bell is struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen BeCOnds. Pelham Neck, formerly called Bodma.D'a Neck., is a pellins:nla, a.bout a IDJle and a. quarter long in a. N. Pelham Neck. by E. and S. hy_w. direction, and rises with a. very gentle slope to a height of about sixty feet above sea level. When viewed from the southward it shows cultiva.t.ed fields dotted with houses end its southern shore jg fringed with marsh and rocks. B~tween this neck and the northern end of City Island is a chann~l an eighth of a mile widt>, with twelve feet at l~w water, which leads to the entrance to Morris' CoTe, contamed between this neck and Hunter's Island; but this passage l8 not rue for s~ngel'IJ however light their draught. (See a1eo p:lge 355.) On the western shore of the bay, about five-eighths of a mile to the northward of Throg's Neck Light- Locust Point. bou...,, is Locust Point, a projection of low, level land, partly wooded but moetly ma.rah; and a mile and three-eighths to the northw&Z'd of this is the village of BcJm71erville aitn&ted -0n low somewhat undulating but nearly level '1 land!!, under fine cultivation and well settled. B~y toEa:atHotehinson's Ri\"ver is a~ ~arrow and shallow st~, which leads through a narrow o.nd tortuous cha:Jnel Crom Pelham Cheater, about two miles and a quarter above its lllouth. Its shore-line is mostly low aud marshy, but ia in places frmged with rocks, and everywhere backed by a nearly level coumry, highly cultivated and thickly settled. Between six and seven hi.:ndrod yards above its mouth its channel is n~ly eloeed by three rocky islets; and here crosses a bridge or ~useway which etl'eetually closea all fi&rther na.viga.tion. Above the bridge the river rapidly contracts in width, o.nd, long before it reaches Eut Chester, has become a mere brook. · DANGERS. ~he only danger met with in approaching Pelham. Bay is Big Tom, a bare rock Citr la/and Shoo.I. mon City Island ~boa.I, surrounded by sunken rooks with from four ro nine feet water upon them. City IsJaad Shoal, which extends a w BW. direction from the south- ern end of City Island, is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 30) placed in fifteen feet off its western C. P.-62

490 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangera -- Pel- end; and, being two hundred yards to the southward of Big Tom, it serves as a ham Bay. guide for avoiding that danger also. This buoy bears from Throg's Neck Light-house N. by E., distant one mile and a half, and from Stepping Stones Light-house NW., distant three-quarters of a mile. A little ovel:\" three-quarters of a mile NW. from this buoy, and about half a mile B SW. from Pelham Point, lies a rook, bare at hal,f tide, which forms the southern end of a long shoal or middle ground dividing the approach to Hutchinson's River into two channels. As there is, however, 'mot less than five feet on this middle ground, and not more than that depth can be taken into the river, vessels pny no attention to it further than to give the bare rook a sufficient berth either t.o the eastward or westward. SAILING DIRECTIONS. tI. Pro- the ~rd.-Bring Stepping St.ones Light-house ro bear BE. by E. E., and steer NW. by W. t W. Anchor on this course in. from seven to nine feet; or, when Throg's Neck Light- house bears s. f E., steer N. f W. for the entrance to Hutchinson's River. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile ro the southward of the red buoy on City Island Shoal, and six hundred yards to the westward of Big Tom. II. Frona the We.ttuJard.-Round Throg's Neck at a distance of two hundred yards from the buoy, and steer NE. by N. t N. towards Stepping Stones Light-house for about three-eighths of a mile, or until the eastern exiremity of Willet's Point bears SW. by S. i S., when steer NW. by N. i N. until pa.st Locust Point, and Throg's Neck Light-house bears B. ! E. Now steer N. i w .• fol- lowing the directions given above. The above courses pass two hundred yards to the southward, and the same distance to the east- ward, of the red buoy on Throg's Neck Shoal; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Locust Point; seven-eighths of a mile to the westward of Stepping Stones Light-house; half a mile to the westward of the red buoy on City Island Shoal; and the same distance to the westward of Big Tom. 0r, • - -..... .--ltNI Throtl'• Neek, giving the buoy a berth ro the northward of two hundred yards and the light-house a berth to the westward of four hundred yards, and steer to the northward until the latter bears S. ! E .• which will be o:ff Locust Point. Now steer N. i W., which will lead safely, with not less than five feet, to the mouth of Hutchinson's River. TIDEl!I. 11\" som 7.3fL OOrrected. Eat;abl'll'bm•m &t 'l'hrog's :Meck.... __ ...... _........... _.... _.................. 9.2ft. Jlean B.lse an4 P&ll of tl4etl ......•......••.•••••••• ~---···-························--·· 6.1 ft. lle&n 1Uae and :P&ll Of Spring tides•••••••••••••••••••.•••.••••.••.••..•..••.••••••••••• 611. 6(}m 11.ean B.lse and l'&U Dfll'-p 1;1des ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 61133• Bean duraUonOf Rise•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Kea.:a. duration Of F&ll •••••..••••••.•••.••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ()b 43m Kean duration of Stlm.4••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ~ ••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• _.•••••• B.llle of~ t14e o'baerred ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11. 7 ft. CUBBENTS Di LONG ISLA.....\"Q> SOUND, Obi!lervation8 for the direction and velocity of the tidal current in this great thoroughfare were made, during the years 1845-48, by Lieuts. Comdg. Chas. H. Davis and .Jno. R. Goldsborough, U.S. N., .Assistant.a in the Coast Surve7; and these obeervations were thoroughly dil!Clllltled by .Aseistant Chllll. A.. Schott, U. 8. Coast Survey, in hi& t¥pOrt to the Superintendent, April, lSM. (See Coast Survey Report, 1854, pp. 168-179.) At that time, however, although the importance of accurate observations of currents wae well recognized, comparativelyfew attempts at systematised woriii had been ma.de previously to its initiation by the Coast Sn:rvey. The inetrumente for meuuring the drift were, of course, comparatively rude; and the observa- tions ·nSCNBarily not llO reliable aa those m&de at the present day with the improved and delicate modern applian«llJ. The lltrengt/L of the #ow of the current given in the table below mu8t iherelbre be taken as nearly, but not abaoluteJy, correct; whtle the \"ad\" or ~ of the flow ill 8'11fBcient1y cl089 to aoouraey for Jill practical purp-. The experience of the compiler, during a l!IOjourn of twu iruce-1ve seuons in the Sound, leads to the belief ·th&& t.h<l drill:, u set :furtb in the table, is US1J8.lly underrated; and. until more complete observations shall have been m,.Ie, it may be taken B8 a safe rule that the velocity of the current at its stnmgtb iR - l e d than as laid down in the table, ai:ld :la frequently greakr. Notably la this the CBBe in Plum Gut, (Station No. 14,) where the velocity of the current of flood is given in the table as 1.8 knot.a, and that of ebb at 2.5 knots, whereas a single ob&ervalion in Augruit, 1874, gave for velocity of ll~ 2.f>knots, and for ebb 4.5 knots. No boat oould pull in the Gnt against the stNDgtb of the ebb cnri'ent of spring tidea. anAe given in the table, the~ of the stream is, in ODHB, magnetic, and the drifP in nautte.1 miles per h0121'. The table was eonstrueted nnder tile· dlreetion or the Superintendent of the Coaat Sarvey :&om the reeults of Aaaistant Sehott's careful and ~ve dlacnasion of the field Observati-, •tad will, it. ia hoped, meet A want long Mt. It Will be cbmmel,-noticed that at tbe i-boN nationa the etl1'2\"t!Dt turns from :flood to ebb much earlier than at the stations in the fil,ct the knowledge of which will enable a vessel in beatiog to take advantage of a fla.vorable \"et\" by kWpmg inshore or in the channel-way, aooording to circlllDlltances.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 491 CURRENT TABLE. STATIONS, Strength of Flood Strengt:4 of Ebb Current turDI! Current. Current. No. Locality. from Flood tc ISet. Drift. Set. Drift. Ebb before or after lloon'a Transit. 1 Two mlle• a.nd an eS.hth NE. t Ill'. :from the north- N.J W ••••••... 1.8 E. bylf••.•••••. lil.8 h. Ill. 0 18 before. ern end of Block I!ll&nd North Reef. BE. by S••••••• 2.4 1.1 0'\" lil Between J[onta.uk l\"Oint and Bloell: Illland ••••• - •• NW. i N •••••••• 1.S SE. i B........ . 0 44 w. 2.1 0 2lil s Two m.Un SE. or Watch Bill Point •••••••••••••. ii •w·. .... .· ·.·.-. .··. L2 B. byE.iE.•••• 1.9 ll 1 4 Two m.Uea ESE. ftom Montauk Point •••••••••••• JI'. 2.1 1.9 044 BE. f 8 ••••••••• & Two mile• N. from Montauk Point.•••••••••.•••. NW. iN•••••••• 9.0 E. t 8••••••..•. ll T \" 0 20 after. 6 One mile and a half NE. by JI'. i N. frOm Cerberus W. byN. flf. ·· 1.4 l 43 before. Shoal. 0 118 .. '1 Off Fort. Pond Bay••.••.••.•..•••••••••••••••••• w.111.••.•.... 0.8 *9 B. byN.tN.... 1.0 0 115 4.& 20 10 SE. i E••••••••• 1.3 8 InTlieRace ..•..•••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••• W. by JI. i N ••• 4.'l 1.9 0 45 Oft' New London Entrance •.•.•.•••.•.•••••••..• Nw.W.s·.··-·--·--..··..... LO E R E. . • . • • . • . . . 1 156 Two mllea and a ba.1£ to the e&stW'&rd of Gard.- 1.8 ESE••••••••••• 2.8 1 11'1 ll.O 00 lner'B Polnt. SE. by E. i E. - . E. t S.••••.•••• 1 49 before. 11 Betwean Plum I!l1&nd and Great Oull Island •••••. NW. iN.••••••. 2.1 0 9 after. 12 A. quarter or a mile to the eastward of Ba.rtlett•s W. byN.J N ••.. 2.0 0 H beft>re. :&eer L1ght-vea11el. 13 Between Plum IslaD.d Po1D.t and Black l'Olnt •••••• w. is.······-· S.6 ..0 38 E. byli.....•••. !l.'1 14 In Plum Out.•••••••••••••.••.•••. -- • - - - ••• -·· - W. JN.••••.••. 1.8 08 SE. by E. t B••• :a.a 115 Off\" the mow.th of Oonnectlcut :&1Ter •••••••••• - •• W. t N ••••••••• 1.8 ls B. byB. l S ••••• 1.'1 I16 Two mllea to the aoutanrard. or COrDJleld Po!..D.t SW.byW.iW•• 1.4 NE. by E. i E ••• 2.0 0 20 &fter. Light-veaael. E. by S. t 8 ••••• 1.11 0 4T 1'1 In the North Cha.11nel, between Corml.eld Point and W. by N. f N •••. 1.11 0 1111 Long Sand Shoal. E. by S. t S.. - - - 1.6 0 49 18 A. :mile and llve-et.chthll to the weff'w'ard of Ce NW.byW• .fW•. 1 1.4 o 8 before. weatern end or Long Sand Shoal. SE. byE. tB••. 1.G 00 19 'l'hree and a haU' miles ESB. flrom Fall:Der's Iala.nd w. i !f••••••••• 1.2 0 1ll before. Lilrht-houae. 1 ol8 after. lilO P'1ve mllea If. of Friar'a Read. - ••• - •• - • - - •• - •• - •• W. by JI'. i N .... 1.9 Two miles s. of Branford Reef\" •••••••••••••••••• EBB••••••••••• 2.0 ....0 '\" E. by JI'. -- ••••• 0.8 Two miles and tllree-qua.rters SW. bys.is. from OU 21 E. i N •••••••.•• 1.G 0 ol6 is.···-··-·2lil w. i w....... 0.8 \" O before. Lll Jl'W. Southweat Ledge Ltght-house. One mile a.nd a half SE. i E. rrom llriddle Groun4 B. f N •••••••••• 23 w. ······-··-·· L9 E. t N •••••••••• L1gh1rhouse. 24 One mile and UJ.ree-qlU.rters llT NE. from Jlld4le w. by s. t 8. ••• 1.2 1.3 around Llght-houae. SW. i- S •••••••• 215 Between Old. Field Point and The :m1d.dle ClrOUlld •• w. bys. t •.... 1... tm.byE.fE••. 1.8 26 1.0 E. by N. t-N•••• 0.8 Two mUes w. by JI. t- If. from llU.ddle Ground Light-houae. E. by N. t li.... 1.2 w.2'1 Three milff and an e1ghth NHE. from Ba.ton'a t 8. -··· •••• 1.2 Jfeok Llght-hOuae. 28 Oft' Bunttngton Ba7 •.••••••••.••••••••••••••••. SW. i W ••••••. 1.3 aw.lil9 Oft' Oyster Day •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• tW...... . 0.6 E. f 111'•••••••••• 1.1 so A mlle IL1L4 a Jlalf B Bll. rrom Great <Ja.ptain'a Isl- SW.byW.tW•• 0.8 ME. by B. i B••. 0.8 and Lieht-llouae. O.T A mile &Dd aev--e1ghtba a. by JI. i- ll. A-om '&ye NE. .... ···-··· 31 ...... by········ 0.6 0.9 Pomt. - - i Jf•••• -- ••• LO 3111 One ~e B llB. 1'rom. Jbceeutt.on lt.ooka •••••••••••• aw. by a•...•.. 0.15 JIB.{ E••••••• •• 33 Ka1D. Chaml.el. between lbcec\\tllon Jt.ocka and JIB. t-B••• ····-· 0.9 8 SW•••••••••• o.a lla.nda' Poim. H Northern Paaaace, b.W- £Dtvutiml Bocka ano. SW. 117 8 ••••••• O.T Wll.ortlelMrry Ialan4. JIB.tJf••••••••• 1.0 WE :IN LO:MG ULAl!D> BOu:MD AND ADJACENT HABBOB& a -In ordinary winters the :O.oa.ting and pack ice m this Sound, while impediug .uavigation. not render it absolutely Dill!lafe. But, in eevere winteni, like that of 1874-6, the revene is die - n o n e but powerful steamers being able to make their way• .As an <:>.xamp1e, the <:>Xperience of 1874-0 may be cited. During that winter ioe eauaed more general obstruction and delay in the movements of v-1• of all cl-than in anyotheT locality west of the Gulf of Haine. The :6.l'St large furmation extended a.long the eou.thetn shore of the Sound bom. Eaton's Neck to Throg's Neck, and W&R <:omposed of partly local and partly drift. ice. The latter, (formed originally along the northern ahore of the Sound,) was driven act\"Olll!.to the aout;ittn side and Meeutnulat.id :there--meaing into ·large fields, 1111d -.fnlng until remond by southerly winds, when lt would drlft back to the northern shore, and increaaed continually io azoea 11nt.il the whole Sound waa covered; and, where '°forced upon the shore, it measured from .three to twelve feet ln tbielm8M. . In the WeMern part of the Bound theae lonnatiomi began mterfitre with navigation about the middle of January, 1875~ and them~e until the: 23d of March they l't\"l1dered. the m1>veme,u.t.a of aailing veseele very uncertain and dangerous, a.ad,. between February 5th and Xudl lO&b~ altofle'ber impoaaible. From Fabrwuy 5lb :to February ~ none bnt powerful Btearuers ClOUld be forood. through the ioe; and betw- t.he 16th and 23d, ev- theae. with one exception, Wft\"8 obliged either to go out.eide of Long Ieland or .U-Odnue their tripa al~,-tbe whole Bound being eomple&ely-vered with heavy ice extending through '!'he 2 - , and as fit.r to t.00 eaatWud u Point .Judl.tlt .and Block hland, and outside of Montauk Point to a distance varying from ftv. to iit\\een milea from land..

492 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. New London Ea.rbor.-The Thames River is: rarely obstructed by ice above the light-house. In severe winters, however, the pack extends about a mile and three-quarters above the light-house. Between New London awl the mouth of the river, sailing vessels may navigate with comparative safety in ordinary winters; and even in severe weather there iB rarely a stoppage of navigation of more than a week's duration. Steamers can nearly always enter and leave with safety. Drift ice forms a decidedly dangeroua obstruction in the approaches through Long Island Sound during severe winters, especially during Feb- ruary and March; and sailing vessels are much hindered in their movements during the months of January, February and March. A.hove New London there are rarely any obstructions. New Ha.ven Ha.rbor.-During severe winters the accumulation of ice is local, and begins to obstruct the movements of sailing vessels about the middle of January_ From that date uutU the latter part of March it bars the ingress or egress of sailing vessels without the asaistance of tug-boats. Except in extraordinarily severe weather, however, steamers can always enter a.ml leave the harbor without much difficulty. Bridgeport lla.rbor.-In se1·ere winters this harbor is completely closed to a.ll navigation, unless a channel is cut through \"the pack\" by ice-boats. Sailing ves>1eJ11 cannot enter the harbor without assistance between January 15th and February 10th, under ordinary circumstances; but, in auch winters as that of 1874-75, navigation is closed to such vessels until the tenth of March. Eft'ect. of Tlds, Winds, kc., on the Ice ln the Sound and the a.bove B:arbora.-In Long Island Sound northerly winds drive the ice to the southern shore of the Sound, and southerly winds carry it back to the northern shore. Northeasterly winds force the ice to the westward, and· cause formations heavy enough to prevent the passage of vessels of every description until the ice is: removed by westerly winds. These windB carry the ice to the eastward; and, if of long enough duration, drive it through The Race Into Block Island Sound, whence it goes to sea and disappears. The same rule as that which applies t-0 Nantucket and Vineyard sounds-in regard to vessels keeping close to the northern shores during northerly winds-will also apply to the movements of steamers in Long Island Sound; but is not a. safe one for sailing vessels to follow, as a. shift of wind to the southward would be liable to plooe them in a very critical situation,-there being no safe harbors of refuge into which they could make their way- The Race may be said to be the only locality where tidal currents have any decided influence on the movements of the ice. Large quantities of \"floe\" ice usually pass through The Race during the ebb, especially if the wind be westerly ;-and, in severe winters, this ice causes serious obstructions in Block Island Sound and around Montauk Point. These obstructions a.re the most extensive about the middle of Ff'bruary. Navigato.... mn\"t not depend too implicitly upon the light-vessels and buoys. In severe winters these are liable to be carried a.way; and, in fact, during every winter, it is better to go by the ranges of the lights and other permanent objects than by the buoys. In New London Harbor winds from E. around by the northward to W. remove all drift ice from the approaches t-0 the Thames River; while those from ESE. by the southward to WSW. oarry the ice away. The buoys in the river are not usually disturbed; but Bartlett's Reef Light-vC11Bel iB sometimes drilled from po\"ition off the mouth of the harbor, and may, in extreme ca.see, remain so for several days. In New Haven Harbor the influence of the northerly \">\\o-1.nds is to clear the harbor and its approaches, unless the local forma- tion is too heavy to be moved. Southel\"ly winds force the drift iee in from the Sound and prevent the local formations from leaving the harbor, Tides have little elfeet upon the ice. In BridgepoM, Harbor winds from 11'. to NW. clear the harbor of drift ice; and those from SE. by southward to SW. force the ice into the harbor from the Sound. The outer buoy• are apt to be carried out of position and the jetty damaged by heavy ice during severe winters; but the range of the beacon with the chimneys in East Bridgeport will never be disturbed. EAST .RIVER is the name universally given to the narrow strait which connects Long Island Sound with 1'ew York Bay, and separates Loni; Island from Manhattan Island, on which is built the city of New York. At its eastern end the river is about five-eighth\" of a mile wide, between Throg's Neck and Wil1et's Point, and thence it flows to the westward and southwestwe.rd for about fourt.oon miles,-being iu many places extremely narrow, and in no plooe more than a. mile wide. Itl!I channel is much obstructed by rooks and islands, and the current rnns \"1.-ith great velocit,y, especially in the narrow pa.s8llgC between Ward's Island and Hallet's Point, em:nmonly known as Hell Gate. Strangers cannot pass through Hell Gate without a pilot, and indeed it is advisable for all sailing vessels to avail themselves of the services of a tng in passing through. Throg•a Neck and Throg'11 Neck, the northern point of the eastern entrance, baa already been described on page 351, and LlgM-houae. is easily recognized by the large granite fort and light-house on its extremity. The fort is: known as J'ort Schuyler, and the light-house, which stands about one hundred ye.rds to the northeastward of it, as Throg's Neck Light-house. The latter is painted white, and shoWB a fixed white light, of the fifth order, visible eleven milffl. It belll'S from Miles. :Bxecutloa Boc1ra J.itrJl._hoWHI, SW. i •·-- ........................... ·-···· ................Dearly 6 Great; CJapt,a.b!.'B TaJa:D4 Ll.g]R-:bouae, SW•• - - -- ••• --·. - - • - -· ••••••••• --· •••••••••••••••••• :aearJ.7 13 8a.Dda:' .Point Ligllt-llOulle, SW. i W. - •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• --···········--··· 4i 118teppiDg' StoDes ~h01Ue, BW. Bcnltherly •••••• •••••••••••• •••••• •••••••••• •••••• •••• ••••••• From t~ light-holll!le the eastern extremity of Willet's Point bears 111 t s., about seven-eighths of a. mile, and the light-hous<J on The Brothen W. t J{., five miles diatant. Fog-8l1Jnal. A bell is struck by msobiaery, at internls of fifteen seconds, during thiok wee.t.b6r. WW&t;'a Pola&, the southern point of entrance, hM already been described on page 350, and Is also eMil.Y' :recognized by the unfinished granite fari e.t the hue of the hlu:ft', ol-OBe to the edge of the water. On. its wall is conspicuoosly posted a notioo-\"Torpe4oea In o'bamlell 4oa't. a:acb.m:.\" Between this lJOiut and Throg'11 Neek the ch1W11el .W three-eightba of o. mile wide between the lines of three fathoms, and has from eix lo twentr fathoms in it.

EAST RIVER. 493 On the north shore of the river, about a mile and three-quarters W. by N. from the southern end of Throg's Neck, is Old Fei:-ry Point; and between the two the curve of the shore forms a wide cove, called La.1llg's Cove, where it is possible to anchor, in from three to six fathoms, out of the strength of the current; but care must be exercised not to stand too far into the bight, ae the water shoals abruptly from three fathoms to five feet. The shores of this Old Ferry Point. cove are all low and for the most part thickly wooded; but showing occasionally cleared fields and houses. Old Ferry Point, however, is a long, low, level, grassy neck, with groves of ornamental trees and handsome houses in the back- ground. It is nearly opposite but a little to the westward of Whitestone Point, on the southern f'hore. It is bold-to, and may be approached within two hundred yards with not less than seven futhoms water. On the southern shore of the river, and on the western side of Willet's Point, makes in a semicircular cove, about five- eighths of a mile in diameter, called Wlllet'a Cove, which a:lfords excellent anchorage for small craft in from five to six feet at low water. Its shores present a beautiful appearance in summer,-being nearly level, and diversified with handsome trees and culth-ated fields dotted with houses. In fact the whole southern shore of the river, from Willet's Point to Hunter's Point, (where the city of Brooklyn begins,} is thickly settled,-being occupied at intervals by villages, and, in the more open country, by numerous handsome villas surrounded by ornamental grounds. Nearly two miles to the westward of Willet's Point is Whitestone Point, a bluff thickly wooded point, Whitestone Point. with steep face, off which there are outlying rocks,--one of them much resembling a boat in appearance. Just back of the point is the village of Whitestone, standing amid beautifully cultivated fields. The email semcireular coYa on its western side is known as Rose cove, but is of no importance,-having only two or three feet in it at low water. At Whitestone Point is the Telegraph station of the New York Herald, whence all outward and inward bound vessels are daily reported to that newspaper. College Point. .A.bout a mile and a half to the westward of Whitestone Point, and about five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Rose Cove, is College Point, the eastern point of entrance to Flushing Bay. It has steep gr&l!!l'y faces and gently sloping surfuce, covered with a thin growth of tall trees. There is a shoal off it, marked by a black buoy; and vessels must be careful not to pass inside the buoy, or, if it be gone, not to approach the point nearer than six bun· dred yards. When tht>. first point to the southward of College Point bears 8 SW., you.are to the westward of the shoal, and, if intending to pass through the South Chanue1, you may approach the point within three hundred and fifty yards. The channel of the river divides at this point,-the main passage lea.ding to the northward, and the other to the southward, -0f Riker's Island. No stranger should, however, attempt the latter. Clason's Point. On the north shore of the river, three-quart.ere of a mile to the westward of Old Ferry Point, is Clason's Point; and between the two is the mouth of Wnkheater Creek, a narrow and shallow stream leading up to the town of Westchester. Clason's Point is low and nearly level, and is occupied by ornamental ground8 surrounding a large and handsome house. On its western side it :runs up into a steep bluff, twen,ty feet high, and crowned with a thick growth of large t......... V es...,ls should not approach the point nearer than foul\" hundred yards. \"Three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Clason's Point is Hunt's Point, now usually known as Bronx River. Spofford's Point; and between the two is the entrance to the Bronx River, a very shallow stream, which leads between the towns of Westchester and West Farms, and as far up as Ea.at Chester. It is not, however, navigable, even for small vessels, except at high water, and for tbe greater part of its lenb>ih is a mere brook. All of the shore, on both banks of the river, is low, level, grassy, under high cultivation, and dotted with groves of trees and handsome houses. Hunt's Point, or 8J)Olford's Point, is also low, level and grassy, and is occupied by ornamental grounds Hunt's Point. surrounding a handsome house. Here there is a long wharf making out from the western side of the point into the small oove between it and J.en•'s, or Ba.rretto'a Point, as it is now generally called. This point is nearly half a mile tot.he westward of Spoft'ord's; but the cove between them, called Ba.rretto's Cove, has not more than one or two feet in it at low water. It appears low, level and grassy, and is occupied by ornamental grounds, dotted with trees, and surrounding a handsome villa. O:tr this point lies Riker's Island,-the plU!S&ge between them being about a quarter of a mile wide, with from six to twelve fathoms at low water. FI~ing Bay, on the south ehore of the river, makes in between College Point on the east and Bowery Flushing Bay. Bay Pomt on the weat,-being a mile and three-eighths wide between the two. It penetrates the north shore of Long Island in a 8 SE. direction for a mile Blld a half, where it receives the waters of a small, narrow, shallow creek, '.'8lled nusbblg Creek, which loads np to the town of Flushing and to Nellf1iown Landing. The bay affords good anchorage t'.'in from fo~ ten feet at low water, and is entirely nnobstrucied, so that it is a v<ny common resort for small vessels. College Pomt, its_ eastern point of entrance, has been already deacribed. Bowery Bay Point, which is a mile and three-eighths SW. by W. from it, and nearly three-quarters of a mile 8 U. from Rikel\"s Island, is nearly level, dotted with groves of orna- mental trees and handsome hoWIBB. Its northern end is t~ and turfed, and has l!ODlewhat the appearance of an earth- work. The village of 8tra1;toa,port is situa.W on the east ahore of the bay, about half a mile below College Point, and extends al~ng the. shore to the southward for about a mile; whila the westeni shore shows a highly cultivated country, somewhat undn- 1atmg, thiekly dotted with ho111Hlfl, and here and there sroves and OOCBi!ional lone trees. The t.own of l'l'lllllllD& is situated abont five-eighths of a mile to the B-OUthward of Strattonport, on the east bank of Flushing Creek, and a.hov.t a quarter of & mile above its mouth. Here the ereek is C1'0Blled by a. drawbridge, a.nd again, about half a. mile farther up, by another bridge carrying the Flushing ~ailroad, by which the town is connected with Brooklyn. \" Ont.he western side of Bowery.BayFrunt the Rhore makes a curve w the southward and westward, forn1ing what is known as BcnnlrF Ba7, and formerly the l'oor •-·• Bcnrenr. It is of little importance -having but three or four feet in it atJow water,-but is often 11lll!d by small v-18. ' isl~.dAbkonnotwthnr ee-eighths o fa mile t o the anboortuhtweEig&htwt haurdndorfetdhyisabrayds~~clJIo. sanedian. with the shore lies a small Berrian's Island. RB Berrian 'e Is land. I tis , smooth gre....:y and gently , sloping, and has (1875) three tree& upon it,--one a.t i.. eastern -d and two in the middle. There ie no passage inshore of it; but the &nth Charmel pas&ee on its eutem side, between it and Rik'ers Island. V esaels using this channel mnRt not approach t.h<i> soutmnn end of Berrlan'e Island - \"\"- m hundl:ed ·yards; nut, from its middle to ite nort.hern end, it may be approaeh~ wilbin two hmadred yard. wi1;b Mt Iese ihat1 &>u flithoma.

494 ATLANTIC. VOAST PILOT. Riker•a Island. Riker's Island, which aep&l'Btell the Main and South channels, lies nearly in the mjddle of the river,- being a quarter of a mile to the southward of Barretto's Point, and five-eighths of a mile to the northward of Bowery Bey Point. It is five-eighthe of a mile long N. and S., with en average width of\" about fuur hundred yards, aml is remarkable for the very peculiar rocks upon its summit, which have a castellated appearance. With this exception the island is smooth, grassy and nearly level, having a very gentle slope, dotted here and there with a few lone trees. It is surrounded by dangerous shoals extending to the eastward over a mile, and to the westward half a mile; while its northern end may be 8afely approached within one hundred and fifty yards with not lees than five fathoms, and its southern end within an eigh~h of a mile with not less than seven fathoms. • Tile Brothers. To the westward ofRik:er's Island lie The Brothers. They are known es the North end South Brother, and are a.bout two hundred yards apart in a direction nearly lf. and S. The North Brother, which is easily rooognized by the light-house on its southwestern end, is five-eighths ot a mile the to westward of Barretto's Point, and half a mile to the northwestward of the northern end of Riker's Island. It is a quarter of a mile long RE. by N. and SW. by S., and is low, level, and covered with a sca.ttered growth ofhandsome trees. There is a low house near its eastern North Brother end, and a large brown holllle near the middle of the island. The light·house is a one-s&ory frame dwelling, LJght-house. with manmrd roof, :from the centre of which rises a low tower. The building is painted a light drab, with brown trimmings, and shows a white :fixed light, of the sixth order, from a height of fift.y feet above the sea, visible eleven miles. Its geographical position is Latitude ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •OO t.T' 118\" N. t-cmcttnda ....~ ............. __ ........ ._........................ 73o M' O\"W., and it boo.rs from Throg'a Neck Light-house w. f lf., :five miles; :Ii-om Whitestone Point W. t N., three miles and live-eighths, and :fi:-.om the northern end of Riker's Island w. by 1'. Northerly, half a mile distant. From this light-house Stony Point bears W. i B., half a mile; The Middle Ground buoy SW. by W. i w., three-quarters oCa mile; and the entrance to Hell Gate 8W. by W., a mile and a half distant. The South Brother is also low, level.and grassy, hes a few busby trees upon it, and one old houee near the middle of the island. It is nearly circuJar, about three hundred yards in diameter, and is readily known by a tall, dead, brencbless tree near its northern end, (1875.) This northern end bears from the northern end of Riker's Island w., distant eight hundred yards. The channel between The Brothers is only about one hundred yards wide, with a depth of four fathoms; but the deepest channel, which passe8 on the north Bide of The North Brother, ia in no place lt\".SB than two hundred yards wide between the lines of three :fathoms, is entirely nnobetructed, and from ten to twelve fathoms may be ta.ken through it. It is not possible to pase between Hiker's Lslend and The Sooth Brother on account of the many dangerous sunken rocks forming part of Biker's distaneeIa1and West Flaa. is a mile and a quarter, and the north shore of the river takes a sweep to From Barretto's Point to Stony Point the the northward, and then to the westward and southwestward, thus forming a large bight or bay, through which the Main Chan- nel passes. The strength of the current ls not great here,-being, under ordinary circumstaoees, uot more than a knot and a half per hour. The shore between Barretto's Point aud Stony Point is nearly all low and level, highly cultivated, and thickly dotted with houses. Stony Point. Stony Point is low and level, almoet entirely grassy, and hal!I a hoU8e and a long low wharf near its eouthem end. There is a fl..g-Btaff near the house, and a few lone tree<0 are seen here and there near the shore-line. Jnst back of the point, standing amid be&ntifuJ ornamental grounds, is the old homestead of the Morris family, from which the small settlement, known as Port Blorrla, and the town of Jllf.orr1aan1a, a mile end a half to the northward, take their names. The point is bold-to, and may be approached within one hundred yards with ten fathoms at low water. A rail- way connects Port Morris with Morrisania, and thence with New York. A narrow p&11aage, about one hundred yards wide, leads between Stony Point and Randall's Ia!M>d into the Harlem River; bat not more than three feet at low water can be taken through it, and it i,., of course, unfit for 8trangers. Lawrence's Point. Between Stony Point and Lawrence's Point the East River is nine hundred yards wide, but the avail· able channel is diminished to three-eighths of a mile by Lawrence'• Point Ledge, which makes off to the northeastward from Lawrence's Point, and is marked by two black spar-buoys. Lawrence's Point ia low, level and grassy, and has (1875) four Lombardy poplars upon it, and here and there clumpa of trees. There are several villas and handsome hoUBel! aoon just back of the point, and surmunded by ornamental grounds; and these f8aturee belong to all of the Long Island &bore, :&om Lawrence's Pofot to Brooklyn. At LaWNDce's Point the river turns abruptly and runs about SW'., tin- a mile and a quarter, to the entrance to Hell Gate,-tbe city of.New Yark occupying its Wll8tern bank. The entranoe to the Gate from the eastwBril ia between Negro Point (the 110uth- ern point of Ward's Island) and Hallet's Point, (the northern point of the penin.sula on which Astoria is built.) When past thfl Gat.e the river continues to the southwestward, for two mile& and an eighth, to Himter'a Point, the northern point of entrance to Newtown Creek. The channel, however, ie mnch obstructed by iiiJands, which render it tortuone, and, by oonfining the volume ofwater within very narrow limits, \"°increase the velocity of the current aato render it& navigation extremely dangerollll.. Of these islands the fi1'Bt met with iB Randall's Island, lying in the mouth of the Harlem River, jusi to the westward of St<>ny Point., and dividing the approach to that. river into two ehannela. The eastern pamage, described above, i > - between St.ony Point and this island, and oarrkiB bu& three feet at low water; and the westeni or Main Channel, wbioh i - - between the iftland and New York, is about two hundred yards wide, and carriM not lea fhen sixteen feet at low water up to &he High Bridge. A mile and five-eighths to the aouthweatward of Lawrence's Point, and a:bou.t three huuclied and aeveniy·flve yards S. i W'. from Negro Point Bluff, is a large projecting ledge, bown a& Bcal7 J&ock, wbioh extends oir nearly 1o the edge of the deep-water channel, and is easily recognizecl. An eighth of a mile to the sontbweatward of thi8 rook, and directly oppc>llite to Negro Point, (on cram·•Ward's hlaPd,) ilJ ii Jong whut; oft\" which lie• number o1 :rocks, ~ at low tide and eurrounded by eboal Ramlall'• Island. water, to which the nam&. ol Bll,Dk baa been giYen. :Randall'• h1and lim nearlylr. and ii., i& half a mile long, 'Wid.esc at its sWthem end, where i~ 1ti about eleven hUDdred ,..m. wide,· and bm 1-r hundred yards wide at ibil northern end. It Is composed of low, levtd land, laid out aa· omatnental growia., and oecupied by many large brown bulldinga, some of wliich llave l!))ber1cal domes. Tkeee are uumieipal buildloga ~ to ~ (li$y. of New ,-ork, aad orare devoted to the purposes charity \"8d wrrectien.

EA.ST RIVER. 495 .Just to the southward of Randall's Island, and separated from it by a channel but Jittle over one hundred yards wide, lies a mftl'sh island, about four hundred and fifty yards long NE. and SW., and between two and three hundred yards wide. It is called Sunken Meadow, and is surrounded by shoals, which render it dangerous of Sunken Meadow. approach except on its southern side, where you may come within one hundred yards of it with not less than ten fathoms. The passage between Sunken Meadow and Randall's Island leads into Little Hell Gate, but, being obstructed at its western end by the shoals between The Hammook and Sunken J.leadow, is dangerous, and is not good for more than six feet jlt low water. Next to the B-Outhwestward of Randall's Island is Ward's Island, lying nearly NE. and SW., and a little Ward's Island. over half a mile in diameter. The land is somewhat higher than :Randall's Island, but is likewise occupied by large public buildings, prominent among which is a brick building, faced with grey stone, surmounted by a mansard roof, and crowned with several pinnacles. Near the southern end are the Jl111'8.rl' Hoapl'ta.l and the Bollllera• Bome,-the latter a large brick building surmounted by a mansard cupola. There are large willows near the southeastern end of the island; and the southw8!ltern end, known as Negro Pobl.t, is fringed with low trees. Negro Point Bld, which has steep fuces about twenty feet high, and whose summit risM to a height of forty feet, is about midway between the t<Outbeastern and southwestern ends of the island. The passage between Ward's and .Randall's islands is called Little Hell Gate, and is in no place less than Little Hell Gate. one hundred and fifty yards wide. It is, however, so much obstructed by sunken rocks that it is not safe for more than five feet without an experienced. pilot; and indeed the passage is very seldom used. A small rocky islet, called The lla.mmock, lies a.bout seventy-five yards from the B-Outbern shore of Randall's Island, and one hundred and :fifty yards to th\" northwestward of Sunken Meadow. It is surrounded by shoals, and must receive a berth to the northward of not less than one hundred ;yards. The channel takes an abrupt turn to the northwestward, on the B-Outh side of Ward's Island, rounds Hallet's Point, (as the northern extremity of the peninsula on which the town of Astoria is built is called,) and then turns again to the southwestward,-thus forming the crooked and dangerous passage known as Hell Gate. This pa.uage, Hell Gate. which is not 1088 than a que.rter of a mile wide between Ward's Island and Hallet's Point, and about four hundred and fift;y yards wide between Horn's Hook (on the New York side) and the Astoria shore, is much obstructed by rocky islets, upon which the tidal current strikes with great force, and, being dedected therefrom, forms numerous eddies and whirls very dangerous to navigation. The operations of the United States Engineers have, however, of late ye,..... considerably improved the navigation of the Gate; and the recent destruction of B\"al.let's Point Beef, in .July, 1876, has very materially improved the channel and diminished the rorce of the eddies, BO that the Eastern Channel, which was formerly considered very dangerous, except with the wind to the northward or westward, is now very frequently used and with comparative safety. From LawNnce'e Point the C-OUJ'Be of the shore is about SW'. by W., for a mile and a quarter, to the peninsula occupied by Astoria. The land is nearly level, and occupied exolnsively by beautifully ornamented grounds dotted with houses and hll.nd- some groves of trees. The small indentation on the eastern side, and at the so11thern end of Astoria, is called :Pot OoYe, and affords anchorage in from three to seven fathoms for wind-bound vessels. Hallet's Point is low and flat, and is almost entirely occupied by Fort BitlveDll. At present (1878) the Hallet's Point. point is easily recogni»ed by the dredge-boats, work-alwps and other appliances in use by the EngineeTS in their work: of improving the channel. The town of A.a1;orta, occupies the whole of the peninsula back of the point. Honi's Kook, on the west side of the river, is quite bold-to, and may be approached within less than nne hundred yards with not less than five fathoms at low waier. The shore is thickly settled, and cut up into streeta and equares,-being in fact part of the city of New York. Harlem :River makes in to the northeastward, between W&rd.'a l'oln°' (the western extremity of Ward's Harlem River. Island) and the New York ahore, and is about three hundred and fifty yards wide at ite month, but soon diminishes t.o about two hundred yards, which width it keeps, with occasional variatfona, to its junction with Sp~ Duyvel Cneik. at the northern end afManbaitau. ~ The channel (though at the present writing it has not less than fourteen feet in it) is so narrow and crooked as to be available only for eteamboatll with experienced local pilots on board; and no description ooof it, or aailing directions for it, could made in1e11igible for strangere. The United States Engineers have, however, been engaged for several years in dMpening and widening the ohamiel by means of excavations and blasting; and the time is not, probably, far distant when the river will be cleared of obstructi-ODB u far up as the lQch Bridge. Between Wa.rd'e Island and Born's Hook the East :River, owing to the influx uf the Harlem, spreads out to a width of haJ.I'. a ~ i but tJ_>e middle of this area is occupied b;y a number of bare rocks and rocky ielete, which very much obstruct navigation by ca~ dangerous whirls and eddiee.. or th.a bare rocks the northernm-08$ and largeat is known as Gree.\\ Mill Rook, or Ta.hie Bock, and is an islet aboui 11b::t7 ;yanls in diameter. It consists of a Great Mill Rock• ...._of bare rock: lying ibur hundred. yards aw. i a. from Ward.'• Point and nea:r1y a quarter of a mile 1 lTW. i •· from Ballei'a Point.. It is surrounded b;y shoals, and moat npt. be approllChed from the 11outhward nearer than one hundred and fifty yards; but on its north side you ma;y come within furty yards of ii with not Jess than four fathoms. The mm- C!l&lme1 through tbil Gate, aa well u that leading to Harlem :River, puaea to the northward of this island. One h~d.red and fifty yards SW. t I. limn Great Mill Bock Jiea t.nn. lllll :Boele, twenty yards in diameter. Four fathoms may be carried between the two, but the ~ is not sale owing to the ciangeroUl!I whirls. About one hllildred and fift]\" yarda I. by E. trom. Little Hill Book lie The Negro Heads, thirty yards The Negro Heads. &put, and 11WTU11Uded b;y J1boiUs. They lie nearly Y ,...... and B aB. Jh,m each other and are very amall,- 'being llClll'ICe1:.v more than twenv feet in diameter, The no:rthenu;ooat rook u. call~ Little Kesro lle&4, and between it li!Ud wldeLiltl.e Mill Bock :!Iowa the ll144le Oll&mMi1 of the Gat-e, aeventT. ;yards between the lines of three fa.tboms. . . 1:0 theB011thward. of The Negrolleada 11.ea Kiddle ~-:-lhe.aboal extending in a nearly RB. and SW. clirection for th.- hundred ;rartla, and having bare roob and 1\"9Cky :ialeta -tt.ered along its length. or Middle Reef. theae, the 1MJ11themmost ill Tll6 . _ aad. Ob\"'nna, a couple of bare l'OCA lying on.e hundred yards a. by .E. '1 lL hm 1he aouthemmoet of The N4!1P'O. BeacJa, and aurromided · by .mQ..l water. Nexc to the eastw.ard of theee, hearing • .. and forty yards off. ia l'l09il....-..~ roeky islet. bV )'al'ds long n. f wrmaand SW. t 1'., whkh Envieienabotu B. i L one of the DMllllL dangerou& OOatructi.Ollll to the Gate. The Ullkea SIMe8 have beeU for aollle t.ilM enpged ill tunneling u:ndet-

496 ATLA...~TIC COAST PILOT. this rock, for tbe purpoi!e of removing it by blasting, as in the case of Ballet's Point Reef'; and it is expected that a depth cf twentv-six feet at low water over it will ultimately be obtained. FlOOd Rock bears from Hallet'e Point about w., distant three hund~ and fifty yard&. The Ea.skrn Channel of the Gate, passing between the rock and .Astoria., is one handred and fifty yards wide between the lines of three fathoms, and fmm eight to twelve fathoms may be taken through it. It is probable that, in the course of time, all of the smaller rocks obstructing the Gate will be removed by blasting. On the western side of the Astoria peninsula excellent anchorage is found iu what is known as Ballet's Mallet's Cove. Cove, where vessels are free from the effects of the current, and may lie at anchor in from two to fi!e futhom11, muddy bottom. Large vessels, that is, those drawing moJ:\"e than eighteen feet, must beware 6f Hallet\"& lllicldle Ground, which bas from eleven to eighteen feet upon it, and lies almost exactly in the middle of the cove. Vessels bound to New York will anchor nuder the southern side of the .Astoria peninsula, and will therefore pass to the north- ward of the Middle Ground; while those bound from New York to the eastward will pass to the southward of the shoal,- anchoring under the Ravenswood shore. GiblHI' Point. About four hundred yards to the southwestward of 'l'horbnrn'a Dock, (the southern point of entrance to Hallet's Cove,) and nearly opposite to the Lunatic Asylum Dock, (on Blackwell's Island,} is Gibbs' Point, at the northeastern end of the village of Ravenswood. There is a conspicuous white house a little over one hundred yards back from the point, which is used by the pilots as a range with the northeast point of Blackwell's Ishmd in coming through the Ma.in Channel from the eastward. Large vessels should give the point a berth to the southeastward of one hun- dred yards, to avoid the shoal making oif from it; but veBSels of less than twelve feet draught may approach it within fifty yards with safety. Blackwell's When fairly in the Gate, abreast of Ballet's Point, the most prominent object visible to the southwest- Island. ward is Blackwell's Island, which is almost entirely occupied by the state and county buildings, most of which are of granite and present a very imposing appearance. This island, which Jies exactly in mid-river, extends NE. and SW. for a mile and a half, with a deep ch&Dnel on both sides of it, although that on its western side is the d\"\"pest. Though long it ;., quite na.rrow,-having an average width of about two hundred and fifty yards,-and on its north- eastern end, which is a level grassy point, faced with a granite sea wall, will be seen a tall tower of grey stone, surmounted by a lantern painted and gilded, and this again crowned with a spire, weathercock and pointers. This is Blackwell's lal- Blackwell's Island Light-house, maintained by the city of New York, and showing a fixed red light, of tl1e a n d Light- fourth order of 1''resnel, from a ht>igbt of fifty-four feet above high water, visible thirteen miles. It stands house. upon made ground, where was formerly the reef known as Bread a.nd. Cheese B.eef; and it is usual for vessels to pass to the westward of it, that is, between Blackwell's Island and New York. Those which pass to the eastward of the island will carry not less than five fathoms past the village of Ravenswood, (which adjoins Astoria, and is situated amid beautiful gardens and highly ornamental grounds,) and will finally reach Hunter's Point, a settlement on the west bauk, about two miles and an eighth below .Astoria. Hunter's Point. Hunter's Point is the northern point of entrance to a narrow stream about one hundred and fifty yards wide, on the southern side of which begins 1he city of Brooklyn. This stream is called Newtown Creek, and flows in a southeasterly direction for abouL two miles,-being crossed in that short distance by no less than four draw- bridges. .Abreast of Hunter's Point the river is about three-que.riers of a mile wide, with a depth in the channel of from three to eight fathoms; and it now turns to the southward, running about S. by W. t W., for a mile and three-quarters, to abreast of Wallabout Bay, where the Brooklyn. Na.v;y Ya.rd is situated. Here it is only about seven hundJ:\"ed yards wide, with a depth in the channel of from six to tcu fathoms; and it now turns about W. by S. t S. for two miles and a quarter, joining the Upper Bay of New York, bt>tween The Battery on the north and Red Hook on the south,-Governor's Island lying about midway between the two points. In Wallabont Bay lies the U. S. Cob Doell:, oonstrncled on a shoal or eand bar opposite to the Navy Yard, and having a channel, in no place less than one hundred yards wide, between it and the Brooklyn shore. Through this chBDnel eleven feet at low water may be taken; and at its western end is the Navy Anchorage, with from four to six fathoms. The Battery. The Battery ie a level graesy park, thickly dotted with trees and faced with a granite sea wall. .At its northwestern end is a circular wooden building, surmounted by a cupola, and now need as a depot for immi- grants. It was formerly the Round .Battery, and gave the name to the point, but is now called C&dle Garden. The Battery is quite bold-to, and may be approached safely, within one hundred yAnls, with not Jess than four f'a.tboms. Red Hook. Red Hook, the southern point of the western entrance to East River, is also the western extremity of the city of Brooklyn. It is low and level, and occupied enti:rely by houses, docb and ship-yard,._ On its southern side makes in a large shallow cove, called Gowa.nus Bay; and to the northward of it, between it and Govemor's Island, is what is known as Bu\"ermUk Cba.mlel, which is a quarter of a mile wide from shore to shore, and in no place less than two hundred yards wide between the lines of three fathoms. This is a. very commonly used channel, and has n<>t less than five fathoms in it at low water. Governor's Governor's Island, which lies in the middle of the western entni.nce to the East River, is abont eight Island. hundred yard.a long l!fNW. and SSB., and a quarter o:f a mile wide. It i11 very nearly level, and occupied entirPly by Fort Cohunbua and the fortifleatl-0ns aud their out-buildings, belonging to the United States. On the extreme northwestern point of the island, facing the North River, is a low, circular, stone furt, on which there is a fog- Bfgnal, consisting of a bell struck by machinery, twice in quick succession, at intervals of twenty seconds. There are many buildings on the island, surrounding the f-0l'tffieatione, and prominent among these Will be - a long, low, brick bo1J110;, wiih its roof covered with gravel. Also, upon the eal!ten1 and sontheutern sides of the island, groves of low trees are seen, 1UJ)Ong which appear several dwelling ho-, which ·are the quaners of 1he army officers stationed on the mland. On the extretn\" southern end of the island is a. water battery, facing the Buttermilk Channel, and easily NCOgnized BB an oblong work· of atone, whitewa&hed, and snrmoUllted by trav\"1'1!eB of earth. The Bain Oha.DDel of the East Ri~er pM808 to the northward of Governor'\" Island, between it and The Battez7, which .also forms the ·easteMl point of entra.noero die Hudson or N<>rth Biver; but there is equally good wa.ter through :Bul;terlllilk Channel, and this latter ia trequently used b7\" ve-Ia bound tbrongb the river to the eastward.. Governor's Island i.8 11hoal on its weetern side, and should not be-approached from that dlrection beuer Ulan half a mile·

EAST RIVER. 497 DANGERS IN PASSING FROM LONG ISLAND SOUND THROUGH EAST RITER INTO NEW YORK BAY. On approaching Throg's Neck a red spar-buoy will be seen off the point. This Tbrog'-8 NecK is on Throg's Neck Shoal, which makes off to the southeastward for about two bun- Shoal. tlred yards. The buoy is pla-Oed in nineteen feet, is marked No. 32, and bears from Stepping Stones Light-house SW. ! S., distant a mile and three-eighths. From this buoy the black buoy on College Point Reef bears -W. k N., distant two miles and seven-eighths. V e.<!Sels should not approach the point nearer than a quarter of a mile should the buoy be gone. Whitestone Point may he approached within an eighth of a mile, and Old Ferry Point within one hundred yards, with not less than eight fathoms at low water; but, if standing to the northward on a wind, you should not proceed farth£r into the bight betwe.en Throg's Nook and Old Ferry Point than to bring Throg's Neck Light-house to bear E. i S., or Old Ferry Point W. i N., unless the vessel be of light draught, when she may stand into four fathoms with safety. The flats are very abrupt. Between Whitestone Point and College Point do not stand to the southward of Throg's Neck Light-house bearing E., on account of the shoal water ojf Rose OOve. When off this cove a black spar-buoy will be seen ahead, bearing about W. t S., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is on College Point Reef, which makes off to the northeastward for a quarter of College Point a mile, and 11as six feet on its northern end close to the buoy. The buoy is marked Reef. No. l, plaeed in three fathoms, and hears from Old Ferry Point W. by s. i S., one mile; from Throg's Neck Light-house W. Southerly, two miles and three-quarters; and from White- stone Point W. t N., nearly a mile and a half distant. From this buoy the north end of Riker's Island bears W. t N., one mile and five-eighths, and North Brother Light-house W. t N., nearly two miles and a quarter distant. Between Clason's Point and Hunt's or Spafford's Point, on the north side of the river, you should not stand farther to the northward than to bring North Brother Light-house to bear W. f N., on account of the shoal'8 off the mouth of Bronm River; and on the south side, after passing College Point Reef buoy, you must beware of Riker's Island East Flats, Rilrer's Island which extend from that island to the eru,,tward about a mile and an eighth, and have East Flat-8. from four to eight feet water upon them. They arc not buoyed, but may be avoided by not going to the southward of a line joining College Point and the northern end of the island,- tbe former bearing E. by S. ! S. and the latter -W. by N. i N. A judicious use of the lead will, however, enable yon to stand farther to the southward,-going about as soon as you strike four fathoms. A buoy will be recommended to be placed on the eastern end of these flats, about three-eighths of a mile to the westward of College Point. Barretto's Point on the north, and Riker's Island on the south side of the river, may be ap- proached within two hundred yards with not less than four fathoms; but,~hen abreast of the latter, a black spar-buoy will be seen, a little to the southward of the course, and to the southeastward of ~~rth Brother Light-house, bearing about W. by S., and three-eighths of a mile off. Thts IS on South Brother North Reef, which has from two to six feet water upon it, South Brother and ext.ends to the northward, from The South Brother for about one hundred and North Reef. fifty yards, leaving a passage, about one hundred yards 'wide, between the buoy and The North Brother. Narrow. as this channel iait is fr~uently used by steamers and even by aailing- vessels when wind and tide are fair, although the Mam Channel, to the north.ward of The North Brother, has froi_n ten t-0 ~fteen fathoms in it, and is entirely unobstructed.. The former channel is, however, m?re direct, and is therefore frequently used under the above conditions. There IS no passage be.tween The South Brother and Riker's Island-the area Rlker's Island between the two being occupied, for the most part, by Riker's Island West Flats and Wed Flats. So'flfh Brother South Reef. The former hBs a depth of two feet; and the latter, which extends to the sou~ward• from The South Brother for about six hundred yards, is bare in some places at low water, and m others has f~m. five to el:ven feet upon it. A narrow slue, with fdU.rteen feet, leads between the two Wh~ pas~ ~he shoals; but it IS not navigable,-not being marked in any way. may appro ach south side, oft\" Stony Po1;Ilt, ~thm o North Brother the channel turns to t he southwestward, and you ne !1nndred yards,. with not less than eight fathoms; but, on the Lawrence s Pomt, you will see three spar-buoys,-two black, and one reel and black,-lying nearly liL and W. from each other. ~e east.ernm.oet, which :is ma;rked No. 6, is on the north- e~asat.ermdenfdoor fnL~al~ycme'x ahuPnodmretd~y,awrdhs, iiscbharemaink . es o:ft\"from that point to the north- Lawrence•• places at low wat.er, and in others Point Ledge. uw; rom ~o t.o eight feet upon i~ The buoy is in sixteen feet, and beare from North Brother .Light-house SW. i s .• eight hundred yards; from the north end of Riker's Island w. by a. :s:t S., a yards ~~tttle.o v er ~~ of a mile; and &om Lawrence's Point NE. by f E., six hundred I t JS sometimes Wied \"Flushing Bay Buoy/' and its principal :west.em side of the entrance to that bay &om the westward. use is to mark the O.P.-63

498 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Three hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the above mentioned buoy, and three hundred yards to the northeastward of Lawrence's Point, is another black buoy, marked No. 7. This is on the northern end of Lawrence's Point Ledge, and is placed in nineteen feet, rocky botttom,-North Brother Light-house bearing NE. i E., and Lawrence's Point SW. A quarter of a mile to the west- ward of this buoy, and three hundred yards NW. from La\"Tence's Point, will be seen The Middle a spar-buoy painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This it on The Middle Ground. Ground, a twelve feet shoal, lying nearly midway between Sunken :Meadow and Law-, rence's Point,-being two hundred yards from the former, and about three hundred' yards from the latter. This shoal lies nearly NE. and SW., and is about three hundred yards long between the lines of three fathoms. Soundings of twelve feet are found at intervals along its length, with deeper water between them; and the buoy is so placed on the middle of the shoal that by giving it a berth of one hundred yards, either to the eastward or westward, vessels will pass safely in from twelve to fifteen fathoms at low water. The buoy bears from North Brother Light-house SW. by W. ! w .• distant three-quarters of a mile. Sunken :Meadow is quite bold-to, and may be approached, by the largest vessels, within fifty yards; but, if you have passed to the southeastward of The Middle Ground, you should give Wool- sey•s Dock (about two hundred and fifty yards below Lawrence's Point) a berth of not less than one hundred yards, to avoid a shoal~ with from six to twelve feet upon it, which makes off to the northward from the ·dock for sixty yards. It fa commonly known as Woolsey's Ledge, and is not buoyed. When past The Middle Ground there are no dangers in the channel until Hell Gate is reached, where, between \\Yard's Island and Hallet's Point, there are many shoals and rocks, which, in connec- tion with the conflicting currents which meet at this point, render its navigation exceedingly dangerous. . The U. S. Engineers are, and have been for years, engaged in removing these obstruc- Pot Roel. tious by blasting and dredging; and it is expected that in the rourse of a few years the channel will be comparatively free. Pot Rock, one of the most dangerous of all the obstructions, lying about midway between Negro Point and Astoria, has been entirely removed, and there is now a depth of twenty-one feet at low water upon it. Way's Reef, one hundred and fifty yards to the southwestward of Pot Rock and the same distance from the Astoria shore, has now twenty-six feet at low water upon it; and the dangerous Hallefs Point Reef, which made off in a N NE. direction from that point, has been entirely removed,-thus materially diminishing the force of the dangerous whirls off that point. There still remain, however, a great number of Shel/drake dangerous shoals,-the first one met with being known ns Shelldrake Rock, about one Rock. hundred and twenty yards from the Astoria shore, and surrounded by depths of from five to seven fathoms. This rock lies nearly N NE. and S SW., is about forty yards long, and the least water upon it is sevenreen feet. It is not buoyed, but is eaaily avoided by not going to the southwestward of the centre of Great Mill Rock bearing about WNW. On the northeastern side of the channel, the next danger met With lies close in with the Ward's Isl- and shore, iibout sixty yards from it, and consists of a ma88 of shoal ground surrounding The Hog'1t two bare rocks, lying NW. and SE. from each other, and one hundred yards apart. Back. They are called, respectively, The Hog's Back and Holmes' Rock,-the latter being the southeasternmost. The reef extends to the southwestward from The Hog's Back for one hundred yards, with from one to four feet upon it; in the same direction from Holmes' Rock for a little over one hundred yards, with from one to twelve feet; and eighty-five yards to the southward from Holmes' Rock, having not less than t.en feet ;-while between the two reefs a depth of from two t.o eight feet at low water is found. No portion of this shoal is buoyed; but that off Holmes' Rock is easily avoided by giving the rock a berth to the northward of one hundred and fifty yards. There is a narrow but deep channel, in no place less than thirty yards wide, and havinlf a depth of from :five t.o seven fu.thoms, leading between Ward's Isla.nd on the northeast, and The Hog s Back and Holmes' Rock on the southwest; but it is rarely used., and is entirely unfit for stra.nJi!:ers. Nearly two hundred. yards to the southwestward of the., Hog's ~k, and a little The FrJinfl' over three hundred. yards NE. ! N. from Ballet's Point, is The Frying Pan, a piece Pan. of shoal ground covering an area about fifty yards in diameter, and having eleven feet water on its shoalest part. It is not buoyed or marked in any way, and the current of both flood and ebb aet directly towards it, so that it is necessary to keep the Hallet's Point shore aboard in order to avoid it. Formerly this course was dangerous, owing to the existence of Hallet's Point Reef; but, since the destruction of the la.tt.er, the Eastern Channel, which passes around this point, is nearly aa safe as the Main Channel, and will become equally so when Flood Rock and The Gridiron have been built up. When past The Frying Pan, if bound through the Main Channel, the oonrse leads to the north- :westward, between Ward's Island and Great Mill Rook; and here you must beware, not-0nly of the reefs surrounding the latt.er, but aJSo. of several dangerous '8llllk.en rocks, with fl'Qm. ten to twelve feet water, which lie il.lmost exactly in the middle <If the chamiel:, t.o the nort.h'Ward of Great Mill Bock, at distances from it varying from one \"hundred and twenty ~ one hundred and fifty yards. .The

EAST RIVER. 499 shoalest as well as the northernmost of these rocks is called Heel-tap Rock, and Neef-tap Rock. bears from Great Mill Rock N. by E. t E., one hundred and :fifty yards, and from The Hog's Back W. by N. t N., six hundred and fifty yards distant. It has ten feet at low water, and tyou must keep either the Mill Rock or the Ward's Island shore aboard in order to avoid it. Eighty yards SE. E. from it is a sunken rock wit,h twelve feet; and thirty yards SW.! S. from it is another with eleven feet. These rocks are all surrounded by deep water, (from four to five fathoms,) and there are consequently dangerous whirls in their vicinity. In keeping the Mill Rock shore aboard, give it a berth of one hundred yards to the southwest- ward in order to avoid the re.efs whwh surrmind ii. These reefs, with less than ten feet water, extend to the eastward about sixty yards, to the southwestward one hundred and twenty yards, and to the westward fifty yards, and are bare at low water on the eastern and southern sides of the rock forty yards from shore. You may, however, if bound through the Main Channel, pass fifty yards to the northward of Great Mill Rock, in six fathoms at low water. Continuing to the southwestward through the Main Channel, Little Mill Rock must receh·e a berth to the eastward of fifty yards, on account of the shoals whwh surround it, and which extend, with not more than six feet water, to the northward forty yards, t-0 the westward twenty yards, and to the southward twenty yards. There are dangerous whirls over the southeastern part of this reef, which render the Middle Channel (passing between Little Mill Rock and Middle Reef) very dangerous; and this difficulty, added to the set of the ebb on to The Negro Heads, causes this channel to be seldom. used. In endeavoring to avoid Little ~fill Rock be careful, also, not to get too close to R)'landt1r'3 Rylander's Reef, which makes off from the New York shore in an easterly direction, Reef. for a little over one hundred and fifty yards, with from four to six feet at low water. There are very dangerous whirls on this shoal, and its eastern end should be buoyed for the guidance of navigators. Such action will be recommended. If passing through the Middle Channel or the Eastern Channel, Middle Reef is a very dangerous obstruction. It is a large area of shoal ground, extellding NE. and SW. for about three hundred yards, and with an offset projecting to the northwestward for over one hundred yards from the main body of the shoal. Over this large area are ~ttered many bare rocks and islets,-prominent among which are, beginning at the northward, the Litlle Ne.g1·0 Head, Great Negro Head, The Ifen and Chicken, Flood Rock and The Gridiron. Over the area between these Middle Reef. bare rocks the soundings vary greatly,-the bottom being in some places bare at low water, and in others having from two to twelve fetit over it. The largest of the bare rocks is Flood Rock, on the southeastern side of the reef. It is forty yards long NE. and SW., and only about ten yards wide jn its natural state; but is rapidly being enlarged and joined to The Gridiron (fifty yards to the northeastward of it) by the dumping of loose rock, dredged from Hallet's Point Reef and vicinity, which is intended to form the foundation for the necessary work-shops, &c., when the work on the reef shall have been recommenced. The Little Negro Head marks the northwestern end of Middle Reef, and Flood Rock its south- western end. The northeastern end should be marked by a buoy, placed in not less than three fathoms, with Hallet's Point bearing SE. ! E., distant about two hundred and fifty yards. Such action will be recommended. \\Vhen past Middle Reef there are no dan~rs in either channel until you approach the southern end of Black'Yell's WI s.l at nSd., where you muSt look out for Blackwell's Island Reef, a line of detached ledges, extendmg S from the southwestern end of the island for three-quarters of a mile, with d~p water betwee!l them.. Most of these 100.gea are bare at low water,-the one nearest the island bemg out at h&;lf tide; and the sunken ledges have from ten to eleven feet at low water. The inner- alentlgei: g~~ithnosf abo~t one hundred yards from the southwestern end of the island, most a mile. long by one hundred yards wide, leaving a narrow channel and covers an area. between it and ~he island with ~ fathoms at low water. Close to its southern end (about one hundred yards off) is a sunken rock with eleven foot at low water; .and an eighth of a mile to the westward of this~ and dofbthlaeckisliannhdorisizaonrotaclk~tbraiprees.at seven hundred yards from the southern end lTowwowhautenr~ Blackwelr• l•l- and marked by a spar-buoy painted red. an dred yards to the southwestward of this buoy is another rock bare at low water, and and RBSI. mark.ed hy a bl~ spar-buoy, (No. 5.) &tween this rock and the striped buoy above mentioned there 18 not less than four. fathoms at low water by keeping close to the latter. Three hundred yards to the .south\"!estward of the. blook buoy, and half a mile w. by :N. :f: l!i. from the entrance to Newtown ~? JS miother det.a.ehed rock, with ten feet at low water, marked by a black spar:buoy, (No. 3.) This IS the southernmost end of the reef, and the buoy is three-quarters- of a mile SW. t S. from. the.. southern end of Blackwell's .Island. Vessels using the Main Channel pass to the westward or this buoy, giving it usna.lly a berth to the eastward of not less than one hundred and fift;r yards. From thiS buoy the striped buoy on Easby's Rocle and the red buoy on nSnhee-lel.iRghetebf.{o'.ff Nwth' street) bea.i- a. t w \".'. d;...-,._.._.., l'eS.....,.,.•\"ely .five-eiahths of a mile and a mile aud .t\"\"\"'\"\"\" ' ,,

500 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Etz.•6y'• or lie•' The channel is now clear until you approach Nineteenth street, when you will see Rock. a spar-buoy, paint.eel red and black in horizontal stripes, a little to the westward of tli.e course. This is on Easby's or Nes' Rock, a fourteen feet spot about two hundred yards from the end of the Nin(;)teenth street pier. The buoy is placed on the rock, and a channel, one hundred and fifty yards wide, exists between the rock and the New York wharf-line; but the :Main Channel passeB to the eastward of the buoy, between it and the Brooklyn shore, and is a third of a mile wide. , Half a mile to the southward of Easby's Rock buoy, and off the foot of Ninth street, will be' seen a red spar-buoy (No. 4), about three hundred and fifty yards from the New York Site/I Reef. shore. This is on Shell Reef, a long shoal lying N. and S., a little over a quarter of a mile long, and having from ten to sevent.een feet wat.er upon it. The buoy is plaoed on the eastern side of the shoal, (which extends from abreast of the foot of Thirteenth street to abreast of the foot of Seventh street,) and must be left to the westward by large vessels. When past it there · are no dallgers until the mouth of the river is reached, where you must look out for Dimond RHf. Dimond Reef, which is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 2), placxrl in three fathoms about midway between Governor's Island and The Battery. This reef, which is only dangerous to large v~ls, has nineteen feet at low water, and may be passed on either hand, although the dee~t channel is to the southward of it. The buoy is placed on it.s northeastern side, and bears from the ~tre of the fort on Governor's Island NE. f N., distant seven hundred and fifty yards; from Castle Garden SSE., distant nine hundred yards; and from Ellis' Island (southern end) E. by S. t 8., distant nearly a mile and a quarter. On the Brooklyn side there is a dangerous shoal, known as The Middle Ground, extending NE. i N. and SW.! S. for about eight hundred yards, with a depth of nine feet at low water nearly mid- way of its length, and eleven feet at its southwestern end. Its northeastern end bears E. from the northwestern end of Governor's Island, distant fourteen hundred yards, and is about three hundred yards from the Brooklyn wharf-line. Its southwestern end is six hundred yards E. The Middle by N. from the southern end of Governor's Island, and an eighth of a mile from the Ground. Brooklyn wharf-line, which is here the width of the channel. The nine feet spot in the centre of the shoal bears from the centre of Fort Columbus E. -l S., distant eight hundred and fifty yards, and from the centre of Castle Garden SE. by S. ! S., distant nearly seventeen hundred yards. Neither end of the shoal is buoyed; but there should be a buoy on· each end, as there is an excellent channel, one hundred and fifty yards wide, with not less than six fathoms, between the shoal and Governor's Island. This channel is very frequently used, and is perfectly safe if you give Governor's Island a berth to the westward of not less than one hundred yards. When past Dimond Reef there are no more dangers,-CoentieK Reef, which formerly existed on the New York side, having been removed; but you must be careful, if passing to the northward of Dimond Reef, not to approach the wharf-line Oust to the eastward of South Ferry) nearer than one hundred and fifty yards, on account of a twdve foot, shoal which makes o:ff to the southward for about one hundred yards. SAILING DillECTIONS FOR ENTERING AND PASSING THROUGH THE EA.ST RIVER INTO NEW YORK BAY FROM LONG ISLAND SOUND. wi..e. ...,.__, &1' ~,_ re.t ....._ o6 2'hroll\"• Neck l!JIHHa, round it at a dist.a.nee of three hundred yards, and steer W. by N. l N. for about a mile, heading exactly for Old Ferry Point, and carrying not less than six fathoms. On this course, when within half A mile of Old Ferry Point, in fifteen fathoms, with.Whitestone Point a little a.haft the beam bearing about a. l W., and distant four hun- dred and :fifty yards, steer W. t S., carrying not less than six and a. half fathoms, until you have passed College Point and have come within about twelve ·hundred yards of Riker's Isla.nd,-the middle of College Point bearing SE. by E. i E., and.Spofford's or Hunt's Point NliW. lfortherly, a little over six hundred yards off. Here you will have nine fathoms, with the northern end of Riker's Island bearing W. by lf.} lf., in range with the light-house on The North Brother. Now steer lfW. by W. i W.,. earrying not 1038 than seven fathoms; and, if inten.dirng to paB8 bel:woon tJr,e North a,nd Suuth Brother•, when North Brother Light-house bears W. i l!I'., distant three quarters of a. mile, and the middle o.f Barrett.o's Point l!I'. l w., distant about three hundred yards, steer W •. Southerly,which will lead, with not less than four fathoms, between the light on The North Brother and the blade buoy off The South Brother. Btd, i/ itnJending to pa88 to fk 'IW'rfAtDard of Th£ North. Brother, continue the course l!l'W. by W. f W. towards the :northeastern end of Port Morris, until North Brother Light- houae bears s. i w~. and yon are disbwt from the north end of the island about two hundred yards, with fiftieen fathoms water. Now steer SW. i w .• with the northeastern pohft ot Ward's hia;nd a

EAST RIVER. 501 little to the northward of the course, and this continue until you come abreast of Sailing Direc- Sunken Meadow, and have the striped buoy on The Middle Ground in range with tiona--Eaat Lawrence's Point on a bearing of SE. by E., about one hundre<l and fifty yards off. Hirer. The course is now SW. -! S., for about eleven hundred yards, until past Polhemus' Dock, with Hallet's Point and Negro Point Bluff in range on a bearing of WSW. Westerly, and a depth of fifteen fathoms. Thence steer SW.! W. to the entrance to Hell Gate, if bound through the Eastern Channel, or SW. by W. t W., if bound through the Main Channel. It is scarce!y necessary to remark that no vessels, except powerful steamers, can pass through Hell Gate without a favorable tide ;-that is, if coming from the eastward. they must have an ebb tide, and if from the westward a Jlood tide. If the tide makes unfavorably, anchorage may be found in Pot Cove, on the northeastern side of the Astoria peninsula, or in Hallet's Cove, on its southwestern .side. Care must be taken in this latter cove not to make a flying moor, as the bottom is rocky and many anchors are lost here. Yea8el8 a1>1aicl& have ~ t:la'l\"Offgh beho-• the North •ad l!lout:h Brothers, continue the W. Southerly course until North Brother Light-house bears NE. f E., distant an eighth of a mile, when they steer SW. f W., passing one hundred and fifty yards to the northwestward. of Flushing Bay Buoy, fifty yards to the westward of Lawrence's Point buoy, and one hundred and fifty yards to the eaat- ward of the striped buoy on The Middle Ground. If bound through the Main Okannel, they continue this course until Negro Point Bluff and Hallet's Point come in range on a bearing of W SW. West- erly, when they steer SW. by W. t W. until the middle of Great Mill Rock bears NW. by W. !- W. and Hallet's Point W., when NW. by W. will lead safely between Great Mill Rock and Heel-mp Rock, with not less than four and a half fathoms, and taking advantage of the full strength of the ebb current. But, if imending to pass through the Eastern Okannel, the SW. ! W. course must be continued until Hallet's Point bears W., Negro Point N. ! E., and the middle of Great Mill Rock WNW., when a W. by N. t N. course will lead safell through the Eastern Channel, with not less than five and a half fathoms at low water. You may pass within eighty yp.rds of Hallet's Point with safety, now that the roof has been removed. · Hamn.g p-....4 b e e - Gr-..e JllEU:t. Beek an4 Heel-tap B-k, continue the .NW. by W. course until Blackwell's Island Light-house bears S.·f W., and the eastern extremity of Horn's Hook s sw.• when steer S. by W. f W., if i'llJ,e:n.di11f1 t,o patl8 cm the western BUk of Black:well!a Ialand; or, steer for the light-house, if imending to paas w fk eastward of the i8fand, giving the light a berth to the west- ward of about :fifty yards. This latter channel is the best, though narrower and not so deep as that between the island and the New Yoi-k shore; and this is the ease especially when coming from the westward, where the flood tide sets ~ly on to Middle Reef. If .,_ ha- - t•--.• eAe .lila~• ta ~ •f Hell G<de, you must continue the W. by N. l N. course until the middle of H.allet's Point bears s. f w .. one hundred and :fifty yards off, and Black1;ell's L:Ia.nd L~ht-house SW.ts., half a mile distant, and st.eer SW. l W., for about a quart.er o~ a mile, until H?rn s Hook bears W. by J.'f. f JI'., distant nearly three hundred yards, when s. ! W. will lead safely 1Illdway between :Blackwell's Island Light--house and the .Astoria shore; or the SW. l W. course continued will lead into the channel between Blackwell's Island and the New York shore. If you, purwue the former OO'Wl'ae,---IAm is, paat1 ~ Blaektne0!8 Ia/and Light-~ and the A8t.oria llhore,-when oft' Ha.llet's Cove, with Blackwell'a I81and Light-house bearing xw. by N •• distant about two hundred yards, steer aw. t s., keeping nearest tO the Blackwell's Island shore, which is bold-to. and may be approached within twenty yards with not less dlan four fathoms. Continue this course past Blackwell's Island and until you come abreast or Hunter's Point, at the mouth of NewOOwn. Creek,-the black buoy (No. 3) on the middle shoal of Blackwell's Island Reef being exactly abeam, bearing l!l'W. t W •• and an ~ of it mile oft'. Here you will have about six fathoms at low water, and must steel- 8. f W. towanls the Brooklyn (forroorly Williamsbnrgh) wharves, carrying not lees than five and a. _half fathoms, until yoo. mme abreast of •t.he red spar-buoy on Shell Reef, which should bear W. t s .• distant about three hundl'ed and fifty •yards. Now steer SW. t 8. for the west.em end of the Navy Yard, ca.rrying not le118 than six fiubmns. The sailing-lines for both the east.ern and western Blackwell's Island chmuiels uaiie a.breast <if Shell Reef buoy.

502 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- Zf uou desire 'to pass 'to 'the 'Wes1!-ard of Blackwell's Islaad, be'tt~een U and tions--East the Neu> York slaore, (V?hicl• is f:ke. -tdest and deepest channel atad ls enUrelu River. unobst::ructed,) continue on the SW. t W. course, as above mentioned, from abreast of Horn's Hook, until past Blackwell's Island Light-house and the northern end of the island, and nearly abreast of the northernmost of the large public buildings. Then keep the middle of the pas.sage on a SW. t s. course, carrying not less than six fathoms, until you come nearly abreast of the black buoy on the \"ten feet spot\" on the southern end of Blackwell's Island Reef, which should bear SE. by S., distant an eighth of a mile. The southern end of Hunter's Point (easily recognized as the northern point of entrance to Ne\"'--town Creek and the terminus of the Hunter's Point Railroad) will bear ESE., and you will be exactly abreast of the foot of Thirty-fourth street, in nine fathoms water. Now steer S. t E. towards the Brooklyn wharves, carrying not less than five and a half fathoms, until you come abreast of the red buoy on Shell Reef, where this channel unites with the eastern channel, and you must steer SW. t S. towards the western end of the Navy Yard, as above mentioned. :fWhen off f:J&e. NarJV Yard, UJi'th the UJes'tern end! of Cob Dock beanng S. E., distant a quarter ofa mile, and the southernmost wharves in New York (near The Battery) come in range with the northernmost point in Brooklyn on a bearing of W. t S. Southerly, steer W. t s.. keeping about in mid-river, and carrying not less than eight and a half fathoms, until yon open Buttermilk Channel, and the northwestern point of Governor's Island bears SW. by W. t W. Now steer SW. by W. towru-ds the middle of Fort Columbus, (on Governor's Island,) carrying not less than five fathoms, until you come up with the red buoy on Dimond Reef, bringing it in range with the middle of Castle Garden on The Battery. The buoy should bear N. by W. ! W., and be about two hundred yards off. On this course you will pass under the \"Brooklyn Bridge,\" which connects N cw York and Brooklyn; and, when this bridge shall have been completed, large vessels must strike their upper spars in order to pass safely through. The pilot will, however, give due warning on this subject. .At present (July, 1878) the roadway has not been laid. • W'he-n abreast of Di~ Beef buot1, as ab-e, steer W. by N. i N. towards the southeastern end of Ellis' Island, for about six hundred and fifty yards, carrying not less than eight fathoms, until the northwestern end of Governor's Island (the fog-bell frame if it can be seen) bears SW. by S. t S., distant three hundred and fifty yards, and the centre ·of Castle Garden N. by E. i E., di'5tant nine hundred yards, when steer N NW. towards the Jersey shore, and anchor on the flats; or steer N. t W. if bound up North River; or, if bound down the bay, steer W. by S. t S. for three-eighths of a mile, with Bedloe's Island (see description of New York Harbor page 531) just open to the northward of the course, until the northwestern end of Governor's Island bears E. by S. t S., distant a quarter of a mile, and Robbins' Reef Light-house SW. t W., distant a little over two miles and three-quarters, when steer SW. i S., carrying not less than eleven fathoms, until the northern point of Red Hook bears E. i N., the middle of Oyster Island NW. by N •• and Robbins' Reef Light-house SW. f W.,-the last mentioned being a mile and a half distant. Here is ten fathoms, and SW. by s. i s. will lead down the bay. (See Sailing Directions for New York Harbor, page 537.) tOr, If •~en&l..ag 1:0 pcss eo 1:Ae -.rl.h-rd of .Di-..cl .Beef.-When, on the W. S. course from off the Navy Yard, you open Buttermilk: Channel, and the northwestern end of Governor's Island bears SW. by W. ! W., as before, steer that course, carrying not less than four and a quarter fathoms, until the southern. extremity of The Battery (Whitehall Point) bears NW. by W. nearly, distant a little over a quarter of a. mile, when steer W. by S. t S., (with Bedloe's Island just open to the northward of the course,) carrying not less than four and three-quart.er fathoms; until the south- eastern end of Ellis' Island bears W. by N. t N.~ and the centre of Castle Garden N. by 'JI. t E., distant nine hundred yards, when you will have nine fathoms. (On this course you pass one hundred yards to the northwa.rd. of Dimond Reef buoy, in about four and a half fathoms at low water.) Now steer N NW. t.o anchor off the Jersey Flats; N. f W. if bound up the North River; or, if bound down the bay, continue the W. by S. t S.. course past Governor's Island, until the northwest-em Point of the island bears B. by S. l S., distant a quarter of a mile, and Robbins' Reef Light-house sw. l: W~, distant a little over two miles and three-quarters, as before, when steer SW. f s .. and follow the directions given above.

EAST RIVER. 503 But:, 'U>lshing to pass through Batt:erna.llk CJhan,n,el,, (bd'U>een the BrooldVJ& Sa i Iin !/ Direc- ,.,_,.e an.a G-overn_.,s isicuwi.)--When, on the W. t S. course you open the channel, tions--East with the northwestern point of Governor's Island bearing SW. by W. f W., and the River. centre of Fort Columbus SW. by W., steer SW. by S. nearly, following the line of the Brooklyn wharves in order to avoid The Middle Ground. On this course, when the southern end of Governor's Island bears W. l S., distant between eight and nine hundred yards, and the centre of Fort Columbus NW. by W. i W., distant nearly half a mile, you will have six fathoms, with a black spar- buoy, about nine hundred yards off, bearing W. by S. ts., and a red spar-buoy, half a mile off, bear- ing SW. by W. t W. The black spar-buoy, which is marked No. 3, is about one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Governor's Island, in eighteen feet water, and marks the southern end of Governor'8 I8fand South Shoal, which has from two to nine feet water upon it. The red buoy (marked Ko. 4) marks the northeastern end of Red Hook Ffats, and the southern side of Buttermilk Channel. Red Hook Flats extend along the northern face of Red Hook to a distance of three hundred yards from shore, and, together with Governor's Island West Shoal, diminish the width of the channel to a little over two hundred yards. Their northwestern end is marked by another red spar-buoy (No. 2), placed in three fathoms, to mark the southern point of entranoe to Butrermilk Channel from the west- ward; and the western end of Governor'8 I8land We.st Shoal is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 1), placed in eighteen feet, on a bearing of W. by N. ! N. from the red buoy on the northwestern end of Red Hook Flats, and SW. by S. t S. from the fog-bell frame on the northwestern end of Governor's Island, which is distant eleven hundred yards. Governor's Island West Shoal extends in a SW. by W. direction from the island for about eight hundred and fifty yards, and has eleven feet on it four hun- dred yards W. by S. from the southern point of the island, and sixteen feet seven hundred yards from the same point. The centre of Castle Garden bearing NE. by N. i N. clears this shoal to the westward of it. Prona, tAe ab011e posu1-on, in .w,, fat:lunns, with the centre of Fort Columbus bearing NW. by W. i W., and the southern end of Governor's Island W. i- S., steer W. by S. l S., passing midway between the black buoy on Governor's Island South Shoal and the red buoy on the northeastern end of Red Hook Flats, and carrying not less than five and a quarter fathoms. Continue this course into the Upper Bay until the north point of Red Hook bears E. ! N., the middle of Oyster Island NW. by N., and Robbins' Reef Light-house SW. t W.,-the last mentioned being a mile and a half distant. Here you will have ten fathoms, and aw. by a. t a. will lead towards The Narrows, following the directions for New York Bay. f r • -in. passing tArotJJUh tl&e Bad Bl.ver Long Island Sound the courses given in the above directions pass three hundred yards to the southward of the buoy on Throg's Neck Shoal; four hun- dred yards to the northward of Whit.estone Point; a little over two hundred yards to the southward of Old Ferry Point; about two hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy on College Point Reef; six hundred yards to the southward of Clason's Point; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the ~te~ end of R~er's Island East Flats ; four hundred and fifcy yards to the southward of Spofford s Pomt; and nearly three hundred yards to the southward of Barretto's Point. If you go -to the northward of Tlw Norlh Brother the eourses pass an eighth of a mile to the northward of Riker's Island; one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of The North Brother; two hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Stony Point; four hundred and fifty yards to the northwestward of the black spar-hnoy on the northeastern end of Lawn;moe's Point Ledge, (Flushing Bay Buoy;) three hru;idred and fifty ~ to the northw€Stward of.the black buoy on the northern end of Lawrence's Point Ledge; and a little over one hundred yards io the westward of the striped buoy on The Middle ooursesGround. If you go bettceen the Nortk and Soutk .Brothers the pass about seventy-five yards to the northward of Riker's Island; fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy on the northern end of South Brother ~orth Reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of North Brother Light- house; the same distanoo to the northwestward of Flushing Bay Buoy; fifty yards to the northwestward of the black buoy on the northern end of Lawrence's Pofut Ledge· and one hundred and fifty yards to enlennot~e eastward of the striped buoy on The Middle Gl'0111ld. On Hell Gak, if you 'U8e the Main Ohamm.d, the courses pass two hundred and fifty yards to the northward of Ballet's Point; about fifty yards to the northward of Shelldm.ke Rook; two htwdred and fifty yards to the southwestward of

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- Holmes' Rock; nearly three hundred yards to the southwestward of The Hog's tions--East Back; about eighty yards to the southwest\"Y.'\"al\"d of The Frying Pan; an eighth of a River. mile to the northeastward of the northeastern end of Middle Reef; nearly one hun- dred yards to the northward of Great :Mill Rock; sixty yards to the soathwestward of Heel-tap Rock; about thirty yards to the southwestward of the \"eleven feet rock;\" nearly twenty-five yards southwest of Heel-t.ap Rock; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Great Mill Rock ; one hundred yards to the westward of Little l\\Iill Rock; a little over one hundred' yarcl!s to the westward of the Little Negro Head, (on the northwestern end of Middle Reef;) two hundred yards to the westward of The Hen and Chicken; about sixty yards to the eastward of Horn's Hook; two hundred yards to the westward of Blackwell's Island Light-house; an eighth of a. mile to the westward of the striped buoy on the middle part of Blackwdl's Island Reef; two hundred yards to the westward of the black spar-buoy next met with on the reef; an eighth of ·a mile to the northwestward, and a hundred yards to the westward, of the black spar-buoy on the south- western end of the reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the striped buoy on Nes' or Easby's Rock; and about three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Shell Reef. If you go through the. Kuldle Oh.annel of Hell Gate you pass one hundred and fifty yards to the south- ward of Great Mill Rock, and about forty yards to the southward of the shoal offthat rock; about thirty yards to the northward of the eastern end of Middle Reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the north- ward of The Gridiron; one hundred and seventy-five yards to the northward of Flood Rock; and sixty yards to the northward, and about one hundred yards to the westward, of the Little Negro Head. If you go through the Eastern Channel you pass one hundred and fifty yards to the northward, and seventy-five yards to the westward, of Hallet's Point; a little over one hundred yards to the eastward. of the northeastern end of Middle Reef; about eighty yards to the eastward of The Gridiron ; ninety yards to the eastward of Flood Rock; one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Blackwell's Island Light-house; an eighth of a mile to the eastward of the striped buoy on the middle part of Blackwell's Island Reef; the same distance to the east.ward of the black spar-buoy next met with on the reef; four hundred yards to the eastward of the black spar-buoy on the southwestern end of the reef; three hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy on Easby's Rock; and the same distance to the eastward of the red buoy on Shell Reef. The sailing-lines .unitie abreast of this buoy, and the courses thence ro the mouth of the river pass either two hundred yards to the southward, or one hundred yards to the northward, of the red buoy on Dimond Reef, according as you choose the northern or southern passage. If y()'IJ, pa& out by th,e Buttermilk Oha-nnel the courses lead about one hundred yards to the eastward, and one hundred and fifty yards to the southward, of The Middle Ground; one hundred and fifty yards to the northward. of the red hnoy on the northeastern end of Red Hook Flats; one hundred yards to the southward of the black buoy on Governor's Island South Shoal; seventy-five yards to the northward of the red buoy on the northern end of Red Hook Flats; and an eighth of a mile to the southward of the black buoy on the end of Governor's Island West Shoal. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE COURSES AND CURRENTS .IN HELL GA.TE. A• ~- ~, u:nie.. .,_ ,__ a-...... fltK.- K'lnB, it is not advisable to attempt the passage of Hell Gatie against the tide. You should ent.er from the eastward. with the ebb tide; and large vessels generally take the Main Channel, as-there is leas current there. The Eastern Channel is, however, quite safe since the destructioJ.?- of Hallet's Point Reef, and has equally good water. If a buoy were pla.oed upon the northeast.em end of Middle Reef, and another on the southeastern end of the reef ex~ding in that direction from Great Mill Rook, the Middle Channel would also be compara- tively safe for vessels drawing not more than sixteen feet; but at present it is best to use ODly the .Eastern and Main channels. V esse1s must not give The Frying Pan too wide a \"berth, for fear of being . set on to Middle Reef, or the shoals son'!Oeast of Great Mill ~ or into the Middle Channel. It is safe to stand within seventy-:1.ive yards of Negro Point. With a fair wind you may stand close to The Frying Pan ripple, and give Great Mill Rook. a. berth of abont one hundred yards to avoid the eddies which extend. out from it in a tlertlteasterly direction. You may open Little Mill Book until

EAST RIVER. 505 Horn's Hook and Gallows Hill (on Blackwell's Island) are nearly in range, and GetlflralRemarks steer about for Blackwell's Island Light-house, having it a little open to the westward on Currents in of the course. This will bring you into the Middle Channel tide. If the wind be Heft Gate. light, it is best to take the channel on the eastern side of Blackwell's Island; but if the tide be strong, take the western channel. Emerinu ,,_ Gat;e f'rowi the easttt>ard, 'ff'Uh the ff>i:nd SW. or dead a'head, go about near Negro Po~t Blu:fl; and stand towards Scaly Rock (on the Long Island shore) so as to tack again a ship's length outside the eddy. The next tack will bring you, under ordinary circumstances, a little to the ·wind- ward of Negro Point. Now make a short tack, to get as nearly as possible in the middle of the passage between Negro Point and Astoria, (or if anything inclining towards the latter,) and then st.and directly through the Main Channel,-being mreful 'Mt to bring Horn's Hook in range with the large white house on Gibbs' Point, (at the northern end of Ravenswood.) This will avoid Rylander's Reef. The next tack will fet:ch between Great Mill and Little Mill rocks, on the edge of the eddies, where you must tack, (with Blackwell's Island Light-house and Gibbs' Point in range,) making a short board toward Rylander's Reef, and tack again off that reef, where, meeting the Middle Channel tide, you will be forced up into the wind,-the current drifting you to windward clear of all danger. With a good M-ee.e ves•elB n&afl pass th.r-.gh the JIJCUUll.e Clus•nei, carrying nineteen feet at low water, and thus save two tacks and avoid the danger of Rylander's Reef and the eddies. To do this, after passing The Frying Pan, st.and towards the northern end of Little Mill Rock until within one hundred yards of it, when steer towards the southern end, passing within thirty yards of it, and tacking before Horn's Hook and the white house on Gibbs' Point come in range. Passing through either this or the Main Channel, t.ake the cha.mtel to the westward of Blackwell's Island,-the winds being more steady in that direction. Go pretty close to Horn's Hook,-always a.voiding the eddies,-and, after passing it, keep as near the middle of the channel as possible, and never shut in one point of land with another. Take tl&e -m.e _.._..Ula a 11tOUt1&er111 unnd; but, with a -re1a.erl11 wind, cross over to the eastern side of Blackwell's Island,-giving the light-house a berth of not less than eighty yards. The greatest danger from the eddies off the light-house is on the ebb. !l!he .lilsd..,.... c1a-ne1 u ,..._,. -:rer eAan .r-r111, and is now very frequently used on the ebb tide,-the line of true current being much wider since the destruction of the reefs. You may shave Hallet's Point very close, and steer with Flood Rock open a little to the northward of the course. The vessel will be, apparently, drifting upon the rock, but when her bow gets within the influence of the true current it will put her head directly through the channel. The cause of vessels getting ashore on The Gridiron is want of decision on the part of the pilot as to which channel to take. In UgM ~. st.eer for Hallet's Point when abreast of Shelldrake Rock. ~... ,,,,._ .,,_ ~...., •••Mi.C •1-./kHHI Hde, ~...Ult. a rair ...._., you may go either a.round Great Mill Rook, {giving it a good berth to the southeastward.,) or else pass through the Middle Channel. ~... •eu ~ ,,.._ .,,_ ~-.. nee ftoe4 fide~ The channel east of Blackwell's Island is the best,-vesse]s st.anding through the wwt; channel mnnin~ great danger of being carried by the current on ~ Middle Reef. With a head wind you may beat through the Gate either by the Eastern Channel, or, With a commanding breeze, by the Main Channel to the northward of Great Mill Rock. In the latter case, you may stretch to the eastwa.M within one hundred yards of The Hog's Back with safety. Lm:ge vesBels should, as a rule, paas through the Main Channel. To do this you must reverse the courses given in the &iling Directions, steering with ~t Mill Rock: well open to the eastward of.the course, and standing past it to the northward far enough to avoid the eddies which extend about thirty yards from the rock. In steering to the southeastward between Ward's Island and Astoria, see Urethat the ripple of The Frying Pan is kept about a point, to northward of the course. You may> after passing The Frying Pan., head up towards Negro Point; which you may approach from the south- ~. within sixty yards. After passing this point, if you keep the middle of the ehannel, the current will take you to the westward of The Middle Ground off Lawrence's Point. C. P.-64

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. GeneralRemarks The eddies off Hatter's Doek (the nt»\"thern pO'lnt of entr•naee to Hallet:'11 on Currents in Cove) and tho11e off Blaekioell'a Island Liohl:-house (both of which show very Hell Gate. plainly) must be carefully avoided,-the former by keeping nearest to the Black- well's Island shore until past the dock, and the latter by keeping over towards the .Astoria Ferry, whicl1 you may pass within fifty yards. If you now steer for the middle of Flood Rock you will come into the true flood tide abreast of that rock; and, by steering with The Hog's B~ areabout half a point open to the southward of the course, you will go clear of danger until you nearly up with The Frying Pan ripple. Now you must steer to the southeastward to get into the true current of flood, round Negro Point, and proceed as above directed. Having eonae through the BlaekUJeU's Island U>estern ehannei, do not attempt to pass over to the Eastern Channel of Hell Gate unless the wind iB fair and fresh. Then stand across, past Flood Rock, and steer to the southeastward towards Negro Point, following the directions given above. Wit1& a light: 'Wind f'rona the UJetdUJo.rd you are at the mercy of the current and must hug The Frying Pan, (passing only abQut a ship's length to the southward of it,) and, in order to avoid Cram's Bank, tack in towards Negro Point when it bears N., standing on only long enough t-0 get headway on the vessel, then tack again and keep in mid-channel. WUh -no proB:Peet of w»na, aneh- in .Ballet's Co-toe, to the northward of Thorburn's Dock,- being careful to avoid the Middle Ground by passing the dock at a diBtance of sixty yards; and, when abreast of it, steering with the steamboat wharf near the head of the bight a little open to the west- ward of the course. Large vessels should pass to the westward of Hallet's Middle Ground, and steer about E. ! B. towards the middle of Blackwell's Dock. Do not let go the anchor until the vessel has stern-way on, to avoid the danger of losing it, as the bottom is v~ry rocky. Getting under VJay f'rona thi#J - , stand out due W. from Thorburn's Dock. Vessels frequently stand too near Hatter's Dock, when they invariably strike on Baldheade,d, Bill'!h a round smooth rock, dry at low water. If, .,_,n11 to Ught W'etlterl11 - ft.O'rlhefU!Jt ec>inds, you are in danger of getting ashore near Wool~ sey's Ba.th House, run into Pot Cove and anchor. The current turns into this cove, opposite the Bath House, and will enable you to reach good anchorage. Lf ti,..., Ude be 81-k and the -1.ndf•i-r, you may take the Eastern Channel through the Gate; but, with a head wind, you must allow room for tacking when near Flood Rock, as a slight under-current, which exists here, is apt to make vessels miss stays and go upon The Gridiron. This danger will cease to exist as soon as the shoals surroundillg the two rocks are filled in and formed into an island,-a work which is now in progress. The longest tacks can be made by going through the Main Channel, and passing to the northward of Great Mill Rock. But here you run the chance of losing the slack water, which never lasts more than ten minutes, and generally not more than six. Bound through the Gate fWnn. the weat.,«r4 - nae 866 ffde, with a fair wind, keep along shore near Hallet's Point to avoid the strength of the current; but, after passing this point, keep in the mid- dle of the passage to avoid Shelldrake Rock. Unless, however, the.breeze is very strong, you should not att:empt to pass through the Gate, from the westward, after the ebb tide has been running twenty minutes. Abreast of Ha.llet's Point vessels meet the strong current of ebb, which sets them over towards The Gridiron, when they must either go ashore or anchor at great risk. Latitude. Longitude West. Fixed or -Height Di!Jtance Revolving. NAME. a.hove visible in level. nautioal In are. In time. miles. Throe'• llfecli: Ltdit-llO'llee • - • - • - • • • • • . f f ..8 1\"1' 0\" h. m. 8. Fixed. Feet. 11 4. H le Fixed. 11 l'lortll. :Brotllftr Ll&ht-houH •• - - - - • • • • • • ••- • - ••••••• - \"I'S ..T 80 F.a::ed red. ff 13 Blackwell's Illlaa4 LlghC-hcnule •••• - - • - •• - •••••••••• oliO•

EAST RIV.ER. 50'7 TIDES. Throg'e Pot Cove-. HallG&te Governo-r'a bf eek. Forry. Tsland. Corrected Esta.blishment. --- -- - --- -- --- - -- - --- -- --- - -- --- - llh 29m Mean Rise and Fall of tides - ----- - -----. - ---- ---- - - --- --· - 11h 2om 5. 8 ft. J.Oh6m Bh 13m Mean Rise and Fall of Spring tldes -- - -- - - - - --- - - - -- - - - - -- - 4.4 ft,. 4. 4 ft. Mean Rise and Fall of Neap t.ldes •• - •• ___ - - - • - - - - • -- •• - --- - 7. 3 ft. 6.2 n. 5. 0 ft. 5.2 ft.. 9.2 ft. 3.6 :ft. 3.4 ft... mean duration of Rise --- --- ·-- ·-- --- - -----. - - -- - ----- --- - 6. 2 ft. 5.0 ft. 6h 13111 .m8a.n duration or Fall ••••••.•• --· -- •••• - - --- • -- - •• - • - •••• 5h39m 5h 59m 6b. om 5b 5()m 6 11 52m Ob 15m llllea.n duration of Bta.nd. _--- -- • -·- __ ------. --- -- - -- --- --- - Oh t6m 6\" 25m Rise or l11ghest tide observed.••••••••.• - - -· - - - - - . -- - • - --- • Gh 33\"' 7. 4 ft. O\" 28m 8.2 ft. 6.6 ft. Qb 43\"> 11. 7 ft. CURRENTS IN BAST RIVER. The followi.pg table, prepared under the direction of the Superintendent of the Coast Survey, gives in a con~ise form such information as to the set and velocity of the current, and the time of its greatest strength, as is at present available. In the columns headed \"Time\" i\" noted the time at which the current attains its greatest velocity, given in hours and minutes after the Moon's transit. So also with the columns headed \"Slack Water\" and \"Tides.'' TABLE. THE TIMES OF THE CURRENT AND OF THE TIDE ARE GIVEN IN HOURS AND MINUTES AFTER THE MOON'S TRANSIT, (SOUTHING.) I Strength of Flood Strength of Ebb Slack Water. Tides. Current. Current. No. STATIONS-LOCALITY. ~Set. Drift. Time. '8 ,Q f;0:;:§j ~-g \"\"\"\"\"' ~~.- \".s Ii hSet. \".,, Drift. Time. .\"~i:'f;~<..l ~ ~ - I I'll Si Knots. h. m. Knots. h. m. h. m. h. m. h. m. :::ra·:: ·---------- }1 Feet. 2 --- - -- - -- -----3 Off Throg'sNeclt•• { -E-.-b-y-s-.---a-c-s-. 0.8 6 33 ---------------------· 0.'1 l.S 43 9 40 16 80 --...-·..·-.·--- ..... 1120 { ::~ Off 014 Ferry Point·-··.·-·- -- 1.IS 416 0.8 '122 1312 ------ ----- 1.6 1.1 10 26 9 33 115 '1 -- --- . .. Between Polhemus' Doell: and NE. f N•••• 3.1 --. - NW.iW•.. 2.3 10 9 ... .. . 16 s ....... 7 6 SW. .,_ ......... 13 l.S Negro Point Bluff. -- - -----·4 Between lla.llet'B Po1nt and E.fS..•.. 8.15 - - .... - W.byN.fN', 4.4 -- - 996 15 50 11 7 15.8 IThe Hog's Back. 15 Northern end of Blackwell's HE. i N•••• 4.2 6 3 SW.Wut'ly 4.2 l.S 38 9 815 15 27 10 6 16 llO 4.4& lBland western channel. 6 Hort.hem end of B1a.ck11rell'a NE. f N•••• 4.:Z 6 3 SW. f B•••• 4.2 12 38 9 S6 115 27 10 6 16 20 4.415 lala.nd e&Btern channel. ________ .., __ Southern end of Blackwell's ---· ----·- ---- ------· -- -.....-7 Isla.D.d western challnel. 2.T -- ....... - --3.2 9 315 16 '1 .... .... ..... 8 Soutihern end of Blackwell's ·------ ----- ------- -- ··---- --Island eaa'8rn ch&lmel. ..... 2.1 .. .. 2.'i 9H 115 3 .............. ............. . ...... - -------· -- ----··----- --- ·----· -- -- -9 Just t.o the eastward or Wall Bk'eet Perry. ......... ......... 6 39 -- 12 28 9 1&15 15 36 .... ... ...... I ltem&rkB.-Between Pot Cove and Negro Point the current of ebb runs close to Pot Rock; but this is of little importance, as the rook h&.R been blasted away t-0 a depth of twenty-one feet at low water. Between Ballet's Point and Middle Reef the moat. rapid current on the ehb is very close to Flood Rock,-too near for a vessel to lie with safety. The force of the whirls which £ormerly existed here has been very much diminished by the destruction of Ballet's Point Beet; and it is now comparativel.,r ..are for veasela to pass through the Eastern Channel from either t.he eastward or the westW&.l'd. . Between. Great Mill Rook and Ward's Island the oorrent of ftood h..; nnmerous, though iwt violent, eddies. The direction of the current of ebb is from Pot Rook towards The Gridiron. The Black water is of a few minutes' duration, and the flood current is very weak,-the main stream passing to the southward of Flood Rook. In the Main Channel, oft\" Rylander'a ~ the sl&ek 'Vt\\ter Iasis twenty minutes. The current of flood is weak, but that of ebb is direot and strong. In the M3ddle Channel the current nf ebb is broad and rapid, with 1tumerous edditii!. J..rtsBetween Ward's Island and lU:nggo14•9 Dool&: the ala.ck water plll!lleS on the aoutheastern si~e of the island. twenty-five minutes. The main body of the current A~ Station No. 3 (see table) the clumge ftoom. ftood to ebb takes p1- suddenly. · At Stations Noe. ~ an~ 6 the c'IU'reDts of both flood and ebb are 8Voog and direct, and nee.rly in the direction of the channeL In the table the dtrect1ons are ~' and the drit't in ~ miles per hour. VA.JU.A.ft-ON OJI' rDB COMPASS. The magnetic variation at Throg'a :Neok, foi.' 1.818~ ill ao w.; aod at Governor's Island it is yo aa• w.,-the appro:rltu.ate unflal inct'8Me being iii'· ·

008 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. GARDINER'S BAY AND TRIBUTARIES. Gardiiwr's Bay is a large bay, of irregular shape, lying at the west.em end of Block Island Sound, from which it is sepa- rated by Gardiner's Island. Its northern shore is formed by the northeastel\"Il end of Long Island, (commonly known as Oyster Pond Penin•ula,) its eastern shore by Gardiner's and Ram islands and the reefil connecting them, its southern shore by a portion of the northern shore of Long Island, ruid its western shore by Shelter Island, which separates the bay from Shelter Island Sound and the Peconic Bays. The bay has an average diameter of about six miles, and is singularly free from dangers,-the depth throughout its length and breadth being from three and a. half to eight fathoms, and affording ample beat.illg room :t:or large vessels. Shelter Island Sound, which lies on the northem and western side& of Shelter Island, has ali!o deep' water in it; but the channel is narrow and obstrnct-ed by shoals. Little Peconic Bay, which is next to the westward ofShelter Island Sound, has from three to seven fathoms in it, with g.,00 beating room; but its entrance is only three-quarters of a mile wide. It is five miles long N.E. and SW., and very irregular in shape,-its width being in some places as great as three miles Tr Ibut a r l es of and a half, in othel'B but two miles, and at its western end, where it joins Great Peconic Bay, it is only Gardiner's Bay. three-quarters of a mile wide. .At this western end there is a bar, a mile and an eighth wide, across which not more than fourteen feet at low water can be taken into Great Peconic Bay. This latter is nearly circular ht shape, about five miles in diameter, and has a deptli of from three to four fathoms covering an area about three miles and a half in diameter,-the rest of the bay being oconpied by ti.ate. At its western end, between Jamesport and Southport, it is but three-quartel'B of a. mile wide, with a depth of about nine feet through a very narrow channel leading to the mouth of Peconic River, a narrow and shallow stream running to the westward, for a mile and three-quarters, to the village of Riverhead. There are three entrances to Gardiner's Bay,-two from Block Island Sound, a.nd one from Long Island Sound; but only one of those leading from Block Island Sound is available, and it is also the principal and only safe entrance Entrances to Gar- for strangers. This principal entrance is between Pine Point, (the southwestern extremity of Plum Island,) diner's Bay. on the north, and Gardiner's Point, (the northern end of Gardiner's Island,) on the soutli. It is two miles and a half wide, with a depth of from three to twenty fathoms, and entirely unobstructed. The entrance from Long Island Sound is called Plum Gut, a.nd is contained between Plum Island on the east and Oyster Pond Point on the west. It has an average width of about a mile and a quart<??'; but the available channel is only about five-eighths of a mile wide,-the passage being obetructed by the long reef making off from Oysk>r Pond Point. There are also two detached shoals in the passsge,-The llllddla GroUDd, with nineteen feet, and 1114way Shoal, with seventeen feet,-which are dangerous to vessels oflarge draught. There is plenty of water in the Gut for ves8els of the largest size; but the velocity of the tidal current is such tha.t it is at times difficult to stem it, (unless with a strong fair wind,) and it is not, therefore, recommended to strangers. The third passage into the bay is also the southernmost, and leads from Napeague Bay to the southward of Ram Island. There is eighteen feet in the channel; but this is so extremely narrow and crooked, and the paeeage i1self is so full of ahoals, which are not marked in any way, that it is imJIOBl!ible to pasa through it without a pilot. It should not, therefore, ever be attempted. Pine Point. On approaching the main entrance to Gardiner's Bay from Block Island Sound, Pine Point will appear on the northern side BB a low, flat, sandy point, covered only with grass. To the ee.stward of the point the surface of Plum Is1a.n4 will appear undulating, of moderate height, covered with grass, and showing pre- cipitollB 11andy faces at intervals. To the northward will be seen the square granite building, surmounted by a lantern, and known as Plnm Island Light-honae, tbe principal guide to Plum Gut. Gardiner's Point. On the south side of the entrance will be seen Gardiner's Point, easily recognized by the light-house upon it. It is the northern extremity of a long flat beach, which extends in a nearly N NW. direction from the main portion of Gardiner's Island for nearly two miles, and is covered only with beach grass. The light-house, which stands close to the northern end of the point, is a circular brick tower, twenty-six feet high, painted brown, Gardiner's Island and a.ttached to the keeper's dwelling, which is of the same color. It is known llB Gardiner's Island Light- Light-house. hoUBe, and is very difticult to reoognize, as a light-house, until close to it. It has, therefore, been reeom· mended that the tower be either raised or painted a dift'erent color from the dwelling. It ahowe a fixed white light, of the six.th order, from a height of thirty-three feet above the sea, visible eleven miles. Ita geographica.l position is: and it bears from I.atltuda. --- ••• - ... - ..•. - - -- ---- -- - --· -- ••. - -·. -· --· - •• ·- ·-·. -· •• 4J.O 81 1911 lf. Longitude ••• -·•·•••••••••••-·•••••••••·-··-·••-•••••••• ··-······•'J!IO 81 f f11 W,, llllles. ........ Po1nt I.icht-bo'lule, lfW. b7 w. t \"'···---· - ·-·· .... -··· ...... ·- ··-· .... ...... ..... ..... 131 Bleck llllaad Jllortb Llght-houaa, W. i S. ··- --· ··-. ···-·· •••• ···-·· •••• ··-·-· ··-· •••••• -·· .• __ ··- 26i BlGOlt lldaa4 ~ J:.llrld;-Jloue, w. tlf.•. - ... _··- .... ·- --·- ···-·· -·-··· ··-- ··---· ·--· ··---· 'fZ7 Pomt .Juditob I.icln-hmllle, W. by B. i B---·- ·-·--· •••••• -··· •••••• •••••••••• •••••• •••••••••• •••• 33 WMcll Bill Ll&hti-Jloulle, SW. b:r W. i W •••~ ••• ·- •••• ···-·· -·---. ···- •••••• ·--. - •·--·· •••••• ·--· 16i B&ae Boele J.1Sb1;-hmula, SW•••• - ·- - ••• -·· _ --··. _--· ••••• ···-·· •••••••• ···-·· ••• • •••• ••• ••• ••• • 7t Lltue Gall Illland IJ.ght.-bouae, aw. bys. -l •· .••••..•. --· --- --- •• ··-· •. ---· •. -· ••• ·-· ·-· •.• _... 4i PhtJD la1aDd ~JloUae, D. i E .• _. ·-- ·---·· ···-·· -··· ••••••••• ····•• •••• •······-·· ••••JIMl&l']Jr 3j- From this ligbt-howte the entrance buoy to Sag Harbor bearR SW. i W., six miles and a half; the entrance buoy to Green- port ~ W. by 8. i S., five mil• and three-quart.en.; and Long Beach Point Light-hoW!le W. i I., eeven mile11 and a quarter distant. Gardiner'a laland. Gardiner's Island has been betbre described on pages 294-296. It is VflrY irregular in shape, About five and three-quarter miles long JI' Jl'W. and S BB., and ill composed fur the JDOBt part ot a billy rollmg eountry of moderate height, nearly all grasay, but showing occasional grovae of trees. The long beach, above mentioned as ~ding from the main body of the island and termb:la.tiug in Gardiner's Point, begins at the base of a thickly wooded bld .head; and on its weetern Bide, between Gardiner's Point and this bl~ is formed a large cove, with clean ehore11, called BcJnwioJE'• ..,-, in which excellent anehorage may be found in ftvm eighteen to twenty-three feat, protected frol6 all winds exoeopt thoee tram the wQBtward.. Tba bid futmipg the eouthem )>(lint of this bay is -1.led es-- Bead, and -.times .-...._.. Be&«; uad on its aouthern aide a bay, aimilar to Boaiwick'a Bay, is funned by the curve of the west shore of the island, in whieh ~ way