Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

412 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. are formed by several ledges, known, respectively, as Stone Isf.and Ledge, Ea.~t Ledge and Stone Island J.kef. Narrow passages, with over three fathoms water, exist between the two last mentioned; and Stone Island Reef has also several deep channels, crossing it at right angles, in which from four to six fathoms may be found. Strangers, however, should not attempt any of these passages, hut should be guided by the buoy, which is a red spar, placed in four fathoms seven-eighLhs of a mile SSW. from Kelsey's Point, and an eighth of a mile SW. from the southern end of Stone Island Reef. (See also description of these shoals in the approaches from the westward.) DANGERS. II. Fr- the Westwara.-A vessel from the westward wishing to anchor in this harbor should bring Falkner's Island Light-l1ouse to bear W. Northerly, and steer E. Southerly m1til Hammonasset Point bears N. ! W., distant a mile and three-eighths, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel E. f S. Now steer NE. by E. ! E., which course will lead ·up to the red buoy on the southern end Kelsey's Point of Kelsey's Point Shoals. These shoals, as before mentioned, lie off Kelsey's Point, Shoals. and arc composed cxdusivcly of rocky ledges. The northernmost, called St(Ylle I.<?land Ledge, makeis off from the southern end of Stone Island nearly due S. for about four hundred yards, with less than twelve feet water. The easternmost, called East Ledge, is composed of a number of small rocks lying about B SW. from Kelsey's Point, and extending in that direction about six hundred and fifty yards, with a depth in no place greater than twelve feet. The northernmost of these rocks lies three hundred yards from the point and has four feet upon it. There is a passage between it and the point leading between Stone Island and the north shore, and in which seven feet at low water exists; but it is very narrow, full of dangerous sunken rocks, and unsafe for strangers. A little over a hundred yards to the southward of the northernmost rock, and four hundred and fifty yards from Kelsey's Point, is another rock with two feet at mean low water; and, about one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of this, still another,-the southernmost of the group. Thi<! latrer is nearly one hundred yards long N. and S., has four feet on its northern end and two feet at its southern extremity, which bears from the middle of Duck Island W. i N., distant a mile and a half. Between the southern extremity of FJ38t Ledge and the northern end of Stone Island Looge there is a passage, two hundred and fifty yards wide, with not less than twelve feet at low water, and over one hundred ynrds wide, with not less than fifteen feet; but this channel should not be attempted by any but tho.._.;;e thoroughly acquainted with the locality. Stone Island Reef, the southernmost of the Kelsey's Point Shoals, is formed by thn>e separate rocks, with from ten to twelve feet water upon them, which lie in a line N NW. and SSE., with d<->ep channels between them. The northernmost rock, which has ten feet, is about six hundred and fifty yards due s. from Stone Island; the middle rock, a hundred and seventy-five yards to the southward of this, and nearly seven~ighths of a mile from Stone Island, has eleven feet; and the southernmost rock, which has twelve feet, is nearly three hundred yards to the southeastward of the middle rock, and bears from Kelsey's Point B. by W. i W., distant nearly three-quarters of a Stone Island mile. A passage with not less than seventeen feet, and a hundred and twenty-five Reef. yards wide, leads between the northern and middle rocks; another, one hundred yards wide, and with not less than nineteen feet, leads between the middle and southern rocks; but neither should be attempted by strangers. Three hundred and fifty yards SW. from the twelve feet rock, on the southern end of the reef, is placed a red spar-buoy (No. 2) in four fathoms,-the southern end of Duck Island bearing E. by N., distant one mile and three-quarters. When past this buoy there are no dangers, unless the wind be to the eastward and it is necessary to beat to windward; in which case the northern end of Duck Island should receive a berth to the southward of not less than three hundred and fifty yards. The lead will show how near you should approach the north shore; and there are otherwise no dangers. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. ......._ ~he w-m.a,.•.-On the course E. by S. l S. through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears W. Northerly, Hammonaa..<>et Point N. i w., and Cornfield Point Light-vessel E. ! S., steer NE. by E. ! E., which course will bring you up ,vith the red spar-buoy off the southern end of Stone Island Reef, passing a&ut one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of it. If intending to anchor under Kelsey's Point, continue the course to the east- ward until the southern end of Duck Island be3zs E. Southerly, distant three-quarters of a mile, and the northern end of the same island is brought in range with the southern extremity of Menunketesuck Point. Here the depth will be seventeen feet, and N. by E. t E. will lead safely to the anchomgc. or, .,u.1e.1.n,, to •-hor • - ' - •-nr.eee.-eh Pol..e, continue the course {NE. hy E. ! E.) until t.o the eastward of Duck Island, and anchor aooording to draught. This latter course passes four hundred and fifty yards to the northward of Duck Island North Reef.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 413 KILLINGWORTH HARBOR. This harbor lies to the westward of Kelsey's Point,-its entrance being between Hammock Point on the east ond Hammo- nasset P,;int on the west. It is a cove about three-quarters of a mile wide, but V<'ry shallow, whil\"h receives the wat..rs of Hammonasset and hldian rivers. Not mor\" than two feet at low water can Le taken to the mouth of the latter,-on the banks of which is situated 1be village of Clinton. The slwres of the harbor are for the most part of marsh, except in the neighb-Or- hood of Chnton, which lies amid le\\·el lands finely cultfrated. The anchorage in Killingworth Harbor is not considered good except for small vessels ; and strangers should not attempt _t-0 enter it. Ha.mmcx:k Point, the eastern point of entrance to this harbor, is nearly l..vel, about thirty feet high, with stc€p faces, and covered with grass. It is fringed with rocks, which, at low water, extend to the westward about one hundred and fifty yartls. Ii is half a mile tu the westward of Kels<.>y's Point. Hammona.sset Point, the western point uf entrance, is a mlle to the westward of Hammock Point, and is for the most part marshy land; although at its western extremity there is grass laud, with somewhat undulating ><urface, terminating in a bluff, -the steep fuces and base of which are strewn with boulders. There is a group of old unpainted houses on this bluff. DANGERS. The only danger in this harbor, after passing Stone Island Reef buoy, is \"~heeler's Wheeler'• Rock, with four feet water, which lies about three-eighths of a miJe to the westward. Rock. of Hammock Point, and about midway between it and the western shore. It is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 4) placed in two fathoms on the western side of the rock,-Ham- mock Point bearing E. ! N., seven hundred yards, and Sandy Point (the southern point of entrance to Hammonasset River) N. by E. t E., a little over half a mile distant. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. ..r...o- ~he .Eas#UJara.-On the W. Northerly course through the North Channel of Long. Island Sound, when Hammonasset Point bears NW. i W., distant two miles and three-eighths, st:eer NW. by N. t N., which course will lead to the buoy on 'Vheeler's Rock. Pass to the westward of this buoy, and anchor off Old Pier in twelve feet at Jow water; or, ~f bound to Clinton, steer NE. by N. ! N., with Sandy Point a little to the westward of the course. There is not more than two feet at low water as far up as Sandy Point, and strangers must not attempt to enter the harbor. The above course pas.ges three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on the southern end of Stone Island Reef; fifty yards to the westwaro of the red buoy on 'Vheeler's Rock; and one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Old Pier. II. Prtnn the ll'estuia,..a.-On the course E. by S. ! S. from off The Thimbles, when Hammo- nasset Point bears NE. by E. Easterly and Falkner's Island Light-house W. i S., steer ENE. until Hammonasset Point bears W. i N., distant about five-eighths of a mile. Here the depth will be twelve feet, and NE. by N. ! N. will lead to the red buoy on Wheeler's Rock, as before. The above courses pass six hundred yards to the southward of Hammonasset Point; and fifty yards to the westward of the red buoy on Wheeler's Rock. GUILFORD HARBOR. Tl1is harbor is situated about five miles to the westward of Hammonasset. Point, but ie seldom reaol'ted t-O as a harbor of refuge on aecount of the numet'OUS shoals which obstruct the approach t-0 it. Under the mo11t favorable circumstauc<c>s it is fit for vessels of very light draught only ; and strangers seeking shelter ft-om easterly gales should anchol' under HammonasB€t Point or off Madison. Guilford Harbor is formed by a large but shallow cove, nearly a mile wide at its month, and which :reeeiv«i>s the waters of a very smMI, narrow and crooked stream, called Ea.st R1ver. .Another and smaller stream leads from the west<Jrn side of the harbor to the town of QUllford, whmie suburbs extend to the north shore of the harbor, but whose centre is situated about. a mile inland. All of the land near the shore-line is marshy, except a small porti01; on its northern side where the wharves are built, and upon which there are a number of houses. lllulberr,r Point, the western point of entranee to the harbor, is low, rocky and nearly level, and faced with innumerable boulders; and therto'B.l'e also many outlying rocks off the point. There are so many outlying dangerous reefs olf Mulberry Point that it is not eafe to approach it nearer than five-eighths of a mile. DANGERS. I . .r-- UM ~--Vessels passing through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, and .int.en~ling to anchor in Guilford Harbor, must ti.mt look out for Charles' Reef, about a mile to the southward of Hogshead Point, and three miles and three-quarters Charle•' Rn/. to.the westward of Hammonaeset Point. Thia is a rocky shoal, about a quarter of a mile long NE. by N. and SW. by B., with ten feet new:\" its northern end and nine feet at its southern

414 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangsr8 --Gui/- end. A red spar-buoy (No. 8) is placed in eighteen feet water on the southwestern ford Harbor. side of the reef,-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SW. by S., two miles and three-eighths distant, and 1\\iulherry Point (the western point of entrance to the harbor) W. by N. l N., nearly two miles and a quarter distant. This buoy should be removed from its present position t.o the southeastern end of the reef; and such change will be recommended. \"\\Vhen past Charlf'B' Reef, you will soon strike shoal water on the southern edge of what are known as Guilford Shoals,-a name under which are included all of the reefs and ledges lying off the north shore between Hogshead Point and Sachem's Head. They are for the most part dry at low water, and some of them are always out. The first met with on the course into the Half-acre harbor will appear to the eastward of the sailing-line, and is called Half-acre Island. /8/and. It is a mass of bare rock about sixty yards long at low water, with its summit always out, and is surrounded by very dangerou..'l sunken rocks. There is no pa&'IB.ge to the northward of it,--bare rocks and BUnke:n kdges, with from two to sfa~ f<'Rt water, extending all the way to the north shore. The sailing-line passes about an eighth of a mile to the westward of the island. . tThe middle of Half-acre Island bears from Falkner's Island Light-house N. E., two miles and a half; from .Mulberry Point E. i s.. a mile and an eighth; and from the red buoy on Charles' Reef NW. by W. ! W., a little over half a mile distant. On the western side of the approach, and three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Half-acre Island, lies Lobster Rock, a bare islet about seventy yards long at low water, and Lobster Rock. lying N. by E. and S. by W. Dangerous rocks surround it,-many of them bare at low water, and some of them always out; and the sailing-line passes half a mile to the eastward of it. Lobster Rock is not buoyed, but bears from Half-acre Island, W. ! S ·!- -E-.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- _- ----- ! mile. E. about yds. Mulberry Point, SE. by 900 Falkner's Island Light-house, N. ! W·---------------------------- 2f miles. Sachem•s Head, E. by N·---------------------------------------- l l \" .After passing between Half-acre Island and Lobster Rock the water is all shoal, and no intelli- gible description of the dangers can be given. .As before remarked, strangers should not attempt to enter this harbor. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. Front. 1:1- .Easl:U>art'l.-On the W. by N. ! N. course from off Hammonasset Point, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears SW. by W. ! W., distant a mile and three-quarters, and Sachem's Head W. by N. i N., distant three miles and three-quarters, steer NW. i N., passing a little over half a mile to the westward of the red buoy -0n Charles' Reef; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Half- acre Island; and half a mile to the northeastward of Lobster Rocle. Anchor according to draught in from four to eight feet at low water. DANGERS. II. Ap;proaeldng frO'n& the EasfUJard, to pass l:hrough l:he Inshore Clt.ann.el an.d eftl:er G-KUferd Harfl-.-This channel is never used by vessels seeking a refuge, but only by those bound for the harbor. To enter it it is necessary, when off Hammonasset Point, to steer to the northwestward between Tuck's Island and Hogshead Point; and upon this course there will soon be seen, bearing about NW. by W. t w .• and three-quarters of a mile off, a red spar-buoy. This is on Madison East Reef. Madison East Reef, which lies a little over two miles and a half W. by N. ! N. from Hammonasset Point, and about five-eighths of a mile S. f W. from Tuck's Island. It is a narrow shoal, lying nearly E. and W., and about a quarter of a mile long; and has twelve .feet at low water, as reported by the pilots. The buoy, which is marked No. 4, is placed on its southern side in eighteen feet,-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SW. ! W., distant three miles and three-eighths. . .Abreast of t1iis buoy the -00urse turns to the· westvvard, and another red spar-buoy will be seen to the southward, bearing about W. by S., and distant five-eighths of a mile. This Madison Middle is on the northeJ;U side of Madison Middle Reef, which extends NW. by W. and SE. Reef. by E. for three-eighths of a mile, and has four feet at low water. The buoy is marked No. 6, and bears from the red buoy on Madison East Reef W. by N. 1 N., about twelve hundred yards, and from Tuck's Island SW. i W., seven-eighths of a mile distant. There should be a buoy on each end of this reef in place of the present buoy, which is about midway of its oflength ; and such change will be recommended. To the Wef'tward Madison Middle Reef none of the dangers are buoyed, and the passage can only be used by navigators who are local pilots.

GUILFORD HARBOR. 415 SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. To pass through the Insl1ore Channel and enter Guilford Harbor ftoni, the J]}asf-NJard.- On the course w. Northerly through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when Hammonasset Point bears N. i w., distant a mile and three-eighths, and Falkner's Island Light-house is ahead, five miles distant, steer NW., which course will lead about midway between Tuck's Island and Hogshead J>oint. When past the red buoy on :Madison East Reef, and Falkner's Island Light-house bears SW. t w. and Tuck's Island N. ~ E., steer W. ! N., passing to the northward of J\\;fadison East and 1\\-Iid- dle reefs and Charles' Reef. Continue this course until within seven-eighths of a mile of :Mulberry Point, with Falkner's Island Light-house bearing S. ! W., distant two miles and a half, when NW. ! N. will lead to the anchorage. The above oourscs pass three-quarters of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Hammonasset Point Reef; four hundred yards to the eastward, and a quarter of a mile to the northward, of the red buoy on :Madison East Reef; three hundred yards to the northward of the red buoy on :Madison Mid- 0 ~ile to the southward of nearly half a Tuck's Island; a. quarter of a mile to the northward dle Reef; of the northern end of Charles' Reef, and half a mile to the northward of the red buoy on the south- western end of that reef; one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of Half-acre Island; and half a mile t-0 the eastward of Lobster Rock. DANGERS. III. Prt»n the westwar~.-In approaching Guilford Harbor from the westward there are two channels,-neither of which, however, is fit for strangers. Vessels bound for Guilford through the Main Channel bring Falkner's Island Light-house to bear E. :! S., distant three miles and three- quarters, and the hot.el on Sachem's Head NE., distant two miles and five-eighths, and steer NE. by E. -l E. On this course there will soon be seen, well to the northward, bearing about N NE., and three-quarters of a mile off, a red spar-buoy. This is on Chimney-Corner Chimney-Cor- Reef, a detached shoal, with thirteen feet at low ·water, lying about six huudIT,\"'(} and ner Reef. fifty yards to the southwestward of Sachem's Head,-the hotel bearing NE. by N. There is a good channel both north and south of the reef with from four to five fathoms; but the usual course passes to the southward of it. The buoy is marked No. 10, and plaoed in three fathoms to the westward of the rcef,-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SE. t E. and Joshua's Point N. -f W.,-the latter being distant about eleven hundred yards. One mile E. by B. ! S. from Sachem's Head, and on the eastern side of the channel, lies a Bi,.r, fed rock, which is not buoyed. It is nine hundred yards from the north shore, and bears from 1\\.-Iulberry tPoint SW. by S. :! S., seven-eighths of a mile, and from Falkner's Island Light-house NW. by N. N., two miles and one-eighth distant. The sailing-line passes three hundred and fifty yards to the north- ward of this rock; but it requires the assistance of a local pilot to avoid it. When past Sachem's Head, and st.eering to the northe.astward, you must look out, Indian Reef. on the eastern side of the channel, for Indian Reef, a dangerous rocky shoal, lying NE. by E: and SW: by W.,.and about half a mile long. Within its area are included many bare rocks, es~lly near its northeastern e~~; an_d, where the rocks are not bare, ~he sou_ndings vary from three to six feet at low water. The sailmg-line passes to the northward of this reef· but strangers must not attempt this passage, which is narrow and not buoyed. ' eRi ge ehft,h ;w hf rioc hmhta~setshor euet hfeerent 'ebxetar ersmfirtoymo Island Lia-ht- Head E. S., fhou~TNheNsoWut.•haebrno extremity of Indian Falkner's ut two miles and an f Sachem's a.mile and a quarter; and from the red buoy on Chimney-Corner Reef E. t N .• a mile and a half distant. witJ:i'\\Vh~n up Indian Reef look out, on the northern side of the channel, for the 1·ooks off Jcful- bb~eoryryedP.o int, of which there are a great number,-mos t of th em bare at low water and none of them mile. To avoid th em, give l\\Iulberry Point a berth to t he northward of not lead than a quarter of a When between Mulberry Point and the northeastern end of Indian Reef, Lobster Rock will be seen about :1' quarter of a mile to the eastward, and on the southern side of the channel. '\\Vhen nwrly abreast of it, and a~ut two hundred and fifty yards from it, Mulberry Point will bear NW. by w .• and the course turns abruptly to the northward towards the mouth of the small stream leading to the town of Guilford. Not more than two feet at low water can be taken to the mouth of this stream, and not more than seven feet beyond Lobster Rock. The channel cannot be used by strangers.

416 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SAILING DIRECTIONS. lIII. .Fr<nn the W~rd'.-1. Bu the Passage 'Hhrlh of Indian Beef.-On the E. ·by S. B. course through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when just past Sachem's Head, witl1 the hotel bearing N. by W. and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. t E., the depth will be six fathoms, and NE. by E. t E. will lead, with not less than thirteen feet, between Mulberry Point and Indian Reef. On tliis course, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears S. by E. Southerly, and you are within two hundred and fifty yards of Lobster Rock, steer N. i E., and anchor in from five to seven feet on th~ eastern side of Mulberry Point. The above courses pass three hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Chimney-Corner Reef; four hundred yards to the northwestward of the southwestern end of Indian Reef; a quarter of a mile to the southward of Mulberry Point; two hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the northeastern end of Indian Reef; and an eighth of a mile to the northward of Lobster Rock. Or, - the E. by N. i N. eourse fr_,,, off stratford Poin:t:, bring Falj.:ner's Island Light-house to bear E, f S., distant tliree miles and three-quarters, and the hotel on Sachem's Head NE., distant two miles and five-eighths, and steer NE. by E.-! E., which will lead through the channel north of Indian Reef; the directions for which, given above, must then be followed. This course passes nine hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Chimney-Comer Reef; and three hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the \"six feet rock\" to the southwestward of Indian Reef. 2. Having eonae thr-gh the Norlh C1aaane1 of Long Island Sound, to enter GuilfD'rd Har&or !by the prlnetpal p - - u e &et\"Hleen Half-a.ere Ida.Ad a.n.a Lobster ~-On the course E. by S. S. from off The Thimbles, when past Sachem's Head, with the hotel bearing N. by W., and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. l E., as before, steer E. t N. until the light-house bears S. i E. and Lobster Rock N. i W., when NE. by N. t N. will lead to the entrance to the harbor. This course should be continued for about half a mile, or until Falkner's Island Light-house bears S. t W., when N. l E. will lead to the anchorage. This channel is good for seven feet at low water. The above courses pass three hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Chimney-Comer Reef; three hundred yards to the southward of the \"six feet rock\" southwest of Indian Reef; six hundred yards to the southward of the southwestern end of that reef; between eight and nine hundred yards to the eastward. of its northeastern end; between six and seven hundred yards to the eastward of Lobster Rock; and three-eigpths of a mile to the westward of Half-acre Island. Or, on the E. by N. i N. eovrse frona off strdford Po•m, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears E. ! S., distant three miles and three-quarters, and the hotel on Sachem's Head NE., distant two miJes and five-eighths, as before, steer E. by N. f N. until Falkner's Island Light-house bears s. i E. and Lobster Rock N. i W., when steer NE. by N. l N. for about half a mile, or until the light-house bears S. t W., when steer N. l E., following the directions given above. The above courses p~ about seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on Chimney-Corner Reef; three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the \"six feet rock\" southwest of Indian Reef; the same distance to the southward of the southwestern end of that reef; and half a mile to the eastward of its northeastern end. 3. Ha-vl#g - z.-uthruugh tlae Norlh Channel of Iafa-4 Seana, ~o PIUUI eo the Nonl&Hla..a of CharleB' Beef and ._,_,. off !Z'nekw• I•kind or ~.-On the E. by S. ! S. course from off The Thimbles, when just past Sachem's Head, with the hotel bearing N. by W., and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. l E., as before, steer E. t N. until Falkner's Island Light-house bears S. i E., and Lobster Roclt N. i W. Here the depth will be five and a half fathoms, and E. by N. t N. will lead, with not less than three and a quarter fathoms, to the northward of Charles' Roof and Madison Middle Reef. On this course Tuck's Island will be almost directly ahead, hut a little to the northward. JJ bound to MadUwri: When you come abreast of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Charles' Reef, and Fallmer's Island Light-house bears SW•. by B. i s.~ the wharf at Madison will bear NE. lzy B.; and that course, if steered, will lead safely to the anchorage wift:a not ltsi! than thirteen feet. Ad wuilt:ing to anchor off Tuck'a IBland: Continue the E. by N. ! N. course until nearly up with the red buoy on Madison Middle Reef)-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SW. t S. Here the depth

SACHEM'S HEAD HARBOR. 417 will be three and a half fathoms, and E. i S. will lead, with not less than that depth. Sailing Direc- to the anchorage between Tuck's Island and 1\\fadison East Reef; or, if c<Jntinued, will tions --- Guil- lead, with not less than fifteen feet, to the anchorage off Hammonasset Point. ford Harbor. The above courses pass three hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Chimney- Corner Reef; the same distance to the southward of the \"six feet rock\" to the southwestward of Indian Reef; about six hundred yards to the southward of the southwestern end of Indian Reef; half a mile to the southward of Half-acre Island; three hundred yards to the southward of the \"nine feet rock\" on the southern edge of Guilford Shoals; about six hundred yards to the northward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Charles' Reef; four hundred yards to the northward of the northern end of that reef; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the red buoy on :Madison Middle Reef; six hundred yards to the northward of the red buoy on l\\fadison East Reef; thrOO-eighths of a mile to the south- ward of Tuck's Island; and three hundred yards to the southward of the \"three feet rock\" lying half a mile SE. by E. from that island. or, - the E. by N. ! N. course frona off st;ratford Polat, when l<\"'alkner's Island Light-house bears E. ! S., distant three miles and three-quarters, and the hotel on Sachem's Head NE., distant two miles and five-eighths, steer E. by N. ! N., and follow the directions given above, according as you are bound to Guilford, Madison, or to the anchorage under Hammon.asset Point. This course passes more than three-quarters of a mile to the southward of Chimney-Corner Roof; three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the \"six feet rock\" southwest of Indian Reef; and eight hundred yards to the southward of the reef itself. 4. To pass t:o 'llae Southward of Charles' Beef and eat:er the aneluJrage under Ha:n&-&aBsd .Point.-Continue the E. by N. i N. course from off Stratford Point until Falkner's Island Light- house bears E. -! S., distant three miles and three-quarters, and the hotel on Sacl1em's Head NE., distant two miles and five-eighths; when alter the course slightly to the southward,-steering about E. by N.,-in order to give the southern edge of Charles' Reef and Madison East Reef a sufficient berth. Continue the course, and anchor at discretion in from two to three fathoms, sandy bottom. This course passes a mile to the southward of Chimney-Comer Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the \"six feet rock\" southwest of Indian Reef; the same distance to the northward of Goose Island Ledges; seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of Indian Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the northward of the black spar-buoy on the northern end of Falkner's Island Reef; about the same distance to the southward of Guilford Shoals; eight hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Charles' Reef, and six hundred yards to the southward of its southern end; about nine hundred yards to the southward of M:adison Middle Reef; and nearly six hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Madison East Reef. This passage is safe for strangers. There is anchorage for small vessels in the cove west of Mulberry Point; but it is very shallow, full of rocks, and strangel\"S must not attempt it. • SACHEM'S HEAD HARBOR. This harbor, as before mentioned on page 339, is formed by a em&ll cove, of irregular shape, embraced between Sachem'• Bead and Joshua's Point, and is good for from six to twelve feet at low water. The cove is a little over a quarter of a mile long in an E lfL and WSW. direction, with a width at its mouth of a little over two hundred yards. It is comparatively ea\"y of aooese, and may be safely approached by following the direotio11B. • Sachem's Head, the southern point of entrance, is a rocky point with a l!mooth gently sloping enrface, Sachem's Head. and for the most part cleared, but in some places fringed with a thin growth of trees, and in others having small clumpa of trees dotting the surface. At its southw\"'3tern end it is almol!t bat\"ren -the surface being cov<>red with bare outcropping ledges. There is a hotel about a quarter of a mile back from the shoi'C~ and a.round this (in 1874) a duster of houses had oolleded. The head is shoal in its approaches, and should receive a. berth to the northward of not less than eight hundred yards. Joshua's Point, the north side of the entrance, is about forty feet high, has a very gentle slope and Joshua's Point. grassy snrfaCE-, except on ita northern aide where there is a thin fringe of t.rees. On its southern and western eidea it is ~d with steep bare rocks. • About twenty-five ;yards from ~he West.rn extremity of Sache~'s Head, (with which it is connected at low water,) is an 1'!let, about a hundred yards long, J.rmg n'f!&l\"ly l!r. by B. and s. by w. It is a mere maes of bare rock, and is not named. Several email iS:ets_He ~.If~ southern side of the head, surrounded by ledges dry at low water, which render the approach io the head from this direetmn dangerous. C. P.-63

418 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Goose Rocks. Fifty yards to the we..-tward of Joshua's Point lies another bare rocky islet, about seventy-five yards in diameter; and between five and six hundred yards SW. by W. from the point. lie two large bare rocks, called the Goose Rocks. They are about NE. ancl BW. from each other, about a hundred yards apart, and are surrounded by shoal water. DANGERS IN APPROACHING A)o.TD ENTERING SACHEM'S HEAD HARBOR. Having come through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, and v;'1.shing to enter tliis harbor, you will, if from the eastward, first meet with Chimney-Corner Reef; and, if from the west- ward, with Goose Rock Shoals. Chimney-Cor- Chimney-Corner Reef has thirteen feet at mean low water, and is, therefore, not ner R88f. dangerous to vessels seeking a refuge in this harbor, except in heavy weather. It lies about six hundred and fifty yards to the southwestward of Sachem's Hcad,-the hotel bearing NE. by N.,-and there is equally good water on both sides of it. It is marked by a red spar- buoy (No. 10) which is placed in three fathoms, on its western side, as a guide to the North Channel of Long Island Sound. This buoy bears from Falkner's Island Light-house NW. % W., distant nearly three miles; and from it Joshua's Point bears N. i W., distant about eleven hundred yards. Vessels entering Sachem's Head Harbor pay no attention to the buoy unless the sea be heavy. Goose Rock Shoals is the name given to the shoal water surrounding the Goose Goose Rock Rocks, and which extends to the southward from the easternmost rock for over three Shoals. hundred yards, and to the southwestward from the westernmost rock for nearly a quarter of a mile. To the southward of the rocks the soundings vary from six to twelve feet; but to the southwestward the approach is more dangerous, as there is a roclc, bare at low water, three hundred and fifty yards SW. by W. t W. from the westernmost rock. It is best, there- fore, for strangers coming into the harbor to give the westernmost rock a berth to the northward of not less than a quarter of a mile; and the easternmost rock a berth to the westward of not less than four hundred and fifty yards. There should be .a buoy to mark the position of the rock to the south- westward of the westernmost Goose Rock; and such change in the marks will be recommended. In coming in from the eastward the small islet to the southward of Sachem's Head should receive a berth to the eastward of not less than three hundred and fifty yards, to avoid a dangerous /.ed..qe making <!If from it in a W SW. direction for an eighth of a mile. For half that distance the ledge is bare at low water, and five feet is found on its western extremity at a distance of over two hundred yards from the island. This ledge is not buoyed; and to avoid it vessels should be careful not to go to the eastward of the western extremity of Joshua's Point bearing N. by W. ! W. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR .APPROACHING AND ENTERING SACHEM'S HE.AD HARBOR. I . .F'rona \"the Ea.stward.-1. Wishing \"to pass to the .Eastuard or Chlnuu~u-f.Jorner Beef.- Having come through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, continue the W. by N. i N. course from off Hammonasset Point until Falkner's Island Light-house bears SE. t E., when steer NW. t W. for about three-quarters of a mile, (having the Goose Rocks just open to the westward of the course,) and carrying not less than four fathoms water. \"\\Vhen within about three-eighths of a mile of the easternmost Goose Rock, t'he hotel on Sachem's Head will bear NE.! E .• distant about nine hundred yards, and the western extremity of Joshua's Point N. t W., distant about three-eighths of a mile. Now steer N. for about a quarter of a mile until the harbor is fairly open, with the hotel bearing E. f N., and the easternmost Goose Rock W. f S.; when ENE. will lead safely to the anchorage. There willwas formerly a buoy off the mouth of the harbor, painted white and black in perpendicular stripes, and its restoration to it.s old position be recommended. The above courses pass two hundred yards to· the eastward of Chimney-Comer Reef, and over three hundred yards to the eastward of its buoy; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the \"five feet rook\" south of Sachem's Head; and about four hundred yards t.o the eastward of the eastern extremity of Goose Rock Shoals. !2. riw .-ss -to -the w~a-rd or Cld-8ell-Corft.er .--r.-On the W. by N. N. oourse through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when the hotel on Sachem's Head bears NE. by N. ! N. and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. !- E., you will be abreast.of the red buoy on Chimney-Comer Reef, and must steer N. ! w. for about half a mile, carrying not le.ss than sixteen feet, until the hotel bears E. by l!T., when E l!TE. will lead safely to the anchorage. The holding-ground is good in from nine t.o twelve feet, and the shelter perfect.

. BRANFORD HARBOR. 419 The above courses pass an eighth of a mile to the westward of the Nd buoy on Sailing Dire c - Chimney-Corner Reef; over three hundred yards to the westward of the cc five feet tion•--Sachem'11 rock\" south of Sachem's Head; and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the east- Head Harbor. ern extremity of Goose Rock Shoals. II. :Frona the JVestU>a..a.-1. Having eo-e th..ough the Norll• Clun•--l of Long Ittland Sound, to ente.. Sae1H!#t!s Head Barbo...-On the E. by S. t S. course from off The Thimbles, when Falk- ner's Island Light-house bears SE. by E., and the hotel on Sachem's Head NE. ! E., about seven- eighths of a mile distant, steer for the latter until Joshua's Point hears N. ! W., about three-eighths of a mile distant, and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. t E. Now steer N. for about a quarter of a. mile until the harbor is fairly open, with the hotel bearing E. f N., and the easterDillost Goose Rock W. ! S.; when ENE. will lead safely to the anchorage. The above cou'rses pass three hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the bare rock on the southwestern cod of Goose Rock Shoals; about the same distance to the westward of the red buoy on Chimney-Corner Reef; three hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the \"five feet rock\" to the southward of Sachem's Head; and four hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the eastern edge of Goose Rock Shools. t2. Or, o:n th,e, eour•e E. by N. N.ftona o.tr l!#ra:tfo'rd Poim, when Falkner's Island Light- house bears E. -f S., distant four miles and three-quarters, and Branford Reef Beacon NW. by W., distant about two miles and three-eighths, steer NE. ! E., which will lead directly towards the hotel on Sachem's Head. Continue this course until you bring Joshua's Point to bear N. ! W., distant three-eighths of a mile, and Falkner's Island Light-house SE. t E., when steer N., and follow the directions given above. There are numerous anchorag(!,fJ in the bight and, amaJfl,g the i,s/,ands between Sachem's Head and Jeffry's Point, which are entered occasionally by coasters and others who are familiar with their dangers. General directions for each of these will be found on page 380 ; but strangers should not attempt to enter them. BRANFORD HARBOR. This harbor, as before mentioned on page 340, is formed by a large but shallow cove, which receives the watel'B of a. narrow and crooked @tream, celled Branford Creek. The cove is of irr<>gular shape, about a mile long :R. by E. and B. by W., has an average width of about three-eighths of a mile, and anchorage for small veSBels in from six to thirteen feet at low water. It is, however, much obstructed by ledges and sunken rocks, and is not a suitable refuge for strangers. The entrance is between Jeffry's Point on the east and Branford Point on the west, and is more than three·quarters of a mile wide. Jeffry's Point, sometimes called Ind1a.n Point, is low, flat and rocky, entirely bare, but backed by thick Jeffry's Point. woods, with a nnmber of large white honB!ll! appearing here a.nd there. To the southeastward of it lie several small islands,-the principal of which are Specta.cle, F.tag-g, .Squaw and Ball islands, all of which are rocky, (!()me of them bare, and some dotted with low bushes and trees. Branford Point is bare, and composed of a yellowish-white rock, backed by thicls: woods alternating Branford Point. with cultivated fit1lds. It should not be approached from the southwestward nearer than half a mile, as long and dangerous shoals make off from it in tha.t direction for nearly eight hundred ya.rds. 'l'wo rocky islt>ts lie in the middle of the entrance to Branford Harbor, very much obstructing thE- Taunton Rock. approach, and are known, respectively, as Taunton Roek and Blyn Rook. The fonner, whichis the eastern- most and largest, lie.. between five and six hundred yarrla W. by II. t B. from Jeffry's Poµit, and is 8 little over one hundred ;yards long in a 1'. and a. direction. There is good water on all sides of it; hut the main channel from the eastward passes ootwoon the rock and Jeffry's Point.. Blyn Rock is fuur hundred yards to the W<lBtwa.rd of Taunton Rock, and beare from Branford Point Blyn Rock. 8Jl. by E. i E., distant about a. quarter of a mile. It. is about thirty yards in diameter, and there is a fifteen feet channel between it and Taunton Rock, and one with thirteen feet between it and Branrord Point. The latter is used by v-ls &otn the westward. The eastern Jihore of Branford He.rbor is formed by Indian Neck, a peninsula of irregular shape lying Indian Neck. nearly B. and W., and j<>ined to the mainland about a mile to the eastwai-d of J,.Jl'ry's Point. It presents, when aeen from the harbor, alternate cleared, cultivated and settled lands and marsh, dotted. with occasional clumps of trees. It ~s faced with rocks, which In many cues extend out so as to form :reefs,-thia being notably the ease in the vicinity of .Jeffry's Pomt. The westem face of the neck, which furms the eastern abore of the harbor, is very irregular in outline. Half a mile to the northward of Jeffry's Point it extends out into a long level point, cleared and cultivated, with 186vera1 houses upon it, and faced wit.h rocks. The jutting out of thia point contra.eta the width of the harbor to a little over six hundred yards, with a depth of from six: t.o aeven feet at low water. l<l-om thm point the shore tak1'ft a sudden and abrupt tum to the eastward, running due liE. for about six hundred yards to tlie.entran.e to Branfurd Cl'eek, which is here about a hundred and twenty-five yards widtl. The western shore of I.he harbor, &om Branford Point t-0 the bead of the cove, has a general eoune about JIB. by N., and is composed of alternate cleared and cultivated lands and gr<>V\"6 of trees. The shore-line, though not so irregular in outline aa the -tern shore, i8 indented by nmnerou& small coves,-the ahoNB of which are for the most part tHnged with marsh, though 1he general character I@ rocky. ·

420 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. At the head of tbe cove the shore turns to the eastward, and baa a general course about EBE. (though much indented) for three-eighths of a mile, to the entrance t(} Branford Creek, where a long rocky point extends t(} the southward towards the northern poiut of llldian Neck, diminishing the width of the entrance to about one hundred and twenty-five yards. The course of the creek, from its mouth to Branford, is very tortuous, with au average width of the \"bannel of abo~t one hundred yards; and the village is situated on its northern bank, about a mile and a balf above its mouth. The shores are low and composed of alternate fast lands, which are cleared and cultivated, and marsh, which is dotted at intervals with clumps of trees. DANGERS IN .APPROACHING AND ENTERING BRANFORD HARBOR. I. Frrnn the Batdward.-1. Havl- eono.e through t:h-e 7'h.1bnhles Claannel.-When between Inner Reef and Wheaton's Reef, as before mentioned on page 377, the course for the entrance to New Haven is W.; and on this course there will soon be seen, a little to the northward, bearing about W. ! N., and distant five-eighths of a mile, a red spar-buoy; while well t.o the south\\vard of the course, bearing about BW. i W., and distant a mile and a quarter, will be seen a grey stone tower surmounted by an iron spindle. . The Negro The buoy is on The Negro Heads, a mass of boulders, hare at low tide.s and sur- Heads. rounded by shoal water, which extends to the northward for about three hundred and fifty yards, arid to the southward two hundred and fifty,-making .the entire length of the shoal six hundred yards. The dry rocks lie about eight hundred yards to the southward of Ball Island, (see page 375,) and between the two there is a passage with from two to four fathoms. The buoy is placed in three fathoms on the southern end of the shoal, is marked No. 16, and bears from the eastern extremity of Ball Island S. Westerly, five-eighths of a mile; from Inner Reef buoy W. l S., a mile and a half; and from Whmton's Reef buoy W. ! N., a little over a mile and three- eighths distant. From this buo;r the red buoy on Five Feet Rock bears W. by N. i N., a little over a mile and a quarter; Jeffry s Point NW. Northerly, ene mile; and Taunton Rock NW. by W. Westerly, a mile and an eighth distant. Branford Reef. The stone beacon seen well to the southward of the course is on Branford Reef, a detached shoal lying about a mile and five-eighths to the southward of Jeffry's Point, and extending N. by E. and S. by W. for about six hundred yards, with a depth of from six to eighteen feet. The shoal part of the reef, which has six feet, is a little over one hundred yards long by one hundred and fifty wide, and the beacon is placed near its western edge. It is called Branford Reef Bee.con, and is built of grey stone, cylindrical in shape, surmounted by an iron shaft and ball, and bears from Miles. Inner Reef buoy, SW. by W. ! W! $-, -----------------------------about 2 :f Wheaton's Reef buoy, 1 W. by S. _________________________________ tFalkner's Island Light-house, W. by N. N-------------------------- (}f Sachem's Head, W.} S·--------------------------------------nearly 4! The Outer Thimble, W. by S. ! S·---------------------------------- 2j- From this beacon the buoy on The Negro Heads bears N. by E. ! E,. nearly one mile; Jeffry's Point N. by W. t W., a mile and five-eighths; and the buoy on Five Feet Rock NW. ! N., a mile and five-eighths distant. When past the buoy on The Negro Heads the course turns i:o the northward, and a red spar-buoy will soon appear well to the westward, bearing about NW. by W. ! W .. and three- FilfB Feet quarters of a mile off. This is on Five Feet Rock, a small detached rock, with five Rock. foet at low water, lying about five-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Jeffry's Point, and half a mile to the southward of Branford Point. The buoy is marked and colored for the North Channel of Long Island Sound, and, notwithstanding its color, must be left to the westward by vessels entering Branford by this channel. It is numbered 18, placed in :fifteen feet close to the rock, and bears from the buoy on The Negro Heads W. by :N. IN., a little over a mile and a quarter; and from Branford Reef Beacon NW. :f N., fi.ve miles and three-eighths distant. From this buoy Jeffry's Point bears NE. by E. ! E., a little over five-eighths of a mile; Branford Point N. by W. ! W., a little over half a mile; and Taunton Rock '.NE. :l E., three-eighths of a mile dist.ant. The sailing-line of this channel passes half a mile t.o the eastward of the buoy. In beating in through this channel, be careful not to stand further to the eastW&rd Ball Island than to bring Jeffry's Point to bear NW. by N.; by which means a dangerous ledge, Ledge. called Ball Island Ledge, will be avoided. There is only two feet on the western extremity of this ledge, which makes off' from Ball Island in a WSW. direction for a quart.er of a mile, and, as it is not buoyed, vessels must carefully watch the bee.rings in order i:o ~~~ . Spectacle Islands are bold-to on their western side, and may be safely approe.ched within one hundred and fi~y yards with not leas than four fathoms. But Jeffry's P-0int should receive a berth to

BRANFORD HARBOR. 421 the eastward of not less than three hundred yards, to avoid the long 'ledge, bare at low Dangers-Bran- water which makes off about SSE. from the point for nearly two hundred yards. This ford Harbor. ledge'is bold-to, and, at low water, you may pass quite close to it with not less than three fathoms. Taunton Rock is bold, and fifteen feet may be taken within fifty yards of it. The channel between it and Jeffry's Point is not less than a quarter of a mile wide. Blyn Rock may also be approached within one hundred and fifty yards with not less than fifteen feet at low water. - When paBt Taunton Rock look out, on the western side of the channel, for Bird Reef which is marked by a red spar-buoy, (No. 2.) This is a small detached rock, Bird Reef. with'five feet at low wat.er, lying about three hundred yards to the northward of Blyn Rock, and about six hundred yards to the eastward of Branford Point. There is equally good wat.er on all sides of it; but vessels using this channel leave it to the westward. The buoy is in ten feet at low wat.er, on the eastern end of the shoal, and bears from Jeffry's Point NW. by W. i W., half a mile; from the northern end of Taunton Rock NW. by N. i N., six hundred yards; and from Blyn Rock N NE., three hundred and fifty yards distant. When past the buoy on Bird Reef the first dangers met with are two bare rocks, The Mermaids. known as The Mermaids. They lie about midway of the harbor, a little over half a mile to the northward of Taunton Rock, and abreast of the long rocky point previously mentioned, as making out from the western shore of Indian Neck. These two rocks lie about N. by W. and S. by E. from each other, and about one hundred yards apart; and the channel passes to the eastward of them with from six to eight feet at low water. Beyond these rocks an intelligible description of the dangers cannot be given, nor can any one pass beyond them without a pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING BRANFOilD HARBOR. I. Fro- t:he .East:ward.-1. Having conae l:htrough l:he Thl»Wles Channei.-On the W. oourse from between Inner and 'Vheaton's reef's, when Branford Reef Beacon bears S. by E. /r E., and South- west Ledge Light-house W. -f N.,-the former being distant seven-eighths of a mile, and the latter about four miles and a ha1f,-you will have four and a half fathoms, and N NW. will lead safely into the harbor. On. this course you will not have less than three fathoms until past Taunton Rock, and from thence, to abreast of The :Mermaids, the decrease in the depth i.s.f.ceedingly gradual and regular. Anchor on this course according to draught. Or, wishing to enter nford Creek, when the southern extremity of Branford Point bears w .• about half a mile off, and t ie western extremity of the long point making off from Indian Neck N NE., six hundred yards distant, steer N. t E., which course will lead, ·with not less than seven feet, midway between this long point and the southernmost of The Mermaids. Beyond this it is not safe to go without a pilot. 'Vhile to the southward of The Mermaids, and above Bird Reef, you may anchor under either shore of the harbor, as there is nothing in the way. The above courses pass one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the buoy on The Negro Heads; three-quarters of a mile to the northward of Branford-.Reef Beacon; about six: hundred yards t.o ·the westward of Ball Island Ledge; half a mile to the eastward of the red buoy on Five Feet Rock ; four hundred yards to the westward of the rocky point on the western end of Spectacle Island; an eighth of a mile to the westward of the rocky ledge south of Indian Point; about the same distance to the eastward of Taunton Rock; four hundred yards to the westward of Indian Point; about a. quarter of a mile to the eastward of Blyn Rock; three hundred yards t-0 the eastward of the red buoy on Bird Reef; and a little over one hundred yards to the eastward of the southernmost of The Mermaids. DANGERS IN .APPROACHING AND ENTERING BRANFORD HARBOR FROM THE E.ASTWARD. th.e 2.. ••ftMfr - t ·~ the N- 'h ci.- -i or Leau h \"\"4 Sowncr. -bVrienagsells<~aelnktn.eerr'ins gIsflraoQmd he North Chanool, roam passag-e of wh en, on thew . bys. l s. course, they L1ght-house to hear E. l S. and The Outer Thimble NW. by N. t N., should st.eer to the northwest- .ooward, _(NW. by W. t ~..) aiming to pass about half a mile to the eastward of Branford Reef Beacon. On this course th.ere will soon seen to the northward, bearing about NW. by N. j- N., and th~u.arters of a mde off, a. red spar-buoy. This is on East Ledge, a de- Ead Ledge. tac~ed shoal with ~ feet at low water, and from four to seven fathoms on all sides of it. The ledge lies N WE. and 8 aw., and is aOO,ut three hundred and fifty yards long. The buoy,

422 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers--Bran- which is marked No. 12, is placed in three fathoms off its southern end, and bears ford Harbor. from Falkner's Island Light-house W. by N. ! N., distant five miles and an eighth. From this buoy Branford Reef Beac,'On bears W. ! s., distant a mile and three-quarters; the red buoy on The Negro Heads N'Y\"· by W. t W., a m~le and five-eighths; and the red buoy on Five Feet Rock WNW. Northerly, distant nearly three miles. The course passes about midway between Eust Ledge and Branford Reej,-the beacon on which will be easily recognized as a round tower of grey stone, surmounted by an iron shaft and ball. It bears from Falkner's Island Light-house W. by N. :l N., nearly seven miles; and from it the buoy on, The Negro Heads bears N. by E~ t E., nearly a mile, and the red buoy on Five Feet Rock NW.! N., a mile and five-eighths distant. (For description of Branford Reef see page 420.) Tile Negro When abreast of Branford Reef Beacon the red buoy on The Negro Heads will Head3. bear nearly N., distant about three-eighths of a mile. These ledges have already been described, in the approaches by the Thimbles Channel, as a mass of boulders, bare at low tides and surrounded by shoal water, forming the southernmost of the shoals to the southeastward of Jeffry's Point. (See page 420.) The buoy is marked No. 16, placed off the southern end of the shoal, and bears from East Ledge buoy NW. by W. ! W., a mile and five-eighths, and from Branford Reef Beacon N. by E. ! E., nearly a mile distant. From this buoy the western extremity of Ball Island bears N. by W. ! W., half a mile; the buoy on Five Feet Rock W. by N. i N., a little over a mile and a quarter; and Jeffry's Point (in range with the western end of The Spectacles) NW.! N., one mile distant. When past The Negro Heads the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as when approaching from the Thimbles Channel. (See pages 420-421.) SA.ILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND E:!'o<\"\"TERING BRANFORD HARBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. 2. HatJ\"lng ..,......., th.reugh the -in p--oe of the North Channel of Lo- Iala:ttd Sou:nci.-On the course W. by S. j- S. from abreast of Falkner's Island, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears E. ! S., Branford Reef Beacon W. by N. i N., and The Out.er Thimble NW. by N. :f N., the depth will be six and a half fathoms, and NW. by W. 1- W. will lead safely, between East Ledge and Branford Reef, with not less than six fathoms. On this course, when past The Negro Heads and Branford Reef Beacon bears S~ E. t E., distant seven-eighths of a mile, and Southwest Ledge Light-house W. i N., distant fo~iles and a half, you will have four and a half fathoms, and N NW. will lead safely into the harbor, following the directions given on the preceding page. The above courses pass eight hundred yards to the southwestward of the red buoy on East Ledge; more than half a mile to the northeastward of Branford Reef Beacon ; and six hundred and fifty yards to the southward, and half a mile to the westward, of the buoy on The Negro Heads. e-DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING BRANFORD HARBOR. II. ..fi'rona the Weawa.rd.-1. Hamag rr- N- Ho-,--eertng ~ Blr1n Boc!k ancl Branford~ an.a to the Westward of Blrd Beef.-Vessels from New Haven st:.eer E., from off the entrance, until nearly abreast of Branford Point, with Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing W. by N. l :N., Branford Point NE. by N. ! N., and Branford Reef Beacon BE. by E. f E., when they steer NE. ! N. On this coul\"Se the first danger met with will be seen a little to the westward, bearing about NE. by N. :! :N., and half a mile distant. It is formed hy two small T/111 Cow and bare rooks, called The Cow and Calf, surrounded by shoal water, and having a detaeheil twdvefeet spot a littk \"lo the wmward <if them. They are not buoyed, but are always Calf. visible, and therefore easily avoided. They bear from Southwest Ledge Light-house E. j- S., about three miles and a quarter, and from Branford Reef Beacon NW. Westerly, a mile and seven-eighths dist.ant. Branford Point is about five-eighths of a mile NW. by N. ! N. from them; Blyn Rock nearly three-quarters of a mile NE. -f E.; Taunton Rock three-quarters of a mile E. by N. t N.; and the buoy on Five Feet Rock nine hundred yards E. ! N. The oonrse passes to the eastward of them, and well ro the westward of the last-named buoy. FiWI Fe11t Rock. Five Feet Rock has been already described on page 420 as a small detached rock, with five feet at low water, lying about five-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Jeffry's Point, and markoo by a red spar-buoy. This buoy, which is numbered 18 as a guide to Long Island Sound, bears from Southwest ~ge Light-house .E.} s .• nearly three miles and three- quarters; from The Cow and Calf .E. i ::rr., mne hundred yards; and from Branford Beef Beacon

NEW HAVEN HARBOR. 423 NW. i N., a mile and five-ei_ghths distant. ~rom this buoy .Jeffry'~ Point bears_NE•. by E. ! E., a little over five-eighths ofa mile; Branford Pomt N. by W. ! W., a httle over half a nnle; and Blyn Rock N. by E. fl E., eight hundred yards distant. '\"Then up with Blyn Rock give it a berth to the eastward of not less than one hundred yards; and when abreast of it you will see, well to the eastward of the course and about four hundred yards off, the red spar-buoy on Bird Reef. This shoal, already described on Bird Reef. wpaa~aed 4o2f1~hies a detached five feet rock, about three hundred and fifty yards to the east- of Blyn Rock. west.era shore of the harbor, and about the same distance to the northward The buoy which is incorrectly colored red, is marked No. 2, placed on the eastern side of the rock, and bears from Elyn Rock N NE., three hundred and fifty yards, and from the southern extremity of Branford Point E. i N., about six hundred yards distant. From this buoy the southernmost of The l\\iermaids bears N NE., a little over six hundred yards distant. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND E1''TERING BRANFORD HARBOR FROM THE WESTWARD. 1. Oonainu fr-.., N_,, Haven.-With Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing NW. t N., distant seven-eighths of a mile, and New Haven Tower N., distant a mile and a half, st.eer E. as though about to pass through the Thimbles Channel. On this course, when 3outhwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. t N., Branford Reef Beacon SE. by E. -f E., and Branford Point NE. by N. t N., steer NE. ! N., passing to the westward of Blyn Rock and Bird Reef. \"7hen abreast of the buoy on the latter, steer NE. f E., which course will lead about midway between The Mermaids and the long rocky point making out from Indian Neck. Beyond this point you must not go without a pilot. Or, you may anchor on the NE. ! N. course, under the western shore, in from ten to twelve feet; or, on the NE. f E. course, in from nine to ten feet, between Bird Reef and The Mermaids. The above courses pass two hundred yards to the eastward of The Cow and Calf; between :five and six hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Five Feet Rook; three-eighths of a mile to the westward of Taunton Rock; three hundred yards to the eastward of Branford Point ; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Blyn Rock ; about two hundred yar<ls to the westward of the buoy on Bird Reef; and a little over one hundred yards to the eastward of the southernmost of The 1'Iermaids. Or, 1:0 _pass l>nween Blun Bock and 'IUu~•n• Bock, and to 1:he .Eastward of Bird Beef.-On the E. course from off New Haven Entrance, when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. i- N., Branford Reef Beacon SE. by E. -f E., and Branford Point NE. by N. t N., as before, steer NE. Easterly, which course will lead, with not less than fifteen feet, between Blyn Rock and Taunton Rock. Continue the course, carrying not less than twelve feet, until the southern extremity of Bran- ford Point bears W., half a mile off, and the western end of the long point making off from Indian Neck N NE., six hundred yards distant, when N. t E. will lead midway between that point and The l\\Iermaids with not less than seven feet at low water. 2. th-, on the E. by N. l N. -rse fro\"\" oD' strat:fi»\"d, Point, when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears NW. t N., distant two miles and a half, and Branford Reef Beacon E. l N., distant three miles, flteer NE. Easterly, which course will lead, with not less than four and a half fathoms, into the Thimbles Channel. On this course, when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. j- N., Branford Reef Beacon BE. by E. l E., and Branford Point NE. by N. ! N., as before, steer NE.! N. if intend- ing to pass to the westward of Blyn Rock; or, if intending to pass between Blyn and Taunton rock-;, continue the course NE. Easterly,-following in each case the directions for these passa,,,\"'CS. i3. Or, - 1:he E. by l'i. N. co•H·se through t:he - • P - U e of the Norlla Ch«n-.i, when off New Haven Entrance; with Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing l'i. by E., distant four miles and a half, and the bluff on Pond Point NW., a little over :five miles distant, you will have ten fathoms, soft bottom, and l'iE. Easterly must be steered until Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. l N., as before; after which follow the directions given above. NEW HAVEN HARBOR. This haroor is sitnaWd about three miles and a half to the westward of Branford Harbor, and is formed five Mite Point. by ~he \".°~fiu~ce of Mill and Quinnlpiac rivers. Its e&11ten1 point of eutrnnce, called Fh-e Mile Point, is easily d1stmgutsbed by the white tow.,r on its western extremity, which was formerly <>00upied as a light-house, but was dis- mantle.! when Southwest Ledge Light-house WWI lighted. The tower Rtands in a clump of low scrub, near which there are eevera.l small houses. Back of this the land la dllckly wooded with &all trees, between which and the scrub sutTOunding the

424 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. tower is a narrow strip of cleared land, which, when seen from the southward and eastward, look\" like a large \"nick\" in tl1e woods. Five Mile Point is faced with bare rocks, and there are several outlying rocks and islets off its southwestern extremity; so that vessels enteriug the harbor should give it a berth to the eastward of not less than three hundred and fifty yards. The western point of entrance to New Haven Harbor is called Clark's Point, or Oyster River Point. It lies W. t S. from Five 2\\.lile Point, and between the two the entrance is about three miles and a quarter Clark's Point. wide; bnt for the mo\"t of this distance the water is ehoal,-the available channel being only about three- quarters of'. a mile wide. The point is low and grassy at its southern extremity, but the land rises to the northward, with a gentle slope, to a wooded crest about forty feet high. Behind this the hills begin,-stretching in a line to the northward, with a pretty nearly equal elevation, and no especially remarkable feature, except West Rock, which will appear as a precipitoni' yellow bluff, with deeply furrowed faces to the southward, projecting from the otherwise unbroken line of high lands. All &long the western shore of the harbor, at the base of these hills, will be seen level cultivated lands, thickly dotted with houses, forming the village of West Haven; and still farther to the northward the numerous houses and epires of the city of New Haven. On the eastern shore houses are thickly scattered from South End to Five Mile Point; and the line of distant hills is plainly seen above the low woods. Of these hills the most remarkable are East Rock and Mount Carmel,-the former a high precipitous bluff, with yellow perpendicular faces, and level summit crowned with low trees and bushes; and the latter being composed of two humps, with a very peculiar depression or \"nick\" between them, rendering it perhaps the most remarkable of all the hills in this vicinity. Be«ides these remarkable hills the most prominent object, and the first seen on approaching the harhor, Southwest Ledge is a one-story eight-sided house, with mansard roof, surmounted by a lantern. This is Southwest Ledg<J Light-house. Light-house. The house, which is pa,inted a light drab, is supported upon a tubular foundation painted red, am! apparently ..tanding in the water. It shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, from a height of fifty-seven feet above the sea, visible thirteen miles. Its geographical position is Latitude •••••••••••• __ •••••••••• -- _--· -- ••• _ ••• -·· •• _. -·· ••. _•••• 41° 14' 2\" N. Longitude- •• --- .•• ___ --- --· ____ . ·-- __ . __ --- .•• --- ---- -- ----. _____ 720 54' 45\" W., and it bears from Falkner's Island Light-honse W. l1y lf. f N., about ten mi1\"8 and three-quarters; and from Horton's Point Light-house NW. by w. t w., nearly twenty-three miles distant. From this light-house Miles. tOld Field Point Light-house bears BW. S. Southerly •••••• - --···· ---· - ··--· ---· --- ••• __ •• nearly 18 Middle Ground Light-house SW. 1J W •. - ---· .• ·-·- --- - •. -·. - - - •• ··-- •••••• - - . - . -·--· .• - - - . ••• ••• 13t :&a.ton's Neck Ll.ght-house SW. by W. t W. _- •••• - •••••••.••••••• - - • - - - - - .• -- - • - - • - •• a little over 'Z1 Stratford Point Light-house W. by S. t B•• ___ .• _••••• - _-· ______ •• - -- •• - -- - - - ••••••••• _••• nearly 10 A ooll is struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen seconds during thick weather. Fog-signal. The large iron spfodle, sur·mounted by a cask placed horizontally, which is seen about half a mile to the eastward of the light-house, is on Qlllxe'B Ledge; and well uver towards the we8tern shore the large framework in the water, which looks like the foundation fhr a screw-pile light.-house, is the remains of an old shad-pier. On the eastern shore of the harbor the land curves away to the eastward and then to the northward to Morris' Cove. Fort Hale, about a mile above; and thus is formed a large cove, called Morris' Cove, which affords convenient auchorage for wind-bound vessels, with a depth of from seven to ten feet at low water. Its shores are faced by a beautiful regular sand beach, and are for the most part under fine cultivation and thickly dotted with· houses. About three-eighths of a mile below Fort Hale, and three-quarters of a mile to the northward of Five Mile Point, the line of beach is broken by a steep high bluff, with level grassy summit, and known as Forbes• Bluff\"• .Fort Hale is situated on the ext.remity of a flat grassy point, nearly abreast of Sandy Point, (on the Fort Hale. western shore,) and a mile and a quarter to the northward of New Ka.veD Tower. It is a very old earth- work in n dilapidated state, and is used only as a landmark. The western shore of tl1e harbor has a course about NE. from Oyster River Point to Savin Rock or Cove Bock, a mile and three-eighths above. The land is high, undulating, partly wooded, but mostly cleared near the shore-line, and backed by trees. At Savin Rock it is low and marshy, but this is not perceivf'd from the river, as the high lands alone show. Savin Rock. Sa,·in Rock is a small rocky point, about twenty feet high, with steep faces and level gra\"\"y su~mit, upon which there is a large house. About two hundred yards to the southward of it is a rocky ledge, bare at low water, and known as Savin Rock Leiige or Cove Bock Ledge. Savin Rock is the eastern point of entrauce to Oyster Jl.lver, a narrow, shallow and crooked ~tt-eam, of little importance. It is sometimes called Cove Creek. From Savin Rock the shore has a trend about E. by N. for abOot a mile,-being almost entirely occupied by the snbnrhs ot the village of Weat Haven, wl1ich appears as thickly clustered houses, standing amid gently sloping lands of moderate height, diveN!ified with clumps of trees and crowned with woods. A prominent object in the village is a large hotel with cupola. From the eastern extremity of \"\\Vest Haven the shore trends about NE.. i E., for fin•-mghths of a mile, to Samly Point; and is composed entirely of sand beach, backed by marsh. Sandy Point, which is not Sandy Point. Yisible from the river until you come abreast of it, is a long narrow point of bare sand, with a faw clumps of wire·grass upon it, and a sand spit, three-quarters of a mile long, extending from it in a NE. by N. direction, and dry a.t low water. On the northern extremity of the point stands a wa.tch-howie tu protect the oyster beds in the vicinity; and on the nortben1 end of the dry spit there is anoth<'.r. Behind Sandy Point the western shore oE the harbor makes about 1f NW\". for nearly a mile to the mouth West River. of \"\\Vest River, a \"hallow st:ream, betweelil.11.ve and six hundred yards wide, separating New Haven from We;.t Haven. Its eastern point of entrance, known a.;i Oyster PolDt, is seven-eighths of a mile lf. i E. from Sandy Point; and its eastern extremity is about nine hundred yards liW. t N. from the watch-house on the northern end <ff the dry spit. Betwet>l1 these t.hroo po;uts and the mouth of West River there is formed a shallow cove, about three·quarters of a mile wide, with tram one to five feet at low water, in which there are many valuable oyster bed1<. Oyster Point ;,. the BOuthern extremity of·the city of New Haven. All of this west-Orn shore, as fur up as Long Wharf, which is three-quarten! of a mile t.o the uortbea&tward of Oyst.er Point, is.facoo with marsh, and behind this low wooded lands, thickly dotted with ho~.

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NEW HAVEN HARBOR. 425 The eastern shores of the harbor north of Fort Hale are composed for the most part of marsh, which· Description of extends back from the shore-line, on an average, about a quarter of a mile, to gently sloping, smooth, grassy land, dotted with ornamental trees, and alternating with bigh rocky hills, partly wooded, and separated from New Haven Harbor. each other by level cultivated la.n&. On the highest of these hills, wliich is nearly a mile to the northea.st- Wal\"d of Fort Hale, is an old work called Fort Wooster; but it is scarcely distinguishable from the river. Long Wharf, which is a mile and a hal.f to the northeastward of Sandy Point, and a mile and three-eighths to the northward of Fort Hale, is easily I\"ecognizable, as it is the southernmost as well as the longest wharf in the city proper. It extends iri a SE. by S. t S. direction for about eight hundr<.>d yards, and carries upon its broad pier-head the harbor light-house, which is known as Long Wharf Light-house. Iu the day-time it is very diffi<Jult to distinguU.h Long Wharf this light-house among the numerous small buildings which surround it; bnt the pier-head can always be Light-house. seen. The light-house is a square wooden tower, sixteen feet high, painted drab, with brown trimmings, shows a fixed red light, of the sixth order, from a height of twenty-one feet above the sea, \\'.'isible nine miles. Its geograph- ical position is Latitude .. ·-- •••.••• _·-·_---·.·-·-··. -- - -- .• __ ..• - ·-- ••.• - --· .•.. 41° l'T' 33\" N. Longitude ·-· •••.•• ·-· ·-· --· -·· ••••• --· _ •••• _••• -· ••. --- ••.••.••. 72° 641 i6\" w., and it bears from Mile<'. The extremity of the point upon which Fort Ha.le la built, N. ·i w._. - -.•..... -- . - ... -... --.... - - •• ~ 1 t New lla.ven Tower. N. t W .. ·-- ••• _________ -- _-- •• - --· ••• ·-- •• ·-· -·- --- - - - ·-·--· --- --- -- -· - --- -- 2t Southwest Ledge Light-house, N. t E•• _•• _•..••••• - • - ••••.••• - ••••••••••.. - •..•..•• - . a little over 3f Sandy Point, NE. byN. t N...•. ·--- --·----- -·----· ·----· •.•• ·-·--· ··---··-·-·· ·-·· ··--·-···· -·-· It A little over half a mile to the northeastward of Long Wharf the harbor is crossed by a bridge, which unites the city of New Haven with the village of East Haven, on the eastern bank. Above the bridge, Mill River runs to the northward and Qubmiplac River to the northeastward,-,-the neck of laud separating the two being occupied by the village of Fatrhave:n. Both rivers are shallow, but the Quiunipiac has the best wale!\". Their banks a.re lined with wharves; and Mill River, which forms the ea.stern boundary of New Haven, is crossed by a dmw-bridge about five hundred yards above its mouth. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND E:::-.'TERING NEW HAVEN II.ARBOR. I. Ha'tJ-ing eouuo 'l:krough the Thl~les Channel.-Chi the W. course from between Inner and W~heaton's reefs, when past The Cow and Calf, you must be careful to give the north shore a berth of not less than three-quarters of a mile, on account of tlw shoal water extending off from it. From the mouth of Farm River to Five Mile Point the shore is all foul,-having many sunken and bare rocks at distances from shore varying from three-eighths to five-eighths of a mile. Of thf',ge, the first met with, after passing The Cow and Calf, is The Scotch Cap, which The Scotch lies off the entrance to Farm River, a mile and a quarter to the westward of Branford Cap. Point, and three-eighths of a mile from shore. It is a mass of bare rock, two hundred yards long E. and W.; and, being surrounded by dangerous shoals, should not be approached from the southward nearer than a quarter of a mile. Half a mile to the westward of The Scotch Cap, and the same distance from shore, is a sunken kdge wifh five fed ai low tide. It lies half a mile SE_ by S. t S. from South End, and is not buoyed. To avoid it, vessels beating in must be careful not to stand to the northward into less than three and a half fathoms. Nearly half a mile to the westward of this rock, and about a mile from The Round Rock. Scotch Cap, lies Round Rock, a 8v;ellrayresamaalql ~bratreerroocfk,a surrounded by sunken ledges - from South the shoal water extending over mile square. The dry rock' bears J<?nd S SW. W~ster~y, between eight i;nd mne hundred yards, and from Morgan's Point SE. t s., five- te1~hths of a mile distant. From this rock Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. N., distant a mile and a quarter. The bare rock should receive a berth to the northward of not less than a quarter of a mile. There is no passa.:,ae inBhore of it. Between Round R<>ck and Morgan's Point, about nine hundred yards from the High Water former and three hundred from the latter, lies another bare rock known as High Rock. they'attempt ro enter ai nn dt hMeowr gaayno' sf Pvoeisns etl,s-,- ah opw e~v e r Roe!'Water Rock. It is not unless no stranger should attempt.. which between Quixe's Ledge the next danger met with is an eight feet rock, kno~-n Whe~ past Round. as The Chimneys. It JS qmt.e small, and surrounded by depths of from fifteen to The Chimne7~. t~enty feet; _but it is not safe to attempt to pass to the northward of it. This shoal lies l!early midway between Round ROCk and Southwest Ledge, and exactly in line with the rock and the hght-hou:re. It bears from Round Rock W. t N., a little over five-eighths of a mile, and from Morgan~s Pomt SW. by ~· l S., nearly half a mile distant. Southwest Ledge Light-house bears from this rock. W. ! N., distant about five-eighths of a mile, and the spindle on Quixe's Ledge NW. by I\"!· ! N., ~hstant a1!out fiye hundred yards. It is not buoyed, but is not in the way unless you ·a:re heating to wmdward, m which case, to avoid it as well as the ledges to the westward of it, you should not st.and to the northward of Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing W. by N. f N. C. P.-54

426 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers---New · About one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of The Chimneys lies 1'Iary's Haven Harbor. Rock, with twelve feet at mean low water; about one hundred yards to the northwest- ward of this, and two hundred yards to the westward of The Chimneys, lies Dick's Rock, with fifteen feet; and a little over one hundred and fifty yards WNW. from Dick's Hock lies The B~q Boil, with seven feet. Of these, only the last-named is buoyed. It is marked by a red spar- buoy (No. 2) placed in two fathoms close t-0 its western edge,-Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing W. !- N., distant eight hundred yards. Mary's Rock bears E. ! S. from Southwest Ledge Light-house, a little over half a mile; Dick's Rock E. i S., exactly half a mile; and The Big Boil E. !- S., nearly , nine hundred yards distant. To avoid them all, go about as soon as Southwest Ledge Light-house ' bears W. by N. i N. Quixe's Ledgt1. ]\\fore than three-quarters of a mile WNW. from Round Rock, and eight hun- dred yards to the southwestward of Morgan's Point, lies Quixc's u'<lgc,-the ir-0n spindle on which, surmounted by a msk plaee<l horizontally, is one of the prominent obje~ seen on approaching the harbor from the eastward. The spindle stands upon a rock, bare at half tide, near the northwestern end of the ledge, and from it shoal water extends in a SE. i E. direction for nearly two hundred yards, and in a S. by E. ! E. direction over two hundred yards. Six feet at low water is found one hundred and fifty yards to the southeastward of the spindle, and ten feet two hundred yards s SE. from the same. Quixe's Ledge is not in the way of vessels coming into this harbor from the eastward, unless they intend passing VJ the eastward of Southwest Ledge, which strangers must not attempt to do. On nearing Southwest Ledge Light-house be careful, in standing to the northward, not to pass beyond the bearing of W. by N. ! N., as mentioned above, as there.are several detached rocks to the northwestward of the light-house at distances of from one hundred and fifty to three hundred yards,- none of which are buoyed. Of these, the easternmost is called Middle Rock, has ten feet at low water, and bears from Southwest Ledge Light-house E. by N. ! N., distant three hundred yards. A hundred yards to the westward of it lies Tortoi8e Rock, with thirteen feet, which b€ars from Southwest Ledge tLight-house NE. by E. E., distant a little over two hundred yards; and about one hundred yards to the southwestward of this lies Rag,qed Rock, with twelve feet, which bears from the light-house E. by N. ! N., distant one hundred and fifty yards. Vessels of less draught than eight feet pay no attention to these rocks, but pass on either side of Southwest Ledge, as suits their convenience. Southwest Ledge, which was formerly one of the most dangerous obstructions in Southwest the approaches to New Haven Harbor, is now occupied by the light-house, before Letlgt1. described, (see page 424.) V easels may approach the light-house from any direction, within one hundred yards,.and carry not less than eighteen feet. It is usual, however, to pass to the westward of it. If beating to windward, do not stand to the westward, after passing Southwest Ledge, farther than to bring New Haven Tower to bear NE., by which m~ns you will avoid Lud- Luddington dington Rock,-the striped nun-buoy on which will be plainly visible at a distance of Roel. over a mile. This is a detached rock, with fifteen feet at mean low water and thir- teen at low spring tides, and lies at the extreme southeastern end of the shoals which make off from the West Haven shore. For vessels of twelve feet draught or less there is a good passage to the northward of the rock, (see Sailing Directions, page 430,) but the main channel passes to the eastward of it. The buoy is a nun of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and placed in fifteen feet close to the eastern edge of the shoal. It bears from Branford Reef Beacon W. by N. Northerly, nearly five miles and three-eighths; and from Southwest Ledge Light-house W. bys.. nearly twelve hundred yards distant. From this buoy New Haven Tower bears NE. l E., distant a mile and three-eighths; the black buoy on the 'Vest Haven Flats N. by W. t W., more than five-eighths of a mile; and the black buoy on Party's Bar N. by E. ! E., distant a little over two miles. When up with Southwest Ledge the course turns abruptly to the northward, and there will be seen a little to the eastward, bearing about NE. f N., and nearly half a mile off, a Adam'a Fall. red can-buoy.* This is on Adam's Fall, a detached ledge, with five feet at low water, lying a little over half a mile to the northward of Southwest Ledge Light-house and three-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Five Mile Point. The buoy is marked No. 4, placed. close to the rock on its western side, and bears from Southwest Ledge Light-house N. by E. Easterly, about eleven hundred yards; from Luddington Rock buov :NE. Easterly, nearly a mile; and from the spindle on Quixe's Ledge NW., a little over half a mife distant. From this buoy New :Haven Tower bears NE. by E·------------------------------- 9010i yards. The black buoy on Party's Bar N.___________________________about miles. The red buoy oft\" Black B.ook N. i E·------------------------------ 1 l \" Long Wharf Light-house l'lf. i E--------------------------,---nearly 3 \" When between Southwest Ledge Light-house and Adam's Fall buoy, if you are beating to windward, do not st.and to the eastward of the light-house bearing s. ! w., or Long Wharf

NEW HAVKN HARBOR. 427 Light-house N.-! E. By this means you will avoid not only Adam's Fall, but also Old Head Reef. Old Head Reef, a dangerous shoal lying about four hundred and fifty yards to the northwestward of Quixc's Ledge spindle, and half a mile to the westward of Morgan's Point. It lies nearly NE. by E. and SW. by W., is about three hundred yards long, and has seven feet at its northeastern and nine feet at its southwestern end. It is not buoyed, but should be marked by a red buoy; and such action will be recommended. The nine feet spot on the southwestern end of this reef bears from Quixe's Ledge spindle SE. by E. ! E., distant between four and five hundred yards; and from Southwest Ledge Light-house NE., distant .nearly eight hundred yards. From this west.em end of the reef New Haven Tower bears N NE. Northerly, a little over half a mile; and the red buoy on Adam's Fall NW. by N., a little over six hundred yards distant. On the western side of the channel, while to the southward of Five l\\Iile Point, vessels of twelve feet draught or over should not stand to the westward of the point on which Fort We11t Haven Hale is built bearing NE. ! N., to avoid the \"\\Vest Haven :Flats. The southern extremity of these flats, which have from one to ten feet water upon them, is marked Flats. by a black spar-buoy placed in two fathoms, and bearing from Luddington Rock buoy N. by W. l W., over five-eighths of a mile; and from Southwest Ledge Light-house NW. :f W., more than seven-eighths of a mile distant. From this buoy the red can-buoy on Adam's Fall bears E., nearly seven-eighths of a mile; and New Haven Tower E. by N., a mile and a quarter distant. When w the northward of Adam's Fall there are no dangers except the flat;; on both sides of the channd. Those on the eastern side may be avoided, while you are to the southward of Fort Hale, by . not standing to the eastward of Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing s. by W.; while those on the western side can only be avoided by the use of the lead and not standing inro less than thirteen feet. The water shoals gradually, on both sides of the channel, up w twelve feet, and then the soundings decrease rapidly,-the edge of the flats being quite steep. Care must be taken, therefore, to go about in good time. The exception to this rapid shoaling inside the twelve feet line is in :Morris' Cove, where the depth decrea.._\"1€8 with great regularity from the channel to the beach. When nearly abreast of Forbes' Bluff a black nun-buoy will be seen, a little to the westward of the course, bearing N., and about eight hundred yards off. This is on Party's Bar,- the name given w that portion of the West Haven Flats which extends off from Sandy Party's Bar. Point, and has from one to three feet water upon it. The buoy, which is marked No. 3, is placed in two fathoms on the eastern edge of the flats, and bears from New Haven Tower, N. by W. ! W. ___________________________ nearly M1il1es. Ada.m's Fall buoy, N. -------------------------------------------- 1 ti Southwest Ledge Light-house, N. j E. ________________________nearly 1 The black spar-buoy on the southern end o'f the West Haven Flats, NE. l fbyN·-------------------------------------------------------- From this buoy The centre of Fort Ha.le bee.rs NE. by E. f E._________________nearly 1200 yards. Long Whar'f Light-house N. ! E. ---------------------------------- 1 t miles. black buoy on Shag l3ank N. i E --- -W- -.-t- -W- -.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-a- ----- ---- -t! The mile. The watch-house on Bandy Point NW. by little over '~ When up with the buoy on Party's Bar there will be seen, on the eastern side of Black Rock. ysoNf.adrirtoectthioen~easrtewdarsdpaor-fbtuhoey.rock the cha nnel, and about six hu ndred yards off in a NE. b that it may This is near Black Rock, off Fort Hale, but is plaoerl be safely passed on either hand. Black Rock, which is out at low water lies about an eighth of a mile WNW. from the end of the long wharf near the northern end of Morris;' Cove and about two hundred W.yards from shore. The buoy is between five and six hundred yards NW. by ! W. from the rock and is placed in seventeen feet water nearly in mid-channel. It is marked No. 6, and bears from ' Miles. New Haven Tower, N. i W. -------------------------------------- 1 t The red buoy on Ada.m's Fall, N. i E------------------------------- 1 ! Southwest Ledge Light-house, N. by E. Northerly _________a little over 2 tThe black ~uoy on Party's Bar, NE. E. _____________between 600 and 700 yards. From this buoy the centre of Fort Hale bears E. i N ., a quarter of a mile; Long Wharf Light-house N.,a mile and three-eighths; and the black buoy on Shag Bank N. by W. l W., about fourteen hun- dred yards distant. · Shag Bank is on the western side othfethneorcthhaenansetl ~a~ndfroismdSryanadtyloPwoiwnat tfeorr. It is Shag Bank. long sand spit which three-- that makes o1f w quarters of a mile, forming a sort of natural breakwater to the mouth of West River. A wat.ch-house,

428 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers -- New built upon piles, stands upon the northern extremity of the dry spit; and beyond this HaVtJn Har6or. Bhoal water extends to the northward for about three hundred yards,-the fiats having less than six feet at low tides. A black spar-buoy (No. 5) is placed in fourteen feet on the eastern edge of the bank, and near its northern end, and bears from the black buoy on Party's Bar N. i E., seven-eighths of a mile; from the red buoy off Black Rock N. by W. t W., fourteen hundrell yards; and from the watch-house on the northern end of the dry part of the bank NE. by E. ! E., about three hundred yards distant. From this buoy Long Wharf Light-house bears N. by E. Easterly, distant three-quarters of a mile. · ·, Above Shag Bank the channel is exceedingly narrow,-exlensive flals, with from one to five feet upon them, making off from both shores, and contracting the width of the channel between the lines of twelve feet to about sixty yards. Through this narrow channel not less than fourteen feet may be carried at mean low tide; but sailing-vessels can use it only with a fair wind or with the assistance of a tug-boat. Vessels of six feet draught or less have a channel to work in, between the flats, about four hundred yards wide, as far up as Long Wharf; but beyond that it is diminished to a width of two hundred yards, and at the bridge it is only about one hundred and fifty yards wide. On the ea.stern side of the channel, nearly oppor;ite to, but a little above, the buoy on Shag Bank, there is a long sand spit making off from the eastern shore for about four hundred and Cranes Bar. fifty yards, and dry at low water. It is known as Cranes Bar, and its western extrem- ity bears from the red buoy off Black Ifock N. by E. ! E., nearly seven-eighths of a mile; from the black buoy on Party's Bar N NE., a mile and an eighth; and from the black buoy on Shag Bank NE. by E.-! E., about eight hundred yards distant. From this western end of the bar Long Wharf Light-house bears N. by W. t W., about twelve hundred yards, and the draw in the bridge N. by E. ! E., seven-eighths of a mile dist.ant. It is not buoyed, as it is all flat to the west- ward of it, and even the smallest vessels must not approach it nearer than four hundred yards. Good anchorage is found off Long Wharf and a little to the southward of it, in from thirteen to sixteen feet, and between the railroad wharf and the bridge, in from fourteen to seventeen feet at mean low water. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW HAVEN HARBOR. I. _..,,._the .Eastuiard.-1. Having c-.e through the Th·bn1Iiles Channel.-On the W. course through this channel, from between Inner Reef and \"\\Vheaton's Reef, when Southwest Ledge Light- house bears N. by W. ! W., distant three-quarters of a mile, and New Haven Tower N. t E. Easterly, distant a mile and a half, you will have five fathomB, and must steer NW. by N. ! N., carrying not less than four fathoms, until past Southwest Ledge Light-house, and New Haven Tower bears NE. Easterly, distant nearly one mile, and Southwest Ledge Light-house SE. Southerly, distant about a quarter of a mile. Here you will have four fathoms, and N. by E. t E. will lead through the middle of the channel, with not less than thirteen feet, until past Fort Hale, and Long Wharf Light-house bears N. 1 E. Now, if you are of less draught than eight feet, you may steer for the light-house, carrying not less than ten feet at low water. But, if you desire to keep the best water, you must, when the light-house bears N. i E., as before, and the watch-house on the northern end of Shag Bank NW. by N. i N., steer N. f W., carrying not less than fifteen feet, until up with the black buoy on Shag Bank, and Long Wharf Light-house bears N. f E. Now steer for the light-house, and anchor when you please; -or, if bound up to the bridge, when near the wharf give it a berth to the westward of about one hundred feet, and steer NE. by E. for the draw. The above courses pass five-eighths of a mile to the southward of The Sootch Cap; half a mile to the southward of the five feet rock off South End; the same distance to the southward of the shoal water surrounding Round Rock; five-eighths of a mile to the southward of The Chimneys; the same distance to the southward of :Mary's and Dick's rocks; seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of the spindle on Quixe's Ledge ; about fourteen hundred yards to the southward, and between eight and nine hundred yards to the westward, of the red buoy on The Big Boil; a.bout one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Southwest Ledge Light-house; nearly half a mile to the eastward of the striped buoy on Lnddington Rock; eight hundred yards to the westward of Old Head Reef; five- eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on the southern end of the West Haven Flats; between three and four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Adam's Fall; two hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Party's Bar; about one hundred and eighty yards to the westward of the red buoy oft' Black Rock ; one hundred yards to the eBfltward of the black buoy. on Shag Bank; and between five and six hundred yal'ds to the westward of the western extremity of ()ranes Bar.

429 !or, 11au 'l'n.ay c-·u~aue tl•e eourse NW. by N. N. past Sout'h-ed' Ledge Sailing Direc- Ltght-house until you open the round top of Mount Carmel just past the western edge tions---Ne w of East Rock on a bearing of N. by E. Easterly. Steer in on that range, carrying not HaYBn Harbor. les.o; than thirteen foet at mean low water, until Long \\Vharf Light-house bears N. t E. nnd the watch-house on the northern end of Shag Bank NW. l N., when steer N. i W., and follow the directions given above. The above courses pass eight hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Old Head Reef; five- eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on the southern end of the \\Yest Haven Flats; a little over four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Adam's Fall; one hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Party's Bar; and nearly three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy off Black Rock. Or, vou 'lftay, on the W. course through the Thi'tnbles Channel, bring Southwest Ledge Light- house to bear NW. i N. and New Haven Tower N.1J W., and steer NW., carrying not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, until you open Mount Carmel past the western edge of East Rock on a bear- ing of N. by E. Easterly, as before, when steer in on that range, and follow the directions given above. or, -If 11au are of less draught than etgld feet, you may, when past Southwest Ledge Light-house, bring it to bear S. ! W., and steer N. ! E. directly for Long \"Wharf Light-house. On this course you will not have less than twelve feet until past the black buoy on Shag Bank, above which the course crosses the flats in not less than nine feet at mean ]ow water. This course passes a quarter of a mile to the westward of Old Head Reef;•a little over one hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Adam's Fall; the same distance to the eastward of the black buoy on Party's Bar; three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy off Black Rock ; and about one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward. of the black buoy on Shag Bank. <no, 'lcisli.iBg to enter bet.Deen f}utxe's Ledge anti Morgan's Paint.-On the W. course through the Thimbles Channel, as before, bring Southwest Ledge Light-house to bear NW. by W. i w., distant a mile and :five-eighths, and New Haven Tower NW. by N., distant a mile and three-quarters, and steer NW., which course will lead, with not less than thirteen feet, between 1.forgan's Point and Quixe's Ledge. On this course, if you are of less draught than eight feet, when just past the buoy on Adam's Jl\"all, and Long \\Vharf Light-house bears N.-! E., steer that course; or, wishing to carry the best water in, continue the NW. cou'.rse until you open the round top of :Mount Carmel just past the western end of East Rock on a bearing of N. by E. Easterly, when steer in on that range, and follow the previous directions. This course passes an eighth of a mile to the southwestward of the shoal water surrounding Round Rock, and between five and six hundred yards to the westward of the rock itself; three hun- dred yards t-0 the northe.astward of The Chimneys; a. quarter of a mile to the southwestward of High Water Rock; one hundred and fifty yards to the northeastward of the spindle on Quixe's Ledge; nearly two hundred yards to the southwestward of the eleven feet rock off l\\Iorgan's Point; about one hundred and seventy-five yards to the northeastward of the eastern end of Old Head Reef; the same distance to the northeastward of the red buoy on Adam's Fall; and about one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the rock itself. 2. Having eonae t:lu·-.h t:he nurin pa.slldge of t:he North Claannel, t;o ent-er New Haven Har- •-.-On the W. by S. ! S. course tl1rough the North Channel, when Southwest Ledge Light.house bears NW.! N., steer for it until within two hundred yards of it, when steer to the westward, giving the light~house a berth to the eastward of one hundred and fifty yards, and continue to the westward until the round top of Mount Carmel opens just past the west.em edge of East Rock. Now steer in on that range, and follow the directions given above. P-•II. TO omae- A·e... Raven .........._ ./\"ra1111& f;Jae W~rfl.-1. , . t:o\"'the BowtA-...:1. of LUa- dlngt- .Roe&: an4 ent:er t:Ma Harbor.-'\\\\'hen off Stratford Point, with l\\Iiddle Ground I ...ight-house bearing SE. by S. ! S., distant two and a. quarter miles, and Stratford Point Light-house NE. by· N. l N .• distant three and three-quart.er miles, steer NE. by E. l :E., which course will lead directly for Southwest Ledge l.iight-house. On thls course, when in nineteen feet water, and about six hundred yards from the light-house, the round top of Mount Carmel will be open just past the western edge of East Rock. , Steer in on that range, and follow the directions previously given.

430 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- These courses pass four hundred yards to the southward, and over six hundred tions---N e w yards to the eastward, of Luddington Rock. Haven Harbor. 2. To P-• to -the NorlhVJard of Luaaington Boek.-)Vben off Stratford Point, with the light-house bearing NE. by N. t N., distant three and three-quarter miles, and Middle Ground Light-house SE. by S. i S., distant two and a quarter miles, as before, steer NE. by E. Easterly, which oourse will lead directly towards New Haven Tower with not less than seventeen fe€t at low water. On this course, when within three-quarters of a mile of the tower, in twenty-two feet,. with Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing S. by E. i E., distant about eight hundred and fifty yards,' the round top of Mount Carmel will be open with the western edge of East Rock on a bearing of N. by E. Easterly; and that course must be steered into the harbor, following the directions given on the preceding page. It must be recollected, in this connection, that the current of flood and ebb sets almost directly across the NE. by E. Easterly course for New Haven Tower, with a velocity of about one mile an hour; and care must be ta.ken, therefore, to make the course good by steering to the northward of the true course if the tide be ebb, and to the eastward of it during flood tide. The above courses pass between eight and nine hundred yards to the southward of the black buoy on the southern end of West Haven Flats, and four hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the striped buoy on Luddington Rock. LIGHT-HOUSES. NAME. I Latitude. I Longitude W. Fixed or Height Dh1tance Revolving. above visible in i I sen- nm1tical Fixed. level. ; miles. I Fixed red. Feet. -· ,, .In arc. In time. BT 13 21 B 0 I 0\" h . m. s. 4 51 39. 0 Bou1Jlwest. Ledge L1gllt--house- ---- ___ • 41 14 2 '12 54 45 4 151 38.4 Long Wharf' Light.-houae .• __ ••.. __ ••. 41 1'7 33 '12 154 36 TIDES. Five Mile Chapel St. Point. :Bridge. Corrected Esta.bllshment •••••••••••••• --· ••••• --· .•.. -- -- ------ •• - --· •••••••••• 11h um Mean R111e and '.Fall or tides .• - ••••••••• ····-········-······-··--···------···--· 6.05fl. 6.23fl;. Mean RI.lie and Fall or Spring tides- ••..•••• --- •• - ·---·· ••••••••••••.••• - - - .••••• 6.33\" 6. 30\" ll'lean lt.1Be a:nd Fall or lfeap toidea .••••••••••••••• - •••••••• - ••• - ••• - • - ••••••••••• 5.62 ,, 6. 12\" Rille of Jligheat tide observed - - - •.•.•.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 7.52\" 7. 46\" CUBllli:NTS. LOCALITY. I Second Quarter. Third Quarter. Flood or Set. Drift. Ebb. Set. Drift. ~~~:!:!~~~~~~-~~-s -~~---~~- ~~~~~~~-~~~ ~ NW. f W ••••• 1.2'1 NW. by W'... - 0.91i Flood. Ebb. E.tl!f..•••••. 1.20 E. b;y N. i lf•. 0.911 The obf!erva.tions of currents were made as fur as possible when the influence of the wind was small. The directions are magnetic, end the drift in nautical miles per hour. VABIA.TXON OF THE COHPASS. The magnetic variation, for 1878, is s0 30' W., with an &pproximate annual increlLBe of nearly 2t'. MILFORD HARBOR. The entrance to tW. harbor is a little ov.er six miles to the westward of Southwest Ledge Light-hon~, and is contained. between Welch's Point on the east and Charles' Island on the west. The north shore of the Sound from \\Velch'11 Point has a general course N1'W., for about three-quarters of a. mile, to the mouths of Indian and Mllford rivers. Thence it turns abruptly to the westward,-running about 8W'. b7 W. for a mile and a quarter, where begins a dry sand spit, which extends in a south· eallterly direction to CharlBl!I' Island. Thus is formed a large cove, a little over a mile in diameter, known as Milford Harbor, in which ancLorage in from six to fourteen feet may be found, sheltered from all but southerly wind&. Welch's or Cedar We1ch's or Ce<lar Point., the eastern point o:f entrance to the harbor, is low and fl.at,--the land rising P~lnt. vm-y gradually to the northward to a wooded summit, about one hundred feet high, on the aonthern bank of Indian River.

MILFORD HARBOR. 431 Charles' Island, the western point of entrance, is about a mile SW. by W. from Welcl1's Point. It is a Charles' Island. low and nearly round island, about a qual\"ter of a mile in diamet.,r, with a gently sloping surface, dotted with thick, bushy trees, except at its southern end, which hM but a single Lombardy poplar. A large white house is visible above the trees on the summit of the i8land, aud another, with a tall brick chilllney attached, is seen on its northwestern end. This latter is used as a fish-oil factory. Charles' Island is shoal in its approaches, and should receive a berth to the northward of not less tl1au three-eighths of a mile. The shores of the harbor are for the most part composed of marsh, althougl1 spurs of fast land, of modernte height, undu- lating, and generally c.ultivated, project here and there between the marshes. Especially is this the case between 'Velch's Point and Indian River, where the land is mainly composed of cultivated fields, somewhat billy, dotted here and there with clumps of trees, and terminating to the westward in steep, nearly perpendicular face.e<. The same is true of the narrow neck of land separating Indian and Milford rivers, which, though flatter than that on the eastern side of Indian River, is almost entirely under cultivation. To the w<'stward of Milford River the land near the shore-line is almo><t entirely marsh. Indian River is not, strictly speaking, a river, as its mouth is closed by a dam situated about half a Indian and Milford mile to the nol\"thwar<l of Welch's Point. Just to the westward of it is the entrance to ~lilford River, a rivers. narrow and shallow stream,--on the western bank of which, about three-quarters of a milfl above its mouth, is situated the village of Milford. It is not posaible to enter this ri,·er, even for veesels of the lightest draught, except at high water, as the flats at its mouth are dry at low spring tides. The anchorage off the mouth of the river is properly known as llllllforcl Roa.datead, (instead of the common name Milford Harbor,) being open to southerly and southeasterly winds. DANGERS. In approaching this harbor from the North Channel of Long Island Sound you must be careful not to :i.pproach Pond Point too clvsely, as shoal water extends from it to the southward for three- eightbs of a mile. Vessels of less than twelve feet draught, however, may come within a quarter of a mile of the point,-being guided by the red spar-buoy which will be seen on the southern end of the shoal. This shoal is known as Pond Point Reef; and the buoy, Pond Point Reef. which is marked No. 14, bears from Southwest Ledge Light-house W. by S. i S., dis- tt.ant six miles. From this buoy Cedar Point Reef buoy bears W. S., distant one mile; and the hotel on Charles' Island W. §- S., distant two miles. Cedar Point Reef is formed by a rocky shoal making to the southeastward from Welch's or Cedar Point for three-eighths of a mile. It is not safe for vessels of twelve Cedar Point feet draught to approach the point from the southward nearer than six hundred yards; Reef. but a red spar-buoy (No. 16) is placed on the southern end of the reef as a guide to strangers. The sailing-line into Milford Roadstead passes well to the westward of this buoy, and when abreast of it there will be seen to the southwestward, and about three-quarters of a mile off, a black spar-buoy. This is on Charles' Island Rocks, which make off in a Charles' Island southerly direction from Charles' Island for about a quarter of a mile,-with sound- Rocks. ings varying from two to ten feet at low water. The buoy is marked No. 1, placed in three fathoms on the southern end of the ledge, and bears from the red buoy on Pond Point Reef W. by S. l S., a mile and three-quarters; from Pond Point SW. by W. ! W., two miles; and from the red buoy on Cedar Point Reef SW. by W. i W., one mile distant. From this buoy the hotel on Charles' Island bears N. by W., distant three-eighths of a mile. In coming into the Road.stead be careful not to approach the east.ern side of Charles' Island nearer than six hundred yards, as the water is Bhoal. A black spar-buoy is placed in two fathoms, on the western side of the channel, as a warning to vessels to keep off this shore. It is marked No. 3 and is the last buoy met with on entering the harbor. ' The lead will be the best guide in seeking an anchorage, only observing that in approaching the northern shore of the harbor you should not stand into k88 tkan ten feet, -the water shoaling rapidly as you approach the mouth of Milford River. ' SAIJ.,JNG DIRECTIONS. I . .Prom. tla.e ~ard.-1. i i r - o§ New> ••-.-Having come through the Thimbles Channel as far as New Haven Entrance, when, on the W. course from between Inner and \\Vheaton's reefs, Southwest Ledge Light-house bears N. by W. £ W., distant three-quarters of a mile, and New Haven Tower N. :f E. Easterly, distant a mile and a half, you will have five fathoms, with Stratford Point Light-house bearing W. by S. l s .• dist.ant ten miles, and must steer that course for the light-house, carrying not less than twenty-two feet, until the hotel on Charles' Island bears NW. ! W., and the summit of the high land on Pond Point NE. by N. t N. Now steer NW. by :N. i l!f., which course will lead safely for the anchorage. The soundings decrease gradually until you strike ten feet ; aft.er which the water shoals abruptly.

432 ATLANTJ.C COAST PILOT. 8ailing Direc- The above courses pass seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of the red buoy tio;s --Milford on Pond Point Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Harbor. Charles' Island Rocks; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Cedar Point Reef; and three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy off the ea.stern end of Charles' Island. 2. Having coine through the nu:tin paBsaue of tlu1 North Channel, to enter Iilford Harbor.- On the course W. by S. t S. from between Falkner's Island Light-house and Indian Reef, (see pagfl 376,) when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears NE. ! N. Northerly, Stratford Point Light-house tW. by N. t N., and Middle Ground Light-house SW. by W. W., steer NW. by N. i N., which course will lead safely into the harbor, as above mentioned. II. Coining frona the We8f:wartf, to e,nter Mllford Hal\"bor.-1. _.,.,.<nn off Stratford Point:.- 'Vith the light-house bearing N. !- E. Easterly, distant a mile and three-quarters, and Middle Ground Light-house S. i- W., dist.ant three miles and five-eighths, steer NE. i N., carrying not less than three and a half fathoms, until the hot.el on Charles' Island bears NW. ! W., distant nine hundred yards, and the southern extremity of Pond Point NE. by E. !: E. Easterly, distant a mile and three-quarters. Now steer N. by E. i E. for about five-eighths of a mile, or until you are exactly between Cedar tPoint and the hotel on Charles' Island,-the former bearing :NE. by E. E., and the latter SW. by W. t W. Herc you will have three fathoms, and NW. by N. i- N. will lead safely to the anchorage. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the southeastward of the black buoy on Charles' Island Rocks; four hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy off the eastern end of Charles' Island ; and three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Cedar Point Reef. l2. On the cour8e E. by N. N. for the entrance ifo the Norlh Channel of Long :Cal.and Sound, .,o en.,er l!Cllford Harbor.-When Stratford Point Light-house bears NE. by N. l N., distant three miles and three-quarters, and Middle Ground Light-house SE. by S.-§- S., distant two miles and a quarter, steer NE. !- N. until the hotel on Charles' Island bears NW. :f:- W., distant nine hundred yards, and the southern extremity of Pond Point NE. by E. ! E. Easterly, distant a mile and three- quarters, when steer N. by E. i E., and follow the directions previously given for the harbor. The NE. t N. course for the entrance to the harbor passes a mile and an eighth to the eastward of the red buoy.on Stratford Point Shoal, and about a mile to the eastward of Stratford Point. STRATFORD HARBOR. Housatonic River. This harbor lies at the mouth of the Housatonie River, and cannot be entered by strangers, owing to the bar at its mouth, over which bnt two feet at low water can be taken through a very narrow channel. The Housatonic River has its rise in a small lake in the county of Berkshire, near the western border of Massachusetts, and tak..s a winding cou:rse, for one hundred miles, through Massachusetts and Connecticut, emptying into Long Island Sound about ten miles to the westward of New Haven Entrauee. Yeseels of very light draught may proceed np the river for about twelve miles; but bt>yond this there is no navigation. The town of Stra.tf\"ord is situated upon the western bank, about two miles above Stratford Point; and is tlie only plaee of any importance on the river. The New York and New Haven RailroA.d crosses by a bridge about a mile abo»e the town. The eastern point of entrance to this river is formed by a long, low, dot sand beach, extending in a southwestet\"ly direction from the mainland for nearly three-quarters of a mile, and reducing the actual width of the entrance to about five hundred yards. This point, M well as the western shore, is skirted by exteush-e mod flats, dry at low water. Stratford Point. The western point of entrance to the river is known as Stratford Point. It jg of moderate height and gragsy, (except where a few clumps of trees dot its surface,) and shows steep sandy faces to the southwanl and eastward. Back of the point the land is all cleared, and for the most part low and nearly level, with tbe usual high hills in the distance. On a cleared and nearly level space, at its southeastern end, will be Been thA light-house, Stratford Point known as Stratford Point Light-house. It is an eight-sided wooden tower, painted black and white in Light-house. vertical stripes, with a. white house on each side of it, and shows a revolving white light, of the third order, from a height of fifty-three feet above the sea, visible twelve miles. The light revolves once in every minute and a half. Its geographical position is La.t.t.tud.e •••••••••••••••••••• -··-··--·· •••• ··-··-····· •••••••••••• 41° &' 5 11 N. Loqitude .•.••• --- •••.•. - ••••.....•. -·-- --·· •..•••••••.•••••. •••• 'la<> a' 1s11 w., and it ·bears from Southwest Ledge Light-bouee W. by 8. f 8., about ten miles; and from Falkner's Island Light-house W, aoutberl:y, twenty miles and a half distant. From this light-house Miles. a.Middle Gro\"CUld r.tPt-hOUlle be&rtl t w ......•.. _..........•.... __ .........••. ·-- .•. _.... _...• r.t Old Field Poillt Ltgllt-:bo- s. b:y W. W'eaterly ••••••••• --·. - - • - • _•••••••••••••••••••••••• _ ••••• lOf Baton\"& 111\"ecllt L:lght-bowle SW. b7 W. ! W. •• • • • • •• • ··• ·- •• • • •• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••nearly 18 JtorwalJt: L2Sh'\"h01:Ule w. b7 s. t •·-- -- --- --· ·-· --· ·· · ·· · ---- --.. --- . ---........ -- ............. 15* Pcm1leld'B Beef Lichti-boUe w. b7 s. t •..... ·----· ...... ·-··-······· -··- ...... ·----- ·······--· St

STRATFORD HARBOR. 433 A bell i\" struck by maebinery during tb\\ck weather,-first, fonr blows at intervals of ten seconds; and, Fog-signal. after a pause of thirty seconds, again fonr blows ten seconds apart. Taahua Hill. Jt may be well to remark, iu this connection, that a distinguii!hing landmark for the entrance to the Hou...,tonic is Tashua Hill, v.;hich will appear in the distance as a very high, smooth, rouncl bill with a promi- nent tree on top. It cannot be mistaken, as, apart from the peculiarities just described, it is by far the highest land in this vicinity. From Stratford Point to the northward the western bank of the ri-..er is composed of low, nearly level, grassy land, with occasional steep faces, but for the most part fringed with marsh. The town is situated amicl level fields, faced by marsh, and is .;f little commercial importance, although it has some manufacturing interest. On the eo.stern bank, after passing the long sand point at the entrance, the river spreads away into a wide but shallow bay. which, at low water, is almost entirely barfl,-the mud flats extending from the eastem bank tu within a quarter of a mile of the W<'•tern shore. .A. very narrow channel, through which not more than eight feet at low water can be carried, (after passing the bar,) passes close under the western shore to abreast of the t-Own. The eastern bank is rather higher than the westen>, slightly undulating, grassy, and for the most part. under cultivation. A.breast of the town, and nearly in the middle of the l\"iver, lies a marsh island, very irregular in shape, and about nine hundred yards long N NW. and SSE. At low water it is joined to the eastern bank by the hare mud flats, and the channel passes on its weeten1 side between it and the t-0wn. Three-quarters of a mile above this island the river is crossed by the county bridge, and a quarter of a mile above this is the railroad bridge. Both banks above the town are undulating and gras..y, but the eastern bank is much the higher of the two. DANGERS. I. ~ tlt,e Eariward.-AB above remarked strangers cannot enter the Housatonic Rivel'. The only danger met with, on approaching from the eastward, is Stratford Bar, which extends across the mouth of the river, with not more than two feet at low Stratford Bar. water, and forms an insurmountable barrier to farther progress without a pilot. A black spar-buoy, marked No. 1, is placed on this bar in six feet at low water, with Stratford Point Light-house bearing SW., distant about five-eighths of a mile. Strangers must not approach this buoy from the eastward nearer than a quarter of a mile, where they must anchor in from three and a half to four fathoms, and wait for a ·pilot. Half a mile to the westward of this buoy will be seen a grey stone beacon, surmounted by an iron spindle and ball, painted black. This is known as Stratford Beacon, and marks the western limits of the bar channel,-being placed Stratford upon the eastern edge of the dry mud flats which make off from the we>t.ern bank. Beacon. The beacon is five-eighths of a mile N. ! E. from Stratford Point Light-house. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. ~~Jae ~-rcr.-1. P r - off New Haven.-On the rourse W. by S. ! S. for Stratford Point Light-house, when within a mile and a half of it, in five fathoms, and Stratford Beacon bears W. ! N., nearly a mile and a half distant, steer for the beacon and anchor, when within five-eighths of a mile of it, in from three and a half to four fathoms at low water. The lead must be kept well in hand in approaching the bar, and the proper signal made for a pilot as soon as it can be recognized from the shore. i2. On 'l::ta.e W. by S. S. _ , . _ ~ fu•h~ee• .Fldkner'• bland aRd i-nc1tcua B....,f.-Bring Stratford Point Light-house to bear W. by N. i N., distant five miles and a half, and Middle Ground Light-house SW. by W. l W., distant seven miles, and steer NW. by W. ! W., which oourse will bring you up with the black spar-buoy at the entrance to the channel. Anchor off the bar, in from three and a half to four fathoms at low water, and make signal for a pilot. DANGERS. . II. .rr..... flM! we.e-rd.-In .approach~ Stratford Point from the westward be careful t.o give it a berth to the northward of not less than a mile and a quarter, on account of the shoal water whiclt makes off to the southward from the shore between the point and Bridgeport Entrance. The general name, Stratford Point Shoal, is ~v.en to the whole area of this shoal Stratford Point ground; and a red spar-buoy, marked No. 16, is placed on the southern side of a nine Shoal. feet, 8hoal on its southern boundary. From this buoy Stratford Point Light-house beal\"I'! NE. i E., a mile and five-eighths; Middle Ground Light-house S. ! E., four miles and a quarter; and Peniield's .Reef Light-house W. l B., f'Our miles and three-eighths distant. To avoid the shoal at;:1b1. · do not go to the northward of Penfield's Reef Light-house bearing W. t N. ~en past Stratford Point Shoal no ~rs are met with until you are up with the bar. St.rat- io . omt may be approached on its eastern side within eight hundred yards, with not less than four $.thbms; and, wh~n ab~t of the ~t-house, the black spar:buoy ~m. the bar will be seen hearin~ .ahOut N. ! E., and five-eighths of a mile off. As before mentioned, it 1S necessary to anchor off thiS buQy and wait for a pilot. - C. P.-55

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. P r - the W'e..tu>a...d.-Continue the E. by N. k N. course from off Sands' Point until you come abreast of the red spar-buoy off Stratford Point Shoal, with the light-house bearing NE. i N .• distant a mile and three-quarters, and Middle Ground Light-house S. t E., distant four miles. Now steer NE. f E., carrying not less than fourteen feet, until you come abreast of Stratford Point Light- house, having it bearing NW.! N., distant seven hundred and fifty yards, when the bar buoy will bear N. by E. -l E., distant three-quarters of a mile, and NE. by N. will lead to the anchorage off, the bar. The above oourses pass a quarter of a mile to the southward of the red spar-buoy on Stratford Point Shoal; three-eighths of a. mile to the eastward of Stratford Point; and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the bar buoy. E.d_.,,iOr, - n - E. by N. N. _ ....e ft»\" 1;1- Nort1& Cha•n.el,fr- off Prnnl:.-When Strat- ford Point Light-house bears NE. by N. t N., distant three miles a.od three-quarters, and Middle Ground Light-house SE. by S. -i s., distant two miles and a quarter, steer NE. by N., which course will lead to the anchorage off the bar. The above course passes three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the red spar-buoy on Stratford Point Shoal; seven hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Stratford Point; and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the bar buoy. LIGHT-HOUSE. NAME. Latitude. I Longitude West. Fixed or lntel\"Val Height Distance Stratford Point L1gl:l.t-houae .• Revolving. above visible in 0 I ,, of nautical Flash. sea- 41 II 6 level. miles. lu arc. Iu time. 0 I ,, h. m. s. m. s. Feet. 11 4 11:1 SM.9 Revolving. l 80 68 73 6 13 BRIDGEPORT HARBOR. Pequannock This harbor lies at the mouth of the Pequo.nnock River, which empties into the bight between Stratford River. and Shoal points, a little over three miles to the westward of the former. A.tits mouth the river is seven- eighths of a mil11 wide, between Long Beach Point on the east and Park Point on the west; but most of this area is occupied by shoals, leaving only a very narrow channel with twelve feet at low water. Long Beach Long Beach Point, the eastern point of entrance, is a low, flat 1'8lld beach, with a few houaes near its Point. northern end, and a Jong breakwater of stone extending from it to the westward. Thie breakwater is a.bout four hundred and fifty yard>! long, and was built by the United States Engineel'B for the purpo- of increas- ing the depth of the channel,-an object which it has not yet accomplished. Park Point. Park Point, the w\"\"'tern point of entrance, is composed of 1ow and nearly level land, thickly dotted with clumps of treea,-the whole forming what is locally known as Sea•aide Park, belonging to the city of Bridgeport. On the north side of Long Beach Point makes in what is called The Gut,-a wide but shallow stream, which takes its riH in the hills back of Stratford, and flows in a southwesterly directfon into Long Island S ound, a.t the entrance to the Jiarbor. Above the mouth of The Gut the shore runs about lfW. by W., for five-eighths of a. mi.le, to the entrance to a large pond, which is \"hut oft' from the harbor by a causeway. The southern point of entrance to the shallow cove leading up Cook'• Point. to this causeway is known as Cook's Point, and is compoaed almost entirely of ms.....b, backed by level lands well cultivated and 8ettled. The northern point forms the southern extremity of East Bridgeport. and is known as lla\"thera' Dock, from the large wharf at its B<>uthwestern end. It id level land, thickly eettJed,-tbe honses being nrTOunded by ornamental gronnda. .About three hundred and fifty yards n.bove Ma.them' Dock the river is crossed by a d=wbi'idge,-the opening in which is near the weatern shore; and about nine hundred yards above this bridge is the eastern end of the railroad bridge, which carria the New York and New Haven Railroad. Wells' Point. On the weetarn barik of\"tbe river, about half a mile above Park Point, is Wellt,' Point, sometimes called The 'f\"MlC\"lle, which forms the BOutheastern extremity of the city of Bridgeport. It it a fiat grassy point, thickly dotted with houses, and the1'0 is a wooden beacon, in the shape of a pyramid, on the - r n edge of the flat..., t>.boat four hundred and fifty yards from it. The ¢ty of Bridgeporioocupi\"\" th\" whole oftbe western bank of' the river, from Wells' Point to about half a. mile above the lower bridge. It is a thriving town, celebrated for ita mantd'iwturee,-notnbly thoee oi-¥wing- ma.ehines,-and is rapidly increasing in wealth and impot\"tanoo. · '- The most prominent o~ in appI\"ooching this harbor is the light-houae, known as Britlgt>port darbor Bridgeport Harbor Lltllt-bouee. ~ht-boUBe, a 801't!W·pile si.ruoture built upon the i!Ontheastern extremity of the Jong ahoal making off from Paik PoinC. It is 811pported upon a stone fuundatlon, and is in the shape of' a white dwelliag-houee) with mansard roof, supporting a Jaw .tower,-the whole building, with the exception of the roof, b«ug painted white. It ·s~wa a



BRIDG.EPOBT HARBOR. 435 fixed red light, of the fourth order, from a height of fifty-six foot above the sen, visible twel.-e miles and three-quarters. Its geographical position is Latitude __________ .•.•. __ ·--·--_ -- -- _--- --·. _. -- ..........•••.... 41° 9' 24\" N. Longitude ...••.•..•........••. _•• - - - - •.. - - . - - .••• - - - - - . - - - - .. - • - •7 3° 10' 48\" W. It hears from Middle Ground Light-house NNW., six miles arnl fi,•e-eighths; from the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal NW. i w., two miles and seven-eighths; and from Old Field Point Light-house N. t W., eleven miles distant. From this light-homie Peufield's Reef Light-hou.se bears nearly SW. t W., three miles; 11.nd Black Rock Light-house 'W. by S. i S., distant nearly two miles. Fog-signal. A bell is struck by machinery every fifteen seconds during thick weather. DANGERS. I . .Prona f1.e .EGsh,,ara.-In approa.ching Bridgeport Harbor from the eastward Stratford Point beware of Stratford Point Shoal, which makes off to the southward from the shore, Shoal. between Stratford Point and Long Beach Point, for about a mile. Nine feet at low spar-buoy re?-water is found upon this shoal seven-eighths. of a. mile from sho~e, and here is ~laced a (No. lG) in fifteen feet water,--Stratford Pomt Light-house bearmg NE.! E., dtStant a nnle and five- eio·hths · Bridooeport Harbor Light-house riW. it W., two miles and seven-eighths; and Penfield's R~f Light-ho0use W. t S., four miles and three-eighths distant. 'Vhen past this buoy do not approach either shore until up with the light-house; and if beating in do not stand to the westward farther th:m to bring Black Rock Light-house to bear N. t W., in order to avoid the shoals off Shoal Point, which are known as Fairfield Bar, Penfield's Reef and The Cows. Fairfield Bar is a very narrow sand spit, a little over a mile long and dry at low Fairfield Bar. water extendinO' about SE. by E. l E. from. Shoal Point, (the eastern extremity of Fairfreld Beach~ About two hundred and fifty yards to the northeastward of its southeastern end lies 7:hea group of rocks, some bare and some awash at low water, called _Gow.~; and on its southern side is Penp,e/.d!s Reef, with from one to two feet at low water, upon which IS bmlt Penfi.eld's Reef Light-house, a one-story grey house, with mansard roof, surmounted by a low Penfield's Reef tower and lantern painted white. The building is supported by a pier of dark granite, Light-hou•o. and shows a red light, of the fourth order, (flashing at intervals of five seconds,) and visible thirteen miles. Its geographical position is Latitude _____________________________________41° 71 3\" N. Longitude -----------------------------------73° 131 1511 w., and it bears from Miles. Black Rock Light-house, S. by W. ! W. Nearly _________________about 1 l Bridgeport Harbor Light-house, SW. l l W. Nearly ------------------- 3 Stratf'ord Point Light-house, W. S._____________________ nearly 5f by S. Middle Ground Light-hoW!le, NW. ! W. -------------------------.,.-- 6 i Old Field Point Light-house, N NW. Northerly _____ ---------------- 9 ! Norwalk Light-house, E. by N. ! N---------------------------nearly 10 Ea.ton's Neck Light-house, NE. t E. --------------------------a.bout 12 ! A bell is struck by machinery, two quick blowa at intervals of twenty seconds, Fog-signal. during thick weatlier. When to the northward of Fairfield Bar and The Cows, vessels beating into Point Roel Bridgeport must beware of Point Rock Shoal,-the name given to the shoalwater Slloal extending off to the southward from Point Rock, a rock awash at low water, lying about three hundred yards to the southward of Fairweather Island, on the e.astern side of the entrance to Black Rook Harbor. Point Rook Shoal has about ei&ht feet at low water, and a red spar-buoy (No. 2) is placed on its southern side, in two fathoms, as a guide to the entrance to Black Rock Harbor. Fairweather Island should not.be approached from the eastward, by vessels hound i nt.o Bridgeport Harbor, nearer than three-eighths of a mile, in order to avoid the Blwai8 off i,ts easteni shore; but beyond this, and until the light-house is rea<>hed, the le.ad is the only proper guide. Both shores shoal gradually, but strangers .are warned not to pass t.o the eastward of Bridgeport Harbor Light-house bearing l'f NW. until up with it. When abreast of the ~ht-house a wooden pyramid, surmounted by a spar and cask, will be seen nearly three-eighths of a mile off, bearing about N. by E. ! E. This is called Outor or Southwest Beacon, and marks the eastern extremity of the :f!,atiJ off Sea-tti.de Park,-bearing from the northern e.nd of Long Beach Point W. l N., a little over half a mile, and from the light-house N. by E. l E~, seyen hundred yards distant. The course from abreast of the light-house is noo.rly for this beacon, with the tall brick smoke-stacks of the factories in East Bridgeport on each side of it; and on this ~rse .there will soon be ~ another wooden pyramid, known as the Inner or Northeast Dea.co~ which JS also on the west.em side of the channel, and is to be left to the westward.

436 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. It must also be remarked that six hundred yards to the northeastward of Penfield's Reef Light- house, and exactly off the eastern end of Fairfield Bar, there is placed an iron spindle, painted red, and surmounted· bj a large cage. This is called Black or Huncher's Bock Beacon, and serves as a warning to keep vessels from approaching The Cows. East Flats. The western·extremity of the East Flats, which make off from Long Beach with from two to four feet water upon them, is marked by a red spar-buoy, (No. 2,) placed in teu feet water about an eighth of a mile to the southeastward of the lighf-:house. The channel passes directly between the two, and the range of the Southwest Beacon between the two tall chimneys in :East Bridgeport will clear the flats. On approaching Southwest Bea<.,-on a red spar-buoy will be seen, on the ea<itern side of the chan- nel, and about one hundred yards to the southwestward of the beacon. This is on the northwestern extremity of the 1'.':ast Flats, is marked No. 4, and is known as the \"Southwest Buoy,\" marking the turning point in 'the channel, which takes a northeasterly course from between Southwest Beacon and this buoy, and leads directly towards another red spar-buoy placed on the north side of the entrance to The Gut. The sailing-line passes about one hundred yards to the eastward of the Inner or Korth- east Beacon, and approaches to within seventy-five yards of the buoy, which is marked No. 6, and is known as the \"Turning-point Buoy.\" Here the channel turns abruptly to the northwestward, running directly for Mathers' Dock, nearly in range with which will be seen a black spar-buoy, marking the eastern extremity of the jlat.s <!If Corner Dock, abreast of the city. No directions can be given for avoiding the flats between the Inner Beacon and Corner Dock, except to watch the range of this buoy with the outer or western end of JI.fathers' Dock, and neither to shut it in or open it out beyond the wharf. The harbor cannot be entered by sailing yessels of any size, except with a fair wind or the assistance of a tug-boat, as the channel is too narrow to afford beating room, and the edge of the flats is abrupt. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. Prona 't\"he .Ea.d\"IOC&rd.-1. Pro._ o.JT N-., .Hao_.n.-When off New H:aven Entrance, with Southwest Ledge Light-hou...--e bearing N. by W. ! W., distant three-quarters of a mile, and New Haven Tower N. ! E. Easterly, distant a mile and a half, steer W SW., which course will lead, with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, past Stratford Point and up with the red buoy on Strat- ford Point Shoal. When past this buoy, having it bearing N. ! E., distant eleven hundred yards, tPenfield's Reef Light-house W. N., and Bridgeport Harbor Light-house NW. l N., st<ier NW. by W. ! W. for about two miles, until Penfield's Reef Light-h-0use bears W. bys.ts.• and Bridgeport Harbor Light-house N. by W. i W. Here you will have three and a half fathoms, and must steer for the harbor light-house until within half a mile of it, and Outer or Southwest Beacon becomes visible. Now steer to the westward until you bring this beacon to bear N. ! E., when it will be exactly between two tall chimneys in East Bridgeport, and you must steer in on that range, pa..o;;sing midway between the light-house and the red buoy on the eastern end of East Flats and to the west- ward of Southwest Buoy. On this course, when past the latter, and within about fifty yards of South- west Beacon, haul to the northeastward, steering about NE. t E. for Turning-point Buoy. Continue this course until past the Inner Beacon, and within about seventy-five yards of Turning-point Buoy, when steer NW. by N. Northerly, exactly for the southwest.em extremity of Mathers' Dock, with the black spar-buoy on the flats off Corner Dock just touching it. Keep this range until nearly up with the buoy, when pass to the northward of it, about midway between it and Mathers' Dock, a.nd steer over towards the wharf-line of the city, where you may anchor in from six to ten feet at low water. Twelve feet at mean low water may be carried up to the city through a channel, one hundred feet wide, dredged by the U. S. Engineers. The above courses pass eleven hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal ; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of the southwe.st.em edge of that shoal; about sixty yards to the westward of the red spar-buoy on the west.em end ·of East Flats; seventy-five yards to the eastward of the light-house; fifty yards to the westward of the Southwest Buoy; the same distance to the eastward of Outer Beaoon; a little over one hundred yards to the eastward of Inner --sBeacon; seventy-five yards to the westward of Turning-po-int Buoy; and about fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy on the flats off Corner Dock. 2. H_l_,, :e•~. n&e - ' \" · ....,.__ o;f\" . • h JVerHS CJ!Ms•ad oi' - ' - 6 ~ S . - d - On the W. by S. ! S. course, when Stratford Point Light-house bears :NB. by 1'.} :s.. distant t.hiee

BRIDGEPORT HARBOR. 437 and three-quarter miles, and ~Iiddle Ground Light-house SE. by S. i S., two miles Sailing Direc- and a quarter distant, Bridgeport Harbor Light-house will hear N. by W. i W., and tion.s--Bridge- that course must be steered until you are within three-quarters of a mile of the port Harbor. light-house, when you must bring the Outer Be.aeon midway between the two tall chimneys in }:ill.st Bridgeport on a bearing of N. ! E., and steer in on that range, following the direc- tions given above. DANGERS. II. Frona t1- JVeshflara.-ln approaching this harbor from the westward, the first danger met with will be Penfield's Reef; but vessels in beating must be careful, when between the Norwalk Islands and the entrance to Black Rock Harbor, not to stand farther to Pine Creek the northward than to bring Penfield's Reef Light.-house to bear E. by N. t N., to Point Shoal. avoid Pine Creek Point Shoal, which is dry at low water, and extends to the so-,1th- ward from Pine Creek Point for about half a mile. There are many rocks upon this shoal which are out at half tide; and a buoy will be recommended to he placed off its southern end, for the conve- nience of vessels beating through the Sound or entering Southport Harbor. Penfidd's Reef, which is marked by the light-house already described on page 435, is a shoal, with from one to two feet upon it at mean low water, lying just to the southward of the eastern extremity of Fairfield Bar. Fairfield Bar is a very narrow sand spit, a little over a mile long, and dry at low Fairfield Bar. water, extending from Shoal Point (the western point of entrance to Black Rock Harbor) in a direction about SE. by E. t E., and forming a natural breakwater. A.bout two hundred and fifty yards t.o the northeastward of its eastern end lies a group of rocks, some bare and some awash at low water, called The Cbws; and two hundred and fifty yards to the cruitward of the same end lies Bkwk or Hurwher's Rock, which is marked by a spindle compo8ed of iron screw-piles, sur- mounted by a large cage,-the whole being painted red. This spindle is generally known as Black Rock Beacon, and is a very import.ant guide t-0 the entrance to Black Rock Harbor. It bears from Pcnfield's Reef Light-house NE. i E., distant about six hundred yards. \"\\Vhen past Black Rock there are no dangers in the channel until up with Bridgeport bar; but, if beating in, you should not stand farther to the westward than to bring Bridgeport Harbor Light- house to bear NE. by E., or Penfield's Reef Light-house SW. by S., in order to avoid the sh.oa/,s 'flwking off f.o the southward frmn Fainoeather Isktnd. From the southern end of this island there extends a reef of rooks, in a direction nearly due S., for about two hundred and fifty yards, bare in some places and awash in many at low water. On the southern extremity of this reef is Point &ck, awash at low water, lying due S. from Black Rock Light-house, distant four hundred yards; and shoal water extends to the southward from it about three hundred and fifty Point Rock yards farther, and is generally known as Point Rock Shoal. A. red spar-buoy (No. Shoal. 2) is placed in two fathoms on this shoal, and bears from Penfield's Reef Light-house N. by E. ! E .• a mile and an eighth; from Black Rock Light-houses.! W., six hundred yards; and from Bridgeport Harbor Light-house SW. by W. -! W., a Jittle over two miles distant. When to the northeastward of this buoy there are no dangers until you reach Bridgeport bar, for description of which, and the dangers in the harbor, see pages 435-436. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. .Fro- tl&e w~cr.-,Vhen between Eaton's Neck and Sheffield Island, having Norwalk Light-house bearing N. t W., distant two miles and three-eighths, and Eaton's Neck Light-houses. t E., distant a little over three miles and a quarter, the course is E. by N. l N., which will lead past the Norwalk Islands and clear of all dangers until you oome abreast of Pine Creek Point. Here you will have about ten fathoms, with Penfield's Reef Light-house bearing NE. by N. y N., distant nearly two miles and a half, and seen nearly midway between Bridgeport Harbor Light-~ouse and Black Rock Light-house;-the former bearing NE. ! N., and the latter NE. by N. l N. From this position steer NE. until within three-quarters of a mile of Bridgeport Harbor Light-house, with the Outer Beacon bearing N. i E., and seen exactly midway between the two tall factory chimneys in East Bridgeport. Stee:r in on this :range, and follow the directions previously given for the harbor. The above COUI\"iie:S pass five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Penneld's Reef Light-house; the same distance to the eastward of Black Bock Bea.con; nearly three-quarters of a mile to the east- ward of The Cows ; and about a mile ;Lnd a quarter t-0 the eastwurd of the red buoy on Point Rook Slroal.

438 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- iOr, wlll& Peftjfeld's Beef L1111tt-boK11e bearing NE. by N. N., and Brl4geporl ttions--Bridge- Harbor Ligl&~-houtle NE. N., a:B before, steer for the latter until within about one- port Harbor. third of a mile of it, when haul to the eastward, bring the Out€r Beacon between the two tall chimneys above mentioned, and steer into the harbor as above directed. The above course passes three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Penfield's Reef Light-house; about a third of a mile to the eastward of Black Rock Beacon; eight hundred yards to the eastward of The Cows; and a little over three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the red spar-buoy on Point Rock Shoal. BLACK ROCK HARBOR Falrweather is formed by a cove of irreguJar shape lying a.t the con:lfoence of two shallow streams, and about two miles Island. to the westward of Bridgeport Entrance. The easten>. side of the harbur is protected by Fairweather Island, a long, low, narrow island, with a white ligl1t-to•ver on its southern end. It is about three-quarters of a mile long !I'. by E. and S. by W., very irregulKr in shape, and for the most part covered at high water. Its northern end, which lies abreast of the village of Black R0-0k, is about six hundred yards to the southwestward of Short Beach Point., (the western end of Short Beach,) with which it is connected at Jow water; nnd from this northern end the island lil covered at high water to within half a mile of the liglit-house. There are in fact two islets, joined by a rocky reef; and it is on the soLJtben1- most of the two (which is never covered) that the light-house is built. This southern island is composed of marsh and grass, destitute of trees, but has one ur two houses upon it. Black Rock Light- Black Rock Light-house is a stone tower, thirty-three feet high, standing near the sonthweetern end of ho:.iee. Fairweather Isla.ad; and \"how\" a fixed white light, of the fifth order, from a height of forty-three foet above the sea, visible twelve miles. Its geographical position is · Latitude •.•.••.•.••.•••.•..•••..••..•.•.•.. ---·-- .•.•••.......••..410 8' 30\" N. Longitude •.••.••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••.••••••••• 73° 13' 4''W., and it bears from Pentield'e Reef Light-house If. by E. i :E. Nearly, about a mile and a. half; from Middle Ground Light-house HW. t !I'., a little over seven miles; and from Bridgeport Harbor Light-huuse W. by S. t B., nearly two miles distant. On its southern side Black Rock Harbor is protected by a long narrow sand spit called Fa.l.r1lel4 Ba.r. It extends to the @outheastward from Shoal Point for a little over a. mile; and PenAeld's Reef Light-house is built a. little to the southward of it.a Sho:il Point. eaetern end. (See also page 435.) Shoal Point is a m.,re fiat sand point, backed by marsh, and forms the. western point of entrance to Black Rock Hat\"bor. The western shore extends to the norlhward from this point, in a nearly NE. by !I'. direction, for a.bout a mile, to the mout.h of a very narrow and shallow stream called Falrtleld creek. This sbore\"is all low,- being composed of a flat sand beach, bu.eked by marsh, behind which is seen a. cultivated and thickly settled country. The spires and houses in the village of Fa.1J1lel4 are especially prominent. To the westward of tbe moulb of Fairfield Creek the shore-line takes an abrupt turn nearly E SE., for about a quarter of Grover's Hill. a mile, and then nearly llE. for three-eighths of a mile, thus skirting the base of a smooth gently-sloping hill, between sixty and seventy feet high, called Grover's Hill. On approaching the harbor from the east- ward Fairweather Island will spp«ar in 1·ange with this hill. Its 8urfaoe shows many cultivat..d fields, interspel\"Bed with orchards, small clumps of trees and handMme housea; but its summit is covered only with gmss. The village of Black Rock lies at tbe base of this hill, on its eastern side, and extends a.long the western shore of the harbor, f<>r about three·qUartl'l'lil of a mile, to what is called The Cove. Anchorage is found in Black Rock Harbor in from ten to twelve feet, and abl\"t'.8l!t of the village in from six to eight feet; but strangeN must not attempt to reach this latter anchorage. The harbor is nearly half a mile wide between Fairweather Island and Grover's Hill, but becomes gradually narrower towards its head, where, abreast of the village, it is only about one hundred and fifty yard\" wi<le. It is, however, almost entirely unobstructed u far op as the usual ancborag.,,-it being only DecMllllJ']' to keep in mid-channel wler rounding the buoy on Point Rock Shoal. DANGERS. When abreast of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal, with Stratford Point LighWtouse bearing NE. t N., distant two miles, and Penfield's Reef Light-house W. i N., dist.ant four miles and three- eighths, Bridgeport Harbor Light-house will bear NW. t N., and Black Rock Light-house NW. by w. ! W. Here you will have about four fathoms, and must sreer W. by N. t llf., which will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to the entrance to the outer harbor. When nearly up with Point Roel the entrance a red spar buoy will soon be seen, well to the northward of the course, bearing about NW. l :N., and about _three-quarters of a mile oif. This is on Point Rock Shoal, making off to the southwanl from Fairweather Island, and already Bbw.I. described in the approaches to Bridgeport Harbor. (See pages 435 and 437.) The buoy is marked No. 2, placed m two fathoms on the shoal,-Bla.ck Rock Light-house bearing N. f E., distant six hundred yards, and Penfield's Reef Light-houses. by W. f w., dist.ant one mile and an eighth. The colll\"Se passes well to the southward of it. On the southern side of the entrance, and about a quarter of a mile to the northeastward ()f Pen- :ficld's Reef Light-house, will be seen a spindle and large cage, support.ed on iron screw-piles,-the whole being painted red. This is known as Black or Hw:i.eher's Book Beaeon, aud is built upan

BLACK BOCK HARBOR. 439 Black Rook, which lies about two hundred and fifty yards to the eru;tward of the eastern Bfaclc Rock. end of Fairfield Bar, and about six hundred yards to the northeastward of Penfield's Reef Light-house. This beacon bears from that light-house NE. ! E.; from Black Rock Light-house s. -f W.; and from the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal W. Tne Cows. About an eighth of a mile to the northward of Black Rock Beacon lies a group of rocks, some bare and some awash at low water, called The Cows. This reef makes off to the northeastward from the eastern extremity of Fairfield Bar, and has already been described in.the approaches to Bridgeport Harbor. It always shows itself, and Black Rock Beacon is a suffi- cient guide to keep vessels away from it in the day-time; but at night, when in its vicinity, they should not go to the southward of Stratford Point Light-house bearing E. t N. (See also pages 405 and 437.) When fairly between Point Rock Shoal buoy and Black Rock Beacon the course turns abruptly to the northward, passing to the westward of the buoy; and there are no dangers as far up as the anchorage, except the jUds raaking <df'from both slwrC8. Fairweather Island, abreast of the light-house, should receive a berth to the eastward of not less than two hundred yards ; and the southern end of Grover's Hi11, on the opposite shore, should not be approached nearer than four hundred yards. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. p,._. tlt.e .Eaatu>ard.-1. .Frona off &ra:rford .Potm.-When abreast of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal, with the light-house bearing NE. t N., distant two miles, and Penfield's Reef Light-house W. i N., distant four miles and three-eighths, Bridgeport Harbor Light-house will bear NW. ! N., and Black Rock Light=-house NW. by W. i W. Herc there will be about four fathoms, and w. by N. l N. will lead, with not less thaa three and a half fathoms, about midway between The Cows and the red buoy on Point Rock Shoal. On this course, when Black Rock Light-house bears N. j E., (with Point Rook Shoal buoy in range with it,) and Penfield's Reef Light-house SW. by S. -f S., steer N. by W., which course will lead into the harbor with not less than eleven feet at low water. When abreast of the light-house, having it bearing E. by N., distant four hundred yards, steer N. by E. -f E., carrying not less than ten feet, and anchor with the light-house bearing anywhere between SE. and S. by E. t E. The above courses pass a little over half a mile to the southward of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal; the same distance to the northward of Black Rock Beacon; three-eighths of a mile to the northward of The Cows; eight hundred yards to the southward, and two hundred yards to the westward, of the red buoy on Point Rci:::k Shoal ; three hundred yards to the eastward of the fiats off Grover's Hill; and about four hundred yards to the westward of Black Rock Light-house. Or, with the wind to the southward, you may continue the W. by N. ! N. course until the light- house bears NE. i N., and anchor :in from sixteen to eighteen feet under the shelter of Fairfield Bar. 2. To e-nter fro- the Bad-rd, ha'f:l-ng eoim.e througl,, tlt.e _,,.,, pa«sage of the North cr.a.n-i tof .Long iwian.d Bov:nd.-On the W. by S. S. course from between Falkn~r's Island and Indian Reef, when just past Middle Ground Light-house, with Stratford Point Light-house bearing NE. by N. t N., distant three miles and three-quarters, and Middle Ground Light-house SE. by 8. i s .. distant two miles and a quarter, Penfield's Reef Light-house will bear NW. by W. ! W., and Black Rock Light- house NW.; and NW. j- W. will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to the entrance to the harbor. On this course, when Black Rock Light-house bears N. i E., distant nearly three-quart.ers of a mile, and Penfield's Reef Light-house SW. by S. t s,, distant three-quarters of a mile, the former will be in range with the red buoy on Point Rook Shoal, and N. by W. must be steered towards the eastern base of Grover's Hill, following the directions given above. The NW. i W. course for the entrance to the harbor passes half a mile to the northward of Black Rock Beacon ; three-eighths of a. mile t:o the northward of The Cows; and eight hundred yards to the southward of Point Rock Shoal buoy. Or, on tlt.e NW. i W. course, when Black Rock Light-house bears N. ! E., and Penfield's Reef Light-house SW. by S. f s .• as before, steer W. by N. ! l!f., and anchor under shelter of Fairfield •tad:Bar in from sixt.een to eight.een feet. . II. !:19 emer .Jteek· .,......_. ~ u - w~.-On the E. by N. -l N< course through the Sound, when between Sheffield Island and Eaton's Neck, with Norwalk Light-house bearing N. i W., dist.ant two miles and three-eighths, and Eaton's Neck Light-honse s. l E., distant a little over three mila and a quarter, oou1inue the oomse as though iutendiDg to enter the Thimbles Channel, until

440 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Dirt1c- Penfield's Reef Light-house bears NE. by N. -l N., distant two miles and three-eighths, ti on.r--Black and Bridgeport Harbor Light-house NE. ·~ N., distant five miles and a quarter, when Rock Harbor. steer for the latter, carrying not less than six and a half fathoms, until Penfield's Reef Light-house bears W. by N., distant half a mile, and Black Rock Light-house N. t W. Now steer N. by W. for the eastern base of Grover's Hill, and follow the directions given for the harbor. The above courses pass nearly half a mile to the eastward of Penfield's Reef Light-house; four hundred yards to the eastward of Black Rock Bcaoon; three hundred yards to the eastward of The Cows; and about two hundred yards to the westward of Point Rock Shoal buoy. LIGHT-HOUSES. '! L-Ongitnde West. Fixed or Interval Height Dliitance Revolving. of Flash. NA,'llE. I Latitude. above vlsihle in sea.- nautical '; - In arc. In time. I..vel. miles. 0 '\" 0 ' ,, h, Ill. B. Bridgeport Harbor Light- Fixed red. Jn. 8. Feet. 12! house. 41 9 .24 13 10 48 4 112 43.2 116 Fixed. ---- - ....... -- 12 Black Bock Lieht-house •••• 41 8 80 T3 13 4 4 112 112. 3 Fl\"gred. 43 1S Ptm11.el4's Reef\" Light-house. 41 T 3 TS 13 15 4 112 113. 0 --........... -... 114 0 II I: T:IDES. Corrected Ellta.bllshment -- -··- - -- ••• - -- --·· •..•••••.• -- -··· -- ••••••... --- .••.•. -- .•.••.•.• llh i1m Mean Bise an4 Fall of u.des••••. - .•• - •••.•••••••• - ••••••••••••. - . ·- •••••••••••..••• _.... •• • 6. 5 ft. Jllean JUae and :Fall of Spring tides •. _. - .. -- ··-··· _.•••• - •..•••••... _. _...•. ____ •••• __ • •• • •. B. 0 ft. llean B.tse and :Fall of lieap tides ..•••••••.•••••••••••••••••• -· •••••••••••••••••.•••••• __ •• 4. 7 ft. Mean4ura.tlon0fltiae -------------------·--·-·-·-·-····-··-····----····-·····-······-··-- 61>1m Mean duration of Fall .••••••...•.•••••.••.•..••••.. _...................................... 6b 7m Bean durat.lon of S'8Dd ••••.••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ···- •• .. •••• Oh 30m 8. B ft. Bille of highest tide observed.. _•...•.••. -- .••.•.•..•..•••. _. _--- _..••. ___ • •. •• • .• • • . .•• ••. • VARIATION OF THE COMPASS. The magnetic variation off' Bridgeport Entrance, for 1878, is so 2T' W., with an approximate annual increase of abuut if'. PORT JEFFERSON HARBOR. This harbor lies on the 8outh 8ide of the Sonnd, directly opp08ite to Bridgeport,-the entrance bearing S. by E. from Bridgeport Harbor Light-bonse. It is the first harbor met with, on this aide of the Sound, to the westward of Plum Gut, is fit only for vessels of light draught, and cannot be entered by strangers,-being ba.rred at ita mouth by a shoal extending across the entrance with not more than three feet upon it at low water. Once over the bar, however, the harbor affords excellent anchor- age in from three to five fathoms at low water, and completely land-locked. This harbor i\" formed by a cove of irregular shape making into the north shore of Long hla.nd in about a S SE. direction for a mile and a half, and the village of Port Jefferson is situated at its head. The entrance ie very narrow,-being only about one hundred ya.rd.! wide; bat the anchorage ground inside the bar has an average width of about half a mlle. The eastern point of entrance iY formed by a lung, fiat sand 11pit, called :But Beacli, making to the -wei;,twa.rd from Mount MiB<'ry Point; while the western point of entrance is formed by the ea.stem extremity of Seta:aket Bea.ch, a narrow strip of sand extending to the southeastward from Old Field Polnt. The narrow entrance embraced between these points is protected by iwo jetties or breakwaters extending in a northwesterly direction. The eMtern jetty extends from the eastern point of entrance about two hundred and fifty yards; anil it is proposed to prolong it to the edg» of the nilMl feet curve, which -will give it a whole length of three hundred and fifty yards. At present (1877) this jetty is iu such a dilapidated condition ll.ll to render an entrance to tlm harbor imJlOlll!ible dLJring easterly gnJ.,.., 88 the ,._ mak<>s a clean breach over it and prev.,nte ing.- or egress. It is probable, however, that it will be put in thorough repair before the publication of this work. . The western jetty is in thorough repair, and is about one hundred and sixty ,-ards long, and its summit :fuur feet above high water. It will probably be prolo.nged two hundred yards farther. Thie jetty extends from the eastern ..nd of Set~uket lk'&Ch in a northwesterly direction, and the best Wat.er, in Cl'088ing the bar, is about mid~ay between it and the elll'ltern jetty. On the weetern end of East Beach is placed a l!tllall bug light, sustained by private enterprise, fo~ the convenience of Vet!'l!<lls Uf'ing this harbor, especially the steam packet plying between this harbor and Bridgeport. Mount Misery. The shores of the harbor are about equally divided between wi;;oded and cleared lands. The ti.utem. shore is almollt an wooded,-being formed by a woodtld hill, about one hundred and eighty feet high, oo.lled_ Mount Misery. The western face.of the hill presents steep cli:lf.., A-om twenty to forty :feet high, with outcropping bare ledges here and there; and behind this a rather gentle rise to its wooded awnmit. The western sh<lre, which is called Dyer's ll'ecik. shmvs an almoet unbroken line of thick woode,-the land rising to a height of one hundred and furty feet, with cleared summit& Thie shore also shows .steep facee 1rom twenty t-0 forty feet high. The village Qf Pct ~o9'enoD oocnpies the whole -0f the f!OUth ehore and a small .portion of the west shore. Setauket Harbor. At the northwestern extretPity of Dyer\"\" Neek makes fu a narrow, croaked and very shallow inlet, called Setaulcet HarbOr. It is <iontained between I)yer's Neek <m the east and Strong'• N-k on the weet, and hae an average width of between 'tWo husdred and My and three bun<lnwl yards, with a depth in ite extrQaely wm.w .aDd, crooked channel of not 1 - than three teet at mean low water.

PORT JEFFERSON HARBOR. 441 Strong's Neck is a long peninsula making to the northward from the mainland for about a mile and Strong's Neck. a quarter,-its northern extremity coming within two hundred and fifty yards of Setauket Beach. It is almost entirely under culdvation, and pl'<'sents an undulating outline varying in height from ten to eighty feet, with gentle slopes, and diversified with alternate grass lands, eullivated fields and small groves of trees. llllller'a :Point, its eastern extremity, which also forms the wPStern point of entrance to Setauket Harbor, is remarkable as a round, thinly wooded hill, terminating to the eastward in a steep bluff eighty feet high. Strong's Point, its northern extremity, terminates in a round somewhat steep hillock, forty feet l>igh, surrounded by marsh; while its northeastern end, which is about four hundred yards to the south- eJiStward of this hillock, is a steep bluff, eighty feet high, with its summit covered with grass and a single line of pine trees. On the western side of Strong's Neck makes in a large but very shallow cove, about five-eighths of a mil<' in diameter, and ca1led Conscience Bay. The entrance to it is through a very narrow passage leading Conscience Bay. between Setauket Beach on the northeast and Strong's Neck on the southwest, and then by a still narrower passage betwoon Strong's Neck on the east and. Old Fields ou the west. The passage between Setauket Beach and Strong's Neck is about two hundred yards wide, with a depth of from two to four feet at mean low water, iu a very narrow and extl'<\"=ely crooked channel; while the passage b..tween Strong's Point and Old Fields is only about seventy-five yards wide, and diminishes to about fif\\y a quarter ofa mile to the 1WUtbward. This latter passage runs in a southwesterly direction (about SW. t S.) for half a mile, when it opens out into the broad bay above m ..ntioned, called Conscience Bay. It is dry in many places at low water, and in no place has more than six feet; while the bay itself is entirely bare at low spring tides. A very narrow and shallow stream runs to the eouthward, from the southern end of this bay, to the village of Seta.uket, about half a mile above. The westem shores of Conscience Bay are formed, as above mentioned, by Old Fields and Crane Neck,-the former present- ing an almost unbroken line of levc1, cultivated fields, dotted here and there with houses aud orchards; while the latter is a thickly wooded country, except close to the sl1ore-Jine on its eastern side, where a. narrow belt of cultivated and settled land is seen. Crane Neck separates Cornroience Bay from Smithtown Bay on the west. DANGERS IN APPROACHING PORT JEFFERSON HARBOR. The only danger met with in approaching this harbor from the eastward is Mount Mount Misery Misery Shoal, with six feet at low water. It lies off Mount Misery Point at a distance Shoal. of three-quarters of a mile, is six hundred and fifty yards long ENE. and WSW., and its easrern end is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 11) placed in fourteen feet,-Old Field Point Light-house bearing W. ! N. Nearly, and Middle Ground Light-house N. l W. There is a passage with thirteen feet between this shoal and Mount Misery Point. When past Mount Misery Shoal a spar-buoy, painted whire and black in perpendicular stripes; will be seen, bearing about SW., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is known as the \"Off-shore Buoy,\" and vessels run for it in order to get the range for passing between the jetties. It is placed in three fathoms at lowest tides, and bears from the black buoy on Mount Misery Shoal SW. by W. t w .• distant a little over a mile, and from Old Field Point Light-house E. by S. -i s., distant seven-eighths of a mile. When up with this buoy the passage between the two jetties is plainly visible, and vessels must steer midway between them to enrer the harbor. SAILING DIRECTIONS. In --l•o fro- the ~-d bring J\\.Iiddle Ground Light-holIBe to bear SW. by W. ! W., and Old Field Point Light-house SW. ! s .• and st.eel' for the latrer, carrying not less than fourteen fathoms, until within two miles and throe-quarters of it, with 1.-Iiddle Ground Light-house bearing N. t W., and the summit of Mount ~Usery S. t E. Here the depth will be twenty-four fathoms, and SSW. will lead safely, with not less than four fathoms, to the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the entrance. Hero v~ls most anchor and take a pilot. The above course avoids Mount Misery Shoal, passing five-eighths of a mile to the westward of it.. App:reaelal•g t:hlll harflor r r - #he w..--r.i bring Old Field Point Light~house to bear SE. by s. l 8., distant a mile and a half, and Middle Gl'OUJld Light-house NE. by N ., distant four miles and an eighth, and st.eer SE., which will bring you up with the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the entrance, where you must take a pilot. SMITHTOWN BAY. During easterly gak... ~ ancho~ is found und<'r Crane Neck. Point in from three to five fathoms. As before men- tioned, (aee page 346,) thi!I bay is formed by that great curve in the nortb shore <>f Long Island which extende1 from Crane Nook to The Broken Land, and into which tluw the waters uf $tODJ\" :Brook, lliuecl11U11• Jtiver, and S1lllken. Meadow Cree~. It is unobstruct.ed, has trom fil\"e to eight fathoms in it a.t low water, and, as above mentioned, affords excellent shelter during easterly and northeasterly gales. .eruie Neck Potnt, its eastern point of entraooe, is also the northwestern extremity of Crane Neck, and will appear aa a. high, b)uft', sandy head, with steep precipitous faces ranging in height from sixty to one hundred and twenty feet. It is mostly wooded, and i1s n<>rthwestern sl<.>pes are terraced, allll show a ...,ries of yellow sandy ™\"'8 with dark-looking .bushlli! elinging to them.. The beach ai ibe base of the head is strewn with bouldel\"B, and tbe point itself is shoal in its appl'O&!lhee, twd should receive a berth of not lea th.an half a mile. . <'. P.--56 .

442 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SAILING DIRECTIONS. No directions are necessary for making an· anchorage under Cmnc N eek other than, if coming from tlie castu;ard, to give the point a berth to the southward of Jmlf a mile, round it to the westward,- being c::trcfnl not to approach it ne:trer tlnn h:ilf a mile,-:md anchor under Cr:tne Neck in from three and a haJf to eight fathoms. In coming from the we.stward bring Crane Neck Point to bear BE., dist:tnt two miles and thrc>e- eighths, and Old Field Puint Light-house E. by S. ! S., distant three miles and throo-quarters, and stocr SE. bys., anchoring at discretion. SOUTHPORT HARBOR. Thlil anchorage lies on the north aide of Long Island Sound, about three miles to the westwn.-d of Penfield\"s Reef Light- house. It is at the mouth of Mill River, is very seldom used, a.nd is fit only for vessels of small dro.ught. The entrance to it is between Kensie's Point on the east and Farms' Point on the west, a distance of a mile and five-eighths. Th\" harbor is Yery shoal; but it is intended to improve it by dredging so as to obtain a depth of four foet at low water. Strangers cannot enter ii, and it is seldom used as an nncborage,-the superior sheltBr offered by Black Rock and Bridgeport inducing navigators to pa8S it by. Kensle's Point. Kensie\"s Point, the eastern point of entrance, shows an almost perpendicular face about ten feet high t.o the southward, and thence grassy land, for the most part under cultivation, rises with a very gentle slope to Farms' Point. a height of about seventy feet above the sea. :Farms' Point., or Frost's Point, the western point of entrance, is low, nearly level, cultivated and set- tl ..d. The beach in front of it is covered 'vith boulders to a <listance of a quarter of a mile from shore, aud Bhould not be approached from the southward nearer than three-eighths of a mile. The eastel\"n shore of the harbor, from Kensie'e Point to the mouth of Mill River, is formed by a sand beach backed by marsh. At its northwestern extremity, and the eastern point of entrance to the river, begins a stone breakwater, which extends in a southwesterly direction for about three hundred and fifty yards. On ita off-shore end is built a granite beacon, surmounted by an iron shaft and ball; and about a quarter of a mile t-0 the southwaro of this is a simifar beacon, marking the eastern limits of the entrance, and generally known as SouthPort Beacon. Ifill River. Mill River i\" a very naITOw stream, of little importance,--on the western bank of which, close to its mouth, is built the village of Southport. The westen1 shore of the Jrnrbor is composed almost entirely of leYel, cultivated lands, but is very irregular in outline,- being much cut up by coves and other indentations. A shallow stream, called Sa.sco Creek, flows into the harbor about five- eighths of a mile to the westward of Mill River ; nnd bas for its western point of entrance a leYel, cleared and cultivated point of land known as .J~a· :Point. It is faced by a sand beach, off which there are innumerable boulclers; and it shoul<l not be approached from the southward nearer than a quarter of a mile. From Jennings' Point to Farms' Puiut th\" distance is about five-eighths of a mile. DANGERS IN .APPROACHING SOUTHPORT HAilBOR. Pino Crook I. Frona the .EadUJa:ra:.-The only danger met with in approaching this harbor Point Shoal. from the eastward is Pine Creek Point Shoal, which extends to the southward from Pine Creek Point for about half a mile and is dry at low warer. There are many rocks on this shoal which are bare at half tide; and a buoy will he recommended to be placed off its southern end for the convenience of vessels bound either to Black Rock or Southport. Kensie's Point should receive a berth to the northeastward of not less than a quarter of a mile, t,o avoid the jlaJ,s which make off from it w the southwe.stward; and Jennings' Point, on the western side of the harbor, should not be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile. SAILING DIRECTIONS Fon APPROACHING SOUTHPORT HARBOR. I. Pre- \"f:he ..Bad.,.rL-With Pen.field's Reef Light-house bearing NE. by N. i N., distant two miles and three-eighths, Bridgeport Harbor Light-house NE. ! N., :five miles and three-eighths, and Stratford Point Light-house NE. by E. ! E., distant seven miles and a half, you will have t.en fathoms, with Great Captain's I.sland Light-house bearing W. f 8., dist.ant eight miles and a quarter. Now steer NW. by N., which will lead up to the entmnce, where you must anchor, about three hun- dred yards to the southward of &uthport Beacon, in ten feet at 10\\v water. Wishing to go farther up you must tAke a pilot. The· above course passes half' a mile to the westward of Pine Creek Point Shoal, and a qua.rt.er of a mile to the westward of Kensie's Point shoals.

WESTPOR'I' HARBOR. 443 DANGERS IN APPROACHING SOUTHPORT HARBOR. II. Fr- t:he we.r.,,a,-11.-The only danger met with in approaching the harbor Cocksnoe's ls/- from this direction is Cockenoe's Island Shoal, which extends to the southeastward and Sltoal. from Cockenoe's Island for about a mile and a quarter. It is bare in some places, awash in others, and has scattered over it.s surface many rocks which are always out. A mile and an eighth E. bys. ! S. from the northeastern end of the island is a rock awash, known as Genrge'8 Rock; and about SIX hundred and fifty yards to the southward of this will be seen a red can-buoy. This buoy is of the second class, marked No. 20, and placed in three fathoms near a nine fed spot at the south- eastern extremity of the shoal. It bears from Penfield's Reef Light-house W. bys. t S., five miles and three-eighths; from Middle Ground Light-house W. by N. ! N., ten miles and a quarter; and from Old Field Point Light-house NW. ! w., eleven miles and one-eighth distant. From this buoy Southport Beacon bears NE., distant three miles and one-eighth. In standing to the northward towa:rds Farms' Point give it a berth of not less than nine hundred yards, to avoid the <langerous rocks which ·make ef from it to the southward for jive hundred yards. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING SOUTHPORT HARBOR. tII. i r r - t:J&e Weshl>arc1.-0n the E. by N. N. course through the Sound, bring Norwalk Light-house to bear NW. by w. t w., distant three miles, and Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. by B. ! S., distant four miles and three-quarters, where yoll will have between eleven and twelve fathoms, and NE. i N. will lead directly for Southport Beacon. Anchor, when within three hundred yards of the beacon, in ten feet water, and, if bound farther up, take a pilot. The above course passes six hundred yards to the eastward of the red can-buoy on Cockenoe's Island Shoal ; half a mile to the eastward of the rocks off Farms' Point; and six hundred yard.,; oo the eastward of the rocks off Jennings' Point. WESTPORT HARBOR. This harbor lies near the month of the Saugatuck River, a little over two miles to the westward of Farms' Point, and nbont eix miles to the westward of Penfield's Reef Light-house. The entrance is between Cedar Point ou the ea.st and Seymour's Point on the west, and is fi\\·e-eighths of a mile wide; but has only a very narrow channel, with six feet at low water, over the bar. It is not available for strangers, as the dnngers are not buoyed, and the more convenient anchorage under Vockeuoe's IslBlld is generally resorted to. Saugatuck River is but a narrow arm of the Sound, and Saugatuck River. heads at the village of Westport, about two miles and a half above its mouth. Its chanuel is very winding, obstructed by mud fiats, and very dangerous to navigaw, even by the smallest vessels, without a pilot. Cedar Point, the eastern point of entrance, is a long, narrow sand point, faced by a. great mass of rocks. It is backed by marsh, and this again by level cultivat.ed land thickly dotted with houses. Se}'DlOar'a Point, the western puint of entranct>, ia composed entirely of marsh, faced by a narrow strip of sand. It is very shoal,-dry flats extending to the eastward from it for a qu....ter of a mile. The eastern bank of the river, above Cedar Point, has a general court\\ll about NW. by W. for nearly a mile, and is composed of low, level, grassy land, faced by marsh, nnd hacked by a !IOmewhat hilly and undulating country. It then turns abruptly to the northward, runniag about Jf NE., for two miles, to the village of Westport. The banks are somewhat higher, showing low steep faees, with occasional small groves of trees n.nd mtmy hou808. The river ia cl'Ol!Sed by the New York and New Ha.nm Railroad about a mile above SeymoniJs Point. Here it is only about one hundred a11d fifty yard11 wide. The western bank, above Seymour'e Point, is somewhat higher than the e1111tern, and more hilly in outline. The ,.bore s~ows low, steep fucee, and the 8ummits are for the most part grass land, with a few trees here and there, and thickly dotted with houses. The village of Weat;port occupies both hBllke of the river, at it.a h-.i, but i& of little oommereial importance. DANGERS. In approaching Westport Harbor from the eastward, the only danger met with, CockenOtJ's lsf- to which such vessels as could enter the river would pay any attention is Cockenoe's and Snaa/. Is~d Shoal, above described. as a lo~ shoal making off oo the south~tward from . the island of that name. It JS bare tn some places, awash in others and has scattered over its surface many rocks which are always out; but the most dangerous part of the shoal, t-0 vessels bound into the Saugatuck, is George's Rook, which is awash at low water, and lies a mile and an eighth E. by 8. l 8. from the northeast.em end of Cookenoe's Island. A red can-buoy of the second class, marked No. 20, IS pla.ood about six hnn!ired yards to the southward of this rock, marking t.he southeastern extremity clears Cockenoe's Island Shoal, and leads tof the shoal. Penfield's Reef Lidit-bonse bearing E. :N. half a mile to the northward of George's Rock. . ·

444 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Seymour's \"\\Vhen pa.st George's Rock, and approaching the bar, a bare rock will be seen, on Rock. the western side of the entrance, about a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Sey- mour's Point. This is called Seymour's Rock, and the flats extend to the eastward from it for three hundred and fifty yards, with from three to five feet at mean low water. The channel across the bar is exactly midway between this rock and Cedar Point,-its centre being four hundred and fifty yards distant from both; but strangers cannot cross the bar without a pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS. Onning frtnn the .E4d-rd.-Bring Penfield's Reef Light-house to bear NE. by N. fi- N., distant two miles and three-eighths, Bridgeport Harbor Light-house NE. ! N., a little over five miles and a quarter, and Black Rock Light-house NE. by N. i N., distant three miles and seven-eighths, where you will have ten fathoms, with Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing SW. i W., and Norwalk Light- house W. i S.,-the latter being distant eight miles and a quarter. Now steer W. by N. ! N., which will lead up to the bar, where you must anchor, in from twelve to fifteen feet, as soon as you come in line between Cedar Point and the northeastern extremity of Cockenoo's Island. If bound into the river, take a pilot. The above course passes five-eighths of a mile to the northward of George's Rock, and about six hundred yards to the northward of the northeastern extremity of Cockenoe's Island Shoal. ionntnu frtnn -eAe We.hl>a.rd.-On the E. by :N. :N. course through Long Island Sound, when Norwalk Light-house bears NW. by W. t W., distant three miles, and Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. by S. ! S., distant four miles and three-quart.ers, steer NE. :f N. towards Southport Entrance, until you come abreast of the red buoy on the southeastern end of Cockenoe's Island Shoal bearing NW. :! W., six hundred yards dist;ant. tNow steer N. by E. E. for three-quarters of a mile, until the northeastern extremity of Cockenoe's Island bears W., and Penneld's Reef Light-house E. by N., when NW. by W. ! W. will lead up to the bar. The above eourscs pass between :five and six hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on the southeastern end of Cockenoe's Island Shoal; three-eighths of a mile to the e.astward, and half a mile to the northward, of George's Rock; and four hundred yards to the northward of the north- eastern end of Cockenoe's Island Shoo.I. COCKENOE'S ISLAND HARBOR is tbe name given to the anchorage contained between Cockenoe's Island on the east and Goose Island on the wes~,-theee two being the easternmost of the Norwalll: IalaJl41J. The passage between them is three-quarters of a mil\" wid.,, but much obetrueted by sunken I\"OCks and shoals, which diminish the width of the available channd, between the Jin.es of six fee~ at low water, to about five hundred yards. Cockenoe'a Cookenoe•s Island, which lies on the eastern side of the anchorage, is cre&cent-llbaped, with the horns Island. to the nol'thwnrd, and has a di~ter of halt' a m\\le. Only its eastern portion ie composed of good land,- tbe rest of the island being a mere narrow strip of aand and marsh. The eutern half ha.s a. perfectly level surface, entirely nnder cultivation, with a single hom1e upon it, and shows yellow sand bluft'8, with steep mces, separating the lower cultivated lands, and fringed at their base with a narrow sand beooh strewn with boulders. A. somewhat remarkable bluil' stands upon this eastern shore about mirlway between the nort.heaet.ern and 11otitlrern endR of t.he hlla.nd; and, 'being the highest land on it, is use<l as a land-mark by vessels coming in. Thef'e is no passage between the island and Seymour's Point.. 0 . - Island, on the western side of the harbor, lil!li! about three-quarters ,-Of a mile SW. by W. from Goose Island. Cookenoe'a I\"land, and is a mere narrow fow sand s11it, a.bout throo hundred ya.rd$ long lr. by&. iwd S. by W'., covered with grass, and has a single house upon it. It is surrounded by flat!!, and, at low water, its boundaries are extended by the bare sauds to a length of eight bnadred yards; and, at extreme low springs, ii is coanect&d with Cbimon'a Island, three-quarters of a mile w the weatw-.rd of it. Hay Island. Ha,;:r Ialand, three-eighths of a mile to the westward of Goose Island, and fihe CllU P&81i1U'e IlllaD48, th:ree quarters of a mile to the northweatward of it, have been already de>!eribed on page 345, and do not pro- perly belong to a deacrlption or thm harbor; but there is still another islet, lying about three hundred and tift:y yardB from the mainland, about midway between Seymffllr'111 Point and Calf Pasture Point. It is ea.lled Sprite Island, and serves as a land- mark in coming in to th.e anchorage from the eastward•. Sprite talan4. Sprite Island la about three hundred yal'd11 long ll 1!1'B. and WSW., nearly level, entirely bare of tNeS, smd show. stet>p faces t.o the aoutbwe.l'<l, fring<ld with boulders. The middle of the kl.and is the hig~ where there is a aort of hillorek, witb perpendHmJar &.ce.i;-the land eloping gentty both to the eastwerd and weetward• .At low water thi;, ie1-d iii - - t e 4 with .tile main}&nd by mud ftats, and must not be approaeh~ hill the sOutbward. :nearer t.han eight hundred yardB by veesel11 drrawitlg llix foot.

COCKENOE'S ISLAND HARBOR. 445 DANGERS. In approaching this harbor vessels must not come too near Cockenoe's Island, on account of {he dangerous shoal whWh ma,kes offfrom it to the southward, forming the western arm of Cockenoe's Island Shoal. This arm extends in a SE. !- S. direction from the prominent hillock on the eastern shore, mentioned above, for three-quarters of a mile, and has upon it many dangerous rocks. Ten feet at low water is found on its southeastern extremity three-quarters of a mile from the island, and the same distance W. by S. t S. from the red buoy on the southeastern end of the shoal; and six hundred yards t:O the northward of this is a rock awash, called Dunder Rock, which bears from the h:.Ilock on ihe eastern side of the island SE. i s.• distant half a mile; and from the middle of Goose Island E. i- N., distant a mile and an eighth. Between eight and nine hundred yards to the northwestward of Dunder Rock, ancl Haycock Rocks. close in with the southern shore of Cockcnoc's Island, lie two rocks, always out, known as Haycock Rocks; and four hundred yards to the southwestward of these, and the same distance from the south shore of the island, lies Channel Rock, awash at low water. This rock bears frolil Dunder Rock W. by N. i N., a little over half a mile; from the northwestern extremity of Cockenoe's Island S. by E. i- E.; and from the middle of Goose Island NE. by E. Easterly, distant five-eighths of a mile. It is on the eastern side of the channel, and is not buoyed. Vessels, to avoid it, must not go the eastward of the middle and highest part of Sprite Island bearing NW. l N. On approaching the entrance there will be seen, to the westward of the course., bearing about NW. by W., and half a lllilc o:lf, a black spar-buoy. This is on Peck's Pec!'s Ledge. Ledge, with three feet at low water, which lies near the northeastern end of the shoals making off from Goose Island. It is six hundred yards from the northern end of the island, and the buoy is placed in eight feet about one hundred yards to the northeastward of the shoal of the rock,- Sprit.e Island bearing NW. by N., distant seven-eighths of a mile; the northwest.em end of Cockenoe's Island N. by E. !- E., about eleven hundred yards; and the northern end of Goose Island SW. by S. t S., distant three-eighths of a mile. There is no safe ~o-e to the southward of this ledge, as Ow flats off Goose Isl.and come within one hundred yards of it, with four feet at mean low water; and a group of sunken rocks, known as Tke Harrow Teeth, lie about two hundred yards to the southwestward of it, and four lmndred yards to the northward of Goose Island. When past Channel Rock the western shore of Cockenoe's Island should not be approached nearer than three hundred yards, on account of the fla.U! making off from it. The best water is about two hundred yards to the eastward of Peck's Ledge buoy. In making the anchorage vessels should not approach the Calf Pasture Islands nearer than a quarter of a.mile, or Sprite Island nearer than three-eighths of a mile, on account of tkeflahJ which surround them. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I . .li1rona t:he Ea-..ard.-On the course W. by S. { S. through the Sound, when Norwalk Light- house bears W. by N., distant four miles and a half, and Eaton's Neck Light-hcmse SW.! B., distant six miles and three-eighths, the hillock on the eastern side of Cook:enoe's Island will bear NW. by N. i N., and NW.! N. will lead directly int.o the harbor, heading exactly for the middle and highest .part of Sprit.e Island. Anchor on this course, in from eight t.o ten feet, as soon as the hillock on Cockenoe's Island bears E. hy B. t S. The above course passes nearly half a mile to the westward of the southwestern end of Cockenoc's Island Shoal ; the same distance t.o the westward of Dunder Rock ; three hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Channel Rock; and about one hundred and seventy-nve yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Peck's Ledge. It carries not less than fourteen feet at low water until past that buoy; after which the water shoals gradually. and the lead will be the best guide to the anchorage. II. .rro-u..ewen-ra.-.Avessel from the we:itward, wishing to make this anchorage, should,when to the eastward of the line between Norwalk and Eaton's Neck light-houses, on the E. by N. t N. course through the Sound, bring the former to bear NW. by N. f N., and the latter s. by W. t w., when the prominent hillock on the eastern end of Cockenoe's Ldand will bear NE. by N. t N ., and that course, if steered, will lead, with not le!!S than sixteen feet, up to the entrance. On this course, when the southern extremity of Goose Island is nearly abeam, bearing about NW. f w., distant nine hundred yards, you will have sixteen feet, and N. ! W. will lead safely up to the buoy on Peck's Ledge, carrying not less than thirteen feet. When up with the buoy pass to the eastward. of it, (giving it a berth to the westward of about two hundred yards,) and steerNW.! N.towards the middle ofSprite Island, anchoring at discretion. The above courses pass three hundred aud fifty yards to the eastw.i.rd of the southern end of Goose Island shoals; a qwirt.er of a mile to the eastward of G(lOSe Island; the same distance to the westward of Channel Rook; three hundred yards to the eastward of The Harrow Teeth ; and two hundred yards to the eastward of Peck's Ledge buoy. ·

446 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SHEFFIELD ISLAND HARBOR AND NORWALK RIVER. Norwalk River cannot be entered by strangers,-the approach to it being through a very narrow and crooked channel full of rocks and shoals, very few of which are buoyed. There is, however, a good and safe anchorage, between Sheffield Island and the main, which is frequently resorted to by coastel'S,-being easy of access and well sho;ltered from all winds except thoBe from th<' We$t. The entrance to it is between N orroaton Point on the north and Sheffield Island on the oouth, and is fh·e-eighths of a mile wide, with a depth of from ten to fourteen feet at low water; but there are many dangerous shoals in the approaches, wllieh will be described in place. Norroaton Point. Norroaton Point is low, rocky, and covered with a thick growth of scrub. The land back of it is com- posed of a great number of high, steep, wooded hills, with very iITegular outline; but in its immediate', Ticinity it is m08tly low and marshy. It is shoal in its approaches,-there being a seven feet rock three-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of it. Sheftleld Island. Sheffield Island, on the sontl1 side of the entranoo, is the westernmost as well as the largest of the Nor- walk Islands. It is of very irregular shape, about a mile long E. by llr. and W. by S., low, level, and for the most part sandy, with a thick growth of bushy trees about midway of its length,-iu the middle of which will appear a large ·white house with flag-staft\" in front of it. Its eastern end is almost entirely marshy, while the middle of the i.Iand is oceupi<>d by cultivated fields; and its western end terminates in a long, narrow, curved sand spit, locally known as The West Book. The beach surrounding the island is strewn with boulders, especially on the southern side, where the land descends precipitously. About a quarter of a mile from the eud of West H0<>k, and close to the grove of trees above mentioned, will be seen a two- etory grey stone house, surmounted by a low tower and lantern; and a little to the northeastward of this a. Norwalk Light- smaller bonse, painted white. The tower is Norwalk Light-house, on the keeper's dwelling, and shows a. house. fixed white light, of the fuurth order, varied at intervals of one minute by red flashes, and visible twelve and a half miles. The dwelling stands upon a low point, about six feet above high water, and the light is fifty-two feet above the mean level of the Sound. Its geographical position is Latitude .•.• --------·----------·----------------------------- ____ 410 Ill' 5311 l!I'. w.,Longitude • - - - - • - - - - - - - - • - - - - - . - • - - • - - - - -- • - • - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - • - • - TS0 261 11\" and it bears from Miles. Pellfleld'• Reef Ltght-hoWle, W. by s. t s. - -- ••• -- - • -- •••••••••••••••••.••••• --- •••••••••• JI.early 10 Stratford Point Light-house, W. by S. f S •.•••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• __ ••••• &bout 15-j- llUddle Ground I.lght-llolLse, W. t N •••••• _ ••••• - -- •••••• _••.••••• - •••• __ .• -- ••••••••••••••• - •••• 14i Old F1el.d Pohlt Ltght-bouae, MW. by W. ! W •.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14-i- Eaton's Week Light-house, !f. i w ...••...... --- .•..•.••...•.•••.••.•• --- - -. -- --- . --.. -. -- ... --- 5f Orea.t C&ptalll.'• IalaDd Light-house, E. by H. -f N .•.••• _••••• --·· ••••••••••.••••• : • •••• a little over HJ Execution Rocka Ltgllt-house, NE. by E. f E.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ______ •••• _.a little over 18 There is no fog-signal. The northern shores of Sheffield Island Harbor, from Norroaton Point to Bea.con Point, (at the entrance to Norwalk River,) is much cut up by coves and other indentations, and presents a very irregular surface outline,-being in places rugg..d and bare, in others hilly and wooded, and in others fiat and ma.rshy. There are many outlying rocks, l!carcely any of which are buoyed; and the numerow; islands are themselves surrounded by shoals, rendering the approach to the river extremely dangerous for s tra.ngers. Tavern Island. The first of these islands met with, to the eastward of Norroaton Point, is Tavern Island, a small islet about two hundred yards long, with a rocky hillock at its w~rn eud, on wltieh is a tall ffag-staif. Its surface is dotted witl1 low trees, and there is a large lcme tree at its eastern end, and a house near the centre of the island. It lies about five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Norroaton Point; seven hundred yal'ds to the !IOuthward of Wilson's Poiut, (the first point on the north shore to the eastward of-Norroaton Point;) and nearly half a mile to the northward of the north point of Sheffield Jsland,-the usual anchorage being on a line between that point and Tavern Island. There is no passage between the island aiul Wilson's Point,--the area betwee11 the two being occupied by flats and IedgeR, many of them bare at low water. Two small islets, about fifty yards in diameter, lie to the northward of the i11land two hundred yards from its northern end,-one bearing about NE. by !f. and the other nearly due lr. .At low water they are connected with the island by a narrow sand epit, of a crescent shape, etrewn with bouldel'8. Wilaon's Point. On the north shore, ootween Norroaton Point and Will!On't< Point, makes in wn.on·a Creek, which is nearly n quarter of a mile wide at its mouth, but is bare at low water, and of no importa.uce. Wilson's Poiut, its eastern point of entrance, is a smooth, gently sloping point, covered only with grass, and with a single house on its aummit, about a quarter of a mile inland. There is a grove of trees a little to the eastward of the point. On its. eastern side, between it 11.nd Beacon P~int, makes in another ehallow creek, also bare at low water, and sometimes known as Cedar Creek. Its shores are for the most part oompoaed of marsh, with oooa&ional wooded hammocks, and the 1lats extend from its mouth three-eighths of a mile to the POuthwa.rd, with from two to fi>nr feet at low water. In t11e mouth of Cedar Creek lie several 11mall islets, which merit only 11 passing mention. Of these, the first to the east- ward of Wilson's Point is calloo W-1>'b'a llamm.ock, and lies in the southern edge of the marsh, nbout four hundred yards to the eastward of that poiut, with which it is connected at low water. It is about seventy-five yards long B. by B. and W. by Ji., is but little elevated above the surrounding marsh, And has a few trees upon it. A little over :fuur buudl'e(l yards tu the eastward of it, and about a quart«>r of a mile tio the northward of Ta>Vern Island, ia '.l'aTerll Ial&nd. ll,a.mmock, which is e<>verml at; high water. It is a mere mass of stone, about six hundred yards Jong B. and 8., and lies oloee in with the marsh. .About an eighth of a mile to the eastward of ·Tavern l.&land Hammock is :Furl; Jlolly, an islet al>Qui forty yards Jong and very na1-row, and lying about. N HE. and SSW. From the easternmost of the islets north of Tavern Island it bears about Jll. by E.; four hundred yards distant, and it is about one hundred yards to the eastward of the marahy point at the entrance to the creek. .A little over three hundred yards to the northeestward. of Fon Kolly, and almost exaetl,T in the middJ.e Of the entrance to the -OTUek, hi Ce4ar Ea-eoll:, a round, rocky Islet, about My yards .in diameter, with S-Y aummit, and ilW'l'Ouncied by bare ledges and mud ftats.

SHEFFIELD ISLAND HARBOR. 447 Beacon Point lies nen.rly Lalf a mile to the ea.stward of Cedar Hammock, and is tl1e southern extremity Beacon Point. of a neek of marsliy lruJd forming the western bank of tLe Norwalk Rh•er. At its B<mthern end tbi\" peninsula terminates in a sort of island of firm grassy land, with somewhat steep faces and nearly level surf\"ace, forming 1be true wel!tern point of entrance to Norwalk Uh·er; although the name has been given to it from the beacon built in the marsh about a quarter of a mile to the eastward of it. The land in the background appears as a mass of steep rugged wooded hills, with the sk><>ples and white houses in the villa.go of Norwalk scattered along their eastern and southern slofl\"s. In tl1e summer the village appears in the midst of 11 thick growth of trees. The beacon at the entrance to Norwalk River is a granite structure, su!'111ounted by a spindle and cage, and is built in the marsh close to the water's edge, It is generally known as Norwalk Be&e0n. Abont a quarter of a mile S. by E. from the middle of the southern end of Beacon Point lies a rocky ledge, part of which is always out, and known as White Rock. It is about one hundred yards long at low White Rock. wat.er in a N. by E. and S. by W. diree1ion, a.ud is surrounded by shoal water. Three hundred and fifty vards to the southward of it lies Tree Ka.mm.oak, about fifty yards in diameter, and surroundL>d by flats \"trcwn with boulders; :.ml a.n eighth of a mile to the westward of this, and four hundred and fifty yards to the southward of White Rock, is Sandy Hammock, which is only about twenty-five yards in din.meter. A dangerous reef, strewn with boulders, makes to the north- ward from Sandy Hammock for an eighth of a mile,-the channel pas..~ing between its northern end and White Rock. Between Tree Hammock and the eastern end of Ram Island, about two hundred and fifty yards from each, lies Ra.m Island Ba.m.mock, a mere mavs of stones, about seventy-five yards long N. and S., and covered at high water. This line of i8lets, beginning with White Rock and ending with Ram faland Hammock, forms the eastern boundary of Sheffield Island Harbor, and strangers must not attempt to pass to the eastward of them. Next to the eastward of Sheffield Island, with which it is connected at low water by a mud fiat mixed with Ram Island. stones, lies Ram Leland. It i;i nearly eight hundred yards long E. and W., with an average width of about two hundred and fifty yards, and is composed of level cultivated lands, dotted at nearly regular intervals with tall lone trees. Near its western end stands a clump of thick low scrub, above which project the tops of a few taller trees; and another clump of bushy trees stands near its soutl1eastern end. On the northwest\"rn side the fast land is frin,,,.\"'Cd with marsh, sa.rnl and mud flats,-the last mentioned being strewn with stones and boulclers. Between Ram and Sheffield ii;lands, and off the mouth of the large shallow co..e formed by these islands, witb their con- necting mud flat, lie a number of ledges,-one of which is always out, and the others are bare at half tide. They are four in number, and the general name Dog Ialanda has been gi'l'en to them. Long Baach About an eighth of a mile to tbe 1-ontbmi..~tward of Norwalk Beacon, and on the western side of the entrance to Norwalk River, lies Long Beach Islund, about twu 11nndred and fifty yards in diameter, and Island. composed entirely of marsh. At low water a bare sand spit, covered with pebbles, extends to the south- eastward two hundred and fifty yards, and then to the eastward three hundred and fifty yards. The channel into Korwalk River p0.8Ses between this l'llnd spit and Round Be'Mlh Island, n little over a quarter of a mile to the eastward. Long n.,ach Island is one-third of a mile to the northeastward of White Rock, fiv.,~eighths of a mile to the northward of Ram Island, and about the same distance to the southwestward of Onlf Pasture Point,-the eastern point of entrance to the river. When passing to the southward of Long Beach Island, you also pass to the nort.hward of a nearly le't\"el sandy islet, called Chimon's Island. It shows steep yellow faces to tbe northward, and has a single honse Chimon's Island. stsnding in cultivated grounds about midway between its eastern and western ends. The island is highest near the middle, slightly undu1ating, and has no trees except one large busby tree near the house. A mnd beach, thickly strewn with boulders, surrounds it, and a.t low water extends to the southward to within fifty yards of Copps' Jalancl. There is good anchorage, in from three to Jive fathoms, in the pocket between this island and Ram Island; but it is not often used, as it can- not be reached from the Sound, by vessels drnwing over four feet, except at high water. Betts' Island, next to the northeastward of Chimon's Island, is in reality two islands, extending to Betts' Island. within one hundred and fifty yards of the north side of Chimon'a. The westernmost is about one hundred yards in diameter, :formed of bare sand, and joined at half tide by a strip of shingle, abuut three hundred yards long, to the eastern and largest island, which is about one hundred and fif\\y yards long E. and W., and composed of E<nnd, covered with gra.se, with steep fu.ces descending to a beach fringed with boulders. The low, nearly level and grassy ialand seen to the east- ward of this is Bay Ialaad. Standing to the northward into tlie river, you will pW!S between Long Beach Island and a small bare islet, composed of pebbles and rooks, which lies about three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Long Beach, and about two hundred yards to the southward of CaH Pa8ture Point. This is Round Beach Island. The fast land on it Round Beach Island. is only about sixty yards long in a Jr. and B. direction,-the reat of the island being composed of marsh, for the most part eovered at high water. Calf Pasture Point, the eastern point of entrance to Norwalk River, is composed entirely of marsh land Calf Pasture Point. fringed with mud and sand, and is very shoal in its approOtcb...1.-tbere being no paesage between it an<l Round Beach Island, nor between it and the calf Pll!llturtt &Jaad.8, to the eastward. Baek of the point the lruid is comparat!vely low, slightly undulating, <lleared, cultivated and settled, and rises gradually to the hilly country back of the village of Norwalk. Norwalk River is five-eighths of a mile wide between Calf Paatnl'e o.nd Beacon points, but gradually diminishes in width until abreast of the village, where it is only about one buudi-ed yards wide. Six feet at low wat.er may be raken up to the stone bridge at the village through a channel not less than sixty feei wide; and it is proposed by the U.S. Engineers to increase this Width to oae hundred feet, This improvement will probably be completed before the publication of this work. Both banks of the river are mandiy, but bacli:;ed by level, c1tltivated and settled Janda. Its general course from its mouth tO the railroad bridge, nearly a mile and a half abov..,, is N BW.; hilt fioom the bridge it follows a winding course, with & general direction about R' 1QI., to the viHaga. Solt\\h 1f--.UC is situated on the west bank, at the railroad Crt1Ming, and was formerly known n.e 014 Wells. It is now o. suburb of the village itself. lfonr&Dc occupies both bankt<, at the head of navigation, a little ov<>r two mil.,,. and a half above n aomethe mouth. bu manufacturing interst, but is of little eommercial importance.

448 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND E:i-.\"\"TERING SHEFFIELD ISLAND HARBOR. Long fleck Coming from the ·westward, the first danger met with by vessels bound into this Point Shoal. harbor is Long Neck Point Shoal, extending to the southward from Long Neck Point for a quarter of a mile, and is not buoyed. It is bare in places at low water, and to avoid it you should not stand to the northward of Norwalk Light-hou..<::e bearing ENE. until to the eastward of the point. . Green'a Ledge. When past Long Neck Point look out, on the eastern side of the passage, for ' Green's Ledge,-the red can-buoy* on which will soon be seen, bearing about E NE., and three-quarters of a mile off. This ledge makes off from the western end of Sheffield Island in a W. by s. i S. direction for a mile and a half~ and is bare in places at low water a quarter of a mile from the island. Six feet at low water is found about midway of its length, and half a mile from The West Hook; and eight feet but a short distance inside the buoy. The buoy is in sixteen feet water, is of the second class, marked No. 22, and bears from Norwalk Light-house W. by S. is., distant a mile and an eighth; from the red buoy on Smith's Rock E. by N. t N., distant two miles and three- cighths; and from N orroaton Point SW. ! S., distant one mile. Vessels must not approach this buoy nearer than four hundred and fifty yards. On the north side of the entrance, Fish Island (a marshy islet on the eastern side of the entrance to Long Neck Cove) must not be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile, to Fid Island avoid Fish Island Reef, which makes to the southward for about two hundred and Reef. fifty yards, and is not buoyed. This reef has many bare and sunken rocks upon it, but is easily avoided by not standing to the northward of the southern end of Nor- roaton Point bearing E NE. When past Green's Ledge buoy, and standing into the harbor, you must be careful not to go to the southward of the northern point of Sheffield Island bearing E. by N. ! N., to avoid the northern edge of that shoal, which extends, without interruption, from the buoy to the island. ·Norroaton Point Also, do not approach Norroaton Point from the southward nearer than three hun- Shoa/. dred yards, in order to avoid N orroaton Point Shoal, which extends to the southward from that point for one hundred and fifty yards, with less than six feet at low water. There is also a ledge, with from seven to nine feet, three-eighths of a mile SW. by W. i W. from N orroaton Point, and nearly a mile W. by N. ! N. from Norwalk Light-house, which is dangerous to vessels of large draught. It is not buoyed, but may be avoided, when in its Vicinity, by not going to the north- ward of the middle of Tavern Island bearing NE. by E. Tavern Island should receive a berth to the northward of about two hundred yards, to avoid the flcds off i\"8 southea:dern side, which have from two to four feet aJ, !,ow waler upon them; and on the southern side of the harbor the Dog Islands should not be approached nearer than an eighth of a mile. Vessels seeking anchorage in Sheffield Island Harbor must not go to the E>..astward of the line between Cedar Hammock and the eastern end of Sheffield IsJand; and it is safest not to proceed even so far,- the usual anchorage being on a line between the middle of Tavern Island and the northern point of Sheffield Island. Those bound to Norwalk must take a pilot. White Rock. Only one of the shoals off the entrance to Norwalk River is buoyed, yiz : White Rock, which has a red spar-buoy placed in six feet water close to the ledge. Vessels using the western channel, which passes between Long Beach Island and Beacon Point, pass to the northward of this buoy; while those who pass between White Rook and Tree Hammock go well to the southward of it, notwithstanding its color. It must also be remarked that on the southern side of Green's Ledge, about four hundred yards due S. from The West Hook of Sheffield Island, there is a tall wooden spindle, sur- Great Reef mounted by a cage, built upon a reef of rocks ext.ending to the southward from the Spindle. main body of the ledge. This is Great Reef Spindle, and is of use mainly as a guide to vessels passing through Long Island Sound. There is another reef ef bare rocks about two hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the spindle, but this latter always shows itself. Great Reef Spindle bears from Norwalk Light-house, SW. by S. l- S.____ -------------------------- TOO yards. The buoy on Green's Ledge, E. t N·------------------------------- li miles. 3t \"Smith's Bock buoy, E. by N·------------------------------------- The buoy on The Cows, E. by N.} N. __ _; ______·-------------------- 5 \" SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING A.ND ENTERING SHEFFIELD ISLAND HAilBOil. A ..,...- _..,_. .Aa• _ . ~•AB .Bam CAanaei ~ z - , , x.z.-:i s.uno1, when, on the E. by N. i N. course, Great Captain's Isla.nd Light-house is nearly abeam bearing N·. by W. j W., and Eaton's Neck Ligbt-hoilse is in range with Lloyd's Point-the latter bearing E., four miles and three-

SHEFFIELD ISLAND HARBOR. 449 quarters distant--may ste€r NE.!- E., which course will lead to the entrance to the Sailing Direc- harbor with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms. On this courr;e, when Nor- tions--She/5e/d walk Light-house bears E. i N., distant a mile and three-eighths, and the southern /&land Harbor. extremity of Norroaton Point is directly ahead bearing NE. l E., distant one mile, you will have four and a half fathoms, and E NE. will lead safely to the anchorage. ..A.nchor in from ten to thirteen feet, with the light-house bearing S. by W. The above courses pass three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on T11e Cows; five-eighths of a mile to the southward of Smith's Rock; three-eighths of a mile to the southward of Long Neck Point Shoal; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the red buoy on Green's Ledge; nine hundred yards to the southward of Fish Island; five-eighths of a mile to the northward of Great Reef Spindle; a quarter of a mile to the southward of N orroaton Point; and four hundred yards to the southward of Tavern Island. Gr, when ;past Ereeuttoa Boeks Ligld-1,,_se you may bring it to bear SW. by W. i W., and steer NE. by E. l E., which will lead directly towU:rds Norwalk Light-house. On this course, when off Shippan Point, with Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing SE., distant five and a half miles, you will have eleven fathoms, and must steer NE. f E. for Norroaton Point, following the directions given above. The NE. by E. f E. course towards Norwalk Light-house passes five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on The Cows. Cont,ing rr- \"lhe SOutAern side of the Sound.-Bring Eaton's Neck Light-house to bear s SE., and steer N NW. until Norwalk Light-house bears E. by N. t N., nearly two miles distant, when you will have three and three-quarter fathoms, witl1 Green's Ledge buoy nearly abeam. Now steer NE. ! E. towards Norroaton Point for a little over half a mile, or until N\"Onvalk Light-house bears E. t N., when E NE. will lead to the anchorage. The N NW. course from off Eaton's Point passes half a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Green's Ledge, and seven-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Long Neck Point Shoal. C.-iag r..- Hun.t:ingtun Bau.-When in the mouth of the bay, in six fathoms, with Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing E., distant one mile and a quarter, steer N. f W., which course will lead, with not less than four fathoms, to the entrance. \"\\Vhen in three and three-quarter fathoms, with Long Neck Point bearing W. :f N., nearly a mile, aud Norwalk Light-house E. by N. i N., a mile and seven-eighths dismnt, steer NE. f E. towards Norroaton Point, and follow the directions given above. C...-fag from. the vldAffu of Ou#lte-r .Bau.-\"\\\\~en clear of the bay, bring Eaton's Neck Light- house to bear E. by B. ts. and Lloyd's Point (middle of the point) S. ! E., and steer NE. by N. ! N., which course will lead to the entrance. '\\'hen in three and three-quarter fathoms, with Long Neck Point bearing W. ! N .• nearly a mile, and Norwalk Light-house E. by N. t N., a mile and 1:1even-eighths distitnt, steer NE. :l E. towards Norroaton Point, and foJlow the directions given above. NAMJo:. Latitude.- ' Fixed or Interval Height Di~tance Revolving. of Flash. abo\\•e Longitride West. sea- yif;;ihJe in level. .ln a.re. In time. nautical miles. ...b. JP. 8. D I II .0,a , ,, 113 40. '1 F.V. R. F. 111. 8. Feet. Ht so llonralk I.iSld-hO'Ue •• - •.• 4:1 : IJS 11 10 63 i TlDES. 1oh i;sm Correatoe4 ~1. at: llhdeld Ial&Dd .......................... -----· --·--. -·-- ••.• 7.4 ft. 8.2ft. :Bean. JIJ.se aad Fall Of titles ..·.. : ....•·-···-··-··--·····--···········-···················· 6.6 ft. tide•- ........ ·-·--·-·--·· ......····-·-·-···--···-··......•ean &he an4 1'al1 ot aprtng 6h mm ==::um:.~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 6h 13«> 01' 19m Ilea.a duratloll Of l'all.•.•••.••.•. ···-··-····· •. ---··-····------······ ------------ --· ·-- llleau. 4~ Df ata.nd. ··---- •••••••• -· ···-· - .. - -- --- .•• ···- -- ···-·· •.•• - - -· ••••• - •••••• 9.1 ft. Jt111e Of ldPellti Gde· 1Glbller'1'1Ml.•••• ··-·-. ·-. ·-· .................. _. ___ ••••.••••••••••••••••• v.&:aiATtoN OF nti:: COMPA.SS- The m~ie variation for IBTB, oft\" Sbefileld lslnnd, is go io' W., with an iq>proximate oonual iuerease of lli'· C. P.-57

450 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. DARIEN RIVER. This is the next harbor to the westward of Sheffield Iosland Harbor,-Scotch Cove, which lies between Fish Island and Long Neck Pniut, being unfit for anchorage. The river empties into the Sound between Long Neck on the east and NoIToaton N eek on the west,-being half a mile wide at its entrance, but nearly bare at low wat<>r. It is sometimes called Good Wives River. Long Neck Point, the southern end of Long Neck and the eastPn1 point of entrance to the river, is smooth, gently sloping, and grassy, and entirnly under cultivation. It is comparat.ivcly bold-to, and may be approa.ched, from the westward, within four lmndrc<.l yard\" with not less than three fathoms,; but on its southern side make~ out Long Neck Point Shoa.l to a distance of tln•ee hundre<l and fifty yards,-rendering it unsafe to approooh the point, on that side, nearer than six lmn<.lred yards. · Long Neck, which forms the eastern bank of the river, is composed of nearly level, very gently sloping, cultivated land, fringed with ma.rBh, with a few houses here und there. Norroa.ton Neck, which forms the west bank, is almost entirely marBh, dotted at intervals with small clumps of trees. The southern point of the neck terminates in a beach thickly strewn with boulders. About a mile abo\\'e its mouth the river is crossed by a bridge, where is a small settlement, called Ring's End; and above this the strt'am is known as Gorm.an\"s Pond,-the bridg<' bl.'ing of tlie nature of a causeway and cutting off all commnnicution. Near Ring's Eud, and thence to Darien, about three-eighths of a mile inland, the Iantl is all low, nearly level, cultivated and thickly settled. At low water the stream is a mere thread, and at Npring tides it is bare. Strangers cannot enter it; and the only anchorage is under Long Neck, where there is shelter for small v<'ssela in eusterly winds. DANGERS. Long Neck I. Fr<»n tlr,e Ea#ward.-In approaching this harbor from the eastward the first Point Shoal. danger met with is Long Neck Point Shoal, which makes off to the southward from Long Neck Point for about three hundred and fifty yards, and has from two to ten feet upon it at low water. It is not buoyed, but is easily avoided by giving the point a berth to the northward 'of seven hundred yards, or by not going to the northward of Norwalk Light-house bearing E \"NE. On the western side of the approach look out for Smith's Rock, on the southern Smith's Rock. extremity of a ledge half a m~le long N. and S., and for the most part bare at low water. A red.spar-buoy (No. 24) is placed on its southern end in twelve fcct,-Nor- walk Light-house bearing E. by N. -! N., distant three miles and five-eighths; Long Neck Point NE. -! E., nearly one mile; Shippan Point W. i S., a mile and a half; and Great Captain's Island Light- house W. by S. i S., six miles and a half distant. 'Vhen past Smith's Rock there are no dangers until up with Long Neck Point, to which a berth of three hundred yards should be given; and a red spar-buoy will be seen ahead, The Middle. bearing about N NW., and four hundred yards off. This is on what is called The Mid- dle, a detached shoal, with four feet at low water and from seven to eleven feet on all siues of it., which lies four hundred yards NW. by W. from Long Neck Point, and a quarter of a mile BE. from the southern end of Norroaton Neck. The buoy is marked No. 2. On its western side there is a passa.:,~ one hundred and fifty yards wide, 'Yith from ten to eleven feet The Clumps. at low water, between The l\\Iiddlc and a number of bare and sunken rocks known as The Clumps, which form part of the long shoal extending to the southward from N orroaton N eek for four hundred and fifty yards. The southernmost of The Clumps are two rocky islets lying E NE. and W SW. from each other, fifty yards apart, and known us The Brothers. One hun- dred and fifty yards to the northward of the northernmost of The Brothers, and two hundred yards from the southern end of Norroaton Neck, is a roclc urith two feet al mean lnw wafer.; and one hundred ·and fifty yards N NE. from the northernmost of The Brothers, and an eighth of a mile to the north- ward of the red buoy on The Middle, is a Bmall bare rock, not named. Above this the river is all flats, and at low springs is nearly bare. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. F:roni. tl~e Eastu-ard.-On the W. by S. ! S. course from between The 1.Iiddle Ground and Stratford Point, when Norwalk Light-house bears N. l W., distant two miles and three-eighths, and willEaton's Neck Light-house B. t E., distant t:hree miles and three-€ighths,-Long Neck Point bear NW. by W., and nw: by W. ! W. must be steered, rorrying not less than five fathoms, until Norwalk Light-house bears E. by N. l N., and Shippan Point W. i S.; when :NW. by N. ! N. must be steered for the southern end of Norroaton Neck. Anchor on this course, when within a quarter of a mile of the southern end. of. that neck arid two hundred yards to the sout_h.westward of the buoy .on The Middle, with Long Neck Point bearing E. by .s. l s. The above \"COurses· pass a quarter of a mile to the southward of Long Neck Point Shoal; :fivc- cighths of a mile to the eastward of Smith~s Rock; and a quarter of a mile to the westward of Long Neck Point. . . . .. or, vou - v . 1 r - Me ~- side •f liJ&e, .sou..a:, bring Norwalk Light,....honsc to bear :NE. ;. :E., distant two miles and an eighth, and Long Neck Point NW. Westerly, distant a mile and a half, and steer NW.• hy W. l w., as before.

HUNTINGTON BAY. 451 DANGEUS. II. From. 1:1..e Westn,a~·d.-In approaching this anchorage from the westward The Cows. the first danger met with lies off Shippan Point, and is known- as The Cows. These are a group of detached rocks, bare at low water, three-quarters of a mile due S. from Shippan Point, and arc marked hy a red can-buoy* of the s2eond cla&\", placed in two fathoms on their southern side. The buoy bears from Great Captain's Island Light-house E. ! N., distant four mile8 and three-quarters; : and from it the rt,'<l buoy on Smith's Rock hears NE. by E. ! E., a mile and three-quarters; and Long Neck Point NE. by E., nearly two miles and three-quarters distant. To avoid The Cows, when. in their vicinity, you should not go to the northward of Norwalk Light-house bearing E NE. - \\Vhen pa.st The Cows, look out, on the west side of the Jlassage, for Smith's Smith's Rock. Rock,-the buoy on which will :first be seen a little to the westward of the course into the harbor, bearing about N. by E., and nearly a mile off. This is a red spar-buoy (Xo. 24) placetl off the southern end of a ledge, bare at low water, and half a mile long N. and S. It lies off N orroaton Bay, and there is no passage to the northward of it. This buoy bears from the buoy on The Cows NE. by E. ! E., a mile and three-quarters; fro::n Long Neck Point SW. ! W., nearly one mile; an<l from the southern end of Norro:i.ton Neck S. by W. ! W., seve:1-cighths of a mile distant. \\Vhen past it the d:m:;2rs are the sa:n2, an::l are m:Jt with in the s1me ord2r, as whea appw.iching from the eastward. SAILING DIRECTIONS. II. .li'r'o»t t:he W-esterard.-:-On the course E. by N. 1; N. through the Sound, when Great Captain's Island Light-house he_J},rs N. hy W. t W. and is nearly abeam, and Lloyd's Point E., four miles and three-quarters distant, steer NE. ! E. until Eaton's N eek Light-house bears SE., five miles and a half, and Long Neck Point NE. by N. f N., a mile and three-quarters dist.'l.nt; when steer N NE. into the harbor, anchoring about three hundred yards to the southwestward of the reel buoy on The l\\Iicldlc, with Long N eek Point bearing E. by S. ! S. The above courses pass three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on The Cows; three hundred yards to the eastward of Smith's Rock buoy; three-eighths of a mile to the westwaru of Long Neck Point Shoal; and a quarror of a mile to the westward of Long Neck Point. !Or, brin:1 No~alk Light-h.outte fo bear NE. by E. E., Long Neck Point NE. by N. t N., and Eaton's Neck Light-house SE., and steer N NE., which oourse will lead to the red buoy on The l\\Iid<lfo. This course passes three hundred yards to the ea..;;tward of the red buoy on Smith's Rocle Or, 11ou :tna11 bring Norwalk Ligla.t-11.ouse t:o bear ENE., and steer. for it until Long Neck Point bears NE. by N., when N NE. will lead into the harbor, as before. .The above courses puss a quarter of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on The Cows, and three hundred yards t(l the eastward of the red buoy on Smith's Rock. · HUNTINGTON BAY. This bay lies on the south slde of the Sound, between Eaton's Neck on the east and Lloyd's Neck on the west. It lies . nearly If. and B.• is two milell and a half long, with an average width of a mile aml a quarter, and affords excellent anchorage in from three to six fathoms, aud good shelter in easterly, westerly and southerly winds; but is entirely open Northport Bay. to the northward. A~ its southern end it is connected by a past<age, nearly half a mile wide, with Northport Bay, a large bay of irregular shape, embraced between Eaton's Neek on the north and Little and Great ~-;cks on the south; and sep\":rated on the northeast from Long Island Sound by a ..trip of beac-h, called East Beach, which JOlllS Eaton's Neck to the mamland. This bay lies nearly E. and W.,- is a little over two miles long, and a mile arnl a quarter wlde at its widest part; and iB in no plooe less than flve-elghths of a mile in width. ]t can be safely entered from Huntington Bay through a channel about one hundred yards wide, with not less than thr- and a half fathom•; aud alfunls most excelleut anchorage in from four to nine fathoms, sheltered from all winds. On the western shore of Huntington Bay openl\" Lloyd's Harbor, a shallow cove. about three-qnart.ers of Lloyd's Harbor. a mile in diameter, with from two to ten feet in it at low water. At its W\"8tern end ~Akes in a shallow creek, from two to three lmndred yards wide, which extends to thu westward a mile and a half, terminating at.out three hund»ed yards from the eastern shore of Oyst..r Bay, and thus nearly separating Lloyd's Neck from the mainlan<i- Eawn's :Potn~ the eastern point of <\"ntrance to Huntington Bay, is a bold bluff between t•ighty and ninety feet high, with a precipitoue fa<--e about thirty f-i high towards the north. Its western slopes are wooded, but its summit and emit-0n1 side are cleared; and on top of the bluff is built the light-hon...,, with tbe keeper's dwelling close to it. This light-house is known rui Eaton's Neck Light-house, and is a stone towei· .sixty·three feet high, painted white. Eaton's Neck It sbuws n fi:x:e<l white light. of the third <>rder, from a h<iit,rbt of one bundr.;d and forty-s.,ven feet above the Light-house. sea, '•U.ible eighteen miles. The keeper's dwelling, also pnint...J white, is remarkable for t11e peculiar black appearance of its windows. The geographical position of Eaton'\" Neck Light·honse is Latnude •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••.•••...•••••.•••••••400 6T' 12\" N. and il ~rs from LOJ&Sltade.••••.•••• - . - - •... - - ... - - .. ·, ....•..•..••.•.•.....•...•.. 7so 33' U\" W.,

452 ATLANTJ'C COAST PILOT. Miles. Old Ftel4 Point Light-house, W. t N.•••••.••. - ..•• - -- • ·- ••.•• - - ••••• -- ••• - -- • - • -- •• a little over 12t Middle Ground Light-house, W. by S. t S.. --· --- - ·-· -·· .. - - -- .••••• ·--- •. ------ --· --· •••••• ·- •• 14 ! Southwest Ledge Light-house, SW. by w. t W. -- _-· ....••.•. --· •••••••.•••••...•••.. a little over 27 Stratford Point Light-house, SW. byW. t W ••• -· ••••••••••••• ·---·· •.•••• ·- ••. - .••••. -·. --· --·· 17-f Pen11.eld's Reef Light-house, SW. i W .• _. -- .•••••••• - • - ••••••••••••• ··-· -· •••• -. ·--· •••••• a.bout 12t From this light-house Norwalk Ligl1t-house beaIB H. i W., about fi\\•e miles and three-quarters; Great Captain's Island Light· house W. by H. i N., nearly ten miles and a half; and Lloyd's Point (on the western siJ.e of the entrance) W. t N., a little. over four miles distant. 1 Fog-signal. To the northwest.ward of the light-house, and ou the edge ,of the bluff, will be Been a small white building, with a tall pipe of the same color projecting from its roof. This contains the fog-signal, which is a second-order steam siren (in duplicate) and gives blasts nine seconds long at intervals of thirty-five secouds. Lloyd's Neok. Lloyd's Neck, which forms the western shore of the bay, is a large peninsula lytug nearly E. and W., three miles long, half a mile wide at its eastern extremity, and grarlually increases in width to its westeni end, where it is a- mile and three-quarters wide. Its surface is hilly and for the most part wooded, except on its soothern side, where there is considerable cleared land dutted with houses. On its 1.outh side makes in Lloyd's Harbor, above mentioned, which separateH 1t from West Neck. Its enst<>rn extremity, which abuts upon the bay, is called E&st Fort, from an old earth- work on its summit. It is a Bleep bluff, about eighty feet high, with perpendic!Jlar face. It is cleared near the top, on the edge, but the rest of the surface is thickly wooded; and at its bru.e is a remarkable tall boulder, whose peculiar appearance ren<lers the point unmistakeable. Eaton's Neck. The eastern shores of the bay are formed by Eaton's Neck, of which Eaton's Point is the northern end. It is composed of a series of gently-sloping hills, separated by narrow valleys, and its surface appears, there- fore, undulating. It is divel'Bified with wooded and cultivated lands,-the summits being for the most part cleared. A promi- nent feature on approaching the bay is a remarkable perpendicular sandy cliff, about a hundred feet high, with 1warly lt>vel summit,--on which stand two tall Lombardy poplars. Th1s c1i:fl' is about a mlle and a half to the southward of Eaton's Point. Eaton's Neck terminate,. to the southwestward in a long, flat, sandy point, dotted with hillocks and West Beach. clumps of low scrub, and caUed West Beach. It forms the north point of entrance to Northport Bay, which here makes in to the eastward by a passage half a mile wide. The southern side of the neck ;s indented by two large coves, called Cow Harbor and Duck Island Harbor,-both opening out of Northport Bay. 1'he former, which is the westernmost, makes in between Winkle or Gardiner's Point on the east, and the southern end of West Beach on the weet, and }i,... :from five to seven feet at low water. The latter, which is only separated from the Sound by a strip of beach fifty yards wide, makes in between Duck Island on the east and Winkle Point on the west, and has from six to sixteen feet. Both of these harboIB are convenient, anchorages for small vessels. East Beach. On the western side of Huntington Bo.y, from East Fort the shore trends about S. by W. for nearly a mile, terminating in what i\" known as East Beach,-the north point of eutrnnce to Lloyd's Harbor. East Beach is a mere narrow strip of sand commencing a.bout a quarter of a mile below East Fort, and extending to the southward for about three-qnartel\"8 of a mile. On its southern end will be seen a square white tower, attached to a Lloyd's Harbor dwelling house, (also white,) and em'tnonnted by a lantern. This ie Lloyd's IIarbor Light-house, and Light-house. shows a fixed white light, of the fifth order, from a. b.,igbt of forty feet above high water, visible twelve miles. I ts geographical position is Latitude __ ._ ...•••. ·-. __ .••••.•• ___ •••••• ---· .• __ •••••••• -·---·· .400 541 515 11 N. Long1tuele •••••.•.••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••••••••••.••• ______ 730 26' 4 11 w., and it bears from Eaton's Neek Light-house SW. Nearly, distant three miles. Tbe entrance to Lloyd's Harbor is about nine' hundred yards wide; but the available channel i'4 only about three hundred and fifty yards wide, whh u depth of from seven to thirteen feet at low water. The harbor is only available for small ves>!els, aud much h<>tter anchorage is found in Northport Harbor, on the eastern side of the bay. West Neck. The southern shore of Lloyd's Harbor is formed by West Neck, which is composed almost entirely of cultivated lands, dotted here and there with groves of ti-eee. The land rises somewhat steeply to a height of about one hundred feet, with a level cleared summit, almost entirely'under cultivation. On the east the land descends to a low, level, cle:i.red poiot, with steep faces, and occasional small groves of trees, forming the we..tern point of entrance to Hunt· ington Harbor, a long and narrow cove extending to the south.,astWard for a mile and a quarter. TlliB point is called Xellum's Polnt. It is very ehoal in its approaches, arid should be given a berth of about seven hundred yards.. Huntington Hunting1on Harbor is a cove of irregular shape making into the north shore of Long bland between Harbor. Ea..t m:.d West neck!<. At its entranoo, between Kellum's Point and East Neck, it is only about two lmndN,><:I aD<l fifty yards wide; but it soon widens to about four hundred yards, which width it keeps to its head, where ie t<itua.ted the village of Buntington. Ea.st Neck, its eastern point of entrance, is the western extremity of Great Neck, which forms the eouthem shore of Hnntington Bay. It is bare of trees, except at ite southwestern end, where there ie a rather steep wooded hill about sixty feet high. Great Neck. The east<>rn shore of Huntington Harbor, which ie formed by the westem side of Great Neck, has a. very irrt>gnlar outline, rises somewhat steeply from the beach to a height offf'om eighty t.o one hundred foet, and ie bare of trees. 'I'he shore near the water'a edge is dotted with boUl!et!, and there are a number of projecting wharves. The thickly-clustered houses in the villa.,\"'€ of Huntington are seen at the head of the harbor and along the elopes of the hills. The western ..bore of the harbor is formed by the ea.stem end of West Neck, and ehowe high land varying in height from ,sixty to ninety feet, for the most part cleared, but with occasiona1 small groves of trees. Into this west.eru shore, about tbree- eigbthe of a mile below the ent,rance, there makes in a small ehullow creek, terminating in a mill-da.m separating it from a. small pond a.bout three hundred and fifty yards in diameter. There is a emaU \"\"ttlement here;. Not mot'e than eight fuet at low water can be taken into Huntington Harbor, and this only through g narrow and crooked channel, which ia not buoyed, and ie entirely ummf<:i for strangers.

HUNTINGTON BAY. 453 Th<' soutb shores of Huntington Bay ore formed by Great Neck, which is hilly aud undulating, shows cleared and ;.,oode<l lands alternately, and varies in height from forty to one hundred feet. The northeastern point of this n<>ek forms the southern puiut of entrance tu Northport Bay, and West Beach forms the northern point. It is a bluff about eighty feet high, thinly wooded on its eastern side, and f'howing precipitous sandy faces about twenty feet high to the northward. On tl1e north shore of Northport Bay, between \"\\Vest BPach and 'Vinkle or Gardiner's Point, makes Cow Harbor. in Cow Harhor, or Price's Bend, as it is sometimes called. It is a shallow cove, about three-quarters of \"' mile long NNW. anti SSE., three-quarters of a mile wide at its mouth, but rapidly contracting, until at its head it is only three hundred ym·ds wide. It is fit only for small veflSels,-anchorage being limited to a depth of from live to se\\·en feet at low water. On the eastern side of Winkle Point makes in another co-ve, of 1mry irregular slmp<', called Duck Island Harbor. Its eastern point of entrance, known as Duck Island Bluff, is the southwestern extremity Duck Island of Duck IalaJld,-a. neck of land connected with the outside beach by salt-meadow, and formed by two hills, Harbor. about one lmndred feet high, separated by low, saudy and marshy laud, and looking, when seen from the southeastward, like two separate islands. It lies NE.. and SW., and is half 11 mile long. Its northeastern end is funned by a hill one hundred feet high, with wooded slopes and grassy summit, 11nd low cliff,. about twenty feet high on its northern and eastern sides. The southwestern end of the island is formed by Duck Island Blufl',-a very Duck Island remarkable-looking round hill, about one hundred fept high, thiuly wond.,J, aml slwwing a perpendicnlar Bluff. bluff, about forty foet high, at its southern end. Between tl1is bluff and 'Viukle Point the entran<Je to Duck Island Harbor is half a milo wide; but it rapidly contracts to a width of an <'ighth of a mile three-eighths of a mile above 'Vinkle Point. This narrow passage is called The Narrows, arnl is t•mbraced between the saml beach on the western side of Duck Island, and a similar beach, called Clam Shell Bea.ch, on the south side of Eaton's Neck. Between the two eleven feet at low water may he carried. Beyond The Narrows the harbor spreads out t:> a width of three-eighths of a mile, and is all shallow,- Walnut Neck. haviug from two to six feet water in it. Its northern sl10re is formed by Walnut Neck, au Ji;laml of fast land surrounded by marsh, and very similar in appearance to Duck Island. It lies NW. !l.lld SE., is ahout three-eighths of a mile long, and is composed of two thiuly wooded hills one hundred foet high, with steep faces, about fifteen fePt l1igh, to the southward. At the base of the bills is a narrow strip of sand extending to the southeastward into a point known as Walnut Point. On the eastern side of \"\\Valnut Neck an arm of the harbor extends to the northwestward, for about three-eighths of a mile, between tho nook and East Beach. It is of no importance, as it is almost entirely bare at low water. The south shore of Northport Bay is indented by two large coves, forming convenient harbors for small Centreport veB!lels. The westernmost, which is called Centreport Harbor, makes in between Little Neck Point on the Harbor. east and Great Neck Point on the west,-its eastern shores being formed by Little Neck and its western shores by Great N<-'Ck. It is a long and llll.r1\".0w co.-e, of irregular shape, running in a SSE. direction. for a little over a mile, tu the village of Centreport, where it is crossed by a dike, sepamting it from a pond about six hundred yards long. Tbe liarbor is shoal,-not more than two fet4 at low water being found in the channel beyond Centreport Beach. Little Neck Point, the ea..tern point of entrance, is the northern extremity of Little Neck, and appears Little Neck Point. as a thinly wooded, somewhat steep hill, about one hundred feet high. From this point the western side of Little Neck is faced by a narrow strip of beach, call<'A Centreport Bea.ch, tLree-•iuarters of a mile long, ext.ending in a SW. hy S. dirreliun nearly o.-er to Great Neck,-leaving a passage, but little over one hundred yards wide, into the innt>r harbor. Little Neel!:, wbieh, as above mentioned, forms the eastern shore of the harbor, is composed of a series of thinly wooded hills from sixty to one hundred and fifty feet in height, and presents an undulating appearance. Great Neck, which forms the western shore, has a very similar appearance,-the hills varying in height from one hundred to one hundred and fifty feet. There is a small settlemPnt close to the beaeh, about. :five-eighths ofa mile below Great Neck Point, on the banks ofa very small stl'e:a.tn making into the low lands between the hills. Gren.t Neck Point is the northern extremity of Great Neck, and appears Ma thickly wooded bill, about Great Neck Point. eighty feet high, with precipitous sandy fuce t-0 the northward, about thirty feet high. lt is fringed with a narrow &mnd beach, which extends along the whole northern a.nd eastern face of the n<'ck t.o the head of the harbor. On the western side of the harbor, directly -0pposite t-0 the southern end of Centreµort Deach, there is a small clearing, with a. few houses in it, at the bl\\!'le of a lull about one hundred feot high, having a perpendicular face about twenty feet high on its eastern side, marking the western point of entrance to the inner harbor. Above this the land is hilly and wooded, except on the low shore at the base of the hills, which becomes moN;! and more thickly settled as you approach tho vHlage. Ou the southern side of Centrsport Beach the harbor spreads out i.ntu a nearly cireular basin, about six hundred yards in diameter, but very shoal, and obstructed in the middle by a sand bar bare at. ext.reme low tides. From the southern eml of tliis basin to the dn.m the harbor varies in width :frojll one hundred and fifty to three hundred yards, and at low spring tides is entirely bare. The easternm-t of the twa coves indenting the eoutb shore of Northpor~ Bay is called Northport Northport Harbor. Harbor, has good anchorage in from six to ten feet at. low water, a.nd is entirely unobstru<Jted. Its entrance, between Bluff Point on the east and Little Neck Point on the west, is three-quarters of a mile wide, hut it. rapidly contr.wts to three-eighths of a mile, which width it keeps without sensible variation to tl1e head of the cove, about a mile above Illuff' Point. The village of Northport is built upon its eastern bank, about five-eighths of a mile above Bluff Point, occupying a narrow strip of low land between two wooded hills. Bluff Point, the enstem point of elltrance to Northport Harbor, is a nearly circular hill, abcmt one bnn- Bluff Point. d~ and twenty feet high, showing a very steep slope to the northw<JStward, and thlnly wooded. A 11a1Tow stnp of sand skirts the i.-of this hill, and extends along the whole of the eastern sbore to the head uf the cM\"e. This eastern ehore ia composed or a numlxlr of hills, varying in height 11-om eighty to a11e hundred and twenty feet, with wooded slopes, but tbeoir snm!Xl.its fur the most part. cleared.. Houses are ecattered at intervals along the beach, and at the village there is a large wharf. .Just to the southward of the narrow valley in which the village stands the shore shows perpendicular sandy faces, about twenty feet high, and has a somewhat gentle rise from the top of the clift' to a height of about one hundred and fitly feet, for the moat part wood<>d. Beyond this it ls. m-06tl;r Ill8l'Bb, fringed with beach, and backed by-fast land, gently sloping, and for the t:WSJnaat part under cultivation. The settlement. extends all along ~ore, just back of the marshes.

454 ATLANTIC CO.A.ST PILOT. The western shore of the harbor is formed by Little Neck, which, when viewed from the eastward, appears hilly and undu- lating, thinly woodHl, :md faced by a narrow sand beach. The hill>< var~· in height from Rixty 1o two hundred feet, with narrow valleys between them, and E'how precipirous faces from ten to twenty feet bigh on the harbor \"ide. Dir<>ctly opposite the village the beach which skirts the shore extends out in a S SE. direction towards the middle of the harbor, forming a bare spit, about four lmndred and fifty yards long, called Northport Beach. It is fringed witl1 marsh, and diminishes the anLilable width of the harbor at this point to about a quarter of a mile. DANGERS IN APPROACHING A::-TD ENTERING Hln'TINGTON BAY. Eaton's Point I. Fnna t1,,e, Eastu>ard.-ln approaching this harbor from the eastwar<l the Shoal. firnt danger met with lies off Eaton's Point, and iB known as Eaton's Point Shoal. It extends to the northeastward for about nine hundred yards, ·with from t\\YO to six fet;t water; and a black spar-buoy (No. 13) is placed in fifteen feet just clear of the end of the shoal. There is not more than sixteen feet for five-eighths of a mile to the northward of this buoy,-a long shoal making to the northward for that distance. In 1874 there was a black spar-buoy on the northern extremity of this shoal, seven-eighths of a mile N. t E. from Eaton's Nc'<Jk Light-house. It W38 maintained in place hy private enterprise, hut it is not now known whether it still exists. The black buoy (No. 13) on the northeastern end of Earon's Point Shoal bears from the light- thouse NE. t E., distant half a mile; from Old Field l'oint Light-house W. N., twelve miles and a quarter; and from Middle Ground Light-house W. by S. l S., distant fourteen miles and a quarter. Norwalk Light-house bears from this buoy N. l W., five miles and three-eighths, and the black buoy on Lloyd';;; Point Shoal w.;. N., four miles and a half distant. Vessels drawing less than eleven feet may pass within one hundred yards of this buoy; but large vessels must give it a berth to the south- ward of not less than three-quarters of a mile. In beating in do not approach East Fort nearer than five huni;lred yards, as there is a bare rocl;,, and a number of rocks aww;h, about two hundred yards jr<Ym {/wt pO'i11t. Also, the western shore of .E:1ton's Neck should not be approached nearer than five or six hundred yards, as there is less than eighteen foet at a distance of four hundred yards from that shore. East Ooach On the west side of the b::i.y look out for E'.lSt Beach Flats, which extend off from Flats. that beach between eight and nine hundred yards, and have five foet at low water more than a quarter of a mile from shore. They are not marked in any way, and the only safe gui<le in avoiding them is the lead,-sounding frequently, and not standing into less than four fathoms. Lloyd's Harbor is all flats, and no intelligible description can be given of it.s dangers,-none of 'vhich ure marked. The best water in entering is close under the southern end of East Beach, which may be approached within fifty yards with not less than twelve feet. The usual anchorage is just to the southwestward of the point, in ten feet at low water; but small vessels frequently haul directly around the point and come-to on its western side, where they lie aground at low water in soft mud. If bouru.1 into Finntington Harbor you will sec, on approaching the entmnce, two spar-buoys,- one red and one black,-marking the limits of the channel. The n.-d buoy is on the KB!lum's Point western side of\" the entrance, and marks the northeastern extremity of K.ellum's Point Reef. Reef, a very dangerous reef making off from Kellum's Point in a NE.! E. direction four hundred yards. It is nearly all bare at low water, and has a sunken rock, with two feet upon it, at its northeastern end. This is called Pell Rock, and the buoy, which is marked ·No. 2, is placed in seven feet water close to it. It bears from Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. l s.. a little over three miles; from FASt Fort B. by W. Westerly, a mile and an eighth; and from Lloyd's Harbor Light-house S. i E., three-eighth.'! of a mile distant. The deepest water in entering is close to this buoy. Mulligan's The black spar-buoy on the eastern side of the entrance marks J\\lulligan's Reef, Reel. whieh makes ofl' from the north side of E:i.st N eek for about four hundred and fifty yards, is bare at low water three hundred yards from shore, and has six feet at its northwestern end. The buoy is marked No. 1, and is distant from the red buoy on Kellum's Point Reef about one hundred and fifty yards in a southeasterly dir~tion, which is here the width of the channel. Strangers cannot enter Huntington Harbor, nor can any intelligible description be given of t-he numerous flats and other dangers by which it is obstructed. A pilot can always be obtained, either at West Beach Eaton's Neck Light-house or at Lloyd's Harbor, by making the usual signal. If bound into Northport Bay the first danger met with, on approaching the pas- F/ats. sage between 'Vest Beach and Great Neck, is West Beach Flats, which make off to the . southward for six hundred yards from the southern end of West Beach, and have from one to five feet upon them at low spring tides. A black spar-buoy (No. 1) is placed on the southern ed ere of these flats to mark the northern limits of the channel, and bears from the southern end of West .&..ch s. by E. i E., six hundred and fifty yards distant, and from Lloyd's Harbor Light-house B. by S. f s., a little over a mile and a half distant. On coming up with it a black .spar-buoy will be seen,

HUNTINGTON BAY. 455 a little to the northward of the oourse, and about three-eighths of a mile off; and a red Oangers--Hunt- spar-buoy, a little to the southward of tlie course, and half a mile off. The former iR ington Bay. on the eastern end of vVest Be.ach Flats, which here send off an arm to the eastward between eight and nine hundred yards long, with from seven to twelve feet upon it at low water. The buoy is marked No. 3, placed in sixteen feet at mean low water, and lwnrs from the black buoy on the southern end of the flats E. by N. ! N., a quarter of a mile, and from the southern extremity of \"\\Vest Beach SE. by E. ·~ E., nearly half a mile distant. - The red buoy on the southern. side of the channel marks the northern end of Great Neck Great Neck Flats, which make in a northeasterly direction from the north shore of Flats. that neck about a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Great N eek Point. These flats extend off shore four hundred yards, with from two to four feet upon them at ]ow 8pring tides; and the buoy, which is marked No. 2, is placed in thirteen feet just clear of their northeastern end. It benrs from Great Neck Point E. by N. Northerly, three-eighth;; of a mile; from the southern extremity of \"\\Yest Beach SE. j E., five-eighths of a mile; and from Little Neck Point W. i S., about fourteen hundTI,\"C.l yards distant. \"\\Vhen past this buoy an unohstructed anchorage, about a mile in diameter, with from four to nine fathoms in it, is open before you, and you may anchor at di>icretion, on the east side of West Beach, in from four to seven fathoms; off the entrance to Duck Island Harbor in from four to six fathoms; or in the entrance to Centreport Harbor in from four to seven fathoms. Ve.ss~ in-tending to enter Northport Harbor should, when abreast of the red spar-buoy on Great N eek Flats, steer to the northeastward about for the middle of the wooded hillock on F.ast. Beach. On this course there are no dangers; but, if beating in, Duck Island Bluff should not be approached nearer than Aix hundred yards, to avoid Duck Island Shoal, which ex- Duck Island tends to the southwestward from the foot of the bluff for four hundred and fifty Shoal. yards, and has from two to four feet upon it at low spring tides. It is not buoyed, but it is easily avoided by not standing to the northward of the southern extremity of West Beach bearing W. by S. On the south side of the entrance, do not approach Little Neck Point nearer than Little lie ck a quarter of a mile, to avoid Little N eek Point Shoal, which makes to the northward Point Shoal. from that point for an eighth of a mile, and has from two to eight feet upon it. It fa not buoyt.,.(I, and in order to avoid it you should not stand farther to the southward than to bring the southern extremity of West ]3('.ach to bear W. t N. East Beach, between Duck Island Bluff and the mainland, sl1ould not be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile, as the flats e,xlend '?if from it for from two to four hundred yards, with a depth of from one to six feet at low springs. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND E...~ERING HUNTINGTON BAY. I . .Fi-o'IH the Ecuhcarci.-1. Hamao -~ thr-uh the .6E4in Channel of Lonu Island Sound.- On the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, when exactly between :N\"orwalk Light-house and Eaton's Neck Light-house,-the former bearing N. ! W., two miles and three-eighths, and the latter S. t E., three miles and a quarter distant,--steer S. by W. t W., which will lead, with not less than five fathoms, into the bay, and, with not less than throe and a half fathoms, to the anchorage under East N eek. Vessels may anchor in from four to five fathoms about three-eighths of a mile to the northward of East Neck, where they will be sheltered from all except northerly wind;;. Wishing to enter Ll-4's Hcrior.-When the light-house bears w. t N., a little over half a. mile tdistant, in three -and a half fathoms, steer W. S., carrying not less than twelve feet, until to the. we.stward of the oouthern point of East Beach, in t..en feet at low water, where you may anchor; or, haul directly around the point to the northward and come to on its western side, where you may lie aground at low water in soft mud. iWhlhtno ~o ~er H•Wdl~- Hcrr&or.-When Lloyd's Harbor Light-house bears W. N., a. little over half a mile distant, as before, steer SW. i W., which course will lead midway between the red buoy on Pelt Rock and the black buoy on Mulligan's Reef. Beyond this you cannot· go without a pilot. The course int.a the bay passes three-quarters of a mile to the westward of the western edge or' :Eaton's Point Shoal ; one hundred and fifty yards t.o the eastward of East Reach Flats ; and three- eighths of a mile t.o ~westward of the shoals off the western side of Eaton's Neck.

456 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- 2. Ha\"ln,g ecnne through. the South Chatt.el of Long Island Sou:nd.-On the tion8 ---Hunt- W. t N. course from off Friar's Head, when Eaton's N eek Light-house bears s .. dfa- ington Bay. tant a mile and an eighth, and Lloyd's Point W. by S. i S., distant nearly four miles and a quarter, you will have four and a half fathoms, and must st.eer SW. by S. i S. for about a mile and a half, until Eaton's Neck Light-house bears nearly E. by N., a little over three- quarters of a mile distant Herc you will have six fathoms, and S. f W. will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to the anchorage under Great Neck. In anchoring you slmuld not approach the Great Neck shore nearer than six hundred yards. \"Wishing to enter LI-d's .Harl'.r~...-\"\\Vhen the light-house bears W. by S. i S., a little over a mile distant, and East Fort NW. by W. Nea.rly, seven-eighths of a mile distant, steer SW. i W. until the light-house bears w. l N., distant a little over half a mile; when W. ! S. will lead into the harbor, as before. Wishing ta enter Huntlagtan Ha:rbor.-Continue the SW. i W. course from the above position, which will lead midway between the red buoy on Pelt Rock and the black buoy on ].fulligan'\" Reef. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile to the westward of the western edge of Eaton's Point Shoal; three hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the shoals off the west shore of Eaton's Neck; and three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of East Beach Flats. on th.e afHJve eovrires t• eater Northport Ba11.-Continue the S. -f W. course until within three- eighths of a mile of the south shore of the bay, and Lloyd's Harbor Light-house bears NW. by W. ! w. Now st.eer SE. by E. f E. for about six hundred yards, until the southern extremity of \"\\Vest Beach bears NE. by N. i N., about eight hundred and fifty yards distant, and the northern extremity of Little Neck Point E. j- N. Steer for the latter for about a quarter of a mile, carrying not less than three and a half fathoms, until up with the black buoy on the southern end of West Beach Flats. Pass about fifty yards to the southward of this buoy, in three and a half fathoms, and steer E. i N., which course will lead, with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, into the bay, passing about midway between the bJack buoy on the southeastern end of West Beach Flats and the red buoy on the northeastern end of Great Neck Flats. 'Vhen to the eastward of these buoys you may anchor anywhere in from :five to nine fathoms, well sheltered from all winds. But, if bound into Northport Itarbvr, when you come abreast of the red buoy on Great Neck Flats steer ENE. North- erly, aoout for the middle of the wooded hillock on East Beach, until the summit of Bluff Point bears SE. by E. l E., where you will have fifteen feet, and must steer for the point, carrying not Jess than eleven feet, for a quarter of a mile, until the middle of Duck Island Bluff bears NW. by N. f N.; and SE. by s. ! S. will lead safely into the harbor. Ancl1orage is found in this harbor in from six to ten feet at low water, sheltered from all winds. The above courses pass two hundred yards to the northward of the northern edge of the shoals off Great N eek; one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the southern end of the Eaton's N eek shoals ; fifty yards to the southward of the black buoy on the southern end of West Beach Flats ; about one hundred yards to the southward of the black buoy on the southeastern end of those flats; a:one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the red buoy off Great Neck Flats; a quarter of mile t.o the southward of Duck Island Shoal; a little over one hundred yards t.o the northward, and two hundred yards to the eastward, of Little Neck Point Shoal. ~ eater Duek .Llflla:nd .HarfH»o.-On the E NE. Northerly course towards the wooded hillock on East Beach, when Little Neck Point and the summit of Bluff Point are exactly in range on a bearing of E. by S. l S., and the middle of Duck Island Bluff bears NE. by N. ! N., distant five-eighths of a mile, steer N. by E. t E., which will lead safely into the harbor, where you may anchor in from four \"to nine feet at low water. 2'0 elder-~·,. Benci.-When between the red buoy on Great N eek Flats and the black buoy on the southeastern end of West Beach Flats, round the latt.er to the northward, giving it a berth to the westWard of two hundred yards, and steer N. t W. into the Bend,, anchoring under -Winkle Point in from seven to eleven feet at low water. -· ~ emer ee.h-eperl Harhr.-When abreast of the red spar-buoy on Groot N eek Flam, round it to the southward, giving it a berth to the westward of about one hundred and fifty yards, and steer SE. by S. l s. for ilil'OO-'eighths of a mile, until Little Neck Point bears ~· -l E. Here you must anchor in four fathoms, and wait for a pilot, as you cannot pass beyond Centre})Ql't ~ wi~out ooe.

HUNTINGTON BA-i,r. 4.57 lOr, on the W. N. course througk the ~th Channel of Long Island Sound, Sailing Direc- when Eaton's Neck Light-house bears S. by E. ! E., distant nearly a mile and a quax:- ti9ns---Hunt- ter, and East Fort SW. by S. t S., distant two miles and three-quarters, steer s. by ington BaJ. W. j- W., which will lead, with not less than five fathoms, into the bay; and, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to the anchorage under East N eek. On this course, 'UJWhing w enter Lloyd's Harbor: \"\\Vhen the light-house bears W. by S. ! S., distant nearly a mile, steer WSW., and anchor, when to the westward of the southern end of East Beach, in from ten to thirken feet at low water. Or, wishing to enter Huntington Harbor: 'Vith Lloyd's Harbor Light-house bearing W. by S. ! S., as before, steer SW. i W., which will lead about midway between the red buoy on Pelt Rock and the black buoy on Mulligan's Reef. The above COUJ:'Se8 pass three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the western edge of Eaton's Point Shoal ; four hundred yards to the westward of the flats off the western shore of Eaton's N eek; and six hundred yards to the eastward of East Beach Flats. iOtt the S. by W. f W. c-rse, to enter Northport B.a~.-\"\\Yith East Fort bearing NW. W., distant three-quarters of a mile, and Lloyd's Harbor Light-house W. by S. } S., distant nearly a mile, sreer S. t E. until the latter bears NV?\"· by W. ! W., when steer SE. by E. ! E., and follow the directions given above. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND El!\\'\"TERING HUNTINGTON BAY. II. .l'l'rona the Weshma°f\"<Z.-In approaching this harbor from the westward there is but one danger met with before entering the bay. This lies off Lloyd's Point, and is known as Lloyd's Point Shoal. It has fourteen feet at low water near its northern end; and a rock Lloyd's Point called lfforris' Rock, with two feet, half a mile to the eastward of Lloyd's Point. A Shoal. black spar-buoy, marked No. 15, is placed in three fathoms just clear of the northern end of the shoal; but small vessels frequently pass to the southward of it, giving it a berth to the northward of three hundred yards, and carrying not less than fourteen feet. The whole of the north shore of Lloyd's Neck is shoal, and should not be approached nearer than half a mile. About six hundred yards to the eastward of Northeast Bluff, a reef of roe~ make,s w the northward fvr about three-eighths of a mile, wiJJi from one to two feet upon it; and abot1t midway between this reef and East Fort there is anather reef, whwh has a rock aw<Uh upon it, four hundred yards frorn shore. Neither of these is buoyed, and to avoid them it is necessary, as above mentioned, not to approach the north shore of the neck nearer than half a mile. 'Vhen up with East Fort the dangers ill the hay are the same as those described in the approaches from the eastward, on pages 454-455. · SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND Ell<'\"TERING ~\"\"TINGTON BAY. II. ~ f;1f.e W~are.--On the E. by N. i N. course from off Sands' Point, when Eaton's Neck Light-house bears ~· by s. l s., and Lloyd's Point SE. i E., you will have ten fathoms, and must steer for the light-house, carrying not less than eight fathoms, until E::ist Fort bears SE. f s. and Lloyd's Point SW. by W. :f W. The tidal current sets directly across tl;tis COlJrse,-the flood running to the so11thwestward, and the ebb to the northeastward, at the rate of about one mile an hour,- so that care must be taken to keep Eaton's Neck Light-house bearing E. by S. ts. When East Fort bears SE. i S., and Lloyd'a Point SW•. by W. :l w., as above mentioned, you will have eight fathoms, and must steer SE. l S., about for the middle of the woods on West Beach, carrying not less than four and three-quarter fathoms. On this course, when East Fort bears w. ! s. Nearly, distant about half a mile, and Eaton's Neck Light-house NE. l E ..• distant a mile and three-quarters, you will have :five fathoms, and, if bound into Lloyd'8 Harbor or Huniin!,t~n Harbor, must steer S. by W. t W., and follow the directions for those harbors on pages 455 an~ 456; or, if bound into Northport, Bay, you must steers.! Ji:, until Lloyd's Harbor Light-house bears NW. by w. ! W.; after which the dirOO:. tions for entering the bay muat be followed•. {See page 456.) T.be above courses ~ thi:ee-eighths of a mile t.o the northward of the blac1$: sp::tr-buoy on Lloyd's Point Shoal ; :five-eighths of a mile to the northeastward of the reef to the eastward of Northeast Blah; three-eighths of a mile t.o th~ eastward of the rock awash about a mile t.o the westward of East C. P.-58 . ..

458 ATLANTIC .COAST PILOT. Fort; six hundred yards to the eastward of the bare rocks off East Fort; and from one hundred and fifty to four hundred yards to the eastward of East Beach Flats, according as you arc bound for Lloyd's Harbor or Northport Bay. LIGHT-HOUSES. I Latitude. I Longitude West. II FixPcd or I Height i Distance Re,~01,,-.-ing. aho\\\"e visible in NAME. ! sea- nautical . i Iu arc4 In time. :\\ level. miles. I \"I! 0 18 \"0 I I h. m. ~- I ---- 4 53 35.0 Feet. Eaton's Neck Light-house._. - - ••...•. _ 40 157 12 73 23 4!I II Fixed. 14'1 Lloyd's Harbor Light-house .•..••..•. - J 40 64 55 i1 '13 26 4 4 53 4t:.3 :Fixed. 40 12 :1 II TIDES. l.Jloyd~s Iluntington Bay. nm=-hor. Corrected Establlslunent. _••.• __ •. _. _. _•.• ___ .••...•••••.•..••.•..••• - - ••. - ..•.... Joh 51\"' ]]h 1m mean ruse and Fall of t.tdes ..•.••..•.• -- -- --- .. ___ •.•.•• ---- .• -·-. - - •. ---- --· ••••. 7.6 ft. 7.6 ft. 8.8 ft. Mean lUse and Fall of Spring tides ___ ...•••• ·-- ..••••.... __ .•...•.••••• --· -· ... __ . 8.9 ft. 6.5 ft. 6\"20m Mean R1ae and Fall of Neap tides ••.••••••••••. __ ••. __ .------ .•..•••.••••••••• ·---· 6.2 ft. 6b 7m Mean duration or JU.se. _. _••.•.•••.... -· ••• ·-·. --· --·. -- •••...• - ···--· ·-· .•••.. -- - ·6b 12\"' 0\" lam 9 ft. Mean duration or Fall.·-·····----·----- •... ----···--·--·-·---·········-···· ...... 6h t3m Mea.n duration of' Stand •• _·-· •.••••••••. ·-.--···-····- ••.•••• -- .•.•• - .••.•.•. --·. - Oh lam Bise of' htgllest tide observed.- ..•••. _••. __ ... __ .•• _..••.••.••• ----- .. ----- ·-·· ••• 9.6 ft. CURRENTS. Off Huntington Bay the current of ebb sets :about :NE. by E. t E., with a velocity of about. one mile and a quarter per hour; while the current of flood sets about SW. t S. with nearly the same velocity. (See Current Table for Long Island Sound.) VARIATION OF THE COMPASS. The magnetic variation for 1878, in the vicinity of Eaton's Point, is s0 10' W., with an approximate annual increase of2i;'. STAMFORD HARBOR. Shippan Point. This harbor lies on the nonh side of the Sound, at the mouth of a shallow stream called Mill Rh-el'. Its eastern point of entrance is formed by Shippan Point, which separates it from Weswott's Cove on the east• (See page 351.) Shippan Point is about two miles and a half W. by S. t S. from Long Neck Point, and appe:irs, when viewed from the southward, very gently sloping, cleared, cultivated, dotted with a fow trees, and, at some distance back from the shore, crowned with a thick growth of bushy trees. It is very foul in its approaches, and vessels should not attempt to pass inside The Cows, which lie three-quarters of a mile to the southward of it. Peck's Point. The western point of entrance to Stamford Harbor is called Peck's Point, and lies three-qnart.Ars of a mile NNW. from Shippan Point. It is low and marshy, terminates to the southward in a flat sand beach thickly strewn with boulders, and is backed by a nearly level country under fine cultivation. Stamford Harbor is about five-eighths of a mile in diameter, but 110 full of shoals as to be very dangel\"Ons to enter without a pilot. 1''rom eleven to tliirteen feet is found at the usual anchorage, which is just under Shippan Point; but v\"\"sels may pass three-eighths of a mile to the northward of this anchorage, with not less than seven feet at low water. !\\lone of the shoals are buoyed; and iu the absence of such marks str.i.ngers should not attempt to enter the harbor except in ·cases of emergency. Off the month of Mill River, a little over eight hundred yards NE. by :E. !- :E. from Peck's Point, and Grassy Island. five-eighths of a mile :NW.! ll'. from Shlppau Point, lies a very small law islet, covered with grass, and sur- rounded at low water by ma.r13h. It is called Grassy Island, lies nearly N. ancl S., is fifty yards long a.t high water and two hundred and fifty at low water. There are also a number of bare rocks scattered over the are:i betw0€n the island and tbe mouth of the river. Mill River. Mill River has a geueral course about clue :N., for a little over a mile and a quarter, to the village of Stamford. It is about a quarter or a mile wide at its mouth, but rapidly contra.eta its banks to a width of about two hundred yard.!, which it keeps, with little variation, for half a mile, where a long level point, thickly dotted with houses, suddenly projects from its western lxmk,-diminishing the width of the stream to thirty yards. Here also the river is crossed by a bridge or cautteway, preventing farther navigation. The bridge carrying the New York and New Haven Railroad crosses the stream about an eighth of a mile above this causewi.y and a quarter of a mile below the village. The eh:innel is a mere thread at low water, and not more than two feet can be taken up to the causeway. Both banks are composed of low, level lamls, in'many places fringed with marsh, under fine cultiv:ition, and well settled. DANGERS. Tho Cows. I. F--. tAe Ea.Bt-ril.-In approaching this harbor from the eastward the first danger met with, and the only one marked by a buoy, is called The Cows. They are a grouf of bare rocks, three-quarters -0f a mile due s. from Shippan Point, with an eighteen feet channe to the northward of them, which is not, however, irafe for strangers. A red can-buoy* of the· flCOOnd cla.'381 marked No. 26, is placed on their southern side in two fathoms at low wat.er,-Nonfa.lk. Light-house bearing and a quarter, and Great Captain's Tuland Light-house E. by :N. f- N., five miles W. f S., four miles and three-quarters distant. ·

STAMFORD HARBOR. 459 In standing to the northward on a wind vessels should go about as soon as Norwalk Ligh~house bears E NE., or Great Captain's Island Light-house W. t S., in order to avoid The Cows. When past The Cows, and hauling up for the entrance to the harbor, Shippan Shippan Point Point should receive a berth to the northeastward of not less than half a mile, to avoid Shoals. the dan~rous Shippan Point Shoals, which make off in a SW. by S. direction for about eight hundred yards, and are not marked except by the bare rocks upon them. These shoals . are composed of a great mass of bare and sunken rocks; and there are a nurnber of roe!~ awash about one hundred yards outside of their southern limits, so that it is unsafe, in going into the harbor, to give this point a berth of less than five-eighth<> of a mile to the northeastward and a quarter of a mile to the eastward. On the western side of the eastern entrance, and almost exactly ]n the middle of Stamford Mid- the harbor, lies Stamford niiddle Ground, a rocky shoal, bare in places at low water, die Ground. and in others having from two to four feet upon it, which extends nearly N NE. and SSW. for about five-eighths of a mile. Its southern end is marked by a bare rock, which ser\\'es as a buoy; about three hundred yards to the northeastward of this is another small bare rock, near the eastern edge of the bank ; three hundred and fifty yards to the northward of thi,; i:s another, marking the middle of the shoal ; and about the same distance still farther to the northea.5hvard is still another bare rock, about an eighth of a mile to the southward of the northern extremity of the shoal. These rocks are excellent marks for avoiding the Middle Ground, as, by giving them a berth of two hundred yards to the eastward, you wi11 pass clear of all danger. After passing Shippan Point, and fairly in, the harbor, do not approach the east shore nearer than four hundred and fifty yards, as it is all flat,-two feet at low water being found in several plnces two hundred and fifty yards from shore, and in no place more than five feet at that distance. There is equally good water on both sides of the Middle Ground ;-what is known as the Western Channel passing to the westward of the shoal, between it and Greenwich Neck, aml carrying not less than thirteen feet to the usual anchorage; but vessels from the eastward invariably enter by the East- ern Channel. To the eastward of the northern end of the Middle Ground, nearly three hundred yarlls from the northernmost bare rock, and three hundred and fifty yards t-0 the southward of Grassy Island, i-, a def.ached shoal spot with five feet at low water; and one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of this, and over two hundred yards to tl1e southeastward of Grassy Island, is another slwal with four feet. Neither is buoyed, and they are not easily avoided except by those who are thorough local pilots. The usual anchorage fa, however, some distance to the southward of these shoals; and they do not, therefore, interfere with the movements of vessels seeking shelter. · Above Gras.5y Island the harbor is aU flat, and so studded with bare and sunken rooks as to render an intelligible description of its dangers impossible. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. Pro._ fhe E...t....arct.--On the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, when Eaton's Neck Ligh~house bears SE. l S., about t11ree miles and three-eighths distant, Great Captain's Island Light- · house will bear W. l N. Steer for the latter until the middle of the entrance to Stamford bears N. t W., when the woods on the western end of Greenwich Point will bear NW. by W. :f W., and you will have ten fathoms. Now steer N. t W., which will lead safely to the anchorage with not less than twelve feet at low water. Anchor in sticky bottom, with Shippan Point bearing E SE., dishmt about three-eighths of a mile. The above courses pass ha.If a mile to the westward of The Cows ; one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of the extreme southwestern end of Shippan Point Shoals ; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the bare rock on the southern end of Stamford Middle Ground ; six hundred yards to the westward of Shippan Point ; and three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the bare rock near the centre of Stamford Middle Ground. · iOr, on tl&e W. by S. S. course - before, when Eaton~s Neck Light-house bears S. by E. ! E., distant three miles and an eighth, and Norwalk Light-house N. by E. t E., distant two miles and three-quarters, steerW. Northerly for Great Captain's Island Lin·ht-house, until the eastern extremity uf Greenwich Point bears NW. by W. ! W., distant two miles,\"\"and the low bluff on the eastern end of Shippan Point NE. by N. i N., about the same distance. Here you will have fifteen fathonis, the harbor will be well open, and N. l W. will ICad to the anchorage with not less than twelve feet at fow water. The above cotirses pa...<:18 three-quarters of a mifo t-0 the southward, and half a mile to the west- warcJ, of tho red buoy on The Cows. .