Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

GARDINER'S BAY. 509 be found in from three t-0 five f&thoms, sheltered from all winds. There is, however, a long shoal making off to the soutbwest- ward from the head for a mile and :five-eighths; and v - l s of greater draught than fourteen feet must, if wishing t-0 anchor in the bight to the southward, give the head a berth of two miles to the eastward until pa.st the shoal. The southeM1 end of Gardiner's Island is a low sandy point, about one hundred yards wide, aud destitute of all vegetation. A reef of rocks, half a mile long, connects it with a low, fiat, sand islet, three-quarters of a mile long, called Ram Island. Thie island lies H NE. and 8 SW., i\" destitute of all vegetation, and surrounded by dangerous Ramlslaad. shoals. On its southern side passes the Ram IBlan4 Challnel, which, as before mentioned, leads from Napeague Bay into Gardiner's Bay. It is, however, so narrow and full of shoals that none but those well acquainted with.it\" dangers dare to attempt to pass through it. - A narrow and shallow inlet, called .A.cabomock Harbor, opens into the Long Island llhore about a mile and a ba]f W. by 8. t S. from Ram Island; but it is of no importance. The small settlement of The Springs lies at the bead of this harbor, and the village of lt1ngstoWD. about three quarters of a mile inland. Two miles and a quarter to the northward of Acabomock Ha.rbor is Hog Creek Point, on the southern Hog Creek Point. shore of Gardinet\"'s Bay; and between the two, and about half a mile to the south..astward of the point, is a small settlement known as 'l'he Fireplace. Hog Creek Point is grassy, about sixty feet high, with precipitons faces about twenty feet high on the bay side. The land behind it rises to a height of from ,.ighty to one hundred feet, a.nd is for the most part thickly wooded. Koc Creek, a very narrow stream, nearly bare at low water, makes iu on the western side of the point; and from its mouth the south shore of Gardiner's Bay runs nearly SW., for a mile and a quarter, to the entrance to Three Mile Harbor. The land is billy, undulating and thickly wooded. Three Mile Harbor is a large shallow lagoon lying nearly K. and S., a mile and three-eighths long, a Three Mile mile wide at its northern end, and gradually diminishing in width to its head, where it is but 8ix hundred Harbor. yards wide, and terminates in a small shallow stream, called Three Mlle BarbOr Creek. The entrance to the harbor is, however, but little over one hundred yards wide, between two Hat sandy points,-that to the eastward being known as Baat Point;, and that to the westward as Sammy's Be&ch Pobl.t. Sammy's Beach is a fiat sand beach, nearly a mile long, extending about W. t N. from the entrance to Three Mile Harbor. Where it terminates to the westward and the high lands begin, the general trend of the shore is to the northwestward, with a gradual curve to the westward,-terminating at Cedar Point, two miles and a half from the western end of Sammy's Beach. This is a rolling country. composed of a series of hills from eighty to one hundred and sixty feet high, known as Hedges' Banks, and separated by narrow valleys from twenty to forty feet above sea-level. The hills near the shore-line are bare of trees, but are backed by thick woods. Cedar Point is a long, fiat sandy point, making off to the westward from the mainland, and forming the Cedar Point. eastern point of entrance to the southern channel into Shelter Island Sound, which leads to Sag Harbor. It is shoal in its approaches,-a bar, over which not more than fourteen feet can be taken, extending from this point to Ram Head, two miles and a ba]f to the northward. A long shoal, bare in places at low water, makes oft\" from the point to the westward, for six hundred ya1·ds, to a fiat sandy islet, known as Cedar Isla.Dd, which is easily recognized by the grey Btone building, near the middle of the island, surmounted by a lantern. This is Cedar Island Light-house,- Ce d a r Is 1and the principal guide to Sag Harbor,-and shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a. height of forty- Light-house. five feet above the sea, visible eleven miles. Its geographical position is Latlf;ude •• ·--- ·-·- •••• - ·-- •••••• ·-- - • - --- .• --- -- - -- . --- - - --- - --- .4.10 2 1 2&11 1{. Longitude -- --·· ---- ---- ·----- --·· ---- ---· -··· ·-·· --·· ---· .••• _.. '12° 16' oil\" W., and it bears from Plum Island Light-house SW. by B. f 8., a little over eight miles; and from Gardiner's Island Light-house SW. -i W., nearly eight miles distant. Vessels bound for Sag Harbor pa.es to the westward of this light-hoUBe, but may go within one hundred yards of it with safety, as the iala.nd is bold-to on that side. On the north side of Gardiner's Bay, and on the western side of Plum Gut, is the northeastern point of Oyster Pend Long Island, known 88 Oyster Pond Point. It is low, :Oat and level, composed of sand, covered with grass, Point. and faced with a shlngly beach. It is the eastern extremity of the 0781ier :Pond :P8Dblaula.,--a neck oflow and nearly level land, under cultivation, and dotted with houses and occasional low bushy trees. The high land of BroWD's lllUa is vi6ible from Gardiner's Bay over the ftat country forming the major portion of the nook. Oyster Pond Point i\"' very rapidly wasting away by the action of the sea, which has ad'·anced eeveral hundred yards within the last forty years. There is a large hotel, surmounted by a cupola, standing a little way back from the point and to the westward of it. A long reef, nearly bare at low wat.er in several places, and about eleven hundMd ya.rds long, makes to the eastward from thi,. point, and i\" known as <>:vner :POD4 Beef. It is marked by a gmnite beacon, surmounted by a spindle and cage, which serves as R guide to vessels plli!lling through Plum Gut. This reef ia not, however, in the way of veesels entering Gardiner's Bay by the Kain Cha.nllel. From Oyster Pond Point tbe northern shore of the bay t:rends about SW. i B., for a little over two Long Beach Point. :miles, to ~en's Point; and th-;nce about W'. by 8. f B., for nearly two miles, to Long Beach Point,-the eastern pomt af entrance to Onent Harbor, and the western extremity of Long Beach. Between Oyster Pond Point and Ben's :i:'oint the l!lhore hi a 11.at sand beach, covered only with gnms, and ha.eked by level cultivated :fields; but et Ben\"s Point, which is also flat, there are some U-.. The \"b-Ore is foul between these two points, and vessels of greater draught tban sixteen feet should give it a berth to the westward of about a mile; but Ben's Point may be approached within a quarter of a mile with not less than three and a half :Fathoms. From Ben's Point to Long :e.cb Point extends I.mis Beach, a narrow strip of flat send, backed by woods. It forms, 1111 before mentioned, the eaMern point of entrance to Orient Harbor, and the Muthern point of entrance to Long Beach Bay,-a shallow bay conteioed between thie beach and the Oyster Pond Pt!Ouinsula. Off' Long Beach Point extends a shoal, with Lias than six fee& water, about eight hundred yards SW. by w. t w.; and on its extremity Long Beach Point ia built an iron aerew-pila light-hoUl!le, which will appear as a white dwellmg surmounted by a low towScr. Light-house. It is called Long Bet!ch Point Light-house, and shows a lixed red light, of the fift.b order, from a height of fit\\y-four feei a.hove the eea, vUiible thirteen miles. Ite geographical position is X.~un u u u n • u • • U - h n - u o o - u • u o u • u • n • - u u • u • u f i l O &1 8111 J!f. ~--·· - ·-··· •••••••••••••••••••••• ·~-. --·. -····· •• ·- - - •••• T2i0 11' 11•\" w.,

£10 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. 11.nd it bears from Ga.rdiner'slsls.nd Light-holl8e w. t B., 11even miles and a quarter, and from the perpendicularly-striped buoy oft\" the entrance to Greenport Harbor l!fW. by w. l W., two miles distant. This light-house should receive a berth to the northward of about five-eighths of a mile, and to the eagtward of eight hundred and fifty yards, to pass in the oost water. Fog-signal. A bell is struck by machinery, at intervals of fifteen seconds, during thick weather. Shoal water makes off from Long Beach Point in a S:&. direction for a mile and a half, and vessels drawing more than fifteen feet must be careful to give the beach a berth of a mile and three-eighths to the northward; but vessels of ten feet draught Inay pass within eleven hundred yards of the beach with safety, and leaving the perpendicularly-striped buoy at the entrance a quarter of a mile to the southward. Shelter Island lies all the way acrosB the west.em end of Gardiner's Bay, leaving a narrow passage on its northern, and another on its southern side, leading to Shelter Island Sound. It is of irregular shape, lies nearly N. and S., and U.. for the most part nnder cultivation. The diameter of the main body of the island, in a N. and B. direction, is nearly four miles, and in an E. and W. diniction nearly five miles; but from its southeastern end a low, level peninsula extends for a mile and a quarter,- thus increasing the length of the island t-0 a little over five miles and a half. Ra.y Bea.ch Point, the northern extremity of the island, and the western point of entrance to Orient Harbor as well as. the soutbeTD point of entrance to Greenport Harbor, is a fiat sandy point, backed by mat'Sh, and this again by gently sloping wooded lands. It. is comparatively bold-to, and may be approached within one hundred yards with not less than three fathoms. Viewed from the eastward Shelter Island will appear Shelter Island. of moderate height and undulating, with 00088ional steep hills separated by 1ow strips of sand, and the sur- face diversified with woods and cleared fields. Three miles SE. t E. from Hay Beach Point is a >10mewhBt remarkable wooded headland, with steep faces, known as Ram. Hea.d. It is the no1-theastern extremity of what is called Ram Island, which, in itself, is the southeastern end of a long peninsula, of very irregular shape, beginning about a mile below Hay Beach Point, on the eastern shore of Shelter Island, and extending SE. by E. for two miles and three-eighths. For the most of this distance the peninsula is a mere narrow strip of sand; but about five-eighths of a mile from its western end ri8011 a steep rocky hillock, and here a spur of land extends to the scmthward for half a mile, and is thickly wooded on its southern end. This is Coeclea Iala.n.d; and nearly half a mile to the eastward of it begins Ram Island, which terminates the peninsula. Ba.m Island is about a mile long NW. by W. and BE. by E., of an oval shape, with a greatest width of half a mile. It is somewhat undulating, wooded on its eastern, but gr8.88Y and ha.re of trees on its western end. It forms the northern side of the entrance to Coeclea Barbor, a shallow bay of irregular shape, and a little over two miles long, which is embraced between the peninenla ,j1111t described and the mainland of Shelter Island. The southern point of entrance to this harbor is a mere strip of sand, backed by thick woods; and between it and Ram Island the entrance is but two hundred yards wide. This harbor is of course totally unfit for strangers, as not more than four feet at low water can be taken into it. Nichol's Paint. About a mile and an eighth B. by E. from the southern point of entrance to Crecles Harbor is Nichol's Poiut, the northern point of entrance to the channel lea.ding to Sag Harbor; and here the shore turns abruptly to the westward for about half a mile, then runs S. by E. i- :&. for a mile and three-eighths to Mashomuck Point, the southeastern point of Shelter Island, and the northern point of entrance to Sag Harbor. The shore between Cmcles Harbor and Nicbol'8 Point is composed of sand, backed by thick woods; but between Nichol's Point and Mashomuck Point are flat, grassy lands, with occasional groves of trees.. All of the eastern !!'bore of Shelter Island is fonl,--extensive llata spreading ont to the eastward, between Hay Beach Point and Nichol's Point, aud forming a bar, which, as above mentioned, extends from Ram Hea.d to Cedar Point, (on the Long Island shore,) and over which not more than fourteen feet at low water can be carried. Orient Harbor, above mentioned, is a large indentation in the southern shore of that very long peninsula of Long Island which makes to the northe88tward from Friar's Head and terminates at Oyster Pond Point, on the western side of Plum Gut. The entrance to the harbor from Ga.rdiner'il Bay is a mile and three-quartel'S wide between Long Beach Point and Hay Beach Point ; but the passage is so much obstructed by llats that the available channel is not more than a quarter of a mile wide. The eastern shore of the ba.rbor is occupied by the village of Orient, the northern shore by Truman's Beach, {see page 336,) and the wes1ern ll!hore by land of moderate height and well wooded, except where the thickly clustered Orient Harbor. houses of the village of Bocll:y Point appear. Anchorage in from fifteen to twenty-two feet is found in thie harbor; but, \"\" the entrance is not well buoyed, it is not safe for str:\\agers to attempt it. In the southeastern pa.rt of the harbor, and about seven-eighthsof a mile to the northeastward of Long Beach Point, js Peter's Neck Point, the south- ern extremity ofPeter's Neck, and compoeed of sand, backed by marsh. A quarter of a mile to the eastward of tbi\" is Brown's l'01Dt. al~ sandy and backed by marsh, which forms the northern point of entrance to I.o:ag Bea.ch B&y, above mentioned. This bay, which is very shallow and cannot be entered by stpangen, is a.bou.t a mile long E Q. and W BW., and half a. mile wide. At its northwestern end it receives the waters of a small and shallow stream, called Na.rrow Biver; and at its eastern end a passage fifty yards wide leads into a lagoon, a mile long, known as LtWe 11&7. Of eourl!e none of these pallilllges can be used by strangers. Greenport The entrance to GreenPQrt Harbor, which lies to the northward. of Shelter Island, is between Cleaves' Harbor. aPoint on the north and Hay Bea.ch Point on t.he sont.h, and about half a mile wide. Clea.fttl' Po1Dt is low, level and grassy, and is occupied by cultivated lands, behind which appear the thickly clustered houses of Rocky Point. From Cleaves' Point to Young'e Point, five-eighths of a mile to the southw<llofltward, the sh-Ol'EI is low and for the most part wooded. YOUD&''• Poill.t is the eastern point of entrance to 8UrUDg BaldD., a llhallow cove washing the eastern side of the town of Greenport, but almoet entirely bare at low water. The point is :ll&t, sandy and backed by trees. The enu-nnce to the basin :iJI only about t\\Vimty-five yards wide, and is fit only for the pana.ge or small boats. GrMa:POrt is a tlonmhiDg town, situated on the north side of the harbor and on the western shore of the basin, and has of late years become quite popular as a summer resort. It has also some ship-building interest and a little couting trade. Its northern suburb ie known ae the·village of Starling, and is situated about three-eighths of a mile from the south llhore of Long Island Sound. A little over half a mile to the sonthweetward of Greenport is !'amdng'a PoUl.t, the southern extremity <1f' l'!petl' ·lfeck. It is composed entirely of low, level, cultivated lnnd, dotted with houses and backed by vees. There ie a shoal ult this point, 'Bild veseek must not approach it nearer than four hundred ya.rds. Dering'• Point. On the southern eide of the harbor, about a mile to th\"' southwestward of Hay Beach Point, and direNJY oppo!Jit.e to Greenpon, ia Dering'e Point, the eastern point of entrance ·io a large but.sbal1owoove peaetrating tbe north shore of Sb(lfier Ialand, and known aa l>ill1llc'• .lllu-bor. The 11hore between liq Beach Point and Derlng':a Peint

GARDINER•s BAY. 51i has steep faces, .but is not high, and is covered with thick woods, except in the vicinity of the J!fanb•BBet Description of Eouse,-a hand•ome Bummer hotel, situated close 1o the beach a little to the eastward of the point. Dering's shores of Gard- Point is of moderate height, somewhat steep to the northward and westward, and well wooded, Dering's iner's Bay. Harbor is half a mile wide a.t its mouth, and retains the same width to its head, half a mile to the south- wi:ird, where it divides into two small and shallow streams of no importance. It is not safe for strangers to attempt to enter it. The western point of entrance to the harbor is called Ferry Point, from the ferry dock which exists on its northern end. A boat plies regularly between this dock and Greenport. The point is the northeastern extremity of mll's Point, a somewhat high, wooded peninsula, with precipitous faces to the westward, and hold-to. A prominent feature on Hill's Point is the tall observ- atory of open·work, which stand£! on the summit of the bluff, and is daily visited during the summer season,-the forry·bont carrying passengers at regular intervals. Between thi\" point and Fa.nning's Point, on the north, begins the northern part of Shelter Isla.nd Sound,-the name given to all that body of water which lies on the northern side of Shelter Island, on its western side, and on its soutl?eni \"ide to the westward of Sag Harbor. This northern part is almost entirely unobstructed, and has water sufficient for the largest vessels. A mile and a half to the B-Onthwestward of Ferry Point is Rocky Point, the western point of Shelter Rocky Point. ls]and, and the southern point of entrance to Southolcl Bay. It has steep bluff faces, with level summit, cleared near its northern end, but backed by woods. Between this point and the ferry dock the Shelter Island shore is bold-to, and may be approached anywhere, within two hundred yards, with not less than four fathoms. Rocky Point should, howe..,er, receive a berth to the southward of not less than four hundred yards, as it is somewhat shoal and bas a number of outlying rocks. On the north side of the Sound, a mile to the southwestward of Fanning's Point, is Conkling\"• Point, Conkllng's Point. formerly called Albert.eon's Point; and between the two is a wide cove, called Pipes' Cove, in which anchorage may be found in from three to four fathoms. This eov\" can, however, be entered by keeping close to Fanning'11 Point after rounding the red buoy off Fa.lm1Jlg's Point. Shoal. Conkling's Point is tbe northern point of entrance to Southold Bay, and is bold-to,-seven fathoms being found within one hundred and fifty yards of the shore. The channel between it and Rocky Point, though but a quarter of a mile wide, is entirely unobstructed and quite deep,-thirteen and fourteen fathoms being found in it. The point itself is low, level and grassy, and dotted with trees in clnmps. Southold Bay is that wide portion of Shelter lsland Sound which extends from Rocky Point to Hallock's Point, (the north- eastern ext....mity of Great Hog Neck,) a mile and a quarter to the southward. A.tits widest part it is a mile and seven-eighths from shore to shore, and affords an unobstructed and land-locked anchorage, from six hundred yards to a mile in width, with a depth offrom four to twelve fathoms. Its northern shore, from Conkling's Point to Hashamomnck Point, (a. mile to the west- 'Vard,) has a general course about w. i !f.; but between the two there is formed, by the curve of the shore opposite Rocky Point, a deep bight, in which there is good anchorage in from two to five fathoms. The sbore is all low, Jevel and under cultivation, with occasional steep faces, and dotted with houses. lla.sha.momuck Point is a somewhat round hillock, of moderate height, with steep face to the southward, and covered only with grass. There are B<Weral outlying rocks off the point, and beyond this shoal water, so that vessels should not approach nearer than a quart.er of a mile. This point Southold Bay. is the eastern point of entrance to a large pond, called Ha.sha.momuck Pond, which is cut off from the bay by a mill-dam three hundred yards above the entrance. From this entrance the westeru shore of the bay has a general course SW. t S., for a mile and three-eighths, to the entrance to a very shallow cove, of irregular shape, called Southold Barbor, on the banks of which is situated the village of Southold. The shore ie1 o.11 low and nearly level, under fine cultivation, and thickly dotted with houses. The entrance to Southold Harbor is but thirty yards wide, between a long narrow sand spit on the north and a wooded point, with steep faces, on the south. Just inside the entrance, and exactly in the middle of the passage, is a marshy islet about two hundred yards long. 'l')le entrance is nearly dry at low water, and the harbor itself is of no import- ance,-being fit only for small boa.ts. There is another shallow cove or lagoon just to the southward of Southold Harbor, the entrance to which is but twenty yards wide, and which is likewiM! of no importance. From this lagoon the shore trends away JI. by S., for nearly a mile and a half, to Hallock's Point, forming the north side of Great Hog Neck, and showing nearly level cultivated lnnd at il:B eastern and western ends, eaparated by thick woods in the centre of the neck. .All of this western shore of Southold Bay is quite foul, and \"hould receive a berth to the westward of not less than nine hundred yarda, except off the entrance to Southold Harbor, where you muat not come nearer than five-eighths of a mile. H.allook's Point is a long, low, sandy point, and forms the northeastern extremity of Great Hog Neck, on the southern side of which begins Little Peoonio Bay. A shoal makes off from the point about one Hallock'& Point. hundred yards, and is mat\"ked by a red epa.r--buoy. Between this bnoy and the eastern shore of the Sound the distance is about seven hundred yards, with an entirely uuobst~oted channel in which from four to twelve fathoms is found. The eastern shore of Southold Bay bas a general connia &boat S. by :£. i B., for a mile and three-eighths from Rocky Point, to Crab Creek, (opposite to Hallock's Point,) and may be approached anywhere, within six hundred yards, with not less than four fathoms. It is diversified with cleared fields and wooda, and dotted at intervals with houses. Crab Creek is, in reality, not a creek but a cove, with an entranoo twenty yards wide and a bold shore,-four fil.thoms being found within fifty yards of the entrance. Tho clia.nnel is unobatru-Oted between thil! creek and Hallook's Point, and has from four to. twelve fathoms in it. The Sound now widens out and extends to the amrthward into Noyack Ba.y, and to the southwestward into Little Peconic Ba.y. From Crab Creek to West Nook Point the eae~l'll shore of.the Sound has a general course SE. t E. for a.bout a mile and a ql18l'ter, forming the flh<>re of Weat Reek, and is oomposed of alternate wooded and cultivated lands. At West Neck Potllt it tn:rns abmµtly to the northeastward, furming a narrow sand beach, half a. mile long in a NE. t B. direction,-the northllll.Stern B!ld ofwhfoh.is the western point of entrance to West Neck Harbor. All of this pat\"t -0f the ..bore is :flat, and vessels of greater dt\"a.ught than fifteen feet mn&t be very ea.refnl in approaching it. A good rule is, when pa.st the month of Crab Creek, to ..teer neal\"ly for the northem end of J-up'a Neck, whicli will clear the westM'll end of the flats; but a buoy will be recommended to be placed npon these ftats, which will obvia.te all difliculty. · Gnat Hog. Neck is a fHtllinaul&, about a mile a.lid five-eighths long and a mile and a quarter wide, Great Hog Neck. separating Southold Bay from Little P.eooni-0 Bay. It is for tbe most part composed of level, cultivated lm:ula, thickly doteed with h - - , and showing oocas1onal grova of treee. It. is shoal on its eastern and 80uthern sides, and mllllt not be approached, by v-els plUl8iag into Little Peoonie :Bay fr'Om Southold Bay, nearer than t.hree-quarters of a mile.

512 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Muhomuck The eal!tern entrance to the l!Outhern part of Shelter Island So1md is between Masbomuck Point. on the Point. north and Russel's Nook on the BOUth. The former is the l!Outheastern extremity of Shelter Island, and is composed of low, fl.at, sandy land, dotted with occasional houses. It is comparatively bold-to, and may be safely approached, within three hundred yards, with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms. Hog Neok, on the western side of the approach, is composed of low and nearly level country, diversified with houses, woods and cultivated fields. The pBBBage between the neck and Mashomuck Point is nearly a mile wide, but is so much obstructed by rocks and ledges as to render it impossible, although well buoyed, for a stranger to enter. There are many of these dangers in the approaches to the Sound, but they are all well buoyed and not to be feared. Sag Harbor. Sag Harber lies at the southwestern end of the approach to Shelter Island Sound from the eastw4rd. The town of S&f: Harbor has abcut four thousand inhabitants, principally engaged in coagtwise trade, and some interest in the whale-fishery. A. narrow and crooked channel, with not less than ten feet at low water, leads up to the wha:rf'-]ine of the town; but it is not advisable for strange1'8 to attempt to enter without a pilot. The entrance to the harbor is between Maahomuck Point on the Dorth and Barcelona Point (the northwestern extremity of Rusael's Neck) on the south. It is nearly seven-eighths of a mile wide, but is mueh obstructed by shoala,-principa.l among which are Barcelona Ba.Ilk, (which extends to the westward from the point of that name for nearly three-quarters of a mile, and is marked by two black 11par-buoys,} and The Band Spit., which extends in a northwesterly direction for a mile and a ha.If, with not less than five feet, and is marked by an iron spindle, painted red, which serves as a guide to the main channel. On the eastern side of the approach to Sag Harbor the shore has a general course SW. by 8. t 8., for nearly two miles, to West Harbor, a shallow cove of no importance, making in between the east shore and Russel's Neck. Nearly tha whole of the bight between Cedar 'and Barcelona points is flat; and it is not sfile for vessels to stand to the eastward of Cedar Island Light- house bearing H. by E. !- E., until they are up with the black buoy oft\" the entrance to West Harbor. Russel's Neck. RuBBel's Neck hlU! a somewhat undulating surface, from eighty to one hundred feet high, and is for the most part thickly wooded. Shoals make off from Barcelona Point, its northwestern point~ for a long distance, and a.re marked by spar-buoya,-the channel here being extremely narrow. There are also long reefs making off to the northward from the Sag Harbor shore, which, though well buoyed, render a safe approi'>Ch to the harbor extremely difficult. Abreaet of Sag Harbor the Shelter Island Sound channel turns abruptly to the northward, running nearly NW., for about a mile and th.-.quarters, between Shelter Island on the east and Hog N eek on the west. At its narrowest part this passage is five-eighths of a mile wide, and nineteen feet at low water can be taken through it; but it is so much obstructed by The Sand Spit and other shoal& as to rende.,. its navigation extremely dangerous for stra.ngere. The eastern side of t-he passage is furmed by level land, partly wooded and partly cultivated. A.t the northern end of Hog Neck the channel turns abruptly to the westward,-running W. by 8., between the southern ahore of Shelter Island and the northern end of Hog Neck, with a depth of not 1esa than twenty-two feet at low water, and a width of not leas than six hundred yards. Both shores are level and under cultivation; but the north West Neck shore is indented by a large shallow cove, of irregular shape, known as West Neck Harbor. It is of no Harbor. importa.nce,-having lees than six feet at low water,-nd requires the assistance of a local pilot to enter it. At its western and it receives the waters of West l'l\"eck Creek, very shallow and irregular in outline, which penetrates the southern part of Shelter Island to within three-eighths of a mile of the northern passage into the Sound. On the weetern side of Hog Neck, and between it and .Jesaup'11 Neck, is contained Noya.ck Ba.y, two Noyack Bay. miles and an eighth wide E. and W., and a mile and five-eighths long N. and S. It is unobstructed ou.tside of the line of fares fathoms, and good anchorage ie found in it, in from three to seven fathome, entirely land- locked. The small village of Hoy&ell: lies at the southwestern end of the,. bay; but there is no water communication except by small boats. Jessup'• Neck. Jeaaup'e Neck, which forms the weatern shore of Noya.ok &y, is a long narrow penineula, partly wooded, and terminating to the northward in a nsrrow, :flat, sandy point. Oft' this point is a shoal marked by a. black buoy; and should this be gone the point must receive a berth to the southward 9f not 19\"8 than a quarter of a mile. The eastern entrance t-0 Little Peconic Bay is between Jesaup's Neck and the sonthea.stern extremity of Great Hog Neck, (before descn\"bed,) and is three-quarters of a mile wide; but the available channel, between the lines -0f three fathoms, is not more than nine hundred yards wide. Little Peoonlc Little Peconic Bay is, in reality, a Sound, and extenda in a southweaterly direction for five milea and a quarter. It is very irregular in aha'pe,-ite northern shore being very much indented, and the width of the Bay. bay varying from three-quarters of a mile, at its eastern and western ends, to thur milee in the bight between Little Hog Neck and Great Hog Neck. From three to seven fathoms is fuund in it, and the channel is entirely unobatrueted,- a.ffording beating room for the largeet V6118Cls; but it ia well not to approach the north shore, w.-Iong shoals make oft' from Great Hog Neck with from seven to twelve feet at low water. There is good water in the bight between Great and Little Hog necks, and 11heltered anchorage with from three to fonr mthoms; but, in the abeence ofa buoy -0n the western end of Gnat Bog ll\"eck ShOal, it ie not ear.. t-0 enter it without a pilot. Little Hog Neck. Little Hog Neck is a narrow peninaula., two miles long, extending in a southerly direct.ion on the north eide of Little Peconfo Bay, three Illlles and three-eighths to the aouihweetward of Great Hog Neck. It ie of m-Oderate height, with steep fa.eea to the eastward, and. for the most part. wooded, but tennina.tea in a fiat s&ndy point, off which there is a shoal marked by a red spar-buoy. On the west side of the neck is what :bl known as ~ llarbo:r, a large shallow cove, of irregular shape, embraced between the neck and New Snfl'Olk Pani1'18Ula, and in whieh-ohonige may be Jl:>nnd in twelve feet at low water, sheltered from all winds; but this harbor oamaoi be emered wi\\hoo.t a pilot. At it.a head this harbor receives the waters of a shallow creek ca.lied C1L1iahotrae Creek. wbieh lead.a up to the village of ~. & mile and a quarter inland. New Suff'olk New Suifolk Peninanl• is of moderate height, n-rly level, aDd almoilt entirely occupied by the village Peniuula. of the ea.me name. It is the nonhern point of the entrance to Great. J>eeonic &y, which is here QODnecied with Lit.tile Peconic Bay and e~ds to the weetwiml ~lit five miles aQd a h&H:. Not more, ~o-ver, than fourteen feet at low water can be ~ into 1hie blly.

GA.Bl>INER'S BA.Y. 513 The eastern shore of Little Peconic Bay runs about SW.! S., for three miles and five-eighths, to the Description of entrance to Nort11 Sea Harbor, and then about W. !- N. to Cow Neck, the southern point of entrance to Great shares of Gard- Peconic Bay. Between Jessup's Neck and North Sea Harbor the shore is for the most part \"lightly undu- iner's Bay. lating, wooded, and showing occasional st.,.,p faces aboat twenty feet high. North Sea Barbor is a very shallow cove, of irregular shape, with an entrance about fifty yards wirle between two low sandy points, and entirely unfit for strangers, however light their draught. Its shores are low, nearly level, and highly cultivated. Cow Neck is a fiat sandy point, covered with grass and backed by woods, and has a black spar-buoy about half a mile to the northeastward of it, marking tbe northern point of Cow Neck Fla.ts and the southern point of entrance t-0 Great Peconic Bay. Exactly midway between this neck and the New Snfrolk Peninsula lies Robbins' Island, in the middle of the entrance tG Great. Peconic Bay, and dividing the approaeh into two channels,~ach of which has not less than fourteen feet at low water. This island lies nearly N. by W. and S. by E., and is a mile and three-quarters long; but a large portion of this length is due to the narrow sand spits which extend to the northward and southward from the main Robbins' Island. body of the island. It is of moderate height and grassy, destitute of trees, and shows steep faces, from ten to twenty feet high, to the eastward, southward and westward. It is surrounded by shoals, which extend to the northeastward three-<1uarters of a mile with leas than twelve feet, to the southward three hundred yards with less than six feet, and to the southwestward a mile and a quarter with nine feet; and vessels must be careful, therefore, to give it a good berth. There is an equally good channel on its north and south sides, but it is usual to pass to the southward of it, where the shoals are buoyed. The available channel, between the lines of two fathoms, is, on the south side, a quarter of a mile wide, and, on the north side, an eighth of a mile wide. Great Peconic Bay is, as before remarked, nearly circular, about five miles in diameter, and has a depth of from three to four fathoms covering an area of about three miles and a half,-the rest of the bay being occupied by flats. On its northern shore are the villages of New Suffolk, Ma.ttituck, l'rankllnvllle, Jamesport, (with its suburb of Old Aquebogue,) and Upper Aquebogue, which is situated about a mile inland. On its southern shore, near its western end and directly opposite Jamesport, is the village of Southport, and at its western end, at tbe head of Peconic River, is the village of Riverhead. Both shores are slightly undulating but low, and diversified with alternate cleared fields and groves of trees. The greatest diameter of the b\"y is five miles and a quarter, its least, between the northern end of Robbins' Island and New Suffolk, eight hundred yards, and between the southern end of the former and Cow Neek it is three-quarters of a mile wide. It is Great Peconlo also three-quarters of 1.1. mile wide at its western end, between .Jamesport and SOUthPort Point. The latter Bay. is a long, flat, sandy point,, extending in a northwesterly direction from tbe mainland for half a mile, and having a long fiat making off from it to tlie northward for twelve hundred yards,-that is, to within three hundred yards of the .Jamesport shore. This shoal has from two to four feet upon it, and its northern end .is marked by a black \"par-buoy, leaving a channel an eighth of a mile wide, with ten feet at low water, between the buoy and the northern shore. There is also a red spar-buoy four hundred yards to the eastward of the black spar-buoy, which marks tho southern extremity of the fiats off J ameepnrt,-tbe channel passing between the two buoys. 4fter passing to the westward of these buoys the bay spreads away to a width of a mile, then suddenly contracts to three-quarters of a mile, and finally terminates, two miles to the westward of James- pnrt, at the mouth of Peconic B.iver,-a shallow stream, two miles long, leading t.o tlie village of Riverhead. There is no navigation, except for the smallest vessels, to the westward of Jamesport. DANGERS IN APPROACHING .A.ND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. I. Prom. the .Eadwla,rtl, &oun& to Greenport H~ and t:he ~ Bavs.-In approaching this bay fi:om the eastward, when abreast of Little Gull Isla.nd Light-house, you will see, nearly ahead, bearmg about W., and three-quarters of a mile off, a spar-buoy painted red and black in horizontal stri~s. This buoy is pla.oed near a twerdy-two fed rock, nine Constellation hundred yards to the 8?uthward of Const.ellation Rock, which has twenty-one feet at Rock. low wa~r. Co~llat10n Rock bea:rs from Little Gull Island Light-house S. by W. l W., ?-IBtant a mile and three-quarters, and from Gardiner's Island Light-house NE. t E., distant two miles and a half. The buoy~ from Little Gull Island Light-house S. by W. t W., distant t'!\"o miles and a .9.nartA;r, and from Gardiner's Island Light-house NE. ! E., distant two miles and an eighth. The sailii;g-line paBSeS to the southward of it, by which all danger is avoided. When past thIS buoy t~e channel is clear; but, if beating to windward, you must not stand farther to the northward than to ~mg Prospect Hill (on the sonthern side of Fisher's Island) to. bear NE. by E. l E., m order. to avoid Bedford Reef, an ext.ensive shoal half a Bedford Reel. n;rlle long E. and W., and about eight hundred yards 'l'I. ands.. with from thirteen to eighteen _feet at low water. It is not buoyed, and, as the flood tide sets with great velocity directly towards it, great ca.re must be taken in order to avoid it. If Long Beach Point light is visible, the shoal is easily_ avoided by not going to. the northward of that light bearing W. by s. ! s • ..In standing to the southward it is well not to approach Gardiner's Point nearer than a quarter of a mile, if of great;r draught than fifteen feet; but small vessels may shave the point closely,-being <:areful only to keep in the strength of the tide and avoid the eddies. On the Plum Island sh.ore you must look out for Plum Island Rock, which lies Plum lala.nd off the south shore of the island, at a dista.noo of hiasl·fawa amsihle~talnodwabwoautet m idway between Rock. Plum Island Point and Pine Point. The :rook r, and is marked by a ~ .s,ear-buoy (No: 2) placed in three fathoms on its southern side. It bears from Little Gull .lSland Light-home (whieh will be jwit 00. with the southern side of Great Gull Island) W. by s. i s., C . P•..;..;..,60

514 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dangers-Gard- distant over three miles and three-quarters; from Plum Island Point SW. l W., in8r's Bay. distant a mile and a quarter; and from Gardiner's Island Light-house NW. by N. ! N., distant two miles and three-eighths. From this buoy the perpendicularly-striped buoy off Long Beach bears SW.! W., distant five miles and three-quarters, and the red buoy at the entrance to Sag Harbor SW. by S. l S., distant seven miles and three-eighths. When to the westward of this buoy the entrance is clear,--only you must not stand into the tideway of Plum Gut. In approaching the north shore, between Oyster Pond Point and Ben's Point, give it a berth to the northwestward of about a mile, or, in other words, do not stand to the northward of Pine Point (the southwestern extremity of Plum Island) bearing NE.; or, if it can be seen, Little Gull Island Light-house bearing NE. by E. -! E. This will avoid the shoals which make off from the Oyster Pond Peninsula with a depth of from eight to fourteen feet. Long 811ach Long Beach Point must receive a berth to the northwestward of not less than a Shoaf. mile and three-eighths, to avoid Long Beach Shoal, which makes off in a SE. direction for a mile and a quarter. Vessels of less draught than fourteen feet may, however, pass within three-quarters of a mile of the beach, with not, less than sixteen feet at low water. A qua.rt.er of a mile to the southeastward of this shoal, in four fathoms water, is placed a spar-buoy, painted black and white in perpendicular stripes, to mark the entrance to Greenport Harbor,-Long Beach Point Light-house bearing NW. by W. f W., distant two miles a.nd an eighth. Vessels must make this buoy and pass close to it, whence the <lOurse is towards the highest part of Hay Beach Point, the northern end of Shelter Island. This part of the channel, though deep, is narrow,-be:ing obst:ruoted by ~ve jlaJ.,s vn both Bide.s; and great rere is necessary to avoid getting ashore, as the shoals are in some places quite steep-to. On the northern side of the passage Long Beach Point must receive a berth of seven-eighths of a mile, as twelve feet is found an the flats five-eighths of a mik to the sou£h- ward of the point, and no directions can be given for avoiding them other than to keep the lead con- stantly going, and on no account to stand into less than four fathoms. On the southwestern side of the passage, from Ram Head to Hay Beach Point, the shore is very foul,-jlai.,s wtending <ff to the norlhew!tward, in scnne pkroes, a mile and an eighth from shore; and twelve feet is found seven-eighths of a mile to the northward of Ram Island. These :fiats are not buoyed, and in order to avoid them you must keep the lead well in hand, and not stand into less than three and a quarter fathoms. When ·within half a mile of Long Beach Point Light-house, which marks the western extremity of Long Beach Point Shoal, a black spar-buoy (No. 1) will be seen to the northward Hay Beach of the course, bearing about NW. i W., and three-quarters ofa mile off. This is on Point Fiats. the northern end of Hay Beach Point Flats, and the sailing-line passes to the east- ward of it, about midway between it and the light-house. This buoy bears from the perpendicularly-striped buoy at the entrance WNW. Westerly, distant about two miles and five- eighths, and from Long Beach Point Light-house W. t :N., distant nearly nine hundred yards. The light-house marks the west.em extremi~ of Long Beach Point Shoal, which Long Be a ch extends from that point in a SW. by W. l W. direction for eight hundred and fifty Point Shoal, yards, is bare at low water for three hundred and fifty yards, has six feet at low water nine hundred yards from the point, and only seven feet two hundred yards from the light-house. When abre.ast of the light-house, if bound int,o Orient Harbor, the course turns abruptly \"to the northward,-running about N. t E.,--and you must look out, on' the western side of the entrance, for Gkavd Poi,nt Shoal, which makes off from th.at point to the eastward for a mile, with from seven to twelve feet at low water. It is not buoyed, and t:o avoid it veBSels should not, when in it.s vicinity, stand to the westward of Long Beach Point Light-house bearing SE. by S. i S. Oft' Hay Beach Point will be seen a red. spar-buoy, which marks the Sheep Head 811Hp Hud Rocks, and is usually left t:o the northward. Sheep Head Rooks a.re a detached group, Rqcb. with three feet at low water upon them, lying oft' Cleaves' Point. The buoy, which is marked No. 2, is placed SSE. of them, in three fathoms,-Long Beach Point Light-houae bearing E. by S. ! s.. and Hay .Bea.ch Point S. by W. l W. The sailing-line passes well to the southward of the buoy, (as Hay Beach Point is quite bold\"'.ro on its northern side,) and the channel now turns to the southwestward, with Conkling's Point in mn~ with the western end of the woods on Rocky Point. On this course lou will see to the northward, bearing about W. by S. i B., and three-quarters of a mile off, another red spar-buoy. This .is on the southern end · Greenport of' Greenport Flats, whieh extend about .SB. by S. -f s .• for a quarter of a mile, from Flat.. the eastern point of entrance to Stirling Basin, and have three feet at low water an eighth of a mile from shore. The buoy, which .is marked No. 4, is plaoed on their south~ end in eighteen feet, and ~ from Hay Beach ~~t w. bl S. ls., a littre over ~ve-eighths of a mile, and from the eastern .pomt of entrance to Stirling Basm SB. by S. f s .• a little over a quarter of a mile distant. When past. it you may anchor anywhere between the Greenport shore and Derinfis Point,-only being carclW to give the latter a berth of' three hundred and fiftY yards. as it is oomeWhat shoal. . But, if i11i.en.ding ta etde1- 8helJ,e;r Ililnlnd Sou:nti., oontinu,e . the COlll'Se to the eouthwe:ltward towards Conkling's Point, and when o-ff Dering's Point a red spar-buoy will be seen to the north-

GARDINER'S BAY. 515 ward of the course, bearing about WSW., and distant nearly twelve hundred Fanning'a Point yards. This is on Fanning's Point Shoal, which makes off to the southeastward from Shoal. Fanning's Point for an eighth of a mile. The buoy is marked No. 6, placed in six- teen foet off the southern end of the shoal, and bears from the red buoy on Greenport Flats SW. ! W., distant nearly a mile, and from Hay Beach Point SW. by W. t w., distant a mile and a half. When past this buoy both shores are bold-to, and you may keep in the middle of the passage,--only observing to give Rocky Point a berth of three hundred yards to the southeastward on entering Southold Bay. The course now turns a little to the eastward of S., (say S. by E. t E.,) and keeping the eastern shore of Southold Bay best aboard until you are within half a mile of Hallock's Point, when a red spar-buoy (No. 6) will appear off that point, bearing about S. t E., and ha]f a mile distant. This is on Hallock's Point Shoal, and is distant from the point Ha/lock's Point only about one hundred yards. The sailing-line passes to the eastward of it; but you Shoal. mu.'lt be careful, after passing it, to keep in the middle of the passage until you can see the black spar-buoy oif Jessup's Neck, as both shores are shoal. Shoal wafer makes off to the east- ward from Great Hog Neck for thirteen hundred yards, with twelve feet; andfrmn lVest Neck to the. westward for nearly a mile, with sixteen feet,-the latter shoal obstructing the entrance to N oyack Bay. There should be a buoy on the southwestern end of this shoal,-the present buoy being half a mile to the eastward of it; and such change will be recommended. When about three-quarters of a mile to the southward of Hallock's Point, the course turns to the southwestward, and there wiJl soon be seen, off Je&Sup's Point, a little to the south- ward of the course, bearing about s SW., and half a mile off, a black spar-buoy. This Jessup's lfeck is on the northern end of Jessup's Neck Shoal, which makes o:ff in a northerly direc- Shoal. tion for three hundred yards, and has less than twelve feet an eighth of a mile to the northward of the northern end of the neck. The buoy, which is marked No. 3, is placed in three fathoms, and bears from Hallock's Point Shoal buoys. i W., distant a mile and five-eighths. The sailing-line into Little Peconic Bay passes to the westward of it, and when abreast of it a red spar- buoy will be seen, well to the northward of the course, bearing about SW. by W. ! W., and seven-eighths of a mile off. This is on Great Hog Neck Shoal, a very ex- Great Hog lfeck tensive pia.-e of shoal ground making off to the southwestward from Great Hog Neck Shoal. for nearly a mile and three-quarters, with not more than seven feet at low water a mile and three-eighths SW. i W. from the neck. The buoy is marked No. 10, placed in fifteen feet at low water, on the eastern side of the shoal, and vessels of greater draught than fift.ecn feet should give it a berth to the westward of not less than eight hundred and fifty yards,-passing it in six fathoms. The eastern shore of Little Peconic Bay is {,'Omparatively bold-to, and you may approach .Jessup's Neck within three-eighths of a mile, and the shore between Jessup's and Cow necks within half a mile, with not less than four fathoms at low water. If bound irdo the bight between GrroJ, Hog Nook a'lid Liitle Hog Nook you must keep the latter shore aboard, passing within half a mile of it, and con- tinuing to the northward until you see a red spar-buoy, about three-eighths of a mile from the north shore. This is the \"Anchoring Buoy,\" and vessels may carry eighteen feet at low 8water up to. it. But, if bound f;h~ough into Great Pe.conic Ba!' ~ou must look out, Little Hog Neck when oft\" Little Hog Neck, for Little Hog Neck Shoal, which es off to the south- Shoal. ward from ~hat neck for seven hundred yaros~ and is marked bl a red spar-buoy (No. l~) placed m tw:o fathoms,-the northern extremity of Jessup s Neck bearing NE. f E •• distant three miles and :five-€1ghths, and ~e southern. extremity of Great Hog N eek bear!iig N. f- E .• distant six hundred and fifty yards. This buoy marks a:Jso the eastern point of entrance to Cutchogue Harbor, and may be rounded at a. distance of one hundred yards by vessels bound into that harbor. V esscls must not,, howeyer, attempt to enter. this harbor without a pilot, unless they are of less than ten feet draught, m which case they may pass safely in by $!;ving the Little Hog Neck shore a berth to the eastward of about a quarter of a. mile, when they willba:ve not less than eleven feet at low water. When abreast of the red_ buoy on Little Hog Neck Shoal, a black spar-buoy will be seen to the southward of the ~'Ollrse, bearing SW~ by S. l B., and about a mile off. This is on the northern end <>f Cow Neck Flats, which make off from Cow Neck about N. by E. CawlfeckFla&. for twelve hundred yards, and have kss than twelve feet upon them at low water. w.abFT.erhnaoe~rm,sb~£uetrohopy?ies,1twbtpuhheoienYcdh:reitihds~eImbysna;oro.kuymettdohpn~eNdLoe.ibnt5utdl,oeoyifs.HmRp~OJtahbcebeNdieenncistnk'r the two fathoms on i . northern Bnd of the afiaqts~a.nd w a mile and Shoal S. by , dist.ant w. i N., distant five-eighths of a mile, Island bears Peoonic Bay SW. by W. ! W., distant a lll.lle and five:-eightbs. . ance h> Great hby a ~Bbeatrw, ~eaecrnoBCB~od~we,~eaennkdo,at:ntmodogRrueoidtbhebainvn,e.ssf'osIeuslrsltaoinn,ndcftrehodsespianJa,gskeYtahug,ee'WbisOartieh,rraeceasp-nqaubr-eabrtutaeokreysn, o.pfaianTtm.he<eillecwwhhaiidnteen,eablnuidst is closed perpen~ ~pee, ba8 beeii_plaeed in but four Rol:)bins Island West Flats. By pBElling black in yon will not have lesri :f.bmt foUl\"teen. teeL · thirteen feet, about six ohrusnodurethdwyaarrddsoftotlrti4sebsuoouythcwl<aJrSdeo-~l' either to the northward

516 ATLANTIC ()()AST PILOT. Ro/Jl>ins' 181.nd Robbins' Island West Flats extend about SW. from that i\"lland,,for a mile and a West Flttt,s. quarter, with nine feet at low water, and are not marked except by the striped buoy above mentioned. ·vesscls beating in Great Peconic Bay may avoid them by giving the island a berth to the eastward of a mile and three-eighths, where they will pass in three and a quarter fathoms. In Great Peoonic Bay there are no obstructions, and vessels may stand from shore to shore by simply using the lead with care, and not standing into less than sixteen feet, as the water shoals grad- nally on both shores. If bound to Jamespvrt, they must, when abreast of the perpendicularly-stripi;d buoy at the entrance to the bay, steer to the westward, (say about W. l N.,) on which course there will soon be seen, bearing about NW. by W. ! W., and half a mile off, a Aque6ogue Flaf$. red spar-buoy. This is on .A.quebogue Flats, which make off from the northwestern shore of the bay, just to the eastward of Jamesport Entrance, and have less than five feet seven-eighths of a mile from shore. The buoy, which is marked No. 14, is :elaeed in two futhoms on the southeastern edge of the flats, and bears from the perpendicularly-striped buoy at the entrance to the bay W. t N., distant three miles and a half. When up with this buoy the course turns slightly to the northward, and there will be seen nearly ahead, but a little to the southward of the course, a black spar-buoy, and a red spar-buoy directly ahead. The latter, which must be left to the northward, is on the southern side of the Jamesport Plms, which make off to the southeastward, from the wharf-line of the village, a quarter of a mile. The former is on Southport Flats, a very extensive sand spit, with from three to five :feet water upon it, which makes off from Southport Point to the northward for five-eighths of a mile. The sailing-line passes between the two buoys; and here the channel is very narrow,-its width, between Southport Flats buoy and the wharf-line of James- port, being only about three hundred yards, with a depth of thirteen feet. Beyond this no description of dangers or sailing directions can be given. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING .AND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. #,.,,_,,,., orI . .Pr- the ~rd, &-n4 to ~•»orl Htff\"bor and t1ae .Pe-fe .Baus.-1. Having e-.e ~.,_ JICa'ia 0-.ael Bloek Illland Souncl!.-On thew. Northerly course through Block Island Sound, (see page 366,) when Watch Hill Light-house bears N. by E. ! E., distant three miles and three-quarters, Race Rook Light-house W. :f N., seven miles and seven-eighths, and Little Gull IsJand Light-house W. l S., distant ten miles and three-quarters, you will have nineteen fathoms, and must steer W. by S. t S. for fourteen miles, until Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. ! E., about a mile, and Plum Island Light-house NW. t W., ne.arly three miles distant. Herc the depth will be seven fathoms, and you must steer SW. i W. into the bay, carrying not less than nve fathoms, until Long Beach Point Light-house bears w NW., and Gardiner's Island Light- house NE. by E. t E. Here you will have five and a half fathoms, and W. by N. t N. will lead to the perpendicularly-striped buoy off Long Beach Shoal. When up with this buoy continue the course towards the highest part of Hay Beach Point until Long Beach Point Light-house bears N. by W. t w .. distant half a mile, and the point itself :NE. by N. !- N., distant seven-eighths of a mile, where you will have ten fathoms, and must steer NW. f N. for about seven-eighths of a mile, or until the northern end of Hay Beach Point bears W. ;f s. Now steer W. t N., carrying not less than four and a quarter fathoms, until yon c01ne abreast of ·the red spar-buoy on the Sheep Head Rooks, and have the middle of Hay Beach Point bearing S. t w. Now at.eer SW. :f W., and anchor oil' the town of Greenport in from eight ro thirteen fathoms; but, if bound imo &rdhold .Bay or the Peconic Bays, when Dering's Point bears S. by E. i E. and Farming's Point W. by S. i S., steer SW. l W. for tbree- qnarters of a mile, or until you come abreast of Fanning's Point Shoal buoy and the ferry on the Hill's Point shore. Hence the course is SW. t W. until you come abree.st of.Conk.ling's Point, after which. it turns to the northwestward, (say about NW. by w. f W.,) keeping in mid-channel, and rounding Rocky Point at a distance of a quarter of a mile. .As soon as you bring Hallock's Point to bear S. i E., distant a mile and a quarter, steer s. by E. t E., carrying not less than five and a half fathoms, until the BOuthern extremity of West Neck beam E. f S. and Jessup's Point S. by W. ! W. Now, if brmnd i'TIJ,o Noya.ck Bay, continue the course t.o the 601lthward, and anchor in from three to four fathoms, at your discretion. But, if baund into .LiJlk Pec<mio Bay, when the southe:rn end of West Neck bem:s E. ! s. and the J10l't'hem extremity of J:essup's Necks. by w.·:f w~ as before, steer sw. by s., carrying not JESS than six fathoms, until you oome abreast of the l'ed spar-buoy Ga G~

GARDINER'S BAY. 517 Hog Neck Shoal, and the southern extremity of Little Hog Neck bears SW. by Sailing Oirec- W. ! W. Now, if bound through and into Great Peconic Bay, steer SW. ! w.. tions---6ard- crossing the bar in fourteen feet at low water; but, if intending to anchar frt the bight iner's Bay and between Great and Little Hog necks, when the southern extremity of the latter bears Tributaries. W. by s. i S., dist.ant a mile and an eighth, and the southern extremity of the former NE. by N., distant two miles and five-eighths, steer NW. by N. t N., which will lead to the anchorage. Or, wi-shing to enter Outchogue Harbar and New Suffollt, when, on the SW. t W. course, you come abreast of the red spar-buoy (No. 12) on Little Hog Neck Shoal, and the northern end of Robbins' Island bears W. by N. i N., steer that course for six hundred yards, or until the southern extremity of Little Hog Neck bears N. by E. !- E., distant half a mile. Now steer NW. by N. ! N. for seven-eighths of a mile, carrying not less than three and a quarter fathoms, until the southern extremity of the peninsula upon which New Suffolk is built bears W. by N., when W. t N. will lead safely to the anchorage off the village. But, if bound info Great Peconic Bay, you may continue the SW. !- W. course, after crossing the bar, and anchor, at discretion, on the southern. side of the bay in frorp. three t:o four fathoms. Or, if baund to Ja11iesport, you may, when abreast of the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the southern end of Robbins' Island West l:!\"'Iats, steer W. i N., which course will lead safely through the middle of the bay, and, with not less than thirteen feet water, to the anchorage. The above courses pass two hundred yards to the southward of the striped buoy off Constellation Rock; a mile and an eighth to the southward of Bedford Reef; five-eighths of a mile to the north- ward of Gardiner's Point; a quarter of a mile lo the southward of the southeastern end of Long Beach Shoal; four hundred yards t:o the westward of Long Beach Point Light-house; three hundred yards to the eastward, and four hundred yards t:o the northward, of Hay Beach Point Flats; two hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Sheep Head Rocks; four hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Greenport Flats; an eighth of a mile to the southeastward of the red buoy on Fanning's Point Shoal; the same distance t:o the eastward of the red buoy off Hallook's Point; two hundred yards to the westward of the black buoy off Jessup's Neck; seven hundred yards to the east- ward of the red buoy off Great Hog N eek Shoal; the same distance to the eastward of the red buoy off I ..ittle Hog Neck Shoal; six hundred and fifty yards to the northwestward of the black buoy o:lf Cow Neck Flats; an eighth of a mile to the eastward, and four hundred yards to the southward, of the perpendicularly-striped buoy off Robbins' Island '\\Vest Flat.s; three hundred yards to the southward of the red spar-buoy off Aquebogue Flats; close-to to the southward of the red spar-buoy off Jamesport Flats; and about one hun~ yards to the northward. of the black spar-buoy off &uthport Flats.. To..,....,. f2. 6-d\"-ner'• ....,,,,.._ n..e 1'1'or#A Clla81M'JZ •f Bl-*- .r..ia....i Sound.-On the W. S. course from off Point Judith; (see page 376,) when Block Island North Light-house bears SE. South- erly, distant seven miles, and Waooh Hill Light-house W. by fi. l N., about the same distance, you will have eighteen fathoms, and W. by S. is. will lead to the entrance t.o the bay, carrying not less than six fathoms. On this course, when Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. :f E., nearly one mile, and Plum Island Light-house NW. t W., nearly three miles distant, st.eer sw. i w. int:o the bay, and follow the directions given above. The course for the entrance to the bay passes about two miles and three-eighths to the northward of the striped buoy on Cerberus Shoal, and an eighth of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy off Constellation Rook. a.._.,,. #Jile ~_,,. ~ .Bloek .ZsJctnd •'1141 Montavk Pr»n#, eo etaeer 3. Htnnftll - 9-rd#._.• B..,.-On the NW. f- W. Westerly course through Block Island Sound, (see page 385,) when Mont.auk Point Light-house bears B. i W., dist.ant three miles and three-quarters, and Chocomount (on Fisher's Island) N. by W. t W., dist.ant nine miles and three-quarters, you will have about eleven fatho~ and must steer W NW., carrying not less than twelve fathoms, until Little Gull Island Light-house bears NW. t w;, distant four miles and a quart.er, and Gardiner's Island Light-hou8e W. t 8. Southerly, distant five miles and a quart.er. Here you Will have thirteen fathoms, and W. l N. will lead, with not less than nine fathoms, to the en~oo to the bay. On this course, when Gardiner'i:t ~land ·Light-house bears O .. f •~·distant about a mile, and Plum Island Light-house NW. t w., distant two miles and a half, steer aw. l w.• and fullow the directions given above.

'fil8 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. II. .Prom. the Ea#dwJard, bouHd to Sag Harb@r and thenee to the Peconk Bays.-When up with Gardiner's Point the channel is clear, through the bay, to the entrance to the harbor; but, if standing to the eastward on a wind, you should not go farther than to bring Gardiner's Island Light-house to bear NE. hy N., or Plum Island Light-house N. t W., in order to avoid Crow Shoal., Crow Shoal. a dangerous shoal making off from Crow Head (the western end of Gardiner's Island) in a SW.! W. direction for nearly a mile and three-quarters. There is but six feet on this shoal a. mile and three-eighths from shore, and eleven feet on its southwestern extremity, close to which is placed a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This buoy bears from Plum Island Light-house S. i E., distant five miles and seven-eighths; from Gardiner's Island Light- house SW. by S. -! S., four miles; and from the middle of Crow Head SW. by W. i W., distant about a mile and five-eighths. From this buoy Ram Head bears W. :f N., a little over four miles and a half, and the Outer Bar Buoy of Sag Harbor W. by S. k S., nearly three miles distant. If standing to the westward, do not approach Ram Head nearer than seven-eighths of a mile, nor the shore .of Shelter Island, between Ram Island and Nichol's Point, nearer than Ram Island two miles, in order to avoid Ram Island Flats, which extend from that island about Flat8. SE. over a mile and a quarter, with from seven to eleven feet at low water. Between the southern end of these fiats and Hedge's Banks (just to the eastward of Cedar Point) extends a fourteen feet bar, known a<i Sag Harbor Bar, a.cross which ve&iels must pass to enter the harbor. The channel is, however, well buoyed,--0. red spar-buoy being placed on its northern side in sixteen feet, a black spar on its southern side in the same depth, and a striped buoy on an obstruction in the middle. The first named, which is marked No. 2 and known as \"Outer Bar Buoy,\" bears from Plum Island Li~ht-house B. by W. l W., distant seven miles; from Gardiner's Island Light-house SW. t W., six miles and a half; and f.rom the striped buoy ou Crow Shoal W. by S. ! S., disumt nearly three miles. The black buoy, which is marked No. 1, is placed on the northeastern end of Cedar Point Shoal, about six hundred yards SW. by S. ts. from the Outer Bar Buoy, and bears from Gardiner's Island Light-house SW. l W., distant six miles and three-quarters, and from the striped buoy on Crow Shoal W. by S. ! S., distant three miles and an eighth. Cedar Cedar Point Point Shoal makes off to the westward and northward from Cedar Point, and has five Shoal. feet on its northern end more than a quarter of a mile .from shore, and twelve feet just inside the buoy. On its western end, about seven hundred yards from Cedar Point, is built the light-house, already described on page 509. The striped buoy in the middle of the entrance is placed close to a detached rock, with nine feet upon it, called Dangerous Rock. The buoy is painted red and black in horizontal stripes, lies six hundred yards E. l N. from the black buoy on the northeastern end of Cedar Point Shoal, and the same distanoo SE. by S. from Outer Bar Buoy. You may pa&'! on either side of it; but it is usual to pass to the northward. From this buoy the northern end of Ram Head bears NW. Northerly, a little over two miles and five-eighths; Nichol's Point W. ! N. Northerly, a mile and seven-eighths; and Cedar Island Light-house W. by S. i S., a mile and a half distant. When up with the black spar-buoy on the northeastern end of Cedar Point Shoal, another black spar will be seen, bearing a.bout W. f S., and a little over half a. mile off. This is on the northweatern end of Cedar Point Shoal, in thirteen feet water,-Cedar Island Light-house bearing SW. by W.,a little over five-eighths of a mile; the red buoy on Nichol's Point Shoal W. by N. ! N. Northerly, thre&-quart;ers of a mile; and the red buoy on Single Rock W SW,. a mile and an eighth distant. Between this buoy and Cedar Island Light-house is a dangerous part of the clw.nnel for large vessel!!, as there is a thirfRR:A fed s-p<>t lying almost e:xaclly midwa;y between Odar Poim and Nwhol!s Point, whieh is not buoyed. This shoal bears s. by E. t E. from the ~ end of Ram Island; SE. by E. :f E. from Niehol's Point; NW. by N. t N. from Cedar Point; and N. :f E. from Cedar Island Light- house,-beinuistant from the latter about eight hundred yards. A. good way to avoid it is to pass close to the b . • spar-buoy on the northwest.em end of Cedar Point !;'hOal, and steer for the red buoy on Single Rock; but the services of a pilot are needed here if you wish to pass safely and with certainty. llichora Point Nichol's Point Shoal makes off from Nichol's Point, in an eastierly direction, for Sltoal. six hundred and filly yards, and has two feet upon it a short distance inside the buoy. The latter, which is painted red and marked No. 4, is placed in sixteen feet, and bears from the black spar-bnoy on the northwestern end of Cedar Point Shoal W. by N~ t l!f. Northm'ly, about three-quarters of a mile, and from Outer Bar Buoy W~ l 8.1 nearly a. mile and a. halfd!stant. From this buor Cedar. Island Light-h.ouse bears s. by E. ! :E.,· five-eighths of a mile, and Single Rock.· buoy S SW., tlllile-quart.ers of a. mile distant. · The channel, which is about eight hundred yards wide between the lines of three fathoms, turns abruptly to the southward, between Nichol's Point Shoal buoy a.nd Cedar Tuland Light-house,-

GARDINER'S BAY. 519 the sailing-line passing midway between that light-house and Single Rock. This Single Rock. rock, which has three feet upon it, lies near the edge of the flats, on Ow we,si;ern side of the passage, exactly midway between Nichol's and ~{ashornuck points, and about a quarter of a mile from shore. It is marked by a red spar (No. 6) placed in three fathoms, on its eastern side, and bearing from Nichol's Point Shoal buoy SSW., distant three-quarters of a mile; from the black spar-buoy on the northwestern end of' Cedar Point Shoal WSW., a mile and an eighth; and from Cedar Island Light-house W. i S., nearly half a mile distant. 'Vhen between this buoy and the light- house a black spar-buoy will be seen to the eastward of the course, bearing about S. by E. t E., and a little over half a mile off. This is on the edge of \\Vest Harbor West Harbor Flats, which occupy the whole of West Harbor, between Cedar Point and Russel's Flats. Neck, with less than six feet at low water. The buoy is marked No. 5, placed in thirteen feet on the western edge of the flats, and marks the eastern limits of the channel. It bears from Cedar Island Light-house S. i W., nearly twelve hundred yards, and from Single Rock buoy SE. l S., nearly fourteen hundred yards distant. Vessels must be careful not to bring this buoy in range with Cedar Island Light-house when to the southward of it, as the flats extend a long ways from shore and are very abrupt. A good rule is not to go to the eastward of the light-house bearing N. by E. t E., until you are up with the black buoy off Russel's Neck. This buoy, which is marked No. 7, is placed in sixteen feet on the southwest.em end of the fiats, and between seven and eight hun- dred yards to the northward of Russel's Neck. It bears from the eastern end of ~fashomuck Point S. t E., distant half a mile, and from Cedar Island Light-house S. by W. ! W., distant nearly a mile and three-eighths. Mashomuck Point is comparatively °bQld-to, and may be approached within three hundred yards with not less than three fathoms. When abreast of the black buoy on the southwestern end of West Harbor Flats, there will be seen ahead two red spar-buoys on the north side, and two black spar-buoys on the south side of the channel, which here turns to the westward and is quite narrow,-being only about two hundred and fifty yards wide. The red spar-buoy first met with is marked . No. 8, and placed in sixteen feet on the soui,/u>n,stern, end of The Sand Spit, a great sand Tits Sand Spit. shoal occupying the middle of Shelter Island Sound, between Hog Neck and Masho- mnck Point, and extending NW. by N. and SE. by S. for more than a mile and a half. It is dry in some places at low water, but for most of its length has a depth of from four to ten feet upon it. An iron spindle, surmounted by a keg, stands upon the dry part of the shoal, about a quarter of a mile from it.<i southern end, and bears from Mashomuck Point SW.! W., distant nearly three-quar- ters of a mile, and from the black spar-buoy on the northwestern part of West Harbor Flats SW. by W. !- W., distant a mile and a quarter. The stone beacon and wooden tower, which formerly stood upon this shoal, were destroyed during the winter of 1874. On the south side of the channel, directly opposite to the red spar-buoy (No. 8) and about three hundred yards from it, is a black spar (No. 9 ;) and four hundred yards to the west- ward of this is another bla.ck spar (No. 11.) Both of these are on the northern side Barcelona Bank of Barcelona Bank Shoal, which makes off from Barcelona Bank, (the northwestern Shoal. extremity of Russel's Neck,) in a westerly direction, for three-quarrers of a mile, with a depth of from three to sevE>.n feet upon it. Opposite to the westernmost buoy, and three hundred yards from it, on the north side of the passage, is a red spar-buoy (No. 10,) which is on the sotdhern end of The Sand Spit, and nearly a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on the south- eastern end of the Spit. Between these two red buoys on the north, and the two black buoys on Barcelona. Bank Shoal on the south, runs the channel with a deNb of not less than three fathoms and a width of about three hundred yards. . ' When abreast of the red buoy on the southern end of The Sand Spit a small, low, bare islet will be seen to the ro?th~ of the course, bearing about W. by s. ! s., and distant half a. mile. To the southward of this will .he seen the town of Sag Harbor, but you cannot make a direct course for it th:eeo~ acconnt of the /,ong· reef which CO'ni1WC'l8 thiB i8let with, the shore, and which is bare at low water for a <l:_J.Stance of hundred and filly yards inshore of the islet. This reef has in no place more than six feet upon it, and many sunken rocks, with from iosnlaendtoanthdrteheefSeeatgaHt alorwbowr sahteor~.lieAsrtapttreerseedntotvheer it; and there is consequently no passage between the rule is to give the islet a. berth to -the southward of not less than three hundred yards; but there sho~ld be a black s~-bu~ placed near the two feet rock about, one hundred yar<ls to the north'WUJl\"d of the iskl,, and such action will be recommended, as this is the turning point in the channel leading to Sag Harbor. When abreast of the islet a red spar-buoy will be seen bearing a.bout SW. by W. ! w .• and six hundre? and fifty yards off. This is on the emtem, end of Hog Neck Shoal, is marked No. 12, and placed m twelve feet at low water. . Two hundred and fifty yards to the southwestward of it is another red spar (No. 14,) placed on the smdhern end of the same shoal, in ten. feet water. The sailing-line leads close by both buoys, and then towards the long wharf in Sag Harbor, carrying not less than h\".'elve feet at low wat.er. . The proper position for No. 12 buoy would seem to be about a quarter of a mile t.o the northeastward of its present position, and the same distance to the northwestward of th.e

-020 ATLANTIC COAST P:ELOT. small islet above mentioned. If such change were made, and a buoy placed. on the northern end of the shoal making off from that islet, the channel into Sag Harbor would be sufficiently well marked. The position proposed for the red buoy No. 12 is near a nine fed spot on the north- Hog Ned Skoal. eastern end of Hog N eek Shoal, six hundred and filty yards to the eastward of the Hog Neck shore, and half a mile nearly due W. from the spindle on The Sand Spit. Thus both sides of the channel would be well marked, and the passage west of The Sand Spit, leading into Shelter Island Sound, might be utilized even for strangers. At present this passage, though good for nineteen feet at low water, cannot be usoo except by vessels which have local pilots on board,· as the western side of The Sand Spit (which is the most dangerous) is not buoyed. Strangers mu8t, therefore, pass to the eastward of The Sand Spit, between it and l\\fashomuck Point, carrying only sixteen feet at low water. P38Sing through this channel into Shelter Island Sound no dangers are met with, after passing The Sand Spit, except a fourteen fed shoal about three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the northern end of Hog Neck, and three hundred yards from shore; and a twelve fed rock two hundred yards northeast of the northern end of the neck ;-neither of which is buoyed. They are easily avoided by giving the neck a berth of a quarter of a mile to the westward to avoid the former, and its northeast point a berth to the westward and southward of three hundred yards to avoid the latter. On rounding Hog Neck, if bound through Shelter Island Sound, the course turns abruptly to the westward, and both shores are comparatively bold-to until you approach the north- Hog Neck Flats. western end of Hog N eek, where the Hog N eek Flats make out to the westward for nearly five-eighths of a mile, with less than fifteen feet water, and are not buoyed. This part of the channel requires careful navigation, even with an experienced. pilot, although it is in no place less than two hundred and fifty yards wide, with a depth of not less than twenty-three feet at low water. When abreast of the northwestern end of Hog Neck there will be seen a little to the northward of the course, bearing about W. f S., and distant nearly a mile, a red spar-buoy. This West Neck buoy is on the southe:rn end of West Neck Shoal, is marked No. 2, and placed in twelve Shoal. feet water about five-eighths of a mile to the southward of West Neck Point, to mark the northern side of the channel. This buoy bears from Hallock's Point SW.-! S., nearly a mile and five-eighths; from the northern extremity of Jessup's Neck NE. by E. ! E., a mile and an eighth; and from the northwestern end of Hog Neck W. t N., nearly one mile distant. This buoy should either be moved to the westward about twelve hundred yards, so as to mark the 80'Utlir western extremity of the shoal, or another red spar-buoy should be placed in the new position, to mark the northeastern limits of the channel. Such change will be recommended. From the red spar-buoy on the southern end of West Neck Shoal the black spar on Jessnp's Neck Shoal bears w. by S. j- S., distant nearly a mile and an eighth. Beyond this the dangers in Little and Great Peoonic bays are the same as those described on pages 515-516. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. II. ~ ,.,_ ~rd, \"-\"ad -ro Sa.g Barbor - a u.enee eo ~A.e .F'lettonk ..a..,..-When off' Gardiner's Point, (see page 516,) with the light-house hearing SE.! E.,dist.ant about a mile, yon will have seven fathoms, with Cedar Island Light-house bearing SW. t 8., distant nearly seven miles and three-quarters. From this position the course is SW.! S. for Out.er Bar Buoy, passing to the south- ward of it close-to, and steering W. by 8. t S., until you come exactly between Cedar Island Light- house a.nd the red heoy on Nichol's Point Shoal,-having the former bearing S. by E. ! E., a quarter of a mile distant. Round the light-house at nearly this dist.a.nee, (passing about midway between it and the red buoy on Single Rock,) and st.eer S. ! W., carrying not less than twenty-three feet, with the black buoy on the southwestern end of West Harbor Flats a little to the eastward of the oourse. Now, if baund oo Sag Harbor, pass about one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of this buoy and steer to the westward, leaving the red buoys on the southern end of The Sand Spit, and the black buoys on the northern side of Barcelona Bank Shoal, at equal distances to the northward and southward. When abreast of the red buoy (No. 10) on the southern end of The &nd Spit, steer W. i N. for about eight hundred and fifty yards, until you come a.breast of the small sand islet off Sag Harbor. RoWld this islet at a distance of three hundred and fifty yards, pass close to the red buoy (No. 12) on the east.em end of Hog Neck S.hooJ, and then steer for the long ·wharf in Sag Harbor.

GARDINER'S BAY. 521 The above courses pass nearly seven hundred yards to the northward of the Sailing Direc- striped buoy on Dangerous Rock; six hundred yards to the southward of the south- tions---Gard- eastern end of Ram Island Flats; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the black in er• s and buoy on the northeastern end of Cedar Point Shoal; two hundred yards to the north- Peconic bays. ward of the black buoy on the northwestern end of the same shoal; seven hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the red buoy on Nichol's Point Shoal; four hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Cedar Island Light-house; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the red buoy on Single Rock; the same distance to the westward of the black spar-buoy (No. 5) on the western edge of West Harbor Flats; the same distance to the eastward of J\\fashomuck Point; one hundred yards to the westward of the black spar-buoy (No. 7) on the southwestern end of West Harbor Flats; about one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the red spar-buoy (No. 8) on the south- eastern end of The Sand Spit; the same distance to the northward of the black spar-buoy (No. 9) on the northern side of Barcelona Bank Shoal; the same distance to the southward of the red spar-buoy (No. 10) on the southern end of The Sand Spit; the same distance to the northward of the black spar-buoy (No. 11) on the north side of Barcelona Bank Shoal; three hundred and fifty yards to the northward, and four hundred yards to the westward, of the small islet off Sag Harbor; fifty yards to the eastward of the red spar-buoy (No. 12) on the eastern end of Hog Neck Shoal; and the same distance to the eastward of the red spar-buoy (No. 14) on the southern mid of that shoal. B~, i f 'ntcnding to pass through Shelter .CalaflA Sound and tl&ence into u~e Pe,canic B a v a . - When, on the S. f W. course from between Cedar Island Light-house and the red buoy on Single Rock, the light-house is brought to bear NE. by N. i N., steer SW. by S. t S. for half a mile, carrying not less than four fathoms, until the eastern end of Mashomuck Point bears N. Westerly, a quarter of a mi~e, and the spindle on The Sand Spit W. by S. k S., twelve hundred yards distant. Now steer W. ! N. for a. little over half a. mile, or until the spindle on The Sand Spit bears S. by W. i W., distant a quarter of a mile, and the northeast.em extremity of Hog Neck NW., distant more than a mile and three-quarters. Here you will have nineteen feet, and NW. ! N. will lead, with not less than nineteen feet, past the northern end of Hog Neck. On this course, when the northeast~rn end of the neck bears SW. by S. l S., distant four hundred yards, you must steer w. by S. t s., carrying not less than four fathoms, until you come abreast of the red buoy on the southern end of West Neck Shoal. When past this buoy continue the course to the westward until Hallock's Point bears N NW., and the northern extremity of Jessup's Neck SW. by W. ! W., about three-quarters of a mile distant, when steer W. i S. for about five-eighths of a mile, until past the black spar-buoy off Jessup's Neck, and the southern end of Little Hog Nook bears SW. f W. Now steer SW. by S., and follow the directions given on pages 616-517 for the Peconic Bays. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. III. .....,...... #1&6 w~. &v #h P f - Gld ~.-Plum Gut, as before mentioned on page 508, is th~ passage between Plum Is1and and Oyster Pond Point,-the latter being the north- ~tc:n;i extremity.of Long Island. It is a mile and a.n eighth wide, but the available channel is rl1minished to a width of' twelve hun dred/ ards, between the lines of three fathoms by Oyster Pond a dangerous shoal, known as Oyster Pon Reef, which makes off from Oyster P~nd J?oint in an E. by N. ! N. direction for twelve hundred yards, and has less than four f~t upon it, at m~ lo~ water, at ~ distance of ~ght hundred yards from shore. A Reef. spmdle, surmounting a circular gramt.e structure, JS placed near the ea.st.em edge of the reef, in three feet water, about seven hundred and :fifty yards from Oyster Pond Point; and vessels of more than eighteen feet draught must give it a berth to the westward of not less than four hundred and fifty yarcls. The must dangerous obstruction in the Gut, however, is oil' the northwest point of Plum Island, ~ the Iigbt;..house, where a reef makes off to tAe tne&ward for aJxmi one hundred and fifty yards; and a dangerous eight feet rook, ca.lied Beebe Rock, lies about seventy-five Be9/Je Rock. yards SW. by W. from the point. This reef~ which has from six to ten feet water upon .it, projecting a.cross the tides in Long Island Sound and the Gut, (which come from opposite du:ootions,) forms a very dangerous rip or overfall, which cannot be crossed with safety, except by powerful sreamers or by sailing vesse.ls with a very strong fair wind. It is best, therefore, to give ~orth.west Point a berth of about throo-eightbs of a mile to the eastward, passing about midway vetween it and 1he spindle on Oyster Pond Reef. C. P.-66

522 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Nearly two hundred yards SW. from Beebe Rock is the Nortliwat Miildl.e, which has four fathoms, and is not dangerous except to vessels of the largest class; and nearly three The Middle hundred yards S. by E. from this is the shoal of The ]\\fiddle Ground, with nineteen Ground. feet at mean low water. The Middle Ground is an extensive shoal, lying in a N. by W. and S. by E. direction, and is composed of three distinct shoals, each about sixty yards in diameter, and separated from each other by narrow passages about thirty-five yards wide. The northeastern end of the shoal has but nineteen feet, and bears from Plum L<iland Light-house SW. ! s.. distant nearly five hundred yards. The northwestern end has four and a half fathoms, i;md the southern end four and a quarter fathoms. The only part of the shoal, therefore, which is dangerous is the northeastern end, where a red buoy should be placed as a guide to vessels drawing more than eighteen feet. Such action will be recommended. It is usual to pass to the westward of The }.fiddle Ground,-the channel between it and Oyster Pond Reef being in no place less than a quarter of a mile wide, with a depth of from five to thirty fathoms. Midway Shoal. 1\\'Iidway Shoal is a detached shoal, with from seventeen to eighteen feet upon it, lying at the southern end of the Gut, about seven hundred yards due S. from The }.fiddle Ground, and :five-eighths of a mile W. -! S. from Pine Point. It is easily avoided, although not buoyed, as the strong current, which has a velocity of from two to four miles an hour, sets past the shoal in the direction of the deep channel. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING GARDINER'S BAY. III. ..ll'rmn the Westward, \"11 the Pl~on G-ut pcursage.-On the E. course through the :J\\-Iain Channel of Long Island Sound, when Plum Island Light-hou...,\"C bears SE. l s .• distant a little over two miles and an eighth, Little Gull Tuland Light-house E. i S., a little over six miles and a quarter, and Oyster Pond Reef spindle S. by E. i E., distant two miles and three-eighths, you will have twenty-seven fathoms, and must steer for Plum Island Light-house until within seven-eighths of a mile of it, and Little Gull Island Light-house bears E. i N. and is in range with the northem end of Great Gull Island. Now steer s BE., carrying not less than eight fathoms, paBSing to the westward of The Middle Ground and to the eastward of Midway Shoal, and when Plum Island Light-house bears N. t W., distant one mile, Gardiner's Island Light-house SE. by E. ! E., distant two miles and three-quarters, and Pine Point NE., distant a little over half a mile, steer SW., if bound to Greenporl, which will bring you up with the perpendicularly-striped buoy at the entrance; or, if bound to Sag Harbor, steers SW., which will lead, with not less than four and a half fathoms, to the Outer Bar Buoy; after which you must follow the directions for the harbors given on pages 516-517 and 520-521. The above courses pass nearly four hundred yards to the westward of Beebe Rock; two hundred yards to the westward of the shoal of The Middle Ground; eight hundred yards to the eastward of the <'2SWrn end of Oyster Pond Reef; half a mile to the eastward of Oyster Pond Reef spindle; and about one hundred and seventy-five yards to the eastward of Midway Shoal. The current runs with such velocity in Plum Gut that it is not advisable for strangers to attempt to pass through, unless with a strong fair wind. LJ:GDT-DOUSES. L&titude. Longitude W e&t. F'a:ed or Interval Height Distance Revolving. above visible in NAME. of sea.. nautical Flash. - In arc. In time. level. miles. ,! h. Jn. 8. \"0 I 0 '\" m. s. Feet. ..4: 4:8 111 --· IFixed. 4:1 28 I 72 19 4:8 f, fs8 Ba -Fixed red. Plum ls1and Llght-houae•• _.. 10 49 13.IS Revolving. 0 so 76 14 .......... --..-..-.. 88 11 Gardiner'a hl&nd.J.i«ht-llouae •4:1 8 B9 '\"TB 8 f, fs9 ST -Fixed. .............. K 13 Long Be&ell Potnt Light-house '5 11 4:1 31 TB 18 S3 C«1ar Ialalld JJ&ht-houae---- 72 15 \"1 4:1 s SIS ! TIDES. COrreoHd Establ1811maat a Plum Oat.-· ••• - ----· .•• - •• ··-- •• ---· ••••••••.• ··-·-- ••• -·. •• •• 1ott um Jlllaan :a.tee and l'al1 o1' tidell- .• -- • - • - • -· ••• - -·· ·- •••• - ••••• - • - •• - - --· ·--- -- - •••• - • -- ••• - -- • 2.6 ft. VABJATIO:N OF THE COllfi\"A.88. The magnetic variation, for 1878, in Ga:rdiner's Bay is So '110' w., with an appro:s:ima.t.e annual increase of Ii'·

~• .~. \"' J.z., z_., z ,\"$.• t>i 1 ~· l~ i8 ~ ~ \"~'l l a ~ l

APPROACHES TO NEW YORK. 523 SOUTH COAST OF LONG ISLAND. The south.coast of Long Island bas a general course about W. by S. t S., for sixty-eight miles, from Montauk Point to Fire Island Inlet; and thence about W. t N., for a little over thirty-five miles, to the southwestern end of the island, (at Gravesend Ilay,) and the northern point of entrance to the Lower Bay of New York. It is a clean shore,-being safely approachable, within three-quarters of a mile, with not less than five fathoms, anywhere between ~Iontauk Point and Rockaway Inlet,-and, when viewed from seaward, presents but few characteristic features. This south coast is composed of a series of sand hillocke, backed by low dark woods; and the only break in the monotony of the outline is made by the inlets and the small vil1ages near- the beooh. Montauk Point, the eastern extremity of the island, will appear, when seen from seaward, as a high Montauk Point. sandy bluff, with perpendicu1ar faces, and somewhat undulating surface covered only with grass. Perched upon the top of the bluff, and close to its edge, stands the light-house, with the keeper's dwelling and the hut containing the fog- signal at its base. To the northward the country gradually descends, while along the coast, to the southwestward, the shore- line is broken up by several small coves, which cut the Hne of cliffs so as to present an appearance of low, grassy lands, alter- nated with high, perpendicular, sandy bluffs. Montauk Point Light-house is a white stone tower, ninety-nine and a half feet high, and shows a fixed Montauk Point white light, (varied every two minutes by flashes,) from a height of one hundred and sixty-nine and a lialf Light-house. feet above the sea, visible twenty mileB. The light is of the first order of Fresnel, and the flashes arc visible from three to four miles further than the fixed light, so that when first made it will appear as a revolving white light. The keeper's dwelling, which is painted brown, stands on a hill adja.oont to the light-house. The geographical position of this light- house is Latitude •• - ••• --- •••••• -- • -- ---· - - -- - •••••••••••••••••••••••••• 41° 41 13. 4.'' N. Longitude ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• '110 Ill' 26. 8\" w., and it bears from Miles. Davis' south Shoal L1ght-vea11el, W. by N. l N.•••••••. -· --- --- --- •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 91! Gay Head Light-h.ouse, w. by B. Southerly •••••••••••••••• -··-···--·-··--------------·--------- 491 Block Island Southea.at Light-house, w. by S. Southerly •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 14i Block Island North Light-house, BW. by w. i w .. - - . ·- ·•••••. ·- --- --- - ·- -· ---· -- --·· .• -- •. - - -- ·- 15t Point .Jud.1th Ltght-houae, SW. t w. ------ ·-- --- . -- --- --· .. --- -. -.. - --- . -. --- . -- --- . -- - -- - ----- - 24i Watch Blll Light-house, B. i W •••••••.•••••••••••••••••• ---- ---- •.•••••••••••• ---· ••.••••• ---- 14 The fog-signal is a Daboll air-trumpet, of the :fil\"l!t order, giving blasts of twelve BeCOnd.s' duration, at Fog-signal. intervals of fifty seconds, during foggy weather. .A.bout fourteen miles to the westward of Montauk Point, and half a mile back from the beach, will be seen the settlemenL of Amaga.nsett; and a mile and three quarters to the westward of this the village of East Hampton. .A. little over three miles to the westward of the latter is Wal.nsoolt; and a mile and three quarters to the westward of this Bagg Vllla.ge. A.ll of this part of the lioland is under cultivation, and so continues as fur as South Hampton, twenty-seven miles to the weBtward of Mon- tauk, and a mile and a half to the eastward of Shinnecock Bay. Thirty-three miles to th.e westward of Montauk is Shinnecock Inlet, about an eighth or a mile wide, Shinnecock Inlet. which leads into th<> large bnt shallow bay, about eight miles long, known as BlllDnecocll: Bay. It cannot be entered by etrangers,-being closed by a shifting sand bar, with less than six feet at low water. Yet this part of the ooOBt is well known to navigators, from the Shimlecocll: mna, about two miles and a half back from the beach, and :rom the light-house, on the north side of the bay, known as Shinnecock Light-house. This light-honBe Shinnecock Light- 1a on Pollquogue Point, about midway between the eastern and western ends of the bay, and a mile to house. the eastward of the inlet; and is looked for by all vessels approaching the coast from the southward or eastward. The tower is not often visible; but a.t night the light is seen, under favorable ciroumatances, at a distance of niueteen miles. The light-honse is a red brick tower, with grey dwelling attached, and shows a fixed white light, of the first order, from a height of one hundred and sixty feet above the sea. Its geographical position ie J.a.Utucle •••••• - •••••••.••• - - -- ..•.. - .• - • - - ...••• - . - - - ••••• - .• - ••• 600 Ill' 111 N. w.:Longitude •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -·-···--·------· •••••••••• 7110 301 1611 It is thirty-two and a quarter miles to the westward of Montank Point Light-hom!e, and thirty-five miles to the ea.stwa.rd. of Fire Island Light-houee. The bay, though broad, is shallow, and no description of it would be of use to navigatol\"I!. From Shinnecock Inlet to Fire Island Inlet, a little over thirty-four miles to the westward, the coast prf'Sents a.n unbroken line, composed of innumerable sand hillocks, backed by woods. Thie appearance is caused by a narrow strip of and, from two hundred to eight hundroed yards in width, which aepare.tes from the oeean the large but shallow bays, known as Moriche's Bay and Great South Bay. The former, which ie the eaeternmost and smallest, begins about lltoriche'a Bay. tw? miles to the westward of Shinnecock Bay, a.nd extends nearly twelve miles to the westward to Smith's Pomt,-the eutern point of entrance to Great South Bay. The villages of Quogue, Petunk, Speonll:, Seatuck, and Jlorichetl are situated on its northern shores, amid11t cultivated :fields backed by thick woods. Nearly tweniy-tbl'Be miles to the westward of Shinnecock Inlet is the easternmORt of the high sand hillocks which mar~ the approach to Fire laland Inlet, known as Watch mu. It is easily recognizable as being the :first hill or any prominenee met With to the westward or Shinnecock; and hence to the westward the shore ehows a series of sand hills, of various heights mrll,Ild steep faces to th<i southward, as as Fire Island Inlet. Prominent among these are the llead and Homa, fuur miles to the westward of Watch Hill ; and llutaad.'a mu., whieh stretch in a line about a mile long, between two and three miles to the W~ward or the Head a.nd Horns, and about Bix miles to the weer.ward of Wateb Hill.

ATLANT,IC COAST PILOT. FIRE ISLAND INLET. Fire falaud Inlet is easily recognized by the line of large white hotels on the beach, and the tall yellow light-tower on the eastern side of the inlet. It is the principal entrance to Great South Bay, and is about eight ]1undred yardB wide between East Point {the western end of F1re Isla.nd Bea.ch) and West Bea.ch Potnt, (the southeastern end of Oak Island.) Eighteen feet at low water may be taken a.cross the bar, through a very narrow channel; but, as this channel is not available except for steamers with a fair tide, the bar is so buoyed that not more than sixteen feet can be taken over it through a channel about two hundred and fifty yards wide. The bar is apt to shift in easterly gales; and the buoys are changed accordingly. Strangers should, therefore, not attempt to pass beyond the Outer Bar Buoy without a pilot, except in case of urgent necessity. A pilot may always be obtained by making the usual sigqal. ' East Point, the eastern point of entrance to the inlet, is a mere fiat sand spit, but little elevated above high water mark, and subject to change after every heavy gale. A mile and a half to the eastward of it is built the light- Fire Island Light- house, known as Fire Island Light-house,-a very important sea-coast light. It is a brick tower one hun- house. dred and fifty-two feet high, puinteci yellow, and attached to the keeper's dwelling, which is of dark grey stone with hipped roof. lt shows a revolving white light, of the first order, from a height of one hundred and sb<:ty-eight feet above the sea, visible twenty miles. The light revolves once a minute. Its geographical position is Latitude •••••.••..••••• -- ••.••.••...••••..•• -- ................... 40° 371 5fi\" N. Longitude •••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••.•••••••••••••.•••••••• 73° 13' 9\" w., and it is about sixty-seven miles to the westward of Montauk Point Light-house; thirty-five miles to the westward of Shinne- cock Light-house; thirty-one miles to the eastward of Sandy Hook Light-vessel; thirty-seven miles and three-quarters to the eastward of Navesink Light-houses; and thirty-seven miles to the eastward of Sandy Hook Light-house. (See View.) Oak Island, which forms the western side of the entrance to the inlet, iB of very irregular shape, about Oak Island. three miles long, and composed almost entirely of marsh faced on its southern side by a strip of sand cov- ered with low hillocks. On its eastern side is a narrow and shallow inlet, known as Whig Inlet; and about six hundred yards to the eastward of this is a flat sandy i.;let, lying about WNW. and EBE., fourteen hundred yards long, end Fire Islands. :known as Saxton's Island. There is no passage between the two. Nearly e mile to the eastward of Saxt-0n'e Island lie the Pire Islands, a group of three islets lying in a line nearly W. by :K. and E. by 8., and oomposed entirely of marsh. They arc surrounded by shoal water, which extends to the northward from them for nearly sev.-n-e1ghths of a mile with less than six feet, and to the eastward for a mile and five-eighths with the same depth ; but on their southern and weE<tern sides the deep-water channel runs close-to,-five fatlrnrns being foLJnd within an eighth of a mile of the western islet,-and a narrow and crooked channel, winding along their southern side, with a depth of from three to four fathoms at distancet! varying from two hundred to six hundred yards. Grf'at South Bay, which extends from Smith's Point (the western extremity of Moriche'\" Bay) to Great South Bay. Line Island, (in South Oyster Bay,) is twenty-eight miles long, and of very irregular shape,-its width varying from half a mile to three miles and a half. Although so large and wide it is shallow,-being good for but eight feet at low water. It forms a natural harbor for the light-draught fishing-boats of the island, and a very consider- able trade is carried on throughout the year in oysters and fish. The north shore of the bay is well settled,-the villages of Bellport, Patchogue, Blue Point, Islip, Meclla.iil.cavllle, Babylon, South Hunt.tngton and South Oyster Bay being situated pretty close to the shore-line. It is scarcely necessary to say that navigation of the bay is impossible without the assistance of a local pilot. Beflport Bay. At the eastern extremity of Great South Bay is Bellport Bay, on the north shore, into which empties a small narrow stream, called the Oonnectlcut River. The bay itself is three miles wide at its mouth, between Smith's Point and Howell's Point, but has not more than four feet at low water. On the western side of Howell's Point mak\"8 in Pa:klhogue Bay, good for but three feet at low water, and receiving the waters of Patchogue Creek, which leads up to the village uf that name. Its western point of entrance, called Blue Point, is four miles to the westward of Howell's Point, and is the eastern extremity of the village of the same name. Green's Point. Tl1ree miles and a half to the westward of Blue Point, and eight miles to the northeastward of Fire Island Inlet, is Green's Point, the eastern point of entrance to Oollll.etquot Cove, a shallow cove, with from six to nine feet water, which receives tbe waters of Connet.quot Brook, a sftallow creek with three feet in it at low water. The western point of entrance to the cove is NlColl'a Point, and is composed entirely of marsh. To the westward of this is Ch&IDP- lin'a Creek, Great Cove, Thurber's Creek, Bampawa.m's Creek and many other small estuaries of which no intelligible de· scription can be given. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. Fire Island Inlet is the only harbor of refuge on the south coast of Long Island. A whistling- buoy has been placed off the entrance, six miles from the light-house, and thirty-seven and a half miles from Sandy Hook Light-vessel. This buoy is intended as a guide, during thick weather, to vessels bound to New York,-being nearly on the sailing-line for vessels which have come outside of Nantucket Shoals. If you make it, and are bound into the inlet, you must steer about NW. by :N. l :N. for about five miles, which will bring you up with the \"Outer Bar Buoy,\"--a. nun* of the first class, painted white and black in perpendicular stripes. This buoy is placed in seven fathoms, outside of any broken water even in the heaviest weather. When up with it a 1'. conroo will lead towards the \"Inner Bar Buoy,\" which is a nun of the second class, also painted white and black in perpen- dicular stripes. From this buoy you must steer about N. by W. t W. (1877) for a spar-buoy, :also painted white and black in perpendicular stripes; and, when op with it, 1'. by W. i W. for a second



s ' ~> iiI ).: ' ·; ~ I ' • ~ ~ a ~ i 'i ii '' 1 ' ii j\"~ ~ ~1 ~ ! ~ 'll ,_ ~· \\ii l :'i 'll \"'; '~ 1 ' ,_ ~~·'-',!, ;~ ~ ~ 1' ~ ii 1i 't 1 ; -; . '~ ~ }' . ~ 1 ~e-; 1. 'R' ; ~ 1· ~ }~ •: 'ii :I 1 'I, ' J \"tt l 1 1 . ' k1.. 1~ ~ ii ~ \"'ii l f ~t 1; '~ l ti ~I 1i :I I 11

SOUTH COAS'I' OF LONG ISLA.ND. 525 and similarly painted spar-buoy. When up with this buoy, which you may pass on either hand with not less than nineteen feet, you may s1R...er NE. by E. for a red spar-buoy, (No. 2.) Thence steer E. by S. t S. for a black spar-buoy (No. 1), from which the course to the anchorage off the hotel wharf is nearly due E.; but navigators are cautioned that, inasmuch as the channel over the bar is apt to shift with every severe easterly gale, too much dependence must not be placed upon the above courses. In ordinary weather, however, the buoys can be seen from each other, and, as they are shifted with the changes in the bar, it will be ordinarily safe to run for them if you cannot get a pilot. It is always beSt, however, to take a pilot if one can be had. ROCKAWAY INLE'I'. From Fire Island Inlet to Rockaway Inlet the distance U. twenty-eight and a half miles, and the direction a little to the northward of W. The coast line is pierced by several shallow inlets, of which GUgo Inlet, eight miles to the weetward of Fire Island Inlet; New llllet, six miles to the westward of Gilgo; and llog Island Inlet, five miles and three-quarters to the westward of N\"w Inlet, are the principal. They are all very shallow, and none of them can be entered, o;;ven by the smallest Ves>;els, without a pifot. Rockaway Inlet makes into what is known as Jamaica Bay, between Rockaway Beach on the east and Duck Bar and re.,t,Barren Island on the west and north. A bar, with fifteen must be crossed to enter the inlet ; and this bar is of shifting sand,-a fact which renders it nec.,..sary for navigators to avail themselves of the services of a local pilot. When over the bar, there is deep wat<i~not less than sixteen feet-until the inlet is fairly entered, after which the depth varies from four to ten fathoms, throughont an almost unobstructed ch&nnel, from on\" hnndred and seventy-fi..-e yards to three-eighths of a mile in width. The shore on both sides is subject to change, and its shape and extent, as delineated npon the charts, must not be implicitly relied upon. Rockaway Beach, the western end of which fnrms the eastern point of entrance to the inlet, is composed Rockaway Beach. of a great number of sand hillocks, faced by beach and backed by marsh. About nine hundred yards to the southward of the western end of the beach is a dry sand spit, three-eighths of a mile long in a N NE. and SSW. direction, marking the eastern side of the entrance ; and three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the same point is another dry sand spit, between seven and eight hundred yards long, marking the western side. Barren Island, on the north side of the inlet, is composed of alternate marsh a.nd sand, is of irregular Barren Island. shape, a mile aud three-eighths long :B. and w., and five-eighths of a mile wide at its widest point. It is bold-tu on its southern and eastern sides,-fonr fathcms being found within one hundred yards of the former, and fiv\" fathoms within thirty yards of the latter. A number of large hotels and their outbuildings are situated on the southern and eastern sides of the island; and there are a number of smaller buildings scattered over the firm ground. Jamaica Bay, into which the inlet leads, is a large but shallow bay, five miles and a quarter long, with Jamaica Bay. a greatest width of three and a half miles, but so full of marsh islets and islands as to render its navigation 11tterly impossible, except to very light-draught vessels with local pilots on board. These islets are very nnm.,rous, and no intelligible description can be given of them. Beginning with the southernmost, on the eastern side, they a.re known as Rll111.e Bar, Big Fishkll1 llauock, Joel\"s Point Kaasocll:, Old Swale llrla.nh. the Tishld.ll llallsocks, Nestepoll Marsh, Chrlstta.Dpoll Ma.rah, Duck Point lllarshee, and Pumpkin Pa.tch,-all marking the limits of what is known as the Flllhk1ll or Eaatern Channel into the bay. The Main Clla.D.nel leads betwoon Nova Scotia :Bar on the east and Barren Island on the west, and thence between Old Swale Marsh and .John's Point Marsh, and is good for not less than nine feet water to abreast of the northern end of Duck: Point Marshes. But so many are the islands, and so intricate the channels and slues among them, that it would be worse than useless to attempt to give any intelligible description of them. Of the numerous channels leading among the shoals and islets of Jamaica Bay, no intelligible description can be given. Big Fl.ahk1ll CllamLel, Duck Point Chamlel, Big Clla.lmel, Island Cb.a.J:mel, and Deep Creek or lrtllh Channel are all navigable, but require the assistance of a local pilot. None but steamers enter the inlet, at present, whoBe ma.sters are fully acquainted wit.h the dangers. 'l'he current of flood and ebh in the inlet i!etB nearly in the direction of the axis of the channel,-the former having a velocity of a little ~<!Ir one mile, and ihe latter a little over two miles, per hour. To the westward of Batten Island, at a distance of three-eighths of a mile, begine Pelican Island, with Dead-horse lrtlet. Dead-horse Iulet between them. This inlet, through which but four feet at low water can be taken through a channP.l so narrow as to be available only for stea.mooats, lea.da into Deep Creek or Irish Channel, above mentioned, and is very seldom used. No description of it wonld he of any use to strangers. The only place of any importance on Jmnaiea Bay is Ca:aaraie La.nding, a.bout two miles and three-quarters to the north- ward of Barren Island. Fi-re feet at low water can be taken np to this landing by passing through Big Channel; but the pas- sage is only fit for steamboats with local pilots on board. Pelican bland is eomposed ofmarah, fooecl with a u.nd beach on its southern .side, to which the name of Pelican Island. '.PeUca.n Bea.ch has been given. The islsml is a mile long, and jnst to the westward of it begins Coney Iala.nd., which extends in aw. by l!f. direction for three miles and a half,--its western end forming the northern point of entrance to N.w York Bay. The south llhore-0f ihe island iB dotted wU..b houaes,---prominent among which are the large summer hotels on Jla.Dha.ttau Bea.ch. Directions fot\" coasting ihe sont.h shore of Long Island will be found under \"Sailing Directions\" for approaching New York llarbor from the~ ..

526 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. GENERAL DIRECTIONS. In approaching Rockaway Inlet from the eastward there will first be seen a red can-buoy,* of the second class, placed to the eastward of the entrance, in three and a half fathoms water. This is on Rockaway Shoah, and also marks the site of the wreck of the steamship \"Black Warrior.\" It is marked No. 2, and bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel NE. by E. -! E., distant about nine miles, and from the stone beacon on The Romer E. ! N., distant eight miles and three-eighths. When up with it pass to the southward of it, and continue the course, heading about midway between Sandy Hook and The. Romer beacon, until you come up with the bar buoy at the entrance,-a first-class can,* painted black and white in perpendicular stripes, and placed in five fathoms just to the southward of the bar. When up with this buoy pass close to it, and steer N. by E. i E., which will lead, with not less than :fifteen and a half feet at low water, to a perpendicularly-striped spar-buoy, nearly five-eighths of a mile to the northward; and placed in twenty-two feet water nearly in mid-channel. When up with this buoy a nun-buoy,* painted black and white in perpendicular stripes, will be seen about half a mile to the northward; and N. by E. t E. will lead directly to it, with not less than sixteen feet at low wat.er. Pass on either side of .it, and steer N. by E. -! E. for :five-eighths of a mile, carrying not less than seventeen feet, until just past the western end of Rockaway Beach,--having it bearing BE., distant about three hundred yards, and the black stake on the southern end of tM slwah off Dea.d- horse Eilet N. by w .. distant one hundred and seventy-five yards. Here you will have nine fathoms, and E NE. wi)l lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, along the south shore of Barren Island, and up to the wharf-line in front of the large hotels. BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. New York Bay lies at the confluence of the Hude<>n and East rivers. It is very irregular in sha.pe,-being divided into a.n Upper and Lower or Inner and Outer bay by a passage, a mHe wide, known aa The Narrows. From the mouth of the Hudson (ab1-east of The Battery at New York) to the entrance to the Lower Bay, the distance is twelve miles, with a depth in the channel of not less than four and a quarter fathoms. The great commercial cities of New York and Brooklyn lie at the bead of the bay,-tbe former occupying llllaDlla.tcaD 1slaad, between the Hudson and East rivers, and the latter lying on the eastern bnnk of the East River. The entrance to the bay is between Gravesend Point (the western extremity of Coney Island) on the north and Sandy Hook Point (the northern extremity of Sandy Hook) on the south, and is nearly six miles wide. The passage is, however, by no means clear or unobstructed,-many dangerous shoals making off from the Coney Island shore, with narrow channels among them. The Main Channel runs close under the Sandy Houk shore. Highlands of On approaching the bay from the eastward the most prominent objects visible are two tall brown light- Naveslnk. tower11, connected with ooeh other by a dwelling-house of the same color, and perched upon a ba.re plateau of small extent, upon a high thickly wooded eminence. These are the Navesink or Highland Li.gbt-bouses, situated on the easternmost spur of the Highlands of Navesiuk, on the New Jersey coast, four miles a.nd five-eighths to the southward of Sandy Hook Point-, and on the north bank of the Navesink River. The Highlands are thickly wooded, except in the vicinity of the ligbt--houees, and in summer present a beautiful appearance. At the base of the hills, towards the sea, are clustered a great number of white houses. The Highland Light-houaes are two towers of red sandstone, two hundred and twenty-eight feet apart Naveslnkor High- NW. and BE., and fifty-three feet high. The northwestern tower ia eight-sided, and the southeastern square; 1and Light- and they show two fixed white lights, of the fil'l!lt order, from a height of two hundred and forty-eight. feet houses. above tbe sea, visible twenty-two miles. The geographical position of the northwestern light iB L&t.i-tude .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• __ •••••••••••••••••• 40° :as' U\" lf. Longitude ••••••••••••••••••••••••• •• •••• •••••••••••••••••••••••• TSO 59' 11\" W. That of the aoutheaetern light is J.a.t11'114e ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• , ••••••••••••• ····'°°_SS' •3'' lt. Longitude .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 'ISo !19' 10'' W. They bear from Miles. D&Yis. South 8Jloal Ltght-ve.ael, w. t 1'•.• - - ••• - - • - ••• - •••••••••••••••••••••• - ••• - - - - • - • • . • • • • 191 Fire lala.nd. ~hou.ee. w. by s. f s •••••••••••••••••••••••..••••••..•••..••••••••••••• nearlJ' 38 \"Wb!BWDB·buoy off Fire la1&ll4 IDlet, w. -1 &••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• _ 38 Sa.Dd7 lll>oll: Lt.gJi.t-\\\"9118el, WSW.............................................................. 6i There is no fog-11ignal. BaDdT BooJt Liehi-veeisel, whieh is the principal guide to the entrance to New York Bay, is mooNd in ~ fathoDIS7 on the following bearings : MU- 61 l!l&Teaink Ligb...~, W SW•• •• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• •••• •• •••• •••• •••. •••• •••••• W.Scot1luJ.d Ll;c'hli·Teeael, -11'•••••••••••••• •••• ••• ••• ••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••• •••••• • ••••• 3f Ban4YllooltLJ&hli-llO-. w. bT•· i•·---·······-···-························------·-········ 6-1 !look Beacon, (Saa47 Bao1I: PoJat.) w. bT_llf. t •.•......... -- - .... ---- .......• --·· ...••••• ····-- Gt This light-v-1 bears from

~--- I- . -.::- I, --s--- :--:~;~_2· - ---_O,f -::; -,,- -;i ;.- -, •• •-;;: ~\"I i . .. .\" \" •'.C1 \"i .. \" \"l .~ \".,.. I~ ' \"\" \" \" .,. •• . a~ i < . .~- \" \" \"~ ;:1\" i ii ~~



BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 527 Miles. Davis' Bctuth Shoal Light-vessel, W. lfortberly ____ • _____ •••• ·-·· •••••••••• ··--·· •• ___ .•• _•••• _ 184i Ft.re Island Light-house, W. bys. southerly .••••••••••••• __ ••••. _••••••••••••••.•••••••••.•• _. 31 WhistllDg-buoy olf Fire Island Inlet, W. Northerly. __ . __ ..•••••••. _. ··- ••••••••••••. ____ .. _•.• 3lf Barnegat Light-house, NNE .••••••••• -·-···-· •••••••• ·······-···------- ••.• ____ ••.• ---------· 43 The veBSel is two mw;ted, the hull painted red, with the words \"Sandy Hook\" in large white letters oII each side, and a black circular cage-work day-mark at each masthead. It shows two fixed red lights &om a height of forty-five feet above the 8ea, visible twelve miles; a.nd its geographical p08ition i\" La.titude .••• -- ••..•••••.•.•••••. --- ..••• ---- •••••••••••• --·· ••••• 40° 2G' 53\" N. Longitude ...••... - . - .. - .•. -- . -·· ••..••••. ·-- .•••••••••..•..•..•.. 73o li2' o\" w. During thick weather a bell i8 rung and a 80lf-acting fog-horn sounded. Fog-signal. When np with Sandy Hook Light-vessel the whistling-buoy at the entrance to the Main Channel bears NW. l N., distant three miles and five-eighths; the perpendfonlarly-striped buoy at the entrance to the South Channel W. t N., two miles and three-qua.rte,.,.; and Scotland Light-vessel W. i N., distant three miles and five-eighths. St?otla.nd Light-vessel is placed close to the site of the wreck of the steamship \"Scotland,\" in seven Scotland Light- vessel. fathoms water, and bears ti-om Sandy Hook Light-vessel W. i N., distant three miles and five-eighths, and from the Highla.nd Light-houses NE. f N., distant three miles and a half. She is two masted, with circular cage-work day-marks at each masthead, her hull lead color, and the words \"Wreck of Scotland, No. 20,\" painted in large black lettera un each side. She shows two fixed white lights from a height of forty-five feet above the sea, visible twelve mile.; and her geographical position is (approximately) Latitude .•••••.••••••••• ·--·····-·-···---- ••••••••••••••••••••••• 400 261 3711 N. Longitude.•••••••••••••••• - •••••••••••••••••• --· .••••••.••••••••• 73° li61 43\" w. A bell is rung during foggy weather. Fog-signal. When up with Scotland Light-vessel the black nun-buoy off the southern end of False Hook Shoal bears W. by N. A- N. Northerly, eight hundred and fifty yards; Sandy Hook Light-house NW. by W. t W., two miles and three- •1uartera; the Hook Beacon NW. f W., three miles and a quarter; and Elm Tree Beacon NW. t N., with New Dorp Boo.con just open to the southward of it. Gravesend Point, the northern point of entrance to New York Bay, is composed entirely of 8and, and Gravesend Point. bas several hillocks upon it varying iu height. from twenty to forty feet. There are also several large houses on the beach, and a number of wharves. This point cannot be approached closely from the soutbward, on account of the dan- gerous shoals making off from it,-the principal among which is the Ea.st :Bank, with from three to five feet at low water. On its western side, however, it is quite bold-to, and may be approached, within two hundred and fifty yards, with not less than five fathoms. Sandy Hook Point, the southern point of entrance to the bay, is the northern end of Sandy Hook, and Sandy Hook Point. is composed entirely of sand but little elevated above high water. On the western side of the point is built a white tower, forty-four feet high, called the Book Beacon, which shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, from a height of forty-eight feet above the sea, visible eleven miles. Its geographical position is Latitude ..•••••. ···-·· ••••••..•••••••••••••••• --- --- ••••••••••••• 40° 28' 16\" N. Longitude .••••• ----------······-········-·-·······-·---·--·-· ____ 740 O' 2711 W., and it bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel W. by N. t lf., distant six miles and :live-eighths, and from Scotland Light-vessel NW. ! W., distant a little over three miloo and a quarter. E\"rom this beacon Elm Tree Beacon (on Staten Island) bears NW. by N. t N. Rea.rJ.y, distant Rix miles and three-quarters, and the beacon on The Romer N., distant nearly two miles and a half. Close to tho beacon, and to the southeastward ofit, is 80en the hut containing the fog- Fog-signaJ. signal, which is a first-order steam fog-siren, (in duplicate,) giving blasts six seconds long at intervals of forty BE\\conds. Just to the southward of the beacon will appear a large granite furtification in an unfinished condition; and near it, on its southern side, a number of low houses. Sandy Hook is a long, low, sandy peninsula on the Jersey coast, to which it is joined by a low beach Sandy Hook. about three miles and a half long, and in no place more than three hundred yards wide. This beach may he said to begin near the village of Sea.br1gllt, about two miles and a quarter to the southward of the Highland Light-houses, and is but little elevated above high water. When \"8en from the eastward it seems to be part of the mainland skirting the base of the Highlands; bnt, in reality, it is separated from the mainland by the Ravea1Dk and Sbre'W'Bbury rivers. San<ly Hook, when aeen from the eastward, will appear low and somewhat undulating in outline, with a thick growth of low scrubby trees on the middle and highest part. Its \"'idth varies from four hundred and fifty yards, at its southern end, to seven-eighths of a mile, about midway of its length 1111d &bout a mile and a half below the Hook Bea.con. About three-quarters of a mile below its northern f!Jld, on a hillock about :flf\\een feet high, and surrullllded. by low trees, stands Sandy Hook Ligbt- 1iouse, a white tower, seventy-seven feet high, with dwelling-house attached. It shows a fixed white ligbt, Sandy Hook Light- of the third order, from a height of ninety feet above the sea., visible fifteen mil11S ; and is in house. I.aUtiude ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ··-······· •••• ----·· •••• 400 2T' 4011 N. LODC1wcle ·----·-··--··-··-----·-···-· -----···------·-··········-7\"o o' u\"w. About a tJ,na.t\"till\" of a mile to the northwestward of it there will appear a low white tower, called the Weat Be&ccm, situated on . the western &bore of the Hook, half a mile to the southwa:rd of \"the Hook Beacon. It shows a :fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty·ftve feet, visible eleven miles; but this light will not be aeen woon the tower bears anything to the SOuthwal'd. of W. by a.• owing to a screen which ill plaoed in front of it, about three hl:Uldred Tanis to the eastward of it. Sandy Book Light-house beal'8 ft-om

528 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Miles. Da'fl.s' Bonth Shoal Light-vessel, W. i lit. ••••••••• -·· •••••••••• - --- •••••••••••••••• - ••••••••• -- • 190 l'tre Iala.JldI.ight-house, w. ts.----····----··--·-··--·-··-· ..•...•••••....•......•....... ---- 37 'Whistllng-buoy ojf Fire Ialalld lDlet, about W. i N•...•. --- •.••••...••.•.••••...•• -- •••••.nearly 38 Sa.Dd.y Book Llght-veasel, W. by N. i N•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••••••••• --· 6i Scotland Llght-vessel, NW. by w. t w ........•.. --- ....•.........•••.•.••••••.•.••...••.nearly 2t NaveslJl.k Llght-housee, N. i W •••.•••••••••••.•••••••••••••••• --- --· ••••••• -- • • • •• • • • ••• •••••• 3-l From this light-house Miles. West Bea.con bears NW. t W •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••• - ••••••• --- •••••• about i Hook Beacon N. by W. i W ••••• -- ••..•. --- ••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••. --- --- ..• ••. t Elm·Tree Bea.con.NW. by N. t N.••••••••••.•..••.. ·-----------·--··· •••••••••• •••••••••• •••••. 7f Fort Tomp'kins Llght-hOUBe N. -t W ••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••..• -·... •• • •• • • • • 8t The be&con. on. the The Bomer J!f. t w .......•................•.............•.... --- ...... --- --· 3t The West Beacon beo.rs from the Hook Beacon S. t W., distant half a mile, and is used, in connection with Sandy Houk Light-house, as a range for passing arou'nd Southwest Spit, in the Main Channel. The New Jersey Beach, from Sandy Hook to the southward, ia very dangerous to careless navigators, as it is bold-to; and vessels which have not paid due attention to the set of the current and the character of the soundings are apt to overrun their reckoning and get ashore. Lower Bay of When inside the Hook you will perceive tlrnt the Lower Bay spreads away to the westward and also to New York. thll northward. To the westward it extends for nearly eleven miles, to the mouth of Raritan River; while to the northward the highlands of The Narrows are l!leen, with the works surrounding Fort Tompkins crowning the hills rn1 the western siW., and the granite walls of Fort Hamilton, with the red circular fort, known as Fort Lafayette, at its base, visible on the eastern side. To the western portion oft.he Lower Bay is given the name of Ra.rltaD. Bay, and it receives the waters of Raritan River and Arthur Kill, (or Creek,) which latter separates Staten Island from the mainland. To the southern portion o£ the bay (that contained between Sandy Hook Point and Point Comfort) has been given the name of Sa.Ddy Hook Bay; and here is good anchorage in southerly, easterly, or westerly winds. The Jersey shore, from the Highlands of Navesink, extends in a direction about NW. by W., for seven miles and a half, to Point Comfort, forming the south side of Sandy Hook Bay. In the vicinity of the Highlands the land is high, rolling and thickly wooded; but to the westward, as far a.e the mouth of Raritan River, it is comparatively low and nearly level, with sttJep faces, a.nd a surface beautifully diversified with cultivated fields, ornamental. grounds, groves of trees and thickly-clustered houses. Three miles and a half to the westward of the Highland Light-houses, and close to the south shore of Sandy Hook Bay, will be seen a tower, painted in horizontal stripes of white, red and white, with a black frame on each side Conover and of it. This is Conover Deacon; and a mile and three-eighths to the southward of it, elevated upon the high Chapel Hill land, will be seen another tower, painted white. This latter is Chapel Hill Beacon; Bnd the two in range beacons. are the guides for the Main Channel as far as The Narrows. Conover Beacon ia a tower fift.y-five feet high, and shows a. fixed white light, of the third order, from a height of sixty feet above the sea, visible thirteen miles. Its geographical position is Latitude •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -· ---- •••••.•• --- •••••• - ••••.• 40° 25' 1411 lf. Lon.gttude •.••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••• 740 31 22\" W. The black frames are so placed as to enable vessels to distinguish the. beacon during the da.y, especially when the snow is upon the ground. Chapel Hill Beacon is a wooden tower, forty feet high, and pa.int.ed white. It is situated a mile and three- eighths B. by W. i W. from Conover Beacon, on the summit of a hill nearly two hundred feet high, and shows a fixed whiw light, of the second order, from a height of two hundred and twenty-four feet above the sea, visible twenty-one miles. These light-houses would be difficult to distinguish in time of snow, were it not for the frames, colored black, which are built upon both sides of the two beacons. As it is they are easily recognized. A mile and three-eighths to the westward of Conover Bea.eon is Port Xonmouth, a small !Mlttlement of little commercial imp,)rtance, having about two tbonsand inhabitants. It is locally known as mioaJ. Barbor,-being bare at low water. A. mile and three-quarters to the wet1tward of thie \"Village, and three miles and three-eighth!I to the westward of BaysUle and Wil- Conover Beacon, is Point Comfort Be.a.con, or Bayside Beacon, which, in conjunction with Wilson's Beacon, son's beacons. to the westward, forms the Main Channel range. Bayside Beacon is situated cl080 to the sonthweswrn shore of Sandy Hook Bay, amid low, nearly level, cultivated lands, and will appear u a white tower, forty feet ofhigh, 111ll\"lllonnted by a lantern with red top. It shows a fixed white light, of the 1hird order, from a height of forty-five feet above the sea, visible twelve miles. For the convenience vessels wishing to rate tbeiT chronometers its geographical poaition is given, as follows : .,.oLa.tttu4& •••• --- • - ----· ---- --· --· ---- ---- •••• ---- ---- --· - • ··- ·--· ..00 261 61\" J.(. LoDgitud& - . - . - - - . - - . - . - - ..•••.•• - •..• - - - • - - - - • - - - - - •• - - - - - • - - - - '11 1811 w. Wilson's OT Waaeka&ok Beacon. is situated three-quarters of a mile :inland from Point OGmibrt &aeon, and on· aomewhat higher ground. It is also painted white, is sixty-eight feet high, and shows a fixed white light, of the seoond order, from 8 height of seventy-six feet above the sea, visible fourteen miles. Point Comfnrt. Point Comfort, which is about seven-eighths of a mile to the northwestward of Bayside Beacon, is flat, sandy and backed by woods. It is not safe to approach it nearer than a mile and l!ICVen-eiglithe, on_ 11.CC<>unt of the dangerous shoals which make off trom it to the northward, with fmm four to 11ix feet upon them. Between this point and C-0naskonk Point, {the sontbern point of entrance to Raritan Bay,) two miles to the westward, is ·formed a shallow bight, known as Waaeka.aolr. Oen, which i!J·Qf '.IW inlporta.nee,--a1!brdillg no abelt.er except in southerly winds, and then only tor veasels of leas than four ft.et draught. ·

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 529 Conaskonk Point is flat and marshy, but is backed by a level, cultivated and thickly settled country. Conaskonk It forms the ea.stern point of entrance to lllddletown or JlllAta.W&D Creek, on the southern side of which is Point. the village ofXeypart. The harbor is not accessible, except for light-draught steamboats,-having but four feet at low water through a narrow and intricate channel. .About (-0ur mil\"\" and a qu.arter to the northwestward of Keyport is the village of South Amboy, on t]1e southen1 side of the entrance to Raritan River. It has a. population of five thousand, and is important as being the northern terminus of the Camden and Amboy Railroad between Philadelphia and New York. The northeastern point of entrance to the river, and also the eastern point of entrance to Arthur Kill, is Ward's Point,-the southwestern end of Staten Island. Between it and the South Amboy wharves the dist.a.nee is a little over a mile ; but the channel is very much obstructed,-being only about one hundred and fifty yards \\\\\"ide between the lines of two fathoms. The village of Perth Amboy is situated on the northern shore of Raritan River, and on the western &ide of the entrance to Arthur Kill. It has a population of nea.rly fuur thousand and some coastwi.., trade. Wurd's Point is low, flat. and grassy, with somewhat steep faces, and baeked by cultivated !&nds thickly dotted with houses, forming the outskirts of the village of TotteD.Vllle, which occupies the eastern shore of Ward's Point. Arthur Kill at its entrance. The entrance to Arthur Kill is three-quarters of a mile wide, but soon diminishes to three hundred and fifty yards abreast of Tottenville, and, at its narrowest part, (opposite Chelsea I.a.u.ding,) is but one hun- dred and fifty yards wide. Not less than twelve feet at low water can be taken through this creek as far as Elh.abethport; but its navigation requires the assistance of a local pilot. staten lslllftd. Staten bland, which rorms the northern \"bore of Raritan Bay, and the northweateMl shore -0f New York Lower Bay, ls a large island, somewhat triangular in shape, with its base to the northeastward, and a lengl:h of eleven miles and five-eighths. I& lies HE- and SW., and its backbone, which is composed of high wooded hills, diversified with ornamental grounds dotted with villas, is one of the most conspicuous features of the approaches to New Yo1·k. At its widest po.rt, which may be t'laid to be on a line drawn from the southern entrance to The Narrows to abreast of the town of Elizabethport, the island is about six miles and a ha]f wide; a.ud thence to the southwestward its width diminishes with g1-eat :regularity, until at its sonthem end it ie barely a mile wide.- This beautiful and fertile island shows, when seen from the east- ward, an uninterrupt<>d line of cultivated and well settled country, backed by higher wooded lands with undulating outlines, and handsome honM>B appearing here and there among the trees. .A description of its western shore belongs to Arthur Kill and the approaches to Elizabethport,-the eMtern shore only being seen by vesll'els approaching New York Harbor. This eagtem sh2re, 11.8 has been already mentioned, is composed of finely cultivated and well settlt><l lands, backed by a hi1ly thickly wonded country. A mile and seven-eighths to the eastward of Ward's Point, (the southwestern end of the island,) and on the northern shore of Raritan Bay, is Prince8S Bay, a small shallow indentation, famous only for the oy.Bters produced. upon the flats in this neigh- borhood. A tower of brown stone, with dwelling of the l!Rme color attached, stands upon a high bluff, with steep sandy faces, on the western side of the bay, and shows a fixed white light, (varied eVffi7 two minutes by flashes of the 11ame color,) from a height of one lmndred and six feet above the sea, visible sixteen miles. This light, Princess Bay and which is known as Priuooss Bay Light-house, was established principally as a guide to t11e entrance to Rar- Light-house. itan River; but may also be used in clear weather as a range for the Main Channel. The couI\"Be from the whistling-buoy (W. hy Jf. t N.) leads directly for the light, until Point Comfort and \"\\Vaackaack beacons come in range. The eastern point of entrance to Prinr,ess Bay is known Ill! Seguine Point, and is fiat and sandy, dotted with houses, and backed by a rolling country of moderate height and under cultivation. A little over three miles to the eastward of this point is Old Orchard Point, the eastern point of entrance to a very shallow cove, fur the Seguine and Old most part bare at low water, and known a.a The Grea.t llllls. This oove is a.bout one hundred and fifty Orchard poiRts. yards wide at iU1 mouth, lies about D. by B. and SW. by W., and is a little over a. mile long. The country back of it is rolling and wooded; but theN are mwiy houses near the shore. Old Orchard Point. is flat and sandy, with several hou.,.,.. near its western end, and a line o.f low trees a little way back from the shore. .All of this part of the shore is sboal,- eight feet being found seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of Old Orchard Point,-a.nd vlll!Bels of larger draught than seventeen feet cannot approaeb the point nearer than two miles and a quarter. Two miles and a half t-0 the northe&stward of Old Oreha.rd Point will be seen a stone tower, painted white, with a red band around it. This is Elm Tree Bea.con, the foremost tower of the Swash Channel range. It is fifty-five feet high, and shows a fixed white light, of the third order, from a height of >lixty-two feet above the sea, visible Ehn Tree an11 New twelve miles. A ltlile and a half lfW. i R. fl\"Om it, on a rising ground one hundred and fifty feet high, wiH Dorp beacons. he seen a white light-tower, known QI! New Dorp Beacon, which forms the back ni.nge for the Swash Chan- nel. Thie tower, being ·paintecl white, is very readily di80ernible in the day-ilitM.t against the background of\" trees which cover the \"1'081:8 to the westward of it. It ahows a fixed white light, of the seoond order, from a height of one hundred and ninety- t >vo feet above the sea, visible twenty miles and a quarter. When jlll'lt open to the northward of Elm Tree Beacon, on a bearing of lfW. i II\"., the COUl'i!e for it leads l!!l!lfe1y through the Swu.eb Channel, and is perfectly sa.fu :t'or strangers. The shore, however, must not be approached by large vessels nearer than two miles and five-eighths, as it is fuul. From Old Orchard Point to Fort Tompkins the south<lBStem face of Sta.ten Isla.nd trends about NE. i E. for five miles and tbr~ightbs, and. is generall,- low and under cultivation for about a mile back from the shore, where the land is high, rolling and well wooded. TbNO miles to the northeaetward of Elm Tree .Beaoon is the north\"811iern poin\\ of the island, easily I'€eognizahle by 7ein 'l\"Olll;llll:lin8 and its l!Ubordinat,;. works, which crown the heights and descend in regular terraces to the water's edge. ff.ere, also, ig simated the 1igbt-bo1111e, called Fort Tompkins Light-house, Fort T-.pkins which D>arks the wellltenl point of entrance to 'l'be Narrows, and :is built upon the top of a grey-colored Light-ho.se. dwelling ~ith tnlm88rd roof. It mows a fixed white light, of the fuurth order, from a height of ninety feet above the llel.\\, visible~ miles; and the point may be paseed wi~ two hundred yards with not less than seven fathoms ;'\"ater. Fort Tomplrinl!i ir;i a Je.tge earthw<fi-k. 'built upon the summit of the Ollftoa Bills, and elose to the edge of the shore. fhe ell.t'ltern .:fir.ce of the bill is t'egular1y terr&oed by other earthworks; and at its base, and. exiending a little way out in the Water, is '1. granite fort ill an 1m&iahed condition.. The village of CUftcm is beautifully situated on the slopee back of the light- bouae,-its wbiie houeee, ~·out- fi!om ainong th.e l!Ul\"l'Ounding ~. funning a very conspicuous part of the landscape ill I.his vicinity. C. P.-67

530 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. A bank, known as West Bank, extends in a nearly S. direction from the point on which Fort TompkinB is built for a. little over three miles; nnd upon the shoalest part of it are formed the artificial islands, known aa Hoffmann Island Ho1fmann and and Dix Island,-the sites of the Quarantine hospitals. Dix Island, which is the southernmost, is easily Dix islands. recognized when sto.nding in towards Tbe Narrows, as it will appear as a number of long, low, white houses, iu front of which will be seen a two-story dwelling-house, also painted white, and standing apparently in the water. It is nearly in line between Gravesend Point (on Coney Island) and Elm Tree Beacon, and is locally known as the Lower Qua.ran.tine. Hoffmann Island, which is known as the trpper Quarantine, is three-quarters of a mile to the northward of Dix Island, and a mile and a quarter to the southward of Fort Tompkins Light-house. On approaching it from the south- ward it will appear as a mass of stone, brick and other debris, apparently loosely thrown together, and supporting two long brick houses two stories high. There is no passage, except for small vessels, between these islands and the Staten Island shore. On the northern side of Gr.wesend Point an indentation is formed on the western end of Long Island, Gravesend Bay. known as Gravesend Bay. It affords good anchorage in from twelve to fourteen feet at low water, but is seldom used except by vessels bound to Gra.veaend or New Utrechi. The bay is a mile and thre.e-quarters wide at its mouth, between Fort Hamilton and Gravesend P?int, and its shores are nearly level but slightly undulating, thickl;v settled, and backed by dense woods. There are no dangers, and veiiSela may stand with safety into the bay by using the lead with discretion. The eastern side of the entrance to The Narrows is occupied by the village of Fort Bamllton, surrounding the fort of that name, which is easily recognized as a granite work, standing upon a low grassy bluff close to the shore-line, and surmounted by sodded traverses. There are several outlying batwries in the vicinity of the fort; and, about a quarter of a mile to the west- ward of it, on the edge of the flats, is a circular work of brick, known as Fort Laf\"a.yette, built upon a stone Fog-signal. foundation rising about three feet above the water. There is a fog-bell here, which is struck, during thick weather, one and two blows alternately at intervals of twenty sooonds. The Narrows. The eastern shore of The Narrows, above Fort Hamilton, is composed of nearly level land very thickly dotted with houses, with alternate cleared fields and groves of trees as f.i.r up as Gowanus Bay, three miles above, where begins the city of Brooklyn. It is quite bold-to,-four fathoms being found within three hundred yards of the shore,-but the bay itself is obstructed for large vessels by Gowanus Flats, which make off in a southw.,,,terly direction from Red Hook (the western end of the city of Brooklyn) for two miles and a qnarter. The western shore of The Narr<>ws, from Fort Tompkins to the southern point of entrance to Kill Van Kull, has a general direction about N. by W. for two miles and three-quarters, and is formed by the northeastern end of Staten Island. There is•an almoBt condnuous settlement along this shore, formed by the villages of Tompk1nav1lle and New Brighton, and it presents a beautiful appearance in sUlllmer,-the land rising somewhat steeply to thickly wooded hills, with white houses· dotting the slopes at intervals. The shore in the vicinity of Tompkinsville is terraced; and here is situated the principal depot of the L1ght-houae Establlahment, with the great Atlantic Docks. and warehouses in front. The viUage of New Brighton joins Tompkinsville on the north, and occupies the northern point of Staten Island. Here makes in Kill Van Kull, which separates the island from the mainland of New Jersey on the north, as Arthur Kill separates it on the west. Here also begins the Upper Bay, which is nearly four miles in diameter at its widest part, (about midway between its northern a.nd southern ends,) and gradually diminishes thence to the mouth of the Hudson, where it is but little over thre<-~ quarters of a mile wide. Kill Van Kull. Kill Van Kull, or Va.n Kull'a creek, rune between Bergen Neck and Staten Island, has an average width of about six hundred yards, is two miles and three-quarters long, o.nd is good for four fathoms at low water through an almost unobstructed channel. It leads to the t-0wn ofElizab.,thport, (at the northern. end of Arthur Kill,) and into Newark Bay, which separates Bergen Neck from the mainland, and receives the waters of the Hackensack 11.nd Passaic rivers. The northern. point of entrance to Kill Van Kull is called Consta.ble'a Point, and is the southeastern extremity of Bergen Neck. It is fiat and grassy, has a number of houses npon it and several wharves on its aoutLern side, an1l is somewba.t shoa.I in its approachef!, so the.tit should rooeive a berth to the northward of about an eight11 of a mile. The eastern extremity -01' tl1e point has a somewhat steep face, with a height of about twenty feet; but elsewhere it is fiat and level, and but little eJe,·ated above high water. Marsh lands connect it with Bergen Point, the southwestern extremity of the neck, and the ea.stern point of entrance to Newark Bay. This point, wl1ieh is aliID low and nearly level,-being in no plaee higher than ten feet,-is occupied entirely by beautifully cultivated fields thickly dotted with houses. The southern shore of the neck, to the eastward of the point, is the site of the village of the same name, and the land has a alight rise,-being in some places between fort.y and fifty feet high. Tbis shore is hold-t-0 o:fl' the village,-six fathoms being fonnd within fifty yards {)f the wharf-line; but between the viUage and the point it is shoal, and must receive a. berth to the northward of about an eighth of a mile. The 110uthern shore of\" Kill Van Kull is formed, as above mentioned, by the north shore of Staten Island, and is entirely occupied by the villages of New Brighton, Fa.cioryville, Port Riclunond. and North Shore. These villages adjoin each other; and, the honses near the shore being for the most part handsome villllB and sumnwr hotels surrounded by ornamental grounds, this shore in summer presents a beautiful appearance. Newark Bay audits subsidiary streams will be described on pages 532-533. Upper Bay of New The ea.stern shore of the Upper Bay of New York is occupied for the most part by the city of Brooklyn, York. which extend.; from B.ed Book (at the entrance to But1lermllk Ollalmel) to the southern side of Gown.nus Bay. From The Narrows to the southern limits of the city is a rolling country, varying in height from :forty to one hundred and twenty feet, diversified with cultivated fields and de!lff grove> of trees, and thickly dotted with houses. This pa:rt of the shore presents generally steep faoes,-the blnftk. in aome pla.Ces rising to a height of nearly one hundred feet. It is comparatively clean, and may be safely approached with a judicioua use of the lead,-only observing that, if intending to enter Gowan us Bay, large vessels must 'beware of Oo'1ra.nua l'latlll, and mUl!t not take the red buoy abreast of Tompkinsvi11\" as a guide, as it Uii placed a quarter of a mile to the westwai-d of the eouthern end of the fi...ts as a gnide for vessels bound to New York. Gowanus Bay. Qowanua &y is full -Of flats, and strangers muat not attempt to enter it. Not Jeaa than four and a half fathoms can, howe'\"er, be taken into the bay from the southward, p~vided you do not go £nrther to the northward than to brii1g Robbins' Beet Ligbt-ooase to bear 'W. b7 ll'. Gc>wa.nus Bay, though much frequented on llOQOUnt of

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 531 its dry-docks and facilities for repairing veeeels, le eh allow, and should not be entered without a pilot. Not more than Reven feet at low water can be taken up to the docks, and tb.,re are dangerous middle grounds, which are not buoyed, and have from five to six feet water upon them. The western shore of the Upper Bay is formed by Bergen Neck, and, when seen from the southeast- Bergen Neck. ward, appears low and nearly level, and composed of cleared fields alternated with groves of trees and thickly cl1JBtered houses ;-the latter marking the sit-OB of the villages of Centreville, Palm1paw, Sa.ltersvllle, GreenTille, and Communipaw. By the curves of the shore, between Constable's Poiut and ihe lung wharf of the New York and Newark Rail- road, (at the southern end of Jersey City,) is formed a bay abcut four miles long, with a depth of from two to six feet in it, tu which the local :name of Jersey Fla.ta is given. About two miles and a half above Constn.ble's Point, and a mile tu the south- ward of Communipaw, is Ca.ven'a Poi11:t, fl.at and sandy, with several houses upon it. Neai·ly all the shore between this point and Communipaw is marshy, but is rapidly being filled in, as bas been the case with the land to the northward of it, and au unbroken line of wharves will, in the course of a few years, be presented from the comm1lllipaw Docks to Caven's Point. The easWl'n edge of the Jersey Fla.ts is plainly marked by natural a.swell a.s artificial objects. On their southeastern end, and on the north side of the approach to Kill Van Kull, standa Robbins' R.,.,f Light- Robbins' Reef house, a stone tower, forty-six feet high, painted whits, and showing a fixed white light, of the fourth ordc1', Light-house_ from a height of fifty-eight foot, above the sea, visible thirteen miles. During thick weather a. bell is struck, by machinery, at intervals of fifteen seconds. This light-house beam from Fort Tompkins Light-house N. t W., distant three miles and three-eighths, and from Sandy Hook Light-house N. t W., distant twelve miles; and this course (if steered on the range) will carry not less than eleven feet at low water. The light-house mast not be approached from the southward nearer than nine hundred yards, and must receive a berth to the westward of a quarter of a mile, A mile and five-eighths to the northward of Robbins' Reef Light-house is a small low islet, on the Oyster Island. eastern edge of the flats, called Oyster Island. It is being formed, artificially, (after the manner of Dix and Hoffmann islands in the Lower Bay,) by the dumping of stones, earth and other debris from the harbor. In passing it, it should receive a berth to the westward of about three hundred yarde. Three-eighths of a mile to the northward of Oyster Island, and on a direct line between Govenior's Bedloe's Island. Island and Caven's Point, is situated Bedloe's Island, also on the eastern edge of the fiats. It lies N NW. and S SE., is oval in shape and about three hundred and fifty yards long, and can be easily recognized by the stone fort on ita summit near the southern end. There is a flag-staff a little to the sout11ward; and to the northward and westward are seen several small houses and a few trees. On the extreme :northwestern point of the island is a large brick house, standing alone; and here there is a long wharf making out to the northward. &dloe's Island may be approached within three hundred and fifty yards with not less than four fathoms water. The fort on it is known as Fort. WoOd, and has been selected as the site of the colossal statue of \"Liberty Enlightening the World,\" when it sha!l have been presented by citizens of the F1•ench Republie. Five-eighths of a mile ta the northward of Bedloe's Island is Elfo<' Island, also on the eastern edge of the fiats, and the site of the United Sta.tea Magazine. It lies NW. and SE., is a little over two hundred Ellis' Island. yards lung and seventy-five yards wide, and will app€ar, when viewed from the eastward, as a low grassy islet with several long low houses on its eastern side. In front of the houses will be seen a small stone fort.. On its southwestern side there is a. dwl'lling, surrounded by a ftiw trees,-the only growth on the island. It may be approached from the eastward within a quarter of a mile with four fathoms; but ther0 is no passage inshore of it. This island is only abont nine hundred yards to the southward of the Communipaw Docks, and nearly opposite, but a little below, C&atle Garden. Governor's Island, on the eastern side of the hay, lies in the middle of the entrance to the East River, Governor's Island. (see page 496,) and is about eight hundred yards long Jf NW. and B SE. It is very nearly level, and Of'AJupied entirely by Fort Columbus and the furtifications and outbuildings connected therewith. A prominent. object on the island is a low circular stone fort on its northwestern end, on which there is a fog-signal in a frame-work st-ructure, and eOll- sistiug of a bell struck by machinery twice in quick succession at intervals of twenty seconds. There are many buildings surrounding the fortifi<Jations, and prominent among these will be seen a long, law brick house with gravel-covered roof. Also, upon the eastern and southeastern sides of the island, groves of low trees are aeen, among which appear several dwellings,-the quarters of the officers et;ationed at the fort. On the extreme southern end of the island is a water-battery, facmg Buttermilk Channel, and the first work seen on approo.ching the island from the bay. It is an oblong work of stone, whitewashed, and surmounted by traverses of earth and sod. Above Guvemor's Island t.he North and East rivers come in, with the city of New York on the eastern bank and J'eraey City on the west. V esscls usually anchor on the J er!!ey side, as the anchorage off The Battery is in the way of the n umeroua \"tows'' which come from up the Hudson and are bound into the East River. ARTHUR KILL. As above mentioned Kill Van Kull loods into Newark Bay, and also up to the town of Ellza.bethport. This town, ~ituated at the northern end of Arthur Kill, is a place of some manufacturing interest, and forms the eastern extremity of the klwn of Ellsa.beth, a thriving tc.wn of about twenty-five thousand inhabitants. Arthur Kill, which separates Staten Island from the ma.inland on the west, ha.s a width of from two hundred to eleven hundred yards, and a depth of not less than thirteen feet at low water. The entrance.from Raritan Bay is between Ward's Point (the southwestern end of Staten Island} on the east and Ferry Point on the west. Thill lat\"\"r, which is allilO the northern point of Ferry Point_ •mtrance to Raritan River, is the southern extremicy of P«th Ambo:y,-a village of about four thotll!and inhabitants. Between Ward's Point and Ferry Point the entrance t-0 Arthur Kill is three-quarters ofa mile wide; but it- rapidly diminishes to about eix hundr.id ;yards, which width it keeps for ab-Out a mile and three-quarters to Plougbsha.re Point, after which it gradually widens out, atta.illing a width of from three-eighths to half a mile, until you come abreast of SmokiDg Point, two miles and a. ha.if above Ploughshare Point. Above this the average width is about four hundred yards for about three miles, where a marsh island, three-quarters of a mile long, known as Prall's Island, lies Prall's Island. \"xactly in the middleof the river, dividlng it into two challllels, called the North :Reach and Jforthw&ei Rea.ch, and each a.botlt two hundred yardtt wide. The Northwest Rellcll is th.:: best paesage,-having not less than thirteen feet at low water. Above Prall's Island the creek gradually diminishes in width, and abreut of Elizabetbport is but two hundred ;yo.rda wide, with a depth in the channel of from nineteen to twenty-three feet at low wo.wr.

632 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. The southwestern shore pf Sia.ten Island, which forms the eastern bank of .Arthur Xill from Ward's Point to Smoking Point, will appear as a well cultivated, thickly settW and rolling oountry,-the heights varying :fl'om twenty to sixty feet. Thick wood\" crown the summits in the background. The village of Tottenvllle is situated about a mile above Ward's Point; and nearly a quarter of a mile ab<>\\'e this, on the west bank, at the northern extremity of Pel'th Amhoy, and a quarter of a mile below PloughshM.; Point, are the docks of the Easton and Amboy Railroad. TerrHl'a Creek. On t11e western bank of the creek the shore is nearly all low and marshy. Eight hundred yards to the northward of Ploughshare Point is Terrill's Creek, a. very small stream of no importanc<>; and five-eighths ofa mile above this is Woodbridge Creek, larger, but crooked and shallow. Smith's Cr-k is half a mile above '\\Voodbridge,- the land between them being low, nearly level and under cultivation; and thaice to 'J:uR's Pol.llt, jnst beyond Smoking Point, • the banks are marshy, with a cultivated and well ..ettled country in the ba-0kground. On the Staten Island shore, a little over half' a mile to the east.ward of Smoking Point, and directly opJl\"\"ite to TutVs Point, is situated the village of ltossvUle; and a mile above this, on the same shore, the southern entrance to the The Fresh Kills. shallow streams called The Fresh Kills. The entrance to these kills is ilivided into two channels by a marsh island, about three-eighths of a mile in diameter; but neither is ofany importance. A small settlement, known as Woodbridge Neck, ls situated on the west bank, directly opposite the mouth of these kills. On the western bank, a little over two miles above Tuft's Point, and seven-eighths of a mile above the northern entrance to The Fresh Kills, is the mouth of a shallow stream called Rahway Rive:r, which leads to the t<>wn of JtaJnoray, situ::.ted about fonr miles inland. The southern end of Prall's Island is about half a mile above this river; and Rahway RiVer. thence, as far as Eli2abethport, both 8hores are marshy, with alternate cleared and wooded lands in the background. Arthur Kill is sometimes called Staten Isla.nd Sound. Its navigation is not safe without a pilot. as the dangers in it are not buoyed, and sailing vessels which have occasion to pass through it take a tow-boat. The most dangerous obstruction in the creek is Story•s Flats, with from one to three feet at low water, which make off from the western shore of Staten Island, between Story's Point and Smoking Point, for about six hundred and fifty yards. Story's Pelnt. is the cleared and well settled point directly opposite to Smith's Creek. To avoid these flats you must, when abreast of the mouth of Woodbridge Creek, keep the western shore a.board until yon come up with Tuft's Point; but no intelligible sailing directions can be given for the ereek,- its month also being obstrncted by Perry l'O!Jlt l\"lats, Ward\"s Pomt. J'la.ts, and a ~ m;,a,,Jk gro..,.rl, with t.e.i feet, lying midway between the two points. Raritan River, as before mentioned, makes into the western end of Raritan Bay just to the southward of Arthur Kill,-itB entrance being eleven hundred yards wide, between FeJTY Point on the north and the Camden a.nd Amboy Ra.llroad Docks on the south. It takes its rise in the western part of the State of New Jersey, bnt is of little importance beyond New Brunswick; (which is about thirteen miles above its mouth,) and all communication above this point is carried on by canal. Not more than thirteen feet at low water can be taken across the bar at its mouth; and just above South .Amboy it is crossed by a drawbridge eaJTYing the Central Railroad of New Jersey. No sailing direc:tions can be given tor it, and the navigation is almost entirely confined to steam and canal hoata. NEWARK BAY. Newark Boy, as before mentioned, on page 536, is connected with the Upper Bay of New York by Kill Yau Kull. The direction of the Bay i\" NB. byN. and SW. by S., its length about four miles and three-<J.uarters, and its average width a mile and a qiiarter, with a depth in the channel of ab.mt six feet. At ite northern end it receives the waters of the Hackensack a1ul Passaic rivers,-the former taking its rise in Rockland Lake, abont eighwen mil\"\" above the northern end of New York city, and the latter rising in Somen<et County, (Central New Jersey,) and flowing through :i very tortuous channel, which in turn follows all the points of the compass, until it fina!Iy empties into Newark Bay, at it.a northwestern end. The eastern shore of the bay is formed by Bergen lfeek, and shows a nearly level country, in no place more than forty feet high, for the most part wdl settled, and divel'Bified with alternate woods and cultivated :fields. The western shore is formed entirely by the famous Newa.rk Marshes, which are, however, being rapidly 1>eclaimed, and will in a few years present an uninterrupted line of level cultivatud fields. Passai1' River. The Pas@aic River, at its month, is about six hundred yards wide, but gradually contracts until, abroost of the city of Newark, it is but one hundred yards in width. Im course from tne enttnnee is, first a little to the eastward of N. by E. for about a mile and thr-·eighths, and 'then nearly W., for about a. mile, to the town of l!fewark. l3tJyon<l Newark it turns again to the northward, running about eight miles, to the village of Pa.saaie; then continuing to tbe northward for six miles, to Jtochdale; and then to the l!Outbwestward fur two miles, to Pa.terecm. There is no navigation beyond Patenon; hut the town has a communication by the Xor:r111 canal 'With both New Tork Bay and Dela.wve Biver. Newark is the largest city in the State of New Jersey,-baving a population of one hundred and tWenty-4i¥e tboW<and,- and is principally distinguished for Its manufacturing inteTe6ts, whioh consist of jewelry, mdia-rubber goods, cal'riagea, harness, clothing, and boots and slloea. Not more than six feet at law water C8:D, however, be tioken up to the city,-4t.s products being transported mainly by the nilways. Paterson is famous for its eott.on and silk factories; but there are also machine shops, which manufacture loeomotives, carriages, guns, paper, and other articles. It has a population of about thirty-nin<'l th<>asand, and is rapidly increasing. There i8 no navigation above this Wwll on account of the falls, which have a drop, perpendicular, of fifty feet. The :ffaclnmU.-:111: ll1TV is, at present, of no oommercm.J importance. Bergen Point The eastern p<l'int of entrance to Newark Bay ia marked by Bergen Point Light-house+ a gt'6Y stone Ligtrt-lloasfl. tower, attached to a wooden dwelling stMiding in the water about four hundred yurdit W SW. from Bergen Pomt. This t.oweris on the southw'letern ,t!Dil or...... l'oliit.lt<Mf, {which baa ·&um two to three feet Upc>ll « -it,) and shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, ftom a height of fbrty-eight teet above the - , -iaible 'ufilee. In ihick weather a. bell is struck, by machinery, -0nce in $Very fifteen· . - d s .

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 533 Half a mile W. i N. from :Bergen Point Light-house is Shooter's Island, a marshy island, about two Shooter's Island. hundred and fifty yards in diameter, with a few trees on its northern and western sides, and some houses and a wharf on its southern side. There is a large stake near the northern end of the island. Vessels bound to Elizabethport pass to the southward of this island, between it and the wharf-line of North Shore village; and, wlwn past the wharf on the southern side of the former, will perceive a large stake or pile bearing about NW. by N., and half a mile off. This stake carries, at night, a lens lantern, known as Corner Sta.ke Llght, which shows a fixed red light as a guide to warn vessels off the Corner Sta.Jte Fl&ts, and to mark the turning point in the channel to Elizabetl1port. Nearly three-quarters ofa mile to the northward of :Bergen Point Light.house Newark Bay is cro\"'\"\"d by a bridge carrying ·the Central Railroad of New Jerst>y, which l•ere crosses to Berg•m Neck and terminates at the Communipaw Docks, just below Jersey City. When vessels have passed through the draw in this bridge they will see to the northward, about two miles and a half off, and on the western side of the bay, a grey tower, attached to a dw..Uing of the same color with brown trimmings; and jw.t to the northward of it a wooden beacon, painted black and red, standing on a Passaic Light- stone pier. The light-house is known as Passaic Light-ho11$e, bears from Bergen Point Light-hom<e NE. by house. N. ! N., a little over three miles and a quarter distant, and shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty-eight feet above the sea, visible eleven miles. It is situated upon the eastern edge of the Passaic Fl.ate, which have from one to two feet upon them, and ext<>nd off the Newark Marshes at distances varying from half a mile to twelve hundred yards. The best water is carried by giving the light-house a berth to the westwardof not less tlian a quarter of a mile. The beacon above mentioned is known as Elbow Beacon,-heing at the point of junction of the Passaic and Hackensack channels, and marking the turning point in the channel leading into the Pammie River. J t Elbow Beacon. is three-eigliths of a mile NE. i N. from the Passaic Light-house, and three miles and five-eighths NE. by N. i N. from Bergen Point Light-house. It supports a fixed white light, of the fifth order, twenty-seven feet abo,·e the sea, and visible six miles. .Above and beyond it there are no light-houses, although the channel is pretty well buoyed as far up as the railroad bridge. About seven hundred yards above its mouth the Passo.ie is crossed by a railroad bridge carrying tl1e New York and Newark Railroad. About five-eighths of a mile above this it is cros..ed by another bridge, and, at the city of Newark itself, by several others ca.ITying the various railroads leading to New York. Of colll'l3e, neither bay nor iiver is navigable without a pilot. DANGERS IN APPROA(UIING A.ND ENTERING NEW YORK B.A.Y .A.ND HARBOR FROM THE EA.STWARD. I. By ~vs Vl«Hnae1, ~hrough ~\"lw Main £71.tH&-L-When up with Sandy HQOk light-vessel the course for the whistling-buoy at the entrance to Gedney's Channel is NW. t N., and the distance three mile.s and five-eighths. This buoy, called in the Buoy List the \"Automatic Signal Buoy,\" is painted red and surmounted by a ten-inch air-whistle, operated by the motion of the sea, and w11ose shriek has been heard at a dist.ance of five miles. It is plaood in nine fathoms, at the eastern end of the channel ra.nge,-Princess Bay Light-house bearing W. by N. k N .• distant thirteen miles and one- eighth, and Sandy Hook Light-house w. by S. t S., distant three miles and three-quarters. When up with it the course leads t.owards Princess Bay Light, and a red can-buoy will be seen, bearing about NW. by W. i W., distant half a mile; a black nun-buoy t.o the southward of the course, bear- ing W. t S., distnnt three-quarters of a mile; and a nun-buoy,* painted white and black in perpen- dicular stripes, directly ahead, and half a mile off. The red buoy is a first-class ran, (No. 2,) and is placed in twenty-two feet, about four lmndred yards to the southeashvard of an eighkeii feet spot off the eastern end of the Romer Shoal. The black buoy is a first-dass nun, (No. 1,) and does not mark any particular shoal, but is simply a guide t.o keep vessels in the best water. It is about eight hundred and :fifty yards SW.! S. from the red buoy, and is placed in five fathoms. The striped buoy is known as the \"Entrance Buoy\" to the Main Channel, and is a nun* of the first-dass, placed on the sailing- line in :five and a half fathoms. It is surmounted by a perch and ball. Vessels should keep this buoy in range with Princess Bay Light-house, if the latter ca.n he seen, and if not, sl1ould keep it in range with the Inner Mid-channel Buoy, which is also painted black and white in perpendicular stripes. When up with the Entrance Buoy a black nun-buoy will be seen, a little to the southward of the course, bearing about W. t N., and a mile off. This is known as the \"Inner Buoy\" of Gedney's Channel, and is placed on the north side of a seventeen and a half fed lump. J t is a nun of the first class, marked No. 3, and the sailing-line posses two hundred yards to the northward of it. About eight hundred and fifty yards to the westward of it is the \"Inner Mid-channel Buoy,\" and about the AAine distance N. l W. from it is a red can-buoy of the first olags, marked No. 4, and placed in three and a quarter fathoms· about half a mile to the southward of the eastern part of the Romer Shoal. This buoy bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel NW. t W., distant a little over five miles, and from ~y HOQk Light-house Nlil.. ! E., dist;mt ~ mile;i ~d three;-qnart.ery;. The sa.iling-li_ne passes SIX hundred yards to th~ southward of it, and dB pnncipal use IS to gmde vessels rn beatmg ;-the rule bcin.a: not t.o stand to the northward of the range of this buoy and the red can, surmounted by a perch and square, about thirteen. hundred yards to the westward of it. The Inner Mid-channel Buoy, above menti.Oned, is a first..o1ass nun, painted black and white in perpendicular stripes, and marking the turning point from Gedney's into the Main Channel. It is placed on the ra.nge of the Bayside and Wilson's beacons, (called in the Light-_honse List, Point Comfort and Waackaack beacons,) they bearing w. by a. i a.; and ·that ooume leads directly through the Main ChWU1€1 in the best water.

534 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. When up with the Inner Mid-channel Buoy a large red can-buoy will be seen well to the north- ward of the course, bearing about NW. by W., and eight hundred yards distant. This is placed a little to the southward of a ;pit, with from thirte,en to eighteen fed upon it, mnking off from the southern side of The Romer. It is a can of the first class, (No. 6,) surmounted by a perch and square day- mark; and placed in throo fathoms, to keep vessels off the southern end of The Romer. The sailing- line, which turns to the southwestward from abreast of the Inner Mid-channel Buoy, The Romer. passes about six hundred yards to the southward of red buoy No. 6. The Romer, or Rome:r Shoal, as it is frequently called, is an extensive sand shoal, about five miles, long and having an average width of three-quarters of a mile, which separates the East and Swash' channels. It has from four to seventeen feet upon it, and in some places is nearly bare at low water. Its southeastern end marks the northern limits of Gedney's Channel; and it is upon a spur making off to the southward from this part of the shoal that the red buoy No. 6 is placed. To avoid the shoal at night, vessels should not stand to the northward of Bayside or Point Comfort Beacon bearing w. bys.ts. When abreast of the red buoy No. 6 a nun-buoy will be seen to the northward of the course, bearing about W., and distant one mile. This is o:n what was formerly known as Palestine Shoal, but which has now no existence. The buoy is painted red and black in horizontal stripes, placed in five fathoms, and may be passed clQSC-to, on either hand, with not less than four and a half fathoms at low water. The usual sailing-line, however, passes about four hundred yards to the southward of it. Nearly one mile S. -! E. from Palestine Shoal buoy, and to the eastward of the northern end of Sandy Hook, will he seen another nun-buoy, also painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This is on the northern end of False Hook Shoal, which extends in a NW. by N. and SE. by S. direction, at distances from Sandy Hook varying from half a mile to twelve hundred yards, and Faf.r,, Hook with a depth of from fourteen to sixteen feet at low water. The buoy, which is a nun Shoal. of the second class, is placed in three fathoms on the northwestern end of the shoal, and bears from Sandy Hook Light-ves..qe} W. by N. :f N., distant five miles and seven- eighths; from the whistling-buoy at the entrance to Gedney's Channel W. by S., a little over three miles; and from the Hook Beacon E. ! S., distant three-quarters of a mile. It marks also the east:ern side of the False Hook Channel and the western side of the South Channel. Vessels in beating must he careful, while to the eastward of Sandy Hook Point, not to stand to the southward of the Hook Beacon bearing W. by S., by which means False Hook Shoal will be avoided. When abreast of the horizontally-striped buoy on Palestine Shoal a red can-buoy will be seen to the n-0rthward of the course, bearing about W. by N., and half a mile off. This is off the eastern end of :Flynn's Knoll, in four fathoms, and on the northern side of the channel. Flynn's Flynn's Knoll. Knoll is a sand shoal, one mile long WNW. and ESE., and has from ten to sixteen feet water upon it. At its western end iii; sends off a spur, known as SouthweJJt Spit, half a mile long, with from eleven to sixteen feet upon it; and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the eastern end of the knoll is an eighteen fed lump, off which this red can-buoy is placed. The buoy is a first-class can, marked No. 8, and the sailing-line passes a quarter of a mile to the south- ward of it. On the southern side of the channel, off Sandy Hook Point, will be seen two black nun-buoys about six hundred yards NW. and SE. of each other. The easternmost, a nun of the second class, marked No. 5, is off the eastern edge of the shoals off Sandy Hook Point, and is placed in four and a half fathoms three-eighths of a mile ENE. Northerly from the Hook Beacon. The westernmost and most northerly is off the pitch of the hook, and marks the northern limits of the Shoals off shoal. It is a nun of the first class, (No. fr},) and bears from the Hook Beacon Sand,T Hook. N NE. Northerly, three-eighths of a mile, and from the red can-buoy (No. 8) on the eastern end of Flynn's Knoll s. f- w., distant tbree-eie:hths of a mile. The sailin~-liuc • passes nearer to this buoy than t-0 the Plynn's Knoll buoy, (about two hundred yards off,) and oontmues to the westward, on the range of Bayside and Wilson's beacons, until the West Beacon and Sandy Hook Light-house are brought in range. On this course there will soon be seen, a little to the northward of the course, and three-quarters of a mile off, (bearing nearly W.,) a red ran-buoy, surmounted by a perch and ball. This is off the southern side of Southwest Spit, (above mentioned,) is marked No. 8~, and plaood in four fathoms near the turning point in the Main Channel,-Sandy Hook Light-house and West Beacon being nearly in range, and Wilson's Beacon .open a little to the northward of Bay- side Beacon,-the former bearing W. bys. t S., and the red buoy off the west.ern end of Southwest Spit NW. :l W., distant thirteen hundred and fifty yards. This red buoy (No. 10) is on the sailing- Jine, close to the northerly turn in the channel, where Conover and Chapel Hill beacons come in rn.nge. The course continues to the northwestward until the range of these beacons OODlilS on, and then turns abruptly to the northwa.rd,-leading towards the eastern Side of The Narrows. At the turn in the course a. red can-buoy will be seen bearing about NE. by N. l N., five-eighths of e. mile off, and the buoy at the east.em end of the JlifaVJ' Trial Course will appear nearly three- «;1,uarters of a. mile to the westward, bearing about W. t JiT. The red. buoy, which is a. first-class can, (No. IO,) is placed in four fathoms off the northwest.em.· end of Flynn's Knoll, and bears from the

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK~ 535 Hook Beacon NW., two miles, and from the red buoy off the western end of Southwest Dangera--Main Spit N. by E. t E., five-eighths of a mile distant. Vessels in beating in this vicinity Channel, New should not stand to the eastward farther than to bring Conover BearA>n to hear s. by York Harbor. W. i- W., to avoid Southwest Spit, Flynn's Knoll, and the East Knolls, to the north- ward of the latter. The sailing-line passes three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy off the northwestern end of Flynn's Knoll; and when abreast of it another red can-buoy will he seen a little to the eastward of the course, and about five-eighths of a mile off; while a black nun-buoy will - appear ·well to the westward, bearing about N. by W. ! W., and distant seven-eighths of a mile. The red buoy is a can of the first class, marked No. 12, and placed in four and a half fathoms on the western side of the East Knolls, an extensive area of shoal ground EaBt Kno/111. separating the Main and Swash channels, and having from eleven to sixteen feet water upon it. It is a mile and three-eighths long N. by W. t W. ands. by E. ! E., and three-quarters of a mile wide, and is marked only by the above mentioned buoy. It is, therefore, very necessary for vessels of large draught to be careful not to stand too far to the eastward when in its vicinity. The black nun-buoy on the western side of the channel is placed about three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the southern end of the 'Vest Knolls,-a shoal about seven-eighths of a mile long NE. by N. ! N. and SW. by S. ts., with sixteen feet water upon it, and not less than three and a half fathoms on all sides of it. The buoy is marked No. 7, placed in West Kno/111. three and a half fathoms, and bears from the red buoy off the western end of South- west Spit N. by W., distant a mile and a half. From this buoy the southernmost of the buoys off Staten Island Flats bea.rs N. by E. i E., distant two miles. At the northern end of the East Knolls is the junction of the Swash with the ~Iain Channel, and six lmndred and fifty yards to the northward of the knolls will be seen a nun-buoy of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This buoy is in five fathoms one mile N. by E. from the red can-buoy off East Knolls, and a mile and an eighth NE. t E. from the black buoy off West Knolls. The sailing-line passes about four hundred yards to the westward of it, and, when abreast of it, a red can-buoy will be seen well to the eastward, bearing about E. by N. ! N., and eleven hun- dred yards off. This is on the western side of the northern part of The Romer, and marks the eastern limits of the Swash Channel. To vessels coming up the Main Channel it is useful only to keep them from standing too far to the eastward when beating. The rule is to go about as soon as you open Chapel Hill Beacon to the eastward of Conover Beacon. This rule avoids also the red can-buoy on the northern end of The Romer, which will appear (when abreast of the striped nun-buoy at the junction of the Main and Swash channels) a little to the eastward of the course, bearing about NE. by N. l N., a mile and a quarter distant. The buoy is marked No. 14, placed in twenty-two feet at low water,-Lower Quarantine bearing N. by W. ! W., Fort Tompkins' Light-house N. -& W., and Gmvesend Point (the western extremity of Coney Island) NE. by N. t N. . Directly opposite to the red can-buoy, (No. 14,) bearing about W. by N. f N. from it, and distant five-eighths of a mile, will be seen a black nun-buoy; while, about three-quarters of a mile to the eastward, bearing about E. l N., will appear a large red can-buoy. The black nun is on the eastern side of the great Staten Island Flats, which make off from the eastern shore of that island to distances varying from a mile and three-quarters to two miles and five- Staten Island eighths, with depths over them varying from one to sixteen feet. These flats include Flats. within their limie Round Shoal and Old Orchard Shoal, (which obstruct the approach to Raritan Bay,) and the great West Bank, which forms the western limits of the Main Channel into New York, and upon which the artificial islands forming the Lower and Upper Quar- antine stations have been constructed. The red mn-buoy to the eastward. is placed off the western end of The Middl~ Ground, separating the East Channel from the Fourteen Feet Channel, which latter leads between The l\\liddle Ground and East Bank. At this point all the channels unite, giving an unobstructed pa.ssage, about a mile and a quarter wide, as far up~ The Narrows. The East Bank is an extensive sand shoal, about a mile and a quarter in diameter, which extends to the southward from Coney Island, and has from three to ten feet water upon it. The shoal lumps are scattered all over the bank,-nve feet being found a mile and a half, and three feet . a mile and a quarter, to the southward of :Manhattan Bea.ch, and ten feet close to the East Bank. southern and western edges of the bank. It is, therefore, very necessary to he careful in approaching this side of the channel, and a good rule is not to stand further to the eastward than to bring Fort Lafayette to bear l.'if. f W., by whiCh means both the East Bank and The Middle Ground separating the Fourteen Feet and East channels will be avoided. Seven~igb.tbs of a mile N. by E. from the black nun-buoy on the easte~n side of Staten Island Flats will be seen another black nun-buoy, which marks the southeastern end of the great West Bank. This shoo.I, which forms the northeastern extremity of the Staten Island .Flats, makes in a S. t W. direction from Fort Tompkins {on the western side of the entrance to The Narrows) for a little over three miles. It is bare in some places at low wa.t.er, and in others has from one to ten feet upon it; and, being bold-to on its eastern side, would be very dangerous were it not West Bank. for t1:ie buoys and the two artificial islands, kn!>wn as Dix and Hoffinann islands,

536 ATLANTIC OOAS'r PILOT;. Dangsrs --Main which serve as guides to avoid it. The nun-buoy on the southeastern end of the bank is Channel, New of the first class, marked No. 11, and placed in three and a half fathoms just clear of the Tork Harbor. flats,-Dix Island bearing N. by W. i W., distant three-quarters of a mile. The sailing- line passes about three hundred·and fifty yards to the eastward of it; and when abreast of it another black nun-buoy will be seen to the westward of the course, bearing about N. by W., and seven-eighths of a mile off. This is locally known as the \"Lower Quarantine Buoy,'' though, in reality, it marks the eastern edge of the West Bank. \\.Vell to the eastward, broring about NE. by E. t E., and distant a mile and a quarter, will be seen a red can-buoy, which is on the northwestern extremity of East Bank. It i;i marked No. 16, placed in four and a quarter fathoms, and to avoid it as we11 as the East Bank vessels should not stand to the eastward of Robbins' Reef Light-house bearing N. by W. The black buoy off Lower Quarantine is marked No. 13, and placed in three and a half fathoms, about six hundred yards to the eastward of Dix Island. Whea abreast of it, a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen to the westward of the course, bearing about N. !- W., and a mile and an eighth off. This is on Craven's Shoal, a detached lump with eighteen feet at low water, lying about fourteen hundred yards NE. hy E. l E. from Upper Quarantine or Hoffmann Island, and a mile B SE. from Fort Tompkins Light-house. The buoy is placed close to the .;;hoal, on its eastern side, and may be safely passed on either side; but the sailing-line passes Craven's Shoal. about six hundred yards to the eastward of it. 'Vhen abreast of the buoy, two black buoys (the southernmost a nun and the northernmost a spar) will be seen well over towards the Staten Island shore, just below the entrance to The Narrows ; while there are no buoys on the eastern side of the channel. Tbese two buoys are placed on the ea.stern edge of the 'Vest Bank, near its northern end, to mark the western limits of the channel. The nun is No. 15, and the spar No. 15!. When past them the channel through The Narrows is fairly open, and there are no obstruc- tions, except that vessels must give the eastern shore of The Narrows a berth of a quarter of a mile, or, in other words, must not go inside of Fort Lafayette. When past The Narrows, on the course for Robbins' Reef Light-house, there will soon be seen, to the eastward of the course, a red can-buoy. This buoy, which is marked No. 18, is placed in four and a half fath-0ms abreast of the southwestern end of Gowanus Flats, which make off 61>wanus Flats. in a SW.ts. direction from Red Hook (the northern point of entrance to Gowanus · Bay) for two miles and an eighth. They have from ten to fifteen feet water upon them, and are difficult to avoid unless the buoy can be seen, as a long pocket, with from three to seven fathoms in it, makes in on the eastern side of the flats, and the lead cannot, therefore, be de- pended upon. It is best for strangers, for this and other reasons, to take a tow-boat at Tompkinsville. On approaching Robbins' Reef Light-house a black nun-buoy will be seen, about a quarter of a mile to the southward of it. This buoy, which is marked No. 17, is placed in three fathoms, on the southeastern extremity of the Jersey Flats, (sometimes called Be:rge:n Flats,) of which Joney Flats. Robbins' Reef forms a part. The Jersey Flats lie on the western side of the Upper Bay of New York, between Constable's Point (the southeastern extremity of Bergen Neck) and the Communipaw Docks, at the western point of entrance to the Hudson. Their eastern extremity is from a mile and an eighth to two miles from shore, and is pretty well marked by Rob- bins' Reef Light-house, Oyster Island, Bedloe's Island and Ellis' Island. By giving each of these islands a berth to the westward of not less than a quarter of a mile vessels will pass clear of the flats. The Jersey Flats have from three to six feet water upon them, where th• are not bare; and vessels must not, therefore, attempt to cross them, or to pass inside of the islandi;;. When abreast of Robbins' Reef Light-house a red sper-buoy will be seen, well to the eastward of the oourse, bearing about NE. by E. t E., and a mile and an eighth off. This buoy, which is marked No. 20, is placed off the western edge of Gowa.nus Flats, near their northern end, and bears from the red can-buoy off the southwestern end of the same fiats :NE. by :N.• a mile and five-eighths, . and from Robbins' Reef Light-house E. by llr. t N., a mile and a half distant. From this buoy the black spar-buoy on Governor's ·Island Shoal bea.ni NE. by :N., a mile and one-eighth, and the black buoy on Oyster Island Flats N. by W. f W., one mile distant. This black btl()y on Oyster Island Flats is a mile and three-quarters to the northward of the black buoy off Robbins' Reef Light-house. It is marked No. 19, and is placed in three and a half fathoms about four hundred yards to the eastward of Oyster Island, and nine hundred yards t.o the southward of Bedloe's Island. When up with it the sailing..:Jine passes about six hun- Oyate.r la/and dred yards to the eastward of it, and there will be seen, on the eastern side of the Flats. channel, off Governor's Island, a blaek l!!PW•buoy, (No. 1.) This marks the south- western extl\"emicy of Governor's Isl.and WMt Shoal, which makes off from the western side of that island for about nine hundred yards, and a.JM marks the northern side of the -entr.ance to Bnttermj.lk Channel from the westward. Governor's Island West Shoal is easily avoidoo, even should the buoy be gone, as the water shaa.ls veey gradually, and it is ~nly ~ to use too lead and go about or keep oft', aooording to draug1it. · When pMt, Governor's .Ldand there are no dani?ers,-it being only neooseary to give Bed}oe's and Ellis' islands a berth to the westwa.1'tl of a quarter of a mile; #lld to be ()Meful, On. the Sood tide, not to be drawn into the current of the East River.

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 537 SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING A.ND ENTERING NEW YORK DAY AND HARBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. I. DJ1 G-eifnev'• U&an.ReZ tht\"ough the lfCain Clt.annei.-When up with Sandy Hook Li.ght- wsscl, if the weather be thick a.nd the sea heavy, the whistling-buoy at the entrance to the }.fain Channel will certainly be heard, even should the light-vessel not be visible, as its shriek has been ·reported as having been heard a.t a distance of five miles. It may be safely steered for when heard; and, when up with it, the course through the Main Channel will be W. by N. ! N. In clear weather NW. t N. from the light-vessel for three miles and a half will bring you up ·with the buoy; and on this course there will not he less than eight and three-quarter fathoms. Nowst-eer W. by N. ! N. for the Entrance buoy, (perpendicular stripes,) which is placed on the sailing-line nearly midway between the red buoy (No. 2) and the black buoy (No. 1.) When up with the entrance buoy continue on the same course for the buoy at the turn of the channel, (also perpendicular stripes.) On this course there will not be less than twenty-three feet, and you ''rill pass about an eighth of a mile to the north- ward of the black buoy, (No. 3.) At the turning point there is a depth of six fathoms and threc- quart.ers at mean low water; and thence the course thrcmgh the Main Channel is W. by S. l S., for nearly three miles, until past Sandy Hook, and the light-house and 'Vest Beacon are in range. On this course there will not be less than twenty-six feet, and when the range comes on the depth will be thirty-five feet. Now steer NW. i W. for about a mile, (on the :rauge of \\Vest Beacon and thq light- house,) carrying not less than twenty-seven feet, until past the red buoy (No. 10) off the western end of Southwest Spit, and Conover and Chapel Hill beacons are brought in range on a bearing of S. by W. t W. Now steer N. by E. t E., (keeping the range,) which will lead safely up the channel, past The Romer, and between East and 'Vest banks,-the least water (twenty-two feet) being found just aft.er passing the red buoy (No. 10!) marking the northwestern end of Flynn's Knoll. This course should be continued until pa.st Hoffman Island, (Upper Quamntine,J and Fort Tompkins Light-house bears NW. by N., distant one mile and t11ree-eightlis, when the course through The Narrows will be N. by W. directly for Robbins' Reef Light-house, and should be continued until abreast of Tomp- kinsville. It is strongly recommended to sailing vessels to take a tug-boat to New York from this point, as the frequently crowded state of the Upper Bay renders its navigation exceedingly difficult for other than steamers, and collisions are frequent. Should it be necessary, however, to proceed up under sail, the best course from off Tompkinsville (with Roubins' Reef Light-house bearing N. i W., one mile and an eighth, l?lld the wo:itern end of Governor's Island NE. t N., three miles and five- eighths distant} will be NE. by N. -! N., carrying not less than five fathoms, until past The Battery; when, if intending to anchor on the Jcrscy shore, you should haul over towards that shore and anchor in from three to four and a half fathoms, muddy bottom. Vessels intending to go into dock on the New York side will, of course, take a tow-boat. In this connection strangers would do well to consult the Extrn.<>,ts :from the IIarbor Regulations of New York, given in Appendix No. II. The above coul\"SES pass a little over half a mile to the southwbrd of the eastern extremity of The Romer; three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the southern end of The Romer, (marked by red buoy No. 6 with perch and square;) two hundred yards to the northward of the black nun-buoy near \"the seventeen and u half-feet lump;\" between five and six hundred yards to the southward of the red can-buoy on the north side of the channeJ, (between the southeast.em. and southern ends of The Romer;) a quarter of a mile to the southw-.inl of the striped buoy on Palestine Shoal; the same distance to the southward of the red buoy o:ff\" the eastern end of Flynn~s Knoll; about one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy off the northern end of Sandy Hook; fifty yards to the west- ward of the red ean-buoy (surmount.ed by perch and ball) off the southern side of Southwest Spit; close to the red can·bnoy (No. 10) off the western end of Southwest Spit; three hundred and fifty yards t-0 the westward of the red can-buoy (No. 10!) oil' the northwest.crn end of Flynn's Knoll; four hundred yards t.o the ~ of the red can-buoy on the western side of FA1.St Knolls; a)J41)ut nine hundred yards to the eastward of the black nun-buoy o:ff\" West Knolls; three hundred yards to the Westward of the striped nun-buoy off the northern end of East Knolls; a quarter of a mile to the eastw;ard of the black nun-buoy (No. 9) off the ~uthenst.crn cod of Staten Island Flats; aeven hon- e. P.-68

ATLANTIU COAST PILOT. Sailing Dirac- dred yards to the westward of the red can-buoy (No. 14) on the northern end of tiona--Main Romer Shoal; four hundred yards t-0 the eastward of the black nun-buoy (No. 11) on Channel, New the southeastern end of ~Test Bank ; seven-eighths of a mile to the westward of the York Har6or. red can-buoy (No. 16) off the northern end of East Bank; three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy (No. 13) on the eastern side of \"\\Yest Bank abreast of Dix Island; six hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy on Craven's Shoal; over half a mile to the eastward of the black buoys (Nos. 15 and 15'}) marking the eastern edge of \\\\Test Banlq1t its northern end; seven hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Gowanus Flats; six hundred yards to the cnstward of the black buoy on the southern end of Robbins' Reef; a little over five hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy marking the eastern side of Oyster Island Flats; and half a mile to the westward of the black spar-buoy on the western extremity of Governor's Island West Shoal. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR FROM THE EASTWAilD. ·II. Bu Geilaeu•11 Claaanel, threugh t:he Swash Claann4'f.-The course from the whistling-buoy through Gcdney's Channel is, as before mentioned on page 537, W. by N. ! N. towards Prince:;s Bay Light-house. On this course you will pass to the southward of the can-buoy (No. 2) off the south- eastern end of Romer Shoal, to the northward of the black nun-buoy (No. 1) on the southern side of the entrance, and close to the \"Channel buoy,\" which is painted black and white in perpendicular stripes and surmounted by a perch and ball. 'Vhen to the westward of these buoys, you will pass about two hundred yards to the northward of the black nun-buoy near the senenfoen and a half fed lump, between five and six hundred yards to the southward of the red mn-buoy (No. 4) between t-hc t!Outhern and southeastern ends of The Romer, and close to the \"Inner l\\:lid-channel buoy,\" which is a nun of the first class, painted black and white in perpendicular stripes. The course must be con- tinued towards PrinceBS Bay Light-house (passing about three hundred and fifty yards to the south- ward of the red can-buoy off the southern end of The Romer) until Sandy Hook Light-house bears SSW., when the New Dorp Beacon will be open a little to the northward of the Elm Tree Beacon, and the course through the Swash Channel leads directly for the Jatter, passing about seven hundred yards to the northward of the striped nun-buoy on Palestine Shoal. (See, also, pages 533-534 for description of the above dangers.) At this turning point in the channel a red can-buoy will be seen nearly abeam, bearing about NE. by N., and six hundred and fifty yards off. It is marked No. 4, placed in four and a quarter fathoms, and, although not indicating any particular shoal, is intended to keep vessels off the south side of The Romer. From the red can-buoy off the southern end of The Romer it bears NW. by W. ! W., five-eighths of a mile, and from the Inner Mid-channel buoy NW. by W. t W., about one mile distant. The sailing-line passes six hundred yards to the westward of it. When abreast of it another red can-buoy (No. 6) will be seen to the eastward of the course, bearing about N. i W., and half a mile off. This is on the western side of The Dry Romer, at its southern end, and is placed in three and a half fathoms four miles NW. by N. t N. from Scotland Light-vessel, and three-eighths tof a mile NW. W. from the red can-buoy (No. 4) above mentioned. There should be a large black buoy on tl1e western side of the channel, about eight hundred yards SW. from this buoy, to mark the southeasternmost of the East Knolls; and such action will be recommended. About five-eighths of a mile W. by N. from the red buoy off the southeastern end of The Dry Romer will be seen a black nun-buoy. This buoy, which is marked No. 3, is on a sixteen fed spot to the eastward of the East Knolls, in three and a half fathoms water. While to the southward of it, vessels must not go to the westward of Elm Tree Beacon bearing NW. l N., in order to a.void tire other delached shoo/,a of the East Knolls whicli lie to the southeastward of the buoy. Should these be buoyed, as recommended above, there will be no danger except during thick weather. About seven hundred yards to the northwestward of this buoy (No. 3) will be seen a large spar- buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This marks a sixteen feet shoal, known as the New Shoal, which lies nearly in mid-channel, with the Hook and West beacons nearly Ntflw Shoal. in range. Yon may pass on either side of this buoy, but it is usual to leave it to the westwRrd. When up with it a black nun-buoy will be seen to the westward of the course, ,.about t~uarters of a mile off, and a conical stone beacon well to the eastward, and a.bout, nine hundred yards clistaot. The former, which is placed in twenty feet, marks the eastern edge of the East Knolls, near their northern end, and is a second-cJass nun, marked No. 5. The latter JS on the shoalest part of The Dry Romer, and is a gmnite structure, surmounted by a mast and sqnare cage,-bearing from

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BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 539 Miles. The whistling-buoy a.t the entrance to Gedney's Channel, NW. by W. ! W. 4! Sandy Hook Light-vessel, NW. i W·------------------------------- 7f tThe striped buoy at the entrance to the South Channel, NW. N.______ 4 Scotland Light-vessel, NW. by N. t N._____________________________ 5! Sandy Hook Light-house, N. } W·--------------------------------- 3! From this beacon the red can-buoy on the northwestern end of The Romer bears NW. t W., distant one mile, and Fort Tompkins Light-house N. by W., distant five miles and a half; upon which course not less than thirteen feet can be carried across the shoal. The Dry Romer is the name given to the shoalest part of Romer Shoal, which lies NW. and SE., is a mile Dry Romer. and three-eighths long, and has upon it from four to nine feet at low water. It is especially dangerous to vessels using the Swash Channel, as the set of the ebb is directly upon it; but a careful watch of the head range of Elm Tree and New Dorp beacons will prevent disaster. \"\\Vhen abreast of the beacon on The Dry Romer a red can-buoy will be seen, a little to the north- ward of the course, bearing about NW. by N. t N., distant one mile; and a nun-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, to the southward, bearing NW. l W., distant a mile and an eighth,- the sailing-line passing about midway between them. The former marks the northwestern edge of the Romer Shoal, is a first-class can, marked No. 8, and placed in four fathoms,-Dix Island bearing N. by W., distant two miles and five-eighths, and the red buoy on the northern end of The Romer N. t E., distant seven-eighths of a mile. The striped buoy on the western side of the channel is a nun of the first class, placed in five fat.horns about six hundred and fiftY. yards to the northward of the northern end of East Knolls, and at the junction of the Swash Channel with the 1rfain. From this buoy the black nun-buoy off Staten Island Flats bears N. ! W., <list.ant a mile and a quarter, and the red can-buoy on the northern end of Romer Shoal N. by E. ! E., distant a mile and an eighth. Beyond this buoy you are in the Main Channel, and the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as described on pages 534-536. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. II. B11 '#:lie l!h!Da•h Ua.annel.-This channel must never be attempted in thick weather, or when the range of Elm Tree and New Dorp beacons cannot be seen, as the set of the tidal current is diago- nally across it, and vessels are in danger of being set upon The Romer or the East Knolls. In clear weather, however, it is both safe and easy, and is frequently used. From Sandy Hook Light-vessel steer NW. i N. for the whistling-buoy, carrying not less than eight and three-quarter fathoms, and when up with it steer W. by N. 1 N. through Gedney's Channel, carrying not less than twenty-three feet until past the two mid-channel buoys and the range of Elm Tree and New Dorp beacons is nearly on,-the latter being open a little to the northward. From this position Elm Tree Beacon will bear NW. t N. and Sandy Hook Light-house S SW., and you must steer for the former,-being careful, on the flood tide, not to bring it in range with New Dorp Bea.con. On this course you will have not less than four and a quarter fathoms, and you will pas.<1 about four hundred yards to the westward of the beacon on The Dry Romer. Continue the course until Conover and Chapel Hill beacons are in range on a bearing of S. by W. ! W., when you will be in the Main Channel, and must steer N. by E. l E., following the directions given for that channel on page 537. Th~ above courses pass a little over three hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy No. 6, (with perch and square,) marking the southern end of Romer Shoal; nearly six hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy (No. 4) off the south side of Romer Shoal; six lmn.dred yards to the west- ward of the red can-buoy (No. 6) off the southeastern end of The Dry Romer; about two hundred Yards to the eastward of the black nun-buoy (No. 3) on the eastern side of the East Knolls; the same distance to the eastward of the horizontally-striped spar-buoy on the New Shoal; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the stone beacon on The Dry Romer; between five and six hundred yards to the eastward of tho black buoy (No. 5) on the enstern side of the East Knolls; an eighth of a mile to the Westward of the red buoy (No. 8) on the northwestern side of Romer Shoal; and five hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy off the northern end of the East Knolls. . o.-, ..,,__. - e11e .,_,...,. w. by N. ! N . . r r - the K>l&utu..._,._, yon come up ~th the Inn.er Mid-channel buoy, (perpendicular stripes,) nnd Bayside and Wilson's beacons are in range on a bearing

540 Sailing Di rec- of W. by B. ! S., steer for the beacons (keeping the range) for five-eighths of a mile, tions --Swasll until Elm Tree and New Dorp beacons are ne,arly in range,-the latter being open a Channel, New little to the northward. Here the depth will be five fathoms, and the course NW. l N. Yorlc Harbor. for Elm Tree Beacon, following the directions given above. f>t', f r - 8andrt H-k Ljgla,t-velUlel, a V688el lnt:end*ag to go th.--,gh the SuJash a&ann.el may steer NW. by W. ! W., carrying not less than nineteen feet, until Sandy Hook Light- house bears B SW., when Elm Tree Beacon. will bear NW.-! N., with New Dorp Beacon open a little to the northward of it. Now steer in on that range, which will lead safely through the Swiish Channel to its point of junction with the Main. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY .AND HARBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. III. 'l'h:rough tlui s-416 Claanael lnt;o tlae 1'Ealn or Swa•h Cla-nel.-Tl1is channel is onlv used by vessels from the southward, or by those from the eastward which have fallen in to the southward of Sandy Hook, or by sailing vessels which, on coming up with Sandy Hook Light-vessel, find the wind too far to the northward to enable them to enter Gcdney's or the Swash Channel. It lies just to the southward of Gedney's Channel. and is separated from :H'alse Hook Channel by False Hook Shoal. V easels from the southward make Scotland Light-vessel and proceed from it; but those from the eastward make Sandy Hook Light-vessel, and steer to the westward for the Entrance buoy, keeping Scotland Light-veBSel a little to the southward of the course. This buoy is a first-class nun, painted black and white in perpendicular stripes, and placed in forty feet water a little over two milt£ and three-quarters W. ! N. from Sandy Hook Light-vessel, and seven-eighths of a mile E. by N. i N. from Scotland Light-vessel. From this buoy the whistling-buoy at the entrance to Gedney's Channel bears N. ! E., distant nearly two miles and a quarter; Sandy Hook Light-house W. by N. i N., distant three miles and a hclf; and the Inner Mid-channel buoy NW. t N., disrunt ne,arly a mile and a half. \"\\Vhen up with the Entrance buoy a black nun-buoy will be seen t.o the westward of Scotland Light-vessel, bearing about W. ! s., and distant nearly a mile and a quarter. This buoy, which is marked No. I, is placed in three and a half fathoms on the western side of the channel, and is intended to keep vessels off the southeastern end of False Hook Shoal. It bears from the Entrance buoy W. t 8., a mile and a quarlcr; from Scotland Light-vessel W. by N. t N. Northerly, eight hundred and fifty yards; and from Sandy Hook Light-house SE. by E. t E., two miles and three-eighths distant. From this buoy the black spar-buoy (No. 3) placed off the eastern side of False Hook Shoal bears N NW., distant three-quarters of a mile. This black spar-buoy is the next met with after passing the Entrance buoy, and, in common with the black nun-buoy just described, is placed as a guide t.o vessels beating through the channel. It is in three and a half fathoms off an easterly spur of False Hook Shoal, and bears from the Entrance buoy W. by N. f li., distant a mile and five-eighths, and from Scotland Light-vessel NW. l N., distant one mile. From this buoy the striped nun-buoy on the northwe.stern end of False Hook Shoal bears NW. t W., distant a mile and five-eighths; Sandy Hook Light-house W. by 1'f. t N., distant a mile and seven-eighths; and the middle of the entrance to the Swash Channel NW. by N. ! li., distant three miles. The False Hook Shoal is a sand shoal a mile and three-quarters long NW. by li. t N. and SE. by S. l S., with from twelve to sixteen feet water upon it. It is narrow, except at its southern end, where it lliiB a width of about three-quarters of a mile over The Oil Spot, which is all Falss Hook that remains now of a sunken wreck in this position. The main body of the reef has Shoal. a width of about three hundred yards ; and about a mile and ~n eighth below its l)orthern end it sends off a fourleen jut, 8JYUr to the eastward for thrOO-eighths of a mile, which is marked by the black spar-buoy (No. 3} mentioned above; while the black nun-buoy (No. 1) is placed off the southeastern end of The Oil Spot. The Inner Mid-channel buoy of the South Channel is a first-class can, pa.int.eel black and white in perpendicular stripes, and placed in twenty-two feet at low water. It bears from Sa.ndy Hook Light-vessel WNW., distant four miles; &om the Entrance buoy '.NW. t lf~ a mile and a half; and from Scotland Light-vessel N. ! W., distant a mile and three-eighths. From this buoy the entrance to the Swash Channel bears :NW. l li. and Sandy Hook Light-house W.,-4he latter being distant two milm and three-eighths. When up with the Inner Mid..cliannel buoy a large nun-buoy will be seen about half a mile to the northeastward. It is painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and is locally known es The Lump buoy, but is not apPl'OOChed by VePBels using the South Cbalinel unless they are manding to the eastward on a wind. It is placed to the eastward of, and close to, an eighteen feet The Lump. · eh~. in mid-channel, ~led The I.n~p; and, by ~ving it a berth of a quarter of a · mile, it may be passed with safety on mther hand with not less than three and three- quarter fathoms.

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 541 When past the Inner Mid-channel buoy, if bound through the Swash Channel, Danger•--Saut/, or into the Main Channel by the usual course, there is nothing in the way until you Cltannel, Ne w are to the northward of Sandy Hook Point; but if standing to the we4\"ltward on a York Harbor. wind, you should go about us soon as Elm Tree Beacon bears NW. t N. or Scotland Light-vessel BE. ! S. By this means you will avoid False Hook Shoal, on the northwestern end of which will be seen a nun-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This buoy is placed in three fathoms,-the Hook Beacon bearing W. l N. Northerly, three-quarters of a mile, and Sandy Hook Light-house SW. t w .• the same distanc-e. }'rom this buoy the two black buoys off the Hook are nearly in range on a bearing of NW. i- W.; and the striped buoy on Palestine Shoal (in the Main Channel) bears N. i W., distant nearly one mile. If standing to the eastward on a wind you must beware of the black nun-buoy (No. 3) near the seventeen and a half fed lump, (see page 533,) and must give it a berth to the eastward of not less than a. quarter of a mile. Also the perpendicularly-striped nun-buoy on the sailing-line of Gedney'1:1 Channel, and which is three-eighths of a mile to the northwestwar<l of the seventeen and a half feet lump. A good rule to avoid these dangers, as well as the southern spit of Romer Shoal, when coming in by the South Channel, is not to go to the northward of Princess Bay Light-house bearing W. by N. t N. When past :F'alse Hook Shoal you are fairly in the J\\fain Channel, and the dangers met with are the same, and are encountered in the same order, as when passing through that channel. (Sec pages 533-536.) SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR FROM THE EABTWARD. III. 'Z'hrougA the s-#1& Channel into tlu~ Main or SUJash C1..an...,.,,z.-From Sandy Hook Light- vessel steer W. t N. until up with the Entrance buoy (perpendicular stripes) of the South Channel. Here the depth will be a little over six fathoms, and Scotland Light-vessel will bear W. by S. ;} S., distant seven-eighths of a mile. From this position Elm Tree Beacon will bear NW. t N., with New Dorp Beacon open a little to the northward of it; and that range will lead, with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, through the Swash Channel and into the Main. .DNt, ~._.,to paas through the .Bcda Cl•anuel, ar-nd Sov:t:hved l!!lptt, when, on the NW. :f N. course towards Elm Tree Beacon, Bayside and Wilson's bea~ns come in range on a bearing of W. by S. § S., steer that course, and follow the directions for the Main Channel on page 537. o.., front, Sandv H••k UaM..-:Z h~p t• the uied..,ffrfl, steering about W. by N. i N. for Sandy Hook Light-hom;e, until Elm Tree and New Dorp beacons come in range on a bearing of NW. ! N. Northerly. On this cou~ the least water will be four fathoms. \\Vhen the range is on steer in on it, carrying not less than three and a half fathoms; and, if intending to enter the }.fain Channel, as soon as Bayside and Wilson's beacons come in range, steer W. by S. i S. (keeping the range) until past the Hook, and West Beacon and Sandy Hook Light-house are in range on a bmring of SE. i E. Now steer NW.! W. until Conover and Chapel Hill beacons are in range, bearing S. by W. If W., when strer :N. by :m. }- :m., following the directioru; for the Main Channel. ~ q, - t~ above -rsea, . , _ 'i~end h• pa- tA1r0Woh. the tiheash. Cl&annet, when, on the course for Sandy Hook Light-house, Elm Tree Beacon bears NW. i N., with New Dorp Beacon open a little to the northward of it, and Scotland Light-vessel bears SW., a little over three-quarters of a mile distant, steer for Elm Tree Beacon, (keeping th~ relative positions of the two,) which course will lead, with not less than twenty-two feet, through the Swash Channel to its junction with the Main. This course does not pass near any of the shoals until it enters the Swash Channel. (See directions for that channel, pages 539-540.) •-JS -ar, a. - - i ~ ~ve .J\"ed k•• may bring the Elm Tree and New Turp beacons in range on a bearing of :NW. i N. :Northerly, and steer for them, (keeping the range,) which will lead through the Swash Channel with not less than sixteen feet at mean low water. This course passes over half a mile to the eastward of the black nun-buoy marking the eighteen foot lump off the. southeastern end of False Hook Shoal; about seven hundred yards to the east- mward the black spar-buoy (No. 3) off the southeastern spur of False Hook Shoal; :five-eighths of a mile t.o the eastward of the main body of that shoal; the same distance to the eastward of the striped buoy on the northern end of that shoal; two hundred yards to the eastward of\" the striped buoy on Palestine Shoal, &t the lower junction of the Main and Swash channels; the same distance to the

542 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- westward of the black nun-buoy (No. 3) on the southernmost of the sixt.een feet tions--South lumps in the Swash Channel; about one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the Channel, Ne rr black nun-buoy (No. 5) on the eastern side of East Knolls; a little over three-eighths York Harbor. of a mile to the westward of the beacon on The Dry Romer; two hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy off the northern end of East Knolls; and six hundred yards to the westward of the red can-buoy (No. 8) on the western side of Romer Shoal. Or, in. a ste4URer or nnarl saUin.g .,,_se1,, NW. by W. i W. may be steered from Sandy Hook Light-vessel, carrying not less than three and a quarter fathoms, crossing the South Channel obliquely, and entering the Main Channel abreast of the black buoy off the pitch of the Hook. This course can easily be made good on the fl.ood tide; but, with the ebb, it will be necessary to keep more to the northward, to avoid being set on False Hook Shoal or the shoal off the northern end of Sandy Hook, as the current of ebb sets directly upon these shoals, and the sailing-line passes close to them. Pass to the northward of the black nun-buoy (No. 5!) off the pitch of the Hook, and continue the course until Bayside and Wilson's beacons are in rang-e; when steer for them, and follow the directions for the Main Channel. The above course passes four hundred yards to the northward of the striped buoy on the northern end of False Hook Shoal; a little over one hundred yards to the northward of the black nun-buoy on the eastern side of the northern end of Sandy Hook; and close to the black buoy off the pitch of the Hook. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERI.NG NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR. IV. Bu~'\"' ..li'al8e H-k 01tan-i.-This is a good and safe channel for coasters during southerly or westerly winds,-having a depth of three and a half fathoms, and being comparatively unobstructed throughout its entire length. It skirts the eastern shore of Sandy Hook, between it and False Hook Shoal, is straight, and in no place 1€88 than five hundred yards wide between the lines of three fath- oms. \"\\Vith the wind off-shore, and the consequent smooth sea, it will be found a safe and convenient short cut from the southward into either the l\\fain or Swash Channel. As, however, there are no good ranges throughout its length, it should never be entered except on clear days, when the buoys can be seen and the distance from the beach rightly estimated. The first danger met with in approaching this channel from the southward is known as Shrews- bury Rocks, and lies off the Jersey coast a little over one mile to the southward of the village of Seabright, and three miles and three-eighths to the southward of N avesink Light-houses. These rocks are, in reality, a reef seven-eighths of a mile long E NE. and W SW.,-its eastern end being a mile from the beach, with eighteen foot water. A spar-buoy, painted red and black in hori- Shrewsbury zontal stripes, is placed on the shoalest part of the reef, in fourteen feet water, about three-quarters of a mile from th~ beach,-Highland Light-houses bearing N. by W. it Rocks. W., and Scotland Light-vessel N. by E. Easterly. There is an available channel, about five hundred yards wide, and good for eightoon feet at mean low water, between the western end of this reef and the shore; but it is not recommended. The best plan for eoo&ters, in running up the beach, is to keep not less than two miles from it until the Navesink Light-houses bear NW. l N. Northerly, and are in range; when they will be to the northward of Shrewsbury Rocks, and may shape their course for the False Hook Channel. .A.bout a mile and a quarter to the northward of the Navesink Light-houses a shoal, wi,th from seventeen if> eighteen feet upon it, extends to the eastward for five-eighths of a mile,-its eastern end bearing from the light-houses NE. ! N., a mile and five-eighths, and from Scotland Light-vessel SW. f S., a mile and. ~Ven-eighths distant. There should be a buoy on this shoal for the guidanre of vessels drawing more than eighteen feet, and this will be recommended. When past Outer Middle this shoal large ves.<iels must look out for the Outer Middle Ground, wbfoh is on the Ground. eastern side of the channel, and consists of three separate sand shoals lying nearly N. and S., and having from seventeen to ei~teen feet upon them. The two south€rn- most lie E. and W. of each oth€r,-the easternmost bearing SW. from Scotland Light-vessel, distant a mile and an eighth, and the westernmost bearing SW. f W. from the same light-vessel, distant a mile and a quarter. The northernmost shoal, which is an eighteen feet lump, is eight hundred yards to the northward of the two southern shoals, with a channel between them of not less than nineteen feet. It bears from Scotland Light-vessel W. f 8., about a mile; from the Navesink Light-housao NE. ·by N. f N., a little over two miles and three-quarters; and from Sandy Hook Light-house SE•• about two miles and an eighth dist.ant. I f a red buoy were placed npon the western side of the southern shoal it would be of great advantage to vessels u8ing this channel; and such action will be recommended.

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 543 When past the Outer Middle Ground you must look out for the southern end of False Hook Shoal, whieh is known as The Oil Spot, and has from twelve to sixteen feet upQI1 it. The film of oil which covers the surface of the water sufficiently indicates the position of this shoal, which is the site of a sunken wrook which formerly existed in this position. The Oil Spot is about three-quarters of a mile wide E. and W.,-its wesrern end being about three-eighths of a mile from the beach; and here there should be placed a red buoy, to make the channel perfectly The Oil Spot safe. False Hook Shoal extends from the northern end of The Oil Spot a mile and and Fa/ss a_quarter NW. by N. i N., and has from fourteen to sixteen feet upon it. Its northern Hook Shoal. end, which is nearly opposite to Sandy Hook Point, is marked by a nun-buoy of the second class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and placed in three fathoms,-the Hook Beacon bearing W. ! N. Northerly, three-quarters of a mile, and Sandy Hook Light-house SW. t W., the same distance. From this buoy the two black buoys off the Hook are nearly in range on a bearing of NW. i W.; and the striped buoy on Palestine Shoal (in the :Main Channel) bears N. i W., distant nearly one mile. When up with it, you must keep about three-eighths of a mile from the beach to go to the eastward of the black nun-buoy (No. 5) placed on the eastern edge of the shoals off Sandy Hook Point. To avoid these shoals you must not go to the westward of Elm Tree Beacon bearing NW. byN. \\Vhen past the black buoy (No. 5) the course must be continued to the northward until the range of Bayside and Wilson's beacons comes on, by which means the shoal off the pitch of the Hook will be avoided. This shoal is marked, on its northern edge, by a nun-buoy Shoal oH Sandy of the first class, painted black, marked No. 5fi-, and placed. in eighteen feet three- Hook Point. eighths of a mile N NE. from the Hook Bea.con. When past it you are in the Main Channel, and the dangers are the same, and are met with in the same order, as described on pages 534-526, under the :Main Channel. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY A:!li'\"D HARBOR. IV. Bv the False Hook Chaiinel.-When the Navesink Light-houses bear W. Ly S., one mile and :five-€ighths distant, and Scotland Light-vessel N. by E. ! E., a littfa over t\\vo miles and a quarter distant, the depth will be four and three-quarter fathoms, and the course N. by W. i W. (carrying not less than three and a half fathoms) for a little over three miles, or until the \"\\\\,.est Beacon is shut in behind Sandy Hook Light-house on a bearing of NW. i W. Here the depth will be six fathoms, and the course N. by W. t w .• which will lead, with not less than four fathoms, out into the :Main Channel and up to the range of Bayside and \"\\Vilson's beacons; after which the directions for the Main Channel must be followed. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the westward of the southern end of the Outer Middle Ground; an eighth of a mile to the westward of the western end of The Oil Spot; three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the southern end of False Hook Shoal; three hundred yards to .the west- ward of the striped buoy on the northern end of False Hook Shoal; and nearly four hundred yards to the eastward of the black nun-buoy (No. 5) marking the eastern edge of the Shoal off Sandy Hook Point. tBut, '-f '--*ending to pas11 tArougl& the SM>-h Cha:n-,1.-When, on the N. by W. W. course, Bayside and Wilson's beacons come in range on a bearing of W. by S. l S., (as above,) and the Hook Beacon bears SW. i S., sreer N. Westerly for a little over a mile and an eighth, carrying not less than nineteen feet, until Elm Tree Beacon bears NW. t N .• with New Dorp Beacon open a little to the northward of it. You are now in the Swash Channel, and must st.eer NW.! N., which will lead safely into the Main Channel. The conrae from the False Hook Channel into the Swash Channel passes a little over a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the red can-buoy off the eastern end of Flynn's Knoll ; the same distance to the westward of the striped buoy on Palestine Shoal; and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy (No. 3) on the lower 8ia:teenfeet lump. DANGERS IN A.PJ,>ROACHING AND ENTERING NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR. V. Bu UH> Bad ~This chahnel is not safe for strangers, and is rarely used. It lies between the Romer Shoal and the East .Bank,-its general direction being about NW. by W. and its average width three-eighths of a mile, with a depth at mean low water of not less than three fathoms..

ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Dang&r$--£a8t Near its eastern e11troncc, however, the southeast.em end of the East Bank and the Cbannsl, llew eastern end of The Romer approach each other l!lO closely as to contract the width of the York Harbor. channel t-0 not more than one hundred yards. Although well buoyed this channel is very little used, as the ranges are distant and uncertain and the water shoals rapidly on the northern side. The current of flood sets to the westward rowards The Romer, and that of ebb on to the East Bank; so that it is not considered safe for strangers, even if of light draught, to attempt to pass through. Small vessels, however, which have come along the southern coast of Long Island sometimes find it to their adva.ntage to enter by this channel; and a description of the dangers, and directions for avoiding them, will therefore be in order. ·, The East Bank, which guards the northern side of this channel, is an extensive shoal, having from three to eight-Ren feet upon it, and covering an area four miles long N NW. and S SE., and from one and a. half to two miles wide. It makes off from the Wel'!tern end of Coney Island, Ea# Bank. has three feet at mean low wat.er a. mile and a quarter from shore, six feet three miles from shore, and is crossed near its southern end by the slue known as the :Fourteen Feet Channel. Off its southeastern end is a sixteen feet knoll, marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 2) placed on its southern side, nnd known as the Northern Entranre buoy to the East Channel. The black spar- buoy (No. 1) seen about three-eighths of a mile to the southward of it is off the eastern end of Romer Shoal, and is called the Southern Entrance buoy. The channel passes between them with four and a quarter fathoms. · The \"Northern Entrance buoy\" bears from the whistling-buoy NW. by N. i N., distant nearly a mile and a half, and from Sandy Hook Light-vessel NW.! N., distant :five miles. From the buoy Sandy Hook Light-house bears SW. l W. Westerly, distant three miles and seven- eighths; The Lump buoy (red and black) NW. bf w. i w., distant three-quarters of a mile; and the black spar-buoy (No. 3) on the northern side o Romer Shoal W. by N., distant a mile and three- eighths. The \"Southern Entrance buoy\" (which is on The Romer, already described on page 534) bears from the whistling-buoy NW. ! N., distant a mile and a quarter, and from Sandy Hook Light-vessel NW. t N., distant four miles and three-quarters. .From this buoy The Lump buoy bears NW. i N., distant seven-eighths of a mile, and the black buoy (No. 3) on the northern side of Romer Shoal NW. by W. :! W., distant one mile and three-eighths. The Lump buoy is a spar of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and placed on a spur of the southeastern end of En.st Bank, about three-quarters of a mile to the westward of the Northern Entrance buoy. Here the channel is very narrow, owing t-0 the spits of The Romer and East Bank ooming together; and it is only possible to carry more than eighteen feet by passing close The Lump. to the buoy on its southern side. ·when up with it the black spar-buoy (No. 3) on the northern sid€ of The Romer will be seen, bearing W. ! S., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is near a ten feet spot near the eastern end of the main body of Romer Shoal, and is placed in eighteen feet water,-Elm Tree Beacon bearing NW.! W., the stone beacon on The Dry Romer W. by N. t N., and the black buoy {No. 5) on the northern side of The Dry Romer NW. by W. i W.,-the latter being distant one mile. This latter buoy is a spar, placed in eighteen feet seven-eighths of a mile E. Northerly from The Dry Romer Beacon, and marks the western limits of the East Channel. Elm Tree Beacon bears from it NW. ! W.; Fort Tompkins Light-house N. by W. f W.; the red spar-buoy (No. 4) on the southern side of East Bank N NW. Northerly; the red spar- buoy (No. 6) on the southwestero end of East Bank :NW. by N. f N.; and the red can-buoy (No. 14) OD; the northweste~ end ?f R?mer Sh~l NW.;-f:11e last na:ned being distant two and a quarter D11les, and at the pomt of3unct1on of th1S channel with the Mam Channel. When up with black buoy No. 5, the red spar·bnoy (No. 4) will appear, bearing about N NW., and three-quarters of a mile off. This buoy marks the west:ern end of the Southern Spit of East Bank, and is placed in six fathoms close to an eleven feet spot. The bank is abrupt here, Soutbarn Spit and great care is necessary t-0 avoid it on the ebb tide. From this buoy the red buoy of Eut Balrk. (No. 6) on the southwestern. end of East Bank bears NW. by :B.• distant a little over a mile; the red can-buoy (No. 14) on the northern end o:f Romer Shoal :NW. by W., distant a mile and Jive-eighths; and the stone beacon on The Dry Romer SW.} S., distant one mile. The last named must receive a berth to the westwanl of n<rl; less than three-quarters ot' ~ mile,- especially on the :ftood tide, which seta directly on '.fhe Romer. . . The red spar-buoy (No. 6) ~ks the p<:>int of junction with the Main Channel of both the :E\":a.st and Fourteen Feet channels. It IS placed m four fathoms oft' the southwest.em end of East Bank,- Fort Tompkins Light-house bearing N. by W. l W., and Gravesend Point (the western end of Coney Island) N. by E. t E.' Opposite to it, on tho western side of the channel, and bearin~ nearly due W., is the red can-buoy on the northern end of R-0mer Shoal; and hero the r.hannel IS five-eighths ?f a mile wide, with from four to five fathoms at .low water~ When past· these two buoys you are ID the Main Channel, and the dangers.are the same, and are met with m.the some order, as described on page 536.

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 545 SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING NE\"Y YORK DAY AND HAnBOR. \\.r. B11 the Eald Cha:nnel.-Bring Sandy Hook Light-house to bear W. by S. ! S., and the Navesink Light-houses SW.! S., when the• depth will be six and a half fathoms, and the course thence for the entrance to the East Channel NW. i W., which will lead safely, with not less than tl!ree and a half fathoms, midway between the red spar-buoy (No. 2) and the black spar-buoy (No. 1) which mark the entrance. Continue this course, carrying not less than three fathoms, until up with The Lump buoy, which pass close-to on its southern side; and when Sandy Hook Light-house bears SW. f S. steer NW. by W. i W. for a litt.le over two miles, carrying not less than twenty-three feet. On this course, when the beacon on The Dry Romer bears SW. Westerly, dish.int three-quarters of a mile; Sandy Hook Light-house S. t W., distant three miles and a half; and Elm Tree Beacon NW. ! W., distant four miles and seven-eighths; steer NW. l N., carrying not less than four fathoms, which course will bring you safely into the Main Channel. On this course, when Conover and Chapel Hill beacons are in range on a hearing of S. by W. t W., steer N. by E. !- E., and follow the directions for the Main Channel on p~cre 537. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the southward of the Northern Entrance buoy; four hundred yards to the northward of the Southern Entrance buoy; about fifty yards to the south- westward of The Lump buoy; a little over six hundred yards to the northward of the black s:par- buoy (No. 3) on the northern side of Romer Shoal; a little over a quarter of a mile to the northward of the black spar-buoy (No. 5) on the northern side of The Dry Romer; three hundred and fifty yards to the southward and westward of the red spar-buoy (No. 4) on the western end of the Southern Spit of East Bank; three-quarters of a mile to the northeastward of the stone beacon on The Dry Romer; six hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy (No. 6) off the southwestern end of East Bank ; and a quarter of a mile to the northeastward of the red can-buoy on the northeastern end of Romer Shoal. The Fourteen Feet Channel, referred to on the preceding page as crossing the East Bank near its southern end, is used only by small craft whose musters are folly acquainted with all of its dangers, and should never be attempted by strangers. It is not buoyed, and no intelligible sailing directions can be given for it. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE APPROACHES TO NEW YORK BAY AND HARBOR FROM SEA. The Gulf Stream 6.rst warns vessels approaching New York from the southeastward by its high temperature,--sa1 from 70° to 75° Fahr., between the Latitudes of 36° and 39° N.,-the water outside of the Stream bemg about 51 ° Fahr. in the summer time. The distance from Sandy Hook in a south- easterly direction to the outer edge of the Gulf Stream is about four hundred and thirty miles~ and to its inner edge two hundred and forty miles. On striking soundings after crossing the Stream-say in from seventy-five to one hundred fathoms--a slight diminution of temperature will be perceived, and the water will change in color from a dark to a light blue. Depth is a better indication of position off this part of the coast than the character of the bottom, as the same characteristics may be found in widely different positions with the same depth; while the judicions use of the lead will always give sufficient warning of danger. To the above means of ascertaining the vessel's position with reference to the ooast are to be added several peculiarities in the character of the approo.ches,-among them certain remarkable irreg- ularities of depth. These are, · Ji'lrst. The Five Fathom Bank, off Delaware Bay, with thirteen feet upon it, and lying about fifteen milesE. bys. l S. from Cape May. A light-vessel is moored in about twelve fathoms nearly four miles and a half s. :fl!:. from the eastern end of this hank, and is nearly always run for by coasting-vessels from the southward bound to New York. There is also a nun-buoy of the first class, painted black\" aod marked No. 1, placed in three fathoms off the FiYB Fathom eastern end of the shoal. The light-vessel is known as Five Fathom Bank Light B a n k a n d v~, is schooner-rigged, the hull painted straw oolor, and has a hoop-iron day-mark, Light-ve88el•. pamted: red, at eacll masthead. The words \"Five Fathom Bank\" are painted in large black lette?s on each side of the hull,_ nnd \"No. 39\" on each (iuarter. Two fixed white lights are shown from this v~l from a height, respectively, 9f forty and forty-five feet above the sea, visible nearly twelve miles; and, in thiek weather, a. twelve-inch steam ;fog-whistle is sounded, giving a blost of fou.r second!! during each minute. C. P.-t>9

M6 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. The approximate geographical position of Five Fathom Bank Light-vessel is Latitude _____________________________________ 38° 491 5 11 N. Longitude-----------------------------------74° 361 o\" W., and from it Miles. Cape May Light-house bears NW. by W. ni kWN.·!--w--.-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-a- ----- ---- 18f The black nun-buoy oft\" Five Fathom Ba little over 5 Absecon Light-house :N. by E. ! .Ef ·--------------------------------- - 35 ~1 Barnegat Light-house NE. by N, _________________________ nearl y 63 N Fire Isla.nd Light-house NE. by N----------------------------- ---- 127! There is a slwal spot, with three and a half jathomB, two miles and five-eighths NW.! w. from the light-ship. S--4. The Mud Holes. These are several remarkable depressions of the bottom, extending in a. southeasterly direction from Sandy Hook, which have the appearance of having originally been a continuation seaward of the Hudson River valley. The positions of the several The Mud Holss. \"holes\" being well determined, afford an excellent indication to the mariner of his dist.a.nee from the coast and the direction of the entrance. Of these mud holes there are nine known to navi~tors, viz: The \"Twenty-<>ne Fathom,\" the \"Twenty-three Fathom,\" the \"Twenty-eight Fathom,' the two\" Thirty-two Fathom,\" the two \"Thirty-seven Fathom,\" the \"Thirty- five Fathomt the \"Thirty-eight Fathom/' the \"Fifty Fathom,\" and the \"One Hundred and Forty- iive Fathom\" holes. A brief description of eacl! will suffice. 1. The One Hundred and Forty-five Fathom Hole is in Latitude 39° 38' N. and Longitude 72° 24' 20\" W.,-Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. t w., eighty-three miles, and Navesink Light- houses NW. t W., eighty-six miles clist.ant. It covers an area about three-quarters of Ona Hundred a mile in diameter, with one hundred and forty fathoms close to its eastern edge, and to andForty-fire the eastward sixty, sixty-five and seventy-five fathoms,-the depth gradually increas- Fatbom Hole. ing in that direction to eighty fathoms, and then dropping suddenly into one hundred and one hundred and thirteen fathoms. The bottom of this Hole is mostly blue mud, green mud and green ooze. At the one hundred and forty fathoms there is \"blue mud and fine shells,'' and on the southern edge of the Hole \"gravel, mud and sand.\" To the westward the bottom rises abruptly to sixty-three fathoms, and then slopes upward regularly to fifty fathoms-\" grey sand and black specks\" 2. The Fifty Fathom Hole is in Latitude 40° N. and Longitude 72° 29' 30\" W.,-Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. by W. t w .• nearly sixty-eight miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW. by W. ! W., nearly seventy-two miles distant. It covers an area of about half a mile square; and the irregularities of depth in the approaches to it are not so remarkable as tl10se Fifty Fathom near the One Hundred and Forty-five Fathom Hole, but sufficiently marked to afford HtJIB. an approximate indication of position. On approaching the Hole from the eastward the soundings vary from forty to thirty-two fathoms,-the chnracter of the bottom changing rapidly, from \"green ooze and sand,\" in forty fathoms, to \"grey sand, black specks and shells,'' in thirty-five fathoms, with nearly every possible variation of \"sand, mud and shells\" between the two, except that there are no pebbles. Approaching from the southward, the~ soundings vary between thirty-six and forty-five fathoms, \"grey sand and black specks;\" and, crossing to the westward of the Hole, they diminish gradually to thirty fathoms, \"grey and yellow sand.\" 3. The Thirty-five Fathom Hole ext.ends nearly E. and W. for between four and five miles. Its western .edge is in Latitude 39° 391 1711 N. and Longitude 73° 11' 40\" ,V.,--Sandy Hook Light.- vessel bearing NW. by N. t N., nearly fifty-eight miles, and Na,·esink Light-houses NW. t N., a little over fifty-nine miles distant. Its eastern edge is in Latitude 39° 401 43\" N. and Longitude 73° 6' W.,-Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. by N. ! N.~ nearly fifty-seven miles, and Navesin~ Light-houses NW. by N. l N., nearly fifty-eight miles distant. Thirty fathoms is Thirty- lira found between four and five miles to the eastward of the Hole,-the bottom being Fathom Nola. grey sand, black and yellow specks. Thence to the westward the soundings grnd- ually diminish to twenty-seven fathoms, \"~y sand and yellow specks,\" and then increase to thirty-five futhoms, on the eastern edge of the Hole. From its western edge the depth diminishes with the same regularity to twenty fathoms, \"~.y sand and black speck.<>,\" which is found between three and four miTes to the westward. If this Hole is approached from the southward or southeastward, thirty fathoms is found ten miles SE. by S. from its west.em ede:e, and then the depth f !~ually diminishes to twenty-seven fa.thorn$, \"grey .Balld and J)OOhles,\" on die southern edge.of t~e Hole, in which thirty-five fathoms, \"black mud/' is found. On crossing the northern edge there 15 sand and pebbles;\" and thence towards Sandy Hook a very·~ twenty-ei:x: fathoms, \"coarse and gradual diminution of de until the First Thirty-seven Fathom Hole is reache(l. ·. 4. T~ Thirty-eight Fa Olil Hole lies a.bout :N BW. and s s:a:., and is nearly six miles lon~e!i southern edge. is in Latitude 311° 53' 20\" N., Longitude· 73° 7' W.,-&mdy Hook Light- ·

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--~--,i;._................ SIE!!i9'!:l ~-===-=--=- i ...,,,,,..,,.,., ~\" . \"\"\"\"\"'J.., •t'\"l'\"\"'~,.,, ,, .... \" ~~ ~'~If~• ..,.-;, ;:--,;:\"'-~~- ·~ -o-~o··!J> D.. ···JY-n~ I I T\\: '-\"\"'·\"!' I s~lo..,,. \"' I!·~~\" I i s-•b ~»- \"'

BAY AND HARBOR OF :NEW YORK. 547 bearing NW. l N., a little over forty-seven miles, and N avesink Light-houses NW., forty-nine and a half miles distant. Its northern edge is in Latitude 39° 58' 20\" N., Longitude 73° 11' 3011 W.,- Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. ! N., distant forty-two miles, and Navcsink Light-houses NW. i W., distant forty-four miles. The irregularities of bottom in it.o; approaches are quite remarkable,--especially on its east.ern side, where thirty fathoms i'3 found (in Thirty-eight Longitude 72° 48' ,V.) between fifteen and sixt.ecn miles from the Hole. From this Fathom Ho/a. position the water shoals gradually to twenty-eight fathoms, \"grey and yellow sand,\" .near the eastern edge; and then, if near the southern end of the Hole, the depth increases to thirty-five fathoms, \"grey sand and mud,\" followed by thirty-eight fathoms, \"dark grey sand and mud.\" Having crossed the Hole, the depth decreases with great regularity, and twenty fathoms is found sixteen miles to the westward. .Approaching from the southward the soundings decrease to thirty fathoms, in Latitude 39° 42' N., twelve miles south of the southern edge of the Hole; and to the northward of this they vary from twenty-six to twenty-nine fathoms, \"grey sand.\" Then~~ to the northward the depth increaseA regularly to thirty-five fathoms, \"grey sand and yellow specks,\" which is found close to the southern edge. Crossing to the northward of the Hole, twenty-seven fathoms is found within three miles of its northern edge; after which the depth diminishes regularly as the entrance to the bay is approached. 5. The Second Thirty-seven Fathom Hole extends nearly E. and W. between two and three miles. Its eastern edge is in Latitude 40° N., Longitude 73° 22' 3011 '\\V.,-Sandy Hook Ligbt- vessel bearing NW. by N. i N., distant thirty-four and a half miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW. t N., distant thirty-six and a quarter miles. Its west.ern edge is in Latitude 39° 59' 10\" N., Longitude 73° 25' W.,-Sandy Hook Light.vessel bearing NW. by N. t N., Second Tftirty- thirty-four miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW. ! N .• thirty-five and a quarter seven Fathom miles distant. Its southern approaches are particularly well marked,--showing as low Hofe. as twenty-one fathoms two miles from the southern edge of the Hole. When approached from the eastward, thirty fathoms is found twenty-six miles from the Hole, and thence to the westward the depths vary from twenty-nine to twenty-four fathoms, mostly \"grey sand and black and yellow specks,\" until the eastern edge is reached. Here is found thirty-seven fathoms, \"dark grey sand and mud.\" To the northward and westward of the Hole the depth diminishes with greater rapidity,- twenty fathoms being found five miles W. of the western edge, and seven miles NE. of it, (near the southern edge of the First Thirty-seven Fathom Hole.) G. The First Thirty-seven Fathom Hole extends N NW. and SSE. between two and three miles, ·with a bottom of black mud. Its centre is in Latitude 40° 7' N. and Longitude 73° 34' w·.;30 11 while from its northern end Sandy-Hook Light-vessel bears NW. by N. ! N., twenty-two miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW. t N., twenty-three miles and thrce-quart.ers distant. From its southern end Sandy Hook Light-vessel has the same bearing as First Thirty- from the northern end, but is distant twenty-five miles; and Navesink Light-houses sell8n Fathom bear NW. i N., V.venty-six miles distant. Twenty fathoms is found within half a Hole. ~ile of the southern edge, in a s. l W. direction,-the bottom being grey sand; nineteen fathoms within one mile SE. by E. t E. of the same edge; and between those two depths thirty-four fatholllB will be found close \"to the Hole. Having crossed the Hole to the northward, the depth will diminish gradually; and twenty fathoms will be found withhi three miles and a half of the ?orthern ed.ge,-the bottom being grey sand ~d black spooks with a slight mixture of gravel. This lS \"The Mud Hole\" commonly known to navigators. 7. The Thirty-two Fathom Hole is in Latitude 40° 15' N., Longitude 73° 45' W. From its eastern edge Sandy Hook Light-vessel bears N. by W. i w .• thirteen miles, and Navesink Light- h?uses '.NW., fourteen miles distant; while from its western edge the light-vessel bears N. by W. l W., distant twelve miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW:f W., distant twelve miles and two-thirds. Although of less importance than thooc before described, this Hole merits more than a mere ref~ce; as from its position relative to a very dangerous part of the Jersey Thirty - two C?ast, and also to the line of twenty fathoms, (which here leads in the direction of the Fathom Hofe. hght-v€8Sel,) it is an excellent indication of the distance from the beach. The Hole is n?out a mile and three-quarters long '.NW. and SE.• with very marked irregularities of bottom on all sides. FiftEen fathoms is found a mile and a half to the eastward, and seventeen fathoms a mile NE. ~rom its eastern edge,-the bottom being grey and yellow sand mixed with broken shelIB. Approach- mg from the southwat:d, twenty fathoms is found· three and a half miles SE. from its southern edge,- S~Y: Hook Light-vessel bearing N. by W. f W., dis.taut about seventeen miles,-nd the depth will dtm1m.sh gradually to eighteen fathoms, \"grey sand and pebbles,\" between one and two miles from t!1e Hole; and :will then inerease t.o twenty-three 13.thoms close to the eastern edge. To the westwl).rd sixteen fathoms is fotind within less than a mile of the western edge; and thence the depth gradually zentydeerease.s to the Jeney bea.ch, which is.p.ot quite ten miles from the Hole. To the northward we find fathoms t.llose to -the :Q.Orthern eclge,-ditlllnishjng in ih.e direction of the ffighla.nds to fifteen hon:1$.1.'tjtliip th~ Ii.mt two miles, mid the~ suddenly_ deeJJenmg to twenty-nine fathoms on the south- fil'll ~ ~,.,~JS knowµ. as the Twetity..eight Fa.th.Om flole.

548 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. 8. The Inner Thirty-two Fathom Hole and the Twenty-eight Fathom Hole, though not so well known to navigators, are of sufficient importance to merit notice in this place. The Inner Thirty- former is very small,-being only about half a mile in diameter,-and bears from two Fathom Sandy Hook Light-vessel S. by E. t E., nine miles, and from Navesink Light-houses Hole. SE. ! E., eleven miles distant. Just to the westward of it is the Twenty-eight Fathom Hole, with from twenty-six to twenty-nine fathoms, extending N NE. and S SW. for Twenty-eight a mile and a quarter. Fifteen fathoms is found close to its northern, southern and Fathom Hole. western edges. The northern ed~ of the Hole bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel S. by E. i- E., eight miles and a half, and from Navesink Light-houses SE.! E:, ten miles distant. The southern edge bears from the light-vessel s. ! E., nine miles and a half, and from Navesink Light-houses BE. t E., ten miles and a half distant. The Hole is nearly eight miles from the Jersey shore. 9. The Twenty-one Fathom Hole is about half a mile in diameter, and bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel S. by E. ! E., seven miles and two-thirds, and from Navesink Light- Twenty-one houses SE. by E. i E., ten miles distant. The bottom is mud. Thirteen fathoms is Fathom Hole. found three-quarters of a mile to the eastward; twelve fathoms a mile to the north- westward; and the Inner Thirty-two Fathom Hole is a little over a mile to the south- ward. The nearest part of the Jersey beach is distant eight miles and a half. 10. The Twenty-three Fathom Hole, which was first sounded upon by Edmund Blunt, Esq., in 1825, has soundings over it varying from twenty-one to twenty-three fathoms, mostly Twenty- three \"mud.\" It lies two miles to the northward of the Twenty-one Fathom Hole,-its Fathom Hole. centre bearing from Sandy Hook Light-vessel SE. by S. t S., five miles and a half, and from Navesink Light-houses E. by B. ! S., nine miles and a quarter distant. It covers an area a mile and a half square, witn ·soundings of from fifteen to eighteen fathoms, \"dark- grey sand,'' on all sides of it. Tll'irll. Cholera Bank. This bank, although a comparatively short distanre from Sandy Hook Light-vessel, and but little elevated above the surrounding bottom, serves, by the characteristic soundings, (which show rocky bottom,) to indicate the navigator's position. It extends about E. by S. ~· B. and W. by N. t N. for between five and six miles, with a depth of from ten to Cholera Bank. eleven fathoms, and an average width N. and S. of a mile and three-quarters. Its southeastern end bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel E. by B. i· S., eighteen miles, and from Navesink Light-houses E. ! S., between twenty-three and twenty-four miles dist.ant. Its northeastern end bears from Sandy Hook Light-vessel E. by S.}; S., seventeen miles, and from Nave- sink Light-houses E. i S., twenty-three miles distant. Ira western end bears from the light-vessel E. by S. t B., thirteen miles, and from Navcsink Light-houses E. ! B., nineteen miles distant. Fourllo,. The Twenty Fathom Line off the Jersey coast. A peculiar ~orge formed by the twenty fathom curve off the New Jersey coast to the southward of New York Entrance, and which embraces within its limits the two Thirty-two Fathom, the Twenty-eight Fathom, the 'rwenty-onc Fathom and the Twenty-three ]fathom holes, also serves as a guide to vessels approaching from the southward in thick weather. .After following the coast of Long Island to the west- Twenty Fathom ward and the Jersey coast to the northward, the two parts of this twenty fathom line Line. approach each,other in Latitude 40° 10' N., Longitude 73' 40' W., about nineteen miles · S. by E. ! E. from the light-ve...\"ISCl. Here they are only about two miles apart; and from this position a sort of gorge, with an average width of about a mile and a half, extends ].'f. by W. for fifteen miles, or to within about five miles of the light-vessel. Thus, if a vessel from the south- ward striking twenty fathoms to the northward of Barnegat steers about N. by W. i W., she will be apt to keep in not less than twenty fathoms, and will be on a safe course for the light-vessel. Such course will be apt, also, to strike the Thirty-two, the Twenty-one and the Twenty-three Fathom holes, which will serve as indications of position. Inasmuch as the coast current--what there is of it- ?esets to the westward towards the Jersey coast, it will be well, should less than twenty fathoms obtained on the above course, to haul to the eastward until the water deepens, and then proceed agam on the course; repeating the operation if necessary until to the northward of the Twenty-three Fathom Hole, when you nmy steer N NW. until the fog-signal on the light-vessel or the shriek of the whistling- bnoy is heard. Fifth. The relation to each other of the soundings on the Long Island and New Jersey ooa:its. Among. the irregularities of bottom which serve as indications of a vessel's position, when approaclnng New York Entrance, may be mentioned. the soundings oft' the coast<; of Long Island and New Jersey. The water shoals very gradually going to the westWard towards the latt.er coast, and very rapidly if standing to the northward towards Long Island. From the peeuliar position, als'?, Soundings on of the two shores :relatively to each other and to the waters of New York Bay, it Long /$/and follows that the course which will deepen the water, if the vessel is on the Lon_g and Jersey Island side of the approach, will shoal it if she is on the New Jersey coast. Th~s is very important in thick weather. . 'The following rule, based upon the a.bow fact, 18 eouts. safe and reliable: Striking Mteen fathoms, and in doubt as to posi~1·steer SW- by 8 ·

BAY AND HARBOR OF l\\\"\"EW YORK. 549 If the water deepens, the vessel is on the Long Island shore; if it shoah; gradually, she General is on the Jersey c.'Oast. In the former case you may stand off and on, taking care ?wt Remarks. to go inside of twelve fathoms, and so work up towards the light-vessel. In the latter case the ship's head must at mwe be put off shore, (as nearly E. by S. as possible,) and you should stand off in that direction until the soundings give twenty fathoms, which is at a safo distance from land. A stranger, finding himself on the Jersey coast. in thick weather, should not attempt to run in towards the light-vPA<i._\"€1, but should keep off shore until the weather clears up. In this connection it may be remarked that there is said to be, about five miles Reported shoal ESE. from Sandy Hook Light-vessel, a spot with nine fathoms upon it, reported by off Sandy Hook one of the Sandy Hook pilots. · Light-JHJssel. There are twenty-nine pilot. boats which cruise off shore between Nantucket and Cape l\\fay,--each having her distinguishing number on her sails. The New Jersey Pilot 6oats. boats are numbered from 1 to 7 and the New York boats from 1 to 22. l\\fasters of vessels, when boarded by a pilot, should inquire whether he is from a New Jersey or a New York boat, so as to know where to make complaint when necess•ary. COURSES FOR .APPROACHING NEW YORK. ENTRANCE FROM SEAWARD. I. Fr-o'lft Qre.U Britain or NonAerH- Europe vessels, as a rule, aim to cross the meridian of 50° W. between 42° and 43° north latitude, and to pass the southern end of Nantucket Shoah; in about Latitude 40° 40' N., Longitude 69° 201 W., from which position the course for Sandy Hook Light- vessel is W. -i N.,-the distance being nearly two hundred and seven miles. The above position is seven miles from the southern end of Phelps' Bank, with a depth of thirty-two fathoms, \"fine grey sand and black specks,\"-Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel bearing NW. i W., twenty-eight miles distant. It must be borne in mind, however, that the course (W. ~ N.) for Sandy Hook Light-vessel must be made good by allowing for leeway and for the southwesterly set of the coast current. Should the wind be to the northward of E. it has been customary to allow, in order to make the course good, a set of the current to the southwestward of at least twelve miles in every twenty-four hours.* It may be said that the failure to use the lead has caused many vessels to make the Jersey coast, to the south- ward of Sandy Hook, instead of making the light-vessel or the southern coast of Long Island. The lead should be used at regular intervahs on the course for the light-vessel; and when nearing the entrance (say in Longitude 73° 15' W.) soundings should be taken at intervals of two miles,-the depth from this point until the light-vessel is reached being in no place greater than fifteen fathoms, and ranging as low as twelve. Should the weather be thick and soundings be obtained as low as ten fathoms, the ship's head should be immediately put off shore. Striking soundings in :fifteen fathoms, and in doubt as to position, SW. by S. should be steered. If the soundings increase, you a~·e on the Long Island shore; if they gradually diminish, you have fallen to the southward of the true course and overrun your distance, and are on the Jersey coast. In the former case the ship may stand off and on,-takin:g care not to go inside of twelve fathoms,-and so gradually work up towards the light~ vessel. In the latt.er case her head must at once be put off shore (as nearly E. by S. as possible) until twenty fathoms is reached ; as before described. The W. f N. course from off Nantucket Shoals will, under ordinary circmnstances and clear weather, lead a. vessel within sight pf Fire Island light, as, if made good, it passes within ten miles of that light. In thick weather the whistling-buoy off Fire Island Inlet will generally be heard, as the course passes about four or five miles to the southward of it. Sandy Hook Light-vessel hears from this buoy W. Southerly, distant thirty-one miles and ~ quarter. (See also page 524.) V essehs from the eastward, therefore, generally shape their course from outside Nantueket Shoah; so as to make the light, or, if the weather be thick, the bnoy. If, on the W. l N. course for th~ light-vessel, you should get bottom in twenty-tl1ree fathoms when you have reason to believe that you are near the entrance to New York Bay, you are over the Twenty-three Fathom Hole, and, therefore, four miles to the southward of the course,--Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. by N. t N., distant :6.ve miles and a half. *A, lleJ'ie& of regular current. obtlerva.Uons on thta coast will llbortly be xnade under the dtreetlon or the Snpertutendent 1>! the Coo.st Survil'y.