Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

364 ATLANTIC COAST PJLOT. Prospect Point Vessels passing between Execution Rooks and Sands' Point should not approach Shoal. Prospect Point nearer than half a mile, to avoid Prospect Point Shoal, which makes off from that point in a northwesterly direction for nine hundred yards. Ten feet at low water is found on this shoal six hundred and fifty yards from shore, and a rock awash, rolled The Old Hen, lies about three hundred and fifty yards N. f E. from Prospect Point. This shoal is not buoyed. Sands' Point Sands' Point should not he approached. nearer than three-eighths of a mile to Reef. avoid Sands' Point Reef, which makes off in a northwesterly direction from the point for over six hundred yards, and has from two to nine feet upon it at low water. It is\", marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 21) placed in three fathoms and a half on its northwestern side,- Sands' Point Light-house bearing SE. ! s., nearly seven hundred yards, and Execution Rocks Light- house N. ! W., a little over half a mile distant. To avoid this shoal vessels should not stand to the southeastward farther than to bring Throg's Neck Light-house to hear SW.-! S. Vessels which pass on the western side of Execution Rocks must he careful not to approach Pea Island nearer than a quarter of a mile, as there is a da7111erOWJ roof, with from five to 8even feet at low water upon it and several bare rocks near it:8 ea,slern end, which extends from the island to the southeastward four hundred yards. It is not buoyed, but is easily avoided. by not standing to the westward ofthe range of the southern end of Hart Island with Throg's Neck Light-house on a bearing of SW. bys. i S. This range also clears the long reef extending to the southward from the nameless island mentioned on page 354 as lying nine hundred yards WSW. from Pea Island. This reef, which Middle Reef. is called Middle Reef, is bare in places at low water, and extends from the island to the southward for seven hundred yards. It is a serious obstruction to vessels bound to New Rochelle from the westward, but is not in the way of those passing through the Sound. Off Barker's Point, on the southern side of the channel, there extends a wng and very <kz7111erous roof for five-eighths of a mile in a NW. by N. direction. On the northwestern extremity of this reef is placed a black spar-buoy, (No. 23,) which marks the position of Gangway Rock, Gangway and which has six feet at low water. About four hundred and fifty yards to the south- Succes& Rocks. eastward of this buoy, and three-eighths of a mile from Barker's Point, will be seen a red spindle, consisting of an iron shaft surmounted by a conical cage. This is on Success Rock, another outcropping rock of the reef, awash at low water. Throg's Neck Light-house bearing SW. f S., or Execution Rocks Light-house NE. i- N., will lead clear of this reef. The eastern shore of Hart Island should receive a berth to the westward of not less than four hundred yards to avoid the shoal water on that side; while Hewlett's Point, on the southern side of the channel, should not he approached nearer than six hundred yards, to avoid the dangerous reef maL-ing to tAe nortAward jr<Ym it for three hundred and fifty yards. This reef has nine feet at low water upon it three hundred yards from the point, and there are alao several hare rocks and rocks awash at low water. City Island When past the southern end of Hart Island there will be seen about a mile off, Shoal. and bearing W. by S. ! S., a red spar-buoy. This is on City Island Shoal, 01' the western side of the channel, and about three-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of the southern end of City Island. This shoal is formed by a bare rook known as Big Tom, sur- rounding which are sunken rocks with from four to nine feet water upon them. The buoy is placed in fifteen feet at low water, with Sands' Point Light-house bearing NE. by E. t E., a little over three miles and a quarter, and Throg's Neck Light-house S. by W., one mile and a half dist.ant. To avoid this shoal vessels should not stand to the westward of Throg's Neck Light-house bearing SW. by S. is. On the southern side of the channel, a mile and a quarter ro the westward of Hewlett's Point, will be seen a light-house, consisting of a one-story dwelling of red stone, standing The Stepping on a granite pier and surmounted by a lanrern. This is on The Stepping St.ones,-a Stones. very dangerous group of rocks :forming the northwestern extremity of a long reef making off from Elm Point. The light-house shows a fixed red light visible ten miles, and has been already described on page 350. The reef has several rocks awash upon it, and sunken rooks with from two to seven feet at low water, and extends from Elm Point in a NW.! N. direction for over three-quarters of a mile. The channel betw«'m the light-house and the great shoals off Pelham Bay, and between City Island and Throg's Neck, is half a mile wide. When pa.st this light-house vessels heating t.o .windward must not stand to the westward of Throg's Neck Light-h-0use bearing SW. bys. i S.,or the southern end of Hart Island bearing l!fll. by N. l N. This will avoid the shoals between City Island and Throg's Neck. When pa.st Stq>ping Stones Light-house you must keep on the west.em side of the ~ to avoid the shoo.I water off Little Neck Bay. You may approach Throg's Neck Within Throg'# Neck a quarter of a mile, but must not come nearer on account of the shoal, called Throg's Shoal. Neck Shoal, which makes off from that point to the southeastward for about two hun- dred yards. The southeastern. extremity of this shoal is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 32) placed in.three fathoms,.......Sb:lppiDg Stones Light-house bearing BE.! Ii. and Throg's Nook Light-house N. f W. . · Beyond Throg's Neck vessels bound to New York should take a pilot.

LONG ISLA.ND SOUND. 365 SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. .Fo:r vesseZ. mhleh have e - f:rona Vineyard Sound o:r BuwwariP• Bau and Int-end t;o pass t;la:rough Long Island .souaa by t;he Raia Chan:nel.-With Vineyard Sound Light-vessel bearing NW. f W., nearly two miles distant and a depth of eleven and a half fathoms, steer W. Southerly, carrying not less than eight fathoms, until Block Island North Light-house bears 8. t W., a little over three miles distant. .At this position the depth will be twenty fathoms, and W. Northerly will lead, with not less than eleven fathoms, through Block Island Sound and up to The Race. When in The Race, with Race Rock Light-house bearing NE. by E. ! E. and Little Gull Island Light-house SW. by w. -t W., the depth will be thirty-three fathoms, and the course through the 1\\-Iain Channel of Long Island Sound W., which will lead, with not less than six and a half fathoms, post Falkner's Island, New Haven, Stratford Point, and The Middle Ground, until Penfield's Reef Light-house bears *NE. by N. j- N. and Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. ! W. Here the depth will be ten fathoms and the course W. by S. S., which will lead, with not less than six and a half fathoms, to abreast of Sands' Point Light-house. When this ligbt-house bears SSE. Easterly, half a mile dist.ant, and the light-house on Execution Rocks N. f W., seven hundred yards distant, steer SW. for three miles until abreast of the southern end of City Island, with Stepping Stones Light-house bearing S. ~ W., about nine hundred yards distant. Here the depth will be eleven and a half fathoms, and you may steer SW. by S. k S., carrying not less than seven fathoms, until you come abreast of the red buoy (No. 32) off the southeastern extremity of Throg's Neck Shoal, when you may round it at a dist.ance of three hundred yards, and steer W. by N. i N. into the East River. The above courses pass a mile and five-eighths to the northward of the black nun-buoy off Block Island North Reef; three miles and a half to the northward of the striped can-buoy on Cerberus Shoal; three miles to the .southward of Watch Hill Reef; a mile and a quarter to the southward of Race Rock Light-house; six hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Valiant Rock; half a mile to the northward of Little Gull Island Reef; two miles and five-eighths to the southward of Long Sand Shoal; two miles and a quarter to the northward of Orient Shoal; three miles and five-eighths to the southward of Falkner's Island Light-house; a little over two miles to the northward of l\\fiddle Ground Light-house; two miles and a quarter to the southward of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal; two miles and an eighth to the southward of Penfield's Reef Light-house; one mile and seven-eighths to the southward of Cockenoe's Island Shoal; two miles and three-eighths to the north- ward of Eaton's Point Shoal; a mile and a half to the southward of Budd's Reef; a mile and a quarter to the northward of Lloyd's Point Shoal; two miles and a quarter to the southward of The Cows; a mile and a half to the northward of the black buoy on Centre Island Reef; five-eighths of a mile fo the northward of the black buoy off Matirricock Point; three hundred yards to the northward of the shoal off Prospect Point; five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the black spar-buoy off the northern end of Execution Rocks; seven hundred yards to the southward of Execution Rocks Light-house; six hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Execution Rocks; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the bla.ck buoy off Sands' Point; three hundred yards to the northward of the ble.ck buoy off Gangway Rock; nearly half a mile to the northward of the shoal oft' Hewlett's Point; four hundred yards to the southward of the southern end of Hart Island; about five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the red buoy off City Island Shoal; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Stepping Stones Light-house; a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Throg's Neck Light-house; and nearly four hundred yards to the southward of the red spar-buoy off Throg's Neck. Ow ~Ae , . . _ - r - to ent'er ~. Isla'IN'I .SOUIMI bJ1 ~he Wdela Hm Pasaag~.-'Vith Block Island North Light-house bearing S. l W. a little oyer three miles dist.ant, as before, steer W. by N. i N., which course will lead, with not leas than six fathoms, ro the entrance, and up with the red buoy on Gangway Rook. Here you will have four and three-quarter fathoms, and W. ! N. will lead through the Sound. (See page 306.) DR t;lt.e ..-..e - - - eo emer i;v.,.,_..• .r.iaaci Seuft4il .., t.Jae Swga:r Beef ..Flruosage.-On the course W. l.'forth.el.'ly through Blook Island Sound, when Watch Hill Light-house bears N. by W. ! W., three miles and three-q_uart.ers distant, and the summit of Chooomonnt (on Fisher's Island) l!fW. by W. i W., the depth will be eighteen fathoms, and NW. by N. t N. will lead, with not Iese

366 ATLANTIC COAST Pll..OT. Sailing Direc- than five fathoms, through Sugar Reef Passage and into the Main Channel of Fisher's tiona--Main Island Sound. On this course, when Dumpling R-Ock Light-house bears W. l N., Channel, Long steer W. i N., following the directions given for Fisher's Island Sound. (See also Island Sound. page 309.) On. tl&e ®-e -r•ea 'lo en'ler J!'laher'a Z•land Bound bu Liord'a _.,.__,,e.-On the course W. Northerly through Block Island Sound, when Watch Hill Light-house bears NE. by N., four miles and a quarter, and Stonington Light-house N. l E., five miles and a quarter distant, steer for. the latter, which will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, safely through the passage,' until North Hammock Light-house bears W. t N., when follow the directions given on page 311. on .,11.e c&-e _ .._ . 'lo enter Fl.BJaer'• Z•land Sound a.t m,,w.-Keep Watch Hill Light- house on a bearing of N. by W., and steer boldly in towards the beach, until the red light on North Hammock opens from behind Fisher's Island on a bearing of W. t N. Now steer W. t N., following the directions for Fisher's Island Sound. (See pages 306-307.) o.. the a1H>ve -r-. ~ enter Na11eague Bau.-With Watch Hill Light-house bearing N. by W. :! W., three miles and three-quarters dist.ant, and the swnm.it of Chooomount (on Fisher's Island) NW. by W. -I W., six miles and three-quarters distant, steer SW. l W., which will lead, with not less than five fathoms, into the bay, where anchorage may be found on either shore in from two to eight fathoms, according as the wind is from the eastward or westward. It is not safe for strangers to attempt to pass through the passage S. of Ram Island, as it is full of shoals and not buoyed; nor is it safe to attempt to enter N apeague Harbor, as the channel is narrow and crooked. The above SW. t W. course passeg two miles to the southeastward of the buoy on Cerberus Shoal, and a mile and three-quarters to the northwestward of the black buoy on Shagwong Reef. Wlahinu to enter Fort .Pond Bau.-Continue the SW. t W. course towards Napeague Bay, until you a.re within a little over two miles of Culloden Point, and Montauk Point Light-house bears BE. by E. t E., a little over five miles and a hiilf distant; when s. l W. will lead, with not less than six fathoms, into Fort Pond Bay, where comfortable anchorage may be found in from three to eight fathoms, sheltered from all winds from E NE. around by 8. to W SW. oa the above eour8e8 to elder N- .London Harlloor.-When in The Race, in thirty-three fathoms, with Little Gull Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. t W., about one mile distant, and New London Light-house N. :f E., five miles and three-quarters distant, steer N. by E. l E., which will lead, with not }e$ than four and a half fathoms, to the entrance to the harbor; after which the directions for the harbor, on pages 396-397, should be followed. w.oa .,,_ ,...._ - r • - to emer OarlH.-r'• .Ba,r,.-On the course Northerly through Block Island Sound, when Watch Hill Light-house bears :N. by E. f E., three miles and three-quarters, Race Rook Light-house W. :f N., seven miles and seven-eighths, and Little Gull Island Light-house W. l S., ten miles and three-quarters distant, yon will have nineteen fathoms, and must steer W. by S. t s., for fourteen miles, until Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. :f E., about a mile, and Plum Island Light-house NW. t w., nearly three miles dist.ant. Here the depth will be seven fathoms, and you m.ust steer SW. i W. into the bay, carrying not less than five fathoms, until Long Beach Point Light-house bears W l.'fW., and Gardiner's Island Light-house l'fE. by E. t E.; when you will have five and a half fathoms, and, if bcrwnd f-0 Grunport, must steer W. by l'f. t l'f.; or, if bound to Sag Harbor, SW. by S. f S., following, in each Ca.Be, the directions given for entering those harbors under their m!peotive heads. -Whenon ~..., . . . _ _ .._ .,.. _ , _ Nmnt1.c ..... in the Race, with Little Gull Isla.nd Light- house bearing SW. by W. l W., New London Light-house :S. f E., and Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel l'f :NW., steer :NW. by l'f. t l'f;.. which will lea.d 'safely into Niantic Bay, With not less than three and a half fathoms. Anchorage may be found in the bay in from fifteen to eighteen feet, well sheltered from northerly, easterly and westerly winds. The above course for Niantic Baypasses half a mile t.o the westward of Bartlett's Reef; five- eighths of a mile to the westward.of Two Tree Island; 1Uld four hundred yards to the westward ot White Rock.

LONG ISLA.ND SOUND. 367 On 'IAe . . _ - . . - ' l o elder .Plw-. .Gld a n d . . - - 'llarouglt. lftl;o Ga~• Soiling Direc- Bav.-On the W. course through the Sound, when Plum Island Light-house bears S., tion 11-llain a mile and three-quarters distant, steer S. by W., which course will lead safely through Cban11t1lrLong the Gut into Gardiner's Bay, carrying not less than three and a quarter fathoms, passing /11/and Sound. four hundred yards to the westward of the Middle Ground buoy, a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the beacon on Oyster Pond Reef, and six hundred yards to the westward of Midway -r•-Shoal. When in the bay, follow the directions given for Greenport and Sag harbors, under their respec- tive heads. o- eke .,._ ro elder ~ .Blt>er.-When in The Race, with Little Gull Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. t w., and New London Light-house N. ! E., as before, steer W. by N. ! N., which will lead, with not less than ten fathoms, to abreast of the red buoy off the bar, passing -r•-about three-eighths of a mile to the southward of it. Here make signal for a pilot, as this river ronnot be entered without one. (See page 407.) On. .,,_ ab- ro elder Ne., ..-.•en .Dia.r6or.-On the W. course through the Sound, when Falkner's Island Light-house bears tNE. by E. E., a little over seven miles, and Southwest Ledge Light-house NW.! N., eight miles and three-eighths distant, steer for the latter, until within three-quarters of a mile of it, in four fathoms, when steer NW., aiming to pass to the westward of the light-house, carrying not less than twenty-two feet; after which follow the directions for the harbor given on pages 428-430. On the above _ , _ _ to ~er l!#rw#i'Ord .Harior.-On the W. course through the Sound, bring Stratford Point Light-house to bear NW., four miles and five-eighths distant, and steer NW. ! N., which will lead you up with the bar. Here take a pilot, as the Houaatonic River cannot be entered without one. On e\"l&e afoove eour-. to en$er ~ .T~er- .Har6or.-Bring Middle Ground Light-house to bear SW. by W. l W., and Old Field Point Light-house SW. i S., and steer for the latter, carrying not less than fourteen fathoms, until within two miles and three-quarters of it, with Middle Ground Light-house bearing N. :! W., and the summit of Mount Misery S. l E. Here the depth will be twenty-four fathoms, and S SW. will lead safely, with not less than four fathoms, to the perpendicularly- striped buoy at the entrance. Here you must take a pilot. n. eater Brldgeporl Harhr.-Bring Bridgeport Harbor Light-house to bear N. by W. i W., and steer for it; until within three-quarters of a mile of it, in three fathoms water. Here make a signal for a pilot. ·Or, if compelled by ~y w run in, bring the Southwest Beacon (the outerm~ one) exactly between the two easternmost t.all factory chimneys in East Bridgeport on a bearing o( Jf. l E., and run in on that range, passing about eighty yards to the eastward of the light-house. !l'o enter_....... ~ Ha.r&or.-On the W. course through the Sound, bring Penfie]d's Reef Light-house to bear NW. by W. ! W., and Black Rock Light-house NW., and steer NW. I W. until up with the entrance, when you must follow the directions given for the harbor on pages 439-440. !1'o en'ler 8-d~ Hcrier.-With PeIJ.field's Reef Light-house bearing NE. by N. f N., dis- tant two miles and three-eighths, and Great Captain's Island Light-house W, f s., distant eight miles and a. quarter, steer NW. by li., which will lead up to the entrance. Anchor in ten feet three hundred yards to the southward of· Southport Beacon, and wait for a pilot as the harbor cannot be entered without one. ' w.IF~ ro . . _ ...,...,...ek .,.._..-Wlten, on the C01U'Se through the Sound, Penfield's Reef Light-house hears NE. by li. i :N., two miles and three-eighths distant, you will have ten fa~~ 8?ft ~m, and must st,eer W. by :N. f 1\"., ea.rrying n()t less than three and a half fathoms, until within six hundred yards of Cedar Poii;it, with the northeastern end of Cockenoe's Island bearing SW. by S., three-quart.enJ .of a ll:lile distant. Here you m~ anchor and wait for a pilot, as the river calil1l0t be entered without one. · Cllelcen_.•~ elder N-U.. BM>er ~ ffle ~rel &u ,,_ z.za....i .r.-1re.-On the W. by S. i 8. course through the Sound, bring Norwalk Light-house to bear W. by N., four miles and a ~ and Eaton's Neck Light-house SW. i s.. six miles and three-eighths distant, and st.eel' NW. i N., which will bring you up with the black spar-buoy on Peck's Ledge; but strangers must a.Il<.'hor on this course, when·wi~ half a mile of the buoy, in sixteen feet water, and wait fo:r ~pilot.

368 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- To emer t;Ae Anelaora:ge - the E«8t;ern /ill4e of Long Neek Ptnm.-On the tions --Main W. by S. i B. course through the Sound, when exactly between Great Captain's Island Channel~ Long and Eaton's Neck light-houses, (the former bearingN. t W.,distant two miles and three- Island Sound. eighths, and the latter S. l E., distant three miles and a quarter,) you will have ten fathoms, and a NW. course will lead safely to the anchorage. Yon may anchor in from two to three fathoms at discretion, as the water shoals gradually, and there is no danger of heading too close in. · iTo enf;e:r HunUagt;- Bath Norlh:Porl Bau, an.d Ll-tJ•s Ha::rbor.-On the W. by S. B. con~ through the Sound, when exactly between Norwalk and Eaton's Neck light-houses, with the form.er bearing N. t W., two miles and three-eighths, and the latter S. t E., three miles and a quarter distant, steer S. by W. i w., which will lead safely, with not less than five fathoms, into the bay; and, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to the anchorage off East Neck. If bound to Lloyd's Harbor or Northport Bay, when past East Fort, follow the directions for those harbors on pages 455-457. To enter .Da:Men .Blver.-When, on the W. by S. i S. course, as before, Norwalk Light-house bears N. i W., and Eaton's Neck Light-house S. t E., steer NW. by W. !- w., which course will lead, with not less than four fathoms, between Long N eek Point and the red buoy on Smith's Rock. Anchor when you come abreast of Long Neck Point, and wait for a pilot, as the river cannot be entered without one. To enter YVeldcott•s Cove.-On the W. by S. i S. course through the Sound, when Great Cap- tain's Island Light-house bears W. t N., distant nearly eight miles, and Eaton's Neck Light-house lSE. S., distant three miles and th:ree-eighths, steer NW. t N., which will lead into the cove, passing a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Smith's Rock. Anchorage is found in the cove in from six to ten feet at low water; but strangers must not attempt to enter it. To eat;er *-ford Ha:rbo:r (a;e the nu>Ut;h of JILlll .Blve:r.)--Bring Great Captain's Island Light- house to bear W. l N., and steer for it until the middle of the entrance to Stamford bears N. t W., when the woods on the.western end of Greenwich Point will bear NW. by W. ! W., and you will have ten fathoms. Now steer N. t W., which will lead safely to the anchorage under Shippan Point, where, if bound to Stamford, you must take a pilot. The above course passes half a mile to the westward of The Cows. To ~er Otrst:er B«11 and Vold Spri- Hario:r.-When, on the W. by S. i S. course, Great Captain's Island Light-house bears W. by N. t N., :five and a half miles, and Northwest Bluff s. t W., two miles and a half distant, you will have thirteen fathoms, and must steer S. by W., which will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to abreast of Northwest Bluff, where strangers must anchor; or, if bound into either of the harbors, must take a pilot. r -To en:ter Lffele Cap<lain's I•la:n4 H.arhr an Anehorage, o:r b _ _. #.& ~ eo.>e - Co• Cob Barbo:r.-On the W. by S. l S. course through the Sound, bring Great Captain's Island Light- house to bear W NW., four miles and three-quarters distant, and steer NW. i w., until Great Cap- tain's Island Light-house bears SW. by W., when you may anchor in from three to five fathoms, good holding-ground; or, steer NB. by E. into Greenwich Cove; ctr, take a pilot for Cos Cob Harbor; or, continue the oourse NW. t W. towards Horse Neck Point, and anchor in Bush's Harbor in from four to six: feet at low water. To ent;er Qreat Capt;aln!s Iff«n4 Barbor and ~- iu-.-On the W. by S. i S. course, when exactly abreast of. Centre Island Point, in nine fathoms, Capt.ain's Island Light-house will bear NW.! W., nearly four miles disbi.nt, and NW. by W. ! w. will lead to the entrance to the harbor, onpassing six hundred and filly yards to the southward of the red ,buoy Great Captain's Island West Reef, and eight hundred yards t.o the eastward of the red buoy on Blue-fish Reef Shoal. If bound int.o Byram.River: Continue the course until within a quarter of a mile of Mannrsing Island, where you must take a pilot; but if intending simply to anchor in Captain's Island Harbor, when Captain's Island Light-house bears NE. ! E., three-quarters of a. mile distant, st.e.er N. by W. i W. to the anchorage on the western side of the Call Islands, where yon will have eleven feet, soft bottom. Or, wiBAing to anchor between. Tll6 CWves and Gre,aJ, OaptailrlB Ia/.aoo: When, on the l!r. by W. f W. course, you oome a.breast of the red spa.r...buoy on Great Captain's Island West Reef, steer WE. by llf.1 iir~ which will lead, with not less than eleven feet, to the anchorage, (See also pages 47;! and 473-474.)

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 369 lWis1d»g to emer Henapsteaa Harl>or.-On the W. by S. B. course, when Sailing Direo- past Matinioock Point, bring Execution Rocks Light-house to bear W. by S. f S., and tiona--Main Mott's Point SW. bys. of s., and steer for the latter, until Red Spring Point bears Chan11el, Long E. t N., about three-quarters of a mile distant; when s. l E. will lead into the harbor. Island Sound. To enter Kellogg's ~. (l'lettceen Da:,,enperl's Neek and .Pt-e7niu._ .Point.)-On the w. by S. ! S. course, when Execution Rocks Light-house bears W. by S., and Sands' Point Light- house SW. by W., you will have six and a half fathoms, and W NW. will lead safely into the harbor. WU.hln,g tu enter NeUJ BoeheLle Harl>or.-When nearly between Execution Rocks Light-house and Sands' Point Light-house,-the former bearing N. by W., seven hundred yards, and the latter s SE., half a mile distant,-steer W. by N., which will lead, with not less than three fathoms, to the harbor entrance off the southern end of Davenport's Island. Here you must take a pilot. This course p118SeS about three hundred yards to the southward of Pea Island, and the same distance to the north- ward of the rocky islet between it and The Twins. To .enter 11Lan1&as11ee na.,.-On the SW. course, from off Sands' Point Light-house, when you come abreast of the buoy on Gangway Rock, steer s. by W. ! W., towards Hewlett's Point, until Throg's Neck Light-house bears SW.; when SE. :f s. will lead safely into the bay. (See also page 482.) To enter the .Anehoraoe f.tehceen Hart a.a vuu Island11.-0n the SW. course from off Sands' Point Light-horure, when Stepping Stones Light-house bears SW. by S. ! S., one mile, and the south- ern end of City Island\" W. ! s., three-quarters of a mile distant, steer N. by W. i W., which will lead, with not less than three fathoms, to the anchorage, passing two hundred yards to the west- ward of the southern end of Hart Island. Good anchorage is found in this harbor in from three to ten fathoms, good holding-ground, and it is very frequently resorted to by coasters. {See also pages 487-488.) To enter i.Little Neek Ba11.-0n the SW. by S. S. course towards Throg's Neck, when abreast of Stepping Stones Light-house, in twelve fathoms, steer S. ;f E., which will lead into the harbor, where anchorage is found in from six to ten feet. But this harbor is little resorted to. II. Having eum.e through Fisher'• XIII.and Sou.a l:o enter t1t.e Main aw&a:nel.-From Bartlett's Reef Light-\"\\~l steer W. f s., which will lead, with not less than nine fathoms, into the !I-Iain Channel about abreast of HammollW\"8et Point. On this course, when Falkner's Island Light-house · bears NW., distant :five miles, and Horton's Point Light-house SE.ts., distant nearly seven miles, you are in the Main Channel, and mu.st sooar W., following the directions for that channel on page 365. The above course passes half a mile to the southward of Bartlett's Reef; more than two miles to the southward of the red buoy on Black-boy Rock; a mile and seven-eighths to the southward of the red buoy on the southern end of Hatchett's Reef; a mile and three-eighths to the southward of the eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal; about a mile and a quarter t.o the southward of Cornfield Point Light-vessel; and two miles t.o the southward of the striped buoy on the western extremity of Long Sand Shoal. DANGERS. II. V.-fn, ~ Yi....,of\"d SoNad or - - .• ...,,. .Bou ifo eider Q.n4 , _ tilu•ovgh Lona E8lan4 BdFB~uootzruauzmnantrd.Vd.'.m~, FteBhryoaeaymrN)d~ItS1~htuiW.snp.ado.!.sa~iS•ht i.~.o,uncw.o-hV:u-i€r-cSsThe8hewilses iWlmcloa.ul yerfta-sadeNoof.oa,rnrouemenmi.ttihHillePeerontW.oi nat.nthNdJeuosCdrotihuhtihtcehkrLwleyinag,rshd(twL-ohihfgoihcPuthso-evwi enbistelslaeJrltusad(kNaiett.httfhhLeeEime.g,nhtottr-hnahernoocmuuesgitelhoe. Fisher's Island Sound by the Watch Hill Passage,) or w. is., which will lead them t.o the Eastern Entrance of Long Isfa.nd Sound. The dangers on these courses are the same as those described on pages 300-3~6 and 355-364, to which the mariner ia referred. · . ~en m The Race, with Little Gull Island Lischt-housc bearing SW. by W. t W., about one mile distant, and New London Light-house N. f E., five miles and three-quarters distant, the course through the North C1!annel is W. by l!f. ! N., and there are no dangers, unless a ve8sel is standing to the north'!8-1'~ on a wmd. . In such a. ca8e it is necessary to look out for Bartlett's Reef, off the southern end of which is ple.eed a light-vessel showing two fixed white lights. (See page 332.) C. P.-47 . . ·

370 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Bartleft'8 Reef. Bartlett's Reef (already described on page 357) is a very dangerous shoal lying off the mouth of Whitestone Creek, and about four miles to the westward of the western entrance to Fisher's Island Sound. It exwnds S. by E. for a mile and a quarter, and has upon it many rocks bare at lpw water. Its southern end bears from Race Rock Light-house NW. by W., distant four miles and a quarter, and is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 4} placed in three fathoms water. The light-vessel is three-eighths of a mile to the southward of this buoy, and bears from Race Rock Light-:-house NW. by W. t W., four miles distant. From this light-vessel Saybrook Light-house bears W. l N., nine miles and three-quarters, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. t S., twelve miles distant. ~ When to the westward of Bartlett's Reef strangers should not stand farther to the northward than to bring the light-vessel to bear E. :f B., by which means the dangerous Black-boy Biack-6oy Rock will be avoided. This shoal extends N. by E. and S. by W. for nearly six Rock. hundred yards, and is bare in places at low water. Its southern end bears W. ! S. from Black Point, distant three-quarters of a mile, and is marked by a red spar- buoy (No. 4) placed in three fathoms water. From this buoy the red buoy on the southeastern end of Hatchett's Reef bears W. by S. ! S., two miles distant, and this reef is the next danger met with. Hatchett's Hatchett's Reef is the east:ern extremity of that extensive area of shoal ground Reaf. which surromids the mouth of the Connecticut River, and has five feet at low wat:er. The reef itself lies off Hatchett's Point, and its southern end bears W. by S. i- S. from Black Point, distant two miles and three-quarters, and W. i N. from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, distant a little over six miles. It is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 6) placed in sixteen feet wat.er. Strangers must not attempt to pass to the northward of this reef. (See also page 358.) Saybrook Bar. From the red buoy on the southern end of Hatchett's Reef the red can-buoy* on the southern extremity of Saybrook Bar bears W. by S. about two miles and a half distant. This bar is very dangerous to v~ls using the North Channel. It makes to the south- eastward from Lynde's Point for a mile and three-quarters, and to the southward from New Breach Point for a mile and a half,-the depths on it varying from four to nine feet at low water. The buoy is marked No. 8, and placed in eighteen feet water,-Cornfield Point bearing W. by N. -i N., three miles and a quarter, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. by B. t B., three miles distant. The course passes to the southward of it, and to avoid it while beating, vessels must not stand to the northward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel bearing E. -fr S. Long Sand The North Channel at this point passes between Saybrook Bar and the eastern Shoal. extremity of Long Sand Shoal, and is but five-eighths of a mile wide. Long Sand Shoal is an extensive sand bar lying nearly E. and W., and five miles and a quarter long; but it is comparatively narrow,-its greatest width not exceeding a quarter of a mile. The soundings over it vary from seven to sixteen feet. The shoalest part of the spit, which has from seven to nine feet upon it, is about two miles and three-eighths long, and its eastern end is marked by a spar-buoy painted red and black. The eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal is nearly two miles S. by E. t E. from Saybrook Light-house, and. fiv~ighths of a mile SW. t W. from the red can-buoy* on the southern end of Saybrook Bar. There is no buoy at this end of the shoal, and the south side of the channel is therefore not marked in any way; but the striped spar-buoy just mentioned is placed on the shoal about a mile and a half to the westward. This should be removed from its present position (where it is of little use as a guide to the North Channel) to the eastern end of the reef; and such change will be recommended. The western extremicy- of Long Sand Shoal is marked by a nun-buoy* of the second class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and bearing from Cornfield Point SW. by W. l W., three miles, and from Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. by N., two miles and a quart.er distant. A light-vessel, known as Cornfield Point Light-vessel, (see page 334,) is placed about an eighth of a mile to the southward of the shoal and nearly midway of its length, and at night shows one fixed red light. It is not in the North Channel, and must not be approaChed by vessels using that passage. To avoid Long Sand Shoal when beating through the North Channel, vessels should not stand into less than :five fathoms on the southern side of the channel. When past the red can-buoy* on the southern extremity or Saybrook Bar, vessels standing 1;o the northward on a wind should go about as soon as Cornfield Point bears W. by N. :f N., by whicli means the~ porlion of Saybrook Bar (which extends from the can-buoy in nearly a direct line to Cornfield Point) will be avoided. But when about two and a half miles to the west- Cornfield Point ward of that buoy they must look out for Cornfield Point Shoal, sometimes called M\"ui-ehannel Rook. This is a small detached rock with three feet upon it at low water, Shoal. and the shoal water surrounding it covers an area of about an eighth of a mile in diameter within the lines of three fathoms. The rock lies a.bout seven hundred and fifty yards S. i E. from Cornfield Point, and is marked by a red spar-buoy {N-0. 10) placed in three fathoms on its southern side. This buoy hears from Se.ybrook Light-house w. bys. l s., a little over two miles and an eighth, and from the red can-buoy* on the southern extremity of Saybrook Bar W. by N., three

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 371 miles and an eighth distant. From this buoy the striped nun-buoy* on the western end of Long Sand Shoal bears W SW., two miles and seven-eighths distant, and Falkner's Island Light-house W. t s. Nearly, twelve miles and a quarter distant. The sailing-line passes well to the southward of this rock. Hen and About seven-eighths of a mile to the westward of Mid-channel Rock will be seen an iron spindle, paintOO black and surmounted by a square cage. This is on the Hen Chickens. and Chickens,-a dangerous shoal about five-eighths of a mile long in an E. by S. and w. by N. direction, and having an average width of about four hundred yards. The spindle is placed on its shoalest part, in three feet water, near its southern edge, and about four hundred yards from its eastern extremity, and should not be approached frQm the southward nearer than three hundred and fifty yards. It bears from Mi1€s. Cornfield Point, WSW·-------------------------------------------- f tThe buoy on Mid-channel Rock, W. f N. ---------------------------- The red can-buoy* on the southern extremity of Saybrook Bar, nearly W. byN·-------------------------------------------------------- 4 Strangers should not at~mpt to pass on the northern side of either Mid-channel Rock or the Hen and Chickens, although there is a good passage with from four to six fathoms at low water between them and Cornfield Point. It is used only by those familiar with the locality. The same remark applies to the passage between Mid-channel Rock and the Hen and Chickens, which is half a mile wide, and has from four to seven fathoms. Seven-eighths of a mile to the westward of the spindle on the Hen and Chickens will be seen a red spar-buoy. This is on Crane Reef, a detached shoal about six hun- Crans Raef. dred yards Jong in a N. and S. direction, and having four feet at low water. The buoy is placed on its southern end, in three fathoms, is marked No. 12, and bears from The Hen and Chickens spindle, W. -f $, ____________________________ _ Mil€S. -! t IfCornfield Cornfteld Point, W. by B. e S·--- -i - ----------------------- - ---- ---- Point Light-vess l, NW. N. ___________________a l ittle over 2 From this buoy Mil€S. The red buoy on Kelsey's Point Shoal bears W. i N._______a little over 4 t 4iThe southern extremity of Hamm.onasset Point Reef W. N._________ _ JOtFalkner's Island Light house W. t S·------------------------------- The striped nun-buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal SW. -! S.__ 1! To avoid Crane Reef at night, when in its vicinity, do not stand to the northward into less than six fathoms. To avoid the western end of Lo71{! Sand Shoal do not stand to the southward of Falkner's Island Light-house beariug W. :l N.; or, if the light cannot be seen, do not stand into less than five and a half fathoms. Duck Island should not be approached from the southward nearer than half a mile, as there arc dangerous shoals surrounding it which extend to the southward between five and six hundred yards. There is a narrow passage leading between the island and l\\Ienunketesuck Point, but it is not available for strangers on account of its numerous obstructions. There is good anchorage on the western side of Duck Island, between it and Kelsey's Point, in from eight to thirteen feet at low water· and this is often made use of during northerly gales. ' Nearly two miles to the westward of Duck Island lie PKoeilnset yf'os rPaobionut tSthhoraeles~ Kelsey's Point dangerous ledges making off to the southward from Kelsey's Shoal.r. quarters of a mile. The shoalest part of the reef extends about SSW. from Kelsey's ~oint for tJ:u:ee-eighths of a mile, has less than six feet at low water, and many rocks scattered over its surface. Oifthe southern enU of the shoals there is placed a red spar-buoy (No. 2) in four fathoms water, as a guide to Killingworth Harbor. It bears from The southern end of Duck Island, w. by s. ____________________about M1il:efs. The red buoy on Crane Beef, W. ---------------------------------- 4 The red nUD-buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal, WNW.____ 3f Two. aivso.id it, at night; vessels should not go to the northward of Falkner's Island Light-house bearing ~ same rnle applied will clear Ham.monasset Point Reef, which enends off from Hammonasnt the pomt o~ that name f?r half a mile. It is a rocky shoal, bare in some places at l~w Point Reel. water, an~ m. others haVl.Dg from five to fifteen feet. It is not buoyed except upon its western Side, where there is· plaood a· red spar.;buoy (N0 , 2) in three fathoms,-Hammonasset Point

372 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. bearing nearly E NE., seven hundred yards distant. This buoy in its present position is of no use whatever, except as a guide to Madison, and a buoy will be recommended to be placed about SE. from the western side of the point, in about four fathoms water. 'Vhen to the westward of Hammona'lSet Point there are no dangers in the channel ; but vessels standing to the northward nn a wind must not go farther than to bring Hammonasset Point to bear W.-! N.; by which means all of the shoals in the bight between that point and Madison East Sachem's Head will be avoided. Of these the first met with is Madison East Reef, which lies a little over two miles and a half W. by N. ! N. from Hammonasset Point, Reef. and about five-eighths of a mile S. ! W. from Tuck's Island. It is a narrow shoal lying nearly E. and W., and about a quart,er of a mile long, and twelve feet at low water is reported upon it. A red spar-buoy (No. 4) is placed on its southern side in three fathoms water,-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SW. t W., three miles and three-eighths distant. Madison Middle A little over half a mile to the westward of the buoy on Madison East Reef Reef. will be seen another red spar-buoy. This is on Madison Middle Reef, which extends NW. by W. and SE. by E. for three-eighths of a mile, and has four feet at low water. The buoy is placed on the northern side of the reef, about midway of its length, is marked Ko. 6, and bears from Tuck's Island SW. i W., seven-eighths of a mile; and from tJ'ie red buoy on Madison East Reef W. by N. t N., about twelve hundred yards dist.ant. There should be a buoy on each end of this reef instead .of the present arrangement, and such a change will be recommended. Char/ea' Reef. Half a mile W. by B. from the buoy on Madison Middle Reef is the northern end of a rocky shoal known as Charles' Reef, which lies NE. by N. and SW. bys., and is about a quarter of a mile long. Ten feet at low water is found near its northern end, and nine feet at its southe,ast,ern end. A red s_i;>ar-buoy (No. 8) is placed close to the southwestern end of the reef in eighteen feet water,-Falkner s Island Light-house bearing SW. by S., two miles and three- eighths distant. This buoy bears from Miles. The red buoy op :b{adison :Middle Reef, W sw.____________ a little over ! The middle of Tu,ck's Island, SW. by W. f W.______________________ 1 -ft- tThe red buoy oµ. Madison Ea.st Reef\", W. ! B-----------'-------------- 1 It should be removed from its present position to the southeastern end of the reef, and such change will be recommended. There is a good channel, with .from three and a half to four fathoms, on the northern side of the three last-mentioned shoals, which' is used by vessels bound to Guilford and :M:adison; but it is not recommended to strangers. - Guilford Shoals. Under the common name of Guilford Shoals are included all of the reefs and ledges which lie off the north shore between Hogshead Point and Sachem's Head. They are for the most part bare at low water, and several of them are always out. The most important, BB lying nearest to the channel, are Half-a.ere Island, Lobster Rock and Indian Reef. Half-acre Half-acre Island is a mere bare rock, about sixty yards long at low water, with l•land. its summit always out, and is surrounded by very dangerous sunken rocks. There is no passage to the northward of it,-bare rocks, and sunken ledges with from two to six feet water, extending all the way to shore;-and it mUBt not be approached from the southward nearer than three-eighths of a mile. The oentre of the island bears from Falkner's Island Light- house N. ! E., two miles and a half; from Mulberry Point E. -f S., a mile and an eighth; and from the red buoy on Charles' Reef NW. by W. f w., a little over half a mile distant. Lobster Rock. Three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Half-acre Island lies Lobster Rock, which is likewise a small bare islet. At low water it is about seventy yards long in a N. by E. and S. by W. direction; but, at high water, it shows two bare rocks about twenty-five yards N. and S. of each other. Dangerous rocks surround it,-many of them bare at low water, and some of them always out;-but it may be approached from the southward, within six hundred yards, with not less than thref; fathoms wat,er. Lobster Rock bears from Half-acJ.'e Island w. f- S., three-quarters of a mile; and the channel into Guilford leads between them. From Hulbe1'7J' Point it bears SE. b'y E. i- liL------..-------------about 900 yds. Falkner's Island Light-house N. f W. ------------------------- 2-i miles. Sachem's Head E. by•·------------------------------------- l t \" Indian Reef. A.bout two hundred yards to the southwestward Qf Lobster Rock is the north- eastern extremity of Indian Reef, a dangerous rocky shoal lying NE. by E. and SW. by W., and about half a mile long. It has many bare rocks upon it, especially near its northeastern end, and soundings over it vary from three to Bix feet at low water. The southern extremity of this reef, which has three feet, bears W. from the red buoy on Charles' Reef, two miles and an eighth; and Ji NW. from Falkner'il Island Light-house, nearly the arun:e distance. From this southern extrmnity

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 373 iThe Miles. The 1t extreme southern point o fWSa. cih em's Head bears W. N.__________ beacon on Branford Reef S. __·______________________nearly 6 Middle Ground Light-house W. by S. ! S. _____________________nearly 22 To avoid all these shoals, (that is, those lying between Hammonasset Point and Sachem's Head,) vessels should not stand t-0 the northward of Hammonasset Point bearing E. t S. On the southern side of the channel look out for Kimberley's Reef,-thc buoy Kimberley's on which will be visible when you come nearly abreast of Charles' Reef, bearing about Reaf. S. bv W. t w., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is a very small detached shoal, with ten feet water, lying E. ! N. from Falkner's Island Light-house, distant about a mile and three-- eighths. There is from three to five fathoms on all sides of it, and an excellent channel, three-quarters of a mile wide, between it and Falkner's Island. .A spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, is placed on its northern side in :fifteen feet water, and bears from Miles. tThe red buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal, W. N. Northerly 8 i The red buoy on the southern extremity of Crane Ree:f, W. i S. Nearly__ 9 i Ha.mmonasset Point, W. by S. i S·--------------------------------- 4 From this buoy Falkner's Island Light-house bears W. i S., a mile and three-eighths; and the black buoy on the northern extremity of Falkner's Island Reef, W. by N. ! N., about the same distance. To avoid Kimberley's Reef do not, when in it.<> vicinity, stand to the southward of Falkner's Island Light-house bearing W. by S. ! S. But a good rule for day-time is not to shut in Goose Island behind the northern end of Falkner's Island. l!\"'alkner's Island Reef is a narrow rocky shoal, strewn with bare rocks and Falknsr'slsland boulders, which extends in a nearly due N~ direction from the northern end of the Reef. island for three-eighths of a mile. A black spar-buoy (No. 1) is placed in eighteen feet water off it.s northern end, and bears from tKimberley's Reef buoy. w. by N. N------------------------------ Miles. The striped buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal, W. f N. ___ _ li 9f iThe red buoy on the southern end of Crane Reef, W. Southerly _____ _ 10t Ha.mmonasset Point. W. $.____________________________________ _ 5i The red buoy on the southwestern end of Charles• Reef, SW. i B·----:- 2 From this buoy Miles. Falkner's Island Light-house bears S. t W. ------------------------ iThe beacon on Branford Reef W. N .i ---------------------------- Middle Ground Light-house W. by S. S.____________________nea.rly To avoid Falkner's Island Reef, when in it.s vicinity, do not st.and to the southward into less than seven fathoms. Fifteen to six.teen feet at low water is found nearly half a mile to the eastward of Falkner's Island, and vessels of large draught should not, therefore, approach the island from that direction nearer than three-quarters of a mile. The same depths are also found on the western side of the island, between it and Goose Island, in a passage about three-eighths of a mile wide, unsafe for strangers. From the northern end of Goose Island bare reefs and dangerOU8 KUnken kdg~ ext.end to the north- eastward for about half a mile,-the sunken rocks having from two to seven feet upon them. Goose Island should, therefore, receive a berth to the S-Outhward of not less than five-eighths of a mile. The common name Gooae Isl.and Ledg~ is given to all of the shoals between Falkner's and Goose islands. The 1U!Ual caurBe pursued by vessek bound to the westward, through the North Channel i.s, when on the. W. 1!Y N. t N. co';1rse, Falkn~r's Island Light-house bears s. by E. ! E., to steer W. by s. ! s., which will lead them mto the Mam Channel abreast of Stratford Point. On this course there are no dangers in the_ channel; but when past Indian ~' if beating to windward, you must look out, on the northern side of the channel, for a dangerOU8 81..iV feet rock, lying about six hundred and fifty yards to the southwestward of the southern ~ty of Indian Reef. It is not buoyed, but may be avoided by not going to the northward of the southern extremity of Sachem's Head bearing NW. by W. ! W., or Hammonasset Point E. t s. When Falkner's Island light bears SE. by S., you are to the west- ward of this ledge. The next danger met with on the northern shore is Chimney-Corner Reef, which Chimnay-Cor111Jr has thirteen feet at low water, and lies about six hundred and fifty yards to the south- Reef. WEStward of Soohem's Head,-the hotel bearing :NE. by :N. There is a good channel on either side of the reef, th~h which from four k> :five fathoms may be taken, and both are used by vessels bound into Sachem's 1Iead Harbor. .A. red spar-buoy (No. 10) is placed in three fathoms on the western side of the roof,-Falkner's Island Light-house bearing SE. i E.; and Joshua's Point

374 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. N. i w.,-thc latter being distant about eleven hundred yards. To avoid this reef, as well as the Goose Rocks, (to the westward of it,) vessels should not stand into less than six fathoms when in its vicinity. · The Goose Rocks, which lie about half a mile NW. ! W. from the Chimney- Goose Rocks. Corner buoy, are two large ledges, bare at low water, about NE. and SW. from each other, and surrounded by shoal water, which extends to the southeastward for three-eighths of a mile, and to the southwestward for a quarter of a mile. There should be a buoy on this southwest.ern end, where there is a three feet rock, and such will be recommended. · To avoid the Goose Rocks do not stand to the northward, when in their vicinity, into less than five fathoms. East Ledge. The next danger met with, in beating to the westward, is East Ledge, the south- ernmost of the ledges lying off The Thimbles. It is a detached shoal with six feet at low water, and from four to seven fathoms on all sides of it, lies N NE. and S SW., and is about three hundred and fifty yards long. A red spar-buoy (No. 12) is placed in three fathoms off its southern end, and bears from Falkner's Island Light-house W. by N. ! N., five miles and an eighth; and from the buov on Chimney-Corner Reef W. -ft S., two miles and three-quarters distant. To avoid East Ledge do not stand to the northward of Branford Reef Beacon bearing W. ! N. Next to the westward of East Ledge is Branford Reef, one mile and three-quarters W. t S. from the buoy. It is easily recognized by the grey stone beacon of circular form, Branford Reef surmounted by an iron shaft and ball, and known as Branford Reef Beacon. It is Beacon. erected upon the summit of the reef, (which is bare at low water,) and nearest its northern end,-shoal water extending from it to the northward two hundred yards, and to the southward nearly a quarter of a mile. Branford Reef. Branford Reef is a detached shoal, lying N. by E. and S. by W. and surrounded by depths varying from four to eight fathoms. The beacon bears from Miles. 6iFalkner's Island Light-house, W. by N. l N. _______________________ _ tSe.chem's Head, W. S. ------------------------------------nearly 4! The Outer Thinlble, W. by S. ! S. --------------------------------- 2} From this beacon Miles. Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. f N._________a little over 4! Stratford Point Light-house W. :f:- $.________________________________ 14 Middle Ground Light-house SW. by W. ! W. _____________a little over 16! To avoid Branford Reef do not stand to the northward of Falkner's Island Light-house bearing E. t S. 'Vhen to the westward of this reef there are no dangers until you enter the Main Channel between The Middle Ground and Stratford Point; and thence to Throg's Neck the mariner is referred to the description of the dangers in the Main Channel on pages 360-364. Many vessds, however, and e,specially such as are bound to New Haven, do not pass to the BOuth- ward of Branford Reef, but continue the W. by N. l N. course, passing about three hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Chimney-Comer Reef, and about foill' hundred and fifty to the south- ward of the \"three feet rock\" at the southwestern end of Goose Rock Shoals. When abreast of The Outer Thimble, and about one hundred and fifty yards from it, there will be seen to the westward, about half a mile off, a red spar-buoy to the northward and a black spar-buoy to the southward of the oourse,-the former bearing WNW. and the latter W. i B. The red spar-buoy is on Inner Reef and the black buoy on Wheaton's Reef, and the channel, which is sometimes called the !l'M-61- C1una.nel, · passes midway between them. Inner Reef. Inner Reef i'l the horthernmost of the reefs lying off The Thimbles, and has nine feet at low water. A red spar-buoy (No. 14) is placed in eighteen feet water on its southern side, and bears from The Outer Thimble W. by N. l N., half a mile; and from Falkner's Island Light-house NW. by W. i W., five miles and a half distant. From this buoy Miles. The red buoy on The Negro Hee.dB bears w. Jr B·-------------------- l l Branford Beef Beacon SW. by W. f W. ---------------------------- 2 Black buoy on Wheaton's Beef S. by W. WesterlY-------------------550 yds. This latter distance is here the width of the channel. Wheaton's Wheaton's Reef is a detached ledge, bare at low water and about a hundred Raef. and fi:ftv yards in diameter, lying on the southern side of the channel, about twelve hundred yards W. by S. f B. from TheOuter Thimble. It is marked 'by a black spar- b11oy (No. 3) placed in fifteen feet water on its northern side, close to, and bearing from

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 375 Miles. Sachem's Head, W. ! N·------------------------------------------ 3 Buoy on Chimney-Comer Reef, W. ! N. ---------------------------- 2! Falkner's 'Island Light-house, WNW. Northerly____________________ _ .5j- From this buoy Miles. The red buoy on Inner Reef bears N. by E. Easterly_______a little over Buoy on The Negro Heads W. f N. ___________________________nearly Southwest Ledge Light-hous e W. i s .N_.__-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- - ----- ---- :Branford Reef Beacon W. b ys.! a little over East Ledge buoy S. t E------------------------------------------- Vessels must not attempt to p&-\"18 to the southward of \\Vheaton's Reef, or between it and East Ledge, as the ground is foul, and the dangerous Brown's Reef lies about midway between the reef and the ledge. Brown's Reef is nearly a quarter of a mil~ long in Brown'8 Resf. an E. and W. direction, and bare at low wat.er near its western end. It is not buoyed, but the dry part of the reef bears from Miles. Branford Reef Beacon, E. by N. t N. ------------------------------ l i Wheaton's Reef buoy, S. by W. ! W. ------------------------------ i East Ledge buoy, N NW. Northerly------------------------------- 6.50 yds. The Outer Thimble, SW. by W. ! W. ------------------------------ !mile. When about a mile and three-eighths to the westward of Inner and \"\\Vheaton's reefs the sailing- line passes about an eighth of a mile to the southward of the buoy on The Negro Heads, which will appear as a red spar, marked No. 16. The K egro Heads are a The Negro mass of boulders, bare at low tides and surrounded by shoal water, which extends to Head8. the northward three hundred and fifty yards and to the southward two hundred and fifty. The dry part of the shoal lies about eight hundred yards to the southward of Ball Island, and between the two there is a passage with from two to four fathoms. The buoy is placed off the southern end of the shoal in three fathoms, and bears from the eastern extremity of Ball Island S. Westerly, five-eighths of a mile; from Inner Reef buoy W. !- S., a. mile and a half; and from \\Vheaton's Reef buoy W. f N., a little over a mile and three-eighths distant. From this buoy the red buoy on Five Feet Rook bears W. by N. IN., a little over a mile and a quarter, and Southwest Ledge Light-house W. i N., nearly five miles distant. In standing to the southward on a wind go about as soon as Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. t N., or Falkner's Island Light-house E. by S. l S. This clears Branford Reef, passing about a quarter of a mile to the northward of it. This reef has been already described above, and is easily r(.'COgnized by the circular. beacon of grey stone (surmounted by an iron shaft and ball) which stands near its northern end. The customary sailing-line passes about three-quarters of a mile to the northward of it. When past The Negro Heads look out, on the northern side of the passage, for another red spar- buoy, which will soon be seen bearing about NW. t w., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is on Five Feet Rock, a small detached rock, with :five feet at low warer, FiVtJ Feet Rock. lying off the entrance to Branford Harbor. The buoy is marked No. 18, and is placed in fifteen feet, close to the rock, on its southern side. It bears from Mlles. SW. by W. l i Jeffry's Point, W. ------· ------ -i- -N- -. ------- -& l ittle over 1t The red buoy on The Negro Heads, W. by N. ______ __a little over tBranford Reef\" Beacon, NW. f N. -----------------------&little over 1 From this buoy Branford Point bears N. by W. ! w._____________________a little over !Miles. The Bootch Cap W. ! N. __________ .:_ __________________________ nearly 1 i tSouthwest Ledge Light-house W. N. __ _:________________ &little over 3-f Cow and Calf\" Rock w. ------------------------------------------ 1100 yds. The Cow and Calf are two small bare rocks surrounded bv shoal water, and Tile Cow and having a d~hed twdve feet spot a little t.o the westward of them. They are not ~uoyed,-be~ always visible, and therefore easily avoided. They lie about :five- Calf.. e1ghths of a mile SW. by S. i B. from Branford ePitohienrt~danedoaf mile and seven-eighths NW. Westerly You may pass on these rocks in going into Branford, but from Branford Reef Beacon. the usual and safest passage is on their easrern side, between them and Five Feet Rock. When to the westward of The Cow and Calf do not stand to the northward into less than three and a quarter fathoms in order t.o avoid the sMtµ -water eztending off from the norlh 1ilwre between

376 ATLA...\"\"'iTIC COAST PILOT. Branford Entrance and N cw Haven. This part of the shore is all fou] ,-having many sunken and bare rocks at distances from shore varying from three-eighths \"to five-eighths of a mile. The Scotch The most notable of these is The Scotch Cap, which lies off the entrance to l!'arm Cap. River, a mile and a quarter to the westward of Branford Point, and three-eighths of a mile from shore. It is a mas.s of bare rock two hundred yards long E. and W., and, being surrounded by dangerous shoals, should not be approached from the southward nearer than a quarter of a mile. Round Rock. Next to The Scotch Cap the most notable rock off this part of the shore i;;; Round Rock, a very small bare rock, surrounded by sunken ledges, which extend over an area a quarter of a mile square. It is a mile to the westward of The Scotch Cap, and bears from South End SSW. Westerly, between eight and nine hundred yards, and from :Morgan's Point SE. t S., five-eighths of a mile distant. From this rock Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. n- N., one mile and a quarter distant. Shoal water extends to the southward from Round Rock for a quarter of a mile, at which distance there is seventeen feet at low water. Large vessels, therefore,-that is, such as draw over seventeen foet,-should be careful not to approach this part of the shore nearer than a mile. When off New Haven Entrance, with Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing NW. -f N., distant three-quarters of a mile, there will be seen to the northward of the course, bearing about W. by N. -! N., and a mile off, a nun-buoy of the first class, painted red and black in horizontal Luddington stripes. This is on Luddington Rock, a sunken rock with fifteen feet at mean low Rock. water, which lies near the southeastern end of that great mass of shoals making off from the western side of New Haven Harbor, between Sandy and Oyster River points. The buoy is in sixteen feet, on the eastern side of the rock,--Southwest Ledge Light-house bearing E NE. and Stratford Point Light-house W. by s. i- s. · To avoid Luddington Rock, in passing through the North Channel, do not go to the northward of Stratford Point Light-hon._\"'€ bearing W. by S. :! S. · When past this rock all dangers met with are common to this and the Main Channel, and will be met with and passed in the same order. For full description of these dangers see pages 360-364. SAILING DIRECTIONS. III. Con&ing fro-. Y'iaeya:rd Souftd or Bu111Mard's Bau f:o emer and p-s 'through Long Lsl4nd, Soun<i bu -the North Chann.ei.-The course from Hen and Chickens Light-vessel (at the entrance to Buzzard's Bay) is W. i S., and passes one mile to the southward of Point Judith Light-house. From Vineyard Sound the course is W. ! N., which will also lead one mile to the southward of Point Judith. These two courses unite, with Point Judith Light-house bearing N. i E., distant one mile. Here there will be seven fathoms, rocky bottom, and from this position you may st.eer either W. Northerly (which will take you up to the entrance to Fisher's Island Sound by the \"\\Vatch Hill Passage) or W. -§- S., which will lead to the eastern entrance to Long Island Sound, between Valiant Rock and Little Gull Island. When in The Race, with Little Gull Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. i W., about one Illile distant, and New London Light-house N. t E., five miles and three-quarters distant, you will have thirty-five fathoms, soft bottom, and must steer W. by N. ! N., which will lead, with not less than fifteen fathoms, to the entrance to the North Channel, between Saybrook Bar buoy and the eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal. Here there will be four fathoms, with Saybrook Light-house bearing NW. by N.-! N., a mile and three-quarters dist.ant, and Cornfield Point Light- vessel W. by S. i S., three miles and three-eighths distant. Now st.eer W. Northerly, having sound- ings varying from three and three-quarters to twelve fathoms, until you come abreast of Hammonasset Point, having it bearing N. Easterly, a mile and three-eighths distant, with Falkner's Island Light- house directly ahead, and a little over five miles distant. Here there will be thirteen fathoms, soft bottom, and W. by N. l N., will lead, with not less than six and a half fathoms, about midway between Indian Reef and the black buoy on Falkner's Island Reef. When between the two, in about seven fathoms, with Falkner's Island Light-house bearing S. by E. t E., dist.ant a mile and three- eighths, and the southern extremity of 81,1Chem's Head NW. by W. i W., distant a mile and seven- eighths, steer W. by S. i S., which will lead through the Sound, with not less than .five and a half fathoms, and will join the Main Channel between Stratford Point and The Middle Ground. Continue this course, carrying not less than nine fathoms, until you oome abreast of Huntington Bay, with Norwalk Light-house bearing l!r. by E. l E., distant two miles and three-quarters, and Eaton's Neck Light-house S. by E. ! E., distant three miles and' an eighth. Great Captain's Island Light-house will now bear W. :Northerly, distant niatf.miles; you are on the sailing-line of the Main Channel, and must steer W. by S. i 8. to pass ~ Execution Rooks and Sands' Point, and follow the directions given for the Main Channel on page 365.

LONG ISLA.ND SOUND. 377 The.above courses pass a little over a mile to the southward of Squid Ledge; Sailing Dire c- a mile and three-quarters to the southward of Watch Hill Reef; four hundred tions--North yards to the southward of Valiant Rock; three-quarters of a mile to the northward Channel, Long of Little Gull Island Roof; two miles and a half to the southward of Bartlett'R Reef Island Sound. Light-vessel; two miles and :five-eighths to the southward of Black-boy Rock; a mile and three-eighths to the southward of the red buoy on the southern end of Hat.chett's Reef; three hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on the southern end of Saybrook Bar; six hundred yards to the northward of the eastern end of Long Sand Shoal; nearly three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on ~lid-channel Rock or Cornfield Point Shoal; eleven hun- dred yards to the northward of the northern edge of Long Sand Shoal abreast of Cornfield Point Light-vessel; three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the spindle on The Hen and Chickens; the same dist.ance to the southward of the red buoy on the southern end of Crane Reef; nine hundred yards to the northward of the striped nun-buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal ; a mile and three-eighths to the southward of Duck Island; more than a mile and a quarter to the southward of the red buoy on Kelsey's Point Shoals, and nearly a mile to the southward of the extreme southern point of the shoals ; seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of tl1e extreme southeastern end of Ham- monaESet Point Reef, and a little over a mile and an eighth to the southward of the red buoy on it.s ·southwestern side; a mile and a half to the southward of the red buoy on 1\\-fadison East Reef; the same distance to the southward of the red buoy on Madison Middle Reef; three-quarters of a mile to th.e northward of the striped buoy on Kimberley's Reef; a little over a mile to the southward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Charles' Reef; a mile and a quarter to the southward of Half-acre Island; nearly three-quarters of a mile to the northward of the black buoy on tile northern end of Falkner's Island Reef; a mile to the southward of Lobster Rock; seven-eighths of a mile to the northward of Goose Island Ledges; three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the southwestern end of Indian Reef; the same dist.ance to the southward of the six feet rock to the westward of Indian Reef; a mile to the southward of the red buoy on Chimney-Comer Reef; a mile and a quarter to the southward of the three feet rock at the southwestern end of Goose Rock Shoals; a mile and three- eighths to the southward of the red buoy on East Ledge; a mile and :five-eighths to the southward of Branford Reef Beacon; a little over two miles to the southward of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal; about two miles and a quarter to the northward of :Middle Ground Light..:house; two miles and seven-eighths to the southward of Pen.field's Reef light; two miles and a half to the southward of the red buoy on the southeastern end of Cockenoe's Island Shoal ; about two miles and a quarter to the southward of Great Reef Spindle; nearly three miles to the northward of the black buoy on Eaton's Point Shoal; nearly two miles and a quarter to the southward of Green's Ledge; and two miles and three-eighths to the southward of the red can-buoy on the western extremity of Green's Ledge. But, wishing to pa,ss tii,rOYf!h the Inner or Thimbks Channd, continue the W. by N. l N. course past Sachem's Head and The Thimbles, carrying not less than four and a half fathoms, until Branford Reef Beacon bears about WSW., distant two miles, and Southwest Ledge Light-house W. l N., distant six miles and a half; when you will be nearly between Inner Reef and \"Wheaton's Reef, and will have about seven .fathoms water. Now steer W., carrying not less than three and a half fathoms, until Southwest Ledge Light-house bears N. by W. f w., dist.ant three-quarters of a mile, when you will have :five fathoms, off the entrance t-0 New Haven; and SW. by w. :t w. will lead, with not less than four and a quarter fathoms, into the Main Channel between Str.itford Point and The Middle Ground. On this course when Stratford Point Light-house bears NE. by N. i N., distant three miles and three-quarters, Penfield's Reef Light-house NW. by W. t W., four miles and a quarter, and Middle Ground Light-house SE. by S. t S., two miles and a quarter distant, you will have about seven fathoms, and must steer W. by s. ! s., following the directions given above for the North Channel. The above courses pass five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the three foot rock at the south- western end of Indian Reef; three hundred and :fifty yards to the southward of the red buoy on Chimney-Corner Beef; a quarter ofa mile to the southward of the three feet rock at the southwestern end of Goose Rock Shoals; a hundred and fifty yards to the southward of The Outer Thimble; three hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy on Wheaton's Reef; an eighth of a mile C. P.-48 .

378 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- to the southward of the red buoy on Inner Reef; nearly two hundred yards to the tions--Norfh southward of the red buoy on the southern eml of The Negro Heads; three-quarters Channel, Long of a mile to the northward of Branford Reef Beacon ; half a mile to the southward of Island Sound. the red buoy on Five Feet Rock; about the same distance to the southward of The Cow and Calf; five-eighths of a mile to the southward of The Scotch Cap; half a mile to the southward of the southern end of Round Rock ; three-quarters of a mile to the south- ward of Southwest Ledge Light-house; the same distance to the southward of the striped buoy qn Luddington Rock; nearly two miles to the southward of the red buoy on Pond Point Shoal; two miles and a quarter to the southward of the red buoy on Welch's or Cedar Point Shoal; and nearly a mile and three-quarters to the southward of the red buoy on Stratford Point Shoal. Having com-e ·tJu·-gh the North Channei to enter Fisher's isia~ut Sound 611 the Watch HiU Passage.-With Point Judith Light-house bearing N. f E., distant one mile, in seven fathoms, rocky bottom, steer W. Northerly, for seventeen miles and a quart!U\", which will bring you up with the rod buoy on the southern side of Gangway Rock, at the entrance to the passage. When past this buoy steer W.-! N., following the directions for Fisher's Island Sound given on pages 306-308. · tTo enter Ji'i.Mher's Island Sound bg the Sugar Beef Passaue.-On the W. S. course towards The Race, when ·watch Hill Light-house bears N. by w. i w .• distant nearly two miles and a quarter, and the summit of Chocomount W. by N. j- N., distant five miles and a half, the depth will be twenty fathoms, and NW. by N.-! N. will lead, with not less than five fathoms, through Sugar Reef Passage and into the Main Channel, having Napatree Point directly ahead. On this course when Dumpling Rock Light-house bears W. t N., steer W. ! N., following the directions for Fisher's Island Sotrn<l on pages 306-308. lTo enter Flsher's IBland Sound bu Lord's Pas-ue.-On the W. B. course for The Race, as before, when \"\\Vatcl1 Hill Light-house bears N. by W. t W., and Chocomount W. by N. ! N., steer for the latter until Stonington Light-house bears N. i E., when steer for it, carrying not less than three and a half fathoms through the passage. If bound to the westward through the Sound, when North Hammock Light-house bears W. ! N., steer W. i N., follovlin.g the directions given on page 306. But, if bound to Stonington, continue the N. t E. course towards the light-house, and follow the directions for that harbor on page 319. To enter Fisher's Island Sottnd al; night: front, the Norll• ChanneZ.-Bring Watch Hill Light- house to bear N. by W., and steer boldly in towards the beach until the red light on North Hammock o~ns from behind Fisher's Island on a bearing of W. t N. Now st.eer W.-! N., following the directions for Fisher's Island Sound on page 306. TD enter Napeague Bau front, ~he North Cll.annel.-On the W. i S. course towards The Race, as before, when Watch Hill Light-house bears NW. by W. i w., a little over three miles and a half distant, you will have twenty fathoms, and must steer SW. l W., which will lead, with not less than :6.ve fathoms, into the bay, where anchorage may be found under the southern shore in from two to eight fathoms; or under the western shore (Gardiner's Island) in from two to six fathoms. R is not safe to attempt to enter Napeague Harbor without a pilot, unless compelled by necessity to do so. In such case pass the eastern point of the entrance at a distance of about four hundred and fifty yards, and, continuing to the southward, pass about midway between this eastern point and the eastern extremity of Go:ffc's Island; after which keep the eastern shore aboard to the anchorage. These directions carry seven feet at low water across the bar ; but there are no buoys, and the channel is narrow and crooked, so that it should never be attempted except under the a.hove circumstances. Strangers should not attempt to pass into Gardiner's Bay through the passage S. of Ram Island, as it is full of shoals, and not buoyed. \" ~ emer Perl .PoA4 .Bou.-Continue the SW. t W. course towards Napeagnc Bay until you n.rc within a little over two miles of Culloden Point, and Mont.auk Point Light-house bears SE. by E. t B., a little over five miles and a half dist.ant, and seen over the extremity of Sha.gwong Point. Here the depth will be eleven fathoms, and B. l W. will lead, with not less than six fathoms·, into the bay, where anchorage may be found in from three to eight fathoms, sheltered from all winds from E l!IB., around by s., t.o W SW.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. The SW. i- W.course towards Napeague Bay passes two miles to the southeast- So/ling D;r&c- ward of the striped buoy on Cerberus Shoal, and a mile and three-quarters to the north- tiu •1.s -··l'lur+h westward of the black buoy on Shagwong Reef. Cham.el, Long To en.te:r Gardiner's .Ba11 fron& Ui,e, Norlh ChRnnei.-On the W. ! S. course Island Sound. from off Point Judith, as before, when Block Island North Light-house bears SE. Southerly, distant seven miles, and Watch Hill Light-house W. by N. ! N.,about the same distance, you will have eighteen fathoms, and W. by S. ! S. will lead ro the entrance to the bay, carrying not less than six fathoms. On this cours€, when Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. ! E., nearly one mile distant, you will have seven fathoms, and must steer SW. i W. into the bay, carrying not less than five fathoms, until Long Beach Point Light-house bears WNW. and Gardiner's Island Light- house NE. by E. t E., where you will have five and a half fathoms, and, if bound to Greenport, must steer W. by N. ! N.; or, if bound to Sag Harbor, SW. by S. f S., following in each case the directions given for entering those harbors under their respective heads. The course for the entrance to the bay passes about two miles and three-eighths to the northward of the striped buoy on Cerberus Shoal, and an eighth of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy to the southward of Cori.sfellalion llock. This buoy is placed on a boulder which has three and three- quarter fathoms on it, and which was at first thought to be the rock itself. Recent examinations, however, have resulted in the discovery of its true position, which is nine hundred yards N. by E. i E. from the buoy. Another striped buoy will be reco=ended to be placed on this rock. '.f'o ente.,. ~:neetieut Biver from, the North Claa;nne.l.-On the W. by N. ! N. course from The Race, when you come abreast of the red can-buoy on the southern extremity of Saybrook Bar, and Saybrook Light-house bears NW. by N. t N., a mile and three-quarters distant, steer for the light- house until you come into :fifteen feet water, where anchor and make signal for a pilot. No stranger should attempt to cross this bar without a pilot, as the channel changes frequently, and sailing direc- tions are, therefore, not to be relied upon. (See also page 407.) '.f'o ente.,. We#b.,.ook H4rbor fr_,, t-ke N9rlh cJt.an.net.-On the course W. Northerly towards Falkner's Island Light-house, when Saybrook Light-house bears ENE., Cornfield Point Light-vessel SE. i E., and Cornfield Point NE.! E., you will be nearly abreast of Crane Reef, and NW. by N. J N. will lead into the harbor. Anchorage may be found in from seven to thirteen feet, sheltered from all except southerly winds. The above course into the harbor passes four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Crane Reef. ~ eneer t\"he A-horatle &etuieen •e-nke#eauek Poi-* 4nct: K~s .Potat.-On the W. Northerly course through the North Channel, when Duck Island bears N. ! W., a mile and three- eighths distant, and Falkner's Island Light-house W. Northerly, eight miles and a half distant, you will have nine and a half fathoms, and NW. by N. ! N. will lead safely into the bight. If the wind be to the westward anchor on this course under Kelsey's Point; but if it be to the eastward, as soon as the southern end of Duck Island bears W., steer NE. ! N ., and either anchor on this course according to draught or round the northern end of Duck Island, giving it a berth to the southward of about six hundred yards, and anchor in from fourteen to sixteen feet under Menunketesuck Point. 'nl ~- Kl:uing---U. Harbor~ t-~ Noreh. ~.-On the W. Northerly course towards Falkner's Island Light-house, when Hammonasset Point bears NW. ! w., distant two miles and ·three-eighths, you will have about ten fathoms, and must st.eer NW. by N. J N .• which will lead safely up to the anchorage. .Anchor in from ten to twelve feet abreast of the black buoy off Ham- monasset Point Spit ; and, I( bound to CJinton, take a pilot. The above course passes a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Kelsey's Point .Shoals; about one hundred and fifty yards t-0 the westward of the red buoy on \"Wheeler's Rock; and the same distance to the eastward of the blaek buoy oft' Hammon.asset Point Spit. _._-.eh -'te •• 0 o6\" 111\"'\"\"8otl.-0n the w. Northerly course for Falkner's Island light, as before, when l{ammonasset Point bears N. i w., a mile and three-eighths distant, you will have thirt.een fathoms, soft bottom, and :NW. will lead safely in between Tuck's Island and Madison :East .Reef. You may anchor on this course according to dTa.Ught, or take a low.I pilot and go alongside the wharves.

380 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direo- The above course passes four hundred yards to the northeastward of .l'.Iadison tions--North East Reef, and six hundred yards to the southward of Tuck's Island. Chann11/2 Long iTo e~~ter Guilford Harbor fron~ the Norlh Channel.-On the W. by N. N. Island Sound. course leading to the northward of Falkner's Island, when Falkner's Island Light- house bears SW. by W. ~ W., distant about a mile and three-quarters, and the south- ern extremity of Sachem's Head W. by N. !- N., distant three miles and seven-eighths, you will have seven and three-quarter fathoms, and NW. i N. will lead into the harbor, carrying not less than eight feet at low water. V csscls bound to Guilford must anchor in the Outer Harbor and take a pilot. The above course passes a little over half a mile to the westward 'of the red buoy on Charles' Reef; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Half-acre Island; and half a mile to the eastward of the dry part of Lobster Rock. i:ro enter Saehe-'B Head Harll'or bu the East Channel.-On the W. by N. N. course, as before, when Falkner's Island Ljght-house bears BE. t E., steer NW. ! W., keeping the light-house directly astern. This course will lead, with not less than four fathoms, safely through the passage to the eastward of Chimney-Comer Reef until the hotel bears NE.-! E., and the extremiiy of Joshua's Point N.-! w. Now steer about for the point, which will bring you up with the entrance to the harbor; afrer which follow the directions given on page 418. The above courses pass two hundred yards to the eastward of Chimm~y-Corner Reef; three hundred yards to the westward of the southern extremity of Sachem's Head ; and about one hundred yards to the eastward of the eastern extremity of Goose Rock Shoals. To enter Sachent!B Head Harb_. bu the We.stern Channet.-Bring Joshua's Point to bear N. i W. and steer for it, which will bring you up with the red buoy on Chimney-Corner Reef. Pass to the westward of this buoy and continue the course, which will bring you up with the entrance to the harbor; after which follow the directions given on pages 418-419. To ente:ro t1,,e A:nehorage between High island a:nd the Bare IBlana.r.-With the hotel on Sachem's Head bearing E. by N. ! N. and The Outer Thimble W. by N. ~ N., steer N. by W. -! W. towards Flying Point, which will lead, with not less than seventeen feet, to the anchorage. Strangers, however, must not attempt to enter by this passage, as it is extremely narrow and is not buoyed. The same is true of the numerous passages among the Thimble Islands, all of which have good water in them, but are frequented only by vessels with local pilots on board. iTo enter the Anchorage on the eaBtern Bide or Ho:rose IBlana.-On thew. by N. N. course, as before, when within eight hundred yards of The Outer Thimble, and the northeastern extremity of East Island bears N. !- W., a little over half a mile distant, steer that course until within about two hundred yards of Pot Rock Island, when haul to the westward towards the southern end of East Island and anchor at discretion. To enter the A:nehorage betU>eea K:ldd'B Island and H-se .:CBland'..-Round the two outer Thimble Islands at a distance of an eighth of a mile and steer N. i w. until the southern end of East Island bears NE. by E. t E., when steer NE. by E. and anchor between Kidd's and East islands in from :fifteen to sixteen feet at low water. Xhe Anelaorage to the -eBta>ard of BroM>n'11 or Ha,,eoek Pol:lid _ , , be entered by obeying tl1e following directions : 'Vhen abreast of the red buoy on Inner Reef, and two hundred yards from it, steer :N. by W. -! W., which will lead to the anchorage. But this passage is dangerous and must never be attempted b7 strangers. .Anchorage is found in this bight in from seven to twelve feet at low water. 70 e~r t1-. A _ . _ , , e to tht< eaBhm&rd of .7J'tagg aad'. Ban Wlan411.-0n the W. course from between Inner and Wheaton's reefs, when within five-eighths of a mile of the buoy on The Negro Heads, with Branford Reef Beacon bearing SW. i W.t dist.ant a mile and a quarter, and Southwest Ledge Light-house W. t N., distant about five miles and a half, steer NW. by N. t :N.~ which will lead to the anchorage, passing four hundred yards to the eastward of Ball Island; two hundred and :fifty yards to the eastward of Flagg Island; and four hundred yards to the westward of the dry rocka <m iJw eaatern ltide of iJw passage. To e~r ~ . _ . _ . .., ~,_ ~e r . e t - n .Te.trrfl'B .Poltd aRd fillulldoft Bock.-'-On the W. course from between Inner and Wheaton's reefs, when Southwest Ledge Light-house ·~

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 381 W. ! N ., about four miles and a half distant, and Branford Reef Beaoon S. by E. l E., Sailing Direc- seven-eighths of a mile distant, steer N NW., which will lead safely into the harbor, tion s -..North passing an eighth of a mile to the westward of Jeffry's Point, and the same distance Channel, Long to the eastward of Taunton Rock. Anchor in from nine to twelve feet abreast of the Islam/ Sound. red buoy on Bird Reef; and, if bound to Branford, take a pilot. To P«BS t:o t:he West:u>ardl of 'l'aant:on Bock and ent:er Branford Harf>or.-'Yith Southwest - Ledge Light-house bearing W. :f: N. and Branford Reef Beacon S. by E. ! E., as before, steer NW. t N. for seven-eighths of a mile, passing an eighth of a mile to the westward of Taunton Rock and a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the red buoy on Five Feet Rock. On this course, when you come abreast of Taunton Rock, steer N. by E. t E. int.a the harbor, and anchor in from nine to twelve feet, as before. To ent:er t:he A..11Whorage on t:he Western side of Branford Point:.-On the W. course from between Inner and Wheaton's reefs, as before, when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears W. by N. l- N., distant three miles, and Branford Point NE. by N. ! N., distant a mile and an eighth, steer N. Easterly, and anchor in from seven to ten feet, according to draught. This course passes an eighth of a mile to the westward of Branford Point Reef. To ent:er New Haven Har6or from, t:l&e Norlh Channez.-On the W. course through this channel, as before, when Southwest Ledge Light-house bears N. by W. ! W., distant three-quarters of a mile, you will have five fathoms, and must steer NW. by N. ! N., carrying not leBS than four fathoms, until past Southwest Ledge Light-house, and the old New Haven Light-tower bears NE. Easterly, distant nearly one mile, and Southwest I..edge Light-house SE. Southerly, distant nearly a quarter of a mile. Here you will have four fathoms, and the course in will be N. by E. t E., following the directions for the harbor given on page 428. · 7'o ent:er the Anchorage off Indian Biver (JIEllfordl Harbor) f r - th,e Norlh Channel.-On the SW. by W. ! W. course from off New Haven F...ntrance, when Stratford Point Light-house bears w., distant four miles and a quarter, steer NW. by N. i N. to the anchorage, passing a quarter of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on \"\\Velch's or Cedar Point Shoal, and five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Charles' Island. Good anchorage is found in from seven to fourteen feet at low water, and there is nothing in the way. To ent:er l!!ltrat:ford Harbor and HoU#Hdonic .River rr- the Nort:h Channei.-On the SW. by W. ! W. course from off New Haven, when Stratford Point Light-house bears W., distant four miles and a quarter, and Middle Ground Light-house SW., distant seven-miles and three-eighths, you will have seven and a half fathoms, and must steer W. ! N. towards Stratford Beacon. 'Vhen ·within a mile and a half of the light-house keep the lead going, and anchor in three and a half fathoms five- eighths of a mile from the beacon, and wait for a pilot, as this harbor cannot be entered without one. IV. Havt- ea-.. thrtn1gh Fi•her\"s Island Sound t:o ent:er t:ke North Channel.-From Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel steer W. t N., which will lead safely to the entrance between Saybrook Bar and the eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal. When between the two, with Saybrook Light-house bearing NW. by N. t N., distant a mile and three-quarters, steer w. Northerly, and follow the direc- tions for the North Channel given on page 376. On. the aflove coar- to enter Ni«ntie Bav.-When a little over half a mile to the westward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, with the southwestern extremity of Black Point bearing NW. by w. i W., steer NW. by N. l N., which will lead safely into Niantic Bay, where you may anchor in from twelve to twenty-two feet, good holding-ground. The above course passes nine hundred yards to the westward of Bartlett's Reef; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Two Tree Island ; four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Little Rock; and three hundred yards to the westward of White Rock. t0.. t:l&e W. N. _ , _ _ P . - · Barnett'• Bee.I' LfgM--IH!Jl, to enter tll.e An.c7u>rage. on tke 'WeBt:era llUle •.I' .m..eJo ..1'91nt.-With Bartlett's Reef' Light-vessel bearing E. ts., distant about two miles and three-quarters, Saybrook Light-house W. by :rr. t N., distant nearly seven miles, and the middle of Black Point N. by W. i W., distant one mile and five-eighths, steer NW. by N. ! N., which will lead safely to the anchorage, passing nine hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Black-boy Rock, and three hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Black Point. Anchor in from thirteen to sevent.een feet, according t.o draught.

382 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. t.To enter .lim&.- JICUe Blver.-With Saybrook Light-house hearing W. by N. N. and the middle of Black Point N. by W.-! W., as before, steer NW. i W., which will lead, with not less than fourteen feet, to the river entrance. Here anchor in from thirteen to sixteen feet; and, if bound to South Lyme, take a pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS. V . .To pass through Long Island Sound by tla.e South Ckannei.-The dangers in this chan4el are the same as those described on pages 355-364, under the he.ad of \"Dangers in the Main Channel,\" and are met with in the same order. They need not, therefore, be repeated here. When in The Race, with Little Gull Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. t W. and New Lon- don Light-house N. ! E., steor W., as though to enter the Main Channel. But, on this course, when Plum Island Light-house hears SE. f S., distant two miles and an eighth, and Saybrook Light- house NW. f N . distant a little over six miles, steer W. by S. t S., which course will l~, with not l&s than twelve fathoms, along the southern shore of the Sound, until nearly up with Herod's Point. On this course, when in twenty fathoms, with Falkner's Island light bearing NE. by N. Nearly, distant twelve miles, Friar's Head S SE. Southerly, distant three miles and three-quarters, and Herod's Point SW. t W., distant four miles and a quarter, steer W. t N., which COU1\"8C will lead, with not less than four fathoms, into the Main Channel off the entrance to Oyster Bay,-the only soundings less than eight fathoms being found off Eaton's Point Shoal. When abreast of the entrance to Oyster Bay, with Great Captain's Island Light-hous'e bearing WNW., distant four miles and three-quarters, and the middle of Oak N eek Point SW. by S. ! S., distant two miles and three-eighths, yon are in the Main Channel, and must steer W. by S. is., following the directi011s for the Main Channel on page 365. The aQ<lve courses pa._«8 a mile and an eighth to the northward of Orient Shoal; two miles and three-eighths to the northward of the black buoy on Roanoke Point Shoal; a mile and five-eighths to the northward of Herod's Point Shoal; a mile and three-eighths to the northward of Rocky Point Shoal; three-quarters of a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Mount Misery Shoal; three miles and a quarter to the southward of The 1\\'li<ldle Ground; a mile and five-eighths to the northward of Crane Neck Point; over three-quarters of a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Eaton's Point Shoal, and five hundred yards to the northward of the northern end of that shoal; nearly three- qnarters of a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Lloyd's Point Shoal; a mile and a half to the northward of the black buoy on Centre Island Reef; and a little over a mile and a quarter to the northward of the northern extremity of that reef. On ~he above courses to ent:er Pf,u,- Gut and pa.ss tkroNgA into Gardiner's B4u.-On the W. course from The Race, when Plum Island Light-house bears S., distant a mile and three-quarters, steer s. by W., which course will lead, with not less than three and a quarter fathoms, into Gardiner's Bay, passing four hundred yarde to the westward of the buoy on The Middle Ground, a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the beacon on Oyster Pond Reef, und six hundred yards to the westward of Midway Shoa1. When in the bay follow the directions given for Greenport, or Sag Harbor, according as you are bound. But ve,ssds of furger draught than eighteen fed must, when, on the S. by W. course, Plum Island Light-house bears NE. by E. l E. between eight and nine hundred yards distant, steer SE. t E., carrying not less than nine fathoms, until the southern extremity of Pinc Point bears NE. t N., when SW.ts. ' will lead into the Greenport Channel, or S SW. Southerly will lead into the Sag Harbor Channel. :11'11> eater Port Jefferson Harbor from, t:Ae Sout:I& a-...-z.-On the W. t N. course from off Friar's Head, when Old Field Point Light-house bears W. by s. i S., distant three miles and three- quarters, steer for the light until J\"OU come abreast of the black buoy on Mount Misery Shoal, when steer SW. l w., which will bring you up to the perpendicularly-striped buoy off the entrance to the harbor, in four and a quarter fathoms. Here you must take a pilot. t~enter H~~- Ba.ti f r - the So.ah 01&o-r.-On the W. N. course, as before, when Eaton's Neck Light-house bears s.• distant a mile and an eighth, and Lloyd's Point W. bys.ts., distant n~ly four miles and a quarter, steer SW. by s. t s .., until the light-house bears nearly E. by N., a little over three-quarters -Of a mile dist.ant. Now steer Sf W., which will lead, with not lees than three and a half fathoms, to the :anchQl·age under Fast N eek. (See also page 466.)

BLOCK ISLAND SOUND. 383 To e~er Quider Bau and Cold Spring Harbor fro'ln ·the Souflo, Cluo,nnel.- Sailing Direc- On the W. t N. course, a.s before, when Lloyd's Point bears S. by E. t E., distant a tions--South mile and one-eight11, Northwest Bluff S. 1,- W., about two miles and an eighth, and Channe/1 Long Island Sound. Great Captain's Island Light-house W. by N. t N., five miles and three-quarters dfa- tant, steer s. by W. j- w. towards the eastern extremity of Centre Island, which course will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to abreast of Northwest Bluff. Here - strangers must anchor; or, if bound into eithEr of the harbors, must take a pilot. VI. Ham8{1 co-e thr-uh Fi#her's Isl.and .SO.Rd to pass to the Sout11:ward of 7'1i,e Middl.e Ground and into the Saadh Channei.-From Bartlott's Reef Light-vessel steer W. ! S., which course will lead, with not less than nine fathoms, into the South Channel off Smithtown Bay. On this course you will make Eaton's Neck Light-house directly ahead; and when it is about five miles and three-quarters off, with the western extremity of the cliffs to the eastward of The Broken Land bearing SSW., and Norwalk Light-house NW. ! W., you are in the South Channel, and must steer W. i N., following the directions for that channel given above. The above course passes half a mile to the southward of Bartlett's Reef; more than two miles to the southward of the red buoy on Black-boy Rock; a mile and seven-eighths to the southward of the red buoy on the southern end of Hafohett's Reef; a mile and three-eighths to the southward of the eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal; about a mile and a quarter to the southward of Cornfield Point Light-vessel; two miles to the southward of the striped buoy on the western end of Long Sand Shoal; four miles to the southward of Falkner's Island; a mile and a half to the southward of The Middle Ground; and two miles and :five-eighths to the northward of the black buoy on ~fount M:isery Shoal. DANGERS. III. Ornaa-ng froua, SeaN>ara in:l;o L&ng :Lsl.a'nd Sound bu the passage bet-Meen Block island and lllontauk ~nt.-The course from Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel towards Montauk Point is W. by N. i- N., until you make the light-house directly ahead, eight miles and three-quarters distant. Here the depth will be twenty-seven fathoms, with the western extremity of Block Island bearing NE. by N. ! N., and Block Island Southeast Light-house NE.! E., distant seven miles and five- eighths; and from this position the course is shaped for The Race. The course from outside of Nantucket Shoals (say from the usual point of departure for foreign vessels,-latitude 40° 40' N., longitude 69° 19' W.)-is W. by N. -f N. for l\\fontauk Point, until the light-house is made directly ahead, distant eight miles and three-quarters. Here you will have twenty- eight fathoms,-the west.Qrn extremity of Blook Island bearing NE. by N. :f N., and Block Island Southeast Light-house NE., distant eight miles and a half. From tliis position the coUI\"Se is shaped for The Race. With a fair wind the above oourses meet with no danirers, until well into Block Island Sound. But, should you be obliged to turn to windward, you must look out, on the n?rtherly tack, for Southwest Ledge, which is, however, only dangerous in heavy wmds from E., around by s., to W., when it breaks with violence. It has from :five to 1>ix fathoms upon it, lies NE. by E. and BW•.by W., and covers an area a mile and a half Ion.,. by five- eighths of a mile wi?c. Its northeastern end is two miles and a half from the southweste~n ·end of Bloc~ Island,-bearmg from Block Island Southeast Light-house W. i s., distant nearly five miles;- and its southwestern end bears from the same light-house W. bys. f s., distant six miles and an eighth. Until ~ the westward of this ledge, therefore, vessels should not stand farther to the north- Lwi:girhdt-thhoaunsteowbr.mt gs.Block Island Southeast Light-house to bear E. by N. ! N., or Montauk Point When on tJ_ie Mont.auk side .of th? channel 1arge vessels should not stand farther to the south- ward than to brmg Montauk Pomt Light-house to bear NW. by N., to avoid a dan- gerous rocky shoal, called Montauk Shoal, which has four fathoms upon it, and lies Jllontau.k Shoal. to the southward of Montauk Point. The shoalest part of this reef lies two miles and a half B. by E, :from Montauk: Point Light-honse, and breaks heavily in strong gales from E., around by S:, to W. There are usually strong rips over it, which will serve to indicate its position. a:ndIn beating to _the westward towards The Race .large ves&ils must not approach Montauk Point nearer than two miles a half, as there is a large area of shoal ground extending to the eastward of that pomt, with depths varying from fonr to six fathoms. '11.te name Phelps' Ledge. Led2'e Phelps' has been given to the shoalest part of thiB asthaoadlisgr~oouondo,f a~nbdouwthaicmhile and 8:. half to ext.ends nearly due N. and B._for a :mile and three-quarters, the eastward of Mont.auk Pomt. At the souther~ extremity of thIS ledge is a small :rook1 with four

384 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Oanger$--8/ook fathoms, known as Great EcMtern R.ock, from the circumstance of its discovery by the Island Sound. vessel of that name striking upon it. It bears from :Montauk Point Light-house E. ! N. Northerly, distant a mile and a half; and is marked by a fir~t class nun-buoy* (No. 3) painted black. It is placed about a quarter of a mile SW. by W. from the rock, and should, therefore, not be approached by vessels from the eastward nearer than three-quarters of a mile. In its present position, this buoy is not so valuable an aid to navigation as it would be if placed to the south- eastward of the rock; as vessels using the Montauk Channel pay no attention to Great Eastern Hock ; while those from the eastward would be much better served if the buoy were to the eastward of the rock. Such change will be recommended. ·, There are u.~ually strong tide-rips over Phelps' Ledge, and between the ledge and Montauk Point. When to the westward of Montauk Point do not stand farther to the westward than to bring Montauk Point Light-house to bear SE. by S. t S., in order to avoid \"\\Va.shington Shoal and Shag- 'Vwong Reef; or, do not go to the westward of Race Rock Light-house bearing NW. by N. t N. ashington Shoal is a sand shoal about a mile and a half long between the lines Wa$hington of tl1ree fathoms, and has twelve feet at low water on its shoalest part. It extends NW. by W. t W. and SE. by E. t E., and its shoalest part is between twelve and Shoal. thirteen hundred yards N. by E. t E. from Shagwong Point. There is a passage between the shoal and the point with between three and four fathoms, but it is rarely used, and is not :fit for strangers. • Shagwong Shagworig Reef is a detached rocky shoal, with five feet at low water, lying Reel. N NW. and S SE., and about a mile and five-eighths to the northward of Shagwong Point. The shoal of the reef covers an area three-eighths of a mile long by a quarter of a mile wide, and has soundings varying from five to eighteen feet at low water. A nun-buoy* of the first class, painted black and marked No. 5, is placed in four fathoms a quarter of a mile to the eastward of the shoal of the reef, and bears from Montauk Point Light-house NW. by N., distant three miles and five-eighths. From this buoy Race Rock Light-house bears NW. by N. i N.______________________ Miles. The buoy on Valiant Rock uNsWe N. W-ft- N. i. -w- -. _-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-a- ----- ---- 9 -S- Little Gull Island Light-ho little over 9t Gardiner's Island Light-house W. by N. !- N. ---------------------- 10 10 l Cer6srus Shoal. On the course through Block Island Sound for The Race, when to the westward of Shagwong Reef, you will see the striped buoy on Cerberus Shoal, which will appear to the northward of the course. This shoal is sometimes called The Middle Ground, from its position nearly midway between the northern and southern shores of Block Island Sound,-being five miles and thrc>e-quartcrs to the northward of Shagwong Point, (the nearest part of Long Island,) and five miles and an eighth to the southward of Prospect Point, (the nearest part of Fisher's Island.) It is of small extent, has thirteen feet at low water, and is marked by a can-buoy* of the seoond class, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, placed in eighteen feet close to the rock on its eastern side,- Montauk Point Light-house bearing SE. by S. t S., distant seven miles and a half; and Shagwong Reef buoy S. by E. ! E., distant nearly four miles. From this buoy Miles. Prospect Hill (on Fisher's Island) bears ]If. by W. i W.__________nea.rly 5i B.a.ce Rock Light-house NW. -f N. --------------------------------- 5! The striped buoy on Valiant. Rock NW. i W. ----------------------- 5-i Little Gull Island Light-house :NW. by W. f W·--------------------- 7 When Race Point bears NW. by N. ! N. you are clear of this shoal and t.o the westward of it. \"There are usually strong tide-rips in the vicinity of Cerberus Shoal, especially on its eastern side. When approaching The Race, vessels in beating should not st.and to the westward of Little Gull Island Light-house bearing N. l W. to avoid Constellation Rock, a boulder with Con•fellation twenty-one feet at mean low water, lying in the entrance to Gardiner's Bay, and about. Roe~. a mile and three-:quarters S. by W. l W. from Little Gull Island Light-house, and two miles and a hiilf NE.! E. from Gardiner's Island Light-house. The rock is very small, and surrounded by depths of not less than six fathoms. There is no buoy on it, but about eight hundred yards S. by W. t W. from it there is another boulder with three and three-quarter fathoms, which is marked by a large spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. Vessels bound into Gardiner's Bay, by passing to the southward of this buoy, avoid all danger. . After passing Cer~ Shoal there are no dangers in the channel _until yon enter ~ Race, aft.er which all dangers met with between The Race and Throg's Neck will be found d€8Crlbed on~ 355-364, under the head of '&Dangers in the Main Channel.\"

BLOCK ISLAND SOUND. 385 SAILING DIRECTIONS. VII. Cv'tning ;/'ra..,, SeaWJa/t..1, to enter Black Island Saund by the passage between Bloek Island and JILontauk Point and pass througl~ inta Long Island Souna.-The name Block Island Channel, which properly belongs to this passage, has by usage been extended to embrace all of the approach south of Block Island and inside of one hundred fathoms. It is by no means uncommon, therefore, to hear navigators speak of coming into or crossing Block Island Channel in from fifty to - eighty fathoms; and in fact the \"blue mud\" and ''green ooze\" found in the channel are excellent indications of a vessel's position. Vessels which have come outside of Kantucket Shoals do not, how- ever, enter this channel until Block Island is in sight, and soundings are of but little use in determining their position. In thick weather the lead should be kept going, however, and strangers should not stand to the northward or westward into less than twenty fathoms until it clears up. The first land seen on approaching Block Island Sound from seaward is a very remarkable dome- shaped hill, called Lantern Hill. It is about five miles to the northward of Mystic, on the north shore, and, when first seen on approaching the Sound on the courses given below, will bear about NW. by N. ! N. 1. Having eraBBed Nanheeket Shoals t:o Da.mt' South Sl&oa,l Lial..t-tlessm.-From the light-vessel steer W. by N. t N. for nearly eighty-three miles, carrying not less than twenty-five fathomB after leaving the shoals. This course leads directly for l\\fontauk Point Light-house. 'Vhen within eight miles and three-quarters of the light, in twenty-seven fathoms, with the wesb?rn end of Block Island bearing NE. by N. ! N. and Block Island Southeast Light-house NE. t E., seven miles and five- eighths distant, steer NW. ! W. Westerly, which course will lead, -..vith not less than seven fathoms, into The Race. 'Vhen in The Race, with Race Rock Lighi-house bearing NE. by E. ! E., Little Gull Island Light-house SW. by W. t W., and New London Light-house N. ! E., you will have thirty- three fathoms, and must steer W. through the Main Channel of Long Island Sound, following the directions for that channel on page 365. The above c<:>urses pass two miles and a half to the southwestward of Southwest Ledge; two miles and a quarter to the northeastward of Great Eastern Rock ; a mile to the northward of the northern end of Phelps' Ledge; two miles and three-quarters to the northeastward of \"\\Vashington Shoal; nearly two miles to the northeastward of the black nun-buoy on Shagwong Reef; a quarter of a mile to the southward of Cerberus Shoal; three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the striped nun-buoy on Valiant Rock; and a mile to the northeastward of the black nun-buoy on Little Gull Island Reef. Oa t:Ae alH>ve eaursea ta enter Nap~ Bau.-On the course NW. :f W. Westerly througli Block Island Sound, when Montauk Point Light-house bears S. by E. t E., distant nearly five miles, and Chocomount (on Fisher's Island) N. by W., distant eight miles and three-eighths, you will have seven- teen fathoms, soft bottom, and SW. ! W. will lead, with not less than eight fathoms, into the bay, and with not leas than three and a half fathoms to the entrance to Napeague Harbor. Anchorage and shelter may be found either on the southern shore of the bay (under Long Island) or on its western shore, (under Gardiner's Island,) according as the wind is to the southward or westward. There is no shelter from easterly winds, except in Napeague Harbor or in the narrow passage between Long Island and Ram Island, and neither of these ron be entered by strangers. . The above course into Napeague Bay passes live-eighths of a mile to the northward of Shagwong Reef, and a mile and a quarter to the northwestward of Culloden Point. 2'11 enter~ .PoRa Ba.tJ.-On the SW. f W. course for Napea.,,,aue Bay, when Culloden Point bears 8., distant a mile and a half, and f'xardiner's Island Light-house NW. by w. i w .• distant eight miles and a half, you will have eleven fa1]ioms, and s. by W. will lead safely into the bay and up to the anchorage with not less than six fathoms,-passing five hundred yards to the westward of Culloden Point. This bay affords exoellent anchorage in muddy bottom, and good shelter from easterly or southerly winds. .....,.-Ono. t1- . . _ -r•ea u 8ld.- Gert'llaer'• the NW. :f W. Westerly course through Block Island Sound, when Mont.auk Point Light-house bears s. t W., distant three miles and three- quarters, and Chooomount (on ~isher's Island) N. by w. t w., distant nine miles and three-quarters, you will have about elevenfathoms, and must steer w lfW. carrying not less than twelve fathoms, until 2 Little Gull IsJand Light-house bem'S 1'fW. i •~ dismnt four miles and a quarter, and Gardiner'B IsJa.nd C. P.--49

386 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- Light-house W. t B. Southerly, distant five miles and a quarter. Here you will tion.r--B/ock have thirteen fathoms, and must steer W. t N., mrrying not less than nine fathoms, to l.r/andSound. the entrance to the bay. On this course, when Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE.! E., about a mile distant, and Plum Island Light-house NW. i W., two miles and a half distant, steer SW. t W. into the bay, and follow the directions for Sag Harbor or Greenport. The above courses pass a mile and a half to the northward of the black nun-buoy on Shagwong Reef; more than a mile and a quarter to the southward of Cerberus Shoal; more than three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy south of Constellation Rock; more than a mile and a half to the southward of Bedford Reef; half a mile to the northward of Gardiner's Point; and a mile and a half to the southward of the red spar-buoy on the rock aW3Sh on the southern side of Plum Island. 2. Having - elea,r ~tdde of Nalduekee Shoal-a -eo e»der Long .Tal-and Sounirl through the Bl-.k .T81&n4 Channei.-From the point of departure, between seven and eight miles to the southward of Asia Rip, (Davis' South Shoal Light-ship bearing NW. t W.,distant twenty-eight miles, and Sankaty Head Light-house NW. by N. i N., distant forty-seven and a half miles,) the course for Montauk Point is W. by N. i N., carrying not less than fifteen fathoms, until within eight miles and three- quarters of the light-house, with the western end of Block Island bearing NE. by N. ! N., and Block Island Southeast light NE. distant eight and a half miles. Here the depth will be twenty-eight fathoms, and NW. t W. will lead, with not less than seven fathoms, up to The Race. When in The Race, in thirty-three fathoms, with Little Gull Island Light-house bearing SW. by W. t W., distant about a mile, and New London Light-house N. ! E., ffi!;tant five miles and three-quarters, as before, st.eer W., and follow the directions given for Long Island Sound on page 365. The above courses pass three miles and a half to the southwestward of Southwest Ledge; four miles and a quarter to the northeastward of Montauk Shoal; a little over a mile and a half to the northeastward of Great Eastern Rock; about two miles and a quarter to the northeastward of W a.sh- ington Shoal ; a mile and a half to the northeastward of the black nun-buoy on Shagwong Reef; half a mile to the southward of Cerberus Shoal; seven-eighths of a mile to the southward of Valiant Rock; and nearly a mile to the northeastward of the black nun-buoy on Little Gull Island Reef. fOr& the abotie eour•ea 'to enter Na_peague Bav.-On the course NW. W. through Block Island Sound, when Montauk Point Light-house bears S. by E. f E., distant about four miles and three- quarters, and Chocomount (on Fisher's Island) N. ! W., distant eight miles and five-eighths, you will have sixteen fathoms, and SW.! W. will lead, with not less than seven futhoms, into the bay, and, with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, to the entrance t,o N apeague Harbor. Good anchorage is found in this bay, and shelter in southerly winds, under the northern shore of Long Island; and in westerly and northwesterly winds, under the eastern shores of Gardiner's and Ram islands. There is no shelter from easterly winds except in N apeagne Harbor, or in the passage between Ram Island and Long Island,-neither of which ffiil be entered by strangers. The above course passes five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the northern extremity of Shagwong Reef, and a mile and a quarter to the northward of Culloden Point. ro eld- J!'ori .PoBll Bau.-Vessels wishing to enter this bay for an anehorage must follow the directioDB given on the preceding page. i!IV etl#er G......u..er'• .Dau.-On the l!iW. W. course through Block Island Sound, when Mon- tauk Point Light-house bears S. by E. ! E., distant nem-ly five miles, and Chooomount (on Fisher's Island} l!I'. :f W., distant eight miles and five-eighths, as before, steer w. NW., ea.rrying not less than twelve fathoms, until Little Gull Island Light-house bea;rs l!rW. i 1'-. distant four miles and a quarter, and Gardiner's Island Light-house W. t S. SoutheJ.'1y, distant five miles and a quarter. Here you will have thirteen fathoms, and must steer W. l N., mrrying not less than nine fathoms, to the entrance to the bay. When Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SB. f E., dist.ant nearly a mile, and Plum Island Light-house :NW. i w., distant two miles and a~ steer SW. l W., and follow the directions given for the bay and its harbors. The above cotll'seS ·pass & mile and a half to the northward of the black nun-buoy on Sbagwong ·Reef; more than a mile and .a. q11al.'tier t.o the southward -of Oerberm Shoo.1; mom than thnie-quarters

BLOCK ISLAND SOUND. 387 of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy south of Constellation Rock; a mile Sailing Direc- and five-eighths to the southward of Bedford Reef; half a mile to the northward of tions--B/ock Gardiner's Point; and more than a mile and a half to the southward of the i:ock awash Island Sound. on the southern side of Plum Island. 3. But;, faUing close in. 'Wllh the southern end of Bloek Island, bring Block Island Southeast light to bear NE. byN. ! N., distant a mile and seven-eighths, and Montauk Point light W. t S. South- -erly, distant thirteen miles and a half, when you will have twelve fathoms, and W NW. will lead, with not le.ss than seven fathoms, into The Raoe; after which the directions for Long Island Sound must be followed. The above course passes five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the northern end of Southwest Ledge; more than a mile and an eighth to the northward of the striped buoy on Cerberus Shoal ; nearly three-quarters of a mile to the southward of Valiant Rock; and nearly a mile to the northeast- ward of the black buoy on Little Gull Island Reef. On tlae above e6u:rse to enter Napeauue Bau.-On the WNW. course for The Race, when in twenty-two fathoms, with Chocomount bearing NW. by N. ! N., distant seven miles and five-eighths, and Montau,k Point Light-house S. ! W. Westerly, distant six and a quarter miles, steer SW. cf w .• which will lead, with not less than seven fathoms, into the bay, and with not less than three and three- quarter fathoms to the entrance to Napeague Harbor, passing more than half a mile to the northvmrd of the northern extremity of Shagwong Reef, and nearly three miles to the southward of Cerberus Shoal. (See also page 385.) To en.ter Gardiner's .Bau.-On the WNW. course for The Raoe, when to the westward of Cerberus Shoal, and Race Rock Light-house bears NW. by N. t N., distant three miles and an eighth, and Little Gull Island Light-house W. by N. Northerly, distant four miles and five-eighths, you will have sixteen fathoms, and must steer W. by S. l S., carrying not less than eight fathoms, to the entrance to the bay. When Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. ! lil., about a mile distant, and Plum Island Light-house NW. l W., two miles and a half distant, steer SW. i- W., and follow the directions given for the bay and its tributaries. The above courses pass an eighth of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy south of Con.:. stellation Rock; a mile and a quarter to the southward of Bedford Reef; five-eighths of a mile ro the nort.hward of Gardiner's Point ; and about a mile and a half to the southward of the red spar-buoy on the rock awash on the southern side of Plum Island. 4. 7'o en.ter Bl,oek Island Sound ,i\"re11A #he Sou#h-est-ard bu the Iontauk Channel, and pa8#l #hrough in.to Long rBZaaa &>uft.d.-This channel is not recommended to strangers, nor is it often used by coasters, except im easterly gales, when they wish to seek shelter in Fort Pond Bay or under Gardiner's Island. It may, however, be entered without difficulty, by bringing Mont.auk Point Light- house to bear N •.by E. i E., distant nearly four miles, and steering NE. by N.-! N., carrying not les.<i than eleven fathoms, until the light-house is exactly abeam,-bearing NW. by W.-! W., and about three-quarters of a mile off. Now steer N. by W. ! W., with Chocomount open to the eastward of the course, and carrying not lffi<! than four fathoms. On this course when Mont.auk Point Light-house bears s. t E., distant three miles and three-quarters, and Culloden Point SW. f w., five miles distant, you will have eight fathoms, and NW. i W. will lead int.o The Race. Or, if i.nte:niling f,o anchor in Fort Pond Bay or Napeague Bay, steer W. by N. for about a mile and a half, or until Chocomount bears :ti. i W., distant nearly nine miles, and Montauk Point Light-houae SE. by s. ! S., distant four miles and five-eighths, when SW. :f W. will lead into Napeague Bay. If seeking shelter from easterly winds, when, on this SW. f W. course, Culloden Point bears s., distant about a mile and a half, and Gardiner's Island Light-house NW. by W. i W., eight miles and a half distant, s. by W. will le.ad safely int.o Fort ·Pond Bay, where excellent anchorage will be found in from six to eight fathoms, and good shelter from easterly winds. Or, se,elcing Bh£ller under GUA'di'll8T\"s Iafn1Tid, when, on the J!J. by W. t w. course into the Sound, Montauk Point Light-house bears s. f E., and Culloden Point SW. f w .• as l]efore, steer NW. i W. for about a mile and a quart.er, or until Chocomount bears N. :f w., distant eight miles and a half, and :Mont.auk Point Light-hoose 8. by B. f E., distant four miles and five-eighths. Now steer W NW., ea.u,ying not less than twelve fathoms, until ~ Gqll Island Light-house bears J!JW. l N., distant

388 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- four and a quarter miles, and Gardiner'sTsland Light-house W. }- S. Southerly, distant tions--Block five miles and a quarter; when W. t N. will lead to the entranoe to Gardiner's Bay. Island Sound. On this C8urse, when Gardiner's Island Light-house bears SE. t E., about a mile distant, steer S. by E.-! E., and anchor under the north spit of Gardiner's Island in from eighteen to twenty-four feet, in what is known a.s Bostwick's Bay. This is excellent shelter and good holding-ground. The courses through l\\fontauk Channel pass more than half a mile to the westward of Montauk Shoal; exactly ha1f a mile to the eastward of Montauk Point; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of the black buoy on the western side of Great Eastern Rock ; a mile and three-eighths to the east- ward of the eastern extremity of Washington Shoal; and a mile and five-eighths to the eastward of the black buoy on Shagwong Reef. The courses into Fort Pond Bay pass a mile to the northward, and five-eighths of a mile to the northwestward of Shagwong Reef; and a quarter of a mile to the westward of Culloden Point. The courses for Gardiner's Bay pass a mile and a half to the north- ward of the black buoy on Shagwong Reef; more than a mile and a quarter to the southward of Cerberus Shoal; more than three-quarters of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy south of Constellation Rock ; and half a mile to the northward, and the same distance to the westward o~ Gardiner's Point. HARBORS IN LONG ISLAND SOUND. Although there are a great number of harbors and anchorages on both shores of this Sound, there are but few that can be entered by strangers. Several of the most important to the coastwise trade are what is called \"Tidal\" Harbors; that is, tQ.ose whose channels are not navigable (except by small vessels) until the tide is up. Others ha.ve narrow, intricate and much obstructed channels, :rendering the assistance of a pilot necessary in order to enter them with safety; and many cannot be entered at all, except by vessels of very light draught. Only the principal harbors will be described in this place ;-sailing directions for the different anchorages on both shores having been already given on pages 365-369. NEW LONDON HARBOR. This, the essternmost ha.rbor in Long Island Sound, lies on the north shore at the western entrance to Fisher's Island Sound; and is formed by the southern portion of the Thames River, from New London to its mouth. Tbjs Thames River. river is formed by the junction of the Qu1mleb&ug, Sbetucket, and Y&ntic rivers at Norwich; whence it flows nearly S., for fifteen miles, to its mouth, and is navigable for almost the whole of this distance. Strangers, however, should not attempt to pass above New London without a pilot. The entrance to New London Harbor is between Avery's Point on the east, and Light-house Point on the west,-these two being the eastern and we>1tern points of entrance to the Thames River, and distant a little over a mile from ea.ch other. Avery's Point, when seen from the southward, will appear low, grassy, nearly level and under cultiva· Avery's Point. tion, and has several ho11ses on it. Light-house Point is low, rocky and backed by low thick woods. The distinguishing marll of the Light-house Point. point, however, is the white light-tower which is the guide to the harbor, an...is known as New London Light-house. The tower is eighty-five feet high, attached to a grey dwelling-house, and shows a fixed New London white light, of the fourth order, from a height of ninety feet above the sea, visible fifteen milea. ltB Light-house. geographical position is Latitude •••..•••••.•.••..•.•.•••••..•• --· •••••.••.••••••••••••••• 4:1° 18' 118\" If. Longitude .•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••..T20 111 24:\" W., and it bears from Bace~cltLight-houae, :s. by-W. f'W'................. ............................. ............ 4! Lititle Gull Iala.nd Llght-houae, 1'1'. by E. i E................ •••• •• •• • • ••• ••• ••• •• . •• • •• • • • •• • •• . 6l 3t B&rtJ.ett;'a B.9111\" Light-vesael, NE. i !f.•••. -- ••..•••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. about 3i North Da.mmock Ltght-houae (tn FiBJler'a I.llaDd SouDd) 'KW. t w........ ...... ... ... ...... .. ... . Fog-signal. A third elaes fog-trumpet, giving blasts of six eooonda at intel'vals of fonrteeu seconds, is placed c]Ol!!e to the light-house. Eastern Point. On the northern side of Avery's Point, (on the eastern bank of the river,) makes in a small i!hallow cove,-the northern point of which is called Ea11tern Point. It is low, rocky, nearly level, covered with grass, and has several houses close to the shore-line. A little way book from the point is a. thick growth of Jow bushy trees; and to the northward the land rises, with a gentle slope, to higher wooded country in the background. Latham's Chair. Between three and four hundred yards to the northward of Eastern Point is Latham's Chair, a smooth grassy hillock, under cultivation; and in front of which is an islet, (called Hob's Jalancl,) composed of steep bare rock&, forming the southern a.rm of the Chair; while the northern arm is formed by a long rocky point, with per- pendicular palisaded faces, a.bout a hundred yards to the not\"thward of the island. About an eighth of a mile to the northward of this point will be seen a large hotel, with D1tU16&l'd roof, &nd several smaller houses in its vicinity. There are also a few omawental trees. -The hotel is called the Ooe&n Se\\ule, and is a mile and three-qw:mcrs below the village of Gl'Oton. To the northward of tbe hote], the eastern shores appear 1\"B smooth, gently-sloping lands, well cultivated and thickly settled,-1.he ..a.....,.·.,cleared ftelds being separated by groves of Ol\"ll11Dl.1'1l1a.1 trees. .The &bore ia faeed with rook&. Above which is abont

~ ~ •ii \"3 ;\";;' I j .i.. i i,§ .z I ll ! ~ ~ .~'8* j \"t I>'

}i;\"'\"EW LONDON HARBOR. 389 five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the Ocean House, the lnnd begins to rise, and so continue\" to tbe hills back of Grown, upon which i8 ..ituated Fort Griswold. Upon the higheist summit, just clear of the northern angle of Fort Griswold, and about fotir hLindred yards back from the shore-line, stands a very tall monumr,nt,-the most prominent land-mark seen in appro;.,ching New London llarbor from the Sound. Thi\";,. the Groton :Monument, arnl stands upon Groton Monument. the site of the Old Fort Griswold celebrated in revolutionary annals. The village of Groton stretches along the shore at the base of the steep hill upon which the fort is built. It is directly opposite to the city of New London. On the western bank of the river, about three hundred yard\" above the light-house, lie the Qu.1nnepea.gRocks,-a group of rocky islets about a hundred and fifty yards from shore, with a few bushes and some grass upon them; and about four hundred yards above these rock~, three-eighths of a mile to the northward of the light-house, and directly opposite to the Ocean House, (on the eastern bank,) will be seen a very large hotel on a smooth grassy point, called Pequot Point, Pequot Point. extending to the eastward into a rocky head, on which is a small pavilion. IIere there is a wharf and \"teamboat landing; and here begins the village of Pequot, whkh extends along the western bank to Fort Trumbull. From Pequot Point the shore is faced by a long beach, called White Bea.ch, which extends to Green's Harbor, on the southern side of Fort Point. Pequot presents a beautiful appearance from the river,-being composed almost entirely 01· handsome villas surrounded by ornamental grounds dotted with trees. Green's Harbor is the name given to the cove or bight, on the western shore, formed by the projection Green's Harbor. oft-he neck of land upon which Fort Trumbull is built and the trend of the shore to the northwe8tward from Pequot Point. It affords anchorage in from six to ten feet for small vessels, and is very frequently used. Its shores, (which are mostly occupied by the village of Pequot,) though low, have perpendicular faces, and a gently-eloping surface, covered with handsome houees standing among groves of ornamental trees. Its northern shore, which is formed by the neck of land above mentioned, is also low, slightly undulating, cleared and settled. To the eastward it extends to a smooth, round, grassy point, with a gentle elope, and terminating in a rocky bluff. This is Fort Pol.llt, and on its summit stands a granite work called Fort Trumbull. Goose Island. Close in with th\" northern shore of Green's Harbor lies a small bare island, called Goose Island; and about one hundred and fifty yards to the southeastward of this, a low r-0eky islet., covered with grass aml bushes, and called Powder Island. On the northern side of the neck of land on which Fort Trumbull is built a large cove of very irregula.r Colt's Cove. shape makes in to the weatward,-its northern shore being occupied by the city of New London. It is crossed about four hundred yards above its mouth by a bridge carrying the New Haven and New London Railroad. Its shores are all low, gently sloping, and thickly settled,-the houses standing in clusters amid beautifully cultivated fields, and forming the soutl1<>rn suburbs of the city. This cove is called Coil's Cove, and affords anchorage, to the aastward of the brhlge, in from seven to eleven feet water. The city of New London occupies the neck of land separating Coit's Cove from Winthrop's Cove, Winthrop's Cove. which latter runs along the northeastern face of the city. It hM a general direction about NW. for half a mile, is quite narrow,-being only two hundred yards wide at its mouth,-and graduaJly dimlnisbing towards its head; and, about tl1r\"'l hundred yards above its mouth, i8 crossed by a bridge carrying the New London Northern Railroad. There is from ten to eighteen feet in its channel, below the bridge, but it is not used as an anchorage, in order to keep the way clear for vessels going alongside the wharves. On the northern side of the entrance t.o Winthrop's Cove iR a comparatively low point, with slightly undulating surface, and steep faces to the eastward, called Winthrop's Point. It is bare of trees, and is for Winthrop's Point. the most part occupied by houses. Here the river is only about four hundred yards wide; and above this strangers do not go. Above Winthrop's Point the Thames River has a general course about li. i E., for four miles and a quarter, to Horton's Point; .and its width, throughout this distance, varies from about four hundred yards to half a mile. Its shores are for the most part high, though very gently sloping, and a.re diversified with woods and cleared and settled landoi. The high land on the eastern bank, above Groton, is called Starr's Hill, and is almost entirely under cultivation. Starr'a Hill. Opposite to it, on the western bank, is Young's mn- wooded hill with outcropping ledges on its eastern slopes, about five-eighths of a mile above Winthrop's Point. It is also sometimes called Bolles' Bill. It is joined on the north to Quaker mll-a smooth, gently-sloping, grassy hill, whose summit ls directly opposite to that of Starr's Hill. Quaker Hill is almost entirely under cultivation, and its slopes dotted with houses. About a mile and a half above Winthrop's Point, a small shallow cove makes into the western shore between level, culti- vated, grllBBy land, {at the northern base of Quaker Hill,) on the i;onth, and a i;teep rocky head on the north, projecting from the western' bank into the river, whose width it diminishes to a quarter of a mile. The slopes of this head are covered with outcropping ledges, nnd, though bold in its appearance, it is surTOundcd by shoals, and must not be approached. closely,-tbe channel keeping the eBBteru bank, with not lees than four and a half fathom... This hill is called Mamicock Hill, and the cove Mamieocll: Cove. On its northern side makes in Sm11ib.'a Oove, with about four Mamicock Hill. feet at low water; but which is crossed and closed, about six hundred yards above its mouth, by a bridge carrying the New London Northern Railroad. Opposite to Ma.micock Hill, and separated &om Starr's Hill, on the sonth, by a small stream running Rocky Hiii. through mBrBh~ lands, is Roc.ky Hill, partly wooded and partly grassy, somewhat steep, and over one hundred feet high. It deecendoi towa.rds the river to low level land, with somewhat steep faces, varying in height from ten to twenty feet; and this level land continues, from abreast of Mamicock Hill to Cow Point, seven-eighths of a mile above, and is now occupied by the United States as a Na.Ta! Biatton. ' Cow Point is easily recognized by the steep rocky hill, a.bout eighty feet high, rising from the low level Cow Point. ~ands sun;ounding it. This point is a little over three miles above V.'inthrop's Point, and here the river is, only a little over J\"onr hundred yards wide, with a depth of from three to six fathoms.in the channel. The. hill on Cow Point is thinly wooded, and has many outcropping ledges on its western slopes. To the northward it descends to low level land, mostly wooded, but with one or two clea.rings here and there; and theu the ..bore tnrns abruptly to the eastward., forming Long Cov..._ narrow and sball<>w cove running about E BE. and crossed at its mouth by a bridge. Four feet at low water can be taken acroas the flats up to this bridge.

390 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Gale•s Ferry. From Long Cove to Gale's Ferry, about seven-eighths ofa mile above, the general trend of the eastern bank is about N. It is diversified with low level lands, showing steep faces towards the river_, and by hills with wooded summits rising somewhnt abruptly from the low land close to the bank. At Gale's :Perry, however, the lnnd is lower-being not over forty feet high-with a nearly level surface, cleared, eultivated mid settled. There is a settlement here, which has grown up around tl1e ferry connecting the two banks of the river. The western bank of the river, from Smith's Cove to Horton's Point, is composed of gently-sloping, billy land, varying from twenty to a hundred and fifty feet in height, and diversified with woods, grass-land and cultivated Browning•s Hill. fields. Browning's Hill, about a. mile above Smith's Cove, is the highest land on this side, and has a level, cleared summit under cultivation. To the northward it descends, with a very gentle slope, to low level lan~s about twenty feet high, bare of trees, cultivated and dotted with houses; and these extend to Horton's Point, which is just above Gale's Ferry, and about two miles above Smith's Cove. The ferry-landing is au eighth of a mile below this point, and here there is one long wl1arf and several smaller ones, and the shore is thickly dotted with houses. Horton's Point. Horton'\" Point is a. long, low, flat point, terminating in a large wharf, with store-house and several other houses upon it. Behind it the land rises somewhat abruptly to a height of twenty feet, and then continues nearly level to Uncasville, a small settlement about three-eighths of a mile inland. Almost directly opposite to the point, on the eastern bank of the river, is Clarke's Cove, a small shallow covt> making in on the northern side of Gale's Ferry, between it and the steep rocky Mount Decatur on the north. Only two feet at low water can be ta.ken into this cove. Mount Decatur. Mount Dooatur is a steep rocky hill, about one hundred and fifty feet high, partly wooded, and showing many bare outcropping ledges. Between Horton's Point and the ba.se of this hill, the river is but little over four hundred yards wide; and .here it apparently divides, sending one branch to the northwestward and another to the northeastward, with a large neck of land, partly wooded and partly cleared, between them. The branch which runs to the northwestward is known as Horton's Cove, and heads in a small stream about a mile above its mouth. It is crossed at its month by a draw-bridge, through whicl1 about three and a half feet at low water can he ta.ken into the cove. The high wooded hill seen to the westward of this cove is Mount Borton. The branch running to the northeastward is the river proper, which, from this point, has a general course about NE. by N. for about two miles to Paqnatannock Point. The neck of land between the two branches is known as Napeagve Neck. Napeague Neck, and rises, with a very gentle slope, to a nearly level 1mrnrnit about eighty feet high, and whieh is for the most part under cultivation. Houses dot the slopes and summit, and there are occasional groves of trees. Between the southern end of this neck and Mount Decatur the river is only about two hundred and seventy- five yards wide, with a depth in the channel of from three to five and a half fathoms. Hence it takes its course between hilly undulating banks, varying in height from twenty to two hundred feet, diversified with woods and cleared fields, and dotted with houses, to the mouth of Paquatannock Cove. · Paquatan nock The entrance to Paquatannock Cove is marked by a steep wooded hill on its southern side, called Cove. Paquata.nnock Blll. It is about two hundred feet high. A draw-bridge crosses the mouth of the cove from the northern base of this hill to Paquatannock Point; and six and a half feet at low water can be taken through it. The cove has a somewhat winding course, running first about NE. by lf. for about five-eighths of &'mile; then about N NE. for a little over half a mile; and then nearly due E., for the same distance, to the village of Paqua.ta.nnock. About nine hundred yards above its mouth it is crossed by a second hridge,-above which there is no navigation, except for small boats. Only three feet s.t low water cnn be taken up to this second bridge. A small marsh islet lies nea?ly in the middle of the month of the cove,-the draw-bridge crossing its eastern end;-and another small islet, only about twenty yards wide and a lit.tie over one hundred and :fifty yards long, lies in the river about two hundred yards to the westward of Paquatannock Point. It is called Walden's Isla.nd, and lies nearly N. by E. itnd S. by W.,-the channel passing to the westward of it. Paquatannock At Paquatannock Point the river turns and runs nearly due lf. to ThamesYille, two miles and a half Point. above. The point itself is low and nearly level, thinly wooded, and has a few houses near its southern end. Opposite to it, on the western bank, are the Mohican mus, which present alternate steep and gentle elopes, diversified with woods and cleared fields, and dotted with houses. The highest summit, that of Unca.a mn, is about three hundred and forty feet above the river. The shores of the river, between Paquatannock Point and Thamesville, are hilly ; but the eastern bank is neither so high nor 80 steep as the western shore. For about a mile and a ha.Ir above the point this. ea.stern bank presents a slightly undulating appearanee,-the land rising somewhat abruptly in some places, and in others with a very gentle elope; but in no pla<:e more than fifty or sixty feet high. W nods and cleared fields alternate, and there are many houses. The western bank, on the con- trary, is steep and for the moet part wooded; and the land rises to a height of over two hundred feet,-forming what is known a\" Inclla.D. mn. On the north this bill dff!cends somewhat l\"\"\" abruptly to a wide bnt Bhallow cove, known as Tra.dlng- Cove, which is a. little leas than a mile below Thamesville. This cove is about a.n eighth of a. mile wide at its mouth, where it is crotll!ed by a bridge. It is of no import.a.nee. Tef't'• Point. .Aoove Trading Cove both hanks are steep; but the eastern bank is the steeper and higher of the two. Tefl'a Point, the northern point of entrance to the cove, is a. thickly wooded point rising to a height of about ninety feet, which it attains about three bundren and fifty yards be.ck from the river. The river is here but little over three hundred yards wide, with a narrow channel good for not more than nine feet at low water. The eastern bank is quite steep and wooded, and attains a height of about one hundred and eighty feet, which height it keeps, with searcely an excep- tion, to the bead. of the river. The summit of the ridge is for the most part cleared and settled; but there are ooc!llliona.l groves of trees. 'l'llamesv.llle :is a. small settlement on the WeBtern bank of the river, aoout half a mile below its head, and forms a euburb of the city of Norwich. On the eastern bank is the village of Laurel Blll, another suburb, whfol1 extends to the mouth of the Shetucket. The city of Horwich occupies the peninsula between the Shetucket and Yantic rivers, and is connected with Thame«ville and Laurel Hl11 by bridget1. The bridge over the Yaniic erGMe@ an island, about four hundred yards long, which lies in the middle of the mouth <>f that river, and is covered with honses. Norwich has n. populn.tion of about fifteen thousand, and eoI111idera.ble manufacturing interest. New London bas about eleven thousand, and, besides manufaetaree, Juw considerable ooastwiae trade and some interest in the wbal.e fiahery.

NEW LONDON HA.RBOB. 391 DA....~GERS IN ENTERING NEW LONDON HARBOR FROM 'l'HE EABTWABD. I. Bu f:he Main Channel, having co-e tl~rough Block Island Soun.z.-There are two channefs into New London Harbor, viz: The Main ~.!hannel, entering from Long Island or Block Island Sound, and the Pine Island Channel, entering from Fisher's Island Sound. The latter is not recom- mended to strangers. Vessels from the eastward, bound into New London by the Main Channel, are accustomed to bring New London Light-house to bear N. by W., and steer for it, passing through The Race. On this course there will soon be seen, well to the westward, bearing about NW. by W. t W., and a mile and a quarter distant, a nun-buoy,* painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This is on Valiant Rock, which lies nearly midway between Race Point and Little Gull Yaliant Roclr. Island, and has seventeen feet upon it at low tide. It is a small det.ached rock, with from five to thirteen fathoms on all sides of it, and the marks for it are as follows: Morgrui's Point Light-house (:Mystic River) just open to the northward of North Hill (on Fisher's Island) and bearing about NE. t N.; New London Light-house on with the gap in Bolles' Hi11, (north of New London, see page 389,) and bearing nearly due N.; Little Gull Island Light-house open a little to the south- ward of Great Gull Island on a bearing of SW. by W. ! W.; and the southern point of Fisher's Island (abreast of Prospect Hill) in range with the southeastern or most distant point of the island. These marks are given on account of the velocity of the tidal current in The Race, which is so great that it is difficult to keep the buoy in position. Navigat.ors should, therefore, rely more upon these marks than upon the position of the buoy at any time. When correctly in position the buoy is close to the rock, on its western side, and bears from Miles. CRearcbeeRruosckShLoiaglhbt-uhooyu,sNe, WSW.!. W~ W. _._-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-n-e-a-r-ly- 61 ! Buoy on Block Island North Reef, W. i N--------------------------- 22j- Montauk Point Light-house, NW.! N. ----------------------------- 13l f E. ------------------ Little Gull Island Light-house, NE. lbyN.EN. - --- 2 Gardiner's Island Light-house, NE. early__________________ _ ___ 6 From this buoy Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel bears NW. t N., threil miles and three-quarters, and New London Light-house N., five miles and a half distant. When abreast of Valiant Rock the light-house in process of construction on Race Rock will be seen bearing about N. by E. t E., and three-quarters of a mile off. When completed it will show a light of the second order. (See also page 331.) When past it the course continues t-0 the northward, and there are no dangers until you are within a mile and a half of New London Light-house, when a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen to the westward bearing about WNW., and five-eighths of a mile off. This is on Sarah's Ledge, Sarah'• Ledge. (sometim€13 called Mercer's Rook,) a detached ledge, with fourteen feet at low tide, lying about a mile W. by S. ! S. from Goshen Point. The buoy is on the western side of the ledge in three fathoms water, and bears from ' Miies. North Hammock Light-house, W. by l!f. ! N. ----------------------- 3t e, NW. by N. i N. --------------------------- RVaa.1c.eia.RntoRcloe cLki,gNh.t-!hoWus. 43:1f Nearly_____________________________________ Little Gull Island Light-house, N. by E. l E·------------------------ 5-f \"Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, NE. f E. ------------------------------ 2i Buoy on Rapid Rock. NE. f E---------------------------& little over f From this buoy Miles. Cormorant Rocle buoy bears NW.! N. ----------------------------- New London Light-house N. by E. Easterly_________________________ Frank's Ledge buoy NE.____________________________________nearly Southwest Ledge buoy NE. by E. i E. ----------------------------- Bed buoy south of Black Ledge E. by l!f. :! N. ------------•little over To avo~d Sa;rah's ~do not stand to the westward of New London Light-house bearing l!f. In beating mt.o New 1:..ondon Harbor you must not, while to the southward of Sarah~s Ledge, stand farther .to the.westward than to bring New London Light-house t.o bear N. by E. :f E., by which means you will avoid ~en Reef and Rapid Rock,-both of which are buoyed. Goshe!1 Ret:f, which has from .seven tot.en feet upon it, lies ~E. bys.! s. fi:om GO$ht1n Reel. Goshen ~omt,-1ts north<:1'11 end !>eing about ~hths of a mile from that pomt. From th18 northern end it extends in a B SE. direction for a quarter of a mile; and here is placed a

392 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Rapid Rock. black spar-buoy (No. 3) in thirteen feet water. From this buoy shoal water (not more than seventeen feet) extends to the southeastward for about three hundred and fifty yards to Rapid Rock, which has ten foet at low tide, and is marked by a spar-buoy, paint-Rn red and black in horizontal stripes, placed in twelve feet close to the rock on its southeastern side. This buoy bears from Miles. Be.ca Rock Light-house, NW. by N·-------------------------------- Valiant Bock, N. by W. t W. ------------------------------------- Little Gull Island Light-house, N. by E. Easterly ______________nearly Ba.rtlett'a Beef Light-vessel, NE. t E------------------------------- From this buoy The black buoy on Goshen Beef bears N. by W. i W. _______________ _ 350 yds. miles. iGoshen Point NW. by N. ! N. _______________________________nearly tNew London Light-house NE. by N. N. ---- ---------------------- 1! \" tThe black buoy on Cormorant Bock NE. by N. N. ----------------- !\" tThe striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge NE. E. ______________ a. little over -3 \" When to the northward. of Sarah's Ledge, vessels must not stand farther to the westward than to bring New London Light-house to bear N. by E. t E., to avoid Cormorant Rock, Cormorant or Cormorant &ck Ledge, as the shoal should properly be called. Cormorant H.ock Rock. is a small bare rock, from twenty to thirty yards in diameter, which lies about half a mile E. t S. from Goshen Point, and four hundred yards from the ncarcst shore. It is surrounded by shoals, and there is no safe passage to the westward of it. The ledge lies about two hundred yards to the eastward of the bare rock, has eight feet at low water, and is marked by a black spar-buoy (~o. 5) placed in fifteen feet on its eastern side,-New London Light-house bearing NE. by N.-! N., distant about a mile; the striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge SE. ! S., three-eighths of a mile; and Rapid Rock buoy SW. by S. ! S., distant three-quarters of a mile. Middle and .About two hundred yards N. by E. from Cormorant Rock, and an eighth of a Shore Rocks. mile from the nearest shore, lies another bare rock, called Middle Rock, and about two hundred yards to the northeastward of this a rocky islet, about fifty yards in diameter, rolled Shore Rock. .All of these are avoided by not going to the westward of New London Light- house bearing N. by E. l E. in range with Groton Monument. When abreast of the striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge another spar-buoy, pain~ red and black in Southwest horizontal stripes, will be seen to the eastward of the course, bearing about NE. by N. t N., and half a mile off. This is on Southwest Ledge, a detached shoal with Ledge. seven feet at low water, lying nearly in the middle of the entrance, and with from four to five fathoms on all sides of it. The sailing-line passes to the westward of it, and to avoid it, in beating, vessels should not stand to the eastward of the light-house bearing N NW. The buoy is placed on the western side of the ledge in two fathoms,-Sarah's Ledge buoy bearing SW. by W. Westerly, seven-eighths of a mile; New London Light-house NW. by N., the same distance; and the middle of Pine Island E. by N. ! N., a little over three-quarters of a mile distant• .About three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of this buoy will appear a red can-buoy,* and a quarter of a mile to the northeastward of this a stone beacon, surmounted by a staff Black or South- and cage. These are both on Black or Southeast Ledge, an extensive ledge lying east Ledge. nearly NE. and SW., and covering an area six hundred yards long and three hundred and fifty wide. The shoalest part of the ledge, which has two feet at low tide> is about a hundred yards to the southward of the beacon,\" and there is another roek with three fed about a hundred yards to the eastward of the buoy. Over the rest of the ledge the soundings vary from six to twelve feet, and vessels should, under no circumstances, attempt to pass between the buoy and the beacon. The buoy is placed on the southwestern side of the ledge, in three fathoms water, and is intended to mark the east.em limits of the Main Channel. It is marked No. 2, and bears from Sarah's Ledge buoy, E. by N. ! N--------------------------------- 1 mile. tSouthwest Ledge buoy, SE. by E. E. ---------------------------- 600yds. tNew London Light-house, BE. ! B. ---------------------&. little over 1\\miles. 2t \"North Hammock Light-house, NW. by W. W. _______________nearly From this buoy the beacon bears liE. by E. Nearly, distant about five hundred yards, (and will be in range with the higaest land on the western end of Pine Island;) Black Rook N. l E., three-quarters ofa. mile; and the striped buoy on Frank's Ledge N. by W. t W., a. little over half a mile distant. The beacon is near the northwestern point of the ledge, and is a. granite structure, surmounted by a spindle and cage,-the latt.er being in the shape of two cones joined at their small ends,-the whole being painted black. It bears from ·

NEW LONDON HARBOR. 393 .Miles. New London Light-house, SE. i E ____________________________about 1 l The middle of Pine Island, SW. by W. ! W. ___________________about f Sea-Flower Ree:f Beacon, NW. by W. Westerly____________a little over I j North Hammock Light-house, NW.! W. --------------------------- 2 i tFrom this beacon the buoy on Frank's Ledge bears NW. w .. W~sterly, three-eighths of a mile; and Black Rock N. by w. l W. Westerly, a little over half a mile distant. Vessels may pass between Southwest Ledge and Black Ledge by keeping about midway between the buoys on the two ledges, and steering for the eastern extremity of Fort Point bearing nearly N. by w. When abreast of Southwest Ledge, on the course in by the 1.iain Channel, another spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen to the eastward of the course, tbearing about NE. N., and half a mile off. This is on Frank's Ledge, a detached Frank's ledge. ledge, with thirteen feet at low water, lying about half a mile to the westward of Avery's Point. The buoy is on the rock, and be,ars from New London Light-house SE. by E. East- erly, three quarters of a mile; from the striped buoy on Southwest Ledge N. by E. i- E., between teight and nine hundred yards; and from Black I.iedge Beacon NW. W. Westerly, three-eighths of a mile distant. From this buoy Eastern Point bears N. by E. j E.; eight hundred and fifty yards; and Fort Point N. by W., two miles dist.ant. The marks for Frank's Ledge, should the buoy be gone, are Groton }.fonument and the hollow tin Hob's Island in range on a bearing of N. E.; and the eastern extremity of 'White Rock just touch- ing the southern end of Powder Island. If beating to windward vessels should not, when to the northward of Southwest Ledge, stand farther to the westward than to bring New London Light-house to bear N., by which means the shoals lying off the western shore, to the southward of the light-house, will be avoided. Of these the first met with, to the northward of Shore Rock, are a rock awash and a BUnken rock iuiih t.e:nfed waler, lying to the eastward of Long Rock, at distan<:,-es of a hundred Long Rock. and a hundred and twcnt~-five yards, respectively. Long Rock is a mass of bare rock projecting from the sand beach,, on the western shore, half a mile to the southward of the light-house, and three-eighths of a mile to the northward of Shore Rock. The ten feet rock is the farthest from shore, and is easily avoided by following the above direction. A little over five hundred yards to the northward of Long Rock, four hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the light-house, and three hundred and fifty from the nearest shore, is a 8Unken 1·ock with eleven feet aJ, low wa\"ler. From the light-house it bears B. ! W.; and from Black Rock W. ~ S., a little over four hundred yards distant. It is easily avoided by not going to the westward of the light-house bearing N., as before. To avoid Frank's Ledge, on the eastern side of the channel, do not stand to the eastward of Race Rock Light-house bearing S. f E., or the eastern extremity of Fort Point N. ! W. Black Rock also lies on the eastern side of the channcl,-being a little over three Black Rock. hundred yards to the southward of Eastern Point, and six hundred yards to the west- ward of Avery's Point. It is a rocky islet about fifty yards long, lying nearly NE. and SW.• and entirely bare. Shoal water surrounds it and extends to the southward,--seventeen feet being found six hundred yards to thesouthwardofthe rock, and the same distance to the southwestward of Avery's Point. This shoal water encroaches upon the limits of the Pine Island Channel and renders it unsafe for vessels of large draught. When to the northward of the light-house, the eastern bank of the river is comparatively steep- to, and may be approached, from Eastern Point to a.hove tVheesOseclesadnraHwoiunsge~vweirthsienvoenneteehnunfdeeret d and fifty yards, with not less than three and a half fathoms. how- ever, s~onld give this shore, abreast of Avery's, a berth of about three hundred and fifty yards; when ~ey will ha~e not less than four fathoms. Between Avery's and Groton it is safe to go within an e1ghth of a. mile of the shore, and, in some places, nearer ; but the lead is the best guide in keeping off both shores, as the water shoals gradually. .At Groton the east.ern bank is steep-to, and you may stand with safety close up to the wharf-line. On the west.em side of the channel the Bhoals off the Quinnipoog .Rooks are easily avoided by not approaching the shore, in their vicinity, nearer than three hundred and fifty yards. Green's Harbor must not ~approached by large vessels, as it is all shoal. The lead, however, is the best guide for vessels beating through the clllinnel,-the rule being to go about as soon as you strike three fathoms. In Green's Harbor there are several shoals, only one of which-Melton's Ledge--is · buoyed. .The southernmest of these shoa1s is called The Hog's Back and is formed The Hog•a by two rooks, awash at low tide, and surrounded by a tmflken ledge ne'arly bare aJ, 'low Back. water. It lies a little over four hundred yards from the nearest part of the Pequot shore, a quarter of a mile B. by E. from Goose Island, and about four hundred yards s. by W. from Powder Island. . C. P.-50

394 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. White Rock. White Rock, a bare rocky islet about fifty yards long, lies about a hundred yards to the eastward of The Hog's Back, and bears from the eastern extremity of Fort Point S. t W., about eight hundred yards; from the middle of Powder Island S. i E., about three hun- dred yards; and from the southern end of Goose Island SE. by s. l S., about four hundred and fifty yards distant. Melton's Ledge. 1.felton's Ledge, which is awash at low water, lies two hundred yards to the east- ward of Powder Island. It is similar to The Hog's Back,-its summit being awash, and the rest of the ledge nearly bare at low tides. It lies nearly E. and W., is about a hundred yards long, and is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 7) placed in nine feet on its southeastern side. This buoy bears from \\Vbite Rock NE. by N. Nearly, about three hundred and fifty yards; from Groton Monument SW. ! S., about a mile; and from the eastern extremity of Fort Point S. ! E., six hun- dred yards distant. To avoid it, and all of the dangers in the vicinity of Green's Harbor, it is only necessary to go about as soon as the eastern extremity of Winthrop's Point bears N. }- E. This bear- ing also clears all the shoals on the western bank from Fort Point nearly up to Winthrop's Point. Above New London it is not safe to go without a pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING NEW LONDON HARBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. I. Having eo-.e t:fa.-ugh Bl-oek Island Sound, t:o enter bu t:he Maln Cha:n:nel.-Bring Little Gull Island Light-house to bear W. t S., distant three miles, New London Light-house N. by W., and Race Rock Light-house N. Easterly, distant a mile and five-eighths, when you will have four- teen fathoms, and must steer N. by W. for New London Light-house, carrying not less than eight fathoms, until nearly abreast of the striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge, with Groton l\\.fonument bear- ing N. ! E. Easterly, North Hammock Light-house E. by S. f S., and Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel SW. by W. -i W. Now steer N. t E., which course will lead, with not less than four fathoms, to the anchorage off the city. If bound to Norwich, take a pilot at New London. The above courses pass nearly a mile to the eastward of Valiant Rock; seven hundred yards to the westward of Race Rock; half a mile to the eastward of the striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge; the s.-ime distance to the westward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Black Ledge; nearly three- quarters of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Cormorant Rock Ledge; about four hun- dred yards to the westward of the striped buoy on Southwest Ledge; six hundred yards to the westward of the striped buoy on Frank's Ledge; three-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the \"eleven feet rock\" to the southward of Light-house Point; nearly half a mile to the westward of Black Rock; three hundred yards to the eastward of the Quinnipeag Rocks; six hundred yards to the eastward of The Hog's Back; and four hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Mel- ton's Ledge. Or, with Little Gull Isla:nd Light-house bearing SW. by W. t W., about a mile distant, and New London Light-house N. f E., distant five miles and three-quarters, steer N. by E. i E. towards Groton ~fonnment, carrying not less than four and a half fathoms, until New London Light-house bears NW. by W. t W., three-eighths of a mile distant, when steer N. 1 E. to the an-0ho:rage, as before. The above oourscs pass ne.arly a mile to the westward of Valiant Rock; more than three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the striped buoy on Rapid Rock; seven-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Goshen Reef; seven hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy on Sarah's Ledge; five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Cormorant Rock Ledge ; a little over half a mile to the westward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Black Ledge ; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the striped buoy on Southwest Ledge; and six hundred and fifty yards to the westward of Frank's Ledge. Or, bring Race Rock Light-houae to bear S. :f E. Easterly, and steer N. f W. Westerly towards the east.em. extremity of Fort Point. This course continued will lead, with not less th.an three and a half fathoms, safely into the river, peseing between Black Ledge and Southwest Ledge. Continue it until just past the Ocean House, with New London Light-house bearing SW. t S., and Groton Monu- ment N. by E. 1- E. No\\V steer N. t E. for the eastern extremity of 'Vinthrop's Point, and anchor at discretion abreast of the city. The above courses })&'38 three hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on the southwestern end of Black Ledge ; two hundred yards to the eastward of the striped buoy on Southwest Ledge; and the same distance to the westward of Frank's Ledge.

NEW LONDON HARBOR. 395 II. Haring eom.e through Gardiner's Bau, to enter NeuJ LtnadoJt, Hariar bit Sailing Direc- the Iain a.annei.-Bring Little Gull Island Light-house to bear N. i W., distant a tiona ---Kew little over two miles, and New London Light-house N. i E., distant eight miles and a London Harbor. half; when you will have ten fathoms, and N. by E. ! E. for Groton Monument will lead safely into the river, following the directions given above. III. Ha.,>ing conie throug1,. Fisher's Island Sound, to enter New .London H«rbor ~the Jlla,in Chaaael.-Continue the W.-! N. course through the Sound, passing to the northward of Sea-Flower Reef Beacon, to the southward of Black Ledge, and carrying not less than five fathoms, until New London Light-house bears N. by W., distant a little over a mile and an eighth, and Groton Monument N. ! E. Easterly, distant three miles aml three-eighths. Here the depth will be five and three-quarter fathoms, and N. t E. will lead safely to the anchorage, as before. (See also Sailing Directions for Fisher's Island Sound, pages 306-307.) The above oourse from Fisher's Island Sound passes two hundred and fifty yards to the north- ward of Sea-Flower Reef Beacon; six hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on the south- western end of Black Ledge ; and about nine hundred yards to the southward of Southwest Ledge. DANGERS IN ENTERING NEW LONDON HABBOR FROM THE EASTWARD. II. Bu ~he Pine Island Cla.annel.-This channel is only used by vessels which have come through Fisher's Island Sound. Such vessels, instead of passing between Sea-Flower Reef and North Hammock and steering for Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel, continue the W. f N. course to pass to the northward of Sea-Flower Reef, and then steer for New London Light-house. 'Vhen abreast of North Hammock Light-house, having it bearing 8. i- W., a red spar-buoy will be seen bearing about NW. by N. ! N., in range with Bluff Point, and a little over half a mile off. This is on Horse-Shoe Reef, bare in places at low spring tides, and three hundred yards long in Horse-Shoe a N NE. and S SW. direction. This shoal lies off the middle of the entrance to Reef. Mumford's Cove, and seven-eighths of a mile to the westward of Groton Long Point. The buoy is placed on its southern extremity, in four fathoms, is marked No. 18, and bears from the spindle on Long Point Reef W. by N. Northerly, seven-eighths of a mile; from Bluff Point S. by E. !- E., three-eighths of a mile; and from North Hammock Light-house N. t W., a mile and an eighth distant. From this buoy the beacon on Sea-Flower Reef bears SW. l S., nearly three-quarters of a mile; Black Ledge Beacon W. by N., nearly two miles; and New London Light-house W. by N. i N., nearly three miles distant. Sea-Flower Reef, or Potter's Reef, as it is sometimes mlled, lies nearly in the Sea-Flower middle of the western entrance to Fisher's Island Sound, and on the southern side of Reef. the entrance to the Pine Island Channel. It is a detached reef, about two hundred yards in diameter, nearly bare at low water on its shoalest part, and having not less than :five fathoms on all sides of it. On its shoalest part, which is near its western end, is built a square granite beacon, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and surmounted by a spindle with a barrel-shaped cage on top. The beaoon should not be approached from the northward nearer than two hundred yards, nor from the eastward nearer than three hundred yards. It bears from Long Point Spindle W. bys.ts., a mile and three-eighths; from the red buoy on the southern tmd of the Horse-Shoe SW. ! S., nearly three-quarters ofa mile; and from North Hammock Light-house NW. Northerly, a little over tbree- quarters of a mile distant. From this beacon Black Ledge Bea.con bears NW. by W. ! W., nearly a ~le and three-quarters; New London Light-house NW. by W., two miles and three-quarters; and Pme Island Shoal buoy NW. t W., a mile and a half distant. When past this beacon the course turns to the northwestward towards New London Light-house; and there will soon be seen, a little to the northward of the course, bearing about NW. f W., and three-quarters of a mile off, a red spar-buoy. This is on Pine Island Shoal, which makes off to the southwestward from the southwestern end of Pine Island about two Pine Island hundred yards. The buoy is marked No. 2, is placed in eighteen feet to mark the Shoal. northern limits of the channel, and bears from Horse-Shoe Beef' buoy, W. by li. l li· l'iortherJy_______________ a.bout Miles. Slieoar-tFhloHwaemr mBoeeekf BLiegahcto-nh.oNusWe, .Ni WW. W·--e-st-e-r-l-y-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- lj Bace Point, N. f W·-------------------------------------------- ll 2i 3t .F!\"om hthoiussebJu.o'il\"y!li'·Ebays tern Point ~ liW. l ]!f. liortherly, three-<J._uarters of a mile,; New London Light- W. and a on Franks Ledge W. by ! \"'!·•a Dllle quarter; and the striped buoy :ar. t lf·• iive-eighths of a mile distant. The sailing-line pa8SeB nearly two hundred yards to the southward of it. ·

396 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Blacxo,.South- The northern extremity of Black or Southeast Ledge lies about half a mile to the east Ledge. southwestward of Pine Island buoy. This ledge, as before described on pages 392-393, is an extensive shoal 1ying nearly NE. and SW., and covering an area six hundred yards long by three hundred and fifty wide. Its shoalest part, which has two feet at low tide, is nearest its northeastern end ; and here is built a stone beacon surmounted by a spindle and cage painted black,- the cage being in the shape of two cones joined at their small ends. Over the rest of the ledge the soundings vary from three to twelve feet,-the shoalest water (three feet) being near the southwestern end. Here is placed, as a bruide to the Main Channel, a red can-buoy* of the second class, marked_ No. 2; but vessels using the Pine Island Channel pay no attention to it. The northern end of the\" ledge is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 1) placed in fifteen feet water, about a hundred and twenty- .five yards to the northward of the beacon, to mark the southern limits of the Pine Island Channel. This buoy bears from Pine Island Shoal buoy, W. by S. -j- S. ---------------------------- 600 yds. Horse-Shoe Reef buoy, W. by N. l- N. ---------------------------- 2 miles. Sea-Flower Beef BeaC'On, NW. by W. Westerly-------------------- 1 ! \" North Hammock Light-house, NW. ! W·----------------·--------- 2 !! \" From this buoy Eastern Point bears N. by W. !- W., three-quarters of a mile; the striped bupy on tFrank's Ledge NW. Northerly, three-eighths of a mile; and New London Ligh~house NW. w., a little over one mile distant. The beacon on Black Ledge bears from the middle of Pine Island SW. by W. i W., about three- eighths of a mile; from Sea-Flower Reef Beacon NW. by W. Westerly, a little over one mile and five-eighth.<J; and from North Hammock Light-house NW. ! W. Westerly, two miles and a half distant. From the beacon New London Light-house bears NW. i W., about a mile and one-eighth; the buoy on Frank's Ledge NW. i W. Westerly, three-eighths of a mile; and Black Rock N. by W. i W. Westerly, a little over half a mile distant. The course in passes about three hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the beacon, and about two hundred and fifty to the northward of the buoy. Shoal water extends to th~ southward from that part of the shore between Eastern Point and Avery's Point, and is dangerous to large vessels using this channel, as its southern extremity, with seventeen feet upon it, is within one hundred yards of the sailing-line for entering. It Avery's Point is called Avery's Point Shoal, and may be avoided by watching the bearing of New Shoal. London Ligh~house,-being careful not to go farther to the northward than to bring it to bear NW. by w. i w.,-until past Frank's Ledge. In view of the importance of a knowledge of the exact position of this shoal, a red spar-buoy will be recommended to be placed on its southern end. When abreast of the black buoy on the northern end of Black Ledge, a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen a little to the southward of the course, F,.ank'a Ledge. bearing nearly WNW., and about eight hundred yards off. This is on Frank's Ledge, a detached ledge, with thirteen feet at low tide, lying ncarli h~ a mile to the west- ward of Avery's Point. The buoy is on the rock, and bears from Black Ledge Beacon NW. i- W. Westerly, three-eighths of a mile; from the buoy on the northern end of Black Ledge NW. Northerly, three-eighths of a mile; and from Pine Island Shoal buoy W. by N. -& N., five-eighths of a mile dis- tant. From this buoy New London Ligh~house bears NW. by W. Westerly, three-quarters of a mile; Eastqn Point N. by E. ! E., eight hundred and fifty yards; and Fort Point N. by W., two miles distant. The sailing-line passes about one hundred yards to the northward of this buoy. The marks for Frank's Ledge, should the buoy be gone, are Groton Monument and .the hollow in Hob's Island in range on a bearing of N. ! E.; and the eastern extremity of White Rook just touching the southern end of Powder Island. When past Frank's Ledge this channel unites with the Main Channel; and the dangers met with will be found described in regular order on pages 393--394. .SAILING ])IRECTIONS FOR ENTERING NEW LONDON HARBOR FROM THE E.ASTWARD. IV. Bu fhe Pl- X\"'4\"4 C.Juuu-i:.-Continue the W. :f N. course, through Fisher's Island Sound, until you come abreast of the red buoy on Horse-Shoe Reef; when North Hammock Lig!it- house will bear S. by E. i E., and New London Light-house NW. by W. j- W. Steer for the latter, carrying not less than three and a half fathoms, until· you arc past Frank's Ledge, with the ~tern extremity of Fort Point bearing N. ! W. Westerly, and Groton Monument :N. ! E. Now steer N. f W. Westerly, towards Fort Point, until just past the Ocean House, with the monmnent bearing N. by E. t E., and New London Ligh~hoW!e SW. i- S. The eastern extremity of Winthrop's Pollit will

NEW LONDON HARBOR. 397 now bear N. t E., and that course, if steered, will lead safely, with not less than four Sailing Direc- fathoms, to the anchorage abreast of the city. Or, if bound up river beyond the mty, tion$--N e w you may steer N. ;\\ E., which will clear 'Vinthrop's Point. London Harbor. The above courses pass nearly seven hundred yards to the southward of Long Point Spindle; five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the North Dumpling; eight hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the red buoy on Horse-Shoe Reef; a quarter of a mile to the northward of the l°ieacon on Sea-Flower Reef; two hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Pine Island Shoal; about one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy on the northeastern end of Black Ledge, ~d two hundred and fifty yards to the northward of Black Ledge Beacon ; one hun- dred yards to the southward of Avery's Point Shoal; one hundred yards to the northward of Frank's !...edge ; nearly six hundred yards to the westward of Black Rock; four hundred yards to the eastward of the Quinnipeag Rocks; six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of The Hog's Back; and three hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the black spar-buoy on Melton's Ledge. V. n. enter Neff' London Harbor fro..,., t:1rn We.tttYArd.-From Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel steer NE. by E. -l E., carrying not less than six fathoms, until the entrance to the river is well open; the striped buoy on Sarah's !...edge is abeam; New London Light-house bears N. -l E.; and North Hammock Light-house E. by S. t S. Now steer N. by E. ! E. until you come abreast of the Ocean Hou...\"C, with the eastern extremity of Fort Point bearing N. !- W. Westerly and New London Light- house SW. t B. Now steer N. -l E. for the east.ern extremity of Winthrop's Point, which course will lead, with not less than four fathoms, to the anchorage abreast of the city; or, if bound up river beyond the city, steer N. i E., which will clear Winthrop's Point. The above courses pass half a mile to the southward of Bartlett's Reef; a quarter of a mile to the southward of the striped buoy on Rapid Rock; the same distance to the southward, and also to the eastward, of Sarah's Ledge; half a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Cormorant Rock Ledge; three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the striped buoy on Southwest Imge; the same distance to the eastward of Long Rock; the same distance to the westward of Frank's Ledge; a quarter of a mile to t11e eastward of the \"eleven feet rock\" to the southward of Light-house Point; half a mile to the westward of Black Rock; and two hundred yards to the eastward of Quinnipeag Rocks. GENERAL REMARKS ON THE THAMES RIVER .A.BOVE NEW LONDON. As before mentioned, strangers should not attempt to go above New London without a pilot. There is, however, water sufficient for the largest vessels as far up as the northern boundary of the Navy Yard Reservl!-tion. Above this not more than thirteen feet at low water can be taken fo abreast of the mouth of Paqnata!lnock Cove, and beyond this cove not more than nine feet to Norwich. The channel is narrow and intricate, and its eastern and western limit.s are marked only by stakes and bushes. Above Winthrop's Point, and as far up as the southern boundary of the Navy Yard Reservation, the deep water is close to the ca.stern bank,-the course being about N.-! E. for nearly a mile and three-eighths above the point; beyond which it is about N. by w. ! W. towards the northern point of entrance to Smith's Cove,-the deep water now approaching the middle of the river. 'Vhen about a quarter of a mile above Mamioock Point, and exactly opposite to the middle of the entrance to Smith's Cove, the course turns about N. by E. for between six and seven hundred yards, or until you come abreast of the southernmost wharf in tlfe Navy Yard. Thence it is N. by w. t W. for a quarter of a mile, then N. i E. for a little less than a quarter of a mile and then N. by E. ! E. to abreast of Cow Point. Thus far there is not less than four and a half fa;homs at low water. Half a mile above Cow Point a bar is met with three-eighths of a mile wide, across which not more than thirt.een feet at low water mn be taken. '£he Main Channel turns towards the western shore, although there is a naTrow passage leading close along the eastern bank, with not less than six- teen feet, as far up 88 Gale's Ferry. This channel, if buoyed, would offer a passage for steamers, with not less than fift..een feet, int.a the Main Channel abreast of Clark's Cove; but it is too narrow for sailing- vessels,-being only about eewnty feet wide abreast; of the ferry wharf.

398 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT•. Abreast of Gale's Ferry there is not less than twenty feet in the Main Channel, but the, bar off Horton's Point has but eighteen feet. Thence the deep water gradually approaches the eastern bank, carrying not Jess than nineteen feet, to Allyn's Wharf, nearly three-quarters of a mile above, and on the eastern shore. It then turns towards the middle of the river for about a third of a mile, and then sweeps again in towards the eastern bank, crossing a l!ixtceri,-feet bar about half a mile above the wharf. Above Paquatannock Cove the channel is so narrow and winding that no intelligible description can be given of its course. LIGHT-HOUSES. NAME. I I Longitude W. Fixed or Height Distance Latitude. Revolving. above visible in nautical . ,, In are. In time. i FixeCI. sea- 2 Fixed. level. mHes. 18 118 0 111 118 0'\" h. Ill. s. I Feet. 90 New London Light-house.••••••. _. _•. 41 T2 II 24 4 48 2so1..a6 111 Bartlett's Reef Light-veuel ••-··----· 41 T2 T 311 4 48 28 I 10 I ' TIDES. 9h som 2. 5 ft. corrected Esta.bllslmlent. ..••••••.•.•.•••••.••.••••.•••.••••.••.•.•••••••••.••••.•• -- . --·. 3.1 ft.. Mean ltlae and Fall of tides-···------··-----·------·-----····----------·----········-··· 2. 0 ft. Mean Rise and Fall or Spring tides ..••.•..•..•..•..••.•.•••••••..••....••.•.•. --- --- --- . Mean ltlae and F&ll or Nea.p tides .•••••••••••.••••••• - •••• - •••.•••••••.•••••••••••..• - .•• 5h56m Mean duration or lUBe •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -------------- ------- 6h 26\"1 Mean duration orPa.n --------- •••...••.•.••.•••. ------------------ .•••.•.•..•..•.•••.•.. lUBe or blghest tide obilerved - - • - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ••• - • - - • - - - - - • - - •••- •• 3.8 ft.. LOCALITY. I Second Quarter. Third QuaTter. Flood or Set. Drift. Ebb. Set. IDrift. --- One mlle and a half s. by E. t E. from the Light-house . - •.• - { W. t N ••••••• 1.00 W !- N •••••••• 1.05 Flood. Near Bart.l.et.t's Beef Light-vessel..••••.. - •••.• -- • • • •• • •• - • { l.OC E. byN.tN.•. INE. byE.!E.. 1.15 Ebb. W.fJr.• _____ 1.50 Flood. 1.80 W. by N.t li.. 2.00 B.ts•.•••••• IW. Sontherly _ 1.25 Ebb. The observatione for currents were made, as far as possible, when the influence of the wind was small. The bearings are magnetic; the drift m nautical miles per honr. It is also proper to remark that in light winds, a.nd espooially after heavy rains, there is often a strong snrf'a.ce current setting out of the river on the flood tide, by which V98Sllls attempting to reach New London are much embarra8841d. In such cases it is best to anchor a.nd wait for s wind. VARIATION OF THE COMPASS.. The magnetic variation in New London Harbor for 1878 is 90 201 W., with an approximate annual increase of 2i'· NIANTIC BAY. This Is a large indentation on the northern shore of Long Island Sound, about e. mile and & balflong, with an average width of a mile and a quarter. At its head it receives the waters of Niantic River,-a shallow stream of little importance leading to the village of East Lyme. The village of lfl&nt.tc is situated on the north shore of the bay, ou the line of the New Haven and New London Railroad. There is good anchorage in from twelve to twenty-one feet, eaay of aeeess, and a.ffording good shelter in all winds except th°\"\" from the southwaTd. Millstone Point. The ea.stem point of entrance to this ba.y is called Milletone Point, is low, level, and grassy, faced with rocks, and bu several hon...,.. upon it. To the northward of it the land rises with a very gradual and regular slope, forming the eastern shores of the bay, which a.re composed of cultiva.ted iields, dotted with houses and clumps of treeB. Black Point. Blaek Point, the western point of entrance to the bay, is a little over two miles WSW. from Mil1st-0ne Point. Its sonthern extremity is quite low and sandy; but about a hundred yards back the land rises some- what abrnptly to a. level surface, about twenty feet high, which ie oooupied by cultivated fields, backed by ..,_ large grove of trees. The point is comparatively bold-to, and may be approached within a quarter of a mile with not lel!I! than tw.,nty-one feet at low water. Both shores of Niantic Bay are well cultivated and thickly settled. The village of Niantic is visible, when oif the entnnoo appearing ae a rather straggling clllSter of white bon&es, at its hea.d, but on the west.em shore. There is a small eeUlement on the eastern shore, at the mouth of the ri11'8r1 and bollsea thickly dot the 111Iopee on the eut l:mnk of the rlver to ka bead.

1'~TIC BAY. 399 Niantic River flows into the bay through a very narrow gut, about fifty yards wide, which is croesed by Niantic River. two bridges,-one carrying the county road and the other the Shore-Line Railroad from New Haven to New London. The width of the river at its mouth is thus contracted by a long and narrow sand spit making out from the western shore; but after passiug through the gut it spreads out to a width of half a mile, which it keeps for about a mile and a quarter, until The Divide is reached, where a branch runs about N HE. for nearly three-quarters of a mile, and the main river continues due N. to its head at. East Lyme. The eastern bank, as far up as The Divide, shows a slightly rolling country almost entirely under cultivation, but dotted here and there with clumps of trees. The western bank is nearly level, cultivated and settled, for about three-quarters of a mile above the month of the river; but beyond this it is higher, steeper and well wooded. About three-quarters of a mile above its mouth the western shore is indented by a. nearly circular cove, about six lmndred yards in diamet.er,-the entrance to which is through a. passage about one hundred yards wide; but beyond this the shore is nearly straight to the head of the river. \"\"- Two channels lead into Niantic Bay,-the easternmost, called Two Tree Isla.nd Channel, being nsed principally by vessels which have come through Fisher's Island Sound, a.nd the other, called the llla.ln Cb&nnel, paBBing on the western side of Bart- lett's Reef, and between Black Point and White Rock:. They have equally good water, and a.re well buoyed; but as the Main Channel is much the wider of the two it is perhaps the safer for strangers, more especially as the current in Two Tree Island Channel is apt to interfere with safe navigation during light winds. DANGERS IN ENTERING NIANTIC BAY. I. Bu tAe !'lVo n-ee Islana CAanaei.-In entering by this channel from Fisher's Island Sound the course leads towards Millstone Point, and there will be seen, nearly two miles to the westward, a two-masted light-vessel, painred black, with a white streak; and, about a mile to the northwestward a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. The former is Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel; and the latter is on Rapid Rock,-the channel passing between them. Bartlett's Reef (before described on page 357) is a very dangerous shoal, lying Bartlett's Reef. on the western side of this channel, and off the mouth of Whitestone Creek. It ext.ends S. by E. for a mile and a quarter, and has upon it many boulders and rocks bare at low water. The southern end of the reef bears from Goshen Point SW. i S., about a mile and three-quarters; from North Hammock Light~house W., a little over :five miles; and from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel between N. ! W. and NW. i N., about half a mile distant. Its northern end bears from the light- vessel N. by W., a mile and three-quarters; from the buoy on Rapid Rock WNW., nearly two miles; and from Goshen Point W. t S., a mile and a quarter distant. The main portion of the shoal extends about B. by E. from the northern end for nearly a mile, and is in many places bare at low water, and in others has from one to nine feet upon it. .At the southern end of this main portion the line of the reef is broken by numerollS narrow channels, with from three to four fathoms in them, which cross the reef from E. to W. nearly at right angles; and which are separared from each other, and from the main portion of the reef, by shoal spots with from fifteen to seventeen feet water upon them. These channels are not, however, available for strangers. .About six hundred yards to the southward of the southern end of the main por- tion of the reef lies the Broken Part, consisting of two shoals lying E. and W. of each Broken Part of other, with a passage one hundred and fifty yards wide between them. The eastern- Bartlett's Reef. most shoal is the smallest,-being only about two hundred yards in diameter; while the western ledge is a quarter of a mile long NE. and SW., and about three hundred yards wide. Both are bare at low water near their southwestern ends. The light-vessel is plaoed about half a mile to the southward of the Broken Part of the reef, with North ~ock. Light-~?use bear~g E. i N., and New London Light-house NE.! N., and shows two fixed white lights, VJS1ble ten miles. It has a fog-bell and horn for use in thick weather. . Close to the southem end of the Broken Part of the reef is placed a red spar-buoy (marked No. 4) 1-:i three fathon:;s at low water. This buoy bears from the light-vessel N. by w., a little over three- eighths o! a Dllle; and from the i;;triped buoy on Rapid Rock w SW., a mile and a half distant. ~pid Rock, on the eastern t:nde of the entrance, is a ten feet rock off the southern extremity of Goshen Reef; and the buoy on it (red and black) bears from North Rapid RocK. ~ammock Light-houae W. i N., three miles ll.nd three-quarters; from Bartlett's Reef I~ht-vessel ~· !.E., a mile and five-eighths; and from Goshen Point SE. bys.! s., nearly seven- etg ths of a mile distant. From this buoy the black-buoy on Little Goshen Reef bears NW. by W. l W. Westerly, five-eighths of a mile; and the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef WNW., a mile and t~uart.ers distant. .-. __.._Gosh~ Ree~ which li8a from .seven t,o ren feet ~pon it, lies ~E. bys.is. fi;>m Gaden Reef. U1.ll!iUeD f'omt,-1~ northern end bemg about three-eighths of a mile from that pomt. Thence it ex~nds ~n a S SE. direction for a quarter of a mile, at which point is placed a black spar- buoy (No. 3) m otuhtirht.weearndf,efeotraat~luotw water. From this buoy shoal water (not more than seventeen feet) extends to the s three hundred and :fifty yards, to Rapid Rock. There is no passage between the reef and Goshen Potnt,-the area be~ the two being full of shoals and ledges.

400 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. little Goshen Little Goshen Reef lies about a quarter of a mile to the westward of Goshen Reef. Reef. lt makes off from Goshen Point in a S. by W. direction for half a mile, with, soundings over it varying from three to thirteen feet at low water. The shoalest water (three feet) lies close to it;; southern end, about nine hundred yards from Goshen Point; and here is placed a black spar-buoy (No. I) in fifteen feet at low water. This buoy he-ars from the striped buoy on Rapid Rock NW. by W. }; W. Westerly, five-eighths of a milQ; and from Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel NE. by N. Northerly, a mile and a half distant. From this buoy the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef bears W. by N. ! N., a mile and a quarter distant. Vessels using this channel pass to the westward of this buoy notwithstanding its color. Wl1en past it a black tspar-buoy will soon appear, a little to the westward of the course, bearing about NW. North end of by W. W., and three-quarters of a mile off. This is on the northern end of Bart- Bartlett's Reef. lett's Reef, (before described,) and marks the turning point in the channel, which is here about six hundred yards wide. The buoy is in three fathoms, is marked No. 1, and bears from the black spar-buoy on Little Goshen Reef W. by N. ! N., a mile and a quarter dis- tant. From this buoy the southern end of ~Iillstone Point bears NW. by W. Westerly, a mile and a quarter; White Rock buoy NW. by W. f W., a mile and five-eighths; and the black buoy on Two Tree Island Shoal W. by N. ~- N., a little over five-eighths of a mile distant. To the westward of Goshen Point the north shore is fouZ,-having many ledges and sunken rocks; and it must not be approached nearer than eight hundred yards until you arc abreast of the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef, when you may safely go within an eighth of a mile of it. 'Vhen abreast of the northern end of Bartlett's Reef the channel turns more to Two Tree the westward; and there will be seen, a little to the southward of the course, and nearly Island Shoal. three-quarters of a mile off, a black spar-buoy a short distance to the northward of Two Tree Island. This is on Two Tree Island Shoal, which makes to the north- ward from Two Tree Island for three hundred yards, and has three feet at low water close to the buoy. The buoy, which is marked No. 3, is placed in eighteen feet water off the northern end of the shoal, and bears from the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef W. by N. ! N., nearly three- tquarters of a mile distant. From this buoy the southwestern end of Millstone Point bears NW. N., thirteen hundred yards; and the red buoy off White Rock NW. by W. ! W. Westerly, one mile distant. On the northern side of the channel, and off the entrance to 'Vhitestone Creek, lie dangerous Flat Rock. rocks,-to avoid which vessels must not stand to the northward of Millstone Point hearing W. by N. !- N. Of these the easternmost is called Flat Rock, and is bare at low water. It lies about five-eighths of a mile to the northeastward of Two Tree Island, and about three hundred and fifty yards from the eastern shore of the approach to \\Vhite- stone Creek, and is not buoyed. Six hundred yards to the westward of it, and between eight and nine hundred yards to the eastward of Millstone Point, lies another bare rock, surrounded High Rock. by bare ledges and shoal water, and called High Rock. Shoal water extends from this rock to the southward for two hundred yards, and to the northward for an eighth of a mile; but it is easily avoided by not going to the northward of the southern end of Millstone Point bearing W. by N. ! N., as before. When abreast of the black buoy off the northern end of Two Tree Island Shoal, a red spar-buoy will be seen a little to the southward of the course, bearing about W. by N. l N., and Little Rock. nearly a mile off. This is placed just to the southward of Little Rock, a very small bare rock about nine hundred yards to the westward of Millstone Point, and a hun- dred yards to the southeastward of White Rock. The buoy is marked No. 2, placed in fifteen feet on the southern side of the rook, and is usually known as \"White Rock Buoy.\" It bears from the black buoy on the northern end of Two Tree Island Shoal NW. by W. ! W. Westerly, nearly a mile; and from Millstone Point W. ! s., about eight hundred yards distant. White Rock. White Rock is a rocky islet, about one hundred yards in diameter, lying half a mile W. i N. from Millstone Point. It is very bold-to, and may be approached within one hundred yards with not less than three and a half fathoms. It is one hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the buoy. Vessels using the Two Tree Island Channel pass to the east- ward of the buoy notwithstanding its color; while those using the Main Channel pass to the westward of it. Off Millstone Point, and on its western side, will be seenarcd spar-buoy. This Mil/$tone Point is on Millstone Point Reef, which is awash at low water in some places, and in· others Reef. has from two to four feet upon it. It makes off from the western side of Millstone Point, and on the south side of a small and shallow cove, called llrfillstone Harbor. The buoy, which is marked No. 2, is placed in fifteen feet on the southwestern side of the rock, and the channel passes between it and White Rock buoy,-~ here about three-eighths of a mile wide. When past White Rook, another small bare rook, called Black Rock, will be Black Rock. seen about three-eighths of a. mile to the northward, and four hundred yards from tl1e eastern shore of Niantic Bay. It .is bold-to on all sides, bears from White Rocle nearll\". due N.1 distant eight hundred yards, and the sailing-line passes an e.ighth of a mile to the westward

NIANTIC BAY. 401 of it. It is easily avoided in day-time, as it is always visible; but at night, or in thick: weather, vessels should keep the western shore of the bay best aboard to avoid it. When to the northward of 'Vhite Rook, if standing to the westward on a wind, Three Feet you should be careful not to go inside of sixteen feet, to avoid Three Feet Rook, which Rocle. lies a quarter of a mile from the western shore of the bay, and about a mile and an eighth to the northward of Black Point. It is marked by a black spar-buoy (No. 5) placed in two fathoms on its eastern side, and bearing from 'Vhite Hock W. by N. t N., one mile; and from Black Point N NE., a mile and an eighth distant. Nearly five-eighths of a mile to the northward of it, and about four hundred and fifty yards from the western shore of the bay, is a rock awash at low 1cater; and about five hundred yards to the northeastward of this, and an eighth of a mile from shore, is a rocky islet called \"Wigwam Rook, and sometimes Indian Clump. Wigwam Rocle. Neither of the three last-mentioned rocks are dangerous to vessels bound in by the Tv.-o Tree Island Channel unless the wind is foul and they are compelled to tack. '\\Vhen abreast of Black Rock the course turns abruptly to the northward, and there wi11 be seen to the eastward of the course, and about nine hundred yardsoff, a small bare islet, known as Waterford Island. It lies about four hundred yards from the eastern shore of the Waterford bay, and about three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the narrow gut leading into Island. Niantic River. There is no passage to the eastward of it; and a dangerous sunken reef makes from it to the norlhward, for three hundred yards, to the southern edge of the narro·w channel leading into the gut. V ea_o;els must not attempt to pass above Waterford Island without a pilot. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR ENTERING NIANTIC BAY. lI. Bu t;he 'l'wo 2're.e I•land Channel fro-. .Flshe,..s Itoland s..una.-On the course W. S. from the Sound towards Bartlett's Reef Light-ves.sel, when New London Light-house bears N. :f- E., tRace Rock Light-house SE. i S., and Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel W. S. Southerly, you will have eleven fathoms, and NW. ! W. will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to abreast of the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef. \\Vhen abreast of this buoy, in thirteen fathoms, with Two Tree Island in range with the southern end of Black Point on a bearing of W. ! S., steer WNW. about for the northern end of White Rock, carrying not less than five fathoms. On this course, when you have just passed Millstone Point and are within about six hundred yards of White Rock, steer NW. l N. towards Wigwam Rock, and anchor at discretion in from fifteen to eighteen feet at low water. Or, when you come abreast of Black Rock, and are about three hundred yards from it, steer N. t W., and anchor off the mouth of the gut leading into Niantic River in from ten to seventeen feet at low water. The above courses pass three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the striped buoy on Rapid Rock; half a mile to the westward of the black buoy on Goshen Reef; a mile and a quarter to the northeastward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel; a quarter of a mile to the westward of the black buoy on Little Goshen Reef; two hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef; between six and seven hundred yards to the southward of Flat Rock; th1'€e hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy on Two Tree Island Shoal; six hundred and fifty yards to the southward of High Rock; two hundred yards to the southward of Millstone Point; an eighth of a mile to the southward, and three hundred and fifty yards to the westward, of the red buoy on Mill- ston~ Point Reef; three hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy off Little Rock ; an eighth of a mile to the southwestward of Black Rock; and three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Three Feet Rock. The N. t W. course towards the entrance to. Niantic River passes two hundred yards to the west- ward of Black Rock, and the same distance to the westward of the reef north of Waterford Island. .,._eII. He~ l!laroffuh Leag l.i&nd Stttcnd, t:o ......Cer Nia:nffo Mau i.., J>••rinu t:o #:he W....c- ..,ara of Bcrlle#\"• .aee.r.-When in The Race, in thirty-five fathoms, with New London Light-house bearing N. f E., distant five miles and three-quarters, and Little Gull Island Light-house SW. by w. bay,~ W., distant about a_mile, steer J.VW. by N. :l N., and anchor under the northwestern shore of the m from fourteen to eighteen feet at low water. Or, when abreast of White Rock, steer N., and anchor off the mouth of the gut leading into Niantic River, in seventeen feet at low water. The above courses pass half a lllile to the westward of Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel; nine hundred yards to the westward -Of the .Broken Pa.rt of Bartlett's Reef; nearly a mile to the westward of the C. P.-51 .

402 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- main portion of Bartlett's Reef; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Two Tree tion.s--Niantic Island ; throe-quarters of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Two Tree Island Bay. Shoal; half a mile to the westward of the red buoy on ]\\fil1stone Point Reef; four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Little Rock; a little over three hundred yards to the westward of )Vnit;e Rock; three-eighths of a m i]e to the westward of Black Rock; and half a mile to the eastward of the black buoy on Three Feet Rock. The N. course for the anchorage off the mouth of the gut leading into Niantic River pa.<lc'leS &Il eighth of a mile to the westward of White Rock; three hundred and fifty yards to the westward ~f Black Rock; and four hundred yards to the westward of the reef north of Waterford Island. III. O»ning r r - the West-rd th-r-gh the 1'\"orl11, Clu&Hnel of Long .zsiana Sound, to enter Niantic Bau.-On the course E. t S., from between Saybrook Bar and the eastern extremity of Long Sand Shoal, when the middle of Black Point bears N. by E. ! E., Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel E. i S., tLittle Gull Island Light-house SE.! E., and Plum Island Light-houses. W., steer NE. by N., which course will lead safely into the bay, with not less than eighteen feet, and up to the anchorage off' the mouth of the gut leading into Niantic River, with not less than fifteen feet at low water. This course passes a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Black Point; half a mile to the west- ward of 'Vhite Rock ; the same distance to the eastward of the black buoy on Three Feet Rock; a quarter of a mile to the northwestward of Black Rock; five-eighths of a mile to the eastward of Wigwam Rock; and two hundred yards to the westward of Wat.erford Island. IV. Having emne fr°\"\" the Weld\"'ard, (imending .,o pa1111 through Fhiher'11 Island Sound,) to enter Ni«ntie Bau.-On the course E. IN. for the western entrance to Fisher's Island Sound, when the middle of Black Point bears NE. by N. ! N., Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel E. IN., and Little Gull Island Light-house SE. by E. ! E., steer NE. by N., and follow the directions given above for entering the bay from the North Channel of Long Island Sound. V. Having com.e frott1, the Weld•<!'ard tkrough the Main Channel of Long Island Sound, to teDter Niantic Bau.-On the E. course for The Race, when Little Gull Island Light-house bears E. S., distant a little over six miles and a quarter, and Plum Island Light-house SE. i s., distant a little over two miles and au eighth, steer NE. by N ., and follow the directions for entering the bay from the North Channel. VI. Wislii:ng to a-hor under the ,,_.,e:rn llh&re of Nia:nt:w Ba11.-1\\nen, on the NE. by N. eourse, Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel bears SE. by E. t E., and the southern extremity of Black Point W. by N.-! N., eight hundred yards distant, steer N. by E. ! E., and anchor in from two to three fathoms, according to draught. This course passes a quarter of a mile to the eastward of Black Point; three-quarters of a mile to the westward of 'White Rock; four hundred yards to the eastward of the black buoy on Three Feet Rock; the same distance to the cnstward of the rock awash to the southward of Wigwam Rock; and three hundred yards to the eastward of Wigwam Rock. VII. Ha~lng co:m.e thr-gA f;he rwo Tree Illhuul Claannel, f;o eft#&r the .Anehorage off WAtte- .toae Creek.-'Vhen, on the course WNW. from abreast of the black buoy on the northern end of Bartlett's Reef, the black buoy on Two Tree Island Shoal comes in range with the southern extremity of Black Pollit on a bearing of W. !- S., and the southwestern end of Millstone Point bears NW. by w., a little over three-quarters of a mile distant, steer. N. by W., and anchor OOQOrding to draught in from six to sixteen feet at low water. The above course passes three hundred yards to the westward of Flat Rock1 and the same distance to the eastward of High Rock. There iB al8o another channel leading to this Anchorage, between High Rock and Millst.one Point, by bringing Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel to bear E. l B., Black Point N. by E. ! E., and Little Gull .Island Light-house SE. i E., and steering NE. ! E •• which will lead safely to· the anchorage. This course passes three-quarters of a mile t.o the southward of Black Point; three-eighths of a mile to 1.he southward <Jf the red buoy off Little Rock; half a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Two Tree Island Shoal ; one hundred yards to the southeastward of the three feet rock on the eastern side of Millstone Point; and two hundred yards to the northwestward of High Rook. ,

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 403 ANCHORAGES BETWEF..N BLACK POINT AND HATCHETT'S POINT. Of -these there are two,_,ne nearest to Black Point, off the mouth of Pattaguansett River. and the other nearest to Hntchett's Point, off the month of Fonr Mlle River,-the former being used in e8\"terly and the latter in westerly winds. Neither is recommended to strangers except in cases of emergency. The approach to Pattaguansett River is, as before remarked on page 333, obstructed by several islands and rocks, which contract the channel and i·ender its course intricate. Of these the 11orther11most, called Bluff Island, lies in the middle of the mouth of the river, about a mile to the norrhward of Black Point, and has a grove of trees Bluff Island. upon it. Three hundred yards to the southwestward of it is a marahy island called Griswold's Island, and there arc a number of much smaller marsh islands in close. vicinity. A group of three islets, known aa The The Black Boys. Black Boys, is tl1e southernmost of the line of islands off Pattaguansett. They lie three-quarters of a mile NW. i w. from thA southern extremity of Black Point, and on the western side of the usual anchorage under that point. There is also, however, good anchorage to the westward of them in three fathoms at low water. Off' the entrance to Four Mile River lie two islete, called The Brothers. The northernmost, called The The Brothers. North Brother, mid sometimes Goose Rock, is about a hundred yards in diameter, and lies four hundred yards S. from the eastern point of entrance to Four Mile River, and a mile and three-quarters NW. by W. i W. from the oonthcrn extremity of Black Point. The southernmost, called The South Brother, is about one hundred and fifty yard~ in diameter, lie. a quarter of a mile SE. from The North Brother, a little over a mile E. by N. i N. from Hatchett's Point, and a mile and three- eigl>ths WNW. from the southern extremity of Black Point. There is a fourteen feet channel between the two islets, but no passage between Goose Rock and the north shore. The channel into Four Mile River passes to the westward of The Brothers. DANGERS. I. In approael&'l:ng t~ Ancl\"6rage under Black .Point.-Vessels intending to anchor on the western side of Black Point must give it a berth to the eastward of not less than a quarter of a mile, as it is somewhat foul,-tenfee..t at low water being found two hundred yards from it.'I southwestern end. Nor should they stand too far to the westward on account of the danbrerous Black-boy Rock, three-quarters of a mile to the westward of Black Point, and which is marked Blaok-/Joy by a red spar-buoy. This rock, which is properly a ledge of rocks, extends N. by E. Rock. and S. by W. for nearly six hundred yards, and is hare at low water in several places. Its southern end bears W. t S. from Black Point; and here is placed the buoy, which is marked No. 4. It is anchored in three fathoms,-Hatchett's Point bearing WNW. Westerly, distant a mile and five-eighths. Vessels intending to anchor under Black Point pass to the eastward of this buoy, and those bound for Four Mile River paes to the westward of it. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. For enf\"ering the .A.n-e~\"De on the U>ester:n Bide of Bmek Point- fro-. the .Eastwoard.-Bring Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel to bear E., distant two miles and three-quarters, Saybrook Light-house W. by N. t N., distant nearly seven miles, and the middle of Black Point N. by W. i W., distant a mile and :five-eighths, and steer NW. by N. i- N., which will lf\".ad safely to the anchorage, passing a quarter of a mile to the westward of Black Point, and nearly half a mile to the eastward of the red buoy on Black-boy Rock. .Anchorage is found in from thirteen to seventeen feet, sheltered from northerly and easterly winds. IL ..l';oo- tll.e West-ecard to -.al.:e the .Anchorage ~ndfo\\r Black Polat.-Bring Saybrook Light- house to bear W. by N. ! N. and Bartlett's Roof Light-vessel E. ls., and steer NE. by N. t N., which will lead safely to the anchorage, pa..\"Sing four hundred yards to the eastward of the red buoy on Black-boy Rock, and three-eighths of a mile t.o the westward of Black Point. DANGERS. . I~. J'a •PProaahiagtl&eAne1-rage •8 Pourll'CUe Blver.-1. From the eastward.-In approach- mg tlus anchorage from the eastward the first danger met with is Black-boy Rock already described above. T~e oourse passes t.o the westward of it, and continues to the northwes~ard towards the west.em pomt of entrance to Four Mile River. On this course, when nearly abreast of The ~uth Brother, look. out for John's Rock, a detached rock, with six feet at low John's Rock. water? lying a q_uart;:ir of a mile S. from the western point of entrance to Four Mile River, o~a w. f~i:vOet-he1erg.hthSI t IS mile E. by N. from Hatch ett's Poin t, and half a mile SW . by f-W. from The S outl1 not buoyed , and to avoid it vessels intending to anc hor in the mout h of Four Mile iver should be careful not t.o go to the westward of the western poillt of entrance to that river bearing NW.by N. fN. About. a quarter of a mile. E. i N. from the western point of entrance to Four Mile Uiver, and the same dlStance W. by N. i N. from the southern end of The South Brother, lies another six feet rock, about two hundred and ftfty yards S. by W. t w. from Goose Rock. Neither is this buoyed, and stnmgel\"S should, therefore, not attempt to make this anchorage but should pass to the eastward of The Brothers and anchor under Grant'S Neck. · '

404 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SAILING DIRECTIONS. III. For -a1dng the Anchorage o1T !1'°\"r Jlllle River frmn tlul Eaidteard.-Bring Bartlett's Reef Light-vessel to bear E., distant two miles and three-quarters, the middle of Black Point N. by tW. W., distant a mile and five-eighth.-i, and Saybrook Light-house W. by N. i N., distant nearly seven miles, and steer NW. t W., which course will lead safely to the anchorage, passing four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on the southern end of Illack-boy Rock, the same clistan<:-e to the eastward of John's Rock, a quarter of a mile to the westward of The South Brother, and an eigh$ of a mile to the westward of the six feet rock to the southward of The N.orth Brother. Anchor in fifteen feet about two hundred and fifty yards from the western shore. Or, on the NW. t W. course, when past the red buoy on Black-boy Rock, with the southern end of Black Point bearing E., distant a little over a mile, Hatchett's Point W. by N., a inile and a quar- ter, and Saybrook Light-house W. l N., dist.ant five miles, steer N. ! W., passing two hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of The South Brother, and anchoring in from ten to fifteen feet, between Grant's Neck and the entrance to Four ]\\file River. DANGERS. III. In approaching tAe .Anel.orage off Four Mile Biver.-2. From the westward.-In approach- ing thi'i anchorage from the westward, the first danger met with is Hatchett's Reef, Hatchett1 s Reef. the eastern extremij;y of that extensive area of shoal ground surrounding the mouth of the Connecticut River. The reef itself lies off Hatchett's Point, ha\"! five feet at low water, and from its southern end Black Point bears E. by N. !- N., distant two miles and three-quar- t,ers; the red buoy on the southern end of Black-boy Rock E. by N. t N., distant two miles; and The tSouth Brother NE. E., distant a mile and three-quarters. Here is placed, in sixteen feet water, a red spar-buoy, (No. 6 ;) and between five and six hundred yards to the northward of it a black spar- buoy, (No. 1,) marking the northern end of the reef as well as the southern side of the Inshore Chan- nel to the Connecticut River. From this buoy Hatchett•s Point bears N NE., distant five-eighths of a tmile; The South Brother NE. i E., a mile and a half; and the southern extremity of Black Point E. N., two miles and five-eighths distant. 'Vhen past Hatchett's Reef do not approach Hatchett's Point nearer than five-eighths of a mile, as it is shoal on its eastern side for three hundred and fifty yards. Beyond this the dangers are the same as those described on the preceding page, and are met with in the same order. SAILING DIRECTIONS. IV. For approaching ti-Anchorage off F9ur lfCUe River fr9m, t;he Westumr.r.-Bring Saybrook Light-house to bear NW. by W. i W., distant nearly three miles and a quarter, the southern extrem- ity of Black Point ENE., three miles and five-eighths, and Plum Island Light-house SSE. Easterly, five miles and a half distant, and steer NE. i- E. until Black Point bears E. and Saybrook Light- house W. i N. Now steer N. i W., and anchor off the mouth of Four Mile River in from eleven to :fifteen feet at low water. The above courses pass three hundred yards to the eastward of the red spar-buoy on the southern end of Hatchett's Reef; betw:een eight and nine hundred yards to the eastward of the black spar-buoy on the northern end of that reef; three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of Hatchett's Point; two hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of John's Rock; six hundred yards to the westward of The South Brother; two hundred yards to the westward of the six feet rock to the southward of Goose Rock; and an eighth of a mile to the westward of the latter. Or, the NE. ! E. course may be oontinued until within six hundred yards of Gri~old's Island, ·where anchorage may be found in three fathoms, soft bottom. This course passes th~ighths of a mile to the southward of John's Rock; nearly :five-eighths of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on the southern end of Black-boy Rock; and four hundred and :fifty yiirds to the southward of The South Brother. CONNECTICUT RIVER. The entrance to this river ie about eleven miles and a half to the we1<tward of New London Entranee, and is about a mile in width, but is so surrounded by shoals as to render it extremely dangeroue to en1er it without a. pilot. Although ebooJ, it is one of the longe..t and most important rivers In New England. Tu.king its rise at Connecticut. La.ke, near the northern boundary of New Hampshire, Ii il.ows first to the ROnthwestwilrd, and then to tbe southward, forming the boundary line between the States -0f Nl'w Hampshire and Vermont. Thence it c - l!llusachusetts into Connecticut, which latter Stat<> it divides fnto two nearly equal parts, and finally empties into Long Island Sound. Throughout this whole length of mmrly three htllldt-ed miles it



CONNECTICUT RIVER. 405 i>' IJUite Hhallow, aml navigation for vessels of auy size is not possible beyond Hartfnrd,-fifty miles above its mouth. Owi~g tn its water-power, however, its 1mnks are the sites of important manufacturing towns, of which Green1leld and Sprtng1l.eld, m MassTahcheuPsaestttes~nanpdoiHntaortff ord and Haddam, in Connecticut, are the principal. Point, and sometimes Gris- New Breach Point. entr ance to Connecti cut River is called New Breach wold's Point. It is a lung, low, narrow and marshy point of land, facL'<i by a sand beach, which extends out from the mainland ju a nearly WNW. direction for half a mile. It is very foul in its approaches, and strangers must not attempt to come near it without the guidance ofa pilot. 'l'he western point of entrance to the river is called Lynde's Point, and between it and New Il1·each Lynde's Point. • Point the mouth of the river is a mile wide. Lyntle's Point is low, nearly level, and, at its eastern extremity, bare; but to the westward the land is somewhat higher, <lotted with houses, and has a. large hotel upon it, which is the most prominent ollject seen, with the exrt=>ption of the 1ight-l1ouse, un approa.cbing tLe river. . The light-house, which is called Saybrook Light-house, is built upon the ea.stern end of th<> pomt, and Saybrook Light- will appear a.s a tall white tower, with yellow dwelling-house at its base and a bell-frame of open-work house. close by. The tower is sixty-four feet high, and shows a fixed white light, of the fourth order, from a height of seventy-three feet above the sea, visible fourteen miles. Its geographical position is La.tltude •. ___________ •.•.•• --·· ___ ....•.••.•..•.•• ··- ---· •.. _ ••.. 410 16' 15\" N. Longitude __ ••••..•• ______ • ___ .... _•.• _..•. __ .•..•. __ .. _ .•.•• _••.•. 12° 201 36\" w., and it benre from Mlles. Ba.rtlett'a Reef Light-vessel, w. t N •• ·-- ••.•••.• - ••• - •• - • - •• - •••••••• -- ••• - • - ••• - ••••• ·-·. - - - •• - 9! Race Rock Light-house, W. by N. t N..••••. -- - --- •• --- • -- - - - ••• --- - . - - - - - - •. -·· - -- --- - ----- --·· - 13t Little GUll Isla.nd Light-bouse, NW. by W. i W. ·-- - - -· - •••• -·· ••••• -·· •• - ·- •••• -- •••.•••••••. - • -· llf Plum Isla.nd Light-house, NW. f N. --· ___ -- --- --- --- - -- --- • -- • -- - -- ---- -·-- ••• --· --- --- -- --- - ---- 8! The open-work tower near the light-house contains the fog,bell, which is struck by machinery, during Fog-signal. thick weather, at intervals of twelve seconds. Saybrook Point. In approaching Connecticut River from the Sountl, Saybrook Point anti the village of Saybrook will be seen on the We\"1tern bank, about three-quarters of a mile above Lyntle's Point. The point will appear low and nearly level, with a few trees at intervals, and thickly dotted with houses forming the eastern suburbs of tlie village. Say- brook itself is situated over a mile inland, and its thickly clustered houses will appear over the low land of Lynde's Neck. Sevnal wl1arves will be seen jutting out from the eastern face of Saybrook Point. Between Saybrook Point on the north and Lynde's Point on the south there makes in to the westward South Cove. a large cove, bare at low water, and called South Cove. It is ahout a mile and a.n eighth long, runs nearly due W., and has an average width of half a mile. Saybrook Point, on its northern sitle, is a peninsula seven- eighths of a mile long, extending nearly due B. from the mainland, and occupietl, as before remarked, by the ea,.fPrn suburbs of the village of Saybrook. On its northt>rn side another large cove makes in on the western shore, and is call.id Nortb Cove. It is likewise bare at low water, anti is oflittle importance. On the eastern bank of the river, a little to the northwestward of New Breach Point, will be seen a strip of white sand beach, apparently extending into the middle of th<J river. This is Poverty Island Beacb,-the southern extremity of Poverty Island, which ia a marshy island, a mile and a quarter Jong, lying close to the <>astern Poverty Island. bank of the river, from which it is sepll.l\"ated by a narrow and shallow stream called Baek River. This beaeb is the only firm ground on the lsland, and is quite remat·kable when seen from the bar. Its western extremity is ea.Bed Poverty Point, and off this point lie extensive flats, whieh, in connection with the flats between Saybrook and Lynde's points, diminish the width of the channel t-0 fonr hunmd yards. Between New Breach Point and Povet1y bland is a shallow pMeage, on eighth of a mile wid<J, leading into Griswold's Cove, Blackhall River, and Back River. Griswold's Cove is contained between New BN'Jl.Ch Point aml Blnckhall Point, which separates it from Blackball River. Blackball Point is low and level, cultivated Blackball Point. and settled, and shows somewhat steep faces to the southward. The small settlement of Blackha.ll is situated on this ]>Oint, about three-eighths of a mile back from tb<'> river bank. Oriawold'a Cove, which is bare at low water, lies betwl!€n Blackhall Point and New Breach Point· and Back River is a narrow stream rnnmng NW. and BE., and separa.ting Poverty Island from the mainland. ' Extensive flats lie o:tf the wee~:rn side of Poverty Island and are nearly all bare at low water. Near the western edge of the Ha.ts are the remains of two stone piers belonging to the disused shad-fishery. The southernmost is a mere pile of stone ~breast of Saybrook Point, and is called Be~,,~4 l'ier; and the other, which is less dilapidated, and is oppoeit<J to North Cove, IS called Nort.JI. Pier. ·,,,.. From North Cove the western shore of the river extends in a JfNE. direction for a mile and a half, and is composed of marsh, backed by nee.l'ly level, cultivated and well-settled land.a; and these ~in by an undulating graBBy country extending to the wooded hills in the dieta.noo. The eastern shore, which is also maNhy, extends in about a N. i W. direction, from Pov- erty Point, for a mHe and three-quarters, to Lyme Ferry. The mouth of Back River is a mile above Poverty Point, on this shore; and the mouth ofLleutenan.t.'s Jt.iveris a mile and five-eighths above the same point, and three hundred and fifty yards below Lyme Ferry. Lieutenant's River leads up to the village of Lyme; but neither it nor Ba.ck River is of any impot·tanoo. At Lyme Ferry the Connecticut River lil about six hundred yards wide, and this width it keeps for three-qua:rt.ers of a mile to the southern end of Calvlll8' bland, which lies close in with the eastern hank. The Shore-Line Railroad crosses the river at. Lyme Ferry. There are several old piers near the western bank, and one or two on the eastern bank, between Saybrook Point and Lyme Ferry. At the Ferry t~en. .is qaite a settlement on both sides of the river, which has grown up around the eastern and western ends of the ra.1lroad bridge, and on the east.em bank extends nearly to Lyms, which is five-eight11s of a mile inland. Above the Ferry l~e eat.em bank of the ~iv~r is much cut up by coves, with out-lying islands,--of which Calves' bland \"'the southernmost. This is a marsh ia]and, a.boilt Dine huudred yards long If. ands., and four Calves• lalaad.

406 ATLANTIC CQAST PILOT. hundred yards wide, lying close in with the eastern bank, with a shallow passage one hundred yards wide between it and the easter11 shore. Abreast of the middl!' of the if<land, n.nd about two hundred yards to the w<estward of it, will Calves' Island be ..een an iron column, painted black, and surmounted by a lantern. This is known as Cah·es' Island Beaoan. Beacon, is built upon a disused shad-pier on the eastern side of the channel, and shows a fixed whit., light of the sixth order, visible five miles. Tim channel passes to the westward of this light and to the eastward of a large pier known as St. Croix Pier, and is about an eighth of a mile wide. Goose Island. Two hundred yards to the northward of Calves' Island lies Goose fala.nd, also marshy. It is half a mile lang, and nearly triangular in shape,-its greatest width being nearest its northern end, where it is seven hundred yards wide. It lies in the mouth of Lord's Cove, a large but shallow indentation on the eastern bank of the ·, river, and has a passage an eighth of a. mile wide between it and the eastern shore, and another, two hundred yards wi1le, between it and Lord's Point,-the western point of entrance to the cove. The eastern shore of Lord's Cove is compot;ed of gently sloping land, cleared, cultivated n.ncl settled; while its northern \"ml eastern shores are formed by marsh known as Ely's Meadow, a.nd which extends from J,ord's Point, along the eastern bank of the river, t-0 Ely's Ferry, a mile ancl three-quarters above. Natt's Island. A little over half a mile above Lord\"s Point is another marshy i~land. about \"even·eightlui of a mile long, called Nott's Island. It lies nearest the eastern bank,-being separated therefrom by a shallow pas- sage abvut a lrnntlre<l and fifty yards wi<lo, but which is obstructed and rendered unfit fo1· safe naYigation hy a marshy falet lying midway between Nott's L!land and the eastern bank. The northern end of Nott's Island is_half a mile Lelow Ely's J<~erry, which is situated at the base of a steep, partly wooded hill, known as Ely's Hill, about three-quarters of a mile above thto village of Essex. The western bank of the river, above Calves' L!larnl, runs to the northwestward for about a mile and a half to the southern point of entrance to Essex Harbor, and nearly opposite to the southern end of Nott's Island. The land is rliversified with marsh, cleared and cultivated fields and woods; and is of moderate height, with a very gentle rise, extending to the higher lands to the westward. Essex Harbor. Essex Harbor is directly opposite to Nott's Island, and is formed by a large eove of irregnlar shape indenting the western bank of the river. This cove is about nine hundred yards ·wide between its northern and southern points, but is much obstructed, and its available width diminished, by a marsh island, called Tha;tch-Bed Island, half a mile Jong in a J!(W. and SE. dit\"ection, lying almost exactly in the middle of the eove, and separating the harbor into two p[l.rts,-that t-0 the northward being, known as North Cove, a.nd that to the southward South Cove. The village of Essex occupie\" the northern nnd western shores of this cove; but its principal wharf-line is on the northern side. .Above E.,..ex no description of the banks of the river wonld be of use to navigators, as it is not possible to pass beyon<l the village withont a pilot. In fact, strangers should never attempt to croBB Saybrook Bar unless compelled by sheer nece~sity to do so. The bottom is of shifting sand, and every heary gale or freshet canst>!!< the channel to change its position. Seven met at low water is all that can be counted on in crossing this bar, and the jetties built by the United States Engineers have thu\" far been unsuccessful in deepening the channel. Five and a half feet at low water may be taken up to EssPx, and about te-n feet at high water as far as Hartford; but the channel is narrow, crooked, and obstructed by the exceedingly dangerom1 shad-pi<'rs, (as they are called,) moot of which are under water at high tide, and some of them exactly in the middle of the channel. Uy the system of improvements now in progress under the direction of the Chief of Engineers it is expected to obtain a depth of fourteen feet at mean low water over Saybrook Bar, and ten feet at mean low water up to Hartford. Sailing-vessels cannot go above Middletown, which is twenty miles above Essex:. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING CONNECTICUT RIVER. I. From, the EcstuJa-WI by the Sowthea.tlt Clw<n-..z.-The mouth or Connecticut River is sur- rounded by a very dangerous bar of shifting sand, known as Saybrook Bar, and which forms an insur- mountable obstacle to strangers. This bar extends to the southeastward from Lynde's Point for a mile and three-quarters, shifts with every gale of wind or freshet, and can only be crossed with the assist- ance of a pilot. A red spar-buoy, locally known as the \"Sound Buoy,\" is placed Sa,Tbroolc Bar. on lts southern extremity in three fathoms water, with Saybrook Light-house bearinrr NW.! N., distant a mile and three-quarters, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel W. by seenS. t s., dist.ant nearly three miles and a half. About nine hundred yards to the eastward of this buoy will be another spar-buoy, painted whit.e and black in perpendicular stripes, which marks the middle of the entrance to the Southeast Channel. When up with this buoy the course leads directly for the light-house; and three perpendicularly striped buoys will be met with and passed in regular order. The northernmost buoy, which is known as the \"Inner Buoy,\" is about one hundred yards ro the eastward of Saybrook Beacon.* 3a.T6rook Say-brook Beacon is a stone structure, conical in shape, painted white_. and sur- Beacon. mounted by an iron spindle with a ball on top. It is placed about a quarter of a mile E SE. from the light-house, on a pile of stones belonging to a disused shad-fishery, and marks the western limira of the channel. When up with the ;Inner Buoy, the course toms more to the northward towards Saybrook Point; and there are no dangers except the nearly dry flats on both sides. • Middle and Inner buoys will probably be removed, n.s the channel ls now straight.

CONNECTICUT RIVER. 407 SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR .APPROACHING .A.ND E~TERING CONNECI'ICUT RIVER. I. .Fro>n tli,e ~-war•l by f;lu~ Sau:t1,,_,a c1~annel.-This channel is most commonly used by vessels from the eastward, while those from the westward use the Main or \\Vestern Channel. The tcourse pursued by those acquainted with the bar, as late fill 1877, was to steer W. N. from Bartlett's -Reef Light-vessel until Cornfield Point Light-vessel bore W. by S. and Saybrook Light-house NW. t w. This latter course, if steered, brought them up with the perpendicularly-striped buoy at the entrance; fro= which the course was continued towards the light-house, keeping Saybrook Beacon open a little to the southward of it, and passing close to Outer and :Middle bar-buoys. \\Vhen abreast of the Inner bar-buoy, which is about one hundred yards to the eastward of tl1e beacon, they are accustomed to steer N NW., about for the Railroad Depot on Saybrook Point, which cannot be mis- taken. Passing the point at a distance of two hundred yards, N. by E. t E. will lead to the draw in the railroad bridge at Lyme Ferry, above which no directions can be given. Nor can the above directions be implicitly relied upon, on ac.,'(,>ount of the liability of the bar to change. The jetties built by the United States Engineers have thus far not been successful in deepening the channel. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING CO~NEC.,'TICUT RIVER. II. .Front, f;he Wedward by f;h.e I.Un or Wed Clur.nnez.-Vessels intending to cnfur the Con- necticut River from the westward pass to the northward of Long Sand Shoal; and when Saybrook Light-house bears NE. ! E. steer to the northeastward to\"''llrds New Breach Point. On this course there will soon be seen, a little to the southward, a red can-buoy.* This is known as \"Starboard Bar Buoy,\" and is plaoed in two fathoms on the southern edge of the bar,-the channel passing between it and the southern end of the western jetty. When past this buoy, the course turns to the northward and passes to the westward of Saybrook Beacon, already described on page 406 as a conical stone beacon surmounted by an iron spindle and ball. Beyond the beacon the dangers are the same as those met with in coming in by the Southeast Channel. SAILING DIRECTIONS • FOR .APPROACHING .AND ENTERING CONNECTICUT RIVER. II. FrMB t;he Wedu>ar4 bu 'the Iain 011\" West Ch.annel.-On the course E. Southerly through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when past Cornfield Point, and Saybrook Light-house bears NE. i E., distant about two miles, steer NE. by E. t E., which will bring you up with Starboard Bar buoy. Pass about midway between this buoy and the end of the western jetty, and steer N. for the light-house until you come abreast of Saybrook Beacon. Now haul gradually to the eastward, steering about NE. by N ., so as to pass about midway between the beacon and the light-house; and then haul to the northward arowid Saybrook Point, giving it a berth to the westward of about two hundred and fifty yards. .A.s soon as the Railway Depot on Saybrook Point bears :N NW. steer for it, and follow the directions given above. LIGHT-HOUSE. NA.'IOI:. Latitude. Longitud0 \\Vest. IHeight Di,.tance ~·isible in k:vbrOOk: LiCb'·laouae. __ •••..• _• ___ .. 0 '\" In are. In time. Fixed or above nautical \"1 16 15 0 ,\" h. m. s. Revoh·ing. sea- miles. f: ·19 2il.4 level. '19 :110 86 Fixed. Feet. lf: 73 rIDES. lOb 9\"' Oorrecte4EatabHMbmeat............. ··------·-·· ...... ...... ...... ... ••• ...... ...... ...... 4. Oft. 11eaa. RI.IHI a.n.4 Pall of titles ______ •• ~............................................. • •• • • • • •• • But few obllervatioue for tidee have been made in this vicinity, and the above are, therefore, only approximate.

408 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. The set of the tidal current, especially that of the floo<l, on Saybrook Bar IB somewhat remarkable. Young flood sets nearly due W., and, as the tide progresses, the set gradually changes to the northwestward and northward until about two hours before high water, when it sets NB. until the tide is done. Thus, at no time during the flood, can a ve,.sel be said to have a favorable tide for entering. During the Spring freshets the ebb is said by the pilots to set near~y SW. during the whole of the tide; but under ordinary circumstances the mirrent of ebb follows the same conditions as that of the flood. The only observations made by the Coast Survey were taken about a quarter of a mile to the southwestward of Saybrook Bar buoy, and their results will be found embodied in the following TABLE. IISecond Quarter. Third Quarter. Flood or LOCALITY. 11- Drift. i ISet. Drift. Ebb. I' -- Set. Flood.. IFour hundred ya.rd.aw sw. of Ba.ybrook Bar buoy { 1 wE..btyNS..·i· -S-..• -- -- -- -- -· 0.82 -----1W iN•••••i••----1.45 Ebb. l . '1\"1 E. 1.42 SE. by E. .I II The set in the above table is magnetic, and the drift in nautical miles per hour. VABIATION OF THE COMPASS. The magnetic variation off Saybrook Bar iB, for 1878, 9° 161 W., with an annual increase of 2!' nearly. WESTBROOK HARBOR. This anchorage lies cm. the north shore of Long Island Sound, and uft' the mouth of Menunketesuck River, about three miles and a half t-0 the westward of Cornfield Point. It has been already described on page 334. The northern shore of this l1arbor is formed by low, level and cultivated land, extending to within three-quarters of a mile of the mouth of Menunketesuck River, where marsh land takes its place. The harbor is only of importance as an anchorage, as both the lllenunketesuck and Westbrook ri»ers are nearly dry at low water,_ and no detailed description of them will be of any avail to mariners. The western point of entrance tu the harbor is known as :m:en'Ullkewsuck Pot!ll.t, and is low, nearly level and grassy, with eandy faces protedoo hy a line of boulders at th<>ir base. A single small white house stands upon this point nea-r its southern end ; and the point itself, which extends in a south9'18terly direction for about five-eighths of a mile, forms a natural b-rea.kwater, prutecting the hnrbor from westerly winds. About a mile and a quarter to the northeastward ofMenunketesuck Point, and four hundred yards from the north shore of the Sound, lies Salt Island, about a hundred and fif\\y yards long. It is low and rocky, destitute of trees, connected with the shore at low water_.and marks the eastern point of entrance to this harbor. DANGERS IN APPROACHING AND ENTERING WESTBROOK HARBOR. I. Pro._ ri.e B48hf1a.r4..-Vessels which have come through the North C.hanncl of Long Island Sound, and wish to enter Westbrook Harbor, continue on the W. Northerly course until Cornfield Point bears NE. -f E., and Cornfield Point Light-vessel SE. k E.; when the course leads to the north- westward, and there will soon be seen, a little to the eastward, a red spar-buoy. Crans Reaf. This is on Crane Reef, a detached shoal, about six hundred yards long in a N. ands. direction, with four feet at mean low water. The buoy is placed on its southern end in three fathoms, is marked No. 12, and bears from the spindle on The Hen and Chickens (between the reef and Cornfield Point) W. t S., distant seven-eighths of a mile, and from Cornfield Point Light- vesscl NW. ! N., distant a little over two miles. · When past the buoy on Crane Reef, vessels beating in must be careful not to /llenunfc6tN11ck stand too close to Menunketesuck Point, on account of Menunketesuck Point Shoal, Point Shoal. which extends from the point in a S SE. direction for seven hundred yards, has less than eight feet upon it at low water, and is not buoyed. It is the southwestern extremity of the extensive flab makiR1J.. off front the ?Wrlhern Bhore of .JVatbrook Harbor, and mus£ be carefully avoided. These flats form the principal obstructio~ to the harbor, and have several prominent rooks within their bol.lndaries. Of these, the :first met with is formed by the remains of a shad~pier, (n<>w disused,) and knowi;i as Old Pier, which lies half a mile N NE. from Olrl Pier. 1'Ienunket.esack Point, and the same dist.a.nee to the eastward of the mouth of the river. A line of rockB lies about an eighth of a mile to the eastward of Old Pier; and a bare rook, called orGreat or Lob8ter Book, lies three hundred yards NE. by 1'1'. t '!i. from the Pier, and a quarter Qf a mile from the n~rth shore· the harbor. These a.re all the dangers. .A.oohorage is found in from seven to twelve feet, with good holding-gronnd, and siIBlt.er in nortlierly and northwesterly winds.

WESTBROOK HARBOR. 409 SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR APPROACHING AND ENTERING WESTBROOK HARBOR. I. p,.- the EashDard.-On the course W. Northerly through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, when Cornfield Point bears NE. i E., a mile and seven-eighths, and Cornfield Point Light- vessel SE. f E., a mile and a half distant, you will have seven fathoms, and NW. by N. i N. will lead safely to the anchorage. The lead should be kept going after ~assing Cmne Reef, and, as the water shoals very gradually, a vessel will, by this means, be enabled to choose her anchorage according to draught. Good shelter in northerly and westerly winds will be found about half a mile from the north shore, in ten feet water, with Cornfield Point bearing E. by S. ! s., and the southern end of Menunketesuck Point SW.! W. The above courses pass four hundred yards to the westward of the red buoy on Crane Reef; three-quarters of a mile to the eastward of Menunketesuck Point; three-eighths of a mile to the east- ward of the rocks off Old Pier; half a mile to the westward of Salt Island; and three-eighths of a. mile to the eastward of Lobster Rock. There is al- a-tAer eluznnel from the :Etudward by which vessels may enter Westbrook Harbor and anchor, either under Cornfield Point, or Menunketesuck Point; but it is not recommended to strangers,-not being buoyed. It leads on the northern side of Cornfield Point Shoal, and between Cornfield Point and The Hen and Chickens; to the northward of Crane Reef; and thence into the harbor. There are a number of very dangerous shoals \"lo the We8tward of Cornfield Point which are not buoyed; and it would not be safe, therefore, for strangers to attempt this passage. tY-sei. ifttendinu to eftl:er bu thi,. eAannel, when Saybrook Light-house bears NW. by N. N., distant a mile and three-quarters, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel w. by s. ! S., distant three miles and three-eighths, (or, in other words, when they have just passed Saybrook Bar buoy and are in the entrance to the North Channel,) steer W. by N. ! N., which course leads, with not less than three and a half fathoms, past Cornfield Point. On this course, if they intend to anchor under Cornfield Point, they bring the spindle on The Hen and Chickens to bear S. and steer N., anchoring, MCOrding to draught, in from ten to fifteen feet at low water. These courses pass four hundred yards to the northward of the red buoy on Cornfield Point Shoal ; a quarter of a mile to the southward of Cornfield Point ; six hundred and fifty yards to the northward of the spindle on The Hen and Chickens; three hundred and fifty yards to the southward, ~d six hundred yards to the westward, of the bare rock half a mile to the westward of Cornfield Point; seven hundred yards to the westward of the reef of rocks half a mile to the northward of Cornfield Point; and three hundred yards to the westward of the rock awash off the mouth of Oyster River. Bta, 'tCitlhinu to rzn.eh.or •• \"JV-U.rook HarfHH-, the W. by N. ! N. course should be continued until the northern end of Duck Island bears W. l S., and is nearly on with the southern extremity of Menunketesuck Point. Here the depth will be fifteen feet, and NW. by N. JN. will lead to the anchorage, as before described. These courses pass seven hundred yards tD the northward of the spindle on The Hen and Chickens; :five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the red buoy on the southern end of Crane Reef, and eight hundred yards to the northward of the northern end of the reef; nine hundred yards to the south- ward of the long reef off Old Kelsey's Point; three-quarters of a mile t:o the eastward of Menunkc- tesuck Point; half a mile t.o the w€Stward of Salt Island; and three-eighths of a mile to the east\\'l.'ard of Lobster Rook. 2'1-re \"-Ako a f1eo4 ~. dou-t foftr l&IU&dred ..,_. ~. and with from two to three and a half fathoms in it, which leads to. the northwestwardJ between Cornfield Point and the bare rock ~a~ a mile to the westward of it, and thence to the anchorage off the mouth of Oyster River. But it IS used only. by those who are local piloi8; and must never be attempted by strangers. The same remark is true of the pas80f}e between The. Hen. and Chickens and Orane Reef, which is nine hundred yards wide, with not less than fifteen feet at low wat.er. In eases of emergency this channel may Le usecJ by bringing Cornfield Point Light,.;vessel to bear SE. by s. t S., and st.eering NW. by N. t N., which will lead directly towards Salt Island. Great care must be exercised, however, in keeping the range, as the current oi' both :flood Wld ebb set.a directly B.CroBS the course. C. P.-62 ..

410 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sailing Direc- II. eo-lng fr- the We.dU>ard, t.; enter Westbrook Harbor.-On the course tions --- /,Vest- E. Southerly through Long Island Sound, when off Kelsey's Point, with Hammo- brook Harbor. :nasset Point bearing NW. ! W., distant two miles and three-eighths, Duck Island NE. i N., one mile and seven-eighths, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel E. by S., distant nearly five milc.s, st.ccr NE. by E. l E., which course will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to *abreast of Menunketesuck Point. On this course, when ~lenunketesuck Point bears NW. by N. N., distant balf a mile, Cornfield Point E. Southerly, three miles, and Cornfield Point Light-vessel SE.! E., distant three miles and three-eighths, steer N NE., if intending to anchor on the Westbrook side; or E. by N. ! N. for tl1e anchora,,o-e off the mouth of Oyster River. The courses for \\Vcstbrook Harbor pass three-eighths of a mile to the southward of the shoal south of Duck Island; three hundred yards to the southward of Mcnunkctcsuck Point Shoal; six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the rocks off Old Pier; eight hundred yards to the east- ward of Lobster Rock; and seYen hundred yards to the westward of Salt Island. The course for the anchorage off Oyster River passes seven-eighths of a mile to the northward of the red buoy on the southern end of Crane Reef; five-eighths of a mile to the northward of the northern end of that reef; and a hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the reef off Old Kelsey's Point. ANCHORAGE BETWEEN MENUNKETESUCK POINT AND KELSEY'S POINT. On the western side of Menunketesuck Point the north s]lOre of the Sound forms a large semicircular cove, in which anchorage is found in from eight t-0 eighteen feet at l-0w water. It is alm-0st entirely unobstructed, and may be entered with safety, from the eastward, by passing between Menunketesuck Point and Duck faland ; and, from the westward, by passing between the latter and Kelsey's Point. Its shores are shout equally divided between marsh a.nd grass lands,-the latter having steep faces, varying in hejght from ten to forty feet. Jn the vicinity of Lewia' Land1Dg, however, which is nearly midway between Menunket.esuck and Kelsey's points, there is a large grove of tre.,.., with several houses on the bluff, which is here about fifty feet high. A wharf, about a hundred and fifty yards long, extends out from the base of the bluff to the edge of the six fwt curve; and there are several large houses, in the midst of ornamental grounds, a little over half a mile to the east- ward of the wharf, and about two hundred yards back f,.om the shore. Kelsey's Point. Jilenunketeauck Point hru< been already described on page 408. Kelsey's Point, the western point of entrance to the cove, is level and grassy, with steep faces twenty feet high, end bare ledges cropping out over its surface; and a dilapidated dwelling upou it. Seen from the east,ward, low thick woods appear behind the point, and in the diBtance high hills,-one of which pNsents a remarkable appearance, as if the summit and middle part wer\" composed of bare sand, while the rest is wooded. The point ia shoal, and must not be approached from the southward nearer than three- quarters of a mile. Duck Island. .About five-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Menunk::etesuck Point lies a grass-covered islet, about thirty feet high, =lled Duck Island. lt is about two hundred and fifty yards long N. and S., about fifty yards wide, has perpendicular faces about ten feet high, and is surrounded by boulders. Shoal water (less than twelve 1eet) extends from it to the southward for three hundred and fifty yards, and to the northward the same distance; hut a good passage, ill no place less than three hundred ya1·ds wide, and with not less than twelve f.,et water, leads between the island and Memmketesnck Point, and is commonly used by vessels from the eastward seeking an anchorage. This paaaage is formed by a gully, with from two to seven futhoms water in it, scooped out between the island and the rocks to the w....tward of Menun- ketesnck Point. DANGERS. Crane Reef. I. From.~l&eE&Btu.ara.-In approaching this anchorage from the eastward, from the North Channel, it is necessary to look out for Crane Reef, already described on page 408 as a detached shoal about six hundred yards long N. ands.• with four feet at low water. It is marked by a red spar-buoy (No. 12) placed on its southern end in three fathoms, with the spindle on The Hen and Chickens bearmg E. t N-. distant seven-eighths of a mile; Cornfield Point Light- vessel SE. t S., a little over two miles; the southern end of Menunketesuck Point NW. by W. -f W., a mile and seven-cighths; and the southern end of Duck Island W. by :N. l :N., distant a little over two miles and a quarter To avoid this reef, vessels intending t.o enter this harbor should not stand to the eastward of Cornfield Point Light-vessel bearing SE. Menunketeauolr When past Crane Reef, look out, on the north side of the channel, for Menun- Paint Shoal. keteeuck Point Shoal, whk-h extends from the southern end of the point in a S SE. direction for about seven hundred yanls, \"with less than eight feet water. For a.bout one hundred and fifty yards of this distance the shoal is bare at low water. Two small rocks, always out, are noticeable on approaching this reef, and are called the Coot Rocks. The Coot Rocb. northernmost, which is a hundred and :fifty yards from the southern end of the point, is called Inner Cbot Rock; and the southernmost, two hundred and fifty yards from the point, is known as Ouier Cbot &ck. Vessels of twelve feet draught must give the Outer Coot Rock a berth t.o the northward of about two hundred yards, in Order to -avoid. this shoal.

LONG ISLAND SOUND. 411 no not approach the west:ern side of Duck Island nearer than ·:five-eighths of a mile, if you draw more than nine feet, as there is a very long shoal m..aking off to the eastward from the -island for over five hundred yards, with from t:en to twelve feet upon it. Also, give ~Ienunkete- suck Point a berth to the eastward of not less than four hundred yards to avoid the lfenunketesuck dangerous rocks, known as :Menunket:esuck Le<lges, which lie to the westward of it. ledges. These ledges are detached from the mainland, (with a channel between them and the point two hundred yards wide, with from ten to fifteen feet water,) and cover an area a hundred -and fifty yards long N. and S. by fifty yards wide. They are in places bare at low wat:er, and in others have from two to five feet upon them, and are not buoyed. To avoid them it is necessary to give the point the wide berth to the eastward mentioned above. There is a small detached rock, with, four feet at mean low water, about forty yards to the westward of the main shoal, '1.rith twelve feet close to it; but the sailing-lines pass well to the westward of it. If beating up to the anchorage, give the northern end of Duck IR1and a berth Duck Island to the southward of not less than four hundred yards, in order to avoid Duck Island North Reef. North Reef, which makes off in a N NE. direction from the northern end of the island for about three hundred yards, with less than twelve feet at mean low water. The shoal of the reef has from two to six feet upon it, and five feet is found nearly three hundred yards from the northern end of the island. It is not buoyed; and this fact, in connection with the absence of buoys on the other obstructions, renders this channel unsafe for strangers. Beyond Duck Island North Reef there are no dangers, except one on two small shoals so near the shore as not to be in the way. SAILING DIRECTIONS. I. ..li'.rona. the Eastft'a'l\"tl.-On the W. Northerly course through the North Channel of Long Island Sound, bring Cornfield Point Light-vessel to bear SE. :f E., and steer NW. :f W., carrying not less than eighteen feet water, until you come abreast of the southern end of Duck Island bearing SW. ! S., about six hundred and fifty yards distant, and the house on Mcnunketesuck Point bears E. by N. i N., three-eighths of a mile distant. Here you will have four fathoms, with the southern end of the wharf at Lewis' Landing bearing NW. i N., and that course will lead safely to the anchorage. The water shoals very gradually, and vessels will anchor according to their draught, and \"will be well sheltered from northerly and easterly winds. The above courses pass half a mile to the southwestward of Crane Reef; an eighth of a mile to the southward, and the same distance to the westward, of ~Ienunket:esuck Point Shoal ; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Menunketesuck Ledges; one hundred yards to the northeastward of the northeastern extremity of the shoal making off from the east:ern sid~ of Duck Island; and two hundred yards to the eastward of the extremity of Duck Island North Reef. W.1. or, on tlo,e Northerly course, as &efo.-e, when Cornfield Point Light-vessel bears SE. by E. f E., Menunket:esuck Point NW. ! N., and Cornfield Point NE. by E. i E., with Falkner's Island directly ahead, steer NW. t N., which course will lead directly for the wharf at Lewis' Landing, passing seven-eighths of a mile to the southwestward of Crane Reef; three hundred. yards to the west- '\\Vard of Menunket:esuck Point Shoal; a little over one hundrOO. yards to the eastward of the shoal making off f~m the eastern side of Duck Island; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Menun- ket:esuck Ledges; and J;learly three hundred yards to the eastward of the extremity of Duck Island North R.eef. 2. But, wlsMng to enter t\"l&e laarior ,.., ~fl to fhe aoutl&..,ard\" of Dwek I814nd, and 'hen between fAe #Mana and Belseu's ..Pvn.u:.-On the W. Northerly course through the North Channel of L-Ong Island Sound, when Duck Island bears N. ! W., distant a mile and three-eighths, and Kelsey's Point NW.• dist.ant about two miles and three-eighths, steer NW. by N. ! N., which \"\\\\'ill lead safely to the anchorage. If beating in you must not approach the southern end of Duck Island nearer than three-eighths of a mile, to a-void I>tuJk Isla.,J/, Soitth Reef, which makes off to the southward, about four hundred yards, with 1035 than twelve feet wat:er. Six feet at low water is found upon tl1is reef an eighth of. a mile from the southern end of the is.land; and as it is not buoyed, care should be taken to give the island a good berth to the northward. A good rule is not to stand to the northward of Falkner's Island Light-hoUS& bearing W. i- S. until you are to the westward of the reef. Also, on the westerly tack, vessels should give Kelsey's Point a berth t.o the northward of a mile to avoid Kel.8ey's Point Bhoals, whicli make off from that point in a. south_wester1y direction for three-quarters of a mile, and