Atlantic Coast Pilot - Boston to New York -1878

550 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. General Cour$BS Should the depth be twenty-one fathoms, following shortly after soundings of for approach- fifteen, you are probably over the Twenty-one Fathom Hole, and Sandy Hook ing flew York Light-vessel bears N. by W. ! W., distant seven miles and two-thirds. This latter Entrance. sounding is not, however, so certain an indication of position as that of twenty- three fathoms above mentioned, as it occurs also on the western edge of the Twenty-three Fathom Hole. When up with Sandy Hook Light-vessel, follow the directions for entering the bay and ha:rbor given on page 537. In· thick weather the shriek of the whistling-buoy will certainly be heard, even though the light-vessel be not visible, as it is reported as having been distinctly heard at a distance of :live miles. 'Vhen heard it may be safely steered for. Sldps fr.nn Eu,-ope 8e-eH7ne8 prefe,- te P-• a.beat thlrtu -ll-es t:a the So'Uf;li,ward ef Qp,o,-ge•s Bla.o41~-In this case they will strike soundings in about eighty-five fathoms, in Latitude 41° 20' N., Longitude 66° 5' W.; after which, as they proceed to the westward (the course being about W. t s.) the depth will rapidly decrease to fifty fathoms, and then to thirty-seven, \"white and grey sand with broken shells,\" in Latitude 41° 13' N., Longitude 66° 45' \"\\V. This depth will continue until the meridian of 67° W. has been passed; after which it will gradually decrease,-the depth found ranging from thirty to thirty-five fathoms. In the longitude of The Georges the depth will be about thirty- six fathoms, \"fine grey sand and black specks;\" and, when off Nantucket, there will be thirty-five fathoms, \"fine white and grey sand,\"-the southeastern end of the island be-a.ring N., distant forty- eight miles, and Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel N. ! E., distant twenty-seven miles and a half. From this position a W. -f :N. course made good will lead directly to Sandy Hook Light-vessel. The soundings on this course will deepen to forty fathoms, \"green ooze,\" in Latitude 40° 27' N., Longi- tude 70° 30' W. On crossing the :Block Island Channel, from forty-three to forty-five fathoms, \"green and black mud,\" will be found,-BloCk Island bearing N. by W., forty-seven and a half miles distant. After passing the meridian of Montauk the depth will gradually decrease until Sandy Hook Light-vessel is reached. From the light-vessel the directions for entering the bay should be followed. (See page 537. Also, see Current Chart of Gulf of Maine, and Appendix: No. I in explanation of that chart.) Should the soundings suddenly decrease from fifteen to ten fathoms, rocky bottom, when, by the reckoning, the vessel should be within from fifteen to twenty miles of the light-vessel, she is to the southward of a W. f N. course, and is over the Cholera Bank,-from the eastern end of which Sandy Hook Light-vessel bears W. by N. t N., distant eighteen miles. (In this connection consult also JXlo\"'C 549, with reference to course of procedure when in doubt as to the ship's position.) Should the weather be thick, and the soundings, when you judge yourself near the coast, deepen suddenly from fifteen futhoms to twenty-three fathoms, you are well to the southward of the true course,-having struck the Twenty-three Fathom Hole, from which Sandy Hook Light-vessel bears NW. by N. t N .• distant five miles and a half. Care must be exercised in approaching the coast in thick weather; and it is best to make some allowance for a westerly and southerly current, as it is better for a vessel to be to the eastward of her computed position than to the westward of it. The usual allowance for drift (see also page 549) is twelve miles for every twenty-four hours; but in strong northerly or northeasterly winds a greater allowa.noo must be made, according to the judgment and experience of the navigator. In all cases during thick weather, should a sounding of ten fathoms or less be obtained when you judge yourself near the entrance, the ship's head should at once be put off shore until the weather clears up or you am get hold of the light-vessel. The tidal current has little effect upon the vessel's course until you are near the entrance, when it must be taken into account. Ebb sets to the southeastward about a mile an hour, and thus assists the coast current, which sets to the southwestward. Flood sets to the northward, and northwestward, and has little effect uutil you are fairly in the Qhannels of the bay. Its velocity is from half to three-quarters of a mile an 11our. Aiming ~• .IHI- ~ ~ ~. aae SoldA_,.., of N~, (as some na.vigators do,) you will strike soundings on the eastern edge of. George's Bank in about eighty fathoms, •'white sand and broken shells,\"-the eastern edge of the bank being very abrupt. You will paSl!I abont iol'ty-,ftve ;miles to the southward of George's Shoal,-croasing the :meridian of 67° W. in Latitude 41° N.ta.ndsonnding over the Bank in from thirty-eight t.o fifty fathoms. The depth Will increase to l'Je'1'~tf ~ on

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 551 approaching the meridian of Na.ntucket, and diminish again as soon as you have General Courses passed the southern end <Jf the Shoals. \"\\Vith ihe southeaswrn end of Nantucket for approach- bearing N., distant seventy miles, you will have fifty-two fathoms, \"mud and fine ing New Yark sand;\"' Da.,---is' South Shoal Light-vessel will bear N. :P'E., distant forty-nine miles, Entrance. and the course may be shaped for Sandy Hook W. by N. t N., leading directly for the light-ve...Q,.5€1. The soundings will gradually increase as Block Islancl Channel is approached, ,V.,where, in Latitude 40° 12' N., Longitude 71° 5' there will be seventy-five fathoms, \"green ooze,\"-Block Island bearing N. by W., sixty-two and a half miles distant. From this positioQ. the soundings will gradually diminish, and you will strike thirty fathoms, \"grey sand,\" in Lati- tude 40° 18' N., Longitude 72° 16' W., with Shinnecock Light-house bearing N. l W., distant thirty-six miles. This depth will continue for about fifteen miles, and then the ·water will gradually shoal until you strike the eastern edge of the Cholera Bank, where you will have ten and eleven fathoms, rQCky bottom. .After crossing this bank the soundings will deepen until you strike fifteen fathom.J:t, when you will be within six miles and a half of tl1e light-ves.....:el. If you should not strike soundings on the Cholera Bank,.and get nothing less than fourteen to sixteen fathoms, the probabilities are that you are to the southward of the true course, and must steer more to the northward to make the light-vessel. (In this connection, see also the remarks on page 548 in reference to the Twenty-three Fathom Hole, and to the course to be pursued in thick weather when near the coast.) Al-'-u t;a pa41s ~ul...eu - a - t:o the Sovt:l1,-wa~d of N-tuckt>,t;, (a not infrequent course,) you will not strike soundings in Jess than one hundred fathoms until you are to the westward of the southeast- ern end of the. Shoals, where you will have about seventy fathoms, \"mud and fine sand,\" with the southeastern end of Nantucket bearing N., distant eighty miles. From this position, W. by N.-! N. will lead directly up to Sandy Hook Light-vessel. On coming into Block Island Channel the depth will be about eighty fathoms, \"green ooze,\"-Block Island bearing N. by W., distant sixty-nine miles. :From this P<JSition the depth will gradually diminish until you strike thirty fathoms, in Latitude 40° 16' N., Longitude 72° 21' W. On reaching the edge of the Cholera· Bank you will have eleven fathoms, rocky bottom, rapidly shoaling to ten fathoms; and Sandy Hook Light-vessel will bear W. by N. !!- N., dist.ant eighteen miles. The soundings on the bank (from ten to \"twelve fathoms) will continue for five miles and a half; after which the water will deepen gradually; and when you get fifteen fathoms you will be si:x: miles and a half from the light-vessel. When up with her, follow the directions for entering the bay on page 537. Failing to strike soundings on the Cholera Bank, and bretting nothing less than fourteen or sixteen fathoms, you are, in all probability, to the southward of the true course, and must steer more to the northward in order t-0 make the light-vessel. (In this -a-connection, consult also page 548 in reference to the Twenty-three Fathom Hole, and t.o the soundings on the J e:rsey coast.) YeBsd.s u:ihkh. a.tna. t:o> pa.BS 416-t: ntndtl t:o> t:he. So'ldh.twa.ra of .21.-a.niueT~et: should endeavor to make the meridian of 68° 35' W. in Latitude 39° 43' N., (from which position the southeastern end of Nantucket bears J!f'., distant ninety miles,) and steer W. by N. ! N. for Sandy Hook Light- vessel. On this course soundings will 1irst be found in less than one hundred fathoms in Latitude 40° N., Longitude 71° 17' W., when Block Island will bear N. t W., distant S€Venty-one miles. From this position the depth will gradually decrea.se,-forty fathoQls, \"blue mud and sand,\" being found in Latitude 40° 7' N., Longitude 72° W.; thirty fathoms in Latitude 40° 14' N., Longitude 72° 37' W.; twenty fathoms in Latitude 40° 20' N., Longitude 73° 11 1 W~; fifteen fathoms in Latitude 40° 22' N., Longitude 73° 22' \"\\V.; and the southwestern edge of the Cholera Bank will be reached in Latitude 40° 531 N., Longitude 73° 34' W., with eleven fathoms, rocky bottom,- - Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing W. by l!f'. ! N., distant fourteen miles. The water will now gradually deepen to sixteen fathoms, which will be found five miles nnd a lialf to the eastward of the Jight-vessel. When in the vicinity of 72° 30' W ., s/wul,d the waler deepen from thirf:y-fi/lJe to fifty fatlwms, the vessel is well to the southward of the true course, and over the Fifty Fathom Hole,-Sandy Hook Light-vessel }>earing rw. by W- l W., distant sixty-eight miles. The bottom will be grey sand and black specks, and the 'Vessel should haul to the northward,-a.Uowing at least half a point for the westerly :set of· the oon-ent if ~·wind be to the eastward or northeastward.

552 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. General Courua Failing to strike soundings on the Cholera Bank, but getting, on the contrary, for approach- fourteen fathoms when he judges himself in its vicinity, the navigator is, in all ;ng New York probability, to the southward of his proper course, and sh-Ould haul to the northward Entrance. until the water shoals to ele\"\"'n and thirteen fathoms. (See, also, remarks concerning the Twenty-three Fathom Hole and the soundings on the Jersey coast, on pnge 548.) Sa.Uin,g .,es.els ~ween Englaad aad Neu> :J:\"ork pursue various routes, according to the judgment and experience of their commanders,-some using the Northern. and others the Middle Passa.ge,.when bound to the westward. \\Vhen outward bound, that is, from New York w England, they are apt to keep well to the southward. Ve.88ds from Liverpool to N\"3W York, (especially during the autumn,) after leaving the coast of Ireland, steer so as to cross the meridian of 30° \\V. in Latitud~ 53° 30' N. They then steer to the southwestward, crossing the northern end of the Outer Bank of Newfoundland in Latitude 47° 30' N., Longitude 45° \\\\r., and reach the eastern edge of the Grand Banks in Lati- fude 44° 45' N., Longitude 49° 15' W. They leave the Banks in Latitude 43° 45' N., Longitude 52° \"\\V., cross the meridian of G0° W. in Latitude 41° 45' N., and pass about fifty miles t.o the south- ward of Nantucket in from thirty to forty fathoms. This course ~ forty miles to the southward of George's Bank,-crossing its meridian in from thirty-five to forty-five fathoms, \"fine dark sand.\" After passing to the westward of the meridian of The Georges the soundings will deepen to fifty fathomB, and. then gradually shoal t.o about thirty-five fathoms; when they will be past the outer shoals of Nantucket, with Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel bearing N. ! E., twency-four miles and a half distant, and a course may he laid for Sandy Hook. On this course the soundings will gradually increase to thirty-eight fathoms, \"blue mud,\" \"green mud\" and \"sand,\" and will continue at that depth until the vessel is nearly in the longitude of Montauk Point,-having the light-house on that point bearing N. ! W., about thirty-eight miles distant, and Block Island Southeast Light-house N. by E. i E., forty-one miles distant. From this position the depth will gradually decrease until Sandy Hook Light- vessel is reached. In the early part of the year (say during March and April) sailing vessels rlUl to the westward from the mouth of the English Channel until they reach the meridian of 14° 35' W., when they change course to the southwestward,-aiming to cross the meridian of 20° W. in Latitude 46° N. The course is continued to the southward until Latitude 44° 45' N. and Longitude 22° 15' W. is reached, when a course nearly W. (true) is run to the eastern edge of the Grand Banks, which it meets in Latitude 44° 45' N., Longitude 49° 10' W. This fr'lll W. course is continued to about the middle of the Banks, in Latitude 44° 40' N., Longitude 50° 40' W., (or about one hundred and seventy-five miles to the southeastward of Cape Race,) where it changes t.o the southwestward so as to cross the meridian of 60° ,V. in Latitude 41° 45' N., and to pass about fifty miles to the southward of Nan- tucket in from thirty to forty fathoms. When in Latitude 40° 401 N. and Longitude 69° 19' \\V., the. course for Sandy Hook Light-vessel is W. i N. -II. _....,.._ S;pa:ln or fro.n the .B'edtterrane- Sea.-St.ea:mihips from these places bound to New York make The Azores, and thence either make a straight course for Sandy Hook Light-vessel (crossing the meridian of 40° W. in Latitude about 39° 10' N.) or else aim to reach the Bermru:lru! and strike the Gulf Stream in the neighborhood of Cape Hatteras. Sailing t.'CSSels from the Mediterranean or from Portuguese ports endeavor to pass the meridian of 40° W. in Latitude 42° 55' N.; to hit the southern end of the Grand Banks in Latitude 43° N., Longitude 49° 50' W., (two hundred and seventy-five miles southeast from Cape Race;) to cross Longitude 60° W ..in Latitude 42° 15' N.; and to pass forty-eight miles to the southward of Nantucket. These courses lead to the southward of The Georges and Nantucket Shoals, and on about the same line .as that pursued by vessels from England; but, as it passes only about one hundred and sixty miles to the northward of The Azores, it properly comes under the head of the Southern Passa.:,.-re. III. ,,.._ •av parl of e1&e ~ <Jaatd of liJfMdl& A--'---:Vessels from Rio Janeiro or other ports on the eastern shore of South America, bound to New York, endeavor t:o strike the south- eastern edge of the Gulf Stream in abOut the latitude of St. John's River, Florida., (30° 2()• N.;) which will give an approximate longitude of 71° 45' W., and a surface temperature of 7:~° Fahrenheit. They pass about one hundred and sixcy- miles to the eastward of Cape Hatteras, and mtlke 118 Jl;Ml\"l.Y a .straight course as possible for Sandy Hook>----steering about l\\f. t W. Tlwae lxn.11n.d from. Ne1tf York . ~\" ~

BAY A.ND HARBOR OF NEw YORK. 553 to. tlw Souili American coast, hQwever, steer well to the eastward, crossing the parallel General Courses of 30° N. in Longitude 43° W., and the meridian Qf 40° ,V. in Latitude 26° N. for approach- They cross \"The Line\" in Longitude 30° 30' W., and thence steer a nearly straight ing New York course for Cape Frijo. Ste.arnsMps from Rio Janeiro to New York run along the Entrance. South American coast as far as Para; thence go to St. Thomas; and thence make nearly a straight course to New York. They cross Latitude 30° N. in Longitude 69° 10' ,V., and here arc apt to meet the southern edge of the Gulf Stream with a temperature of 78° Fahrenheit. They pass Cape Hatteras at a distance of about two hundred and forty miles. Should a vessel. pursuing these courses get soundings off the coast of the United States in Latitu.de 39° 40' N., Longitude 73° 12' \\.V., with a depth of thirty-five fathoms, \"black mud,\" following soundings of from twenty to twenty-five fathoms, \"coarse grey sand\" and \"grey sand and pebbles,\" she is to the eastward of her course and over the Thirty-five Fathom Hole, with Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing NW. by N. t N., fifty- seven and three-quarter miles, and Navesink Light-houses NW. ! N., fifty-nine and a quarter miles distant. The course for the light-vessel from the latitude of Hatteras is N. by W. ! W. IV. ..FrMlt <Jape Horn.-Vessels from Cape Horn cross \"The Line\" in Longitude 30° W., and then steer oo the northwestward; pas.sing well to the eastward of the Windward Islands; strike the meridian of 71° W. in Latitude 30° N., and the outer edge of the Gulf Stream in Latitude 30° 30' N., Longitude 71° 5' W.; pass one hundred ·~..nd sixty miles to the eastward of Cape Hatteras; and make a straight course (N. ! W.) thence for Sandy Hook Light-vessel. They leave the northern edge of the Stream in Latitude 38° 40' N., Longitude 73° 15' ,V.,--striking soundings at that point in less than one hundred fathoms,--Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing N. ! W., distant one hundred and twelve miles. V. T'e,slJel• frona Ja-.a;S,ea,, Hayti, the /Wndh SI.de uf Cl.Wa;, or .Aspi.1·a.caU, pass through the Windward. Passa.ge, (between Cuba and Hayti;) then take the Crooked Island Passage through The Bahamas, and make, as nearly as possible, a straight course for New York. They cross the parallel of 30° N. in about 73° \"\\V., strike the southern edge of the Gulf Stream with a temperature of 78° Fahrenheit, and pass between one hundred and ten and one hundred and .fifteen miles to the eastward of Hatteras, and between sixty and seventy miles to the eastward of the Capes of the Delaware. They leave the northern edge of the stream in Latitude 38° 301 N., Longitude 73° 35 \\.V.; and the course from off Hatteras is N. i W. for Sandy Hook Light-vessel. VI. T-e.-rs f r - Na-u., Ha'IJft'.H&, or t:h.e Gulf of Be:ieU.O, pass through the \"'Hole in the Wall,\" cross the parallel of 30° N. in Longitude 76° 5' W., (striking, at the same point, the soutl1ern edge of the Gulf Stream,) and make Cape Hatteras light bearing NW., distant between sixteen and seventeen m.iles. Thence they steer N. by E. t E. to make Barnegat light. Or, making a straight course for New York, they cross the parallel of 30° N. in Longitnde 75° 61' W.,) striking the southern edge of the Gulf Stream at the same point,) and pass forty miles to the eastward of Cape Hatteras. The course from off Hatteras to the light-vessel is N. by E. i E. COURSES FOR COASTING VESSELS APPROACHING NEW YORK HARBOR. I. P r - ~he ~arcl, o.alllde of Nanhu!kd Skoal.8.-As before mentioned (pages 174-176) there are two syst.ems of sailing in use by vessels from the eastward which int.end oo pass out.-;ide of N antucketShOOJs, viz: that which contemplates making the light-vessel on Davis' South Shoal a point of departure, and that which passes clear outside <>f all the Shoals and not less than twenty-five miles to the southt>.aStward of thP. light-vessel. If the, former oourBe be pt1irsw:d: When up with Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel the oourse for Sandy Hook Light-vessel will be W. l S., and the distance about one hundred and eighty-five miles. The soundings on this course vary from eight to thirty-six fathoms,- the shoal water being found from two three miles to the westward of Davis' South Shoal Light-Yessel. The lead should be used froqnently while on this course, especially in thick weatJ1er; and, when the reckoning and soundings indicate a near approach to New York Entrance and Sandy Hook Llght- vessel ca.nuot be seen, the vessel's head should be turned off shore unless the whistling-buoy oon be heard. In·tM latter case the buoy may be safely steered for. c. .P.-70

504 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Courns for There is supposed to be a perceptible southwesterly current off the southern coast Caaning Vessels. of Long Island which has been credited with having caused vessels to make the land to the southward of Sandy Hook; and, as that is an extremely dangerous ooast, too much ca.re cannot be taken to make the prescribed course good by frequent soundings and a strict attention to the vessel's helm. Navigators have frequently gone ashore on the .Jersey beach by a mis- calculation of their run, and neglect to sound, when the use of the lead would have warned them of danger in ample time to escape it. Falling in to the southward of the entrance, if the weather should become thick, keep off shore until you strike twenty fathoms, (which will be found at a distance of from seven to thirteen miles from the beach,) and steer N. by W. i W. for Sandy Hook Light-vessel. This is a good and safe course. When up with the light-vessel or the whistling-buoy, follow the directions for entering the bay and harbor given on pages 537, 539-540, 541, 542, 543 and 545. If intending to pass clear outside of all the Nantucket Shoals: Large vessefa, and especially those whose masters are little acquainted with the currents and outlying banks of Nantucket Shoals, are accustomed, when bound to New York, to paEB the southeastern extremity of the Shoals at a distance -0f'. not less than seven miles from the southern end of Phelps' Bank. This distance gives a position in Latitude 40° 40' N., Longitude 69° 19' W., and a depth of thirty-two fathoms, \"fine grey sand and black specks.\" From this position W. f N. will lead to Sandy Hook Light-vessel, which is distant nearly two hundred and seven miles. (See pages 549-550 for Sailing Directions on this course.) II. .Ha.ring - t:i..r-•• Namuelre~ and Tiftetla.ra -n.a•, but wishing to avoid Long Island Sound and the passage of Hell Gate. With Vineyard Sound Light-vessel bearing NW. f W., distant two miles, the course, to pass to the southward of Block Island, is W. by S. ! S., which will lead, with not less than eleven fathoms, two miles and a quarter to the southward of the island. This course continue until you have run nearly thirty-eight miles, when Montauk Point Light-house will bear W. by N. l N., distant eight miles and a quarter. The depth here will be twenty-four fathoms, and the course may be altered slightly to the northwanl,--steering W. by S. i S., forty miles, (carrying not less than eleven fathoms,) until Shinneoock Light-house bears N. by W. :f W., distant four miles · and three-quarters. Here the depth will be thirteen futhoms, and the course W. by B. i S. for thirty- six miles, until Fire Island Light-house bears N. by W. Northerly, distant three miles. Here the depth will be again thirteen fathoms, with the whistling-buoy off Fire Island Inlet bearing s. by E., distant nearly three miles; and W. ! S. for thirty-one miles will lead, with not less than nine fathoms, np to Sandy Hook Light-vessel. The above courses are safe except in strong southerly winds, in which case it will be necessary to allow for the set of the current t.owards the Long Island shore,-but a quarter of a point on each course will be sufficient. Under ordinary circumstances the set of the flOOcl is directly Tidal currents along the beach; while the ebb, off Monta.uk, sets to the southward, or directly across en south coan the course. Between Shinnooock and Fire Island the ebb sets sometime8 to tbe ew:4- of Long Island. ward. and sometimes to the northeastward,-in the latter case obliquely on to the beach. Between Fire Island and Sandy Hook the current of ebb sets generally to the south- eastward; while the flood (espeo.ially in the neighborhood of the inlets) has a tendency to set to the northwestward., and is quite strong,-running from a mile and a half to two miles and n half an hou.r. Therefore, between these last two points, it will be necessary, during :Hood tide, to steer to the south- ward of the given course in order to make the light-vessel. The current in the vicinity of Mont.auk is quite strong,-the flood running from a mile and a half to two mms an hour, and the ebb being even stronger. Between Shinnecock and Fire Island, however, it rarely reaches the velooity of a m.i)e. In thick weather, and during strong winds from the southward,--u;;pecially southeast suow-:- storms,-we woald recommend etrangeni on this .coast, under .no ciroumstanoes, t.o go inside of :6tl:een fathoms, sounding frequently. I i in doubt ns to your position, steer SW. by S. Then, if the soundings increase, you are on the Long Island sh-0re; if they diminish gradually, your reckoning has been overrun, and you are on the Jersey coast. In the former case stand oft' and on,--taking care not to go inside of twelw fa;tl:aoms. With a westerly wind you may t.hus work up slowly towards the light-vessel without running lnto dan~.r. IC on the Jersey coast, put the ship's head at once to ~. eastwaro~ stand ~ llnd. ~ to :untilthe weather clears up. · ·· · ·.. ·

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 555 When up with ~ndy Hook Light-vessel, follow the directions for the several Collt'.ses for channels given on pages 537-538, 539-540, 541-542 and 543. Coaning Ve.s.se/.s. III. Oond,n11 f r - the SouUu..,ara.-Vessels from the southward, bound to New York, in some cases make the light-vessel on Five Fathom Bank, (off the entrance to the Delaware,) and in others endeavor to make Barnegat light. In the former ca;;.e it is safe, in clear weather, to pass a mile outside of the light-vessel, in about fourteen fathoms, \"coarse grey sand and broken shells/' and ,sreer NE. by N. Northerly, for nearly sixty miles, to abreast of Barnegat, with soundings varying from eight to seventeen fathoms. When Barnegat Light-house bears NW. by W., distant'about seven miles, the depth will be twelve and a half fathoms,-Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing N. by E. t E., dis~nt about forty-five miles. From this position the course is clear for the light-vcsse1, with not less than t.en fathoms. When up with the light-vessel, or with the whistling-buoy, follow the directions for the harbor on pages 537-538. · The above courses keep an average distance of six miles from the J arsey coast, between Little Egg Harbor and Sandy Hook, and are perfectly safe in clear weather. In thick weather keep outside of fifteen fathoms, especially when to the northward of Barnegat, (the most dangerous part of the coast,) where a depth of ten fathoms is found in several places within one mile of the beach. By keeping outside of fifteen fathoms you are sure to be safe until the weather clears up and you are enabled to lay your course with precision. A good rule is to continue the NE. by N. Northerly course, from off Five Fathom Bank Light- vessel, until you strike twenty fathoms, when you will be between'fifteen and twenty miles to the north- ward of Barnegat, and about fourteen miles from the beach. Now st.eer N. ! W., which will lead direct for the light-vessel,-the soundings varying from thirteen to twenty fathoms. .An allowance of half a point should be made for the westerly current, unless the wind be to the eastward, when a point will not be too much to allow. .As a rule, the currents on the coast of New Jersey, when uninfluenced by the Current8 on winds, follow the trend of the shore, except close in near the entrance of the several Jer.sey Coast. inlets, where the current of flood sets inshore and that of ebb offshore. In easterly gales the foregoing courses may be modified so as to keep farther from the beach. A good rule is to steer NE. t N., from about a mile outside of Five Fathom Bank Light-vessel, until Absecon Light-house bears NW. t W., distant about twelve miles. On this course there will not be less than eleven fathoms. From the last bearing of Absecon Light-house the course '\\'\\•ill be NE. by N. for thirty milw, carrying not less than ten and a half fathoms, until Barnegat Light-house bears NW. by W., eleven miles distant. Here the depth will be fifteen fathoms, \"coarse grey sand and broken shells,\" and Sandy Hook Light-vessel will bear N. i E., forty-seven miles distant. This course, if made good, will lead, with not less than ten fathoms, safely up to the entrance; a.ft.er which the directions for the harbor given on pages 537-538 must be followed. These courses in no case approach the Jersey beAch nearer than six miles, which occurs in the vicinity of Long Branch; but between Barnegat and Squan Beach (where the shore is boldest-to) they pass 'from eight to eleven miles from it. They are, therefore, perfectly safe, even in easterly weather, provided it be clear. :a.,,._.-Z'~lng ~· ~ • .._.•..f'aU - . - 11 When Cape Hatteras Light-house bears NW., distant seventeen miles, with forty fathoms, steer N. by E. t E. for ~o hundred and seventy-eight miles, when you .should make Barnegat Light-house bearing :NW. by N., distant fifteen miles. Here the depth will be abont fourteen fathoms, &'grey sand, with black and yellow specks,''-Sandy Hook Light-vessel bearing W. f E., ~t about fifty-three miles. Steer for the light-vessel, carrying not Iese than twelve fathoms, except when about six and e. half miles from it, where there will be a fow casts of ten. fathoms. When up with the light-vessel, follow the directions for entering the harbor given on pases 537~. On the above courses the depth will gradually increase from the point of departure off Hatteras until in Latitnd.e:a7° N., Longitude 74° 37' W., at which point the depth will be about fifty fathoms. ·UJltil'l'lienae to the nortlnrard the depth will gradually diminish-ranging from forty to twenty fathotnS--\".' ~in..~.tbe latitude 0£.Cape May; after which_the soundings become more irregular,-ra.n~ng betw~ . and thiriieen fatOOms from the latitude of Cape May to that of Absecon; between tweU~

556 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Courses for and sixt.een fathoms from Absecon to Barnegat; and between twelve and fifteen .CoaJJting YesHls. fathoms from Barnegat to the light-vessel. In thick or foggy weather, when the ship's reckoning indicates that she is near the Jersey coast, great care should be taken to make frequent and accurate soundings with an armed lead. The souµdings are not sufficiently characteristic along this part of the coast to make it possible to give precise rules for determining the ship's position by the depth of water or character of the bottom. There is, however, one rule, which, if strictly adhered to, will keep the ve;;sel out of danger until the weather clears up and her-position can be accurately determined, viz: Should at any time a sounding of ten fathoms or less be obtained, the course should be immediately changed to the eastward until the water deepens to fourteen fathoms; after which care should be taken to keep outside of that depth. In beating to windward in thick weather, vessels on the inshore tack, to the southward of Barne- gat, should go about as soon as they strike ten fathoms; and, when to the northward of Barneg'J.t, as soon 88 they strike eleven fatho~. A stranger overtaken by thick weather, when, from his reckoning and the character of the soundings, he has reason to believe he is too near the coast, should put the ship's head offiihore, and stand off and on under easy sail,-taking frequent soundings. As mentioned on page 549, and as will be seen by a reference to the \"Ex~ts from the Pilot Laws of New York Harbor,\" (Appendix No. II,) pilots will be found frequently cruising as far as tl1ree hundred and fifty miles from Sandy Hook, and it is strongly recommended to strangers to accept the first offer of pilotage on their approach to the coast. By this means they will not Pilots. only have the ad.van~ of the pilot's local knowledge of the set of the currents and the time of the tides, but he will also be able to inform them as to the character of the weather just preceding their arrival ;-whether any looal storms ·have prevailed aflecting the set or velocity of the currents, removing or displacing the buoys; whether any changes have been made in the characoor of the light-houses, &c., which might lead to a change in their course of procedure on approaching the harbor. GENERAL REMARKS ON STEAMSHIP OOURSEs BETWEEN EUROPE AND NEW YORK. There are three general routes in use by vessels from Europe bound to New York, usually known ns the Northern, Kiddle, and Southern passages. The first is by far the most frequently used; although the Middle Passage is a favorite with many ship-masters,-especially during the winter. The Southern Passage is rarely used by vessels from Great Britain or France; but ns it is the most direct rouoo from Spain, Portugal, and the J\\.Iediterrnnen.n, and hns, moreover, the advantage of two \"houses of call\" on the route, (The Azores and Bermuda,) it is that most commonly adopted by vessels from Southern Europe. In severe winoors, when the icebergs are found in low latitudes, this passage is sometimes used by sailing Vffiaels from Great Britain also, whose masters prefer a delay of some days in reaching their destination to the risk of encountering the foe; but steamships rarely nse it. A few remarks descriptive of the several tracks pursued by steamships will not, perhaps, be out of place. I. TJ!oe aa-...z Lme, with a view of diminishing the chances of collision, takes a specified rourse during all seasons of the year. Coming westward, (from Queenstown to New York,) vessels of this line cross the meridian of 50° W. in Latitude 43° N.,--or nothing to the northward of that parallel. They cross Longitude 60° W. in. Latitude 42° N., and in thick weather pasi; Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N., Longitude 69° 19' W.; from which position the course for Sandy Hook Light- suvessel is W. J :N. (See also page M9.) In clear weather they frequently pass within miles of Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel. Going eastward, (from New York to Queenstown,) these vessels ~roes the meridian of 50° W. in Latitude 42° N.,--or nothing to the northward of that latitude; nod thence follow, as nearly as possible, the arc of a Great Circle, which passes Longitude 40° W. in Latitude 46° .6' N., 30° W. in 48° iil' N., nnd 20° ,V. in 50° 30' N. On th.is eastern course they pass Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N.,--or t.en miles to the southward of their position going W€Stward. The whole diStance by this route-between Fastnet and Sandy Hook-is two thonaaml seven hundred and eighty-fQW.\" miles gohig west, and two thousand eight hundred and eighteen miles ·going east.

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 557 II. The W'hlle Star Line crosses the meridian of 50° W ., as follows: Bound to New York, from February to August, in Latitude 43° N. Bound to New York, from August to February, in Latitude 45° 50' N. Bound to Queenstown, all the year round, in Latitude 41° N. The routes westward pass Nantucket Shoals in about 40° 40' N., while the eastward course passes _the Shoals in about 40° 20' N. The distance from Queenstown to Sandy Hook is, by the summer route, two thousand eight hundred and fifty-five miles; by the winter route, two thousand seven hun- dred and eighty-three miles; and by the homeward (that is \"ea.st.crly \") route, two thousund eight hundred and eighty-nine miles. III. 7'1- x~unan Line crosses the meridian of 40° \\V. in Latitude 46° 50' N., and that of 50° \"\\V. in Latitude 42• N.; and passes Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N. The distance by this route, from Queenstown to Sandy Hook, is two thousand seyen hundred and seventy-three miles. IV. The An.r1-r une, from Glasgow to New York, crosses the mel'idian of 20° \"\\V. in Lati- tude 54° 10' N., that of 30° W. in Latitude 52° 15' N., that of 40° \"\\V. in Latitude 50° N., and that of 50° W. in Latitude 45° 50' N.,-or just to the southward of the Virgin Rocks. This route passes Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N.; and thence the course to Sandy Hook Light-vessel is W. f N. From New York to Glasgow, vessels of this line cross Longitude 50° W. in Latitude 45° N., that of 30° W. in 51° 30' N., and that of 20° W. in 53° 50' N. This route is generally known as the\" Summ,er\" or \"Northern Track.\" From J_.iverpool to New York, vessels of the Anchor Line cross the meridian of 30° W. in Lati- tude 49° 30' N., that of 50° W. in Latitude 43° 40' N., and Nantucket Shoals in Lntitude 40° 30' N. From New York to Liverpool, they cross Longitude 50° W. in Latitude 42° 40' N., and 30° \\V. in Latitude 48° 15' N. This is known as the \"Winter\" or \"Southern Track.\" From the Straits of Gibraltar to New York, vessels of the Anchor Line either proceed by direct route,-passing about ninety miles to the northward of The Azores ;-or they touch at Fayal, and then proceed directly for New York. In the former case they pass the meridian of St. l\\fichael (2G 0 W.) in Latitude 40° 40' N., the meridian of 50° \\V. in Latitude 42° N., and Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N. In the latter case, after leaving Fayal, they cross the meridian of 30° W. in Latitude 38° 50' N'., that of 50° W. in Latitude 41° 20' N., and Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 40' N. V. 'Z'Joe Nortl& Ge.--an (Brena.en) Lme has no regular route,-the track pursued by each com- mander being the one his judgment and experience point out as the best. In general, howeyer, it may be remarked that they cross the meridian of 50° W. in Latitude 44° 30' N.,--or about eighty miles to the southward of the Virgins; and pass Nantucket Shoals in Latitude 40° 28' N. In this connection (the views of experienced and intelligent navigators being always of great value) it seems proper to introduce some extracts from 11 communication by Captain W. Watson, of the Cunard Steamship \"Algeria,'' one of the most skillful and reliable navigators sailing in and out of New York Bay. Referring to the disputed question as to the existence of a coast current setting to the westward and southward between Nantueket and New York, Captain Watson remarks: \"In one hundred and twenty passages between Liverpool and New York, I can only find eight cases where the steamship has been to the westward of her Dead Reckoning-never exceeding ten miles. On the noon of the day following our departure from New York she has, in thirteen cases, been to the southward from six to ten miles; and in every case we have left New York with northerly winds, wl1ich were carried for many hours after sailing. \"From Longitude 66° to 70° there is usually a southerly set with a strong northerly wind,- ~ly if there is any easting in it,-but I have never found it exceed half a mile an hour. After ~ the latitude of Nantucket it continues to run almost due s., and is Jost in the deep water to the 11Qvthwa:rd of Latitude-40° N. 2'b the ~ of Lmgitude. 70° W. tki,a set d<>CB not ez:isl,.

65:8 ATLANTIC CO.A.ST PILOT. BeneralBttmarb \"In looking over some observations of surface temperature, taken during the last on Steamdip fifteen years, I find the temperatures higher between the meridians of 70° and 72° W. Cour:te:t. than between those of 68° and 70° W.;-the following differences being observed and recorded: In November 5°.6, in December 3°.9, in January 3°, in February and March 2°, and in .April 5~. To the westward of Longitude 72° the water is affected by the discharge from the Hudson, which fact would seem t-0 militate against the theory of a westerly current. \"In seventeen passages from Boston to New York-always passing to the eastward of Fishing Rip--I have never, except in one instance, experienced a set of more than half a mile per hour to the southward. In the exception referred to, the ship had a strong northerly wind, amounting at times to a gale, and a drift was perceived of about three-quarters of a m:Ie per hour. It would be absurd to call this drift a current.\" Such v€SSels as have from time to time been stranded on the beach, when endeavoring to make New York Entrance, owe their misfortunes probably to a neglect of the proper use of the lead. No one need get ashore on either the Long Island or the Jersey beach if the lead is oft.en used and accu- l'Ste soundings secured. In this connection Captain Watson remarks: \"The 'Queen' stranded at Squan Be.ach in a fog, and it is claimed by the advocates of the south- west.erly current that being ahead of her Dead Reckoning and too far to the southward shows a set in that direction. But, on the same day, the 'Vicksburg,' coming from the southward, was wrecked on Fire Island,-having mistaken Fire Island light for Barnegat light! Thus, on the same day, the ~Queen' was to the southward and westward of her Dead Reckoning, while the 'Vicksburg' was to the northward and eastward of hers ! .Are we to belie,Te, then, that the current setting to the westward and southward caused the loss of both vessels?-the one being twenty miles to the southward of the light-vessel and the other seventy miles to the northfl3Stward of her Dead Reckoning! \"So many cases similar to that of the 'Queen' have occurred that, in view of the well-marked approaches to the harbor, one :is inclined to ask if the lead was used at all on board the wrecked vessels, and if so, if any judgment was given to the matter. Witness the cases of the 'Cirrnssian,' 'Ameriqne,' and 'Rusland.' From the day I first put my foot on board of a ship I have always heard strandings, wrecks,-in fact any error made in a ship's position,-put down to an unusual current, or (so called) errors in the compass. \"I have given some little attention to the currenta on the track between New York and the British Isles. If a steamer bound for New York has strong easterly winds from the meridian of 53° W. she will, without doubt, find herself ahead of her Dead Reckoning; but, however strong or weak the set may be, she will have the whole of it between Longitudes 53° and 71° w.,-none to the westr ward of the latt.er meridian. In the many. passages I have made between Davis' South Shoal Lightr vcssel and Sandy Hook, I have never found my ship more to the southward and westward than could be accounred for by bad steering or a careless log. At all times the tidea are strong about the Nan- tucket Shoals, as I have frequently experienced when passing the lightrvessel. If I happen to pass on the west-going tide, it would be hardly fair to say, 'the current is setting to the westward and south- ward at a rapid rate.' \" For twelve years and a half I have been in conunand, and, with the exception of a few passages to Boston, I have been constantly running to and from New York. In approaching -from the east.:.. ward, I endeavor to Cl:OSS the meridian of 66° in Latitude 41° 20', steering for a point in Latitude 41° N., Longitude 68° W.; thence, if the weather is clear, to poss six miles to the southward of Davis' South Shoal Light-vessel. If the weather is thick, or likely to be'so, I aim to cross 70° W. !n 40° 40' N., keeping the lead going every hour until within a few miles of the light-vessel; a.ftel.\" which it is hove every fifteen minutes until I pick up the shoal water extending to the southward of the South Shoal. The moment I strike this shoo! water I am sure of my longitude, and -1so know that my lati- tude cannot be much in el\"l'()r. I then steer for a position eight miles due S. of Shinnecock Light- house; and, when we have made that distance, W. by 8. ts. until abreast of Fire Island; ·and then W. for Sandy Hook Light-vessel. These courses should take the steamer about a mile and a. lmlt to the southward of that light-vessel. If the courses and distances are laid down OD the clnu:t, it will be seen that the ship cannot be very much to the nortltward without the lead showing itP n&l\" r:nndh to ~ southware without giving a greater depth. .As a :rnatts· of oomse every attention irrust b& piUd to the dmiai:icm ot the magnetic needle, (for deviation does change,) and the oomses alHI ·Jot·~

DAY A...~D HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 559 closely after,-kceping the ship going at a uniform speed, and never st.opping but General Remark11 •when absolutely necessary to verify the lead. When closing with Sandy Hook Light- on Steamship vessel, the ship may be stopped so as to make sure of finding the somewhat deeper Courses. water a little to the eastward of the position in which the light-vessel lies. Should the steamer be anything within eight miles to the southward of her, the Holes* cannot be missed; and then it is simply hauling up for the light-vessel, which cannot be passed without being seen or her fog-signals heard. \"I have said that the steamer should not be stopped more than once or twioo to verify the sound- ing machine. I have found that stopping to sound--say every hour-will throw a ship out of her reckoning more than anything else. In fact the position given after stopping a dozen times is a ques- tion of guesswork, and ia invariably astern of iJie ship's actual place. By keeping her going six or eight knots, using a good sounding machine, the error of which is known, steering certain courses, and running given distances, any man can bring his ship along with certainty, and put her in a position for entering New York Harbor whenever the fog lifts. Soundings, to be of mse, must be taken e,a,rly and often; and if the commander of a steamer coming on the ooa.st in the winter time will not verify bis position by dropping the lead at least every two hours, he can blame no one but himself if mishap occurs. Nearly all these theories of currents are advanced to cover negligent navigation; and I have no hesitation in saying that all the ships that. have gone ashore of late years on the Jersey beach have done so through neglect of the lead.\" DA5GERS IN ENTERING RARITAN BA.Y .AJS\"D RIVER. Having come in by the Main Channel past Sandy Hook Point, if bound into Raritan Bay the course leads to the westward towards Princess Bay Light-hou.\"!e, passing close to the red can-buoy (with perch and ball) off. Southwest Spit. It also leads close to the hvo large buoys off Sandy Hook Bay 'vhich mark the Navy Trial Course,-and navigators must not mistake these buoys for danger buoys. They are in the best water, (from four to four and three-quarter fathoms,) and are placed WNW. and E SE. from each other, two miles apart. When up with the westernmost of these buoys there will be seen, bearing about W. ! S., and a little over a mile off, a black spar-buoy. Point Comfort This is on the northern end of Point Comfort Shoal, which has five and six feet upon Shoal. it, and extends from. -Point Comfort to the northward a mile and three-quarters. The buoy, which is marked No. 1, is placed in three and a half fatJ1oms, and bears from Southwest Spit buoy W. by N. t N., distant four miles and three-eighths, and from Sandy Hook Light-house W. by N. ! N., dismnt five miles and three-quarters. From this buoy Princess Bay Light-house bears NW. by W. ! W., distant four miles and a quart.er. To avoid this shoal, in beating, do not stand to the southward of Princess Bay Light-house bearing WNW. If standing to the northward on a wind, between Point Comfort and Old Orchard Point, beware of Old Orchard Shoal, making off from that point to the southward for a mile and one-eighth with from three to six feet water. A red can-buoy* of the second class, Old Orchard marked No. 2, is placed off it.s routhern end in sixteen feet, bearing from West Beacon Shoal. (which will be in range with Sandy Hook Light-house) NW. ! W., dist.ant five and a half miles, and from Point Comfort Shoal buoy N. by E. ! E., distant a mile and seven-eighths. Princess Bay Light-house bears from this buoy W. i N., distant four miles and three-eighths, and the red buoy on Great Kills Flats W. t S., distant a mi1e and fivEHJightl1s. To avoid Old Orchard Shoal, do not stand to the northward of Princess Bay Light-house beruing W.!N. On the southern side of the bay, when in the vicinitv of CollllBkonk Point, look out for a black nun- buoy* about two miles and a. half to the westward of Point Comfort Shoal buoy. This is on Conas- konk. Point l!\"'lats, (with from three to eight foot upon them,) making off from Conas- konk Point t.o the northward for a mile and three-cighths. The buoy, which is Conaskonk Point oxmarked No. 3, is placed in. twelve feet; but there is a twdtie feet lump six hundred Fiats. yards to the northe8.stward it, so that vessels drawing more than ten feet should not approach the buoy nearer than half a mile.· The ordinary sailing-line passes a mile and a quarter t.o the nol'tb.ward of these Bats, so that they are dangerous only to vessels beating in or out. The buoy bears from .Point Comfort Shoal bu.av w. t N., two miles and three-eighths, and from the middle of Conaskonk Point ]!£. f- E., :a mile and three-eighths distant. To avoid the shoal on the suutherly tack gQ about as aoon as Princess Bay Light-house bears :NW. by w.

660 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. On the northern side of the bay, a little over a mile and a half t.o the westward of Old Orchard Shoal buoy, will be seen a red spar-buoy. This is on the southern end of Great Kills Flats, making. off from. the mouth of Great Kills in a southwesrerly direction for a mile and five- Sreat Kil/a eightbs,-their southern edge being a mile and one-eighth from the nearest part of Flats. Staten Island. They are, in places, bare at low water, and have eight feet at the dis- tance of a mile from shore. The buoy is in twelve feet, is marked No. 4, and hears from Old Orchard Shoal buoy W. t S., distant a mile and five-eighths; from Old Orchard Point SW. ts., the same distance; and from Point Comfort Shoal buoy NW. by N. l N., distant two miles. The sailing-line passes five-eighths of a mile to the southward of it. ' Continuing to the westward towards Princess Bay, navigators must remember that the whole of the southern part of Raritan Bay is occupied by the great Raritan Flats, which fill the bight between South Amboy and Conaskonk Point, and have in no p~ more than eleven feet upon Raritan Flats. them,-the prevailing soundings being seven, eight and nine feet. It is, therefore, dangerous to stand to the southward, when once to the westward of Conaskonk Point, unlees the vessel be of less draught than seven feet. The :Hats, by a long spur on their northern side, join Round Shoal to the northward, which extends to within three-eighths of a mile of the Staten Island shore,-thus leaving, for vessels of twelve feet draught -0r m-0re, a channel only three hundred yards wide. Round Shoal is a sort of middle ground, with from seven to 'ten feet upon it, and lies to the southward of Princess Bay. It is som.ewhat triangular in shape, a mile and a quarter long N. and S., and its greatest width E. and W. is also a mile and a quarter; but at its southern end it is Round Shoal. only about two hundred yards wide. On its northern point, about midway between &guine Point and Princess Bay Light-house, is placed, in twelve feet, a black spar- buoy to mark the southern side of the channel. It is plainly visible from abreast of Seguine Point-- bearing about W. ! s., and half a mile off;-and as soon as the point is abeam the buoy should be steered for. IL should receive a berth to the southward of not less than fifty yards; and, when past it., the course turns to the southwestward,-leading through a narrow channel, between the Staten Island shore and the wesrern side of Round Shoal, to Ward's Point. This is a very difficult part of the passage; and str,mgers must not attempt to go t:o the westward of Princess Bay Light- Ward's Point house. No intelligible rules can be given for avoiding the flats where they are not Shoal. buoyed; and there are no buoys until you eome to Ward's Point Shoal. This shoo.I makes off from Ward's Point--the southwestern end of Staum Island-for five-eighths of a mile t.o the southward, and has from one to eleven feet upon it. Seven feet is found three-eighths of a mile, and eleven feet half a mile, from shore. A. red spar-buoy (No. 6) is placed on its south- western end as a guide to Perth .Amboy and .Arthur Kill; and between six and seven hundred yards to the westward of this, another red spar (No. 8) will be seen. This is on the south- Ferry Point eastern end of Ferry Point Flats, which make to the southeastward frmn the western Fla.ta. point of entrance t:o .Arthur Kill for about a mile; and have th~ feet upon them half a mile, and five feet three-quarters of a mile, froni the point. Here the channel divides,-those vessels which are bound to Perth Amboy passing to the eastward of these flats, (between them and Ward's Point,) while those bound into Raritan River pass t:o the southward of the buoy, close-t.o, with thirteen feet water. The channel hence t:o the mouth of the Raritan is unobstructed, except by the flats on both sides. The best water is close t:o the South Amboy Docks, and thence in a direct line to the \"draw\" in the railroad bridge. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOB ENTERJNG RARITAN\" BAY AND RIVER. On the W. by S. \\ S. course through the Main Channel, (see page 537,) as soon as the Hook Bea.con and West Beacon come in range on a bearing of S. ! W. Westerly, and you have just passed the black buoy off the pitch of the Hook, steer W. ts., which will lead, with not less than :five and a quarter fathoms, up to the Southwest Spit buoy, (perch and ball.) From this buoy steer WNW., having Princess Bay Light-house a little t:o the southward of the course, passing to the northward of the Navy Trial Course buoys, close-to, and carrying not Jess than four fathoms, until you come abreast of the ·red spar-buoy on Great Kills Fla.t.s. Continue the <X>urse, carrying :not less than :fifteen f~t, until abreast of Beguine Poin~ in six fathoms, with Prineess Bay Light-house bearing W. t l i. .North- erly, distant seven-eighths of a mile, and the black bnoy on the. northern end of Round Shoal W. :f s •• about half a mile; when steer for. the latter, aiming to pass. about fifty yards to the nortlrWtmi pf it. On this course you will have not· less than three and a half fathoms; When fairly· betw.eeJl this buoy and the light-house, in about fourteen fathoms, steer·.aw. f W. f.or a.. mile and seVGI-eigb~ car- rying not lees tban eighteen feet. On this cOur&e, when the wharves on the western end· of W:ard's ena·Point bear llW. i :If-. distant one. mile,·and the ried buoy-on the aoutheutern of Fer.ty:P<lint

BAY .A:N\"D HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 561 Flats bears W. by N. :! N., distant three-quarters of a mile, steer W. by N. if bound Sailing Direc- into Raritan River, or NW. by W. f- W. if bound to Perth Amboy and Arthur Kill. fions--Raritan In the former <XUJe, keep the red buoy on Ferry Point Flats a little open to the north- Bay and River. ward of the course, pass about :fifty yards to the southward of it, and steer W. by B. ! B. for a quarter of a mile, carrying thirteen feet. As soon as the \"draw\" in the railroad bridge bears NW. i N. and you are about three-quarters of a mile from the South Amboy shore, steer NW. t N., which will carry the best water. When past the railroad docks steer for the \"draw.\" Jf bau;nd -lwdo Arl:kur xaz.-Continue the NW. by W. ! W. course for half a mile, until up with the red buoy on Ward's Point Shoal, carrying not le..c:s than three fathoms. \"\\Vhen abreast of this buoy steer N. f W. for the wharves on the western end of Ward's Point, carrying sixteen feet. Pass close to these wharves, and, if baund io Perth Anway, keep the eastern shore aboard until half a mile above the point, when you may steer over towards the wharf-line of the town. The above courses pass a mile and a half to the southward of the red buoy on Old Orchard Shoal; over half a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Point Comfort Shoal; five-eighths of a mile to the southward of the red buoy on Great Kills Flats; a mile and three-eighths to the northward of the black buoy on Conaskonk Point Flats; two hundred and fifty yards to the southward of Seguine Point; fifty yards to the northward of the black buoy on Round Shoal; an eighth of a mile to the south- ward of the red buoy on Ward's Point Shoal; and one hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Ferry Point Flats. Bound into Arthur Kill, they pass fifty yards to the westward of the red buoy on Ward's Point Shoal, and four hundred yards to the eastward of the eastern edge of Ferry Point Flats. Tessels of tea feet dr-gM -.au, when up with the westernmost buoy of the Navy Trial Course, steer W. t N., crossing the flats in not less than twelve feet; and continue this oourse until past the buoy on l!'erry Point Flats, with the \"draw\" in the railroad bridge bearing NW. i N., and they are about three-quarters of a mile from the South Amboy shore. Hence the course is NW. l N. until past the railroad docks, aft.er which the channel runs directly towards the \"draw.\" tB~, if f>ovad i'ldo Arth.ur K.Ul., a vessel of ten feet draught should, when on the W. N. course the wharves on the western end of \"\\Yard's Point bear NW. t N., distant one mile, steer NW. by W. f W. for half a mile, until up with the red buoy on Ward's Point Bhoal. Passing this buoy on its western side c]ose-ro, they should steer for Ward's Point wharves and follow the directions given above for Perth Amboy. The above courses pass a quarter of a mile to the northward of the black buoy on Point Comfort Shoal; six hundred yards to the northward of the black buoy on Coll8Bkon.k Point Flats; a quarter of a mile to the southward of Ward's Point Shoal buoy; and three hundred yards to the southward of the red buoy on Ferry Point Flats. WfBMng to -.alee •• anclun-aoe la San.du Hook Bav, round the north point of the Hook at a distance of three-eighths of a mile and steer boldly into the bay-there being no dangers. You may skirt the western shore of the Hook, to the southward as far as Borse-Shoe Cove, at a distance of three-eighths of a mile with not less than four fathoms; but on reaching the northern point of this cove (which is marked by a large railroad wharf,-the northern terminua of the Long Branch Rail- road) you must keep a.bout 1ive-eighths of a mile from the shore, as there is a dangerous 8lwal with, from three to seven feet upon it maki1117 <dffor six hundred yards. Sandy Hook Bay is not safe ancliorage in N., NE.• or NW. winds, as a heavy sea gets up rapidly under these circumstances, and vessels are in danger of dragging their anchors and going ashore. In ESE. and B. winds there is fine and smooth shelter. DANGERS IN ENTERING KILL VAN KULL .Ah\"D NEW.ARX: BAY. When .abreast of TompkinsvilleJ on the N. by W. co~ for Robbins' Reef Light-house, a red Flatsn-huoy will be seen nearly abeam to the eastward. ThJS is oif the southwestern end of Gowanus , before described (on page 536) as making off from Red Hook ro the southwest- - ward for two miles and an eighth. They have not less than ten feet upon them, and, Gowanu• Flan. near the buoy, eigbt.een feet. The buoy is in four and a half fathoms and marked No. 18; and should it be made close-to, Robbins' Reef Ligbt..:house will bear NW. by N. ! N., dis- ~one mile and :one--eighth, and Constable's Point (the northern point of entrance to Kill V e.n Kull) • by-W.,J 'W'-. disi:allt one mile and seveIHJighths. <). P.-71 .. •

562 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Robhins' Reef, on the northern side of the approach to Kill Van Kull, is the southeastern extremity of the JerBey Flats, has from five to ten feet water upon it, and is sufficiently Ro66ins' Reef. well marked by the light-house, and also by a black nun-buoy* (No. 17) placed about a: quarter of a mile to the southward of the light-house in three fathoms. This buoy bears from tlie red can off Gowanus Flats NW. by N. Northerly, seven-eighths of a mile; and ~fill Reef Beacon bears from it W. t S., a little: over a mile and a quarter distant. Mill Reef is the next danger met with, and is off Constable's Point, on the northern side of the entrance. It is a rocky ledge, making to the southward for two hundred and fifty yards, and, near its southern end, is marked by a beacon. This beacon is in the form of a cone, of iron, rising from ~ granite base, and supporting an iron shaft and cage. It should receive a berth to the northward of not less than one hundred yards. It bears from Robbins' Reef Light-house w. by S. t Mill Reef. S. Nearly, distant a little over a mile and a quarter, and from Robbins' Reef buoy W. ! S., about the same di'5tance. When past it there are no dangers-both shores being bold-to--until you approach Port Richmond, when you must look out, on the northern side of the passage and off the village of Bergen Point, for a red spar-buoy (No. 2) which marks the southern end of a r(;ef with from Bi.re w nine feet water making off from the Bergen shore. This buoy is placed in twelve fe€t a little over two hundred yards from shore,-Bergen Point Ljght-house bearing W. ! S., distant near]y half a mile. It may be safely passed within one hnndred yards with not less than four fathoms; and when past it Bergen Point Light-house must receive a berth to Bergen Point the northward of about one hundred and fifty yards. This light-house is built near Reef. the western end of Bergen Point Reef, which has from two to three feet upon it, and extends about a quarter of a mile W SW. from Bergen Point. When up with the light-house, if bound to Elizabdhport or into Arthur Kill, the course continues to the westward towards Shooter's Island, a low, flat, marshy island, (already described on page 533,) which has a large stake erected near its northern end. The channel passes to the southward of this island, between it and the village of North Shore; and vessels must be careful, in approaching it, not to go to the northward of Bergen Point Light-house bearing E. by N. t N., as there is a thre,ejed lump four hundred yards E. t S. from the wharf at its southern end. When past Shooter's Island the course turns to the northwestward towards Corner Stake light, passing between the dangerous E1iza.bethport Flats on the north and Corner Stake Flat.s on the south. The channel is in no place more than one hundred and fifty yards wide, with not more than eleven feet in it. When np with Corner Stake light the course changes to the wcstward,-leading directly for the village with not less than nine feet water; but no description of the dangers will enable a stranger to enter, as the flats are not buoyed. If bound to Newark, the channel turns abruptly to the northward at Bergen Point Light-house, passing within one hundred and fifty yards of the light so as to avoid Bergen Middle Bergen Middle Ground, a long narrow shoal, having from eleven to thirteen feet upon it, extending Ground. N. and S. for between six and seven hundred yards,-its southern end being about one-eighth of a mile W. from the light-house, with deep water on all sides of it. It is not buoyed, but should be, as the channel is very narrow. Half a mile above the light-house, and about three hundrecl and fifty yards to the northward of the northern end of the Middle Ground, will be seen a black spar-buoy about a quarter of a mile below the railroad bridge. This is on the northeastern end of the Elizabethport Flats,- Elizabetllport the name given to that portion of the flats making off from the western shore, which Flats. lie below the bridge. They have from three to five feet upon them, and extend to the southeastward to Shooter's Island and to the northeastward a mile from the Elizabeth- port shore. The buoy, which is marked No. 1, is placed in three fathoms, and bears from Bergen Point Light-house N. t W., half a mile. From this buoy the \"draw\" in the bridge bears NE.! E: Abm~e tlie bridge ve.ssel.s muBt not go withovt a pilot. The great Passaic Flats on the west, which extend off the Newark Marshes an average di~ce of nine hundred yards, with from one to two feet water; and the Bergen Flats, extending from Bergen N eek to distances varying from Passaic and one-eighth to three-quarters of a mile, with from two to four feet water; rendering the Bergen flats. navigation extremely hazardous. Not more than seven feet at low wat.er can be taken up to Passaic Light-house, and not more than six feet into the Passaic River. There are oho several lumps in mid-channel. with from fowr to siz feet upon the:m, only one of which is buoyed. 'This buoy is a spar, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, and lies three-eighths of a. mile S. b,Y E. i E. from Passaic Light-house. Ten feet can be ta.ken into Hackensack River after pas<iing this light-house. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR E?ii'TElUNG KILL VAN KULL AND NEWARK BAY. On the N. by W. course from The Narrows towards Robbins' Reef Light-house, when abreast of Tompkinsville, with Constable's Point bearing NW. by W'. i w. Weeterly, distant n mile and tbrec- e~htbs, steer for- that point for seven-eighths of a mile, carrying not less than four and a half fathODlS·

BAY AND HARBOR OF NEW YORK. 563\" When within half a mile of the point, with Robbins' Reef Light-house bearing NE. Sailing Diroc- by E. i E. and Mill Reef Beacon W. Northerly, steer W., aiming to pass about one tions--Ki/I Van hundred yards to the southward of the beacon. WhPn past it keep the middle qf Kull and New- the passage until to the westward of the red spar-buoy (Ko. 2) off Bergen Point ark Bay. Village. \"\\Vhen abreast of Bergen Point Light-houM, if bonnd to Eliza.bethport, steer about W. t N., so as to pass midway between Shooter's Island and the Staten Island shore, arid carry not less than ten feet water. When past the island, with Corner Stake light bearing NW. by N. i N., nine hundred yards distant, steer for that light, ai1lling, however, to pass about one lmndred yards to the eastward of it. Round the light to the westward, keeping about one hundred yards off, and steer about W. t N. for the Elizabethport wharves, carrying not less than nine feet water. The above courses pass three-dghths of a mile to the westward of the red buoy on Gowanus Flats; the same distance to the southward of the black buoy on the southern end of Robbins' Reef; half a mile t-0 the southward of Robbins' Reef Light-house; one hundred yards to the southward of Mill Reef Beacon; one hundred yards to the southward of the red spar-buoy (No. 2) off Bergen Point Village; three hundred yards to the southward of Bergen Point Light-house; seventy-five yard;; to the southward of the wharf on the southern end of Shooter's Island; and one hundred yards to ihe eastward, and the same distance to the northward, of Corner Stake Flats. If 11-:n.d -Info Ne-ark Bau.-When abreast of Bergen Point Light-house, as before, round it to the westward at one hundred yards distance, and steer N. by E. t E., which will lead, with not less than nineteen feet, t-0 abreast of the black buoy on the northeastern end of the Elibabet.hport Flats. When up with this buoy, in four and a half fathoms, steer for the \"draw\" in the bridge,-above which you must take a pilot. These courses pass one hundred yards to the eastward of the southern end of Bergen ].\\fiddle Ground; two hundred yards to the eastward of the northern end of that shoal; and one hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the black buoy on the Eliz.abethport Flats. C-Uing front, Net«> York or fron~ the ~ Biver.-On the SW. by S. course from off The Battery, when Robbins' Reef Light-house bears NW. i W., distant half a mile, and Mill Reef Beacon W. Southerly, distant a mile and five-eighths, steer W. t B., aiming to pass one hundred yards to the southward of the beacon ; after which follow the directions given above. The above courses pass three-tiighths of a mile to the eastward of Robbins' Reef; one hun- dred yards to the southwvd of the black buoy on the southern end of that reef; and one hundred yards to the southward of Mill Reef Beacon. LIGHT-HOUSES. NAME. Latitude. I II Height Dil'tance visible in Na.vea1D1t Lfcht-hOUHll ~ aN.. I Longitude West. I Fixed or Intervnl above nautical Revolving. of Fl:MJh, sea... Sandy Book Ligh~-h--.\" i llook Bea.con.......... - ....... I In arc. level. miltJS. Wen Beacoa.................. In time. Coll.OTer Jlea.coa••••••••••• \" , \" i ,\" Ill. s. Feet. 22.6 sr:a h. m. s. 22.6 Cha.Pel :am Bea.ccm........... 40 ..t:ll 0 15. 3 ....4 511 116. T 11.0 Ba.Yid.lie Beacon •• - •••••••• 43 '13 59 11 Fixed. --.-. --.. -........... 248 ~· Bea.cou. - ............. 4G 4 65 56.8 Fixed. 248 Elm •Bas J.igh1;-houae•• t.O 28 18 '13 59 10 58 0.8 --- -........--....-....--. .-. ------..-. N Tre. Bea.coa.............. 58 1.8 Fixed. 90 4.0 :Z'I H '14 0 9 Fixed• 48 =•np~ :::~~ei;t..~ 40 28 81 '14 0 2T ...................... Robbbla' :&eel Light-house. 111 t.O ll'I 88 '14 0 2T 4 58 1. 8 Fixed. 1:::::::::: \"80 11.1 ~lhaPG.ia't IQJ.d3B--hO..u.a.e...... ~. 26 Fixed. 13.2 Elbow lleLa.lO,oac.M..-•~.•.•.• •--.-..•.· 40 25 48 ..,,..'14 8 llll 4 68 13.5 Fixed. .-. -----. --.-. ---.. -- -.. !&24 t.8 4 58 14. 2 Fixed. 4o5 lll. 8 •o40 23 '1.4. 3 M Fixed. ......2........0....... T8 12. 0 lH 4 T ... H 29. ll F.V. F. H.4o H 18 108 18.2 32 4 H 32. 8 . Fixed. •o40 H flt. 8 1ll 62 12. 0 30 flt. '1'4 u 150 .. IHI 61.t. ,.,.T• 11 47 40 33 6 4 116' S8. l .-.-..-..-....·..·..-..-..-...-. ...H '1 14 40 H 3 17 4 GG 29. 0 Fixed. 192 20.ll ! 58 4 56 18. l Fixed. 90 15. ll 40 36 --4 4 4 -4 40 39 66 115. s Fixed. .-........-.............-........-......-...............--..--......-........ 158 18.V 61 40 38 74 8 86 .GS 36.8 Fixed. .... -1-1--.0-.. - .. 56 as.a i ~'ixed red. ----u---- 11.0 40 88 .,74 9 4T 66 30.T Fixed. '° 41 74 7 40 I4 &II 29.9 Fixed. ---· ~- ... ·-- ST e.o H ll9 u ti!

-064 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. rIDES. Sandy Governor•s H-ook. J&land. Corrected Establishment .•••••.•••••••••••.•.••••••.••••••.•••.••••••••••••••••.• 7\" 29m Jl[ea.n B.lae and Fall or tides-··--··· ..•••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••.••••.••.•• sh ism 4. 8 ft. Mean Rise and Fall or Spring tides .•........••...... -- .••.••••.. - ..••••..••••••..• 4.3ft.. 5.6 ft. 5.4 ft. Jilea.n Rise and Fall of Neap tides •.•••••• \" ••••••.• - •••••••••••..••• _...•• - _••••••• 4. 0 ft. 3. 4 ft. 6h 1om Mean dura.tlon or l!.lse ···-·· ···-·- ··--·· ··---- ··-· ·-·· ·····- ··-· -----· ····- ••.••• 6h u;m 6h om Ob. 21m Jilea.nduratlon or Fa.Jl .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••. --···--······-············· 6h25m Mean 4urat1on of Sta.nd •••••• ---····--·-· •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• -----· 7. 1 ft. Oll28m &Jae or JJJ&he&t tide obsene4 - - - • - • - - • - - • - •.•.• - - - • - - ••. - - •. - - ••. - - - - - ••. - •• - - • - - • 6.3 ft. CURRENTS. To the northward of Sandy Hook Light-vessel, and between East Bank and Rockaway Inlet, the strength of the flood sets about NW. by N. i N., with a velocity of about holf a mile; while the ebb sets about SE. by S., with a rate of a mile and a half per honr. In Gedney's Channel, between Sandy Hook Light-v0!!Sel and the southeastern end of Romer Shoal, the flood sets about lfW, by N. ! lf., with a velocity of one mile; and the ebb SE. t S., with the same velocity. In the False Hook Channel the strength of the fl.ood sets N. by W ., and that of the ebb 8. by E., with a velocity of two miles an hour. Thia set is almoet e_xaetly along the beach,-baving no tendency either on or o:ff shore. In the East_ Channel, on the 11-0uthern side of East Bank, the strength of the flood current sets nearly due N., (or directly on to the East Bank,) with a velocity of a mile and a half; while the ebb sets SE. by E. ! E., (or nearly in the direction of the channel,) with a velocity of two miles and a quarter per hour. The following table, prepared under the direction of the Superintendent of the Coll.l't Survey, shows the set, drift and times of the current at important points in the harbor: THE TllfES OF THE CURRENT AND OF THE TIDE ARE GIVEN IN HOURS AND MINUTES AFTER THE MOON'S TRANSIT, (SOUTHING.) &rewyth of Flood Strength of Ebb I Curbr•efonrt• r each eo its •lr ength 11 Slack W a.ter. Current. Current. or a fteT high water at Sandy Hook. I. .., .0 lo, STATION&-LOCALITY, ~~ ~] Set. Drift. Time. Set. Drift. Time. Flood, Ebb. $~ ~: 1- _!;g ! ;; l_iil_~-1 -- --- h_ m_ h. m. I :Miles. h. m. Miles. h. m. h. m. h. m. 1 Jlla1n Cha!lnel, two miles NE. NW. byW. 2.0 II 0 E. f; S ....• 2.9 11 la 1 27 before., 4 49 after. 8 12 1 11'1 from Sandy Rook Light- -l w. I. 182 Ia The Na.rrowa••. - •. - • -- .. NB. by N. house. \\ 1.1 6117 s.1w..... 1.8 1310 0 4 a.fter. 3 after. ! 10 '1 3114 ---- ----------- ---·- -ur.-l N. 3 Entra.nce to Buttermilk . RE. by N . 1.4 --.... - S.jW••••. 1.8 -....... -- ........ ,,. ___ - -. --- i Chazmel. 2.0 6 33 sw.weat.'lyl 1.6 12 38 .... -........... .... ....... ________ 9 36 3 30 -4 :Buttermllk Chan n e 1,-be- IO:. t- :s.... tween Governor's Ialand a.nd Brooklyn. 7 34 a.tter. .-- --- -......... ~ -II <Hf Elghty-all:th Street..•. - . NNE. --··· O.D ........... s.1w..... 1.8 ............ 1 13 after. I LIFE-SAVING STATIONS BE1'WEEN NA1i\"I'UCKET A.ND NEW -YORK. The United States Government has established along the eolll!t, a.t 8hort intervals, houses of refuge and stations furnished with life-boat.a, life-care, mortars and all other appliances for 81!.Ving life and affording assistance in ease of wrecks. There are many of these on the coast of Long Island and also on the J<TSey beaob, and their positions e.re given in the following list : LOCALITY. LATITUDE. LoNGU'O'DE. 0 ,, \"0 Surf-Sid.e (SOUtb coaa1i ot?rantw:ket lsla114) ••••••••• _•••••••• ·- ·- ------ ------ •••• ·--. 41 14 BO TO 6 0 Near Block l8laD4 Ba.abl •••••••• ---- ··-· --·-- --- •••••••••••••••••• ·-· •• _____ • ·-- _•• T1 113 0 61 10 so .•montauk :Potat•• - • - •.• - - •• ---- ••• -- •••••• -- ••• - -·· •••••••• - -- • -··-··. ··-- •• --- ••••• 41 ao 71 S6 0 'l'wo miles to the -weatwa.r4 of Jlollta.Uk Polat.•••••••.•••••• _••••••••••••• __ ·-· ••••••• _ 61 South-western end. of B10cJc Isla.1ld. --- -- • - - --- --- ••• ·-. --· •••••• -- •••• -----·. --- ••• •• 41 1G T1 D1 5 a0 1'1 58 10 Five and & half Ddle8'. w the \"ll\"88'hrard of lllonta.111' Potan•••••• - •• - ••••••• - •• - ••••••••• 41 1 llO 'Tl. D'1 SD A'boUt Dine m11et1 t.o the W8llt1nl.Td. or J[cn:D&Uk Potnt. •••• _•• - •• - • _- - •••••• - ••••• _•••• _- 41 0 0 ,.'12 1 110 On tille bea.ell. near~-----··-·· •••• - .•.•. -- ....••.. ··--·- ---· --·- •..••.••.• 40 118 ao 40 88 ao H &0 Georgie&, four m11ea to the w'e8t1rarf. of ..t.ma,gaDaett. -- - •••• -· -- •••••••••••••••••••••• ...seven miles t.o the eaatwar4 of SJdDaeooek ~t.-lmWle •••• - - - - - - •• - •••• -- •• - •• - • - - - - • 40 6SI JO 50 TJuee 1111lea w;Uae easll1lrmd of ~ Lfght-houae ••• - - • - - • - •• - •• - •• - - - • - - ••• - - - • '111 16 16 .. •T1w, 10tro adlAla t;othe ~of n:tnneconJt Idpt-iao- ••• - •••••••• -··· •••.•••.•. on the beach oppOatt.e Bndge llllmptoa ••. - •. -·-·. - ·- - -·· • - •• -•• ----- •••• - •••• -- •• - ••• 40 H $0 ..,~mUn\"totbe 9ellfi1rard ot llbh!'M\"DCJr: ~--·-··-·\"··· •••••••••••••••••••• , 60 \"..H in. S5 -ff- •1 TS 35 .0 so s1o5 Q'a.oa'ae, row .aad & half mUell to tih-e ~ of 8btnneoooll: UcM-lMMIM-. _••••••••••• 60 u lliO 'I'll 81 ff :H ft DO 10



HUDSON ~R. 565 LIFE-SAVING STATIONS, ETC.-Clontlnued. LATITUDE. LONGITUDE. LOCALITY. Morlche's, on tbe sont.h side of Morlcbe's Bay •••• - .• - ·• - •••.• - •...·.••••••••• - •••.••••. 1' 40 46 0 72 42 40 72 46 35 Forge River, opposite the we stern end of Morlehe'a Bay•.••••••.•. ·----· .• ---·--- - ..•. 1 40 45 10 72 112 0 Opposite Smit.h's PolDt, Grea. t Sont.h Bay •.••...•.• .....•.•••••.••••... .....•.... • .•.. 40 43 35 72 117 10 On beach opposite Bellport_ •. _•.• - •.••• - ••••••••..••.•.••••••• - • - ••••••••••••..••.•• 40 42 0 73 0 20 73 5 0 On beach opposite mne Point .•••••.••••• - ••.••.•••••• - ••••••.••.. - • - ••••••.. - ••••.•. 40 41 0 73 9 40 73 l.3 60 Nea.r The Bea.d. and Roma, Fire Isla.Dd Beach .••..•..•.•• --- ...•.•.. - •• - - ••.••.• - ..••• 40 39 0 73 16 40 Three miles. tot.he eastward of Fire Island Light-bouse •.••• - •••••••••••••••.••••••••• 40 38 25 73 23 30 73 25 30 On the bea.cb, close to l\"ire lllla.nd Light-house••.•.. - ••••••.••• - - .••• - ••.•. - •.•.•••••. 40 37 30 73 30 0 73 33 0 Eastern end Of Oak Island .•.••••••••• --- •••••.......•.••.•. - ..•.•••..•• -- . - •. -- . - - - 40 38 11 73 34 315 73 39 40 W'eatern end Of Oak Island ... - •.•••.•.. - - •. -·· •••.••• -· •••••••....••• - ••.•.•••.•..•. 40 36 50 73 43 10 73 46 30 Eastern end of J'onea' Bea.ch ••••.•••••.••••••••••.•..•..••.•..•.•••••••••••••••••.•. 40 36 35 73 50 20 73 65 10 Western end of Jones' Beach..••••..•••••..••••••••..•..•........• ------ ...••. --· .•. 40 35 15 73 59 so Meadow lsla.Dd ••••••••••.••••••••.•••••• -- - ••••••••••••••••• - . - - - - .... - •••.•• - ..••. 40 36 0 73 68 20 Ea.stern end Of Long Beach.••••. -----··········· .•••..•.••••••••••.••••••••••..••.•. 40 35 10 73 68 21! 73 158 10 Western end of Long Bea.ch •••.•.•••••••.•..•. - ••••..••••.•••••• --· •••• - ••••••• · ••. • 40 35 0 73 58 30 73 59 30 Western end Of Bog lsla.Dd .•.••..•••.•••..••.•.•.. - ..•..•..••. -..... - - --·- •.•..••••. 40 35 30 74 0 30 74 1 30 Ea.stern end of Rockaway Beach .••••••••.. - •• _.••••••...•••••• - .•..•..•..••••.•.•.•. 40 35 110 74 2 0 74 2 40 Western end of Rocka.wa:v Beach.•••••••••••••.•.•••.•••••••••••••••.•• - •.•••••• - ••. 40 34 20 74 3 0 Sheepabe&d Bay•.•••••••••••••.••.•......••.•..•.......••.••..•.•... -...•.... - ... - . 40 34 30 74 3 35 '14 4 0 On. tbe beach, to the eastward or Sandy Book Light-house •• - .........• - ••..•.••...•••• 40 27 40 74 4 <15 74 4 150 On t.be beach a.brea.at or Sperma.cetl Cove, two and a qua.rt.er miles below Sandy llooll: 74 5 30 74 6 0 Light-house .••••••••••••••••••••••••• - ••.••••..••••.•• ••• · -· · -· · • · · · · ·•· ·•• ·• · 40 24 0 On tbe beach at Seabright .•••.....••..•..••....•...... - ••.•..•• -- ••••••.•..•.••.•.. 40 21 25 Monmouth Beach, two and a qua.rt.er miles below Seabright .•••..••.•••••••••••••.•••• 40 19 20 Long Branch•.•••.•••••.•••.••.•••..••••••••••••.•••••.••.••• - ••••.••••• - •.••..•.•. 40 17 30 Deal, two and three-quarter miles below Long Branch Station...•.•.•••.•........••••. 40 13 50 Sha.rk River, two and three-quarter miles below Deal Station .•• - •••••••••••.••.•.•••• 40 1l. 25 Wreck Pond, two miles and one-eighth below Shark R1ver.••.•.••• - •••.•••• - •••....•.. 40 8 12 on the beach opposite Squan Village. - . - ........••...••..••......••.••.............. - 40 6 20 PolDt Pleasant, three miles below Squan Village .•.••••••••.....•.•••.••••.•••••••••.. 40 3 40 On beach at Swan Point, t.wo miles and three-eighths below Point Pleasant •••.••••••••. 40 2 0 Green Island, two miles and a. half below Swan Point ..•••.••••••••.•.•••••••.•.•••••. 40 0 30 On beach opposite Tom's &l.ver ......•......••••..••...... - ..............••.......... 39 58 15 Island Beach, two miles and a half below Tom•a River Station..••••.•••.••••.••..•••.. 39 55 40 On beach opposite Forked Rlver, two and 11.ve-eightbs mlles below Isla.Dd Beach••••..... 39 52 30 South end or Squan B&a.ch ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••. -1 39 47 40 Barnegat (aont;h Bide of Inlet) .••••• -- • • · •• • • •• • •• • • • - • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • · • · • • · · 1 39 45 40 HUDSON RIVER. This great river takes its rise in one of the lakes in Eesex County, in the northeastern part of New York, and flows in a f;Ontherly direction, for about two hundred and sixty miles, to its junction with the East River at the southern end of Mauhattan It<hmd, where they both enter the Upper Bay of New York. }'or a distance of about seventy-five miles above its mouth (or as far up n.s Rondout) it has a deep and unobstructed channel, and is navigable for the largest ,-easels; while above Rondout the channel, though it has not Jess than four and a half fathoms as far up as Hudson City, ia rendered more difficult. of navigatfon by reason of numerous middle grounds and fiats, which are very abnipt and are but partially buoyed. Hudson City is twenty· three miles above Rondout, and nearly thirty-one miles below Troy, which is at the hend of na,•igation. Sailing vessels experience great difficulty and danger in navigating the Hudson owing to the numerous \"tows,\" some of which are a quarter of a mile in length; and, rather than run the risk of collisions, almost all such vessels avail themselves of steam-power. An immense carrying trade in rfierchandise of all kinds is posse.ssecl by the canal boat.., which are towed up and down the river in great numbers-coal and ice being among the principal cargoes.. There are also many important manufacturing cities and towns on the river banks, among which may be mentioned Yonk.,rs, Tarrytown, Sing Sing, Nyack, Peekskill, New- burgh, Poughkeepele, Rondout, Catskill, Hudson City, New Baltimore, Albnny e,nd Troy,-the laBt named being about one hundred and thirty miles above the mouth of the river. The western shore op!>O\"ite to New York is occupied by Jeraey City, the t-OV.'11 of llobolten, and the •illages of Weehawken and Gutienberg. New York occupi..., nearly all of Ma.nhattan Island, although the upper end of the island--say from about Jefi\"rey's H0<>k to Spuyten Duyvel Creek-is not yet laid out, and is comparnliv.,ly tbinly settled, Jere<'y City and Hoboken are built upon the fl..-.t landa at the ba.se of the Bergen Highlands, while Budson Olty and West Hoboken arn bail t on the heights. At. 'Vest Hoboken the high lands begin to approach the river, showing steep, almost perpendicular fuces; and Guttenberg and \\V...,hawken a.re close to the bank, though considerably elevated above the tide. At Guttenberg the bills are between two ancl three hundred feet high. These hills on the western bank will appear, in some places, thickly wooded, and iu others clear of trees and apparently barren. They are faced fur the most part with marshy land, which ha.>, in some placee>, been drained and cultivated; and these featun>S continue, with acarcely any varfotion, nearly to l\"ort Lee, (seven miles above Jersey City,) where h<>.gin the ffimous Palieades. The Palisades are perpendicular rocky clifili of c-0nsiderable h.,ight, {between tbre<l and five hundred feet,) in some placea thickly wooded with l!ICJ'nb and in -0thers bare and forbidding. They extend along the western bauk from· Fort . Lee to Piermont, twelve mil\"\" above, (where U. the terminus of the New York and Erie Railroad;) but their Palisades. pe1·pendicular~ are oocasionally hiddenbv the tltlck eerub. At Piermont there is a very long wharf, belong- ing to the railroad company, extendlng in1o.ten feet Wl'l.ter, and ha.ving a lighted beacon on its end maintained by th.. company. On the Paliaad<!S, opposite t-0 tbs mouth of Spuyten Duyvel Creek, there will be seen a large hotel with mansard roof. It fo:m\" a very conspfouous object, perched as it ia on the extreme verge of the cliffs where they are about three hundred and fifty feet hlgll.

566 ATL.AN.TIC COAST PILOT. On the eastern bank of the river, above New York, we find the upper part of Manhattan Island composed of moderately high land with somewhat steep slope,., for the most part thickly wooded, with l1andsoml'l villas showing here and there among the t...-. It presents a. strong contrast to the western bank,-beiug almost entirely covered with ornamental grounds; while the Pali..ades are barren, rugged and desolate. AH above remarked, the island is separated from the :mainland on the north by Spuyten Duyvel Creek, a. narrow, Rhallow and crooked stream, which connects tbe Harlem and Hm1£on rivers. It i\" n quarter of a. mile wide at its mouth, (where it is crO!!sed by a bridge carrying the Hudson River Railroad,) bi2t rapidly contracts to a Jeffrey's Hook. width of fifty yards, and joins the Harlem by n 'Very crooked and wirnling eourse. Jeffrey's Hook, on this shore, is the site of Fort Washington, and i;;; nearly opposite to, but o. little above, Fort Lee on the western shore; and Tubby Book is a mile and three-eighths above J effrey'o;, a1Hl half a mile below Spuyten Dnyvel Creek. There are landings at both places; but these a.nd the other features of this bank will Si>o11 di88ppea.r IU' the city advances towards the upper end of the island. From Spnyten Duyvel Creek to Yonke,..,, three miles above, the eastern bank presents a Yery beautiful appearance,- being composed entirely of ornamental grounds, thickly studded with lmndsome villas. Mount St. Vincent, a Roman Catholic Seminary, is situated abont o. mile below Yonkers, a.nd is easily recognized as a large and handsome building of red brick, with a granite chapel in front of it. It is surrounded by beautiful grounds. :Riverdale, a small settlement, is about a mile abov\" Spuyten Duyvel Creek, and the same distn.nce belnw Mount St. Vincent. Yonkers is a. handsome town of about twenty thousand inhabitants, and when seen from the river presents o. somewhat remarkable appearance, as its northern half is perched upon the 8lopes of a steep ltlll,-tlte houses rising abov<' each other in regular rankB, so as to give a. very pretty effect. There are quite a number of wharves here, and considerable busine•s i• done. OppOE!ite to the town, on the western bank, are Ruyler's and Closter landings,-the former being five and n quarter and the latter six and e half miles above Fort Lee. Two miles and a half a.hove Yonkers is the village of Kastillgs, situated on rolling ground of moderate height, with a wharf-line nearly half a mile long. Between the village and Yonkers are steep wooded hills about three hundred and fifty feet liigh; but as Hastings is approached the land descends somewhat,-the site of the village being only about one hundred feet above high water at its highest point. Hence to Tarrytown the land, though rolling, is not nearly \"o high o.s that between Hastings and Yonkers. Five-eighths of a mile above Hastings is the 'Village of Dobbs' Ferry; and directly opposite to it, at the base of the Pali- sades, is Sneden's Landing, with a large wharf and a few houses, sitnated on compara.tively low Innd between two spurs of tho Palisades. At Dobbs' Ferry the land rises gradually to a height of one hundred and eighty feet, and is cleared and thickly settled. Here the river is about a mile wide. The heights are all well wooded. Irvington is a small village nearly opposite to Piermont, and a little over a mile above Dobbs' Ferry. The small settlement of Abbottaford lies just to the southward, but some distance back from the river. The land partakes of the same genernl char- acter as that near Hastings,-being rolling, cleared and cultivated, thickly settled, and from oue to two hundred feet high, with a gradual rise. Between the wharf-line of this village a.ml the pier of the Erie Railroad at Piennont the river ie about a mile wide. On the western bank or the river at Piermont the Palisades cea.se, and high, steeply sloping hills begin,-the i;lopes being diversified with woods and carefully cultivBted fields. At the base of the hill\" the shore is thickly aettled,-an almost unbrokPu line of houses extending nearly to Nyack, which is about two miles and a half above. To the slight indf'nta.tiun in the shore- line formed between Piermont and Nyack the name of The Bight has been given; and at it\" northern end is a small settlement of the same name. Nyack is about twenty-one miles above Jero>ey City, and nearly oppo8ite tu Tarrytown. Verdl\"ietege Hook. It is a town of a.bout five tbou;;;a.nd inhabitants, situated in a sort of valley of comparatively low and gPntly sloping land, between Piermont and Y erdrietege Hook, or Rook Mountain, as it is often called. This moun- tain is plainly visible from off' Nyack, appearing high, precipitous, for the most part thickly wooded with scrub, but showing occasional bare precipitous cliffs cropping out on the river f'ide. Its summit is between seven and eigl1t hundred feet above the level of the river. From Piermont to the enstern pitch of the Hook the river bas an average width uf a little more than two Illiles for a length of six miles; and this wide reach is called The Tappan Zee or Tappan Sea. The channel is wid<J ::md unob- structed, except by the Nyack Flat;s and those off' Kingsland's Point. 'J.'arrYtOWD., on the eastern bank, opposite !!iya.ck, is two miles a.bo\\'e Irvington and about seven miles above Yonkers. It has a population of about fifteen thousand, and is thriving a.ncl rapidly increasing in size. .At it\" northern end is Klllgaland's Poillt, which is low and nearly level, a.nd covered with a thick growth of very handsome trees. When seen from the southward this point appears like an island. Sleepy Eollow, famolll! in story, is situated about a. mile arnl a quarter above To.rrytown aml J1alf a mile inland_ Three miles a.hove Kingsland's Foint js situated the small settlement of Scarborough; and five-eighths of a mile above tliiR tbe town ofSiDg Slng,-the southern suburb of which is known,.,. Sparta.. The shore between the two point,. is undulating,- tbe heights varying from seventy to two hundred Rlld fifty foot,-with somewhat steep fa.ces, and for the most part well wooded. Scarborough is situated some distance inland, but hns a landing composed of several wharves. Sing Sing, noted for the Stat\" Penitentiary near it, is a beautiful town of about six thousand inhabitants, situated on the heights, which m·e here about two hundred feet high, and is famous for the excellence of its educa.tiono.I establishments. It is about twenty-eight miles above the mouth of the river. On the flat shore, at the base of the steep hills on which the town is built, will be seen a. great number of thiekly clustered white-looking btilldings with wharves attached. These funn the New York State Penitell.tiu?'• commouly known as sing Sing\" Prison. Oppoeite to the town, and just at the northern end of Verdrietege Hook, ·is :Rockland Lake Land- ing, easily recognized by the ice-barges which am alw..ye at ite wharves, the ice-honses, and the great chute wbich J.,ads fron1 the lake level (about six hundred feet a.hove) to the landing-place. There is quite a settlement here,-thehom•es being scattere•l aloug the elopes in a sort of 'Valley or gorge between the steep cliffs of Verdrietege Hook a.nd thO!!c to thti northward which extend to Wo.ldberg Landing. J uet above Sing Sing l'.Il&kes in a wide bnt shullow bay, called Croton Bay, into which empties tho Croton ltivar. It i\" o. Croton Bay. mile and a qnarter wide at its mouth, (b.,tween the Sing Sing shore on the ellllt and Tel.I.ir's Point on the west,) but gradually contracts until n.t its northern end, where the Croton River comtlS in, it is but three- eigbtha of a mile in width. Croton Poun is a long peninsula, comparatively low and for the most part Ullder cultivation, although there are in many places thick woode off.I' the water. 'feller'I Point, ite southern extremity, ia abou~



HUDSON RIVER. b67 a mile and a half abO\\·e Rockland Lake Landing, and !a the eastern point of entrance to that reach of the Description of river which is locally known \"\" Haverstraw Bay. Hudson River. On the western shore, from Rockland Lake L!\\nding to Waldberg Landing, (the western point of entrance to Haverstraw Ila~·,) the distance is about two miles aml a quarter. The banks are high and very steep, rising to a height nf from fonr 1.o six hundred feet in a distance back from the shore of only ahout an eighth of a mile, anrl the we•tern shore Rpreads away to the westward so as to form a sort of bay about three miles wide, called Ha\\'erstraw Bay. The high lands graduaTiy recede to the westward, terminating near the village of Haverstraw (a mile and a quarter above \\Valclberg Land- iug) in a hill known aa High Tor, eight hund1·ed feet above the ri\\•er level. All of this 8bore i8 composed of densely woodetl precipitous hills from four 10 six humlrerl feet higli. ):Iaverstraw Bay, which is the second wide reach of the rh•er, extends from Tellel\"s Point tn Stony Po\\nt,-a distance of about five miles, and is widest about midway of its length. At hs southern end, between Teller's Point and the \"\\Valdberg shore, it is a mile and an eighth wide; at its northern endr opposite Stony Point, it is but three quarters of a mile ·wide; and it.l\"I greatest width.• opposite the village of Haverstraw, is three miles and a quarter. The easten1 i;bore of the Lay, between T<Jller's Point and Cruger's, is occupied by flats, which in some places exterul a mile and a half from shol'<', with not more than nine feet at low water. The western slior-e is eomparatively bold-to, and both Grassy Point e.nd Stony Haverstraw Bay. Point may be approached within one hundred ya.rds with not le\"\" than ftve fathoms- Boch shor<>s of the hay present in summer a very beautiful nppearance,-the slopes on the west bunk especially being in some places cultivated nearly to the summit. of the hills, and in others showing alternatl' thick woods and patches of cultfrated land. On the east bank, two :miles and three-quarters above Teller'• Point, is the village of croton, and about a mile and a half above thi\" i• Cruger'B L~g, a little below Stony Point. Ou tlw west bank, about a. mile and a quarter above \\Vaklberg Landing, and at the north- en1 base of High Tor, is the village of Ha.verstraw,-sitnate<l upon comparatively low land close to the shore, and surrounded by cultivatc>d 1:,rrounds. At the northern end of the \\'illagc is PUllen'B Po1nt, whicli has a large wharf, uml Lack of the wharf a brick-yard. Haverstraw has a population of about seven thousand; but the approaches to it are shoal and there is but little 1:rade. A mile and three-eighths above the village, and about thrue mill'!S above W aldberg Landing, i1; Grassy Point,-the soutben1 extremity of North Ha.verstraw, The shore is thickly settled, and there are many wharves. A mile above Grassy Puiot is Stony Po1nt, a round blufl'-looking point, covered wit.11 scrub, aud having a while light-tower on its summit, n<.>ar which is a low white dwelling. It is the northern extremity of Haverstraw Bay, as well as the southern point of entrance to what is known as The HighIands. The Highlands are formed by spurs of the Catskill Moun- tains, which here extend from the main ridge to the river. The shores are bold-to, and the channel is deep The Highlands. and unobstructed. Stony Point Light-house is an eight-sided white tower, twenty-four feet high, and \"how« a lix\"\"l white Hght, of the fifth order, from a height of one hundred and seyenty-niue feet above high water, visible thir- teen miles. Jts geographical position is Latitude··--·--------------··---·-·------·-·------·---------· ____ 410 141 26\" wN.. Longitude. - . - _- . _. - ___ .. ________ . _____________ .. - ___ . __ . - - __ .. _.. 20\" 73° c;s' During thick weather a bell is struck by machinery at intervals of fifteen seconds. On the eastern bank, at Cruger';,, there is an extensive brick-yard; and five-eighths of a mile to the northward of this, and directly opposite t-0 Stony Point, is a shallow cove, about nine hundred yards wide at its mouth, called Green's Cove. None but the smallest vessels can enter it, as it is full of flats, On its southe1•n side is Montrose Point, which is low, nearly level and cleared; and on its northern side is Verplanck's Point, nearly opposite to, but Verplanck'& 1hr.,....eighths of a mile above. Stony Point. It is 11igh and grassy, for the most part cleared, and bas a few Point. ornamental trees on its summit. On the shore, close to the water, a.re extensh·e brick-works; and this feature ext<>nds almost to Peekskill. The bank is bold-to, and may be approached anywhere within one hundred and fifty yards with not less than fiye fathoms. Nearly opposite to the point, and a little over a mile above Stony Point, on the west bank, ar<> The Lime Kilns, easily recognizable from the fact that the ro<Jk behind them bas been quarried away and 1<hows pel'p<'ndicular fuces to a height of about one hundred feet. There are also a number of long, low, white shed>1 at the base of the quarry, close to th<> '\\·vater's edge~ Between Stony Point and The Lime Kilns the s1opes show here and there precipitous faces, formed hy the outcropping leclges; and this featnl\"e extend,. to the northward as far as The Dunderberg. This shore is not so bold-t-0 as the ea8tern bi<nk, hllt it may be approached within two hundred yards, between Stony Point and The Lime Kilns, with not. less than three and a hr.If fathoms; and, between The Lime Kiln\" and Caldwell's, within a quarter of a mile, with not less than four fathoms. Between Verplauck's antl Stony points the river is barely half a mile wide, but gradually incl'eases, until abreast of The Lime Kilns it is five-eighth• of a mile witle, with a d<Jpth in the clmnnel of from eight to ten fathoms. Her.- is the entrance to what is kI1own as Pookskill Bay; for here the river turns to the northeastward, forming a reach ahont two miles and a quarter long and from three-quarters of a mile to a mile in width, which leads up t-0 the t.own of Peekskill. The eastern shore of tbe bay is much lower than the western, diversified with woods o.nd ocoeasional patches of cleared land, arnl has many brick-yards close to the water's edge. The town of Peekskill is situated at the bottom of a shallow Peekskill Bay. bight, into which not more than four foot at low water can be mirried; and it is not safe, therefore, to ap- proach it without a. pil... It has about seven thonsand inhabitants, several iron f'ound1·ie1<, and some river trade, Just be1ow :be town, and about a mile and a half aboYe Verplanck's Poi'lt, is a small shallow cove, known as Lent's Cove. Opposite to it, on the west bank, is the famolll'! Dunderberg Mountain, (sometimes called The Dunderberg,) a very high, den.-dy wooded. hill, With flat lands at its base, and terminating to the eastward in a long, low, flat point, called Kidd's Humbug. At the ><0utberll ba;ie uf th\" hill is a landing and email settlement, known as Csldwell's. At Kidd's Humbug th., bank is nearly level, cultivated, and baa on\" or two houses on it. The northern suburb of Peekskill is called Red Hook Landing, and is easily recognized from below, as a clust<Jr of low white houses, situated at the base of a. rather high, steep blu:ff, nearly opposite to, but_ a little above, The Dunderl1erg, Here the river turns abruptly t-0 the northwestward for two miles and a qnart-.,r, and grad- Red Hook Landing ually C-Ontracta in width,-being less than four hundred yard1; wide about a mile and a quarter above Red and Anthony's Kook. This reach forms the moat beautiful part of The Highlands,-ha.ving on the east Anthony's Nose, in Nose.

568 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. the foreground The Dunderberg, a.nd in the middle distance the famous Iona Island. Between Red Hook and Anthony's Nose the ea.stel\"ll shol\"e is high and steep,-the slopes being densely wooded, with occru;ional outcl\"Opping ledges with perpendicular fa.ces. Anthony's Nose is a very high, steep and thickly wooded hill, with a slope towal\"ds t11e watPr of about forty-five degrees. The western shore, between The Dunderberg and Fort Montgomery, is also composed of higl1, steep and densely wooded bills; but, unlike the ea.stern shore, is very il\"regumr in outline.• and indented by several coves. On the north side uf the Duu- derberg makes in a long shallow cove, known as Snaky Hollow,-nearly bare at low water; and on the Iona Island. northern side of this is IoEa I\"land, which is not, in reality, an island,-being connected with the mainland at low water. When seen fi-om the southward it will appear as a rather low, rocky islet, covered with ecrub, with bare grey rocks cropping out here and there, and 8everal white honses appearing among the trees near the centre. This island is a. famous place of resort during the summer. (See View.) About three-quart..rs of a mile above Iona Ii.land is Doodletown Bight, a long shallow cove making to the southward, and nearly bare at low water. Half a mile above it is Papola Creek:, narrow and shallow, and directly oppoMit.a Papola Creek. to .Anthony's Nose. On th!i' north side of this creek are the remains of Fort Montgomery; but they are not discernible from the river. Both banks are bold-fo from Red Hook to West Point, and may be approached anywhere within one hundred yards with from three to eight fathoms. Abreast of Anthony's Nose the l\"iver turns to the north..astward, running about NE. ! N., for a little over two miles, to Delllllng's La.Ddl.ng, abreast of which, on the west bank, is Con's Hook. Both banks are hilly, steep, and for the most part thickly wooded. Ar Denning'\" Lanning six fathoms may be taken to within fifty yards of the shore. Con's or Connor's Con's Hook, or Connor's Hook, on the west bank, is formed by a. low rocky point,. thickly covered with Hook. \"\"rnh, and joined to the mainland by marsh. The hills in it.s vicinity rise in regular steps or tet\"r&Ccs, and are thickly wooded to their summits. Near·ly opposite to it; on the east hank, and close to Denning's Land- ing, is a. very peculiar looking peaked hill, whose regular outlines make it sufficiently remarkable when seen from the south- ward. It is known as Sugar Loaf M:ounta.ln. At Con's llook the course of the stream is slightly more to the northward,-being about H. by E. i E., for a.bout two miles and a half, t-0 West Point. Both banks are hilly and wooded, but the west bank is the steeper, \"\"a strip of comparatively low land skirts the base of the hills on the east bank. About a mile above Con's Hook, on the western shore, Buttermilk Falls. will be seen a cascade, whose milk-white foam bas given it the name of Buttermilk Falls; and about a quarter of a mile above it, perolaed upon the summit of the bill, is the well known Cozzens' Hotel. Near the falls, at the base of the hills, there a.re also several houses. The buildings et \\Vest Point are plainly discernible from abreast of the falls,-the large dome of the observatory being the most prominent object. On the east bank, about a mile and five-eighths above Denning's Landing, o.nd about half a mile above Buttermilk Falls, is Lower :Mine Point, a fiat rocky point, covered for the most part with fir trees. A small shallow cove makes Lower Mine Point. in on its eastern side; and three-eighths of a mile t.o the northward of it is Pb1lllpse's Land!Jlg, now rarely used, as Garrison's Landing, three-eighths of a mile above it, is now !he principal means of communication with West Point. At Garrison's there is a small settlement on the low •horenear the river, with a hotel, post office and railway station. Communication with West. Point is kept up by a small fen-y-boat. The west bank, between Buttermilk Falls and West Point, is composed entirely of high, steep and densely wooded hills, with bare outcropping ledges here and there. _At intervals along the slopes will be seen houses peeping out from among the thick foliage. These mark the line of the road lea.ding from Cozzens' to w.,st Point. West Point is a high, bluft~ thickly wooded point, almost entirely occapied by the grounds and buildings of the United lllta.tes Jllll1tary Academ;y,-the latter being the most promi=nt objects in this part of the river. On the northeast it descends to a bare rocky point, upon the extremit.y of which stands a low square wooden tower, painted white. This West Point. is West Polnt Light-house. On the south side of the point a broad road descends from the Academy grounds to a large wharf, where tbe ferry-boat lands. The light-house shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty feet above high water, visible eleven miles; a.nd is useful as marking the sharp bend in the river between West Point and Constitution Island. The point is bold-to, and may be safely appt'Oached within one hundred yards. The east bank, from Garrison's to Constitution Island, continues high and thickly wooded; but the hills retreat farther book from the bank,-leaving a strip of marsh land between them and the river. Here a sharp bend is madc,-the stream running about WNW. for about five-eightbB of a mile, between Constitution Island and the northern side of Constitution West Point. This bend is locally known as The World's End, and has very deep water,-thil'ty-six fathoms Island. being found in the channel. On its south \"hore are seen tbe water-batteries, stor<lhouses, work-shops and other structures belonging tot-he Academy; and on the summit of the bill a la.rge hotel and several other buildings. On the north shore ;,. the bold, bln:lf, rocky outline _of Constitution I.<land, thickly covered with woods, aud with bare rocky ledges showing here and the!\"€. Its southwet<tern end, known as ~e Point, is composed of bare l\"QCk with a few Ii.- trees on it. Here the river is be.rely a quarter of a mile wide. A.breast -0f Constitution Island the river again turns to the northwestward, having a genern.l conrse about N. by w. i W., for about two miles and three-quarters, w the lower end of Newburgh Bay, which begins between Great Neck Point on the eW!t and Cornwall Landing on the west. On opening this reach the high, steep, rocky end wooded hill, known The Crow's Ne st \"\"The Crow's Nest, wi1l appear on the west bank, a little n.bo,•e Constitution Island, with precipitous cliffs and The Storm of bare rock showing here and there on its sides; and just above it the equally steep and prominent hill, King. known as The Storm King, opposite to the villuge of Cold Spring. On the north eide of Constitution Isla.nd the east bank curvee away to the eastward and then t-0 the northward,-tbue forming a \"'hallow cove, on the banks of which stands the village of 0014 Sprtng. The work-sho1•s and fnrnac<.>s of tbe great West PolDt Iro:a. :FoundrJ' are stretched along the shore aml form very conspicuoW! object&. The village is situated on tolerably level ground, at the north base of the hills, and there is good aneborage abreast of it in from four to BC'\\\"en fathoms, but obstructed by a dangerous l'S<lf known as 'l'he :Brothers. From abreaat of Cold Spring the city of Newburgh will be l!e<m in the distance, apparently al the head of the re&eh, with,. rocky islet, covered with pst.c'hes of SCMlbb.Y tree&, nearly in range, but a little to the westward of the town. Still tarther to the



HUDSON RIVER.. 569 westward will appear the village of New Windsor. The island is called Polopens Island, and lies about a Polopens Island. quarter of a mile from the \"\"\"t bauk, at the southern end of Newburgh Bay. On the eai;t bank, about three-quarters of a mile above Cold Spring wharf, a low rocky point, with precipitous faces and covered with patches of scrub, projects into the river to the very edge of the channel. This is Little Stony Point, and, seen from the southward, appears like an island. Behind it rises Bull Rlll, nearly fifteen hun- Little Stony Point. dred feet high-a very prominent feature. About oue mile above the point i\" Breakneck Point, a very remarkable hill, composed almost entirely of bare rock, with nearly perpendicular faces, having patches of scrub here and there in the hollows. The hill terminates in a long point of be.re rock, which is noticeable a.s being the last rocky point on the .,...,t bank as far up as Fishkill Creek. On the west bank, above The Storm King, the shore continues steep, rocky and wooded all the way to Cornwall L&nd.l.ng, and is quite bold-to. About a mile to the northward of The Stonn King is a high, precipitous, rocky hill, which descends, with bare, nearly perpendicular sides, directly into the water. Its summit is covered with scrub, and it is altogether one of the moo<t remarkable points on the river. Thie hill ie known as Butter Hill; and on its north \"'ide the shore runs away abruptly to the westward towards Cornwall Landing and Murderer's Creek, at the southern end of Newburgh Bay. Corn- wall is a pretty village, now quite celebrated as a summer resort; and there is good anchorage in from four Butter Hill. to six fathoms anywhere off the lamling or abreast of the mouth of Murderer's Creek. 'lhe creek is about four hundred yards wide at its month,-betwcen Plum Point (its northern point ofentrance) and the western end of the village,- is quite shallow and of little importance. Hence to New Windsor the dist,.nce is a mile and a quarter,-the bank being com- paratively low, for the most part thickly wooded, but showing cleared fields here and there. .New Windsor is a small village of about t;wenty-five hundred inhabitants, situated upon comparatively low and gently sloping land, diversified with woods and cleared field.., and with a number of brick-sheds extending aloug its water front. An almost continuous line of settlements extends from this village to the city of Newburgh, a mile a11d a balf above. The shore is bold-t-0; ·whereas the eastern bank is obstructed by Hat>! extending from a quarter of a mile to half a mile from shore. On the eastern bank, above Breakneck Point, the land slopes gently ha.ck from the river,-forming a small valley almost entirely cleared arid cultivated. There are several landings along th;s shore as fur up as Polopens Island,-a narrow slue, with eight feet water, running along the bank between it and the sand spit making to the southward of the iBland. From Polopens Island to Fishkill Creek the distance is a mHe and a half, and the \"hore is composed of moderately high, gently sloping landB, for the most part cleared and cultivated, and extending back to the base of thickly wooded hills. Fishkill Creek is opposite to New Windsor, and is six hundred yards wide at its mouth. It is very shallow,-having Fishkill Creek. but two feet at low water at the entrance,-and is crossed by a bridge carrying the Hudson River Railroad. Denning'& Point, its western point of entrance, is low and thickly wooded, and has a large wharf extending to the edge of the channd. Fishkill Landing is a mile and a quarter above Denning's Point, and exac1ly opposite Newburgh. It ie a small viUage, built upon gently sloping land, and is surrounded hy cleared fields dotf,ed with clumps of trees. A long wharf, covered with. houses, extends from the shore to the edge of the chanuel, and has also a \"slip\" for the Newburgh ferry-boats. In be.a.ting to windward it is very necessary to use the lead frequently, as the flats are steep-to ;-the soundings diminishing from three fathoms to three feet within one hundred yards. From New Windsor to Newburgh the western bank shows steep sand and clay cliffii, backed by nearly level lands diversi· fied with woods and cleared fields. :Newburgh is a city of about eighteen thousand inhabitants, and ha.s an extensive trade. There are large manufacturing intereets,----cotton and woolen goods, machinery, and flour being the principal; but there are also plaster mills, foundries and tanneries. ·There is also a considerable river trade in shipments uf grain, flour, and espooially dairy produce. Seen from t.he river this city presents a beautiful appearance, as the ground upon which it is built rises, aa it recedes from the river, to a height of three hundred feet. A steam ferry connects it with Fishkill, on the opposite shore. Above Newburgh the wesU!rn bank is composed of lauds of modernte height, gently sloping, thickly settled, and diversified with cultivated fields and groves of ornamental trees. In the vicinity of The Mud Role, however, (at the northern end of New· burgh Bay,) the land becomes higher and more steep, tlwugh preserving the same general features as that below. .About seven-eighths of a mile above Fi8hkill Landing, on the east bank, is Mount Gullan, nearly oppm<ite to Balmville; and about two miles above this is C&rthage, a small hamlet., directly opposite to The Mud Hole and at the noM.hern end of Newburgh Bay. The shore between the two is somewhat lower thnn the western bank, but is more thickly wooded and very thinly settled. Carthage, when seen from the river, appears somewhat dilapidated, but is prettily situated close to the bank, at the foot of cleared slopes, whose summits are dott.ed with groves of handsome trees. The land in this vicinity is finely cultivated. The name Newburgh Bay has been given to that reach of the river, a little over six miles long, and Newburgh Bay. with an average width of a mile and a quarter, which extends from Cornwall Landing to Cart.hage. Its We!ltern bank is bold-to; but the eastern bank has extensive flau., with from two t-0 three feet water, and must not be approached nearer than three-eighths of a mile. On the west bank, from The Mud Hole to Limestone Point, the land ie high, st.eep, and dive:rsifiecl with cultivated fields and groves of trees. He\"' the river turns to the northeastward for about two miles and a quarter, with an average width of five-eighths of a mile,-tbe reach terminating between New Hamburg on the eas·t and Hampton on the west. Both shores are comparatively bold-to as far up as Lim.,..tone Point; above which the western ba.nk must Limestone Point. receive a berth of three hundred yards, and the eastern bank a berth of a qunrter of a mile, until Hampt.on and New Hamburg are reached. Limestone Point is a long, low, flat, rocky point, thickly covered with a variety of low trees, A small cove, dry at low water, makes in on its northern side. Hence to Hampton the banks are ltigh and rocky, mostly wooded, but showing occasional cultivated fields. The east bank, from Carthage to New Hamburg, two miles above, 1s composed of lands of mO<\\erate height, rocky and for the most part w-OOd.00, although there a.re cultivated fields here and there. New ll&mburg is eitnat\"'1 on a projecting point directly ~ite to tlli! village of :&a.mpt;on, a.nd on 111e north side of the entrance to a small ereek, called Wa.pptnger•a ere.Jr. On the south side of this creek is the small eet.tlement of KQhBOD.Tille, some distance back from \"the bank. Here the river is only abo11t three-eighths of a mile wide, but its shores are steep-to. There ;,., however, a dangerous reer, kn-0wn as Dimond. lteef. with five feet upon it, lying almost exactly in the middle of the river, and gre-at care .is necessary, at night, to a.void it. C. P.-72

5i0 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Descrtption of Above New Hamburg the river takes a nearly straight course, (about N. by E.,) for nearly seven miles, to Hudson River. Pougbkeepsie,-the channel being entirely unobstructed and both banks steep-to. From the village to The Old Lime Kiln, a mili. and three-quarters above, ou the east bank, it bas an average width of five-eighths of e mile; but above the latter it varies from three-eighths to half a mile as far up as Poughkeepsie. The Old Lime Klln is a deserted ruin, on the east bank, surrounded by cleared fields, dotted here and there with a few small trees. There is a small settlement here, and the r<\"mn.ins of an old wharf. The village of Barnegat is !!ituated half n. mile above the Kiln. Hence to Mine Point the east\"rn bank is steep and rocky, with pl\"ecipitous rocky cliffs cropping 011t here and there. About fh-L~eighths of a mile below Mine Point it projects out into a low rocky point, called Long Point, very thickly co\\•ered with small tree~; and above this it is thickly wooded and shows perpendicular rocky faces here and there. Mine Point is high, rocky and thickly wooded. On the western bank, about three-<Juarters of a mile aboYe Hampton, ;e the small settlement of Marlborough, situated close to the shore, at the base of the steep wooded hills which extend all along t11is bank as far up as Blue Point. Blue Point. Three mil<\"s above Marlborough is Milton, a. small settlement on the west bank, built for the most part on the ]ow ground forming a sort of gorge between two hills. The northernmost bill is wooded, a.nd the south- ernmost cleared and culth·ated. From Milton to Ea.ga.Jl's the distance is a mile and a 'lua.rter, with bold, st<>ep, wooded banks; a.nd half a mile above Ea.,,aan's, and directly opposite to Mine Point, is Blue Point,, very high, bluff and rocky, with nearly per- pendicular sides, and thickly wooded. The shore here is very st-eep-to,-seventeen fathoms being found within one hundred yards of Blue Point. On the east bank, half a mile above Mine Point, is Fox Poiut, the sont.hr.rn extremity of tbe city of Poughkeepsie. It i\" low, backed by thick woods, and is occupied by extensive iron-works lrelonging to the Hudson River Rail- Fox Point. road Company. The city begins just above this point,-its wharf-line being about a mile and a quarter long. It is a town of about twenty thousand inhabitants, and the centre of a very important trade, consisting of the manufacture of cotton goods, machinery, farming implements, carriages, iron ware, guns, carpets, earthen ware, flonr and leather. There is also a fine marble quarry in the vicinity. Poughkeepsie is also celebrated for its breweries; and the famous Vassar Female College is located here. On the west bank, a.bove Blue Point, the ln.nd is very high, st€ep and thickly wooded. The small settlement of Louisburgh nnd the village of New Paltz are situated opposite to Poughkeepsie, at the base of the high land. The banks are steep-to,- ten fathoms being found within one hundred yn:rds of the shore. New Paltz is also sometimes called The Blgbla.nds. Hence to Crum Elbow Point, at the southern end of the reach of that name, the distance is two miles, with a very Dog Head Cove bold shore and no obstructions. .All this land is high, steep, rocky and thickly wooded. Seven-eighths of a Point. mile above New Paltz is Dog Head Cove Point, on the northern side of Dog Read Cove, and nearly oppo- site to, but a little below, the Tillage of Roosevelt. It is a bluff, rocky and densely wooded headland, not particularly distinguished from the adjacent shore except by the indentation formed by the cove on its southern side. Three- eighths of a mile above it, a.nd exactly opposite to Roosevelt, is Andrews' Dock; and about three-quarters of a mile above this is Orum Elbow Point, a high, thickly wooded, bluff headland, with very bold shores. The ea.st bank, from Poughkeepsie to Roosevelt, a mile and a half above, is comparatively low. gently \"loping and thickly wooded, but backed by cleared and cultivated lands. The channel is absolutely unobstructed,-both baukH Greer's Point. being steep-to, with no middle grounds. Roosevelt is three-quarters of a mile below Crum Elbow Point, at the head of the reach. From Roosevelt to Greer's Point the distance is about two mi1es, and the east bank shows the same steep, rocky B.Ild wooded lands as those below Poughkeepsie. Greer'\" Point is low and rocky,-its extremity being cleared; but back of this the land is thickly woodt>d. Here the river turns again to the northward,-running about!{. by E., for nearly five mlles, with a.n unobstructed channel and bold shores. The west bank, from Crnm Elbow Point to \\Vest Park, two miles and a half above, is composed of liigh, somewhat steeply sloping land, having in places perpendicular rocky faces, and in others sloping gently to the water's edge. West Park. ThiJ< part of the shore presents a beautifW appearance in summer,-being diversified with woods and finely cultivated lands dotted with handsome houses. From \\Vest Park to abreast of Esopus Island the distance is a mile and three-quarters in a N. by E. direction,-the land being low, rocky and thickly wouded. Ott the eW<t bank, from Greer's Point to the village of Hyde Park, the distance is a little over a mile, and the land compar- atively low, with gentle elopes, end divel'Sified with woods and cleared and settled country. Hyde Pa.rk is situated close to the bnnk, at the month of n small stream called Crwn Elbow Creek. From Hyde Park to Bard's Rock, a mile above, tl1e land partakes of the same general character,-being low and thickly wooded, with occasiomil cli<ared fields. Bard's Rock is o. low rocky p<>int, thickly wooded, and backed by cultivated fields dotted with trees. Both banks are bold-to as Bard's Rock. far up as this point, a.nd the west bank as far up as Pelham; but the e:wt bank, from Bard's Rock to Staats- burgh Creek, a mile and five-eighths above, is somewhat shoal, and should receh•e a bet-th of about an eighth of a mile,~ially in the vicinity of Blunt's and Bolles' islands. Bolles' Isla.nd is a mere mass of rock, with a few bushes aml small trees upon it, lying about half a mile above Bard's Rock, aud fifty yard.11 from the ea.st bank. There is no pas~e inshore of it. Blun.t's Iala.nd is three hundred yards to the northward of Bolles' Island, and, like it, is a mass of rock with a offew bushes upon it. It is seventy-five yards from shore. Three-eighths a mile to the northward of it, Esopus Island. and alxmt a mile above Bard's Rock, will be seen a narrow islet, nearly in mid-river, known as Esopus Island. It is about seven hundred yards long N. by '.B. and S. by W., and in no pln.ce wider than one bun· dred yards; a.nd when seen from the southward will appear low, rocky, and thickly wooded with bushes and low trees. It is a quarter of a mile from the east bank a.nd three-eighths of a mile from the west bank, and is bold-to everywhere except at it• northern end, where a dangerous reef, oalled The Ben and Ohiell:eJlll, bare in some j)laces at low water, makes to the northward for three hundred yards. A buoy will be recommended to be placed upon this reef. Esopus Island is also sometimes ca.lied l'ell Island. About two hundred yards above Blunt's Island, on the east bank, is &oclcJ' Point; and hence to Staatsbnl\"gh Crook, tbree- quarterB ofa mile above, the land remains comparatively low, gently sloping, and for the most part thickly wooded. Staats· 'burgh Creek is a narrow nnd shallow stream of no importance, and empties iuto the river just above the northern end'Of Esopus Isls.u<l. About tbreol-qual'ters of a mile above it if! the vi1lage of Bta&ttlbUrg'h, situated on the east bank; and fivEK>ighths of\" mile above this is Wldte's J.andblg, where the river turns more to the northeastward. Several large ice-houses are seen on the



HUDSON RIVER. 571 ·bank, just below Staatsburgh. Between Staatshurgh nnd Hoyt's the land is higher and more 11teep, but Description of remains fur the most part thickly wooded. It is quite bold-to,-;>leven fathoms being found within one hun- Hudson River. dred yards of the shore. On the west bank, directly opposite to Esopus Island, is the village of Esopus, which has a population of about five thou- sand. It is a little over two miles above West Park, amid a rolling country of moderate height, and in most places thickly ,vooded; and good anchorage is found abreast of the village in from tln·ee to four futboms, sticky bottom. At the northern end of the viJlag., is a projecting rocky point., known as Indian Rock; and five-eighths of a mile above this, and nearly opposite to Staatsburgh, is the village of Pelham, with about two thousand inhabitants. Ou the lai-ge wharf, known as Pelham Dock, on the water front of the village, wHl be seen a large stone warehouse. 'Vhen abreast of Esopus the light-house on Esopus Me:i.dowa will be seen, as a white tower with dwelling-house attached, standing apparently in the wuter. The land on the west bank, though of considerable height, is dwarfed in appearance by the high ranges of the ca.tsll:lll Mounta.ins, which are visible in tho backf,'TOund stretching as far as the eye can reach. The river turns more to the northeastward about half a mile above Pelham, aml continues in that direction for about a mile to abreast of the light-lwuse, where it turns again to the northward for about two miles and a half to Port Ewen, on the south side of Ron- dout Creek. From Esopus Meadows Light-houae to Port Ewen the a\\-erage width of the river is between five-eighths and three-quarters of a mile. 'From Pelham Dock to Cave Point, on the west bank, th<' distance is seven-eighths of a mile. Tbe land is of mollerate height, with smnewhat g ..ntlt' slopes, and presents alternate thick woods and cleared land. Five-eighths of a mile above this point is Esopus Point, (off which is the light-house,) a thickly wooded point, with Esopus Point_ somewhat steep faces, descending to a long fiat marsh, from which extend the meadows on which the light- hnuse'stands. The village or Rondout is plainly visible from abreast of this point, with the Catskill Mountains in the distance. All of this shore between Pelham and Esopus Point is shoal,-the flats making off for from two hundred to three hundred and :fitly yards; and there is also a narrow 1<hoal, about five-eighths or a mile long, with fifteen feet water, nearly in mid-river between Cave Point and Hoyt's Landing. It is ca.lied Esopus Middle Ground. Esopus .Meadows Light-house is a white tower, thirty-seven foet high, attached to a dwelling of the Esopus Meadows sn.me color, and supported on a stone pier. It shows a fixed white light, of the fifth order, from a height uf Light-house. fifty-three feet above the river, visible twelve miles; ancl may be passed within one hundred yards with uot less than seven fathoms. At Hoyt's La.nd1ng, on the -Oast bank, the shore runs to the northeastward fur about seven-eighths of a mile, and then gradually curres around to the northwestward,-continuing in that direction, for about two miles and a half, to Sturgeon Point, nearly opposite Port Ewen. The shore is of moderate height, somewhat lower than the W\"8t bank, very gently sloping, llild di,·erEified with woods and cultivated fields, dottoo with handsome houses. The small settlement of Dinsmore is situated on tbis bank, about three-eighths of a mile ahove Hoyt's, and on the south bauk of a small cove known as Dinsmore's Cove; and Plawelly, two miles and a half above Hoyt's, is ahout three-quarters of a mile below Sturgeon Point. .All of this 1Shore is shoal,- being obstructed by flq.ts, which are in many places bare at low water,-a.nd should not be approached nearer than six hun- dred yards, as the wat<>r shoals from six fathoms to three foet within a space of a few yards. By the curve of the shore between Dinsmore and Plawchy there is formed a large bight, known as Yauderberg's Cove, which receives the wat..l'S of a small stream known as La.nd.tma.n.'s Creek. It is directly opposite to Esopus Meadows, a111l is oocupied entirely hy fiats with from two to five feet water. At its northern end, about a mile and a quarter above Dinsmore, ii• a very small islet, known \"\" Jones' Island, which lies about one hundred yards from the Vanderberg'& east bank, on the edge of a grass fiat, covered at high water. Abre'1E!t of this islet begins a narrow channel Cove. running close a.long tl1e east bank, bt!tween it and the long flats, known as Plawchy Flats, which make off from Stm·geon Point to the southeastward for about a mile and three-eighths. At their shoalest part, which is abreast of Plawchy, these flats are bare at low wat,er and covered with grass. The channel between them and the east hank is good for fifteen feet at low water, and one hundre.d yards wide; but is not fit for any but, steamboat navigation, in the absence of buoys. Sturgoon Point, sometimes en.lied Kelly's Point, about three-quarters of a mile above Plawcby, is a. high Sturgeon Point. bluff whh perpendicular face~, aud crowned with a thick growth of trees. It is somewhat ..hoal, and must not be approached nearer than an eighth of a mile. The western bank of the river, above Esopus Point, is composed of high l:md, gently sloping, and so diversified with culti- vated fields, grass lnnds a.nd woods as to present in summer a very beautiful appearance. About a mile above the point ia Remlo<:k Point, just above which are seen a number of large ice-houses and a great wharf, known as Knick- erbocker Wharf. This is the depot of the Knickcrbcicker Ice Company, and is directly upposite to Plawcby. Big Rock Point. Awut eight hundred and fifty yard.. above this wharf is Big Rock Point ; and five-eighths of a mile beyond thi\" begin the wharves and docks of Port EWeD. This is a village of about fifteen hundred iuhabitants, situated on the \"'outh side of the entrance to Rondout Creek, on high gras@Y hmd dotted with clumps of trees. The wharf-line is protected, near its northern end, by jetties and dikes -0onstrndtt.'<i by the United States Engineers. Rondout Creek is seven-l'ighths of a mile wide at its mouth, between Kingston Point on the north aml Port Ewen on the south; hut nearly all of this area is oooupied by fiats and overllowed mea.dows,-lea.ving an available channel of not more than one hundred yards in width. The creek runs in about a WSW. direction for nearly two milt'B and a half to the village of Eddyville, where begins the D ..laware an4 Hudson Canal; and the town of Rondout and the villag<'B of Sleight.burgh, South Rondout and '\\Vllbur are built npou its banks. At the entrance to the creek, five-eighths of a mile above Port Ewen, on the south Bide of the channel, •t.andB th1t light-house known ns Rondout Light-house, a square granite tower, attached to a dwelling of the same material, eupported by a circular stone pier. It is built upou the eastern Rondout Creek. end of a long mud flat making off from Sleightburgh; and shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty-two feet above high water, visible eleven miles. Jtlllgston Point, the northern point crf entrance to the creek, ls low, rocky and gently sfoping, for the most part cleared, but. dotted he..., and there with low trees. There 1s a long wharf, With several warehoW!eS on it, making out from this point for one hundred ruJd fifty yards to the edi,,re of the channel. Opposite to the light-house, on the north side of the creek, a long jetty h.us b<>en built, which extends to the eastward to the edge of the ~haun.el; but with little suce<!l!S, thus far, in deepening the ehanw•I into the creek. A light i8 mamta.ined by privat<> enterprUie

572 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Description of on the end of this jetty; but there should be a permanent light here, as n shoal has been formed around Hudson River. the eastern end of the dike, so that where there was formerly five fathoms there is now less than two. Eleven feet at high water may be taken over the bar at the entrance; after crossing whieh the wat.,r <leep- ens, and not less than t<en feet at low water can be taken up to Rondout, eight :feet to South Rondout, and six: feet to Eddyville. Bondout. which occupies the north bank of the creek, is a town of about elev\"n thousand inhabitants, and lies at the bnse of steep hi11s with perpendicular faces, rocky and wooded, and with bare ledges outcropping here and there. It is quite a thriving town,- the principal trade being iu slate, bricks and cement. There is also some boat-building. Sleightburgh, South Bondout, Wilbur and Eddyrille are small villages of little importance. . On the east bank, from Sturgeon Point to the village of Rhinebeck, the di>•tance is about a mile,-the land being of moderate height, gently sloping, and for the most part thickly wooded. Rlllnebeck is a smal! village directly opposite to the entrance to Rondout Creek, and has bold shores,-fi.-e fathoms being found within one hundred yards of the wharf-line. Three-eighths of a mile above the village, and directly opposite to Kingston Point, is what is known as The Sla.te Wha.rf. The \"Telegraphic Cable\" crO>lses here, and vessels must not anchor between the two points. Above The Sia.le \"\\llharfthe river widens oat to about a mile and an eighth, and ha11 a general course about N NE. for ab-Oat four miles and a half, to l:larrytown. About six hundred yards aoove The Slate \"\\Vharf there is a large wharf, known as the lee-House Wharf, back of which a number of ice-houses will be seen on the beach• .About a mile and a quarter above the Ice-House Wharf is Garretson's Point, formerly called CllftOn Point, three Illiles below Barrytown. It is a steep, rocky bluff, of moderate height, and covered with grass and clumps of frees. The eastern bank, ootween The Slate \"\\Vharf and Garretson's Point, has steep rocky faces, and is thickly wooded. Opposite to it, on the west bank, is Whiskey Point, where there are also a number of ice-houses. Whiskey Point is a mile and three-eighths to the northward of Kingston Point,-the shore between the two points being composed of nearly level land, cleared, cultivated and dotted with hom•es. About. seven hundred yards above Kingston Point is what is known as Brick-ya.rd Wharf, nearly opposite to, but a little above, Ice-House Wharf, and easily Wbiakey Point. recognized by the clay cli:lfs with perpendicular faces, and the brick-sheds at their base. The western shore, between Kingston and Whiskey points, is shoal; and abreast of the Brick-yard Wharf begins that extensive middle ground, known as The Flats, which extends in a N NE. direction for nearly four miles to abreast o:f Barrytown, and has from two to four feet water upon it. Its northern and southern euds a.re buoyed; but buoys should be placed on both its eastern and western sides at intervals of about a mile, to enable vessel!!' to avoid the flats, which are very bold-to. About six hundred yards above Wbiskey Point are The Cement Works; and five-eighths of a mile above these i11 what is known as Xniclterbocker Pier, easily distinguished by the large white ice-houses on the projecting point close to the water's edge. The land is comparatively low, and diversified with woods, cultivated fields and honses, especially near the shore. Two miles above Knickerbocker Pier, and fonr miles and a quarter beyond Kingston Point, is Tyler's Point, opposite Barrytown. :From \\\\'biekey Point to Knickerbocker Pier is what is known as the township of Flatbush. On the eastern bank of the river, three-eighths of a mile above Garretson's Point, is Schnllr' La.D.41ng; and three-quarters of a mile above this, and nearly opposite to, but a little above, Kn\\ckerbocker Pier, is Milla' Wh&rf'. All of this shore is bold-to, and may he approached within one hundred and fifty yards with not less than five fathoms at low water. From Mm,.• Wharf w Astor's Point the distance is a mile and a quarter, with a straight. shore, bold-t-0. Astor'\" P-0int is low, Astor's Point. rocky, with perpendicular feees, thickly wooded, and backed by cultivated field\" dotted here and there with ornamental trees. On the north side of the point there is formed a small shallow cove, on the north side of which is a rocky islet, covered with trees, and called Gooae Island. It is four hundred yards to the northward of Astor's Point and three hundred yard\" below Barrytown. A small projecting rocky point in this oove, abonl one hundred and fifty yards above Astor's, is called Picmic Po111t. Ont.he weJ<t bank, from Knickerbocker Pier to Tyler's Point, opposite Darrytown, the distance is nearly two miles, \"ith a tolerably bold shore, which may be approached anywhere within two hundMd yards with not Jess thau four futhoms. All of this shore is of moderate height, with gentle slopes, diversified with woods and cleared fields, and dotted with Tyler's Point. houses close to the edge of the shore-line. The Catskill Mountains are seen in the distance. There ara several wharves and docks at Tyler's Point, and a number of bolli<es near the bank. The great middle ground, called The Flats, terminates abreast of this point; and its northern end is marked by a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This shoal divides the river into two channels, known as the Ma.in and :East channels, which unite again at the northern end of The Hog's Back, about a. mile and a half above Barrytown. The landing at Barrytown, on the east bank, iFJ easily recognized by its wharves with warehouses and ice-houses on them. Just below the landing, where a small cove makes in, a handsome house with pillared portico will be seen among the tre.,... Tlois is Edgewa.kr House, and ie 11urrounded by a beautiful lawn dotted with clumps of trees. Three-eighths of a mile above the landing is Trap Cl11f, the southern point of a large but shallow indentation in the east shore, known as Landing at South Bay, and which extends from this point to Cru~r's Isln.nd, a mile above. It bas from one to three Barrytown. reet water in it, end is crossed by a bridge carrying the Hudeon River Railroad, which runs in a straight line from Trap Cliff to the eastern end of Cruger's Islnnd. The dangerous middle ground, known as The Jlotr'• Back, and which has from three to ten feet water upou it, lies off this bay, and separates the :Main fl\"om the East Channel. Cruger's Island, at the northern end of the bay, will appear, when seen from the sout.hwa.rd, low and thiekly wooded. It is not, in reality, an island, but a peninsula, lying nearly l'i' lf:B. a.nd S SW., five-eighths of a mile long and between three and four hundred yards wide. It is low and nearly level, faced with rocks, and occupied entirely by oma.mente.1 grounds. On a point . of rockl!!, at its southern end, is built a very beautiful summer-house; and when abreast of the middle ufthe Cruger•a Island. island an opening in the trees allows a glimpae of a handsome stone villa to be S6BD. On the northern -side of the island is an indentation similar to South Bay-known as North Bay. It is also flhoal, and entirely cloaed by the Hudson River Railroad bridge. Near the northern end of the bay, and about half a mile to the northwanl of Crnger's, is another island, called Bed Book lslaD4, but which WM formerly known as Sllppe. 8te1n ts1a:a4. It lies close in with the eaetem bank, to which it is joined at low water by grass fiats; bat is qaite bold-to on its wes&ern side. It is abont a qna.rter of a mile long N:RB. end 8 SW., one hundred yards wide, and is low, TOCky and thickly wooded. Between this island and Cruger's lllland, and almost exactly in mid-river, is the daugeroue shoal known BB '1'Jae 8a44le--:B&ga, with from five to tea feet water apon it. The channel pa8ll8I!! on the eastern side of this shool, and ii! but three hundred 8l:ld .fifty yardl; wide,





HUDSON RIVER. 573 although the river itself is nearly three-quarters of a mile from bank to bank. About six hundred yards to tha northward or Red H()()k Island is o. low, rooky and thickly wooded point, with o. single tree £<tanding on its extremity. This is Sycumore Point; and about a third of a mile above it is the settlement of Tivoll, which will appear Sycamore Point. as a number of houses cluatel'<l<l together at the base of a remarkable yellow cliff. On the nortlieru side of the setflement tbe high, steep, wooded bluff, called De Peyster's Blutr, will &ppt'nr, and is a very prominent landmark for vess<>ls cnming down the river at night. It is about three-eighths of a mile below the entrance to Esopus Creek. On the west bank, from Tyler's Point to Turkey Point, the distance is a little over a mile, with a straight sbore, composed of thickly wooded land, fa.ced with yellowish rocks. Turkey Point is distinguished by its steep eli:lfs, C1'0Wned with thick woods. These cli:lfs, from their color, look like sand or clay, but are, in reality, composed of rock. There are several large ice-holll!es at the base of the cliffs, and usually several barges a!ongside,-the point b\"ing very bold-to and Turkey Point. having ten fathoms wltbiu one hundred yards of the landing. About a mile and a quarter above Turkey Point is the settlement of Glasco, where is considerable trade in brick-making and the preparation of flag- stones. A very narrow cl1ann.,l, with not less than ninettlen feet in it, leads close ti.long the w<>stern shore from abreast of Tur- key Poillt up to the village. It is called Qla.sco C21aD:D.el, and leads, with not less than three and a quarter fathoms, as far up as Cruger's Wharf, passing on the western \"ide of The Saddle-Bags. This channel, however, can only be nsed by steambonts. Cruger'& Wharf is elx: hundred yards above Glasco, and directly opposite the northern end of Red Hook Island. A mile i:.nd an eighth above it is Saugerties Point,-the southern point of entrance to Esopus Creek. This point is low and grassy, wooded with low t.-ees, and fringed with mat\"Sh partly overflowed at high water. On the Saugerties Point. eastern end of this marsh is pill.Ced a black buoy about a quarter of a mile from the point; and a little to the northwari]. of this, and about in mid-river, will b\" seen a square, brown house, supported on a granite pier, to which is attached a low square llght-tower. This is Saugerties Light-house, and stands on the eastern extremity of the grass flats maldng oJf from the north point of entrance to the creek. All of the west shore between Glasco and Saugerties is quite flat; while the east bank, on the contrary, is bold-to from Sycamore Point poat Th•oli up to Clermont Wharf, three-quarters of a mile above Esopus Creek. The land on the west hank is low and gently Et!opi.ng, and for the most part under cultivation. The village of Saugerties appears over the level fields. Esopus Creek ie about a. quarter of a mil\" wide at its mouth, but rapidly contracts to 1\"\"\" than one hundred yards. It is quite shallow, and its entranc.. so obstructed by :fiats and \"hoaZ.. as to render it impossible for any but local Esopus Creek. pilots to enter it, and these only with the aid of steam. Jetties have been partly built at the entrance; but no noticeable improvement has been made in the channel up to the present writing, (1878.) The village of Sa.ugertles is built upon the north bank of the creek, about half a mile above its mouth, and has extensive manufacturing inte- rests,-prlncipal among which are those of iron blooms, white lead and paper. It has about elev..u thousand inhabitADts. Saugerties Light-house is a square brick tower, painted brown, attached to the keeper's dwelling, which is of the same color and two stories high. It. sbows a fixffi. white light, of the sixth order, from a height of Saugerties Llgbt- forty-two feet above high wat<ir, visible eleven miles. It is twenty two miles above Poughkeepsfo and o. house. little over forty miles below Albany. About a mile and a quarter above Esopus Creek is the village of 111.alden, opposite to which will be seec a marsh island, known ae L1Vingll1'0n'B Fl&w. The west shore ii; shoal between Saugerties and Ma.Iden, and vessels should not pass to the west- ward of the l.igbt-boU.1Je bearing 8.;. W. until up with the lower end of Malden, where the wharf-line e.irtenda out to the edge of the channel; and by giving it a. berth of fifty yards you will pass in from four to five fathoms water. A very small islet, called Bock Island, lies near this shore-about midway between Saugerties Light-house and Malden-and one hundred and fifty yards from the west bank. It is directly opposite to Clermont \"\\Vharf. The principal iHdustry at Malden is the preparation of flag- stones. Three-quarters of a mile above it is the small ..ettlernent of Evesport. Tbe shore partakes of the sam.. generol char- o.cter,-beiag composed of land of moderate height, gently sloping, and diversified with cleared and cultivated fields, dotted witb houses. 'fhe Past bank, from De Peyeter's Bluff to Ludlow·s Wharf, nearly three miles above, is a nearly straight shore; and being composed of rolling lands, diversified with woods and cleared fields and OCC88iona.l clusters of houses, presents a beautiful appearance. Abreast of Clermont Wharf', a mile and a quarter above De Peyster's Bluff, is the southern end of the large marsh island mentioned above as Livingston's !<'lats, and which extends in a N RE. direction for about a. mile. The Main Channel passes bt!tween these flats and the west shore; but there is also a channel, with not less than five fathoms, on their eastern l!ide, which leads past. Clermont and up to Ludlow's Wharf, abNlaBt of the settlement of Evesport. This channel is locally known as Ltvlllgsto:a'a Ohan.Del. Shoal water extends from the northern end of the marsh island known as Livingston's Flats, for about a quarter of a mile; and here makes in to the southeastward a nat\"TOw slue, called The ll!lael&tJ:om, which at this point connect.a Livingston's Channel with the Main Channel. It is about one hundred yards wide, with three and a quarter fathoms; but the force of the current is such that it is not sa.fe to enter it. On the north side o£Th\" Maelstrom begin tho Upper Flats, which are, to a great ex.tent, dry at low water, and which oontinue to the northward to Germantown, two miles above. They should be buoyed. On the west bank, three-quarters of a mile above Evesport, is the sctt!emeut of West Ca.mp; and half a mile above this Blnit.h'B Lan4lllg. Near the shore, on thi.8 bank, are many hoUBe>l, especially in the vfoinity of the settlements; and back oft.bis the land gradually rises in a Mries -0f terraceil to the Catskill Mountains. .A. quarter of a mile above \"\\Vest Camp is a small rocky islet, known as Wa:aton. Island. It i.8 now connected with the 8hore by a causeway, which bas several k<e-housee upon it. Three-qnrutet'll of a mile above Smith's Landing is Gould's Wharf\",-the land between the two pointa being low, fiat and wooded. There nre also sev.erl\\l iee-honses on Gould•s Wharf. On the northern Bide of the wharf is a small cove, nearly dry at low water, known as Duck Cove: and on the northel\"D side of this is a nearly flat, grtll!By point, called Puddecart Pomt, the l!onthern extremity oi\"a large indentation in the west shore, now almost entirtily filled with mud and gras8 flats, and known as ln-ba.ch llta.rahes. These marshes extend to Green Point, a mile and a half above, and the shore presents a very i~l.ar outliue,-,- being much cut up by small coves. :Midway between Puddecal\"t Point and Green Point is DeWitt'a Point, which is cleared, fu.ced with rooks nnd backed by woods. The same description applies to Green Point. On the east bank, about a mile and a quarter above Ludlow's Wharf, and directly opposite to Smith's Landing, is .Ba.st Camp; a.nd half a mUe abo'Ve this is Clerma.ntcnnl., a amall villnge of fin~ hundred inhabitants. This short> is quite flat, n.nd

574 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Description of mnst not be approa.ched nearly until about three-eighths of a mile above the village. A. shallow creek Hudson River. makes in about a. third of a mile above t.he village, and almost directly opposite to Gould's Wharf. Seven- eighths of a mile above this creek is Germantown Dock; and uearly two miles above this is Livingston's Creek, formerly called RO\"le1f Jansen's Klll. On the west bnnk, seven hundred yardR above Green Point, is Yerie's Clip, another low and wooded point, faced by marsh, which extends off fo,. about o.n Pighth of a mile; and two miles and a quarter above this is the village of Catskill, situated on oatl!klll Creek and at the hase of the Catskill Monntains. Three-quart,ers of a mile below the mouth of Catskill Creek is Ba.maborn Creek, a very small and shallow stream ; and on its south side Ramshorn Point, low and marshy, but backed by higher lands f...,. the most part wooded-but in places cleared and cultivated. Near the river the shore is low and wooded and faced with marsh; but iu the backgrouDd are cleared and cultivated fields. Cateklll is situated 011 the north bank of the creek, and is &eee\"8i- ble only by means of a long wharf. which extends to the eastward, from the north point of ent.rance to the creek, fur about four hundred yards, to a fiat island, about three hundred yardK long, eitllAtild on the edge of the flats, and covered with ice-houses. A prominent object in this vicinity is the Prospect Pa.rk Hotel, which will appeal', when seen from the riT\"er, as a very large wooden building, painted white and surmounted by a cupola. Above Catskill strangers cannot go,-\\he river being B-O full of flats and other shoals as to render its safe navigation impossible without a pilot. On the east bank, about a mile and an eighth above the mouth of Livingston's Creek, is Livingston's Doell:; and half a mile above this Oak B.1ll Depot, on the Hudson River Railroad. The land gradually rues to Oak Bill, which is quite high and well wooded, and hM a prominent house and chnreh on its summit. Abreast of the wl1arf at Oak Hill Depot begin the dangerous fiats to the southward of Rodgers' IRiand; and here the Main Channel keeps the western shore. Oak Hill Depot is locally known as Ca'taklll Station; and there is here a \"slip\" for the ferry-boat which connects the Station with Catskill. Rodgers' Island is three-quarters of a mile above Oak Hill and close to the eastern shore. It is nearly a mile long NE. and SW., luw and thickly woocled, and is separated from the east bank by a channel, from one hundred and fifty Rodgers' Island. to three hundred yards wide, known as Ballenbeck'a Creek, which has not less than eight feet in it, although the channel is in places not more than forty feet wide. The island is surrounded by mud fiats covered with grass; and there is a marsh islet, about three hundred yards long, off its southwestern end. Vessels must keep the western shore aboard until past Rodgers' Island, after which the deep water gradually approaches the east bank. J<'rom Catskill Wharf to Brando Point is what is known as Perey'& Rea.ch. The west bank i1'I comparatively low and thickly wooded, with perpendicular faces here and there. Off Brando Point are large fiats, marked by a black spar-buoy; and here the channel begins to approa.ch the eastern shore. The village of Athens is a!>ont a mile and an eigh1.h above Brando Point, and about three miles and a half above Catskill. It hae a population of about three thousand, but its trade is mostly local. Opposite to it, on the east bank, is Hudson City, situated upon a high bank with perpendicular faces, at the base of which are many wharves, warehouses, foundries, etc. This bank projects between two large but shallow coves known respectively as North and South Bays, into which small vessels pass through \"draws\" in the railroad bridges which cross them. The southern point of entrance to Soutb Bay is called Merino Point, and is low, eleared, flat, and has several houses on it. Them is, at Hudson, a very extensive river trade and large manufacturing interest.s,-the city having a population of nearly ten thousand. A. little below the town is the southern end of the great Hudson liliddle Ground, an extensive flat making to the southward from Four Mile Point, (two miles and a half above Athens,) and bare at low water from its southern end for a mile Hudson City and three-quarters to the nortliward. On this IK>uthern end is built a light-house, called Hudson City Light-house. Light-house, which is plainly visible from a.breast of Rodgen1' Island. It is a one-story brick dwelling, with manllard roof, supported by a stone pier, and snrmounted by a low square tower, from which a fixed white light, of the sixth order, is shown fifty-four feet above high water, and visible eleven miles. The Middle Ground occupies nearly the whole of the river bed, leaving two very narrow channel1<,-the Ea.stern and Western.,-the form~r about fifty yards wide in its narrowest part, with three fathoms, and the latter about one hundred yards wide, with fourteen feet. Both shores are faced with flats, bare at low watt>r and covered with grass. The laud is low and wooded, with occasional Ettoop faces. At the northern end of A.thens makes in a small shallow stream, known as Murderer's or Kaudener•a Oreek, on the north side of which is Grove Potn'l, where tl1ere is a. large dock. Grove Point is low and fiat near the river, but baeked by higher, somewhat steep lands. Above this the west bank is very irregular in outline-being much cut up by small coves-as fn.r up as Four Mile Point. Priming Hook. On the east bank, a mile and a quarter above Hudson City, is a low projecting point, wit11 somewhat steep faces, known as Priming Hook; and a mile and five-eighth!< above this is the entrance to Blnderhook Croak, on which is situated th., village of Columbiaville. The Bhore is flat in its approaches,-mud flats covered with grass making off for nearly half a mile. Four Mile Point, on the west bank, is about two miles and a half above Athene, and is somewhat steep, cleared near the shore-line, but backed by thick woods and faced with rock. On he extremity is built a stone light-tower, Four Mii e Point painted whltt>, eighteen feet high, and showing a fixed white light, of the >1ixth order, from a heigbt of and Light-house. eighty-six feet above high water, visible eleven miles. Near it is the keeper's dweHing, which is also white, and one story high. .About two miles and three-eighths above Four Mile Point is the village of Coltlla.Ckle. The banks between the two points are composed of alteriiate cleared and wooded lands, with low l'!teep faces. The best channel ill close along the westa-n bank, with fourteen feet water, and so continues as far np as Stuyvesant Landing. On the east bank, a little over two miles above Kinderhook Creek, and jWlt below Coxsackie, is Fordbam Potnt, of mod- erate height, with somewh&t steep slopes, for the moat part cleared, but dotted here and there with t~. Nutten Hook. Five-eighths of a mile above it, and nearly opposite to Coxsackie, is Nutten Hook, a large projectiug point which, when seen from the southward, appears like a wooded island, with its western end much the highest, and meed with rocks. A. long wharl' makes off from the southern end of the Hook to the Qdge of the channel, and is commonly known as the \"Steamboat Landing.\" Abreast of th., northern end of Nutten Hook, and nearly in mid-river, is the southern end of Coxs!l<lkie Island, about three-quarters of a mile long, low and :flat, covered with low bUBhes, except at its northeastern and northwestern ends, where there are large blllih.f trees. There is alao an ice-house on the island. On its northern 1Jide a passage, about one hundred



HUDSON RIVER. 575 yards wide, separates it from an islet, nearly half a mile long, and composed entirely of meadow scarcely Coxaackie Island elevated above the river. This islet is known as Coxsackie llllea.dows; and on its n<Jrthern end, sup- and Light-house. p<Jrted on a mass of rocks, is Coxsackie Light-house, a square, red, brick tower, attached t.o a two-Rtory dwelling of the same color, rising from a circular stone pier. It shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty-two feet abov<i high water, visible eleven miles; and there i;; an equally good channel on both \"ides of it, although the Main Channel passes to the eastward. The rh·er is here full of flats, and navigation very dangeroui< except for steamboats of light draught. .About a mile and a half above Nutten Houk, on the east bank, is StuyVesa.nt. La.nding, abreast of the villag\" of StuyVe- sant, and a short dIBtance above Coxsackie Light-hou•e. The village has a population of about twenty-five hundred, but iB of iw -0oromercial importance. .A road connects it with Kinderhook, about five miles back from the river. Thr.;.,-quarters of a mile above Coxsackie Light-house is the southern end of a low, flat, wooded island, Bronx Island. known as Bronx Island, which extends in a N NE. direction, for about a mile and a quarter, to abreast of Stuyvesant Light-house. It is surrounded by mud flats covered wit.h grass, and there is no P\"\"\"age on its western side,-tbe channel passing to the eastward of it. The northern end of this island is a. mile and a half below the village of New Baltimor<J. Stuyvesant Light-house, on the east bank, is a mile and a quarter above the village, and is situated upon a low, projeeting, point, cleared and partly under cultivation. It is a square tower, of red brick, attached to a dwelling of the same color,-the whole being supported on a granite pier,-and shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of forty-two feet abov\" the river, \\•isible eleven miles. From this light-house to Albany the distauce by the river is fourteen miles. Nearly a mile and a quarter to the northward of it is Houghta.Ulng lsla.nd, a flat, partly wood.,d and partly cleared island, lying nearly in mid-river, and about a mile and five-eighths long. Opposite to it, on the west bauk, jg the Stuyvesant Light· village 'of New Baltimore, with about twenty-six hundred inhabitants, and a small riv.,r trade. The chan- house. nel is close to the west bank, with fourt.,.,n f.,.,t at low water, and is protected by a long dike extendhlg from the western point of Houghtailing Island to the southern end of Mull's Island, a distance of nearly a mile; and by another, extl.'nding from the village front to the southern end of Barren Island, three-quarters of a mile above. Opposite tu the southern end of th\" dike, on a low, fuit, sandy islet, about one hundred yards long, is a stake, supporting a light of the sixth order,. known as New Baltimore Light. It is fixed white, shown from a height of sixteen foet, and visible eight miles. The island, which was formerly known as Shad Island, is now called Lamp Island, and is fast washing away. On the dike itself, about three hundred yards above Lamp Island, is what is known as New Baltimore Dike Light, a portable l:>tlacon eightoon feet high, showing a fixed white light, of the sixth -0rder, visible nine miles. Houghtruling Island, on its north side, is separated by a passage, about two hurnlrcd yards wjde, from Lower Schodack Island, and by a paesa~ a quarter of a mile wide from Mull's Island, or Five Hook Island, \"\" it is sometimes called. Lower Schodack ii• low, flat and for th\" most pa.rt well wooded, though showing occasional cleared fields ou its western side. Mnll's Island is also dat and wooded, with occasional cleared field£'. The former is nearly two miles long, and the latter about five-eighths of a mile; an<l both are widest in the middle, gradually diminishing in width Lower Schodack towards their northern and southern ends. There is no passage between Lower Schodack Island and the and Mull's isl- eastern bank of the river, nor between it and Mull's Island,-the dik\" shutting off communication. The ands. Main Channel, with about seven and a half feet,, passes to the westward of Mull's Island, between it and a small rocky island, about six hundred yards long, called Ba.rren Island. On the dike, near the southern end of Mull's Island, is l\"ive Rook Island Light, a Portable beacon twelve feet high, showing a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of eighteen .feet abov1 high water, visible eight miles; while on the northern end of the island is another Hght, known as Coey- man'a Ba.r Light., t\"'!li'enty feet high, and showing a fixed white light, visible nine miles. A dike begins at Fla.t Point, the east- ernmost point of this island, and about midway of its length, and extend\" to the southern end of llllull's Plaat, a distance of about five-eighths of a mile. It is calloo Coeyman's Dike, and shuts otfthe passage between Mull's Island and Lower Schodack Island. On the west bank of the river, ab-Out a mile and a quarter above New Baltimore, is the village or\" Oosyma.n's, with about three tllOusand inhllbitants, and having a very large river tra.de. Its wharf-line, which shows l!everal large docks, i\" almost directly opposite to the northern end of Mull's Island,-the channel pBllsing between them, with nine feet at low water. On the eastern side of the river, behind Lower Schodack Island, and about a mile above its southern end, iB Lit.tie Schodack Island, about seven hnndred yards long, flat and wooded, and S<lparated by a passage, fifty yards wide and nearly bare at low water, from Schodack Island, or Upper Schodack Island, (as it is sometimes called,) which lies dose in wit.h the eastern bank,-being separated from it by a passage about seventy-five yards wide, called Bchoda.ek Schodack Island. Creek. This island iB a little over a mile and three-quarters long, with an average width of about four hundred ya.rds, except at ite northern end, where it terminates in a long narrow point about a hundred yards wid.,. This point is about five-eighths of a mile below Castleton. The small settlement of achoda.clc occupies the east bank of the river, nearly opposite to, but a little below, Little Schodack Island. On the west bank, about half a mile above Cooyman's, and nearly opposite to the southern end of Mnll's Plaat, is B.oha. Rook Light, a portllble beacon, situated just behind the .angle of the dike on that Edde of the river, and on the southern side of the point known as &oh& Hook. It shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of seventeen feet above high water, visible eight milea. On the extreme northern end of Hull's Plaat is another port.able beacon, marking the southern end of the Schodack Chan- nel I».ke, which runs from the northern end of the Plaat tu the eastern extremity of Upper Schodack Island, a distance of a little over half a mile,,and shuts off the pas11age between the Plaat and Schodack Island. The light, which is known \"\" Scho- claok Chanael Ligh'l, is fixed white, of the sixth order, shown from a. height of twenty feet abm·e tide-water, and visible nine miles. From a projecting point, called Elm Tree Point, about nine hundred yards above Elm Tree Point. the northern end of Schodack Channel Dike and the same distance to the M>nthward of the northern end of Schodack hland, begins Castlet.oD. Dike, which extends for a little over half a mile to the east bank, which it joins about a. quarter of a mile below the wuthem end of the village,-thus cutting off' the entrance to Schodack Creek from the northward. Behind this dike, and about midway betwoon its northern and southern ends, is Nine Mlle 'l'r- Light, a portable beacon, &hewing a fix~ White light, of the sixth Order, from a height Of twenty feet above tide-Water, Yisible nine milei!.

576 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. About five-eighths of a mile above the northern end of Mull's Plaat, aud near the west bank, is Shad Island, low and flat, and about twelve hundred yards long, which is partly wooded and partly grassy; and there is no pa.ssage between it and the west bank. All this part of the shore is comparatively low, partly cleared, but for the most part wooded, with Shad Island. hou..es dotting the bank here and there. Half a mile to the northeastward of Shad IslnIJd is a fiat, wooded iflland, a little over one hundred yards long, called Little Schermmerhorn Island; and about four hundred yards to the northward of this is the \"outhern <>nd of Schermmerhorn Island, also flat and wooded, about seven hundred yards long, but not more than fifty yards wide. Both islands are surrounded by dangerous fiats, which extend for aeven hundred yards to the southward, or nearly opposite to Nine Mile Tree light, and for half a mile to the northward, or nearly abreast of Cow Island light. About a mile to the northward of Shad Island is Cedar Blll Point, at the base of Cedar Hill. It is nearly opposite to, the southern end of Cow Island on the east bank, a.nd there is a small, flat, grassy island, called Bills Island, about one hundn,'<l. yards from it, on the southern edge of the flats. Grass flats make off from Cedar Hill Point to the em•tward for about a. quarter of a mile; and on these will be seen the remains of an old wing-dam, now covered with mud. A dike has been built, by the United States Engineers, from the northern eml of Schermmerhorn Island, in a straight line for about a mile to the end of the dock at the eastern base of Cedar Hill and opposite to the E<Outhern end of Campbell's Island. This dike is known as Cedar E1ll and Schermm.erllorn Dike, and crosses the Schermmerhorn Island and Oeda.r Bill Point Flats,-cutting off communication with the old Western Channel. On the ell.St bank, opposite Schermmerho:rn Island, and about a third of a mile above Nine Mile Tree Light, is the village of caatleton, with about six hundred inhabitants. A small creek, known as Van :Buren's Elll, makes in just Lelow the village; and another, called llltitche's Kill, fiv~eighths of a mile below Van Buren's, and behind the northern end of Schodack Island. The village is of little importance, but has several wharves and some river trade. Between it and Cow !Bland, three-eighths of a mile above, is what is known es Ca.stleton Bar,-for the improvement of which operations are regularly being earned on by the United States Engineers and the state of New York. The land back of Castleton is of moderate height, hilly and undu- lating, and is diversified with woods and cleared and cultivated fields. Just above the village makes in a small stream, called ll:au4ener's XUl, which is, however, of no importance. Cow Illland is about a quarter of a mile long N NE. and SSW., and. about one hundred and fifty yards :ti-om the east bank. On its southern end is Cow Island Light, a portable beacon, twelve feet high, showing a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of twenty-two feet, visible nine miles. From the western point of Cow Island to the southern end of Campbell's Island extends Cow Island Dike, \"ix hundred yards long, shutting off the pa&'lage between Campbell's Island and the east shore. Campbell's Island is a little over three-quarten; of a mile long, three hundred yards wide at its Campbell's Island. wid\"8t part, (which is near the middle,) and tapers to about fifty yards at its northern and southern ends. It is low, ffat and thickly wooded, and is separated from P1xta.way Ial&od (Which here forms the eastern bank of the river) by a passage one hundred and fifty yards wide, which is, however, shut off at both ifs northern and southern ends by dikes. That at the northern end extends from the north point of Campbell's Island to P1X1&wa.y Point, the southern point of entrance to the northern end of Pllttawa.y Creek, which separates the island of that nama·from the mainland. All along the west shore of Campbell's Island are dangerous flats with from three to :five feet water; am! abreast of the lower end of the island, and between it and the northern end of Schennmerhorn D~ is what is known ae Campbell's Ba.r, which has from eight to nine feet water upon it. On the west. bank, nearly oppvsite to the northern end of Campbell's Island, and about half a mile above the northern end of Cedar Hill Dike, is Parada Hook, upon which is built a wooden beacon, twelve feet .high, on a point of rocks sixteen feet above high water mark, known as Parada. Rook Llght. It shows 08hixed white light, of the sixth order, Parada Hook.. from a heigbt of twenty-eight feet above the river, visible ten miles. A dike extends from this point to a projootin~ point on Bear Island, about half a mile above. Be&r Island lies close in with the WeBt hank, from which it. j., •eparated by a very narrow and shoal passage about twenty-five yards wide. The island is abont nine hundred yards long, flat, and for the most part wooded, though there are occasional grass lands. Parada Hook was formerly called WinBle's Point; and between it and Bear Island is Wbmie's Ba.r, with eight feet at low water. A. mile and a quarter above Parada Hook, and about half a mile above 1he northern end of Bear Island, is VaD. Wies' Point, where there is a large wharf, known as van Wies• Wba.rf. This shore is all of modemte height,-the land rising with a gentle elope to the high hills in the background,-and is for the most part wooded, though there are occMiona.l cultivated fieJds. A quarter of a mile above the wharf is the southern end of the great stone dike, known as Van Wies' Dike, which extends, withont interruption, to Bogart's bland, two miles above,-thus cutting off the flats on the western aide of Van Wies• Point the river. On the southern end of this dike is Van Wiel'' Point Light-house,-a stone beacon twelve feet Light-house. high, painted white, and surnmunted by a lantern which shows a fixed white light, of the sixth order, from a height of eighteen feet above tide water, visible nine miles. Nearly opposite to it, and about in miil-riv..r, will be seen a red spar-buoy. This Hi on Anstin.'s Rock, a dangerous ledge, with from three to six feet water, lying almost exactly in mid-river, about two hundred yards ENE. from the light-howw. The channel passe8 between this buoy and the light· house,-the old east. channel having filled up. It Hi proposed to remove this rock to a depth of seven and a half feet at low water; and this will probably be done in the coul'll0 of a year or two. Van Wies' Dike continues to the Beac11n Island. northward for nearly a mile, where it strikes the southern end of a fl.at, marshy, wooded island, ca.llt\"d B<>a· con Island, lying on the eastern edge of the flats making oJl' from the weatern shore. This island is ..even hundred yards long, and the dike skirts its eastern shore nnd thence the eastern shore of the marshy wooded island an eighth of a mile to the northward of it, terminating at the southern end of Bogart's Island nt what i,. known as CroBa-OVar J.1ght. This i\" a portable beacon abreast of Papseanee's Bar, and ehowa a fixed white light, of the eixth order, from a .h.iight of twenty- six feet, visible nine miles. On the PBSt bank, nearly a mile and five-eighths above the north end of P'ixtaway Island. and seven hundred yards above Van Wies' Point Light-house, begin Pap8CBuee's Flats, a very dangerous shoal, making in a northerly direction for about half a mile. Some remains of an old d&m, known as v- Wies' Dam, are still visible; but the depth 011 the shoal has been muoh increased by eonstant dredging and by the long dike lately constructed by the United St.ates Engineers. It is hopt:d that in a short time the bar will be entirely removed. About ibree miles above the north - d of Yuc:taw117 hJB:Dd is



HUDSON RIVF..R. 677 Papscanee's Point, nearly opposite to the CroRll-Over; and here, also, iii what is known as Pa.pscaD.ee's Ba.r, Papscanee's and sometimes The Vpper OVerslaugh. This shoal has, however, been almost entirely remo¥ed by dredging Point. within the last few years. About nine hundred yards above Papscanee'~ Point i~ Douw'e Point; and a qnarter of a mile abo'\\\"c this is the 80nthern end of Cnyle:r's D1.ke. It extends to th\" northward for twel'\\\"e hundred yards to the southern end of the town of Greenbush, opposite .Alban;1·. On the southern end of this dike is a portable beacon, known as Cnyle:r's Dike Light, which shows a fixed white light, of the sixth orcler, from a height of twenty feet abo.-e tide water, visible nine milet<. This is the last light met with on the river. On the west bank, at the northern end of Van Wies' Dike, is Bogart's Isla.nd, about three Jiundred yards long, flat, for the most }lart wooded, but showing occasional cleared patches. On its western \"ide, aud extending from abreast of Papscanee's Bar to the lower end of Albany, a distance of a mile and a third, is \\Vesterloe's Island. Westerloe's It has an averag<J width of about three hundred and fifty yards, is low, nearly Je.-cl, and di.-ersified with Island. woods and grass land. On its eastern side, and near its northern end, is a flat islet, about a third of a mile long, also partly wooded and partly grassy, known as Small Isla.Dd; and b\"tween this aud Cuyler's Dike is the shoal com- monly known as Cuyler'& Bar. Albany, the capital of the state of New York, is situated on the west bank, one hnndred and twenty-four milei; above the mouth of the river, and presents a beautiful appearance when viewed from the sontbward,-being situated on the flat land near the river bank, and extending to the westward up the slopes of the hills, so that the houses appear to 1ige one abo.-e the other in regular gradation, as though built upon terrac•es,-tlte obser\\·atory, state-house and many churches being prominent objects. The highest part of the city is about two hundred and twenty feet abo.-e the river. The wharf-line is ahnut t\\yo mile\" long, extending up to abreast of the village of Bath, on the east bank. The city illuo a population of abont seventy-fi.-e thousand and an immense canal trade,-being connected by canals with Lakes Erie, Ontario and Champlain. A very important article of commerce is lumber, which is received from all parts of the country in '\\\"ast quantities, and thence distributed to the various seaports. Opposite to Albany, on the east bank, is Greenbush, a town of about seven thousand inhabitants; ancl between the two the river is only about three hundred ynrds wide. The water-front of the town, which is about a mile long, is for the moilt part situated upon a fiat island, called Van Rensselaer Island, separated from the mainland by gr-ass flats overflowed at high water, aud occupi..,] by warelmnses, factorips, etc. The town it8t'lf occupies both tlie island and the mainland. .At its northern end Greenbush i\" joined to the Yillage of Ba.tJJ.. A dike protects the <!astern side of the channel from the north<!rn end of the wharf- line of Bath, extending nearly as far a.s Ba.ae Isla.nd, a little over a mile above. The Unitf'd States Engineers are engaged in closing the> gap bet.ween thiii dike and Base Island Dike, which also protects the ea.stern side of the channel. Another dike commences about half a mile above Base Island, on the west bank, and extends nearly to Round Shoal buuy, (a distance of five- eighths of a mile,) and has a small fish-house on it near its Bouthern end. Other dikes are in process of const1•uction, and dredging operations are constantly going on with the purpose of improving the width and depth of the channel; but at present there is no naYigation abo¥e Albany except fur canal boats in tow and steamboab! of light ch-aught. .At Albany the river takes a turn to the northeBStward, running about liE. i N., for about two miles and a half, to abreast of the lower end of Troy; then abont N. ii E., for a little over half a mile, to abreast of the Iron \\\\·orks at the mouth of Wiuant\"s Kill; and then about N NE., for a mile and five-eighths, to the railroad bridge, which closes river navigation. The west bank, above Albany, is formed by a nearly fiat plain, rising, as it recedes from the river, to a range of hills from two to three hurnlred. feet in beight. The shore fa thickly settled, and the slopes and sllmmits of the hills dotted with houses; presenting a beautiful appearance in summer. The fiat grassy islands, known as Pa.rk lBland and the two 1'lt1x Isla.nds, lie clo\"e in on this bank,-the former being about a mile and a quarter abo'\\\"e Albany, and occupied by a race-course with its nece.,sary buildings; and the latter lying elose together to the northward, and extending to abreast of The Iron Works at the mouth of 1Vinant's Kill_ On the north side of the small narrow channel separating these islands from the mainland begins tl1e .-illage ofWatervllet, which is now a \"uburb of West Troy. Wen Troy extends to the mouth of the Mohawk, and about a third of a mile along the w ...t bank of the latter, and contains a population of about twelve thowmnd. 1Vatervliet is noted principally as being the site of the United St.ates Arsenal, which 0<,oeupies a large square <>f ground nea1· the northern end\"of the .-il!age. The east bank of the river, above Bath, though low noo.r the ehorf', rises much more abruptly to the high ground, and is rather thinly Rettled until 1he snburbR -0f Troy are approached. .About three miles above Bath is the mouth of ,:Wina.llt'B Xill, with a wharf and dock on its south side and a number of large buildings with tall smoke-stacks on it\" north side. These are The Iron Works, and are situated at the southern extremity of the city of 'l'roy. Thiii city bas a population of about fifty thousand, and a wharf-line of over three miles in ll!'llgth. Poeatell K1ll runs through the lower third of the city, emptying into the Hudson about u mile and an eighth above the mouth of\"Wino.nt's Kill; and th.- two creeks, with the dam abreast of die middle of Green Island, furnish ample water-power. Accordingly, Troy is fiunoug for its ma.uufuctnres,-amongwhich are flour, paper, woolen goods, cotton, nails and carpets; besides iron foundries, etove-works, machine-shops and many other industries, Like Albany, this city is 8ituated upon a low plain, which rises gradually, RB it recedes from the river, to the hills in the background. Of these hills two are ePopooially noticeable,-Dlo'allt Ida., just back of the southern end of the city, and Mount. Olympus, near the northern end,-the latter being a. mass of. bare rock between two and three hnndred feet high. In the middle of the river, opposite to the eeutre of the city, is a large flat island, a.bout three-eighths of a mile long, known aa Btarbuok Isla:nd. It is occupied principally by factories. About one hundred and fifty yards to the westward of it is the f!Outhern end of OTeeD IBla:ll4, which forms the eastern point of .-ntranoo io the Mohawk River. It is almost entirely occupied by the viUa.ge of Green Ial&nd, which has a population of about four thoull8lld. A bridge crosses the river from about the DliddJ,. of the city of Troy, across Starbuck and Green islands, to the weat bank; and here river navigation ceases. The llolia.Wk lliver is altio Cl'Ol!8ed by this bridge about half a mile above ite mouth, and navigation above this ill ca.nied on by canal. C. P.-73

578 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. DANGERS IN THE HUDSON RIVER. General Benaarks.-As before mentioned, no strangers and few sailing vessels attempt to navi- gate this river without the aid of steam. It has, however, an excellent and safe channel, suitable for v~sels of the largest size, as far up as Rondout; but above this the channel, though deep, (having not less than three and a half fathoms at1low water as far up as Hudson City,) is so much obstructed hy bars and fiats as to render its navigation diflicult with a pilot, and entirely unsafe without one. Schooners of less draught than fifteen feet are sometimes sailed as far up aB Barrytown. Small slodps sometimes go to Albany; but the vast majority of the great number of vessels trading upon the river take a tow-boat at New York. From the Battery at New York to the entrance to Spnyten Duyvel Creek, eleven miles and a half above, the east bank of the river is bold-to, and may be safely approached within fifty yards with not less than twenty-three feet at low water. The west bank, from Communipaw Docks to Castle Point, two miles and a half above, may be approached to within fifty yards of the wharf-line with not less than eighteen feet; but between Castle Point and Fort Lee it is somewhat shoal in its approaches, and vessels of greater draught than thirteen feet should give this shore Off Weehawken, a berth oL--------------------------------- f mile. Off Guttenberg-------------------------------------------- 600 yards. t BOefftwBeuelnl'sBFulel'rsrFye-r-r-y-a-n--d-F--o-r-t -L-e-e-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_- ymailred_s. 600 Off Fort Lee---------------------------------------------- t mile. From Fort Lee to Huyler's Landing, five miles and a half above, vessels of more than thirteen feet draught should give this west bank a berth of six hundred yards; but it must be remarked that the water shoals very gradually, and the use of the lead will enable a stranger to avoid the fiats. On the east bank, off Riverdale, nearly a mile above Spnyten Duyvel Creek, you must give the shore a berth of an eighth of a mile, when you will pa...\"8 in not less than seven fathoms; but above this you may approach it anywhere within one hundred and fifty yards as far up as Yonkers. Abreast of Yonkers you must give it a berth of three hundred and fifty yards ; but between Yonkers and HMtings three hundred yards will be sufficient, and you will pass in not less than .four fathoms. From Hastings to Irvington you may pass within three hundred yards of the shore with not les8 than twenty-six feet at low water; but above Irvington the flats gradually encroach upon the channel, and abreast of Tarrytown they extend off for over five-eighths of a mile. A red buoy should be placed on the western edge of the flats, off the southern end of Tarrytown, and another off Kingsland's Point; and such action will be recommended. On the west bank, from Huyler's Landing to Closter Landing, a mile and a quarter above, the shore should receive a berth of a quarter of a mile; and between Closter Landing and PreBton's Bone Fact.ory, a mile and three-quarters above, the same distance should be allowed. Opposite Hastings the west shore should receive a berth of not leilS than six hundred yards, and at Sneden's Landing, opposite Dobbs' Ferry, a berth of eleven hundred yards, for here begins that extenS'ive area of jlafa which occupies the western half of the river, from Sneden's Landing to Verdrietege Hook, extending from five-eighths of a mile to a mile and a half from shore. The Erie Railroad Wharf at Piermont should receive a berth of eleven hundred yards; the shore at Bight a berth of a mile and three-eighths; at Nyack a mile and a quarter; and at Verdrietege Hook seven-eighths of a mile, to avoid the flats. The narrowest part of the channel is off Tarrytown and Kingsland's Point, where it is but seven hundred yards 'vide. Local names are given to these 1lats, such as Pierwwnt Flats, off Piermont; Nyack Flara, off Nyack; and Hook Fwra, off Verdrietege Hook. They have from six to thirteen feet upon them. There should be a black buoy on the eastern edge of these flats, off Bight; another off Nyack, and another off V erdrictege Hook; and such action will be recommended. Above Kingsland's Point the ca8t bank must receive a berth of about nine hundred yards until you come abreast of Bishop's Rocks, two miles and five-eighths above, and just to the southward of the settlement of Scarborough. These are a group of rocks bare at low water from Bishop's Rocks. a hundred and fifty to two hundred yards from shore, and there is six feet on the flats a quarter of a mile outside of them. They are not buoyed; but, being almost always noticeable, are easily avoided. From these rocks to Teller's Point (the western point of entrance to Croton Bay) the whole of the east shore is shoal and must receive a berth ns follows: Abreast of Scarborough----------------------------------- 1,200 yards. Abreast of Spa.rte. ------------- --------------------------- 1,200t \" Abreast of the State Prison (at Sing Sing)-------------------- mile. Abreast of Sing Sing-------------------------------------- 1 fl \"\" Between Sing Bing and the mouth of the Cro+--on River_________ Off Teller's Point ---------------------------------------- 700 yards.



HUDSON RIVER. 579 At Teller's Point begins Haverstraw Bay, a large portion of which is occupied by fiats, especially on the eastern side. These flats, commonly known as the Croton Flats, occupy the whole of the large bight between Teller's Point on the south and Montrose Point on the north,-a di.<.:;mncc of four miles and a quarter,-and extend as far as two miles from shore, Croton Flat•. with a depth of nine feet at low water. They are not buoyed, but should be; and a red buoy will he recommended to be placed on their western edge, abreast uf W aldberg Landing, and another opposite Haverstraw. The only rule for avoiding these flats is not to go to the east- ward of the line between Verplanck's Point and Rockland Lake Landing,-tb.e latter bearing B. by E. i E. On the we.'lt bank, give Rockland Lake Landing a berth of half a mile, and thence to Waldberg Landing give the shore a berth of a quarter of a mile, to avoid the flats. Between '\\Valdberg and IIaverstraw you must not approach nearer than half' a mile; but, at Pullen's Point, you may come within two hundred and fifty yards with not less than four fathoms. Between Pullen's Point and Grassy Point, a mile and a quarter above, the western shore must receive a berth of about three-eighths of a mile; but between Grassy Point and Stony Point the shore should not be approached nearer than five-eighths of a mile. Stony Point is bold-to, and may be approached within fifty yards with not less than five fathoms. On the east bank, :Montrose Point should receive a berth of four hundred yards, and the shore of Green's Cove a berth of eleven hundred yards. Verplanck's Point, however, is very bold-to, and may be approached within fifty yards with not less than four fathoms. Above Verplanck's Point there are no dangers until yon come to Peekskill, where the wharf-line of the t;own must not be ap- proached nearer than three-quarters of a mile. The west hank, between Stony Point and Caldwell's, may be approached within four hundred yards with not less than four fathoms; but The Dunderberg is bold-t-0,-five fathoms being found within one hundred yards of its base. Between The Dunderberg and Iona Island you must not go to the west'lovard of a line from the eastern point of the former to the eastern end of the latter; but above this there are no dangers on either shore until you approach Con's Con's Hook Hook, when a black spar-buoy will be seen about seven hundred yards to the south- Shoal. ward of the Hook and nearly opposit.e to Denning's Landing. This is on the eastern side of a nine feet shoal, called Con's Hook Shoal, which lies an eighth of a mile from the west shore, and has water sufficient for the largest vessels on all sides of it. When past it there are no dangers as far up as W IBt Point, except that between Co.zzens' and the Landing the west bank should receive a berth of about an eighth of a mile. The bight on the east bank, between Garrison's Landing and Constitution Island, is shoal, and the shore should not be approached, after passing to the northward. of West Point Light-house, nearer than a quarter of a mile. Magazine Point is very bold-to,-twenty-four fathoms being found within fifty yards of it; but the. cove on tlie north si.de of Weist Pm'.nt is full of ftat,s, and vessels must keep the easb~rn shore aboard. When abreast of Constitution Island a red spar-buoy will be seen, about a quarter of a mile to the northward, off the entrance to Cold Spring Har- The Brothers. bor. This is on the western side of a detached group of rocks known as The Brothers, and bare at extreme low tides. In the reach between this and Breakneck Point there are no dangers,- the west bank being bold-to, and it being only necessary, on the east bank, not t-0 go to the eastward of a line joining Little Stony Point and the western end of Constitution Island; and, when above the former, to give the shore a berth to the eastward 9f about four hundred yards. Above Breakneck Point ke€p to 1Jie westward of a line joining the west.em ends of Polopens Island and Little Stony Point; and when in Newburgh Bay give the west bank a berth of four hundred yards until up with the city of Newburgh; after which you may approach within two hundred yards until abreast of Limestone Point. The east shore of Newburgh Bay is, however, obstructed by the extensive FishL-ill FWia, and must receive a berth a8 follows: Between Polopens J:sland and Denning's Wharf'_______________ _ ! mile. Abreast of Den.ning's Whari'-------------------------------- t\" BBeettwweeeenn FDiesnhnkinilgl 'Lsa\"nWdhianrgf' aanndd MFoisunhtkGilull-i-a-n-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_--_-_-_ 800 yards. t mile. Between Mount Gulia.n a.nd Carthage_________________________ 900 yards. These flats have from one to three fuet wat.er upon them and are very dangerous, as they are exceedingly abrupt and not buoyed, except about midway between Fishkill and Carthage, where there is a red spar-buoy without a. number. Buoys will be recommended to be placed at intervals of a mile along · their western edge. At Carthage the east shore is bold-to, and ma.y he approached within one hundred yards with not less than six fathoms; but between this and New Hamburg it should receive a berth of about four hundred yards, as the bight ~ New Hamburg and Hughironville \"8 full of fla18.

580 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. On coming abreast of Limest.one Point a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, will be seen in mid-river about half a mile off~ and a little below New Hamburg. Dimond Reef. This is on Dimond Reef~ a detached rock, with five feet at low water, lying about midway between the Hampton and New Hamburgh shores. The buoy is placed in twelve feet on the western side of the rock, and may be passed on either hand; but it is usual for large vessels t.o pass to the \"\\Vestward of it. Above New Hamburg there are no dangers in the channel, or on either bank, until up with Esopus Island. The main channel passes t.o the westward of this island, although the water is ', The Hen and deeper on the eastern side; but there is a long shoal, called The Hen and Chickens, Chickem1. making off from its northern end for an eighth of a mile with from two to nine feet upon it. It is not buoyed, but should be, for the convenience of ves.sels standing across the northern end of the island; and a buoy will be recommended. Above Esopus Island the river is clear until you are past Pelham and about midway between Staatsburg and Hoyt's Landing. Here yon must look out for Esopus J\\.Iiddle Ground, a long narrow shoal, with fifteen feet at low water, extending NE. and SW., for five-eighths of a. Esopus Middle mile, off Cave Point,-its northern end being opposite Dinsmore's Landing. It is not Ground. buoyod; but there should be a horizontally-striped spar-buoy on each end; and such action will be recommended. When past this shoal, you must give the western shore a berth of four hundred and fifty yards until past Esopus Meadows Light-house, in order to avoid the flats called Esopus Meadows; and the eastern bank, from Hoyt's Landing t.o abreast of the same light- house, a similar berth, to avoid tlieflai.s between Hoyt's and Dinsmori's Cove. Vanderberg's Cove is all flat, and its shore must noi be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile. These flats are bold-t.o, and great care is necessary to avoid them. l!\"\"\"rom V anderberg's Cove to Stur- geon Point, a mile and a half above, extend the dangerous Plawchy Flats, which, near P/awchy Flats. the middle, show bare grass at low water, and have from one t.o ten feet upon them from the centre towarllil the northern and southern ends. The dry part is opposite Plawchy, (or Ellerslie Wharf,) and is half a. mile long. A narrow pocket, with from three to four fathoms, runs between these fiats and the eastern shore, and is used by steamboats wishing t.o land at Ellerslie Wharf; but it must not be attempted by vessels of greater draught than eight feet, as it is closed at its northern end (off Sturgeon Point) by a fen feet, bar. The western bank, from Esopus Meadows t.o Port Ewen, is comparatively bold-to, and may be safely approached, with not less than four fathoms, as follows: Between Esopus Meadows Light-house and Hemlock Point., within 350 yards. Off Hemlock Point--------------------------------~-- \" -fr m.ile. At :Knickerbocker Wharves --------------------------- \" 100 yards. Off Big Rock Point ---------------------------------- 100 \" Off Port Ewen wb.a.rf'-line______________________________ H 150 \" \" Off Port Ewen Breakwater---------------------------- \" 150 \" Between Port Ewen and Kingston Point you must keep the eastern shore aboard, giving Rondout Light..;house a berth to the westward of between six and seven hundred yards, as the mouth of Ron- dout Creek 'is much obmructed by mud flats, which extend out nearly to the middle of the river. The eastern end of the jetty must also receive a berth, as the water is shoal in its vicinity. Kingston Point, however, may be approached within one hundred yards with not less than three and three-quarter fathoms; but between this and 'Vhiskey Point, a mile and three-eighths above, the shore is flat, and must not be approached nearer than a quarter of a mile, if using tlie Western Channel, until abreast of the· wharf of the Newark Cement Works, half a mile above the Brick-yard Wharf. ThenCIOI to Whiskey Point keep about two hundred yards from shore, and you will pass in not less than four fathoms. From Whiskey Point to the Rosendale and Kingst.on Cement Works, six hundred yards above, the shore may be approached within fifty yards with not less than five fathoms. When off Kingston Point there will be seen ahead, and about three-eighths of a mile off, a sp::ir- buoy, fainted red and black in horizontal stripes, nearly opposite to, but a little above, the Brick-yard Whar. This is on the southern end of The Flats, the name given to Wa.t extensive middle ground which, beginning abreast of the Brick-yard Wharf, extends t.o the northward to abreast The Flata. of Tyler's Point, a distance of three miles and seven-eighths, and separates the river int.o two channels,-both equally good, but that on the eastern side of the flats being the widest. This shoal has from two to four feet upon it, is very bold-to, and, therefore, in the absence of buoys, is difficult to avoid without a pilot. Buoys should be placed on both sides of it, at intervals of a mile; and, should this be done, navigation in the vicinity will be perfectly safe. T~ere is another horizontally-strif}ed spar-buoy at the northern end of the shoo.I, abreast of Tyler's Pomt; and here the Eastern and Western channels unite through a narrow passage with three and a quarter fathoms. Strangers cannot enter Rondont Creek,--a pilot always, and a steam-tug generally, is necc:led in order to pass in safety. ·



HUDSON RIVER. 581 The eastern bank, from Sturgeon Point to Barrytown, is generally bold-to,-the Dangers--Hud- only shoal places being in the bight between the Ice-house \\Vharf and Clifton Point, son River. (where a berth of three hundred and fifty yards is necessary,) and between Astor's Point and Barrytown, where you must not approach nearer than two hundred and fifty yards. Between Barrytown and Cruger's Island vessels sometimes take the 'Vestern Channel, by passing between the northern end of The Flats and the southern end of The Hog's Back; but it is best to use the Eastern Channel, being careful not. to go to the eastward of a line joining the southwestern end of Cruger's !;;land with Trap Cliff, on account of the flats, which occiipy the whole of South Bay and which are nearty bare at low water. Cruger's Island is comparatively bold-to, and may be approached on its western side within one hundred and fifty yards with not less than six fathoms. Beginning abreast of Goose Island, just below Barryto·wn, and nearly opposite to E<lgewater House, is Hog's Back Shoal, sometimes called Barr-ytown Fkit.s. It extends to the northward, for a. mile and a half, past Turkey Point, (on the west shore,) and terminates opposite \"the draw\" in the South Bay Bridge, and about three-eighths of a mile below Crugcr's Hog's Back summer-house. The shoalest part, which has from three to six feet upon it, is near Shoaf. the centre of the flats, extending from abreast of the northern end of Barrytown for over half a mile to abreast. of Turkey Point. To the northward of this the shoal has from eight to sixteen feet water. A spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes, is placed on the southern end of the shoalest part, in twelve feet water, and it is usual to pass to the eastward of it. From Cruger's Island to Red Hook Island, or Goat Island, (as it is sometimes called,) vessels must keep to the westward ofa line joining the western points of the two islands, to avoid the.fiats in North Bay, which make off to that line with from one to two feet ·water. Above Red Hook Island, however, this shore is bold-to as far up a-; Ludlow's \\Vharf, and may be safely approached within one hundred yardA with not less than four fathoms. The west bank, between the Cement \\Vorks and Turkey Point, is shoaler than the eastern bank,- the jlat.s bei.ng very bold-to and having from one to two feet at low water. To avoid these flats vessels should give this shore a berth as follows: Between the Cement Works and Knickerbocker Pier____________ 200 yards. Between Knickerbocker Pier and Tyler's Point_________________ 150 \" Off Tyler's Point~------ __ ---------------------------------- 100 \" Between Tyler's Point and Turkey Point---------------------- 200 \" Turkey Point is quite bold-to, and may be approached within fifty yards with eight fathoms; but about three-eighths of a mile to the northward of it begins tliat extensive are.a of 8hoal gro-und, which occupies more than half the width of the river, (extending to the northward for a mile and a half to abreast of the northern end of Red Hook Island,) and of which the shoal known as The Saddle-Bags is the most dangerous part. The Saddle-Bags has from five to six feet upon it, lies nearly midway between the northern and southern ends of the main shoal, and is separated The Saddle- from the western part of' that shoal by a very narrow slue with twelve f'eet water. A Bags. black spar-buoy, marked No. 3, is placed in seven feet on the southeastern end of The Saddle-Bags, and must receive a berth to the westward of not less than one hundred and fifty yards. There should be a horizontally-striped spar-buoy placed upon the extreme southern end of the main shoal, three-eighths of a mile above Turkey Point, to mark the eastern point of entrance to the Glasco Channel; a black spar-buoy should be placed on the-southeastern end of the shoal opposite to Cruger's summer-house, and another black spar-buoy on the extreme northern end of the shoal abreast of the north end of Red Hook Island. \"\\\\Tith these changes, which will be recommended, this part of the channel will he comparatively safe. The Glasco Channel, as before mentioned on page 573, is a very narrow passage, ~n some places not more than fifty yards wide, but with not less than eighteen feet water in it, which run~ dose along the western shore to Glasco and Cruger's Wharf. It is only fit for steamboats, but at low water is easily naviga.ted,-the flats on both sides being nearly bare. Between Cruger's Wharf and Saugerties Light.-hon....\"\"C the west shore is very shoal,--mud .fiabJ covered with gra88 ext.ending out to distances varying from four hundred yards to three-eighths of a milo. Vessels must keep the eastern shore aboard, and must not approach Saugerties Point nearer than four hundred yards and Saugerties Light.-house within one hundred and fifty yards. Strangers cannot enter Esopus Creek, as the channel is only suit.able for st€amers of light draught. A black spar-buoy is plaood on the eastern edge of the :ftats, and on the southern side of the entrance; and the channel into the creek is between this buoy and the light.-house. After passing Sa.ugel\"ties Light-house the channel approaches the western shore,-the flatB grad- ually retiring, until at Malden, a mile and a. quarter above, there is deep water close alongside the wharf-line. From Malden to Puddecart Point this shore is comparatively bold-to, and it is only necessary to avoid getting to the westward of the different projecting points, or in other words not to st.and into any of the bightB, whioh are full of jla.ts.

582 ATLANTTC COAST PILOT. On the eastern side of the river t11ere are many great shoals,-the southernmost of which, kno\\\\'ll as Livingston's :F'lats, begins about half a mile above Saugerties Light-house and a quarter of a mile below Clermont )Vharf. The main portion of this flat is always out, and has the ap- livingston·s pearance of a grassy island a mile long; but shoal water (from one to six feet) extends Flats. north and south from this island, giving to the whole flat a length of about a mile and :five-eighths. A good though narrow channel, called Livingston's Channel, passes on the eastern side of these flats, between them and the east bank, carrying not less than four and three-quarter fathoms, and connected with the main channel, at the northern end of the shoal, by a passage called The Maelstrom., about a hundred yards wide, with three and a quarfa:~r fathoms, which runs between the northern end of Livingston's Flats and the southern end of Upper Flats. It is not safe. however, on aocount of its current, and is rarely used. Livingston's Flats are also called Green FlafJs. Their southern end is marked by a red spar- buoy as a guide to the 1\\fain Channel. Upper Flats begin just to the northward of Livingston's Flats, and extend tu the north end of Germantown, a distance of two miles and three-eighths. Their western edge is in some place:; five hundred and in others nine hundred yard<;; from the east bank. 'Vhere not bare at Upper Flats. low water these flats have from one to three f~t upon them, and not being buoyed are extremely dangerous to sailing vP.sse]s unless they have a leading wind. A red buoy, placed on the southern end of the projecting spur of these flats, on a line between East Camp and Wanton Island, would greatly facilitate navigation in this vicinity; and this will be recommended. In mid-river, opposite Gould's \\Vharf, and about a mile above Wanton Island, will be seen a spar-buoy, painted red and black in horizontal stripes. This is on the southern end of The Coal Bed, or Duck Cove Flats, a dangerous middle ground, about a mile and a quarter long, ThB Coal BBd. lying exactly in mid-river, and having from three to six feet upon it from its centre to its southern end. The :Main ChtUmel passes to the eastward of it; but there is a good passage, one hundred and fifty yards wide, with three and a quarter fathoms, on its Wf'~5tern side, between it and In-bach Fl,af,s, another long shoal, bare at low water, which forms part of that exten- sive area of shoal ground making to the southward from Ram's Horn Point, on the west bank. To make this channel available, however, all the shoals should be huoyed; and at present, therefore, it is best to keep the Main Channel, which passes between The Coal Bed and the east bank of the river. Above Smith's Landing both shores are flat. The west bank, between Y erie's Clip and Catskill, should receive a berth as follows: Abreast of Yerie's Clip-------------------------·------------ i mile. Between Yerie's Clip and Bam.'s Horn Point___________________ _ 400 yards. Abreast of Ram.'s Horn Point________________________________ 250 \" 400 Off Bam's Horn Creek------------------------------------- cc Off Catskill Creek___ --------------------------------------- t mile. The east bank, between Smith's Dock and Oak Hill Depot, should receive a berth as follows: Abreast of Smith's Dock____________________________________ 200 yards. Between Smith's Dock and Livingston's Creek__________________ 200 \" tt m\"ile. Bet ween L ivingston 'Ks iClLr_e_e_k_a_n_d__R_C_>_le_f_f_J_a_n_s_e_n_'s__K__il_l____________n_e_a_r_l_y Off Roleff Jansen's Between Roleft' Jansen's Kill and LiVingston's Dock____________ 350 yards. Off Livingston's Dock______________________________________ 50 \" Between Livingston's Dock and Oak Hill Depot________________ 100 '' Rodgers' Island, just above Catskill, is surrounded by flats. On its southern side ext.ensive flat\"!, for the most part covered with grass, and in some places out at high water, make off to the southward for five-eighths of a mile, and are known as Rodgers' Island Flats. \"There not bare Rodgers• /8/and they have from four to seven feet upon them, and form a very dangerous obstruction F/af8. to this part of the channel. A red buoy should be placed on their southern end, (which is exactly opposite to Catskill Steamboat Landing,) as a guide both to the Main Channel and Hallenbeck's Creek. The M:ain Channel here keeps over towards the westR.rn shore, having a width of about two hundred and fifty yards between the lines of three fathoms. Hs.1- lenbeck's Creek, though good for nine feet at low warer, is entirely unfit for strangers. That portion of the river between Catskill and Hudson City is known as Perey•a Bea.ch,-the channel passing between Rodgers' Island and the west bank of the river. This west bank ii; compar- atively bold-to, and may be approached within one hundred and fifty yards until you come abreast of the northern end of Rodgers' Is1ancl, where Brando Point Shoal begins. The Rodgers' Island shore must receive a berth as follows: southern end of the island________ -------------------------- 400 yards. Kiddle point of islaniL__________________________________ '--- 300 \" :Northern end of ialaDd------------------------------------- t mile.



HUDSON RIVER. 583 Between Rodgers' Island and 1'ierino Point (the southern point of entrance to South Bay) the flats gradually recede from the channel, and the point itself may be approached within one hundred yards with five fathoms. On the opposite shore, however, Brando Point must receive a berth of not less than six hundred and fifty yards, in order to avoid the dangerous Brando Point Shoal, which has from three to four foet upon it, and occupies the north shore of the river from Brando Point about five-eighths of a mile below Brando Point to the village of Athens,-a distance Shoal. of nearly a mile and a half. A black spar-buoy (No. 5) is placed on the southern side of this shoal, in twelve feet water, about a third of a mile SE. by E. from Brando Point, and three-quarters of a mile NE. ! N. from the northern end of Rodgers' Island. ·when abreast of this buoy there will be scf'n ahead, and about a mile off, a onC'-story brick dwelling, standing nearly in mid-river on a stone pier, and surmounted by a square tower: This is Hudson City Light-house, and stands upon the southern end of the great Hudson }\\fiddle Ground, which extends from this light-house to abreast of Priming Hook,-a distance of two miles,-and is Hudson Middle nearly all hare at low wa.ter. Its northern end is marked by a spar-buoy, painted red Ground. and black in horizontal stripes, and placed in twelve feet at low water. The Hudson or Eastern Channel passes to the eastward of this :Middle Ground, while the Athens or ~Iain Channel passes to the westward. The former is only used by vessels bound to Hudson. A.hove Hudson .Middle Ground the river is so full of shoals that no intelligible description which would be of use to mariners can be given. The services of a pilot are absolutely necessary, even for steamers. Of the flats occupying the middle of the river may be mentioned- 1. Four Jflle Point Flats, bare in many places at low water, and extending from just above Four Mile Point for a distance of about a mile. They are buoyed at both their northern and south- ern ends. 2. Coxsackie Island Shoal, surrounding the island of that name, and marked by a black spar- buoy on its eastern side. 3. Kinderhook Flats, on the east bank, half a mile above Stuyvesant Landing, and marked by a. red spar-buoy, (No. 8.) 4. Hough.tailing Isl.and Shoal, dry at low water, and making off from the southern end of the island of that name. 5. Coeyman's Bar, between Coeyman's and the southern end of J\\Iull's Plaat, now diked and being regularly dredged. 6. Castldon Bar, between Castleton &nd Cow Island. 7. Schermmerhorn Is\"la-nd Pktts, with from one to five feet, extending north and south from Schermmerhorn L5land. 8. Campbell's Bar, off the western side of Campbell's Island. 9. Austin's Rock, a detached rock, with three feet at low water, lying in mid-river, abreast of Van \\Vies' Point Light-house, and marked by a red spar-buoy placed on its western side. 10. Papscanee's Fl.ab, with from one to three feet, which make off from the western side of Papscanee's Island, just above its southern end. 11. Lower Ove,·slau,.gh Bar, near the northern end of the Old Stone Dike, (on Van Wies' Bar) and about a mile above Van Wies' Point Light-house. ' 12. Upper Overslaugh or Papscaneds Bar, between Papscanee's Point and Cross-Over Light. 13. Cuyler'B Bar, just below Albany, opposite Cuyler's Dike, and between it and Small Island. The depth on all \"of these shoals is being annually improved, under the direction of the United States :Engineers, by diking and dredging. Between Albany and Troy only the following shoals are buoyed: 1. Kellogg's Shoal, off the Lumber District, with from one to three feet water, and marked by a black spar-buoy, (No. 11.) 2. Fi,sh House Shoals, off the western shore, about three-eighths of a mile above Base Island and just below the southern end of Fish House Dike.. It is marked by a black spar-buoy, (No. 13.) 3. Upper Fi,sh House Bar, on the eastern bank, about three-eighths of a mile above the form.er, and marked by a red spar-buoy, not numbered. 4. Rouir.d Shoal, on the west bank, off the southern end of Mix's Island, about half a mile above Upper Fish House buoy, and marked by a black spar-buoy, (No. 15.) 5. Couell's Folly, on the west shore, off the northern end of Mix's Island, and marked by a black spar-buoy, (No. 17.) 6. JfTashington Bar, on the east bank, close in with the Troy wharf-line, and about half a mile below Watervliet .Arsenal. It is marked by a red spar-buoy, (No. 14.)

684 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. SAILING DIRECTIONS FOR HUDSON RIVER. On the NE. by N. t N. course from off Tompkinsville, in New York Harbor, (see page 537,) when abreast of Castle Garden, in six fathoms, with the southern end of The Battery (Whitehall) bearing SE. by E. i E., distant half a mile, steer N. by E. l E., between the New York wharves on the east and those of Jersey City and Hoboken on the west. This courae continue, carrying not less than five and a half fathoms, until past Castle Point; and Stevens' hou.._qe, on the summit of that point, bears SW. by W. t W., when you will l?e exactly opposite Twenty-second Street Pier, (on the New York side,) with a depth of nine fathoms. Now steer NE. ~· N., carrying not less than five and a half fathoms, until abreast of Fort Lee,-which should bear NW. by W. i W., distant about twelve hun- dred yards,-when NE. by N. ! N. for fourteen hundred yards will lead up to Jeffrey's Hook with not less than seven fathoms. 'Vhen abreast of the Hook (which should bear ESE., distant an eighth of a mile) you will have twenty-four fathoms, and NE. by N. t N. will lead, with not less than :five and a quarter fathoms, abreast of Spuyten Duyvel Creek, at the northern end of Manhattan lRland. When the middle of the bridge at the entmnce to the creek bears SE. by E. ! E., distant three-eighths of a mile, steer NE. by N. fr N. for about seven miles and a quarrer, which will lead, with not less than three and a half fathoms, past Yonkers and up with the village of Hastings. When abreast of the middle of the village, :in six fathoms, with the light on the end of Piermont 1\\-narf bearing N., distant two miles and three-quarters, steer N. by E. t E., with Kingsland's Point almost directly ahead but open a little to the eastward of the course. You will not have less than six and a half fathoms on this course, and, when nearly up with Irvington, with the end of Piermont Wharf bearing SW. by W. t W. and the eastern point of Verdrietege Hook N. l W., steer N. ! E. until past Kingsland's Point and abreast of Nyack,-carrying not less than six and a half fathoms. When the summit of Hook Mountain bears NW. by N. and Teller's Point N., steer N. f E., about for the middle of Croton Bay, and continue this course, with not less than three and a half fathoms, until nearly up with Rockland Lake Landing,-having the wharves at the Landing bearing NW. by W. i- W. and the lower end of the State Prison dock at Sing Sing NE. i E. Now steer NW. by N. l N. until nearly abreast of 'Valdberg Landing, (at the southern end of Haverstraw Bay,) and Grassy Point bears 1IT lll'W., distant three miles, with Stony Point Light-house just open to the eastward of it. You will have from four to seven fathoms on this course, and must steer N. by W. t W. towards the we_stern extremity of V erplanck's Point, carrying not less than four and a half fathoms, until nearly up with Grassy Point. When this latter bears W. by N. ! N. and Stony Point Light-house NW. by N. Northerly, steer N NW., with not less than sev1;1n fathoms, until abreast of Verplanck's Point, with Kidd's Humbug (at the eastern base of The Dunderberg) bearing NE. by N. ! N. Here you will have eleven fathoms, muddy bottom, and NE. by N. t N. will lead safely· through the reach with not le!!S than five and three-quarter fathoms,-heading about for Red Hook Landing. On this course the current of ebb sets towards Verplanck's Point and that of flood into the bight between Peekskill and Red Hook; and ea~ must be taken accordingly to make the course good. When up with Kidd's Humbug, round it at a distance of one-eighth of a mile in from seven to twelve fathoms, and steer NW. i N. until abreast of Anthony's Nose. On this course the least water is thirteen fathoms. Now steer N. ! E. for nine hundred yards, carrying not less than sixteen fathoms, until Fort ~Iont­ gomery is abeam, when the next reach will be fairly open, and NE. t N. will lead up the middle, with not less than twelve and a half fathoms, to abreast of Denning's Landing and Con's Hook,-the latter bearing NW. Westerly. Now steer N. ! E. until abreast of Buttermilk Falls,--carrying not less than thirteen fathoms,-and then NE. by N. t N., towards the bight between Garrison's Landing and Constitution Island. On this course, when abreast of the landing at West Point, with the light-house bearing NW. by N. ! N., distant four hundred yards, round the point at a distance of one hundred and fifty yards,-st.eering about N. l W. for six hundred yards, with not less than twelve fathoms. When fairly past the light-house, with World's End reach fully open, st.eel\" NW. by W. towards the southern base of The Crow's Nest, carrying not less than twilllty-four fathoms, until the western point of Constitution Island is abeam and the middle of Polopens Island bears 1\"i. by W. t W. Now steer N. by W., carrying not less than thirteen fathoms, until abreast of Little Stony Point, when NW. by N. f N. will lead, with not less than nine fathoms, up with Polopens Island, at the entrance to New-



HUDSON RIVER. 585 bnrgh Bay. The current of flood in the World's End reach sets towards Constitu- Sailing Direc- tion Island, while that of ebb sets on t.o the north shore of West Point. This is, tions--Hudson therefore, a dangerotis part of the river in light winds, and care must be taken River. accordingly. When Poiopens Island is abeam and about six hundred yards off, steer N. ! E. through New- burgh Bay, carrying not less than four and a half fathoms, until abreast of Balmville. When Lime- stone Point tbears NE. N., steer NE. by N. ! N. for one mile, carrying not less than seven fathoms, until Limestone Point bears NE.'! N., when NE. t E. should be steered, keeping the middle of the river and carrying not less than eight fathoms. This course continue until abreast of Limestone Point, when steer NE. by N. l N. for Kew Hamburg docks, carrying not less than eleven fathoms. Three-quarters of a mile on this course will bring you up with the horizontally-striped spar-buoy on Dimond Reef; and when past it, N. by E. should be steered towards Blue Point, and continued, with not less than six and a half fathoms, until within three-quarters of a mile of that point and just abreast of Long Point, on the east bank of the river. Now steer NE. by N. i N. for about seven-eighths of a mile, heading directly for Fox Point, and carrying not less than nine fathoms. When Blue Point is just abaft the beam, (bearing W. i S., distant four hundred yards,) steer N. i E., passing close to the Poughkeepsie wharf-line, and carrying not less than seven fathoms. This course will take you past Crum Elbow Point and fairly into the reach. \"\"When about six hundred yards above the point, with the reach fully open, steer N. by W. -i W., keeping in mid-river, and carrying not less than sixteen fathoms. Continue on this course for about a mile until just past Greer's Point, which should bear E. by S. I S., distant four hundred yards, when N. by E. Nearly will lead, with not less than six fathoms, past Hyde Park, Esopus Island and Pelham. On this course, when just past l\\fulford Pier (which should bear E. by S. i B., distant a quarter of a mile) and within a mile and a half of Esopus J\\.ieadows Light-house, steer NE. by N., with not less than seven fathoms; until abreast of this light- house, when N. by W. ! W. will lead through the next reach with not less than five fathoms. Vt'hen abreast of Sturgeon Point, in nine fathoms, with Rondout Light-house bearing N. i W., distant one mile, steer N. by E. :! E. for a little over four miles, keeping the eastern shore aboard and carrying not less than four and a half fathoms. When abreast of Mills' Wha:rf, (which should be distant about an eighth of a mile,) steer N NE. past .Astor's Point and Barrytown, carrying not less than four fath- oms, until you come abreast of Livingston's Island, (in South Bay,) with Turkey Point on the west bank bearing W. by N. ! N., distant eight hundred yards. Now steer N. Westerly for one mile, until you come abreast of the middle of Cruger's Island. This course will clear the northern end of The Hog's Back, and will carry not less than four and a half fathoms. When abreast of the middle of Crnger's Island, with the black buoy on The Saddle-Bags bearing N NW., distant three hundred yards, steer N. by E . .g. E., which course will lead, with not less than four and a half fathoms, past Red Hook or Goat Island, and nearly up with the lower end of Tivoli. When about an eighth of a mile to the northward of Sycamore Point and three-eighths of a mile above Red Hook Island, steer N; by E. Northerly, until abreast of Saugerties Light-house, which must receive a berth to the westward of one hundred and fifty yards; and N. t E. will lead, with not less than :6.ve fathoms, to Malden, on the west bank. When abreast of the southern end of Malden and about one hundred yards from the wharf-line, steer NE. by N. ! N. for about two miles and five-eighths, carrying not less than :five fathoms past Evesport and West Camp, until abreast of Smith's Landing, a quarter of a mile above Wanton Island. You may, when abreast of Saugerties Light-house, steer over towards Cler- mont Wharf, on the east bank, and keep the eastern shore aboard until abont five-eighths of a mile above Ludlow's Wharf, where this channel turns more towards the middle of the river, passing between Upper Flats and the grasJ flats off East Camp, and joining the Ma.in Channel abreast of Want.on Island with not less than fourteen feet water. The usual channel, however, passes t.o the westward. of Livingston's and Upper Flats. . When abreast of Smith's Lauding, steer NE. t E. for seven-eighths of a mile, carrying not less than three and three-quarter fathoms, until you come abreast of the northern end of the settlement of Ger- mantown, with the southern end of Pudd~ Point bearing NW. t N., distant eight hundred yo.rdB. · Now steer 1'E. 1· N. for a mile and a half, keeping the eastern shore aboard, and carrying not less than fotll\" and a half fathoms, until Green Point bears ll\". ! w .• distant half a mile, and Ram's Horn C.P.-74

586 ATLANTIC COAST PILOT. Sa.Hing Dirac- Point NE. l N.,dist.ant a mile and seven-eighths. Now steer NE. i E. for two miles, tions--Hudson carrying not less than four and a quarter fathoms, until just past Ram's Horn Point, Ri111Jr. with the steamboat lamling at Catskill bearing N. by E. i E., distant one mile, when N NE. Easterly will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to abreast of Catskill rail- road station, and with not less than ten feet to the entrance to Hallenbeck's Creek. Nine feet at low water can be taken through this creek into the Main Chal.lPel, to the northward of Rodgers' Island, but it is suitable for steamers of light draught only. If bound through the Main Channel into Perey's Reach, when abreast of Catskill railroad station, steer N. i W. for five-eighths of a mile, carrying not less than nine fathoms, until the southCBStcrn point of Rodgers' Island bears E~ by N. !° N., seen over the middle of the dry flats to the southwest- ward of that island. Now steer N NE. Northerly, with not less than seven fathoms, until abreast of the middle of Rodgers' Island; and then NE. t E. for about seven-eighths of a mile, carrying not *less than six and a half fathoms, until Hudson City Light-house bears E. by N. N. Steer for the light-house, carrying not less than six and a half fathoms, until within three-eighths of a mile of it; when, if bound through the W estcrn or Athens Channel, you must steer NE. Easterly; and, if bound through the Eastern or Hudson City Channel, you must keep the southern shore aboard,-passing about one hundred and fifty yards to the southward of the light-house, skirting the wharf-line of the city, and keeping about midway between Hudson J\\iid<lle Ground and the east bank. This latter is, however, only suitable for steamers which have local pilo-ts on board. Above Hudson City it is not safe to go without a pilot or the aid of steam-power. The course NE. Easterly (above mentioned) leads, with not less than three and a half fathoms, to abreast of the middle of the Athens wharf-line; and then NE. by N. leads, with not less than fourteen feet, past the northern end of Hudson Middle Ground and nearly up to the mouth of Kinderhook Creek. Here the two channels unite, with Four Mile Point Light-house bearing N. t E., distant half a mile; and N. by E. will lead, with not less than six fathoms, to abreast of that light-house. Thence the course is N. for nearly seven-eighths of a mile, with not less than seventeen feet, to abreast of the middle of Four Mile Point Flats; and then N. ! E., for the same distance, towards the eastern ci:tremity of Nutten Hook, carrying not less than fourteen feet. On this course, when about five-eighths of a mile below Fonlham Point, and about two hundred yards above the 'Varehouse Dock, (on the west bank,) N. j- W. will lead, with not less than four and three-quarter fathoms, between Nutten Hook and Coxsackie Landing. When about three hundred yards to the northward of Nutfon Hook Landing, and about six hundred yards to the southward of Coxsackie Island, NE. by N. :f N. should be steered for a little over half a mile, with not less than four fathoms, until Coxsackie Light-house bears N. ! W. Now steer for the light-house, carrying not less than thirteen feet, until within three hundred and fifty yards of it, when the course turns more to the eastward so as to pass about one hundred yards to the eastward of the light-house, steering about N. by E. t E. until up with Kinderhook buoy, when NE. by N. i N. will lead1 with not less than four fathoms, directly towards Stuyvesant Light- house. Above this no intelligible sailing directions can be given. The channel is diked in most places, and the assistance of a local pilot is absolutely necessary for all vessels, however light their draught. The above courses pass from four hundred to six hundred yards to the eastward of the flats be- tween Sneden's Landing and Piermont; from three hundred and fifty to six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of Piermont Flats; an eighth of a mile to the westward of Tarrytown Flats; the same dist.a.nee to the westward of the shoals off Kingsland's Point; from four hundred to five hun- dred yards to the eastward of Nyack Flats; five-eighths of a mile to the westward of Bishop's Rocks; seven hundred yards to the eastward of the :flats off Verdrietege Hook; nine hundred yards to the westward of the Sing Sing Flats; six hundred yards to the eastward of the :flats off Rockland Lake Landing; three-eighths of a mile to the westward of the flats off Croton Bay; nine hundred yards to the westward of Teller's Point Shoal; six hundred and fifty yards to the eastward of the fiats off W aldberg' Landing ; from four hundred to eight hundred yards to the westward of the Croton l!~latB, (in Haverstraw Bay;) from nine hundred to twelve hundred yards to the eastward of Haverstraw Flats; a quarrer of a mile to the westward of the :flatB off Crugcr's; the same distance to the west- 'W8.l\"d of the flats off Green's Cove; from a quarter to half a mile to the westward of the Peek.skill Flats; four hundred yards to the eastward of the Snaky Hollow Flats; the same distance to the