! PsfO ! ;fdflhs tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cGt/;DaGw kf7 M ;fdflhs cWoogcGtut{ dfgj / p;sf] efl} ts, ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, ;f:+ s[lts tyf cfly{s jftfj/0f;uF sf] cGt/ljm| ofsf ;DaGwdf cWoog ul/G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog gful/s ;Ifdtf ljsf; ugs{ f nflu ul/g] ;fdflhs lj1fgx¿sf] PsLs[t cWoog xf] . o;df ljBfno sfo{j|mdcGtut{ eu\" fn] , Oltxf;, cyz{ f:q, ;dfhzf:q, dfgjzf:q, /fhgLltzf:q, dgf]lj1fg, wd,{ ;+:s[lt, snf / lj1fg;sf pkoS' t ljifoj:t'sf] ;dGjofTds / Jojl:yt 9ª\\uaf6 cWoog ul/G5 . o; ljifo ;db' fo tyf jftfj/0fdf dfgjn] kfg]{ ke| fj / jftfj/0f tyf ;d'bfon] dfgjsf] hLjgdf kfg]{ bfx] f/] f] k|efjsf] cWoog ul/G5 . o;n] dfgj ;dfh;uF ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfsf af/d] f cGji] f0f tyf ljZni] f0f ug{ l;sfp5F . ;fdflhs cWoogsf] klxnf] p2Z] o ljBfyLx{ ¿nfO{ of] cGt/;DalGwt ljZjdf ;fjh{ lgs enfOsf nflu ;f:+ s[lts ljljwtf, ;fdflhs cGtlg{e{/tf Pjd\\ ;fd~h:oaf/] ;';\"lrt u/fpg' / ts{k\"0f{ lg0fo{ lng ;xof]u ug'{ xf] . dfgj hLjgsf nflu cfjZos Pjd\\ pkof]uL l;kx¿nfO{ hLjgf]kof]uL l;k elgG5 . hLjgf]kofu] L l;k l;sfpg] lzIff hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff xf] . gk] fnLdf …hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffÚ elgg] ljifonfO{ cª\\u|]hLdf …nfOkm l:sn Ph's];gÚ elgPsf] b]lvG5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff dfgj hLjgdf k;] fut bIftfsf nflu h?/L k|fljlws jf Jofj;flos 1fg / l;ksf ;fy;fy} ;fdflhs hLjgdf hg' ;' s' } k;] fsf JolStsf nflu cTofjZos l;kx¿sf] l;sfO;uF ;DalGwt ljifo xf] . kf| ljlws jf Jofj;flos 1fg / l;ksf Ifq] x¿ cgs] f}F 5g\\ . ltgLx¿dWo] s'g s'g a9L dxŒjk0\" f{ x'G5g\\ eGg] s/' f ;fdflhs kl/jz] , ;;+ fwgsf] pknAwtf tyf :yfgLo / /fli6o« cfjZostfn] km/s k5{ . hLjgf]kofu] L lzIffsf] Pp6f cfofd ltgLx¿nfO{ dflgG5 . dgf;] fdflhs kIfx¿ / JolStdf cGtlgl{ xt u'0fx¿nfO{ phfu/ ug{] ljm| ofsnfkx¿ klg o;df ;dflji6 5g\\ . JolSt :jods\\ f] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s / cfWoflTds ;dG' gltsf nflu lj|mofzLn /xg] Pjd\\ kl/jf/, cGo JolStx¿, ;db' fo / ;dfh;uF pkoS' t Jojxf/ ug{] bl[ i6sf0] fsf] ljsf; klg hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf] ;/f]sf/ If]q xf] . ;Eo ;fdflhs ;DaGw, g}lts dofb{ fk0\" f{ Jojxf/ / k|efjsf/L ;~rf/ ug]{ l;k tyf ;dx\" df sfd ug{] l;ksf] l;sfO klg hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf ljifoj:t' xg' \\ . gful/ssf xl} ;otdf clwsf/ / st{Josf] af]w tyf hLjg / huts\\ f] ;DaGw x]g]{ / a‰' g] kl| jm| ofdf klg hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf] e\"ldsf x'G5 . hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf sf/0fn] JolStdf rl/q, l;hg{ fTdstf, g}ltstf, Jofjxfl/s sz' ntf / c;n JolStTjsf] ljsf; xg' ] dflgG5 . ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu\\ 7gn] ;g\\ !((( df hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtu{t lgDgfg;' f/sf 5cf]6f d'Vo If]qx¿ klxrfg u/s] f] 5 M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 1
!= ;~rf/ / cGtj}{olSts l;k @= lg0f{o ug{] / ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k #= l;hg{ fTds / ;dfnf]rgfTds ;f]rfO l;k $= cfTdhfu?stf / ;dfg'e\"lt %= b[9tf / ;defj, jf cfTdlgoGq0f ^= pTyfglzntf / ;d:ofnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ Ifdtf sltko lj1x¿n] hLjgfk] ofu] L l;kcGtut{ ;d:of ;dfwfg l;k, ;~rf/ l;k, ;r\" gf kl| jlw l;k, ;xsfo{ l;k, ;dfnfr] gfTds ;fr] fO l;k, cWoog l;k, ;xeflutf / 5nkmn l;hg{ fTdstf, cGt/j}olSts l;k, tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;+j]u Joj:yfkg, lg0fo{ lgdf0{ f l;k / g]t[Tj l;k egL pNn]v u/s] f] klg kfOG5 . cfo'j]b{ , ofu] / Wofgsf ljleGg ljlwx¿ klg hLjgfk] of]uL l;k xg' \\ . g]kfnsf] k|frLg k/Dk/fdf !$ ljBf, !* zf:q / ^$ snfsf] cWoog x'g] u/]sf] atfOG5 . tLdWo] !$ ljBfcGtu{t rf/cf]6f j]bx¿ -CUj]b, oh'jb]{ , ;fdjb] / cyj{j]b_, 5cf]6f jb] fªu\\ x¿ -lzIff, sNk, Jofs/0f, lg?St, Hofl] tif / 5Gb_, k/' f0f, Gofo, dLdf;+ f -bzg{ _ / wdz{ f:q k5{g\\ . pSt !$ cf6] f ljBfdf cfo'j{b] , wg'j]b{ , ufGwj{ j]b / cyz{ f:q klg yk u/k] l5 ltgLx¿nfO{ !* zf:q eg/] hgfOG5 . lgDgfg';f/sf ^$ snf dflgPsf] 5, h;df hLjgf]kofu] L l;ksf w]/} cfofdx¿ ;dfjz] 5g\\ . != ufgljBf @= jfB #= g[To $= gf6\\o %= lrqsnf ^= a6' \\6f agfpg] snf &= rfdn / km\"nx¿af6 k\"hf ;fdu|L agfpg] snf *= kmn\" x¿sf] cf]5\\ofg agfpg] snf (= bfFt, sk8f / cªu\\ x¿ /ªu\\ fpg] snf !)= dl0fx¿sf] eO' F agfpg] snf !!= zo\\of agfpg' !@= hnafwF agfpg] snf !#= ljlrq l;l4x¿ b]vfpg] snf !$= xf/, dfnf cflb agfpg] snf !%= sfg / lz/nfO{ kmn\" sf] uxgf agfpg] snf !^= nu' f / uxgf agfpg] snf !&= kmn\" x¿sf cfei\" f0fn] zª[ u\\ f/ ug]{ snf !*= sfgsf kQfx¿sf] /rgf ug'{ !(= ;u' Gw agfpg' @)= OGbh| fn -hfbu' /L_ @!= rfx]h:tf] j]if agfpg' @@= xft ;kmfOsf] sfd @#= vfgfsf ljleGg kl/sf/ agfpg ' @$= ljleGg k]o kbfy{ agfpg] snf @%= l;nfOsf] sfd @^= s7kt' nL agfpg', grfpg' @&= kx]nL @*= k|ltdf cflb agfpg] snf @(= s\"6gLlt #)= u|Gy k9g\\ ] rt'/o\\ fOF #!= gf6s, cfVoflosf cflbsf] /rgf #@= ;d:ofkl\" t{ 2 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
##= k66\\ L, jt] , jf0f cflb agfpg] snf #$= un}rF f, ;t/~hf cflb a'Gg' #%= l;sdL{ sfd #^= jf:t'snf #&= Hjfxf/Lsf] sfd #*= ;g' , rfFbL cflb agfpg] snf #(= dl0fx¿sf] /ªsf] kf/v $)= vfgLx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ $!= jg:klt lrlsT;f $@= e8] f, sv' /' f, a66\\ fO{ cflb n8fpg] sfObf $#= tf]tf d}gfsf] af]nL af]Ng ' $$= emf/km's] ljlw $%= sz] ;kmfOsf] sfz} n $^= d6' \\7Lleqsf] j:t' jf dgsf] s'/f hfGg' $&= Dn]R5 sfJox¿ ae' mg\\ ' $*= ljleGg efiffsf] 1fg $(= zs'g ckzs'g yfxf kfpg,' z'efze' atfpg' %)= ljleGg dfts[ foGq agfpg] snf %!= /Tgx¿nfO{ ljleGg cfsf/df sf6g\\ ' %@= ;fªs\\ ]lts efiff agfpg] snf' %#= dgdf s6s /rgf ug '{ %$= gofF gofF s/' f lgsfNg' %%= 5nn] sfd k6fpg] snf %^= ;d:t sfz] sf] 1fg %&= ;f/f 5Gbx¿sf] 1fg %*= sk8f /ªU\\ ofpg] snf %(= Bt\" j|mL8f -hj' f_ ^)= 6f9fsf] j:t' jf dflg;nfO{ cfsif{0f ug]{ snf ^!= afnjm| L8f ^@= dGq ljBf ^#= ljho u/fpg] ljBf ^$= a]tfn cflbnfO{ jzdf /fVg] ljBf o;/L g]kfndf k|frLg sfnbl] v g} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffnfO{ klg dxŒj lbOPsf] / To;cGtut{ w]/} Ifq] x¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff cGt/;DalGwt 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoogcGtut{ dfgj / dfgj ;dfh;uF ;DalGwt ljleGg kIfaf/] ul/g] vf]hL, cWoog Pjd\\ ljZni] f0fsf j|mddf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k klg ckl/xfo{ 5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf l;sfO lj|mofsnfkx¿ tyf kl/of]hgf sfox{ ¿ ubf{ klg hLjgf]kof]uL l;k xfl;n xG' 5g\\ . To; j|mddf ;d\"xdf sfd ug]{, Pscsfd{ f s'/fsfgL ug{], ;xsfo{ ug{], ;xofu] ug,]{ gt] T[ j ug,]{ ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{] Pjd\\ l;h{gfTds sfo{ ug{] k|z:t cj;/ kf| Kt x'G5g\\ . To:tf cj;/n] ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg a9fpgs' f ;fy} hLjgf]kofu] L l;k klg lbO/xs] f x'G5g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoogn] dfgjsf ef}lts, ;fdflhs, / fhgLlts, ;f:+ s[lts tyf cfly{snufotsf cfofdx¿sf] 1fg u/fpg'sf ;fy;fy} hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffcGtu{t kg]{ l;kx¿sf] l;sfOnfO{ klg ;dfj]z u/s] f] x'G5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] hLjgbz{g / dfgjLo dN\" odfGotfx¿sf] af]w u/fpF5 . o;n] To:tf dN\" odfGotfx¿nfO{ ;fdflhs Jojxf/df kb| z{g ug{ dbt klg u5{ . hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffn] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 3
JolStnfO{ ;dfhsf ljleGg kIfx¿ hfGg / ;fdflhs ljifoj:t'sf] ljZn]if0f ug{ klg l;sfpF5 . ;~rf/ / cGtj{}olSts l;k xfl;n ug{] j|mddf cWot] fn] ;dfhdf /xs] f JolSt, ;d\"x, ;:+ yf / 7n' f] hg;d'bfosf] ;/+ rgf / cfk;L ;DaGwaf/] 1fg xfl;n klg u/]sf] x'G5 . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffn] hLjgf]kof]uL l;knfO{ d'Vo ljifoj:t' agfpFb} ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t' klg 1fg u/fO/x]sf] x'G5 eGg] of] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cEof; jf:tjdf ;dfhsf] cWoogsf ljljw cfofd;Fu k|ToIftM ;Da4 x'G5 . hLjgf] kof]uL lzIffsf] cWoogn] JolStnfO{ ;dfhsf] ;b:osf ¿kdf ug{' kg{] stJ{ o / kfpg'kg{] clwsf/af/] ;r]t u/fO{ To;sf nflu cfjZos l;k;dt] lbG5 . hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffn] hLjgfk] of] uL l;k;Fu} ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljifoj:t'nfO{ klg ;dfjz] u/]sf] x'G5 . o;/L ;fdflhs cWoogn] hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf nflu klg dbt kè' ofp5F / hLjgf]kof]uL lzIffsf] cWoogaf6 ;fdflhs cWoogsf nflu pkof]uL ljifoj:t'sf] 1fg klg x'G5 . To;}n] ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff cGt/;DalGWft 5g\\ elgPsf] xf] . ljm| ofsnfk != cfkm\\gf] 3/ jl/kl/sf s'g} !) hgf JolStx¿;Fu s'/fsfgL u/L pxf“x¿sf] k];f / ;f] k;] fsf nflu cfjZos l;kaf/] hfgsf/L lngx' f;] \\ . kf| Kt hfgsf/Lcg;' f/ k;] f / l;ksf] ljj/0fnfO{ tflnsfdf k|:tt' ug{'xf;] \\ . @= cfkmg\\ f] 3/ jf ljBfnoglhs} ;~rfngdf /xs] f] sg' } pBfu] , 3/n] ' pTkfbg sG] b,| l;nfO 3/, cf/g, k;n, xf6] n jf cGo sg' } Jofj;flos kl| ti7fgsf ;~rfns;u“ e6] u/L pxfs“ f] cGtjft{ f{ lngx' f;] \\ . cGtjft{ fd{ f pxfs“ f] sfoI{ fq] , pSt sfoI{ fq] /fH] gs' f sf/0f, cge' j, pknlAw, efU] g' kl//xs] f ;d:of / ;dfhdf ljleGg Ifq] af6 pxfFn] s;/L dbt lngx' G' 5 eGga] f/] kZ| gx¿ ;fW] gx' f;] \\ . cGtjft{ fa{ f6 kf| Kt hfgsf/Ldf cfwfl/t /xL pxfs“ f] kl/ro nV] gx' f;] \\ . cEof; tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ nV] gx' f];\\ -s_ hLjgfk] of]uL lzIffdf ;dfjz] xg' ] ljifoj:t'x¿ s] s:tf 5g\\ < -v_ hLjgf]kof]uL l;kcGtut{ kg]{ 5cf6] f d'Vo Ifq] x¿ s] s] x'g\\ < -u_ ;fdflhs cWoog / hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff s;/L cGt/;DalGwt 5g\\ < kl/of]hgf sfo{ OG6/g6] / zAbsfz] nufotsf k:' tsx¿sf] ko| fu] u/L tyf cfjZostfcg;' f/ lzIfs / cleefjs;u“ klg ;f]wvf]h u/L ^$ snfaf/] hfgsf/L xfl;n ugx{' f];\\ . ltgLx¿sf] kl/ro Ps Ps cgR' 5b] df nv] L Ps k:| tl' t tof/ kfg'{xf;] \\ . 4 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
@ hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, hLjgf]kof]uL l;k / :j:y kf7 M hLjgzn} Llarsf] cGt/;DaGw kj\" Lo{ lrGtg k/Dk/f / e}/x]sf cEof; kj\" Lo{ bz{g, wd{, ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;Eotf, /Lltlylt, snf cflbdf cfwfl/t lrGtg k/Dk/f k\"jLo{ lrGtg xf] . k\"jL{o bz{g ;+1fnfO{ ;fdfGotof Pl;ofsf k\"jL,{ blIf0f k\"jL{ / blIf0fL ee\" fudf pbe\\ j Pjd\\ ljsf; ePsf ljljw bzg{ x¿nfO{ hgfp5F . efu} fl] ns bl[ i6sf0] faf6 kj\" Lo{ bzg{ cGtut{ ef/tjifL{o bz{g, lrlgofF bz{g, sf]l/ofnL bz{g, hfkfgL bz{g, leotgfdL bz{g cflbsf] pNn]v ul/G5 . j]bdf cfwfl/t cgs] fF} ;Dk|bfox¿sf] ;ld>0faf6 cfhsf] :j¿kdf cfOk'u]sf] lxGb' wd{ Pjd\\ bzg{ , af}4 wd{ Pjd\\ bzg{ , h}g wd{ Pjd\\ bzg{ , ls/ft wd{ Pjd\\ bzg{ , lzv wd{ Pjd\\ bz{g, sGkm'l;o; bzg{ , tfcf] bzg{ cflbsf] ke| fjn] kj\" L{o lrGtg k/Dk/f ags] f] 5 . o:tf] ki[ 7e\"lddf kj\" L{o lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] lgs} ljljwtfk\"0f{ bfzl{ gs, ljrf/wf/fTds Pjd\\ Jofjxfl/s cfofdx¿sf] ;dGjofTds bl[ i6sf]0fnfO{ ae' m\\g' kb{5 . pko'S{ t ;dGjofTds bl[ i6sf0] fsf cfwf/df k\"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf sx] L ;femf cfwf/e\"t dfGotfx¿ /xs] f kfOG5 . k\"jL{o lrGtg k/Dk/fdf dfgj hLjgdf rl/qnfO{ lgs} dxŒj lbOG5 . dfgjsf] rl/q lgdf{0fdf wd,{ ;+:sf/, ;+:s[lt, ;fdflhsLs/0f, lzIff, snf, l;k cflbsf] kT| oIf k|efj k5{ . kl/jf/, sn' , ;d'bfo / ;dfhnfO{ dxŒj lbg' klg k\"jL{o dfGotfsf] ;femf ljzi] ftf xf] . JolStTj ljsf;nfO{ klg ;dl' rt dxŒj lbFb} ;fd\"lxstf, ;dGjo / ;xsfo{df hf]8 lbg] kj| [lQ oxfF bl] vG5 . k|sl[ t;uF tfbfTDo /fVg,] kof{j/0fd}qL Pjd\\ kfl/l:ylts k0| ffnL;fkI] f hLjgz}nLnfO{ k\"jL{o dfGotfdf k|fyldstf lbPsf] bl] vG5 . j}lbs lrGtg k/Dk/fdf ;Tosf] cjnDag u/, wd{sf] wf/0ff / kfngf u/ Pjd\\ ;w}F :jfWofo u/ eGg] pkbz] lbOG5 . wds{ f] cy{ wf/0ff, st{Jo, kf| s[lts u'0f, ljzi] ftf, rl/q cflb x'G5 . wds{ f !) nIf0f xG' 5g\\ . w[lt -wo} _{ , Ifdf -IfdfzLn x'g_' , bd -cfˆgf] jf;gfx¿ dfly lgoGq0f ug{ ;Sg' _, c:t]o -rf/] L gug'{ jf cfkmg\\ f] clwsf/ gePsf] j:t' glng_' , zfr} -z/L/, dg Pjd\\ al' 4nfO{ z'4 Pjd\\ kljq /fVg'_, OlG›o lgu|x -OlG›ox¿nfO{ a;df /fVg' _, wL -al' 4dfgL x'g'_, ljBf -1fg cfhg{ ug'{ _, ;To -dg, jrg / sd{af6 ;Tosf] kfng ug'{ _ / cjm| fw] -j|mf] w gug{' _ g} wds{ f !) cf6] f nIf0f dflgPsf] 5 . dftf, lktf, cfrfo{ -u?' _ cflbnfO{ bj] tN' o dfgL ;Ddfg u/, cfTd1fgsf nflu ;wF} k|oTg u/ / OZ{ j/Lo zlStsf] pkf;gf u/ eGg] k]|/0ff jl} bs bzg{ n] lbG5 . :jfjnDaL ag, k/fk] sf/ u/, ;a} kf| 0fLnfO{ bof u/, pko'St cfxf/sf] dfq vfglkg u/ / cfrf/ljrf/ c;n agfpm eGg] pkbz] klg lbOG5 . zf/Ll/s :jf:Yo, dfgl;s :jf:Yo / cfWoflTds cEo'bonfO{ lxGb' bzg{ df lgs} hf8] lbOPsf] 5 . o;sf nflu zfr} frf/ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 5
-z'4tf_, cfxf/ljxf/, Wofg, pkf;gf, o1 cflbsf k4lt / ljlw atfOPsf] 5 . wd{, cy,{ sfd / dfI] fnfO{ dfgj hLjgsf rf/cf6] f nIo -k?' iffy{ rti' 6o_ dflgPsf] 5 . af}4 k/Dk/fdf rf/cf6] f cfo{ ;To, cf7cf]6f c;n dfu{x¿ -cfo{ ci6fª\\lus dfu{_ / k~rzLnsf] pkbz] lbOPsf] 5 . cfo{ ;Tosf] ;ªs\\ Nk af4} bzg{ sf] d\"n l;4fGt xf] . cfo{;To rf/ 5g\\ . != ;;+ f/df bM' v 5 . @= b'Mvsf sf/0f 5g\\ . #= b'Mvsf] lgjf/0f 5 . $= lgjf/0fsf nflu ci6fª\\lus dfu{ 5 . cfo{ ci6fª\\lus dfud{ f lgDgfg';f/sf s/' fx¿ atfOG5 M != ;Dos\\ b[li6 -rf/ cfo{;Todf ljZjf; ug{_' @= ;Dos\\ ;ªs\\ Nk -dfgl;s / gl} ts ljsf;sf] kl| t1f ug_'{ #= ;Dos\\ jfs\\ -xflgsf/s s'/f / em'7f] gafN] g'_ $= ;Dos\\ sd{ -xflgsf/s sd{ gug{'_ %= ;Dos\\ lhljsf -s'g} klg :ki6 / c:ki6 xflgsf/s k];f, Joj;fo, Jofkf/ gug{_' ^= ;Dos\\ ko| f; -cfkm\"n] cfkmn}F fO{ ;w' fg{] sf]l;; ug'{_ &= ;Dos\\ :dl[ t -:ki6 1fgn] b]Vg ;Sg] dfgl;s of]Uotf kf| Kt ug{] sfl] z; ug{'_ -*_ ;Dos\\ ;dflw -lgjf{0f kf| Kt ug{] sfl] ;; ug'{ _ a'4sf k~rzLndf k|f0fL lx+;f gug]{, em'6f] gaf]Ng], rf]/L gug]{, Jolerf/ gug]{ / dBkfg gug{] lgod 5g\\ . dfgj hLjgdf cltjfbaf6 aRg'k5{ / dWodfuL{ xg' k' 5{ elgPsf] 5 . s'g} klg s'/fdf cGwljZjf; gu/L cfkm}Fn] k/LIf0f jf cg'ej u/]/ dfq ljZjf; ug'{k5{ eGg] pkb]z klg a4' af6 ldN5 . o;/L lxGb' / af}4 b'j} k/Dk/fdf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, hLjgfk] of]uL l;k / :j:y hLjgz}nLnfO{ cfk;df cGtM;DalGwt dfgL cfxf/, cfrf/ljrf/ / b}lgs Jojxf/df ltgLx¿sf] tfbfTDodf hf8] lbOPsf] b]lvG5 . o:t} dfGotf h}g, ls/ft, afg] , sGkm'l;o;, tfcf] cflb lrGtg k/Dk/fdf klg kfOG5 . g}lts hLjgk|lt lxGb', af}4, ls/ft, hg} , afg] , sGkm'l;o;, tfcf]nufotsf ;a} bz{gdf dxŒj lbOPsf] 5 . vfglkg, ;ª\\ut, cfhLljsf, hLjgz}nL cflbn] dflg;sf] lrGtg / Jojxf/ df ke| fj kfg]{ xg' fn] tL ;a} dfgj dofb{ fcg';f/sf] xg' 'kg]{ dflgPsf] 5 . To;}n] k\"jLo{ lrGtg k/Dk/fdf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffdf hlxn] klg pko'St hLjgfk] ofu] L l;k / :j:y hLjgz}nLnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] xG' 5 . 6 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
gk] fndf ;ªj\\ m| d0fsfnLg cj:yf bl] vG5 . Psflt/ cltk|frLg sfnb]lvsf dfGotf klg oxfF cljlR5Gg bl] vG5g\\ eg] csfl{ t/ j}lZjs/0f -ed\" 08nLs/0f_, k/;+:s[tLs/0f / pkefu] jfb k\"jLo{ lrGtg k/Dk/fnfO{ c;/ 5 . cfoj' {b] , ofu] , ljkZogf, zfsfxf/L hLjgz}nLk|lt hgrf;f] xfn;fn} sf jifx{ ¿df a9\\bf] j|mddf b]lvG5 . lzIff gLltdf ax';f:+ s[ltstf, axl' jwfTdstf, kl| jlwsf] ko| f]u jZ} j:yfgLs/0f (Glocalization) dfl} nstfsf] kj| wg{ h:tf dfGotfn] kj| z] kfO;ss] f] bl] vG5 . @= kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f / jt{dfg cEof; kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] d\"n ;|f]t k|frLg lu|; xf] . lu|;sf bfz{lgsx¿ ;f]j|m]6\\; -;'s/ft_, Kn6] f] / Pl/:6f6] n -c/:t_' sf ljrf/sf] kfZrfTo lrGtgdf k|efj jt{dfg o'udf klg :ki6 b]Vg ;lsG5 . ;fj] m| 6] \\;sf lzio Kn6] f] / Kn]6fs] f lzio Pl/:6f6] n x'g\\ . ;fj] |m6] \\;sf] tfls{s ax;sf] z}nLnfO{ kfZrfTo bz{gsf] cfwf/lznf dflgG5 . Kn6] f]n] 1fgsf ;a} ljwfx¿dWo] bzg{ g} >i] 7 /xs] f] s/' fdf hf8] lbPsf lyP . bfzl{ gs zf;s g} cfbz{ zf;s xg' ;Sg] pgsf] dfGotf lyof] . kfZrfTo gLltzf:qsf] ljsf;df pgsf] ke| fjsf/L of]ubfg 5 . pgn] Jojl:yt lzIffsf nflu Ps]8]dL gfds ;:+ yf vfn] ] . cfw'lgs ljZjljBfnox¿nfO{ Kn]6f]sf] Ps8] ]dLs} ljsl;t ¿k dflgG5 . Kn6] f]sf lzio Pl/:6f]6nn] ef}lts hut\\ / dfgj ;dfhsf] cWoognfO{ cufl8 a9fP . pgn] bz{gsf] t'ngfdf ;flxTonfO{ kf| yldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . ks| l[ t lj1fgdf klg pgsf] uxg ?lr lyof] . Pl/:6f6] nsf axd' v' L kl| tefnfO{ b]vfpg] cgs] f}F uG| yx¿ pknAw 5g\\ . kfZrfTo ts{zf:q, gLltzf:q, /fhgLlt zf:q, snf, bz{gsf ljleGg zfvfx¿ / ks| l[ t lj1fgsf cg]sfF} zfvfx¿df ;d]t pgsf] lg0ffo{ s ke| fj /x]sf] dflgG5 . kfZrfTo ;Gbed{ f hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf w]/} s'/fx¿ Pl/:6f]6n;Fu ;Da4 b]lvG5g\\ . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf lj|ml:rog dtsf] klg w/] } k|efj 5 . o'/fk] df s'g} ;do rr{ g} ;a} If]qdf ;j]{;jf{ zlStzfnL cj:yfdf /x]sf] lyof] . rr{n] k|s[lt lj1fg, cfnf]rgfTds cWoog tyf kGylg/kI] f ljrf/nfO{ bdg uYof]{ . To;}n] Tof] ;donfO{ sfnfGt/df cWo]tfx¿n] cFWof/f] ou' gfd lbPsf 5g\\ . rrs{ f] cTofrf/ Hofb} a9L ePkl5 ljm| l:rog ;d'bfoleq klg ;'wf/ sf nflu cfjfh p7g\\ yfn] eg] sfnfGt/df rr{sf lj?4 snfsf/, ;flxTosf/, bfz{lgs, j}1flgs, /fhgLlts lrGts cflbn] klg ljbf| x] u/] . pko'{St åGåsf] kmn:j¿k kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fdf kGylg/kI] f / j1} flgs lrGtg k4lt cufl8 cfof] . kGylg/k]If Pjd\\ cfnfr] gfTds rt] ;lxtsf] 1fgsf] vf]hLdf pgLx¿n] k|frLg lu|;sf] lrGtg k/Dk/fnfO{ AoFT' ofP . Tof] ou' nfO{ o'/fk] sf] kg' hfu{ /0f o'u elgG5 . of] ou' kl5 kfZrfTo ;dfhdf snfTds cleJolSt, cfnf]rgfTds ljZn]if0f / j}1flgs vf]hsf] 9f]sf v'n]sf] dflgG5 . o/' fk] df j1} flgs lrGtg, jr} fl/s :jtGqtf Pjd\\ dfgj 1fgsf] ;jfR{] rtf :yflkt ePsf] ;donfO{ k|af]w ou' jf 1fgf]2Lkg o'u elgG5 . kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] ;dsfnLg :j¿ksf] lgwf/{ 0fdf k|frLg lu|;, cGwsf/ o'u / k'ghfu{ /0fsf] klg cjZo} k|efj /x]sf] 5, t/ lg0ffo{ s k|efj eg] 1fgf2] Lkg ou' s} bl] vG5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 7
efl} ts lj1fg / kl| jlwsf] ljsf;n] kfZrfTo b]zdf cfPsf] kl/jtg{ sf] k|efj ;;+ f/el/ g} ljleGg tl/sfn] kèof] . ToxfF kl5Nnf sx] L ztfAbLdf lzIff, j}1flgs vfh] , cfw'lgs k|ljlw, cf}Bfu] Ls/0f, ahf/ cy{tGq, cflbsf] tLj| ljsf; eof] . kfZrfTo b]zx¿n] cfkmg\\ f] zlStsf] b?' kof]u u/s] f w]/} pbfx/0fx¿ klg 5g\\ . Oltxf;sf] Ps sfnv08df Pl;of, clk|msf / cdl] /sfsf b]zx¿nfO{ kfZrfTo bz] x¿n] pklgj]z agfO{ ;f| ]t;fwgsf] bf]xg u/] . To;sf sf/0fn] o/' fk] n] L b]zx¿df ef}lts ;dl[ 4 a9\\of] eg] cGoq ul/aL, lx;+ f, c;dfgtf a9o\\ f] . o/' f]kn] L bz] x¿sf] cfk;L n8fOF klg w/] } ;do;Dd rns] f] lyof] . bf;] |f] ljZjo4' sf] ;dflKtkl5 ;o+ 'St /fi6;« ª3\\ sf] :yfkgfkl5 eg] Tof] ee\" fudf kT| oIf o'4sf] jm| d /fl] sof] . kfZrfTo ;dfhdf ljm| l:rogjfbsf kGy jf ;Dkb| foxsf] cfk;L ;ª\\3if{ klg ztflAbcf}F;Dd rn]sf] b]lvG5 . o;/L /fhgLlts, ;fDkb| flos, cflys{ :jfy{ cflbsf sf/0fn] lx;+ fTds ;ª\\3ifd{ f clNemPsf] kfZrfTo ;dfhdf ut ztfAbLdf pbf/jfbL nf]stflGqs Joj:yf tyf v'nf ahf/ cyt{ Gqsf] ljrf/wf/f / ;dfhjfbL ljrf/wf/fsf] 7n' f] j}rfl/s ;ª\\3if{ klg b]lvof] . jtd{ fg ;dodf eg] kfZrfTo b]zx¿df nfs] tflGqs k4lt g} axfn ePsf] b]lvG5 . kf| s[lts ;;+ fwgsf] ljgfzsf/L bf]xg tyf pkefu] jfbnfO{ kfZrfTo ;dfhsf] gsf/fTds kIf dflgG5 . cfw'lgs ou' df lj1fg k|ljlwdf ePsf] ljsf; d'VotM o'/f]k cd]l/sfd} ePsf] x'gfn] dfgj ;dfhsf nflu kfZrfTo ;dfhsf] of] of]ubfgsf] eg] kz| +;f ul/G5 . kfZrfTo ;dfhdf dfgjtfjfb, dfgjclwsf/, Gog\" pkef]ujfb, kofj{ /0fdq} L bl[ i6sf]0f cflb klg /x]sf 5g\\ . k|fRo ;Eotfaf6 of]u, Wofg, cfoj' b{] cflbsf] k|rf/k;| f/ kfZrfTo ;dfhdf klg a9]sf] b]lvG5 . dGq hk, ehg, zf:qLo ;ªu\\ Lt tyf elStdf cfwfl/t g[Ton] dfgl;s :jf:Yo / cfWoflTds cg'e\"ltdf kfg]{ ;sf/fTds k|efjkl| t klg kfZrfTo ;dfhdf sx] L cfsif0{ f a9]sf] kfOG5 . kfZrfTo ljZjljBfnox¿df kj\" Lo{ lrGtg k/Dk/faf/] cg';Gwfg ug]x{ ¿sf] ;ª\\Vofdf klg pQ/f] Q/ jl[ 4 eO/xs] f] 5 . a9b\\ f] a;fOF;/fOsf sf/0fn] kfZrfTo bz] x¿df hftLo, eflifs, ;f:+ sl[ ts tyf cGo k|sf/sf ljljwtfdf pQ/fQ] / j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . o:tf] kl/jtg{ n] kfZrfTo lrGtgsf] ;dsfnLg :j¿kdf cjZo} ke| fj kf5{ . To;}n] kfZrfTo ;dfhdf klg cr]n ax;' f+:s[ltstfnfO{ dxŒjk0\" f{ dflgPsf] 5 . lzIffsf bl[ i6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ kfZrfTo b]zx¿df cr]n ax;' f+:s[lts, axl' jwfTds, k|ljlwsf] Jofks ko| f]u x'g] Pjd\\ hLjgfk] ofu] L l;knfO{ klg ;dfjz] ul/Psf] lzIffnfO{ dxŒj lbOPsf] b] lvG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf kj\" L{o lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/ klZrdf ;dfhdf klg eO/x]sf] 5 eg] kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] lj:tf/ k|fRo -k\"jL{o_ ;dfhdf klg eO/xs] f] 5 . o;/L kf| Ro / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fx¿sf] e6] , cfk;L ;j+ fb / kl| t:kwf{ jf ;dGjosf] cj:yf jt{dfg ;dodf b]lvG5 . ljljwtfnfO{ ;fd~h:o ug{] bl[ i6sf]0f, kof{j/0fd}qL cfrf/ljrf/, cfWoflTdstf h:tf s/' fx¿ kj\" Lo{ lrGtg k/Dk/faf6 klZrdf ;dfhn] lng ;Sg] lj1x¿ atfp5F g\\ . kl| jlwsf] ljsf;, 8 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
pBdzLntf, kl/0ffddv' L sfo{k4lt h:tf s'/fx¿ klZrdf ;dfhaf6 k\"jLo{ ;dfhn] lng ;Sg] atfOG5 . kf| Ro / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] ;dGjo u/L j}lZjs ;fd~h:o, ;xsfo{ Pjd\\ zflGt kj| w{g ug{ ;lsg] ljZjf; ul/G5 . lj|mofsnfk != gk] fndf dflgg] ljljw wd{ Pjd\\ ;Dkb| fosf ;dfg dfGotfx¿ s] s] 5g\\ . ;d\"xdf rrf{ u/L lgisif{ sIffdf ;'gfpg'xf];\\ . @= k\"jL{o / kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/fsf] ;dGjo s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < cfkmg\\ f] ljrf/ k:| t't u/L n]v tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ . cEof; tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M != kj\" L{o lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < @= kfZrfTo lrGtg k/Dk/f eGgfn] s] al' emG5 < #= kj\" Lo{ lrGtg k/Dk/fdf g]kfnsf] s:tf] of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 < kl/of]hgf sfo{ k\"jLo{ lrGtg k/Dk/fn] cfwl' gs ;;+ f/df k¥' ofPsf of]ubfgaf/] OG6/g]6 tyf cGo ;f| t] x¿af6 vfh] /] sDtLdf kfFr ;o zAbsf] n]v tof/ kfgx'{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 9
!kf7 M PsfO @ hLjgf]kof]uL l;ksf ¿kdf l8lh6n l;kx¿ tyf ;fdfGo cg';Gwfg l;kx¿ cg';Gwfg kl/ro tnsf 36gf cWoog u/f“M} 36gf ! xl;gf !@ sIffdf cWoog ug]{ 5fqf x'g\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] Oltxf; v08df pgn] :yfgLo Oltxf;sf] vfh] L ul/g\\ . o;/L vf]hL ubf{ pgn] ljleGg ljlwsf] k|ofu] ug'{k¥of] . pgn] sx] L hfgsf/ JolStx¿;uF ;f]lwg\\ . s]xL k':ts tyf nv] x¿ kl9g\\ . :yfgLo ;ªu\\ x| fnodf /x]sf sx] L k'/fgf j:tx' ¿ tyf lznfnv] x¿ cWoog ul/g\\ . To;sf cfwf/df cfkmg\\ f] cWoog kl| tj]bg tof/ u/L lzIfsnfO{ ae' mfOg\\ . 36gf @ s';'d klg xl;gfs} sIffsf ;fyL x'g\\ . pgn] cfkm\\gf] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] kl/of]hgf sfo{ ug{ Pp6f efu} fl] ns If]qsf] e|d0f u/] . ToxfF pgn] s]xL JolSt;Fu cGtjf{tf{ lnP . ljleGg dxŒjk\"0f{ :yfgx¿sf] kmf6] f] klg lnP . sx] L r6\\6fgsf gd'gf klg ;ª\\sng u/] . ToxfsF f] efu} f]lns cWoog;uF } cflys{ , ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] klg cWoog u/] . To;sf cfwf/df Ps kl| tjb] g tof/ u/L cfkm\\gf lzIfsnfO{ ae' mfP . 36gf # cljgfz cs{} ljBfnodf !@ sIffdf cWoog/t 5g\\ . pgsf] sIffdf lzIfs / ljBfyL{lar w/] } 5nkmn / cGt/ljm| of ul/G5 . To;afxs] k|Zgf]Q/ klg ul/G5 . pgLx¿sf lzIfsn] ljBfyLs{ f] afgL Jojxf/ klg cjnfs] g ugx'{ G' 5 t/ e|d0f tyf kl/of]hgf sfo{ eg] Tolt ul/bF g} . tnsf kZ| gx¿df 5nkmn u/f}“ M -s_ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf s] s] ljlwx¿ ko| f]u xG' 5g\\ < -v_ cg;' Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ ;r\" gf egs] f] s] xf] < -3_ tYofªs\\ eg]sf] s] xf] < 10 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
!= ;fdflhs cWoogsf ljlw ;fdflhs cWoog cWoog ugs{ f nflu ljleGg ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ul/G5 . To;dWo] vf]h tyf cg;' Gwfg Pp6f k|d'v ljlwsf] ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . s'g} Pp6f 36gf, If]q, :yfg, d'2f jf ljifoj:t'df sl] Gb|t /x/] tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng, Joj:yfkg / ljZni] f0f u/L lgisif{ lgsfNg] sfo{nfO{ cg';Gwfg elgG5 . o; ljlwcGtut{ Ifq] ed| 0f, kl/ofh] gf ljlwx¿ k5g{ \\ . cdl] /sg ;dfhzf:qL Earl Robert Babbie sf cg;' f/ æcjnfs] g ul/Psf] k|lj|mofnfO{ j0fg{ , JofVof, kj\" f{gd' fg / lgoGq0f ug{] Jojl:yt vf]h g} cg;' Gwfg xf] . ;fdflhs cWoogdf cg;' Gwfg ljlwcGtut{ cGo w/] } ljlw ko| f]u ul/G5 . -s_ 5nkmn ljlw o;df lzIfs ljBfyL{ jf ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{lar ljrf/ cfbfgk|bfg u/L Ps lgisif{df kl' uG5 . klxn] cWoog ul/Psf ljifoj:t'sf cfwf/df gofF cjwf/0ff agfpg, kg' /jnfs] g ug{ cflbsf nflu of] ljlw pko'St x'G5 . o;afx]s o;n] cGo hLjgfk] of]uL l;k ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . -v_ kZ| gfQ] / ljlw cWoog ul/Psf ljifoj:t'nfO{ k'g/jnf]sg ug{ tyf cjwf/0ffx¿ :ki6 kfg{ lzIfs ljBfyLl{ ar tyf ljBfyL{ ljBfyL{lar k|Zg ;fW] g] / pQ/ lbg] ul/G5 . -u_ cjnf]sg ljlw sg' } 36gf, :yfg jf Jojxf/nfO{ x/] ]/ l;Sg] ljlw cjnfs] g ljlw xf] . o;n] k|of]ufTds 1fg k|fKt ug{, 36gf ljZn]if0f ug,{ Jojxf/ l;Sg cflbdf ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . -3_ cGtjf{tf{ ljlw ljBfyLn{ ] lzIfsafxs] cGo hfgsf/ JolSt;Fu k|Zgx¿ ;fw] /] hfgsf/L jf ;\"rgf ;ªs\\ n ug]{ tl/sf g} cGtjft{ f{ ljlw xf] . of] ljlw cfkmFd} f k0\" f{ ljlw geO{ cg;' Gwfg jf vfh] ljlwsf] ;xfos ljlw xf] . o;n] cWoogsf nflu tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . -ª_ ;d:of ;dfwfg ljlw of] ljBfyL{nfO{ sg' } ;d:of lbP/ To;sf] ;dfwfg vf]Hg nufpg] ljlw xf] . o;df ;d:of klxrfg, sf/0fx¿ / ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿sf] vfh] L ul/G5 . o;n] ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] 1fgsf] k|of]u u/fpF5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 11
-r_ Ifq] ed| 0f ljlw sg' } efu} fl] ns, Pl] txfl;s, ;f:+ sl[ ts, cfB} fl] us jf ko6{ sLo Ifq] df uP/ To;;DaGwL cWoog ug{] ljlwnfO{ Ifq] e|d0f ljlw elgG5 . of] ljlw vf]h jf cg';Gwfg ljlwsf] Psks| f/ xf] . o;n] k|ToIf 1fg k|fKt ug{ ;xofu] u5{ . -5_ kl/of]hgf ljlw sfd u//] g} l;Sg] ljlw kl/of]hgf sfo{ xf] . o;df ljBfyLx{ ¿n] PSnfPSn} jf ;d\"xdf sg' } sfo{ u5g{ \\ . o;af6 u//] l;Sg] afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . @= tYofªs\\ / ;\"rgfsf] kl/ro tYofª\\s jf ;\"rgf eGgfn] sg' } tYo jf zAb, jfSo, lrq, ;ªs\\ ]t ljj/0f al' emG5 . tYofªs\\ kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds u/L bO' { k|sf/sf x'G5g\\ . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) sf cg;' f/ kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\s eg]sf] s'g} kl/df0f, /sd jf bfo/f ae' mfpg] tYofª\\s xf] . o:tf tYofª\\ snfO{ ;ª\\Vofdf JoSt ug{ ;lsG5, h:t} M% lsnf]uf| d -tfn} _, !) ld6/ -nDafO÷rf}8fO_, !))) ?lkofF -cfDbfgL÷vr_{ cflb . kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\ssf] tYofªs\\ zf:qLo ljZni] f0f ug{ ;lsG5 . Dewitt Wallace Library sf cg';f/ u0' ffTds tYofª\\sn] u'0fx¿ jf ljz]iftfx¿ b;f{p5F . o;nfO{ cGtjft{ f,{ k|ZgfjnL jf cjnf]sg u//] ;ªs\\ ng ul/G5 . o;nfO{ ;ª\\Vofdf JoSt ug{ ;lsFbg} . j:t'sf] u'0f:t/, JolStsf] cge' j, JolStnfO{ dg kg]{ jf dg gkg]{ s'/fx¿ nfO{ tYofª\\ szf:qLo ljZni] f0fdf k|of]u ug{ ;lsFbg} . #= tYofª\\ssf ;|f]tx¿ tYofªs\\ sf ;f| ]tx¿ k|fylds / låtLo u/L b'O{ ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ . -s_ kf| ylds ;|f]t kf| ylds ;f| t] af6 jf:tljs tYofª\\s k|fKt ul/G5 . o;nfO{ cWoog ug]{ JolSt jf ;dx\" n] cfkmnF} ] ;ªs\\ ng u/s] f] xG' 5 . ;e{]If0f, cGtjf{tf{, If]qed| 0f, cjnfs] g cflbtYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ug]{ kf| ylds ;|f]tx¿ xg' \\ . k|fylds tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ug]{ sfod{ f a9L ;do, kl/>d / nufgL vr{ x'G5 . 12 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
-v_ låtLo ;f| ]t cg;' Gwfgstfa{ fxs] cGo JolSt jf ;:+ yfn] klxn] g} ;ª\\sng u/s] f x'G5g\\ . o:tf tYofªs\\ k|sflzt jf cks| flzt b'j} x'g ;S5g\\ . tL ;|ft] x¿nfO{ tYofªs\\ sf] låtLo ;|f]t elgG5 . hgu0fgf, k':ts, kqklqsf, OG6/g6] tyf cGo ;~rf/ dfWod cflb tYofª\\ssf låtLo ;|ft] x¿ x'g\\ . o:tf ;|ft] x¿af6 tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ug{ tn' gfTds ¿kdf ;:tf], ;lhnf] / l56f] xG' 5 . $= kf| ylds tYofª\\s / låtLo tYofªs\\ larsf] cGt/;DaGw Pp6f cg;' Gwfgstf{ jf sg' } JolSt jf ;:+ yfn] tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng u/k] l5 To;nfO{ ljZni] f0f ks| fzg u5{ eg] Tof] cGo JolSt jf ;+:yfx¿sf nflu låtLo tYofª\\s aGb5 . sg' } klg cg;' Gwfgstf{ ;a} tYofª\\s k|fylds ;f| t] af6 dfq ;ª\\sng ug{ ;Sb}g . t;y{ cg';Gwfg sfod{ f bj' } ks| f/sf tYofªs\\ sf] plQs} dxŒj /x]sf] kfOG5 . lj|mofsnfk != ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ubf{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsg] ljlwsf] ;\"rL agfpg'xf];\\ . tL ljlwsf kmfObf vfh] L u/L Pp6f rf6{ tof/ ug{'xf;] \\ . @= ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf kl/of]hgf sfo{ ubf{ s'g s'g ;|f]taf6 tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ul/G5 < sIffdf ;fd\"lxs 5nkmn u/L Pp6f rf6{ jf k:| tt' Ls/0f kmfOn (Presentation file) tof/ u/L sIffdf k:| tt' ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ tYofªs\\ egs] f] s] xf] < pbfx/0f lbg'xf];\\ . -v_ cg';Gwfg eg]sf] s] xf] < -u_ tYofªs\\ sf ;|ft] x¿ slt ks| f/sf 5g\\ < @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ kl/df0ffTds tYofªs\\ tyf u0' ffTds tYofª\\s pbfx/0f;lxt kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . -v_ tYofªs\\ sf ;|ft] x¿ slt k|sf/sf xG' 5g\\ < pbfx/0f;lxt :ki6 kfg{x' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 13
@ ;fdflhs cWoogdf ;x;DaGw tyf sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwsf] cjwf/0ff kf7 M -sIff !@ df cWoog ug{] bO' { hgf ;fyLx¿ ljBfnoaf6 3/ hfb“ } 5g\\ . af6fdf ltgLx¿lar o:tf] ;+jfb x'G5 ._ s?0ff M 8fN] df, dn} ] t cfh ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ;/n] s] k9fpg' ePsf] xf] < a'em\\g} ;lsg . ltdLn] a'emo\\ f} t < 8fN] df M ltdLnfO{ s] eof] t cfh < dnfO{ t Tolt gal' emg] ljifoj:t' h:tf] nfu]g . s?0ff M dnfO{ t ;x;DaGw / sfos{ f/0f ;DaGw egs] f] p:t} kf] nfUof] t . 8f]Ndf M To;f] t sxfF xf] / < km/s 5 lg . dn} ] a'ems] f] s'/f egfF} t < s?0ff M eg g . ltdLn] eg]kl5 d klg a'em5\\ ' xf]nf lg . 8fN] df M ;x;DaGwnfO{ cª\\u|]hLdf Correlation elgG5 . of] cg';Gwfgdf k|of]u x'g] cjwf/0ff xf] . of] a'emg\\ sf nflu r/ (Variable) ae' m\\gk' 5{ . cg;' Gwfgdf r/ eg] sf] cg';Gwfgstfn{ ] dfkg ug{ rfx]sf] sg' } JolSt, j:t,' :yfg, cj:yf jf kl| jm| of;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 . s?0ff M ;/n] o:tf r/x¿lar ;x;DaGw x'G5 eGge' Psf] lyof] lg . Tof] klg atfpm g . 8f]Ndf M o:tf r/x¿nfO{ lge/{ r/ (Dependent Variable) / :jtGq r/ (Independent Variable) egL juLs{ /0f ul/G5 . cl3 egs] f] pbfx/0fdf jiff{ xg' ' :jtGq r/ xf] eg] wfg pTkfbg x'g' lge{/ r/ xf] lsgeg] jiffs{ f] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg a9\\g jf 36g\\ ;S5 t/ wfg pTkfbgsf sf/0f jiff{ a9g\\ jf 36g\\ ;Sbg} . o:tf] ;DaGwnfO{ g} ;x;DaGw elgPsf] xf] . s?0ff M P Û P ÛÛ o:tf] ;DaGw ;wF} Ps}gf;sf] t xF'bg} lg, x'G5 t < 8f]Ndf M l7s eGof} . ;x;DaGwnfO{ lx;fa u//] lgsfNbf o;nfO{ )=) bl] v !=) larsf] ;r\" sfªs\\ df gflkG5 . )=! b]lv )=$ ;Ddsf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ sdhf/] dflgG5 . To:t} )=$ bl] v )=& ;DdnfO{ dWod (Moderate) / )=& bl] v !=) ;DdnfO{ ;an ;x;DaGw elgG5 . s?0ff M clg ;/n] t ;sf/fTds / gsf/fTds ;x;DaGw x'G5 eGge' Psf] lyof] lg . Tof] rflxF s:tf] xf] lg < 14 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
8fN] df M xf] lg, olb :jtGq r/ a9\\bf lge/{ r/ a9\\5 / :jtGq r/ 36\\bf lge/{ r/ klg 365\\ eg] o:tf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ ;sf/fTds ;x;DaGw elgG5 . o:tf] ;x;DaGwsf] ;\"rsfªs\\ klg ;sf/fTds (+) xG' 5 . jiff{ a9L xb'F f wfg pTkfbg a9L xg' ' tyf jiff{ sd x'Fbf wfg pTkfbg klg sd x'g' ;sf/fTds ;\"rsfª\\s xf] . To;sf] ljk/Lt :jtGq r/ a9\\ bf lge{/ r/ 36g\\ ] / :jtGq r/ 36b\\ f lge/{ r/ a9\\g] ePdf gsf/fTds ;x;DaGw (Negative Correlation) elgG5 . o:tf] ;x;DaGwsf] ;\"rsfª\\s eg] gsf/fTds (–) x'G5 . ljBfyLs{ f] pd/] a9L xb'F f k|fKtfª\\s sd x'g' tyf pd]/ sd x'bF f k|fKtfªs\\ a9L xg' g' sf/fTds ;\"rsfªs\\ xf] . olb :jtGq r/ 36a9 x'Fbf lge{/ r/df s]xL km/s gk/d] f zG\" o;x;DaGw (Zero Correlation) elgG5 . jiff{ 36a9 xbF' f wfg pTkfbgdf sx] L ke| fj gkg'{ zG\" o ;x;DaGw xf] . ca ae' mo\\ f} t < s?0ff M of] t /fd|/L al' emof] . ca sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwaf/] klg atfpm g . 8fN] df M of] t emg ;lhnf] 5 lg . olb Pp6f r/ jf 36gfsf sf/0f ubf{ csf]{ r/ jf 36gf 365\\ eg] To:tf] ;x;DaGwnfO{ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw elgG5 . t/ ;a} k|sf/sf ;x;DaGwx¿ sfo{sf/0f ;DaGw x'bF g} g\\ . jiff{ a9L xF'bf wfg pTkfbg a9\\5 / jiff{ sd xFb' f 36\\5 eg] o:tf] ;DaGw rflxF sfos{ f/0f ;DaGw x'G5 . o;df jiffs{ f] sf/0fn] wfg pTkfbg x'g] a'lemG5 . t/ wfgsf] pTkfbg / ls;fgsf] pd/] lar o:tf] ;DaGw xFb' g} . s?0ff M clg o:tf ul0ftdf k9g\\ k' g]{ s/' f rflxF xfdLn] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf lsg k9g\\ k' /s] f] xfn] f < ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5 t < 8fN] df M cln cln t yfxf 5 . xfdLn] ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf ljleGg cg;' Gwfg ug{k' g]{ xG' 5 . To;/L cg;' Gwfg ubf{ k|fKt tYofªs\\ / ;r\" gfnfO{ ljZni] f0f u//] lgisif{ lgsfNg xfdLn] o:t} ;DaGwx¿sf] JofVof ugk'{ 5{ . To;n} ] xfdLnfO{ sfd nfU5 eg/] ;/n] l;sfpg' ePsf] xf] . cem o;sf] lx;fa klg ug'{k5{ . Tof] rflxF xfdLnfO{ cfPg eg] ul0ft hfGg] ;fyLx¿sf] ;xofu] lng ;lsG5 . s?0ff M 8f]Ndf ltdLnfO{ w]/} wGojfb 5 . s/' f ub{} cfpbF f af6f] sf6s] f] kQ} ePg, kf7 klg a'lemof] . ltd|f] 3/ klg cfP k'Uof,] hfpm x} . 8fN] df M n, n . efl] n klg ;uF } ljBfno hfg] x} . lj|mofsnfk != :jtGq r/ / lge{/ r/ af/] vf]hL u/L logsf] kl/efiff / pbfx/0f;lxtsf] Pp6f rf6{ tof/ ug{x' f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 15
@= tnsf] cg;' Gwfgdf r/x¿sf] klxrfg / juLs{ /0f ug{'xf];\\ . logsf lardf s:tf] ;DaGw 5 < JofVof ugx'{ f;] \\ . Pp6f sIffsf %) hgf ljBfyL{sf] ky| d q}dfl;s k/LIffdf ;fdflhs cWoog ljifosf] cf};t kf| Ktfªs\\ $% lyof] . To;kl5 ltgLx¿nfO{ b'O{ ;d\"xdf ljefhg ul/of] . ;d\"x …sÚ nfO{ k/ Dk/fut tl/sfaf6 k7gkf7g ul/of] . ;dx\" …vÚ nfO{ dlN6ldl8of ko| fu] u//] k7gkf7g ul/ of] . tLg dlxgfkl5 låtLo qd} fl;s k/LIff lnbF f ;d\"x …sÚ sf] cf;} t k|fKtfªs\\ $^ / ;dx\" …vÚ sf] k|fKtfª\\s %% /xs] f] kfOof] . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ r/ egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ :jtGq r/ / lge{/ r/sf Ps Ps pbfx/0f lbg'xf;] \\ . -u_ ;x;DaGwsf] kl/efiff n]Vg'xf];\\ . -3_ ;x;DaGw / sfo{sf/0f ;DaGwlarsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Ps jfSodf n]Vgx' f;] \\ . @= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ r/sf] kl/efiff / k|sf/x¿af/] pNnv] ub{} 6f9fsf] ljBfnodf cWoog/t cfkmg\\ f] sIffsf] ;fyLnfO{ Ps kq n]Vg'xf;] \\ . -v_ ;x;DaGw / sfos{ f/0f ;DaGwlar ;dfgtf / leGgtfx¿ pNnv] u/L b'O{ cg'R5b] nV] gx' f;] \\ . -u_ cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;x;DaGw / sfos{ f/0f ;DaGwsf] dxŒj n]Vgx' f;] \\ . 16 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
cWoog k:| tfjgfsf] ;/+ rgf # kf7 M cWoog k:| tfjgfsf dV' o cª\\u kl/ro ;d:ofsf] syg p2]Zox¿ ;flxTo kg' /fjnfs] g cWoog ljlw ;Gbe{ ;fduL| tnsf] cWoog k:| tfjgfsf] gd'gf cWoog u/f“} . sfe|]knf~rfs] lhNnfsf] ag]kf gu/sf] Pl] txfl;s cWoogsf] k|:tfjgf kl/ro sfe]|knf~rf]s lhNnfsf] kd| v' Jofkfl/s s]Gb]| ag]kf gu/ sf7df8f}F pkTosfaf6 kj\" t{ kms{ f] k|d'v gfsf xf] . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0f x'g'eGbf klxn] 5'6\\6} /fHosf] x}l;otdf /x]sf] of] :yfgdf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . kY[ jLgf/fo0f zfxn] PsLst[ gk] fn /fHo :yfkgf u/k] l5 gk] fnsf] Oltxf;df ufv] f{ /fHo / sf7df8fF} pkTosfsf] dfq Oltxf; nl] vPsf] / agk] f h:tf dNnsfnLg /fHox¿sf] Oltxf; cfe] mn] df k/s] f] 5 -nl] j; / zfSo, !(** O=;=+ _ . o; gu/df /xs] f] /fhb/af/ -nfo\\s'_ ;d]t xfn df}lns :j¿kdf g/xs] f] eP tfklg o; gu/df cem} /x]sf lznfnv] , j+zfjnL, dlGb/ cflbdf P]ltxfl;s tYox¿ /x]sf 5g\\ . o; ;DaGwdf lj:t[t cWoog ePsf] kfObF g} . To;sf/0f ag]kf gu/ If]qdf /xs] f Pl] txfl;s ;|f]tx¿sf] vf]hL u/L ks| fzg ug{ of] cWoog k|:tfjgf tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . ;d:ofsf] syg g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df o;sf] /fhwfgL / g]kfn PsLs/0f ug]{ uf]vf{ /fHoafx]s cGo /fHox¿sf] Oltxf;df w/] } cWoog ePsf] 5}g -nl] j; / zfSo, !(** O=;=+ _ . sfe]|knf~rfs] lhNnfdf PsLs/0fk\"j{ ljleGg /fHox¿ ePsf] tYo Oltxf;sf ljleGg k':tsdf pNn]v ePsf] ePtfklg tL /fHox¿sf] PsLs/0fkj\" {sf] Oltxf;nfO{ vf]hL u/s] f] kfOPsf] 5}g . o; lhNnfsf ag]kf, wl' nv] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 17
n, knf~rf]s, ltdfnnufotsf /fHox¿sf] Oltxf; vf]hL ug{ cfjZos bl] vG5 . oBlk o; cWoogn] cfkm\\gf] vf]hL If]qnfO{ agk] f gu/leq ;Lldt u/s] f] 5 . ljz]iftM o; cWoogn] tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm vf]Hg] nIo lnPsf] 5 M != agk] f gu/df s] s:tf P]ltxfl;s ;|ft] x¿ /xs] f 5g\\ < @= ag]kf gu/df /xs] f Pl] txfl;s ;|ft] x¿af6 o; gu/ tyf gk] fnsf] Oltxf;;Fu ;DalGwt s] s:tf tYox¿ k|fKt xG' 5g\\ < p2]Zo o; cWoogsf] d'Vo p2Z] o lgDgfg;' f/ /xs] f 5g\\ M != agk] f gu/leq lznfnv] , jz+ fjnL, dlGb/df /x]sf Pl] txfl;s k|df0fx¿sf] vfh] L ug{' @= agk] f gu/leq /x]sf Pl] txfl;s kd| f0fx¿af6 Pl] txfl;s tYox¿ kQf nufpg' ;flxTo kg' /jnf]sg sf7df8fF} pkTosf Pp6f tfnsf] ¿kdf /xFbf klg agk] f Pp6f gu/sf] ¿kdf ljsl;t eO;s] sf] lyof] . lj=;=+ !!%# df /fhf cfgGbb]jn] j/k/sf ufpFx¿nfO{ ldnfP/ cf7 u0f]z / cf7 9f]sf -u6] _ ;lxtsf] agk] f /fHosf] :yfkgf u/s] f lyP -n]lj; / zfSo, !(** O={ ;=+ _ . g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fsf j|mddf lj=;=+ !*!( df agk] f /fHo uf]vf{ /fHodf PsLs[t eof] -kf7o\\ j|md ljsf; sG] b|, @)&# lj=;+=_ . To;an] f of] efbufpF /fHocGtut{ /x]sf] lyof] . agk] f gu/df /xs] f cf7 u0fz] dlGb/x¿, r08]Zj/L dlGb/, wg]Zj/ dlGb/, eLd;]g dlGb/ nufotsf wfld{s :yn, kf6Lkf}jf, 8anL, nfo\\s' cflbdf /xs] f P]ltxfl;s ;f| t] x¿ cWoog ug{ cfjZos /x]sf] s/' f ljleGg Oltxf;sf/x¿n] pNn]v u/s] f 5g\\ -dfgGw/, @)^% lj=;+=_ . t;y{ of] If]qdf cWoog ug'{ pko'St / cfjZos b]lvG5 . cWoog ljlw o; cWoogdf u0' ffTds cg';Gwfg ljlw k|of]u ul/g] 5 . of] Pp6f Pl] txfl;s cWoog ePsfn] o;df kf| ylds tyf låtLo b'j} k|sf/sf ;f| ]taf6 tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ul/g] 5 . tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng kf| ylds tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ngsf nflu ag]kf gu/leqsf ljleGg P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf :yfgx¿sf] ed| 0f ul/g] 5 . tL :yfgdf /xs] f P]ltxfl;s dxŒjsf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] kmf]6f] lnOg] 5 . gu/ kflnsfsf kd| v' jf pkkd| v' ;uF 5nkmn u/L Pl] txfl;s kd| f0fx? / hfgsf/ JolStx¿sf] ;r\" gf bftfsf ¿kdf ;r\" L tof/ ul/g] 5 . pSt ;\"rLaf6 tLg hgf d'Vo ;r\" gfbftf uf]nfky| fåf/f 5gf]6 u/L pgLx¿;Fu cGtjft{ f{;d]t lnOg]5 . OG6/g]6, :yfgLo k':tsfnodf /xs] f k:' ts, kqklqsf cflbaf6 låtLo tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ul/g5] . 18 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
tYofªs\\ ljZni] f0f ljleGg ;|ft] af6 k|fKt tYofªs\\ nfO{ ljleGg tflnsf, rf6{, cflb tof/ u/L Joj:yfkg ul/g] 5 . To;nfO{ ljleGg cfwf/df jufLs{ /0f u/L ljZn]if0f ul/g] 5 . kf| Kt ;\"rgfnfO{ g]kfnsf] Oltxf;;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg ;flxTo;uF t'ngf u/L kf| Kt tYox¿ JofVof ul/g] 5 . kl| tjb] gnv] g / k|af]wLs/0f cWoogkZrft\\ Pp6f cWoog k|ltj]bg tof/ ul/g] 5 . pSt kl| tj]bgsf cfwf/df n]vx¿ tof/ u/L ljleGg :yfgLo, /fli6o« tyf cGt/f{li6o« :t/df cgnfOg tyf 5fkf dfWoddf k|sfzg xg' ] kqklqsf tyf hg{nx¿df k|sfzg ul/g] 5 . ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L Lewis, T.T and Shakya, D.R. (1988). Contributions to the history of Nepal: Eastern Newar diaspora settlements. CNAS Journal, 15(1), 25-65. kf7\\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| -@)&#_, ;fdflhs cWoog sIff ( -klxnf] ;+:s/0f_, n]vs dfgGw/, 1fgsfhL -@)^%_, ag]kf ;ft ufpF, n]vs lj|mofsnfk != dflysf] cWoog k|:tfjgf cWoog u/L o;sf dV' o cª\\ux¿ ;r\" Lst[ ugx{' f;] \\ . @= OG6/g]6 jf ;Gbe{ ;fduL| x¿ cWoog u/L cWoog k|:tfjgfsf cªu\\ x¿sf] kl/ro ;lxtsf] Ps rf6{ tof/ u/L sIffdf k|:tt' ug{'xf];\\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ cWoog k|:tfjgf eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ cWoog ljlwdf s] s] s/' f n]Vg'k5{ < kl/ofh] gf sfo{ tnsf sg' } Ps zLif{sdf Pp6f cWoog k:| tfjgf tof/ ugx{' f;] \\ M -s_ sg' } wflds{ If]qsf] cWoog e|d0f -v_ s'g} ;f+sl[ ts ;df/fx] -h:t} M hfqf, rf8kj{_ sf] cWoog -u_ s'g} cf}Bfl] us Ifq] jf pBfu] sf] cWoog e|d0f -3_ s'g} ko{6sLo Ifq] sf] e|d0f ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 19
$ n]vgsfod{ f c¿sf] n]v/rgfsf] k|of]u ubf{ Wofg kf7 M lbgk' g]{ g}lts kIf tnsf] ;dfrf/ tyf 36gf cWoog u/f“}M ;dfrf/ ljBfyL{df afl} 4s rf]/L @)&# jz} fv @@, ;'hftf af:sf6] f OG6/g6] ;a} If]qx¿df Jofks 5 . ljZjsf] x/]s sg' f sg' fdf JolStx¿ o;nfO{ ko| fu] u5g{ \\ . cfw'lgsLs/0ftkm{ cl3 a9\\b} hfFbf lzIf0f cWofkgsf tf/} tl/sf klg kl/jtg{ x'Fb5} g\\ . ljBfnob]lv ljZjljBfno;Dd ;a}n] OG6/g6] ko| fu] u5{g\\ . lzIfs / kf| Wofksn] klg ljBfyLn{ fO{ cWoogsf nflu OG6/g6] ;f| t] x¿sf] k/fdz{ lng k|fT] ;fxg u5g{ \\ . ljBfyL{nfO{ nueu x/]s lbg OG6/g]6 k|ofu] ug{] vfnsf u[xsfo{ lbOPsf] xG' 5 . pgL ljlsk] l8of (Wikipedia) / sg' } klg pknAw ;fO6x¿af6 k/' } ;f//] ux[ sfo{ ae' mfp5F g\\ . lzIfsx¿n] klg ljgf sg' } b'ljwf To;nfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{xG' 5 . of] g} af}l4s rf]/L l;Sg] / ug]{ klxnf] r/0f xf] . af}l4s rf/] L eg]sf] Pp6f sk6k0\" f{ sfo{ xf] hxfF s;n} ] c¿sf] sfd -/]vfx¿, kf7x¿, cgR' 5b] x¿, lrqx¿ cflb_ sf] gSsn u5{ / ltgLx¿nfO{ cfkm\\gf] bfjL u5{ . o:tf rf/] L ug]{ x¿ pgLx¿n] ko| f]u u/s] f] ;fdu|Lsf] ;|f]t pNnv] ubg{} g\\ . o:tf] rf]/L af}l4s ;DklQ clwsf/ (Intellectual Property Rights) sf] pNnª3\\ g xf] . OG6/g6] df ;fduL| sf] Jofks pknAwtfsf] sf/0f dflg;x¿ hfgfhfgL jf cGhfgdf o:tf unt sfox{ ¿ u5g{ \\ . ha lzIfsx¿n] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ xf]djs{ ubf{ OG6/g]6sf] k|of]u ug{ k|f]T;fxg u5{g\\, ltgLx¿n] yfx} gkfO{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ afl} 4s rf]/Lsf nflu kf| T] ;fxg ul//x]sf x'G5g\\ . o;af6 ljBfyL{df Copy-and-Paste ;:+ s[ltsf] afgL nfU5 . kl/0ffd :j¿k ljBfyLx{ ¿sf] oxL afgL ljZjljBfno;Dd /lx/xG5 . o:tf unt sfox{ ¿ gk] fndf -/ ljZjdf g_} w/] } ljBfyL{x¿n] ul//xs] f 5g\\ . \"The Himalayan Times\" af6 g]kfnLdf cg'jfb ul/Psf] https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/plagiarism-among-students 20 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
36gf afl} 4s rf]/Ldf sf/afxL ljZjljBfnosf] Pp6f SofDk;sf s]xL k|fWofosx¿dfly af}l4s rf]/Lsf] u/]sf] ph'/L k¥of] . To;kl5 To;af/] cg';Gwfg ug{ ljZjljBfnon] Ps jl/i7 k|fWofkssf] gt] [Tjdf cg;' Gwfg 6fn] L u7g u¥of] . pSt 6fn] Ln] 5fglag ubf{ sx] L pkkf| Wofksx¿sf] 6f]nLn] cfkm\\gf] n]vdf Ps hgf ljb]zL cg;' Gwfgwftfn] u/s] f] cg;' Gwfgsf] xa' x' gSsn u/s] f] kfOof] . cg';Gwfg 6f]nLn] cfkm\\gf] k|ltj]bg a'emfPkl5 ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{sf/L ;ldltn] cf/fk] Lx¿nfO{ bO' { jif;{ Dd sg' } cg;' Gwfg ultljlwdf ;+nUg x'gaf6 kl| taGw nufof] . o;afx]s eljiodf o:tf lj|mofsnfk ul/Psf] kfOPdf pgLx¿n] kf| Kt u/]sf] zl} Ifs pkflw (Academic Degree) ;d]t vf];L ljZjljBfno ;]jfaf6 avf{:t ug{] rt] fjgL klg lbof] . ca tnsf k|Zgx¿df 5nkmn u/f}“ . -s_ afl} 4s rf/] L egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ dflg;x¿n] af}l4s rf/] L ug{'sf sf/0f s] s] xfn] fg\\ < -u_ afl} 4s rf]/L /f]Sg] pkfo s] s] xf]nfg\\ < afl} 4s rf/] L s] xf] < hfgfhfg ul/g] cGhfgdf ul/g] • c¿sf] sfdnfO{ cfkm\\gf] egL k|sflzt • nfk/afxL tl/sfaf6 kg' nv]{ g ug'{ ug{' • cGo JolStsf] n]v /rgf ;fg{' • cgk' oS' t tl/sfaf6 p4/0f ug{' • ahf/af6 nv] /rgf lsg]/ ljBfno÷ • cgfjZos ¿kdf p4/0f ug'{ ljZjljBfnodf a'emfpg' • k':ts, n]v /rgf tyf ljB'tLo ;|f] • cfkm}F+n] klxnf k|sflzt u/]sf] n]v/ taf6 lagfp4/0f ;fg'{ rgfaf6 ljgfp4/0f ;\"rgf pNnv] ug'{ • OG6/g]6af6 lagf p4/0f ;fg'{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 21
af}l4s rf/] Laf6 s;/L aRg] < != pko'St tl/sfn] ;|f]t pNn]v ug{] M c¿sf] afl} 4s ;DklQ xfdLn] k|ofu] g} ug{ gkfpg] xf] Og . hg' n]v, lstfa, OG6/g6] jf n]vs, k|sfzsaf6 cfkm\"n] ;\"rgf jf tYofªs\\ lnPsf] xf] To;sf] ;f| ]t pNnv] ul/of] eg] To;nfO{ afl} 4s rf/] L dflgbF g} . To;}n] pko'St tl/sfn] ;f| t] pNnv] ugk'{ 5{ . @= kk'| ml/l8ª ug{] M cfkm\"n] tof/ u/s] f] k|:tfjgf, kl| tjb] g jf n]v cfkmg\\ f u?' jf cGo hfgsf/x¿nfO{ k9g\\ lbP/ pgLx¿sf] ;'emfjcg;' f/ ;RofP/ dfq ljBfno jf snh] df a'emfpg'k5{ . To;f] ubf{ afl} 4s rf/] L xg' ] ;Defjgf sd xG' 5 . #= p4/0f ug{] M s'g} ;f| ]taf6 ;\"rgf lnbF f pgLx¿sf] egfO h:tfsf] t:t} /fVg] xf] eg] To;nfO{ p4/0f lrx\\g æ===Æ k|of]u u/L pko'St tl/sfn] ;f| t] pNn]v ug'k{ 5{ . o;f] ubf{ af}l4s rf]/L dflgFb}g . $= kg' nv]{ g ug{] M c¿sf] egfO jf ;\"rgf ko| fu] ubf{ ;w}F p4/0f lrxg\\ k|ofu] ug'{ /fdf| ] dflgFbg} . To;n} ] To:tf s'/fx¿sf] dV' o s'/fnfO{ cfkmg\\ } zAbdf kg' nv{] g ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ o:tf] s/' fdf klg ;|ft] eg] pNnv] ugk}{ 5{ . %= afl} 4s rf]/L k/LIf0f ug{] ;km6\\ jo] / ko| fu] ug]{ M ahf/df ljleGg Plagiarism Checker Software kfOG5g\\ . sltko ljZjljBfnox¿n] o:tf ;km\\6jo] / vl/b u/L ko| fu] u5g{ \\ . o:tf ;km\\6j]o/ sltko t lgMz'Ns klg kfOG5 . o:tf ;km6\\ jo] / k|of]u u/L af}l4s rf/] L eP gePsf] k/LIf0f ug{ ;lsG5 . ^= ;Gbe{ ;fduL| sf] ;r\" L nV] g] M cfkmg\\ f] nv] , k:| tfjgf jf kl| tjb] gsf] cGtdf ;Gbe{ ;fduL| x¿sf] ;\"rL pNn]v ug{'k5{ . &= pkoS' t p4/0f 9fFrf k|ofu] ug]{ M ljleGg ljifox¿df km/s km/s 9fFrfdf nv] , k|:tfjgf jf k|ltjb] g nufotsf /rgfx¿ tof/ ul/G5 . efiffsf ljifox¿df Modern Language Association (MLA) sf] 9fFrf ko| f]u ul/G5 eg] ;dfhzf:q, lzIffh:tf ljifox¿df American Psychological Association (APA) 9fFrf k|of]u ul/G5 . To:t} Chicago, Turabian, IEEE cflb p4/0f 9frF f klg kr| lnt 5g\\ . sg' } sg' } ljZjljBfnon] cfkmg\\ f] 5'66\\ } 9frF f klg k|ofu] u5{g\\ . cfkm\\gf] ljZjljBfno jf lzIfsn] tfs] ]sf] 9fFrf ko| f]u ug{'k5{ . APA / MLA 9frF fsf] pbfx/0f tn lnOPsf] 5 M APA p4/0f 9fFrf Lewis, T.T and Shakya, D.R. (1988). Contributions to the history of Nepal: Eastern Newar diaspora settlements. CNAS Journal, 15(1), 25-65. 22 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
O’encyclopedia, S. E. (1993). Words. In The new encyclopedia Britannica (vol. 38, pp. 745-758). Chicago, IL: Penguin. MLAp4/0f 9frF f Kim, Kee Han. Development of an Improved Methodology for Analyzing Existing Single-Family Residential Energy Use. 2014. Texas A & M U, PhD. ProQuest, https://ezproxy.nypl.org/socabs/docview/1665251619/ abstract/E9D36166E31040AEPQ/1?accountid=35635. Fletcher, Marissa. Influences of Nutrition and Pathogenicity from a Microbial Diet on Immunity and Longevity in Caenorhabditis Elegans. 2012. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, PhD. DSpace@MIT, https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/120633. ljleGg sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/} ljBfyL{x¿ cfkm\\gf] cg';Gwfg sfo{ ;dodf ;'? ug{ ;Sb}gg\\ . clGtd ;dodf sfd ;?' ubf{ xtf/ xG' 5 / af}l4s rf]/Laf6 aRg] pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;do g} kof{Kt x'bF }g . To;}n] ;dod} sfd ;'? u/L afl} 4s rf]/Laf6 aRg] pkfox¿ cjnDag ugk{' 5{ . af}l4s rf/] L;DaGwL sfg'gL Joj:yf g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] wf/f -@%_ df afl} 4s ;DklQnufot cGo ;DklQ cfh{g ug,{] efu] ug{,] ar] lavg ug,{] Joffj;flos nfe kf| Kt ug]{ clwsf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} kl| tlnlk clwsf/ P]g, @)%( n] lstfa, krf,{ n]v, zf]wkq, gf6s, uLt, ;ªu\\ Lt, >Jo bZ[ o /rgf, cfls6{ ]Sr/n l8hfOg, lrqsnf, kl] G6ª, d\"lts{ nf, sfi7snf, kmf6] fh] Go /rgf, j1} flgs nv] /rgf, sDKo6' / kf| u] |fdnufotsf l;h{gfnfO{ /rgf egL kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 . ;f] P]gsf] bkmf -@&_ n] o:tf /rgf cg'ko'St tl/sfn] k|of]u u/]df To:tf] JolStnfO{ s;'/sf] dfqfcg';f/ ¿ !),))) b]lv ? !,)),))) ;Dd hl/jfgf jf 5 dlxgf;Dd s}b jf bj' } ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/s] f] 5 . ;fx] L sfo{ bf];f| ] k6bl] v k6s} lkR5] ?= @),))) b]lv ?= @,)),))) ;Dd hl/jfgf jf Ps jif;{ Dd s}b jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o:tf /rgf ks| fzg jf kg' ?Tkfbg jf ljt/0f u/]sf] jf kg' ?Tkfbg ug{ ko| fu] ul/Psf ;fdu|Lx¿ hkmt x'g;] d]t Joj:yf 5 . o;afx]s o:tf] sfo{ ug]{ JolStaf6 k|ltlnlk clwsf/ kf| Kt JolStnfO{ k/]sf] gfS] ;fgLsf] Ifltk\"lt{ ;d]t e/fO{ lbgk' g{] Joj:yf 5 . lj|mofsnfk != tkfOs+{ f] sIffsf ;a} ;dx\" n] tof/ kf/s] f] kl/of]hgf sfos{ f] k:| tfjgfx¿sf] cWoog u/L afl} 4s rf/] L eP gePsf] kQf nufO{ ;'wf/ ug{'kg{] a'bF fx¿ ;ªs\\ ng ug'{xf;] \\ . tL ;ª\\slnt aF'bfx¿nfO{ sIffdf 5nkmn ugx'{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 23
@= af}l4s rf]/L ePsf ;dfrf/x¿ ;ª\\sng u/L Pp6f leQ] klqsf ks| fzg ug{x' f];\\ . cEof; != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ afl} 4s rf/] L eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ dflg;x¿n] af}l4s rf]/L ug{'sf sg' } b'O{ sf/0fx¿ nV] g'xf];\\ . -u_ hfgfhfg ul/g] af}l4s rf]/Lsf sg' } bO' { pbfx/0f lbgx' f];\\ . -3_ af}l4s rf]/L ug{] JolStnfO{ s:tf] sf/afxL x'G5 < Ps pbfx/0f lbg'xf;] \\ . @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ afl} 4s rf]/L Ps ck/fw xf] . o; egfOnfO{ pbfx/0f;lxt Ps cgR' 5]bdf JofVof ug'x{ f;] \\ . -v_ afl} 4s rf/] L af6 aRg] sg' } kfFr pkfox¿ pNn]v ugx'{ f];\\ . 24 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
% ;fdflhs cWoogsf nflu ;d:of lgdf0{ f / cWoog ljlw rog kf7 M tnsf] ;+jfb cWoog u/f}“M cleifs] M lsg pbf; 5f,} ;lnd < s] ;d:of k¥of] < atfpg ldN5 ls < ;lnd M ltdLnfO{ atfpg lsg gldNg' < k9fO;DaGwL g} s/' f xf] . cleifs] M s] s/' f xf] t < ;lnd M ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf Dof8dn] lbPsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ s;/L ug]{ eg/] ;fl] r/xs] f] lg Û ;fyLx¿n] ;d\"x gt] f agfOlbP t/ dnfO{ t ;d:of klxrfg ug{ g} sl7g eof] . ltdLx¿n] u¥of} t < cleif]s M ;d:of klxrfg eGgfn] sg' } klg ;fdflhs ;d:of, ;fdflhs 36gf jf cWoog ug{ cfjZos / pkoS' t sg' } cjwf/0ff klxrfg ug{' eGg] al' emG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf o:tf cgluGtL ;d:of, 36gf / cjwf/0ff /xs] f 5g\\ . xfdLn] ;d:of lgdf{0f ubf{ tL ;d:ofx¿ kf| l1s ¿kn] cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pkoS' t 5g\\ ls 5}gg\\ eg/] olsg ug'k{ 5{ . ;lnd M s;/L olsg ug{] t < cleifs] M klxnf] s'/f t cg';Gwfg ug]{ ;d:of laNs'n} gofF xg' 'k5{ . c¿ s;}n] klxn] g} u/s] f] sfo{ xa' x' bfx] fl] /g' xbF' g} . klxn] g} ul/Psf] sfon{ fO{ bfx] f¥] ofpgk' g]{ ePdf cWoog ljlw, ;do / kl/l:yltdWo] sg' } Ps jf ;a} km/s ug'k{ 5{ . bf];|f] s/' f o; cg;' Gwfgaf6 gofF 1fg kf| Kt x'gk' 5{ . pSt 1fg ;dfhnfO{ pkofu] L x'gk' 5{ . ;lnd M Pp6f pbfx/0f eP a'em\\g ;lhnf] x'g] lyof] lg Û cleifs] M w\"dkfgn] :jf:Yodf xflg u5{ ls ubg}{ < eg/] cg;' Gwfg ug{ cfjZos g} 5g} . o; ;DaGwdf sF}of}F cg;' Gwfg eP/ clxn] of] kd| fl0ft ;Tosf] ¿kdf /xs] f] 5 . o;af6 gofF 1fg k|fKt x'Fb}g . a? sg' } ;db' fodf w\"dkfg ug{] dflg;x¿ / wd\" kfg gug]{ dflg;x¿sf] cgk' ft kQf nufpg] cg';Gwfg rflxF cfjZos / pko'St xg' ;S5 . o;af6 k|fKt glthfsf cfwf/df To; ;d'bfodf wd\" kfg ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] ;ªV\\ of 36fpg] pkfox¿ ug{'kg]{ ls gu/] klg xg' ] eGg] 1fg kf| Kt x'G5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 25
;lnd M ca t /fd|/L al' emof] . ca cWoog ljlw 5gf]6af/] klg atfpm g . cleif]s M cWoog k4lt dV' otM tLg ks| f/sf xG' 5g\\ M kl/df0ffTds, u0' ffTds / ldl>t . k|fKtfªs\\ , tfn} , pd/] cflb;ªV\\ ofdf ;\"rgfx¿ ;ª\\sng x'g] / ljZni] f0f ubf{ tYofª\\ szf:qLo ljlwx¿ k|ofu] ul/g] cg;' Gwfg ljlwnfO{ kl/df0ffTds k4lt elgG5 . olb dflg;sf efjgf, ljrf/, Jojxf/ h:tf s'/fx¿sf ;\"rgfx¿ lng] xf] eg] tL ;\"rgf ;ªV\\ ofdf pNnv] ug{ ;lsGg . o:tf] vfn] cg;' Gwfg ug{] k4lt rflxF u'0ffTds k4lt xf] . oL bj' } ljlw ko| fu] ug]{ xf] eg] ldl>t k4lt elgG5 . ;lnd M Dof8dn] t oL ljlwx¿n] km/s km/s ljlw k|of]u u5g{ \\ eGge' Psf] lyof] lg . Tof] eg]sf] rflxF s] xf] lg < cleifs] M kl/df0ffTds cg;' Gwfgdf ;a}eGbf k|rlnt ljlw ;jI]{ f0f xf] . o;df Pp6f hg;ªV\\ of af6 lglZrt ;ªV\\ ofsf] gdg' f lnOG5 . kZ| gfjnL tof/ u/L gd'gf lnOPsf] ;ª\\Vofdf dfq tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ul/G5 . o;/L k|fKt ;r\" gfnfO{ ljZni] f0f u/L glthf kf| Kt ul/G5 . csf{] dxŒjk\"0f{ l8hfOg ko| f]u ljlw xf] . o;df 5gf]6 ul/Psf gd'gfnfO{ b'O{ ;dx\" df afFl8G5 . Ps ;dx\" nfO{ xfn ePs} cj:yfdf /flvG5 eg] csf]{ ;dx\" df gofF s/' f ko| fu] ul/G5 . o;af6 gofF s'/f ko| f]u ubf{ / gubf{ s] km/s cfp5F cWoog ul/G5 . ;lnd M eg]kl5 xfdf| ] ufpFdf slt dflg;x¿ s'g sg' k;] f u5{g\\ eGg] kQf nufpg] rflxF ;jI]{ f0f l8hfOg xg' ] /x5] . Pp6f sIffdf jif{df tLgcf6] f k/LIff lnbF f / 5cf6] f k/LIff lnbF f ljBfyLs{ f] k|fKtfªs\\ df s] km/s cfpg] /x5] eg/] cWoog ug{ rflxF k|of] u ljlw rflxg] /x]5 . cleif]s M Psbd l7s eGof}, ;lnd . csf{] dxŒjk\"0f{ ljlw eg]sf] cGtjf{tf{ ljlw xf] . b'O{ JolStlar k|ToIf s'/f u/L ;\"rgf ;ª\\sng ug{] tl/sfnfO{ cGtjf{tf{ elgG5 . o;df pQ/bftfnfO{ k|ToIf e6] /] jf kmf]g÷lel8of] sndfkm{t kZ| gx¿ ;fl] wG5 . pQ/bftfsf] pQ/af6 cfjZos ;r\" gf 8fo/Ldf l6lkG5 . pQ/bftfsf] ;xdlt lnP/ cl8of] jf lel8of] /]s8{ u//] kl5 cfjZos ;\"rgf lng ;lsG5 . ;lnd M cGtjft{ f{sf ks| f/x¿ klg atfpm g . cleif]s M cGtjf{tf{ tLg ks| f/sf x'G5g\\ . ;/+ lrt cGtjft{ fd{ f klxn] g} tof/ u/]sf kZ| gx¿ ;fl] wG5 . csf{] zAbdf eGg] xf] eg] of] df}lvs ¿kdf kZ| gfjnL k|of]u ug]{ tl/ 26 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
sf g} xf] . t;y{ of] kl/df0ffTds tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sngsf nflu pkoS' t 5 . cw{;/+ lrt cGtjf{tfd{ f s]xL d'Vo If]qx¿;Fu ;DalGwt k|Zgx¿ jf ;f;] DaGwL l6kf6] klxn] g} tof/ u/L cGtjft{ f{sf jm| ddf cGtjf{tfs{ f/n] yk k|Zgx¿ u//] ;\"rgf ;ª\\sng ul/G5 . o;sf nflu cg;' Gwfgaf/] hfgsf/ JolSt dfq cGtjf{tf{sf/ x'g ;S5 . u0' ffTds tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ngsf nflu o;sf] cToflws k|ofu] ul/G5 . c;/+ lrt cGtjft{ fd{ f cGtjft{ fs{ f/n] cfkm\"n] cfjZos 7fgs] f kZ| gx¿ u/]/ ;r\" gf ;ªs\\ ng u5{ . o;sf nflu cg;' Gwfgstf{ cfkmcF} Gtjft{ fs{ f/ xg' k' 5{ . of] klg u0' ffTds tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sngsf nflu k|ofu] ul/G5 . ;lnd M Ifq] cjnfs] g klg Pp6f cg';Gwfg ljlw g} xf] lg, xfO] g < cleif]s M cjnfs] g s'g} JolSt, ;:+ yf jf kl| j|mofnfO{ nfdf] ;do;Dd x]/]/ tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ug]{ ljlwnfO{ cjnf]sg elgG5 . cjnfs] gstf{ cfkmF} pSt kl| j|mofdf ;xefuL eP/ jf ;xefuL geO{sg tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ug{ ;Sb5 . of] ljlw ;/n / ;xh x'gfsf ;fy} o;af6 kf| Kt tYofª\\s ljZj;gLo x'G5 . cjnf]sgstf{n] lgikIf eP/ ;\"rgf ;ªs\\ ng ug'{k5{ . To;sf nflu ?h;' \"rL ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . ;lnd M ltgLx¿dWo] sg' 5gf6] ug]{ eGg] s;/L lg0fo{ ug]{ lg < of] t emg\\ cndNn kg]{ eOof] . cleif]s M s'g} Pp6f dfq ljlw k|ofu] u//] cg';Gwfg ug{ ;lsGg . ;fdfGotofM ;j]{If0f, cGtjft{ f{ tyf cjnfs] g ljlwnfO{ ;Fu;uF } k|of]u ul/G5 . JolStsf] ljrf/, efjgf jf Ifq] sf] cj:yf ;ªs\\ ng ug{ ;eI]{ f0f ljlw / cGtjft{ f{ ljlw k|of]u ul/G5 . ;db' fodf s'g s'g k;] fdf slt slt dflg;x¿ ;+nUg 5g\\ < eGg] kQf nufpg ;j{I] f0f ljlw ko| f]u x'G5 . dflg;x¿ cfkmg\\ f k;] fdf slt v';L 5g\\ < eGg] kQf nufpg cGtjft{ f{ ljlw k|ofu] ul/G5 . sg' } JolStsf] Jojxf/ jf s'g} :yfg jf ;+:yfsf] cj:yf tyf ultljlwaf/] tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ug{ cjnf]sg ljlw ko| fu] ul/G5 . ljBfnodf lzIfs / ljBfyLl{ arsf] ;DaGw s:tf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg cjnfs] g ljlw pko'St x'G5 . ;lnd M pbfx/0f lbPkl5 t ;lhn} al' emof] . wGojfb, cleif]s . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfOsF{ f] lzIfsn] ljleGg ;dx\" df cg;' Gwfg ug]{ kl/ofh] gf sfo{ lbge' Psf] xfn] f . ;a} ;dx\" n] kl/ofh] gf sfo{sf] k|:tfjgf tof/ ul/;s]sf xfn] fg\\ . tL k:| tfjgfx¿sf] …;d:of klxrfgÚ v08 cWoog u/L ;d:of ;ªs\\ ng ug'x{ f;] \\ . tL ;d:of cg';Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pkoS' t 5 ls 5}g < sIffdf 5nkmn ug'x{ f];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 27
@= ;a} ;d\"xsf] kl/ofh] gf sfo{ k|:tfjgfsf] …cWoog ljlwÚ v08df ljleGg ;d\"xn] s'g s'g k4lt / ljlw ko| f]u u/s] f 5g\\ < ;f] sf] cWoog u/L rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf kb| zg{ ug{'xf;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ ;d:of klxrfg egs] f] s] xf] < -v_ ;d:of klxrfg ubf{ s] s] s/' fdf Wofg k¥' ofpgk' 5{ < -u_ kl/df0ffTds cWoog k4lt egs] f] s:tf] ljlw xf] < -3_ Ifq] cjnfs] g egs] f] s:tf] ljlw xf] < @= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ tkfOs+{ f] ljBfno jf ;db' fodf cg;' Gwfg ug{ ;lsg] sg' } bO' { ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ugx'{ f;] \\ . tL ;d:ofx¿ lsg cg;' Gwfg ug{ cfjZos / pkoS' t 5g\\ < sf/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . -v_ kl/df0ffTds, u'0ffTds / ldl>t cWoog k4lt lar s] km/s 5 < Pp6f tflnsfdf bv] fpgx' f;] \\ . 28 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
^ ;fdflhs tYofª\\s / ;\"rgf ;ª\\sngsf ljlw / kf7 M ;fwgx¿ != ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ sf] kl/ro ;dfhleq JolSt / k|s[lt tyf ltgLx¿larsf] cGt/lj|mof / cGt/;DaGw x'g] ePsfn] ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ eGgfn] oL s/' fx¿;Fu ;DalGwt ;a} s/' f k5{g\\ . cflys{ , hg;fª\\lvs, JolStut, kfl/jfl/s, eflifs, wfld{s, k];fut cflb s/' fx¿ ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ leq ;dl] 6G5g\\ . o;sf/0f ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ klg kl/df0ffTds / u'0ffTds bj' } ks| f/sf x'G5g\\ . kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL vr,{ hg;ªV\\ of, pd]/ cflb kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\s xg' \\ eg] cfly{s cj:yf -wgL jf ul/a_, ljrf/, wd{, k/Dk/f cflb u0' ffTds tYofª\\s x'g\\ . @= ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ljlw vf]h jf cg';Gwfgsf k|Zgx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu ;fGble{s ljlzi6 hfgsf/L k|fKt ug]{ Ps Jojl:yt k|lj|mof g} tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng xf] . ;ª\\slnt tYofªs\\ nfO{ Joj:yfkg, kz| f]wg / ljZni] f0f u/L cg';Gwfgsf kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm lgsflnG5 . To;}n] cg';Gwfgstf{n] tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ug{'eGbf klxn] s'g÷s:tf] tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng ug],{ s;/L ;ªs\\ ng ug{,] s;n] ;ª\\sng ug{] / slxn] ;ª\\sng ug{] h:tf s'/fx¿ lglZrt ugk'{ 5{ . oL s/' fx¿nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;jI{] f0f, cGtjf{tf,{ cjnf]sg cflb lglZrt ljlwx¿sf] k|ofu] ug'{k5{ . #= ;fdflhs tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ngsf ;fwg ;fdflhs tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ug{ ko| fu] ul/Psf kZ| gfjnL, cjnfs] g dfub{ zg{ , cGtjft{ f{ dfub{ zg{ cflb oGqx¿÷pks/0fx¿nfO{ tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ngsf ;fwgx¿ elgG5 . cg;' Gwfgsf] k|sf/, cg';Gwfgstf{sf] cfjZostf, p2]Zo / bIftf, tYofª\\ssf ks| f/, kl/l:ylt, ;f| t] / ;fwgsf] pknAwtf cflbnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sngsf ;fwgx¿ 5gf6] ul/G5g\\ . Pp6} vfh] jf cg;' Gwfgdf PseGbf a9L ;fwgx¿ ko| f]u ul/G5 . -s_ kZ| gfjnL k|ZgfjnLnfO{ ;j{I] f0f k|ZgfjnL klg elgG5 . o;df cfjZos ;r\" gf kf| Kt ug]{ u/L kZ| gx¿sf] ;r\" L tof/ u/L pQ/bftf;dIf k:| tt' u/L pQ/ ;ª\\sng ul/G5 . o;/L tof/ ul/Psf k|Zgx¿ dfl} vs, lnlvt jf Odn] dfkm{t pQ/bftf;Fu ;fw] L pQ/ k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . k|Zgx¿ bfx] f]/f] cy{ ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 29
gnfUg] tyf pQ/bftfsf] JolStut jf ;fd\"lxs efjgfdf rf]6 gkg]{ u/L ;/n efiffdf tof/ ug{'k5{ . pQ/bftf ;dIf k7fpg'cl3 lj1x¿af6 ?h' u/fpFbf cem /fd|f] xG' 5 . k|ZgfjnL ;a}eGbf k|rlnt ;fwg xf] . of] ;fwgaf6 w/] } JolStx¿af6 sd ;do / ;f| t] ;fwg ko| fu] u/L tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ug{ ;lsG5 . pQ/bftf Odfgbf/ gePdf unt tYofªs\\ kf| Kt x'g] vt/f klg x'G5 . o;nfO{ kl/df0ffTds tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ug{ a9L k|of]u ul/G5 . -v_ cGtjf{tf{ dfu{bz{g cGtjft{ fs{ f/n] pQ/bftfnfO{ ;fW] g] kZ| gx¿ jf ;f;] DaGwL l6kf6] nfO{ g} cGtjft{ f{ dfub{ zg{ elgG5 . ;/+ lrt cGtjft{ f{df kZ| gfjnLnfO{ g} cGtjf{tf{ dfub{ z{g ¿kdf k|of]u ul/G5 eg] cw;{ +/lrt / c;+/lrt cGtjf{tfd{ f cGtjf{tfs{ f/n] cfkm\"n] cfjZos 7fgs] f dV' o dV' o kZ| gx¿jf kZ| g ;fW] g] dV' o ljifoj:t' l6k]/ cGtjft{ f{ dfub{ zg{ tof/ kf5{ . -u_ cjnfs] g dfub{ zg{ cjnfs] g ug{] s'/fx¿ pNnv] ul/Psf] l6kf6] jf kmf/d tof/ u/]/ cjnfs] g dfu{bz{g tof/ ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ?h;' \"rL klg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . -3_ ?h;' \"rL o;df cfjZos ;\"rgfx¿af/] …xf÷] xf]OgÚ jf …5÷5g} Ú jf cGo ljleGg ljsNkx¿ klxn] g} tof/ u//] cjnfs] g ul/G5 . $= låtLos tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ;\"rgf tyf tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sngdf låtLo ;|ft] klg plQs} dxŒjk\"0f{ 5 . c¿ s;}n] klxn] g} ;ª\\sng u/]/ k|sflzt jf ck|sflzt tYofª\\sn] cg';Gwfg ug{ nfus] f] If]qsf] jt{dfg cj:yf yfxf kfpg, ;d:of lgdf{0f ug,{ kQf nfus] f s/' fx¿nfO{ kg' kl{' i6 ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg k':ts, kqklqsf, kl| tj]bg, d'vkq, OG6/g]6nufotsf ;f| t] x¿df /xs] f ;\"rgf ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . %= tYofª\\s Joj:yfkgdf l8lh6n ;fwgsf] ko| f]u tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ngb]lv e08f/g;Ddsf kl| j|mofnfO{ tYofª\\s Joj:yfkg elgG5 . o; k|lj|mofdf ljleGg l8lh6n ;fwgx¿sf] ko| f]u ug{ ;lsG5 . -s_ uu' n kmd{ u'un sDkgLn] ljsf; u/s] f] of] Pp6f kf| ]uf| d xf] . lhdn] (Gmail) PsfpG6 ePsf ;an} ] lgMzN' s ko| fu] ug{ kfpg] of] kf| u] f| d 8:] s6k, Nofk6k, :df6{ kmfg] , cfOKof8nufotsf ;a} l8lh6n 30 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
l8efO;df rnfpg ;lsG5 . 8:] s6k, Nofk6k sDKo6' /df sg' } klg af| ph/ -jm| fd] , cfk] /] f cflb_ df lhdn] (Gmail) PsfpG6 nuOg u/]kl5 :jtM rnfpg ;lsG5 eg] :df6{ kmfg] , cfOKof8 h:tf l8efO;df eg] Google Form eGg] cg'k|of]u (Application) 8fpgnf8] / OG:6n ug{k' 5{ . u'un kmd{df k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L Odn] jf cGo ;~rf/ ;fwgdfkm{t pQ/bftf ;dIf k7fpg'k5{ . pQ/bftfn] pSt kmd{ vfn] /] e/k] l5 Submit ugk'{ 5{ . To;kl5 ;f] kZ| gfjnL :jtM cWoogstfs{ f] lhdn] df cfP/ e08f/g xG' 5 . o;/L cfPsf hjfkmx¿ :jtM Google Spreadsheet df entry xG' 5g\\ . o;sf nflu l8lh6n l8efO; / OG6/g6] sf] cfjZostf k5{ . uu' n kmda{ fx]s SoGoSurvey, Survey Monkey, Zoho Survey, Survey Gizmo, Survey Planet h:tf k|fu] f| dx¿ klg o;sf nflu ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ oL k|fu] f| dx¿ Jofkfl/s (Commercial) ePsfn] lsg/] dfq ko| f]u ug{ kfOG5 . -v_ ;fdflhs ;~hfn (Social Network) crn] km];a's (Facebook), l6j\\ 6/ h:tf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf w]/} JolStx¿ hfl] 8Psf 5g\\ . o;sf/0f cWoogstfx{ ¿n] o:tf ;~hfnx¿nfO{ klg tYofª\\s Joj:yfkgdf k|ofu] ug{ yfns] f 5g\\ . u'un kmd{df kZ| gfjnL k7fpg, lel8of÷] cl8of] sn u/]/ cGtjf{tf{ lngbl] v cg;' Gwfgsf] tYofª\\s tyf glthf ks| fzg k|;f/0f ug{ o:tf ;~hfnx¿ pkofu] L x'G5g\\ . o;afxs] km;] a's d;] ]Gh/df ;dx\" df lel8of÷] cl8of] sn u//] nlIft ;dx\" 5nkmn;dt] ug{ ;lsG5 . -u_ lel8of] ;Ddn] g cg'k|of]u (Video Conferencing Application) crn] ZOOM, Microsoft Teams, Google Meet, Cisco Webex h:tf cgk' |ofu] x¿ ;dx\" df lel8of] sn ug{ ko| f]u ul/G5 . oL cg'k|ofu] x¿ cgnfOgdf ;ef;Dd]ng ug{, cgnfOg sIff ;~rfng ug{ h:tf cfk} rfl/s tyf ;dx\" df s/' fsfgL ug{ h:tf cgf}krfl/s sfos{ f nflu ljsf; ul/Psf xg' \\ . oBlk vf]h cg;' Gwfgsf jm| ddf cGtjft{ f{ lng tyf nlIft ;d\"x 5nkmn ug;{ dt] logLx¿sf] pkofu] x'G5 . oL cg'k|of]ux¿df pRr u0' f:t/sf] lel8of] s'/fsfgL ug{ / s'/fsfgLnfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ tyf cl8of] tyf lel8of] /s] 8{ ug{ klg ;lsg] ePsfn] cg;' Gwfgdf k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . ljm| ofsnfk != tkfO{Fsf lzIfsn] lbg'ePsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{df sIffsf ;a} ;d\"xsf] kl/of]hgf sfo{sf] k:| tfjgfsf] …cWoog ljlwÚ v08 cWoog u/L tYofª\\s ;ª\\sngsf nflu sg' s'g ljlw / ;fwgx¿ ko| fu] ug{ nfluPsf] /x5] < ;ªs\\ ng u/L rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k|bzg{ ug{x' f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 31
cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ng ljlw eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ k|ZgfjnL lsg ;a}eGbf kr| lnt ;fwg xf] < -u_ cGtjf{tf{ dfub{ zg{ eg]sf] s] xf] < -3_ lel8of] cgk' |of]unfO{ tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ngdf s;/L ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 < Ps pbfx/0f lbgx' f;] \\ . @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ ;fdflhs cWoog ljifodf tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ng ug{ ko| f]u ug{ ;lsg] sg' } rf/cf]6f ;fwgx¿sf] gfd n]vL sg' } b'Os{ f] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbgx' f];\\ . -v_ cWoog cg';Gwfgsf nflu tYofªs\\ ;ª\\sng ug{] ljlw tyf ;fwgx¿ 5gf]6 ubf{ s] s] s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ < kfrF abF' fdf n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 32 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
& tYofª\\s tyf ;r\" gfsf] ljZn]if0f / k|:t'tLs/0f kf7 M cg';Gwfg jf vf]hsf j|mddf ;\"rgf tyf tYofª\\s ;ª\\sng u/]/ dfq kU' bg} . o;/L ;ª\\sng ul/Psf ;\"rgf tyf tYofª\\s ;a} cfkm\\gf] cg';Gwfgdf sfd nfUb}gg\\ . To;}n] k|fKt ul/Psf ;\"rgf tyf tYofª\\snfO{ ;j{ky| d tof/L ul/G5 . To;kl5 kz| fw] g ul/G5 . kz| fw] gkl5 ljZni] f0f u/L cg;' Gwfg kZ| gx¿sf] hjfkm lgsflnG5 . ;a}sfo{ ;lsPkl5 tYofªs\\ e08f/g ul/G5 . cGtdf nlIft ;d\"xnfO{ tYofªs\\ af/] hfgsf/L lbgsf nflu ljleGg dfWodaf6 k|:tt' Ls/0f ul/G5 . != tYofª\\s tof/L o; r/0fdf tYofª\\snfO{ ;kmfO tyf Jojl:yt u/L csf{] r/0fsf nflu tof/ kfl/G5 . o;df cgfjZos tyf ql' 6oS' t tYofª\\snfO{ x6fOG5 . To:t} zªs\\ f:kb tYofªs\\ nfO{ kg' kl{' i6 ul/G5 . ljleGg pQ/bftf jf ;|f] taf6 k|fKt tYofª\\s tyf ;r\" gfnfO{ tflnsf, ;\"rL cflbdf k|:t't u/L tYofª\\s kz| fw] gsf nflu tof/ kfl/ G5 . kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\s k|ljli6 ug{, ljleGg tYofª\\zf:qLo ljZn]if0f ug{ / u|fkm / rf6{df tYofª\\s k|:t't ug{ IBM SPSS Statistics, RStudio, Stata, OriginPro, TIMi Suite cflb ;km\\6j]o/x¿ k|of]u ul/G5 . t/ xfdL ;fdfGotofM ;a}sf] sDKo'6/ -Nofk6k tyf 8]:s6k_ df ;lhn} pknAw x'g] Microsoft Excel k|of]u u/L tYofª\\s k|ljli6 ug{ / ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 33
s]xL tYofª\\szf:qLo u0fgf ug{ kl5Nnf kf7x¿df l;Sg] 5f}F . @= tYofªs\\ kz| fw] g o; r/0fdf tYofªs\\ nfO{ ljleGg ks| f/sf tYofªs\\ zf:qLo tyf u/} tYofªs\\ zf:qLo k/LIf0fsf nflu tof/ ul/G5 . kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\snfO{ dWos (Mean), dlWosf (Median), l/t (Mode), :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation), ;x ;DaGw (Co-relation), kl| tudg (Regression) nufotsf ljleGg tYofªs\\ zf:qLo ljZn]if0f(Statistical Analysis) ul/G5 . o;sf nflu Microsoft Excel, SPSS h:tf ljleGg sDKo6' / ;km\\6jo] / klg k|ofu] ug{ ;lsG5 . To:t} u'0ffTds tYofª\\sdf eg] o:tf tYofª\\szf:qLo ljZni] f0f (Statistical Analysis) ug{ ;lsbF g} . o:tf tYofª\\saf6 ljleGg zAb jf jfSofz+ sf] af/Daf/tf (Frequency) u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 . o:tf tYofªs\\ af6 sf8] (Code) / p4/0f (Quotation) lgsfnL ltgLx¿sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] hfnf] (Network) agfpg] ul/G5 . o;sf nflu ljleGg sDKo'6/ ;km\\6j]o/ k|of]u ug{ jf u/fpg ;lsG5 . #= tYofª\\s ljZni] f0f tYofªs\\ kz| fw] gaf6 cfPsf glthfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f u/L To;sf] cy{ lgsfNg] sfo{ o; r/0fdf ul/G5 . ToxL cys{ f cfwf/df cg;' Gwfg ;d:of jf k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm lgsfNg] sfo{ ul/ G5 . of] r/0f Psbd dxŒjk0\" f{ r/0f xf] . tYofªs\\ sf] glthf cfkmF}n] dfq sx] L cy{ lbg ;Sbg} . t;y{ ltgLx¿sf] cy{ / cg;' Gwfg k|Zgx¿;uF ltgLx¿sf] ;DaGwsf cfwf/df g} cg';Gwfgsf] lgisif{ lgsflng] ePsfn] cg';Gwfgstfn{ ] cToGt rgfvf] eP/ ljZni] f0f ug'k{ 5{ . o;af6 kf| Kt lgisifs{ f cfwf/df of]hgf lgdf0{ f nufotsf sfo{x¿ ul/G5 . $= tYofªs\\ e08f/0f dflysf ;a} r/0f k/\" f ePkl5 tYofªs\\ ;ªs\\ ngbl] v ljZni] f0f;Ddsf ;a} sfuhx¿ tyf sDKo6' /df ePsf 8sd' G] 6x¿nfO{ ;/' lIft /fVgk' 5{ . cg;' Gwfgaf/] sg' } kZ| g p7d] f To;nfO{ kl' i6 ug{ kl5;Dd tL 8s'dG] 6x¿ cfjZos kg{ ;S5g\\ . To:t} ks| f/sf cg';Gwfg kl5 ugk'{ bf;{ d]t oL tYofª\\s k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t;y{ sDKo6' /df ePsf l8lh6n 8s'dG] 6x¿nfO{ PseGbf a9L l8efO;df jf Snfp8 :6f]/h] df ;dt] e08f/0f ug'k{ 5{ . %= glthf k|af]wLs/0f ljleGg nlIft ;d\"x h:t} M gLlt lgdft{ f, cGo cg';Gwfgstf,{ ;/fs] f/jfnf, pkefS] tf cflb nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpgsf nflu ljleGg dfWodx¿af6 glthfsf] k;| f/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ glthf ka| f]wLs/0f elgG5 . o:tf] k|:t'tLs/0f nlIft ;dx\" n] ae' mg\\ ] gePdf cg';Gwfgsf] sg' } cy{ g} /xFbg} . t;y{ s:tf >ft] f, bzs{ jf kf7sx¿sf nflu k|:tt' Ls/0f ul/g] xf] To;cg;' f/sf 34 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
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lrqfTds k|:t'tLs/0fdf Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fx¿ rf6,{ uf| km tyf tflnsf lgdf{0f ubf{ lgDg s/' fx¿df Wofg lbg'k5{ M • zflAbs ¿kdf JofVof ug{'eGbf klxn] rf6{, u|fkm jf tflnsfdf hfgsf/L k:| tt' ug'{k5{ . o;f] ubf{ kf7snfO{ a'emg\\ ;lhnf] x'G5 . • zflAbs ¿kdf JofVof ul/Psf] cg'R5b] jf jfSodf s'g rf6,{ uf| km jf tflnsfdf k:| t't hfgsf/Lsf af/d] f rrf{ ul/Psf] xf] < ;f] pNnv] ug'k{ 5{ . • rf6{, u|fkm jf tflnsfdf nl] vPsf cIf/, cª\\s jf lrq al' emg] xg' k' 5{ . To;sf nflu plrt cfsf/ tyf /ªsf] k|ofu] ug{'k5{ . • rf6{, uf| km jf tflnsf sta} f6 ;fef/ ul/Psf] eP ;f| t] pNnv] ugk'{ 5{ . • x/s] rf6,{ uf| km jf tflnsfsf] zLif{s / ;ªs\\ ]t pNn]v ugk'{ 5{ . lj|mofsnfk != tYofª\\s ;ª\\sngbl] v tYofª\\s k:| tt' Ls/0f;Ddsf r/0fx¿ / k|Tos] r/0fdf ul/g] dV' o sfox{ ¿ pNnv] u/L Ps km\\nf]rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf k|bzg{ ugx'{ f];\\ . @= tn lbOPsf] tYofªs\\ af6 Ps j[Qlrq tof/ ug'{xf];\\ . jm=;= ljj/0f /sd -?lkofd“ f_ ! vfgf !),))) @ k9fO ^,%)) # dgf/] ~hg #,%)) $ sk8f &,))) ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 39
cEof; != tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ tYofª\\s tof/L eg]sf] s] xf] < -v_ tYofªs\\ ljZn]if0f r/0fnfO{ lsg ;ae} Gbf dxŒjk\"0f{ r/0f elgPsf] xf] < -u_ sg' } b'O{ u'0ffTds tYofªs\\ kz| fw] g ug]{ sDKo'6/ ;km\\6j]o/sf] gfd pNn]v ug{'xf;] \\ . -3_ zflAbs k:| t'tLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ tYofª\\s ;ªs\\ ngkl5 ug{'kg{] sfo{x¿ cem dxŒjk\"0f{ xG' 5g\\ . o; egfOnfO{ ts;{ lxt kl' i6 ugx{' f;] \\ . -v_ zflAbs k|:tt' Ls/0fnfO{ ke| fjsf/L agfpg] sg' } kfrF pkfox¿ pNnv] ug{'xf;] \\ . -u_ lrqfTds k:| t'tLs/0fsf sg' } kfFr ks| f/x¿ pNnv] u/L kT| os] sf] Ps Ps kmfObf pNn]v ug{x' f];\\ . 40 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff , sIff !@
* tYofª\\s k|zf]wg / ljZn]if0fdf dfOj|mf];km\\6 PS;]nsf] k|of]u kf7 M sDKo'6/ ;km\\6jo] /n] kl/df0ffTds tyf u0' ffTds bj' } ks| f/sf tYofª\\s kz| f]wg / ljZn]if0f ug{ ;xof]u k¥' ofpF5g\\ . u0' ffTds tYofª\\ssf nflu ATLAS.ti, NVivo, Quirkos, MAXQDA, Dedoose, Raven's Eye, Transana, Datagrav cflb tyf kl/df0ffTds tYofªs\\ sf nflu IBM SPSS, RStudio, Stata, OriginPro, TIMi Suite cflb ;km6\\ jo] /x¿ kr| lnt 5g\\ . oL ;km6\\ j]o/x¿ cln pRr txsf tYofª\\zf:qLo ljZn]if0f ugs{ f nflu ko| f]u ul/g], k|of] u u/a] fkt z'Ns ltgk'{ g{] tyf ltgLx¿df sfd ug{ ljzi] f l;k / bIftf cfjZos kg]{ ePsfn] ;fdfGotofM ;as} f] sDKo6' / -Nofk6k tyf 8:] s6k_ df ;lhn} pknAw x'g] ;km\\6jo] / ko| fu] u/L ;fwf/0f vfnsf tYofªs\\ k|zfw] g / ljZn]if0f ug{ l;Sg] 5fF} . != dfOj|mf];km6\\ PS;n] sf] kl/ro dfOj|mf];km\\6 PS;]n (Microsoft Excel) Ps l:k|8l;6 (Spreadsheet) df cfwfl/t ;km6\\ j]o/ xf] o;nfO{ Windows, macOS, Android and iOS h:tf ck/l] 6ª l;:6dsf nflu Microsoft sDkgLn] ljsl;t u/]sf] xf] . o;nfO{ kl/df0ffTds tYofª\\s kz| fw] g ug{ / ljZn]if0f ug{ k|ofu] ul/G5 . o;df cªu\\ h]| L j0f{dfnfsf cIf/x¿n] :tDex¿ (Columns) nfO{ / cª\\sx¿n] nx/x¿ (Rows) nfO{ ;ªs\\ t] ul/G5 . Microsoft Excel sf] Pp6f Sheet df !^,#*$ cf6] f Columns / !),$*,%&^ cf6] f Rows xG' 5g\\ . Column / Rows ldNg] sf7] fnfO{ Cell elgG5 . x/]s Cell df ePsf cª\\s, cIf/ tyf ;\"qnfO{ Formula Bar df bl] vG5 . -s_ Microsoft Excel vf]Ng] tl/sf ljG8f]h (Windows) sf] s'g} klg e;{gdf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿af6 Microsoft Excel vfN] g ;lsG5 M ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] of]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 41
• Start d]Go'df lSns ug{'xf;] \\ . • All Programsdf hfgx' f;] \\ . • Scroll ub{} uP/ Microsoft Excel df Click ug{'xf];\\ . ca Microsoft Excel cfkmF} v'N5 . olb Microsoft Excel nfO{ Taskbar df ylkPsf] 5 eg] To;df lSns u//] klg l;w} Microsoft Excel vfN] g ;lsG5 . To:t} 8:] s6k ;6s{ 6 eP To;df lSns u//] klg Microsoft Excel vfN] g ;lsG5 . Microsoft Excel df tYofª\\snfO{ kl| jli6 (Data Entry) ug{ cToGt} ;lhnf] 5 . cfjZos sf]7f (Cell) df lSns u/]/ cfjZos cIf/ jf cªs\\ 6fOk ug{ ;lsG5 . Ps sf]7f (Cell) af6 csf{] sf7] f (Cell) df hfgsf nflu af0F f ls (Arrow Key) x¿ k|of]u ul/G5 . o;/L tYofª\\s kl| jli6 (Data Entry) ul/;sk] l5 ljleGg k|sf/sf tYofª\\szf:qLo u0fgf ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf nflu ljleGg ;q\" x¿ (Formulas) ko| fu] ug{ ;lsG5 . o;/L ;q\" k|ofu] ubf{ hlxn] klg a/fa/ lrx\\g - Ö_ af6 ;?' ul/G5 . To;kl5 ;\"qnfO{ 6fOk ug{ jf Formula Menu af6 Insert ug{ ;lsG5 . -v_ Microsoft Excel df dWos (Mean) lgsfNg] tl/sf dWos (Mean) eg]sf] tYofª\\ssf] cf};t (Average) xf] . dWosnfO{ (∑/x)/n[hxfF x= hxfF tYo (Value) / tYo (Value) sf] ;ª\\Vof] ;\"q k|of]u u//] klg lgsfNg ;lsG5 . To:t} Microsoft Excel df tYofª\\snfO{ k|lji6 (Entry) u/]kl5 tnsf r/0fx¿cg;' f/ dWos lgsfNg ;lsG5 M • cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug{x' f];\\ . • To;kl5 a/fa/ lrxg\\ - Ö _ 6fOk ug{xf;] \\ . 42 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
• ca AVERAGE 6fOk ug'{xf;] \\ . To;kl5 ;fgf] sfi] 7 ;'? u/L tYofª\\s ePsf Cell x¿ Select ugx'{ f];\\ / sf]i7 aGb ug'{xf;] \\ . -o;sf] ;6\\6f Formulas Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{ Statistical df hfg'xf;] \\ . To;kl5 AVERAGE df lSns ugx{' f];\\ ._ • ca Enter Key lyRgx' f];\\ . 5gf6] ul/Psf] tYofªs\\ sf] dWos b]lvG5 . -u_ Microsoft Excel df dlWosf (Median) lgsfNg] tl/sf dlWosf (Median) egs] f] kl/df0fsf cfwf/df j|mddf ldnfPsf] tYofªs\\ nfO{ l7s bO' { efudf ljefhg ug]{ tYo xf] . dWos u0fgfsf nflu;q\" k|ofu] u//] lgsfNg ;lsG5 . To:t} Microsoft Excel df tYofªs\\ nfO{ kl| ji6 u/]kl5 tnsf r/0fx¿ cg;' f/ dlWosf lgsfNg ;lsG5 . • cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug{x' f;] \\ . • To;kl5 a/fa/ lrxg\\ - Ö _ 6fOk ugx{ f;] \\ . • ca MEDIAN 6fOk ug{x' f];\\ . To;kl5 ;fgf] sf]i7 ;'? u/L tYofª\\s ePsf Cell x¿ Select ug{'xf];\\ / sf]i7 aGb ugx'{ f;] \\ . -o;sf] ;66\\ f Formulas Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{ Statistical df hfg'xf];\\ . To;kl5 MEDIAN df lSns ug{x' f];\\ ._ • ca Enter Key lyRgx' f;] \\ . 5gf]6 ul/Psf] tYofª\\ssf] dlWosf bl] vG5 . -3_ Microsoft Excel df l/t (Mode) lgsfNg] tl/sf l/t (Mode) eg]sf] tYofª\\sleq ;a}eGbf a9L bf]xf]l/Psf] jf ;a}eGbf a9L af/Daf/tf (Frequency) ePsf] tYo (Value) xf] . l/tnfO{ ax'ns klg elgG5 . l/t u0fgfsf nflu af/Daf/tf tflnsf agfP/ ;ae} Gbf a9L af/Daf/tf ePsf] tYo (Value) nfO{ 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . Microsoft Excel df tYofª\\snfO{ k|lji6 (Entry) u/]kl5 tnsf r/0fx¿ cg;' f/ l/t lgsfNg ;lsG5 M • cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug'x{ f;] \\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff, sIff !@ 43
• To;kl5 a/fa/ lrx\\g - Ö _ 6fOk ugx{ f;] \\ . • ca MODE 6fOk ugx{' f];\\ . To;kl5 ;fgf] sfi] 7 ;?' u/L tYofªs\\ ePsf Cell x¿ Select ugx{' f];\\ / sfi] 7 aGb ugx{' f];\\ . -o;sf] ;66\\ f Formulas Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{ Statistical df hfgx' f;] \\ . To;kl5 MODE df lSns ugx'{ f;] \\ ._ • ca Enter Key lyRg'xf;] \\ . ca 5gf]6 ul/Psf] tYofª\\ssf] /Lt (Mode) b]lvG5 . -ª_ Microsoft Excel df :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) lgsfNg] tl/sf tYofªs\\ sf] ;]6leq tYox¿ (Values) dWosaf6 slt 6f9f jf glhs 5g\\ eGg] dfkg ug]{ ;\"rsfª\\snfO{ g} :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) elgG5 . o;nfO{ lgDglnlvt ;\"q ko| fu] u/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 M o;/L ;q\" k|ofu] u/L :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) u0fgf ug{ w/] } ;do / ul0ftLo bIftf ;dt] cfjZos k5{ . t;y,{ cr]n ;ah} ;f] cg';Gwfgstf{x¿n] sDKo'6/ ;km6\\ j]o/ ko| f] u u//] o;sf] u0fgf u5g{ \\ . Microsoft Excel df :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) u0fgf ugs{ f nflu tYofª\\snfO{ kl| ji6 (Entry) u/]kl5 tnsf r/0fcg';f/ lgsfNg ;lsG5 M • cfjZos ePsf] Cell df lSns ug'{xf];\\ . • To;kl5 a/fa/ lrxg\\ - Ö _ 6fOk ug{xf];\\ . • ca STDEV 6fOk ug{'xf];\\ . To;kl5 ;fgf] sfi] 7 ;?' u/L tYofªs\\ ePsf Cell x¿ Select ugx'{ f;] \\ / sfi] 7aGb ugx'{ f;] \\ . -o;sf] ;6\\6f Formulas Bar df uP/ More Functions leq uO{ Statistical df hfg'xf;] \\ . To;kl5 STDEV df lSns ugx{' f];\\ ._ • ca Enter Key lyRg'xf];\\ . ca 5gf]6 ul/Psf] tYofª\\ssf] :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) b]lvG5 . dflysf ;a} dfgx¿ lgsfln;s]kl5 tnsf] lrqdf b]vfP h:t} dWos (Mean), dlWosf (Median), l/t (Mode) / :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) tof/ x'G5 . 44 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
lj|mofsnfk != Pp6f Microsoft Excel kmfOn vf]Ng'xf];\\ . To;df sDtLdf !) cf6] f Rows / kfrF cf6] f Columns df tkfO{sF f] sIffsf] cfGtl/s k/LIffsf] k|fKtfªs\\ eg{x' f;] \\ . To;kl5 kT| o]s column sf] dWos (Mean), dlWosf (Median), l/t÷axn' s (Mode) / :t/Lo leGgtf (Standard Deviation) lgsfn]/ lzIfsnfO{ bv] fpg'xf;] \\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f];\\ M -s_ dfOjm| f;] km\\6 PS;]nsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbg'xf];\\ . -v_ dWos egs] f] s] xf] < -u_ :t/Lo leGgtfn] s] dfkg u5{ < @= tnsf kZ| gx¿sf] 5f6] f] pQ/ lbgx' f;] \\ M -s_ dfOjm| f;] km\\6 PS;n] ko| fu] u/L dlWosf lgsfNg] tl/sf n]Vgx' f;] \\ . -v_ dflg;n] cfkm+nF} ] u0fgf ug{e' Gbf sDKo6' / ;km6\\ jo] / k|of]u u/L tYofªs\\ k|zfw] g / ljZni] f0f ubf{ s] s] kmfObf x'G5 < sDtLdf kfrF abF' fdf n]Vg'xf];\\ . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 45
( zflAbs hfgsf/LnfO{ k|:tt' ug]{ tl/sf kf7 M cg;' Gwfg sfos{ f] k:| tfjgf tyf kl| tjb] g nv] g ubf{ ljleGg zflAbs hfgsf/Lx¿ pNnv] ugk'{ 5{ . sltok zAbx¿sf] kl/efiff lbgk' g]{ xG' 5 eg] w/] } bfx] fl] /g] zAbfjnLsf] 5f6] f] ¿k (Abbreviation) k|of]u ugk{' g{] xG' 5 . sltko cj:yfdf sg' } zAbaf/] yk hfgsf/L lbg cfjZos xG' 5 . o:tf hfgsf/L lbg] tl/sf hfGg' cfjZos x'G5 . != 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;r\" L cg;' Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, k|ltjb] g tyf n]v/rgfdf zAbfjnLx¿ k6s k6s bfx] fl] /G5g\\ eg] ltgLx¿sf] 5f]6f] ¿k k|ofu] ug{] ul/G5 . o;f] ubf{ ;dosf] art xg' fsf ;fy} nv] sf] nDafO klg 5f]6f] agfpF5 . o;afx]s kf7sx¿nfO{ ;d]t nv] /rgfsf] ljifoj:t' a'emg\\ ;lhnf] xG' 5 . 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ko| f]u ubf{ klxnf] k6s k/\" f ¿k / To;sf] k5fl8 sfi] 7df 5f]6f] ¿k /flvG5 . h:t} M kf7\\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| -kfljs_] , lgjf{rg cfofu] -lgcf_ cflb . To;kl5 eg] 5f]6f] ¿k dfq ko| f]u ul/G5 . nfdf] vfnsf n]v/rgf h:t} cg;' Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf, k|ltjb] g cflbdf 5f]6f] ¿ksf] 5'66\\ } ;\"rL /fVgk' 5{ . o:tf] ;\"rLnfO{ tflnsfx¿sf] ;r\" L (Table of Tables) / lrqx¿sf] ;r\" L (Table of Figures) 5g\\ eg] oL bj' }eGbf k5fl8 / logLx¿ gePsf] cj:yfdf ljifo;\"rL (Table of Contents) kl5 /fVg] kr| ng 5 . o:tf] ;r\" Ldf j0ffg{ j' m| dcg;' f/ 5f6] f] ¿k / ;uF ;uF } k\"/f ¿k pNnv] ul/G5 . cªu\\ ]h| L tyf g]kfnL b'j} efiffdf 5f]6f¿] k k|ofu] u/s] f] eP klxnf Pp6f efiffsf] ;r\" L agfO;s]kl5 dfq csf]{ efiffsf] 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;\"rL agfpgk' 5{, h:t} M List of Abbreviations CAS — Continuous Assessment System GoN — Government of Nepal JEMC — Janak Education Materials Centre MoEST — Ministry of Education, Science and Technology SIP — School Development Plan STR — Student Teacher Ration kfljs] — kf7\\ojm| d ljsf; s]Gb| lqlj — lqej' g ljZjljBfno 46 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff , sIff !@
@= k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;\"rL cg';Gwfgsf] k|:tfjgf tyf kl| tjb] gdf k|ofu] ul/Psf k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] kl/efiff pNn]v ugk'{ 5{ . o:tf zAbx¿sf] ;\"rLnfO{ ;flxTo kg' /jnfs] gleq /fVg ;lsG5 . cGoyf 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;r\" LeGbf k5fl8 /fVgk' 5{ . o;nfO{ Glossary klg elgG5 . sltkon] o;nfO{ ;Gbe{ ;\"rLeGbf k5fl8 klg /fVg] u5g{ \\ . o;/L /fVbf zAb jf zAbfjnL / To;sf] kl5 kl/efiff /fVgk' 5{ . k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;r\" L ;fdb' flos ljBfno M gk] fndf ;/sf/L ;xofu] kf| Kt ug]{ u/L :yfkgf ePsf ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;fd'bflos ljBfno elgG5 . ;:+ yfut ljBfno M gk] fndf ;/sf/L ;xofu] glng] u/L sg' } ;+:yf jf JolStn] ;~rfng u/]sf ljBfnox¿nfO{ ;:+ yfut ljBfno elgG5 . kw| fgfWofks M ljBfnosf] k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg ug{ tf]lsPsf] k|d'v JolSt -lzIfs_ nfO{ k|wfgfWofks elgG5 . #= kfbl6Kk0fL tyf cGTo l6Kk0fL s'g} ljifoj:t'af/] yk hfgsf/L lbg jf kl| tlnlk clwsf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L lbg k[i7sf] tn lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ kfbl6Kk0fL elgG5 . o;sf nflu dn\" kf7df ePsf zAbsf] k5fl8 superscript df cª\\s lbOG5 eg] ToxL cª\\s k[i7sf] tndf n]vL To;sf] k5fl8 cfjZos ljj/0f nl] vG5 . hg' ki[ 7df kfbl6Kk0fL ul/Psf] zAb 5, To;sf] ljj/0f klg ToxL k[i7df lbOPsf] x'gk' 5{ . dfOjm| f;] km6\\ j8{ (Microsoft Word) df References leqsf] Insert Footnote df lSns u//] kfbl6Kk0fL /fVg ;lsG5, h:t} M o; ki[ 7sf] tndf Microsoft Word sf] kfbl6Kk0fL lbOPsf] 5 . ljifoj:ta' f/] yk hfgsf/L lbg k:| tfjgf, kl| tjb] g jf nv] /rgfsf] cGtdf lbOg] ljj/0fnfO{ cGTo l6Kk0fL (Endnote) elgG5 . o;sf nflu dn\" kf7df ePsf zAbsf] k5fl8 superscript df /f] dg cª\\s (i, ii, iii, ...) lbOG5 eg] ToxL /f]dg cª\\s nv] /rgfsf] ;Gbe{;\"rL kl5 n]vL To;sf] k5fl8 cfjZos ljj/0f n]lvG5 . dfOjm| f;] km\\6 j8{ (Microsoft Word) df References leqsf] Insert Endnote df lSns u//] cGTo l6Kk0fL /fVg ;lsG5, h:t} M o; kf7sf] cGTodf superscript sf] kfbl6Kk0fL lbOPsf] 5 . ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 47
ljm| ofsnfk != sIffdf ljBfyLn{ fO{ ;dx\" df ljefhg ugx{' f];\\ . k|Tos] ;d\"xn] ljBfnosf] k:' tsfnodf ePsf Pp6f Pp6f k':ts 5fGg'xf];\\ . -cfjZos k/] lzIfssf] ;xof]u lbgx' f];\\ ._ pSt k':tsdf ePsf 5f]6f] ¿ksf] ;\"rL, k|fljlws zAbx¿sf] ;r\" L / kfbl6Kk0fL tyf cGTo l6Kk0fLx¿sf] ;ª\\sng u/L sIffdf k:| t't ug'{xf];\\ . cEof; != tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] clt 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf];\\ M -s_ kf| ljlws zAbsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro lbgx' f;] \\ . -v_ kfbl6Kk0fL tyf cGTo l6Kk0fLdf s] km/s 5 < @= lbOPsf] kZ| gsf] 5f]6f] pQ/ lbg'xf;] \\ M -s_ 5f6] f] ¿ksf] ;r\" Lsf] kl/ro lbO{ o;nfO{ tof/ ubf{ Wofg lbgk' g]{ sg' } tLg s/' fx¿ n]Vg'xf;] \\ . 48 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
! PsfO # hLjgf]kofu] L l;k hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] Pl] txfl;s ki[ 7el\" d, juLs{ /0f / cEof; kf7 M -!@ sIffdf cWoog/t ljBfyLx{ ¿ / ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIff cWofkg ug{] lzIfs ;u“ ;u“ } 3/ hfb“ }5g\\ . af6fdf pgLx¿lar ePsf] s'/fsfgL xfdL klg cWoog / dgg u/f“} ._ ;a' f]w M Dof8d, Pp6f s'/f ;f]Wg'kg{] lyof] . clxn] ;fw] f}F ls === kl5 ;f]wf}F < lzIfs M lsg kl5 < clxn] g} ;f]Wgx\\' f];\\ g . ;'af]w M xfdLn] !! sIffdf klg hLjgfk] ofu] L l;ksf] ;DaGwdf cWoog u¥of}F . !@ sIffdf klg o;;DaGwL cWoog ugk'{ g]{ /x5] . klxnf t o:tf kf7x¿ k9g\\ 'kg{] lyPg /] . slxnb] ]lv o:tf ljifoj:t' k9g\\ k' g{] ePsf] xf], Dof8d < lzIfs M hLjgfk] ofu] L lzIffsf] cjwf/0ff t ;g\\ !(^% lt/ g} ljsf; ePsf] xf] . ;g\\ !(*^ df Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion n] o;nfO{ c;n :jf:Yo 5gf6] ug{sf nflu cfjZos egL :jLsf/ u/s] f] lyof] . ;g\\ !(*( df afn clwsf/ dxf;lGwn] hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf; ugs{ f nflu lgbl{] zt x'g'kg]{ pNn]v u/]sf] lyof] . km'no} f M xfd|f] b]zdf t w]/k} l5 kf] ;?' ePsf] /x5] lg . xlu Dof8d < lzIfs M xg' t gk] fndf klxn] klg hLjgfk] of]uL l;k;DaGwL cWoog, cEof; / lj|mofsnfk x'bF } cfO/xs] f] lyof] . xfd|f kj\" Lo{ lrGtg k/Dk/fn] klg oL ljifoj:t'nfO{ dxŒj lbPsf] lyof] t/ cfk} rfl/s ¿kdf eg] tkfO{Fn] eg] h:t} kl5 g} ;?' ePsf] xf] . km'no} f M ljZjdf o;sf] cfk} rfl/s ;?' cft s;/L eof] t < lzIfs M Tof] klg d atfpF5', n ;G' gx' f;] \\ . ;g\\ !(() df yfONofG8sf] hfd] 6g] ;x/df lzIff;DaGwL cGt/f{li6«o ;Ddn]g ePsf] lyof] . To; ;Ddn] gn] …;a}sf nflu lzIffÚ 3fi] f0ff u¥of] . pSt 3f]if0ffdf afFRg, Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ / u0' f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu hLjgfk] of]uL l;knfO{ klg ;dfjz] u¥of] . To;kl5 ;g\\ !((* sf] clk|n ^ / & df ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gsf] sfofn{ o h]g]efdf hLjgf]kof]uL l;k lzIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;+oS' t /fi6«;ª3\\ Lo lgsfox¿sf] a7} s a;L hLjgf]kofu] L l;kx¿sf] sfo9{ frF f tof/ u/] . ;g\\ @))) df ;]gu] nsf] /fhwfgL 8sf/df ePsf] …;as} f nflu lzIffÚ sf] ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kof]uL lzIff, sIff !@ 49
;Ddn] gn] hLjgfk] ofu] L l;knfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;dfj]z u¥of] . km'no} f M hLjgfk] ofu] L l;k slt k|sf/sf 5g\\ t < lzIfs M ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\\u7gn] hLjgf]kofu] L l;knfO{ cfTdafw] l;kx¿, cGt/jo} lSts l;kx¿ / ;f]rfO l;kx¿ u/L tLg ;dx\" df juL{s/0f u/]sf] 5 . kmn' }of M tL ;dx\" df sg' sg' l;kx¿ 5g\\ < Tof] klg atfOlbgx' f];\\ g, Dof8d . lzIfs M cfTdaf]w l;kx¿df JolStn] cfkmg\\ f] hLjgnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpg rflxg] l;kx¿ k5g{ \\ . o;df tgfj Joj:yfkg, ;j+ ]ufTds lgodg, ;sf/fTds ;f]r / cfTd;Ddfg u/L rf/cf6] f l;kx¿nfO{ ;dfjz] ul/Psf] 5 . kmn' o} f M cGt/jo} lSts l;kdf rflxF s'g sg' l;k k5{g\\ < cGt/jo} lSts l;kn] ;dfhdf ;kmn / ;xh hLjg lhpg ;Ifd agfp5F g\\ . o; ;dx\" df ;dfge' l\" t, >j0f l;k, cGt/jo} lSts ke| fjsfl/tf, ljjfb kl/rfng, ;DaGw Joj:yfkg / ljZj:t ;~rf/ u/L 5cf6] f l;kx¿ k5g{ \\ . km'n}of M ;f]rfO l;kdf rflxF s] s] k5g{ \\ < ;fr] fO l;kn] JolStnfO{ cfkm\\gf] lbdfunfO{ l7s tl/sfn] kl/rfng ug{ ;3fp5F g\\ . o; ;dx\" df nIo lgwf/{ 0f, lg0f{o lgdf0{ f, ;d:of ;dfwfg, ;dfnf]rgfTds tyf l;h{gfTds ;fr] , sfos{ f/L sfo{;Dkfbg l;k / pTyfgzLntf u/L 5cf]6f l;kx¿ /xs] f 5g\\ . tgfj Joj:yfkg cfTdafw] l;k ;+j]ufTds lgodg ;sf/fTds ;f]r cfTd;Ddfg ;dfge' l\" t cGt/j}olSts åGå Joj:yfkg ;DaGw Joj:yfkg ;~rf/ 50 ;fdflhs cWoog tyf hLjgf]kofu] L lzIff , sIff !@
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