Migration Textbook

gadaadgilebuli pirebis uflebebze. Tumca misi es daniSnulebaam jgufs mikuTvnebuli adamianebis uflebebze momuSave yvelapirisaTvis praqtikul xelmZRvanelobas isaxavs miznad.63iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis uflebebis dacva gaerosTan erTadevropis sabWos farglebSic dRis wesrigSia. Tumca, rogorc gaero,evropis sabWoc aramavaldebulebeli, rbili samarTlis, meSveobiTexeba adamianTa am jgufis dacvas. ministrTa komiteti64 iseve,rogorc evropis sabWos adamianis uflebebis komisari, iZulebiT ga­daadgilebul pirTa dacvas sakuTari mandatis WrilSi ganixilavs.`saerTaSoriso samarTlis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove etapze ... saerTa­Soriso samarTali ... aseve aRiarebs da uzrunvelyofs im adam­ ianTauflebebis aRdgenis saWiroebas, romlebic ... iZulebiTi gadaad­gilebis msxverplni gaxdnen.~65am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania migrantTa repatria­ciisa da ufro farTod, dabrunebis uflebis uzrunvelyofa.66 amuflebaTa garantireba damatebiT Rirebulebas iZens mowyvladmdgomareobaSi myofi adamianebisaTvis specialuri dacvis ganxorcie­lebisaTvis, ise rogorc bavSvis saukeTeso interesisa da ojaxisgaerTianebis uzrunvelsayofad.67 gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mig­rant­Ta dacvis saWiroeba rasizmis, rasobrivi diskriminaciis, qseno­fobiisa da sxva Seuwynareblobisagan iseve, rogorc maT mimarTCamoyalibebuli stereotipebisagan migrantTa dacva.686.2.2.3. saxelmwifoSi migrantTa ukanono Seyvanisa da adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli instrumentebi69migraciis maregulirebeli saerTaSoriso samarTlis normebisganxil­visas gansakuTrebul yuradRebas ipyrobs saxelmwifos teri­63 Walter Kälin, The Guiding Principles on Internal Displacemetn – Introduction, International Journal of Refugee Law tomi 10, #3, Oxford University Press, 1998, gv. 562 da 557-562.64 ix., mag.: Recommendation (Rec)(2006)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on internally displaced persons (Adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 5 April 2006 aat the 961st meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies).65 qeTevan xuciSvili, Tanamedrove gamowvevebi iZulebiT adgilnacvalTa da ltolv- ilTa dacvis meqanizmebisaTvis: arsebobs Tu ara dabrunebis ufleba, ix. krebulSi: adamianis uflebaTa dacvis saerTaSoriso standartebi da saqarTvelo, GIZ, Tbili- si: 2011, gv. 31566 United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/63/184, Protection of Migrants, me-15 sarezo- lucio punqti, 17 marti, 2009 w.67 iqve me-14 sarezolucio punqti, 17 marti, 2009 w.68 iqve me-17 sarezolucio punqti, 17 marti, 2009 w.69 Catherine Phuong, Improving the United Nations Response to Crises of Internal Displacement Interna- tional Journal of Refugee Law, tomi 13, #4, 2001, gv. 491-517.150 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

toriaze migrantTa ukanonod Seyvanisa da adamianiT vaWrobis (tre­fikingis) winaaRmdeg mimarTuli regulaciebi. am ori sakiTxisSepirispireba winamdebare qveTavis interesSi im mizeziTac xvdeba,rom am arakanonieri qmedebebidan pirveli saxelmwifos winaaRmdegmimarTuli danaSaulia, meore ki – adamianis uflebebis gansakuTrebiTsastiki xelyofa. am qveTavis miznebisa da saxelmZRvanelosinterdisciplinuri xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT, unda aRvniSnoT,rom miuxedavad imisa, rom monoba msoflios masStabiT istoriiskuTvnilebaa, adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi) erT-erT yvelazeswrafad mzard danaSaulad rCeba XXI saukuneSi.70 aRsaniSnavia, romZalian neli tempiT viTardeba am sferos maregulirebeli normebispraqtikuli cvlilebebi, romlebic uzrunvelyofs adamianiT vaWro­bis (trefikingis) prevencias, msxverplTa droul gamovlenas, maTTvisSesabamisi dacvisa da daxmarebis garantiebs. amasTan, am latenturidanaSaulis Sesaxeb monacemebi imdenad mwiria, rom adamianiT vaWrobis(trefikingis) fenomeni realurad cnobili, SeiZleba vTqvaT, ar arisda mravali mecnieri Tvlis, rom Cven mxolod aisbergis wvers SeiZlebavxedavdeT.71transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSaulis winaaRmdeg gaeroskonvenciis damatebiTi oqmi adamianebis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisada bavSvebis, trefikingis Tavidan acilebis, aRkveTisa da dasjisSesaxeb72 gvTavazobs adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) farTodefinicias73: `trefikingi~ niSnavs adamianTa eqsploataciis mizniTam adamianTa gadabirebas, transportirebas, gadayvanas, Sefarebasaan miRebas, muqaris, Zalis gamoyenebis an iZulebis sxva saSualebebiT,motacebiT, TaRliTobiT, motyuebiT, Zalauflebis an piris umweobisborotad gamoyenebiT an im piris Tanxmobis misaRwevad Tanxis an sxvasargeblis micemiT an miRebiT, visze damokidebulic aris meore piri.eqsploatacia, rogorc minimum, gulisxmobs sxvaTa prostituciiseqsploatacias an sqesobrivi eqsploataciis sxva formas, iZulebiTSromas an momsaxurebas, monobas an monobis msgavs mdgomareobas,monur Sromas an organoTa gadanergvas~.74mkvlevarTa mosazrebiT, `am ganmartebaSi sicxadis nakleboba mra­val­ferovani ganmartebisaTvis tovebs adgils, maT Soris, sxva­70 ix.: OSCE, Human Trafficking for Labour Exploitation/Forced and Bonded Labour: Identification – Pre- vention - Prosecution, 2016, gv. 14-21.71 ix. am sakiTxze, zogadad: Jennifer K. Blank, Human Trafficking, Migration and Gender ix. krebulSi The Other People – Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Migration ed. Krraker, M.W., Pal- grave Macmillan, 2013, gv.55-72.72 e.w. `palermos oqmi~, romelic gaeros generaluri asambleis 2000 wlis 15 noembris 55/25 rezoluciiT iqna miRebuli da xelmosawerad, ratifikaciisa da mierTebisaT- vis gaxsnili.73 http://bit.ly/1BwBlZN, nanaxia 12.12.2016 w.74 iqve, mux. 3(a).მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 151

dasxva socialuri, politikuri Tu danaSaulebrivi miznebisganxorcielebisas.~75 trefikingis danaSaulad qmedebis kvalifika­ciisaTvis ganmsazRvreli is ar gaxlavT, gadakveTa Tu ara saerT­ a­Sorisod aRiarebuli saxelmwifo sazRvari trefikingis (savaraudo)msxverplma. rac imas niSnavs, rom adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis)msxverplad adamiani sakuTari moqalaqeobisa Tu (moqalaqeobisarqonis SemTxvevaSi) mudmivi sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos farglebSicSeiZleba iqces. Tumca, imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom am danaSaulis CadenaSesaZloa, ganxorcieldes msxverplis sxva saxelmwifos teritoriazegadayvaniTac, igi xSirad migraciasTan dakavSirebulad aRiqmeba.amis gamo adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi) da saxelmwifo sazRvarzeadamianis ukanonod gadayvana xSirad urTierTSemcvlel terminebadgamoiyeneba, rac isevea Secdoma, rogorc `ltolvilis statusisa~ da`iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli piris mdgomareobis~ erTmaneTSi aRreva.meore mxriv, transnacionaluri organizebuli danaSauliswinaaRmdeg gaeros konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi saxmeleTo, sazRvaoda sahaero saSualebebiT migrantTa sazRvarze ukanono gadayvaniswinaaRmdeg76 migrantTa sazRvarze gadayvanas ganmartavs, rogorc`SesyidviT saqmianobas, sadac adamiani ukanonod aris gadayvaniliqveyanaSi, sadac mas arc moqalaqeoba gaaCnia da arc samudamobinadrobis ufleba, pirdapiri an iribi finansuri an sxvagvarimaterialuri mogebis mizniT~.rogorc vxedavT, orive ganmartebiT, adamianiT vaWrobis mTavarielementi aris adamianis `eqsploatacia~ erTi mxriv, xolo meoremxriv – adamianis saxelmwifo sazRvarze ukanonod gadayvana.amgvarad, es ori cneba, bunebrivia, erTimeoris Camnacvleblad arSeiZleba gamoviyenoT. amasTan, rogorc aRvniSneT, adamianiT vaWroba(trefikingi) adamianis eqsploatacias isaxavs miznad, adamianis(migrantis) saxelmwifo sazRvarze ukanonod gadayvana ki saxelmwifossuverenuli interesebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulia da adamianiam danaSaulis samizne ar aris. es ganmasxvavebeli elementi ki kideverTxel warmoaCens am or danaSauls Soris sxvaobas.7775 ix.: Blank J.K, Human Trafficking, Migration and Gender, gv. 57.76 oqmi, romelic jer ar aris ZalaSi Sesuli, gaeros generaluri asambleis 2000 wlis 15 noembris 55/25 rezoluciiTaa miRebuli da xelmosawerad, ratifikaciisa da mierTebisTvis aris gaxsnili.77 ix.: Anne T. Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking Cambridge University Press, 2012, gv. 51-53.152 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

6.2.2.4. migranti muSakebis uflebebis maregulirebeli samarTlebrivi CarCoyvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebisdacvis 1990 w. saerTaSoriso xelSekruleba78 migraciisa daadamianis uflebebis sferoSi yvelaze mravlismomcveli saerTa­Sor­ iso instrumentia79, romelic miznad isaxavs regularuli daararegularuli statusis mqone migranti muSakebis dacvas.80 esxelSekruleba `unikaluria im gagebiT, rom is ara ubralod migrantebs,aramed `migrantebs, rogorc dasaqmebulebs~ Seexeba (... [konvenciaganixilavs migrant muSakebs] arsebiTad ojaxebisa da socialuri dacvissaWiroebis mqone adamianebad).~81 konvencia migranti muSakis Semdegganmartebas gvTavazobs: `[es aris] adamiani, romelic anazRaurebadsaqmianobaSi apirebs CarTvas, CarTulia, an CarTuli iyo im qveyanaSi,romlis moqalaqe ar aris.~82 aqve sainteresoa SedarebisTvis am terminissamarTlis terminebis ganmartebiT leqsikonSi mocemuli axsna,romlis Tanaxmad, `migranti muSaki aris adamiani, romelic sezonuradmuSaobs soflis meurneobis sferoSi ucxo qveyanaSi dasaqmebulsamuSao Zalad~.83 migranti muSakebis uflebebis regulireba rogorcadamianis uflebebis, ise saxelmwifo suverenitetis dacvis WrilSiaraerT mwvave sakiTxs wamoWris. ra Tqma unda, migraciis samarTlebriviaspeqtebis marTva saxelmwifos suverenuli uflebamosilebaa. amWrilSive ganvixilavT migranti muSakebis mimarT saxelmwifoTapolitikas.84 rogorc aRvniSneT, migraciis erT-erTi mizezi SeiZlebagaxdes adamianis ganviTarebis uflebis SeboWvac. migranti muSakisuflebebis sapirwoned vxvdebiT migrantebis daniSnulebis, anu maTimimRebi qveynebis mravalgvar sazrunavs.85 erTi mxriv, migrantebi im78 konvencia adamianis uflebebis SedarebiT axali xelSekrulebaa, romelic 2003 wlis 1 ivliss Sevida ZalaSi. konvenciis safuZvelze damoukidebeli eqspertebi- sgan Seqmnili yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebis dacvis komiteti Seiqmna. komitetis pirveli Sexvedra 2004 wlis martSi Sedga.79 ix.: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CMW.aspx, nanaxia 20.11.2016 w.80 ix.: Paul de Guchteneire, Antoine Pécoud, Introduction: The UN Convention on Migrant Workers’ Rights Migration and Human Rights, ix., krebulSi The United Nations Convention on Migrant Worker’s Rights ed. Ryszard Cholewinski, et al., Cambridge University Press, 2009 w. gv. 1.81 Nicola Piper Keeping on the Move – Study of the Genesis of the 1990 Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Their Families and its Implications Today, Bonn, Germany: German Commission for Justice and Peace, 2016, gv.18.82 2(1) muxli.83 Garnier B., A. (ed.) BLACK’s Law Dictionary, Seventh Ed., West Group, `migrant worker~, 1999, gv.1006.84 mag., 2005 wlis 16 dekembers Sveicariis senatis mier damtkicebuli kanoni ucxo qveynebis moqalaqeebis Sesaxeb SveicariaSi weliwadis ganmavlobaSi awesebs mxolod ramdenime aTasi maRalkvalificiuri muSakis daSvebis nebarTvas im qveynebidan, romlebic arc evrokavSiris wevri saxelmwifosa da arc evropis Tavisufali vaW- robis asociaciis monawile qveynis moqalaqeebi ar arian. am sakiTxze ix., mag.: Doomernik, Jeroen and Jandl, Michael (eds.) Modes of Migration Regulation and Control in Europe Amsterdam University Press, 2008, gv. 175.85 ix.: Mariana C. Minaya. ¿Volver A `Bracero~? Lessons from Spain on Migrant Worker Recruitment Har- ward Latino Law Review, tomi 19, 2016 w., gv. 89-136.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 153

qveynebs irCeven samuSaos saZebnelad, sadac samuSao bazarze maTimomsaxurebis saWiroeba metia. xSirad isini araregularuli statusiTmuSaoben mimReb saxelmwifoSi. meore mxriv, damsaqmeblebi migrantebs(gansakuTrebiT araregularuli statusis mqoneT), rogorc wesi,moqalaqeebTan SedarebiT naklebad xelsayrel pirobebs sTavazoben.amis gaTvaliswinebiT, migrant muSakTa konvenciis preambulaSivkiTxulobT, rom araregularul migrant muSakebTan Tanasworimopyrobis zomebis ganxorcieleba damsaqmeblebs maTi momsaxurebiTsargeblobisken aRar ubiZgebs.86samarTlis mavaldebulebeli wyaros am farTo da imedis momcemisaTauris miRma martivi da arc Tu ise saimedo realobaa is, rom eskonvencia mxolod ormocdaerT saxelmwifos aqvs savaldebulodaRiare­buli. am saxelmwifoTa Soris ar aris migrantTa mimRebi arc­erTi ZiriTadi qveyana. Tumca, praqtikuli da politikuri realiebismiRma swored es saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi instrumentigansazRvravs mniSvnelovan ganmartebebs, romelsac iyenebs bevriqveyana erovnuli normebis Camosayalibeblad.magaliTad, `dokumentirebuli migranti muSaki~ ganmartebulia,rogorc 87 `dasaqmebis uzrunvelmyofel saxelmwifoSi am saxelmwifoserovnuli samarTlisa da am saxelmwifos mier savaldebulodaRiarebuli saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebis SesabamisadSesvlis, darCenisa da anazRaurebad saqmianobaSi CarTvis uflebismqone migranti muSaki an misi ojaxis wevrebi.~`sazRvarze momuSave muSaki~ ganmartebulia, rogorc `muSaki, ro­­me­lic mis Cveul sacxovrebel adgilze mezobel saxelmwifoSiyoveldRe an kviraSi erTxel mainc brundeba.~ aqve aRsaniSnaviamigranti muSakebis aRweris sxva mniSvnelovani terminebi, romelTaSoris vxvdebiT: `zRvaze dasaqmebulis~, `ofSorul instalaciazedasaqmebuli mu­Sakis~, `grafikiT momuSavis~, `proeqtze mimagrebulimuSakis~, a.S. definiciebs, rac SeiZleba mniSvnelovani iyos kon­kre­tuli qveynisa an am qveynis ekonomikis konteqstSi.88Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis konvenciebi zogadad yvelamuSakis, maT Soris migrantebis, uflebebs aregulirebs. amasTan,86 aqve isic unda SevniSnoT, rom zogjer saxelmwifoebi sakuTari nebiT amartive- ben saimigracio wesebs migranti muSakebisTvis ukeTesi samarTlebrivi sistemis Sesaqmnelad. mag., aSS-is 1965 wlis aqti imigraciisa da moqalaqeobis Sesaxeb iyo im cvlilebebis gamoZaxili, romlebic jer kenedis, Semdeg ki jonsonis administra- ciebma iTaves 1960-ian wlebSi aSS-Si samoqalaqo uflebebis aRmasvlis fonze. am sakiTxze ix.: Peter Stalker, Workers without Frontiers, Lynne Rienner, 2000, gv.26.87 yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxebis wevrebis uflebebis dacvis saerTaSori- so konvencia, 5(a) muxli.88 ix.: yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebis dacvis 1990w. saer- TaSoriso xelSekruleba, me-2(2) muxli.154 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ramdenime konkretulad migrant muSakebs Seexeba. am saxelmZRvanelosSezRuduli formatis gaTvaliswinebiT, mokled SevCerdebiT mxolodramdenime maTganze.Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciam miiRo konvencia N97 dasaqmebismizniT migraciis Sesaxeb (1949 wels Sesworebuli).89 es dokumentimigranti muSakebis warmoSobisa da mimRebi saxelmwifoebisvaldebulebebsa da pasuxismgeblobas adgens. konvenciis amosavalisaxelmwifoTa mier marTuli regularuli migraciaa. es saerTaSorisoxelSekruleba migranti muSakebis daqiravebis wesebsa da samuSaopirobebs aregulirebs, aseve kanonis winaSe migranti muSakebisa damimRebi saxelmwifoebis moqalaqeebis Tanasworobis princips adgenssacxovrebeli da samuSao pirobebis, anazRaurebis, socialuri dacvis,gadasaxadebisa da marTlmsajulebaze wvdomis TvalsazrisiT.Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis 1975 w. konvencia N143 Seuracx­myofel pirobebSi migraciisa da migrant muSakebTan mopyrobis,maTTvis Tanaswori SesaZleblobebis uzrunvelyofisa da Tanasworimopyrobis Sesaxeb90 araregularuli migraciis winaaRmdeg pirvelimravalmxrivi saerTaSoriso savaldebulo instrumentia. es konvenciasaxelmwifoebs yvela, maT Soris araregularuli, migranti muSakisuflebebis dacvas avaldebulebs da aseve iTvaliswinebs sanqciebisdawesebas adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) CamdenTa mimarT.konvencia aseve adgens, rom saxelmwifos teritoriaze kanonieradmyofi migranti muSakebi da maTi ojaxis wevrebi ara mxolod TanasworimopyrobiT unda sargeblobdnen, aramed maT aseve unda hqondeTTanabari SesaZleblobebi, maT Soris dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebsa dasamuSaoze Tanabari wvdoma, profesiul kavSirSi gaerTianebisa Tukulturuli uflebebiT sargeblobis, ise rogorc sxva individualurida koleqtiuri uflebebi.Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis 2011 w. konvencia N189 Sinamo­samsaxureTa Rirseuli dasaqmebis Sesaxeb91 Sinamosamsaxu­reTaTviserTiani samuSao standartebisa da sxva dasaqmebulTa msgavsadZiriTadi uflebebis uzrunvelmyofeli pirveli mravalmxrivixelSekrulebaa. konvencia aseve SinamosamsaxureTaTvis uzrunvel­89 ix.: C097 – Migration for Employment Convention (Revised), 1949 (No. 97), ZalaSi Sevida: 22.01.1952; 2016 wlis mdgomareobiT konvencias 49 xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo hyavs; http://bit.ly/1BFqjNd, nanaxia 26.07.2016 w.90 ix.: C143 - Convention Concerning Migrations in Abusive Conditions and the Promotion of Equality of Opportunity and Treatment of Migrant Workers, 1975 (No.143) ZalaSi Sevida: 09.12.1978; 2016 wlis mdgomareobiT konvencias 23 xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo hyavs; nanaxia 26.07.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2w6VJ6B.91 ix.: C189 – Domestic Workers Convention, 2011 (No. 189); ZalaSi Sevida: 05.09.2013; 2016 wlis mdgomareobiT konvencias 23 xelSemkvreli saxelmwifo hyavs; nanaxia 26.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2w7pcx8.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 155

yofs sxva momsaxureTaTvis garantirebul dasaqmebasTan dakavSi­rebul mniSvnelovan yvela ZiriTad uflebas: samuSao saaTebisgoniv­ruli xangrZlivoba, dasaqmebis pirobebis Sesaxeb naTeliinformaciis miReba, naturiT samuSaos anazRaurebis zRvruli ode­noba, gaerTianebis Tavisufleba da koleqtiuri molaparakebisufleba, samuSao pirobebTan dakavSirebuli sxva ZiriTadi uflebebispativiscemasTan erTad.migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis WrilSi adamianis uflebebisganxilvisas unda SevexoT nebayoflobiTi migraciis Sedegad status-Secvlili adamianebisa da iZulebiTi migraciis msxverplTa uflebrivmdgomareobas. migrantTa ZiriTadi uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebisuzrunvelyofaze msjelobisas ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom magaliTad,migranti muSakebi finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisis dros yvelazemetad mowyvladi da dazaralebuli jgufia.92 amas aRniSnavs gaerosgeneraluri asambleis rezoluciac, romelic migrantTa dacvaseZRvneba.93 amasTan, rbili samarTlis wyaroebTan erTad gaeroskonvencia migranti muSakebisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebisSesaxeb migranti muSakebis mier ZiriTadi uflebebiT sargeblobissayovelTao standarts gvTavazobs. es uflebebi migrantTa ganaTlebisuflebebs, jandacvis uflebiT sargeblobasa Tu Sromis bazarzemaTi uflebebis regulirebas moicavs, sasamarTloze wvdomisa dasxva uflebebis uzrunvelyofis paralelurad. xelSekrulebis mierSemoTavazebuli adamianis uflebebis dacvis sistema Semdegia: esdokumenti dokumentebis mqone SromiT migrantebs umniSvnelovanesdacvis sistemas da emigranti muSakebis dasaqmebis adgilzeTanasworobis uzrunvelyofas sTavazobs.94 konvencia gansakuTrebulyuradRebas imis gamoc imsaxurebs, rom es dokumenti araregularulimigrantebisTvis adamianis ZiriTadi uflebebis uzrunvelyofasgvTavazobs. Tumca, aq isic unda aRvniSnoT, rom araregularulistatusis mqone migrantebisTvis miniWebuli uflebebi SedarebiTmcirea. am uflebebis CamonaTvalSi, romelTa uzrunvelyofa yvela,95maT Soris nebarTvis gareSe momuSave migrantebisTvis uzrun­velyofili unda iyos konvenciis xelSemkvreli saxelmwifoebis92 msoflio finansuri da ekonomikuri krizisisa da ganviTarebaze misi zegavlenis sakiTxebisadmi miZRvnili konferenciis Semajamebeli dokumentis saboloo teqs- ti, romelic gaeros generaluri asambleis 2009 w. 9 ivlisis 63/303rezoluciiT moi- wones, punqti 27. nanaxia 17.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2iIVl8D.93 ix.: Resolution adopted by the General Assembly [on the report of the Third Committee (A/66/462/ Add.2)] 66/172 Protection of migrants, punqti. 5.94 ix., zogadad: Beth Lyon, The Unsigned United Nations Migrant Worker Rights Convention: an overlooked oppoertunity to change the `Brown Collar~ migration paradigm, NYU Journal of International Law and Politics, 2009-2010.95 konvenciis 1 muxli.156 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mier, sxva uflebebTan erTad moculia zeganakveTuri samuSaosanazRaurebisa96 da wamebis97 an damonebisgan Tavisuflebis98 ufleba.Zalze SezRuduli uflebrivi mdgomareobis gamo araregularulimigrantebi, rogorc wesi, dasaqmebis uares pirobebze arian Tanaxma,vidre qveynis moqalaqeni an statusis mqone migrantebi.996.2.3. adamianis uflebebis zogadi universaluri xelSekrulebebi migrantis uflebebis WrilSiXX saukunis dasawyisSi, 1930 wels, jer kidev sanam saxelmwifoebiTanamedrove formiT migraciis marTvis samarTlebrivi safuZvlebisSeqmnas daiwyebdnen, moqalaqeobis arqonis Sesaxeb specialuri oqmi100gaixsna xelmosawerad. oqmi ZalaSi Sevida TiTqmis saukunis Tavze,2004 wels.101 `moqalaqeobis arqona adamianis Seqmnili problemaada amas xSirad daujerebeli mizezebi ganapirobebs. erT RameSimosaxleobis didi nawili SeiZleba gaxdes moqalaqeobis armqonepolitikuri an samarTlebrivi gadawyvetilebebis, anda saxelmwifosazRvrebis xelaxali gadanawilebis gamo.~102 aseve, saxelmwifoTasamarTalmemkvidreobis SemTxvevaSi xSirad xdeba moqalaqeobisarmqone pirTa warmoSoba. `miuxedavad imisa, rom ... moqalaqeobisSesaxeb kanonmdeblobis miRebisTanave adamianebis umravlesoba avto­maturad xdeba axalmiRebuli damoukideblobis mqone qveynis mo­qalaqe, maTi didi nawili SeiZleba darCes moqalaqeobis gareSe.~103amasTan, moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis104 migraciuli procesebisWrilSi ganxilvisas, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxi `sakuTar96 iqve 25.1(b) muxli.97 iqve me-10 muxli.98 iqve me-11 muxli.99 Anderson, Bridget, Ruhs, Martin (2012) Migrant Workers: Who Needs Them? A Framework for the Analysis of Staff Shortages, Immigration, and Public Policy krebulSi: Who Needs Migrant Workers? Ruhs, Martin, Anderson, Bridget (eds.) Oxford University Press, gv. 31.100 ix. erTa liga, dokumenti C.27.M.16.1931.V http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b36f1f.html, nanaxia 12.01.2015 w. aseve: Report on Nationality, including statelessness by Mr. Manley O. Hudson, Special Rapporteur; Document: A/CN.4/50; Extracts from the Yearbook of the International Law Commission: - 1952, tomi II. gv. 13-14 http://legal.un.org/ilc/documentation/english/a_cn4_50.pdf, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w.101 es oqmi saxelmwifoTa Zalze mcire jgufs aqvs savaldebulod aRiarebuli; ix.: htt p s : / / t re at i e s . u n . o rg / d o c / P u b l i cat i o n / M T D S G / Vo l u m e % 2 0 I I / LO N / PA RT I I - 2 . e n . p d f , n a n a x i a 02.09.2016 w.102 gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati. 10 weliwadSi moqalaqeobis arqonis dasruleba - specialuri angariSi (2010) gv.2-3.103 gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati. 2014-24 wlebSi moqalaqeobis arqonis dasrulebis globaluri samoqmedo gegma (2014) gv. 15.104 ix., zogadad: moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb 1954 wlis konvencia, United Nations,   Treaty Series, tomi 360, gv. 117. http://bit.ly/2vBarRS, nanaxia: 12.10.2016 w.; aseve ix. moqalaqeobis arqonis Semcirebis Sesaxeb 1961 wlis konvencia United Nations,  Treaty Series , tomi 989, gv. 175. nanaxia 12.10.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2i2lYor.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 157

qveyanaSi~ Sesvlis ufleba gaxlavT. samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-12(4) muxliT ganmtkicebulies ufleba, romelic pirvelad aRniSnulia adamianTa uflebebisdacvis saerTaSoriso deklaraciaSi (muxli 13(2)), ki Tavisi arsiTufro farToa, vidre mxolod sakuTari moqalaqeobis saxelmwifoSiSesvlis ufleba.105 Tumca, gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatisganmarteba adasturebs, rom ama Tu im qveyanaSi xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi damkvidrebuli moqalaqeobis armqone pirebi, iserogorc saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi normebis darRveviTmoqalaqeobaCamorTmeuli adamianebi, an pirebi, romlebsac uarieTqvaT `im samarTalmemkvidre saxelmwifos moqalaqeobaze, romlismudmiv mobinadreebsac warmoadgenen~106, aseve moiazrebian im pirTawreSi, romelsac `sakuTar~ qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba aqvT.XX saukunis meore naxevarSi gaeros farglebSi adamianis uflebebissamarTlis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti (SemdegSi – paqti) migraciissamarTlisTvis sagulisxmo elementebs gvTavazobs, romelTagamaerTianebeli koncefcia gaxlavT yvela adamianis – rogorcqveynis moqalaqis, ise aramoqalaqis – diskriminaciisgan dacva. paqtisaxelmwifoTa iurisdiqciis farglebSi myofi `yvela~ adamianisuflebebis dacvis meqanizmia da diskriminaciis gareSe yvela bavSvisuflebebis dacvasac uzrunvelyofs migraciuli procesebisfarglebSi rogorc bavSvis ojaxis, ise sazogadoebisa da saxelmwifosmxridan.107 paqti TviTneburi dakavebisgan migrantTa dacvissamarTlebriv garantias gvTavazobs me-9 muxlis WrilSi, romlisfarglebSi `yvelas~ dacva aris uzrunvelyofili TavisuflebisaRkveTisas. paqtis me-10 muxli ki TavisuflebaSezRuduli `yvela~adamianis Rirsebis dacvis valdebulebas akisrebs saxelmwifoebs maTiiurisdiqciis farglebSi.amasTan, paqti108 avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebs, diskriminaciis aR­mofxv­risa da Tanabari mopyrobis principebis safuZvelze iyosdaculi `yvela~ adamianis ufleba maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi. amSemTxvevaSi, bunebrivia, migraciuli procesebis monawile adamianisuflebebis dacvac moiazreba.105 gaeros adamianis uflebebis komiteti, zogadi komentari N27 (gadaadgilebis Ta- visufleba), CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/add.2, 9 noemberi, 1999, me-20 punqti, nanaxia 12.10.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uG06Fj.106 gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati (2014) saxelmZRvanelo moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvis Sesaxeb - moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa statusis Sesaxeb, Jene- va: gv. 41.107 Human Rights of Migrants: Note by the Secretary-General. (A/57/292), 9 August, 2002. gv. 14. nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2waIfG6.108 konvenciis Sesaxeb zogadad, ix.: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/a_cescr.htm, nanaxia 01.05.2016 w.158 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris saerTa­Soriso konvencia,109 diskriminaciisagan, ra Tqma unda, icavsyvela adamians, miuxedavad maTi saimigracio statusisa. rasobrividiskriminaciis aRmofxvris komitetma 2004 wlis zogadi komentariT,romelic aramoqalaqeTa diskriminaciis akrZalvas Seexeba,mouwoda saxelmwifoebs, rom rasobrivi diskriminaciis winaaRmdegsakanonmdeblo garantiebi `unda gavrceldes aramoqalaqeebze, maTisaimigracio statusis miuxedavad.~110konvenciis mizania migrantTa mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvracxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris im niSniT, Tu romeli migrantimuSaki ra samuSaos asrulebs. aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom konvenciamigrantebis diskriminaciisgan dasacavad adgens valdebulebebssaxelmwifoebisaTvis ganaTlebis, socialuri usafrTxoebis, sajaromomsaxurebiT sargeblobisa da sxva sferoebSi.qalTa mimarT yvela formis diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konven­ciac111, aseve, `yvela~ qalis mimarT diskriminaciis aRmofxvriskenmouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, maTi iurisdiqciis farglebSi, miuxe­davad qalis saimigracio statusisa. konvencia saxelmwifoebs mig­ranti qalebis specialuri saWiroebebis mxedvelobaSi miRebasavaldebulebs. es ki, Tavis mxriv, moiazrebs genderuli TanasworobisWrilSi migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis gaanalizebasa daSesabamisi praqtikis Camoyalibebas. qalTa mimarT diskriminaciulsocialur praqtikasTan erTad mTeli rigi diskriminaciuli wesebi,romlTac xSirad diskriminaciul saimigracio kanonebSi vxvdebiT,migranti qalebis mowyvladobas zrdis.112konvenciis 2(a) da me-3 muxlebis Sesabamisad, migranti qalebis rogorcwarmoSobis, ise daniSnulebis saxelmwifoebs ekisrebaT, Tanasworo­bi­sa da diskriminaciis akrZalvis principebis gaTvaliswinebiT, qalimigrantebisTvis sazRvargareT dasaqmebis SesaZleblobis marTvisgenderulad mgrZnobiare, Tanasworobasa da diskriminaciis akr­Zal­vaze dafuZnebuli politikis warmarTvis valdebuleba.113 ara­109 konvenciis Sesaxeb zogadad, ix.: http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm, nanaxia 01.05.2016 w.110 Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD). General Recommendation 30: Discrimination against Non Citizens (CERD/C/64/Misc.11/rev.3). punqti 7, nanaxia 01.05.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uZnusE.111 xelmisawvdomia bmulze: http://www.ohchr.org/Documents/ProfessionalInterest/cedaw.pdf, nanaxia 01.05.2016 w. aseve zogadad ix., Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, New directions in gender and immigration research, krebulSi The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, ed. Gold, Steven j., Nawyn, Stephanie, J., Routledge, 2013, gv. 180-188.112 Sadhna Arya and Anupama Roy, When Poor Women Migrate: Unraveling Issues and Concerns, ix. kre­ bulSi Poverty, Gender and Migration, ed. Arya Sudha, Anupama Roy, Sage Publications Inc., gv. 41.113 ix.: General Recommendation No. 26 on women migrant workers, CEDAW/C/2009/WP.1/R, punqti 23. nanaxia 16.02.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2x1ddNW.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 159

regularuli statusi migrantTa daniSnulebis qveyanaSi migrant qa­lebs aramxolod SesaZleblobebs uzRudavs, aramed maTi uflebebisdarRvevis SesaZleblobasac zrdis.114migraciuli procesebis konteqstSi qalebze metad mowyvladi xSiradarasrulwlovnebi arian. 1989 wlis bavSvTa uflebebis konvenciis me-3muxli gvTavazobs bavSvis WeSmariti interesis upirveles sazrunavadaRiarebas.115 bavSvebs saimigracio samarTali jer kidev sakmaodsustad icavs.116 miuxedavad imisa, rom konvenciis dadgenileba yvelabavSvs gulisxmobs, maTi migraciuli statusis miuxedavad, ltolvilbavSvTa dacvas mxolod konvenciis 22-e muxli exeba. aRniSnulimuxli iTvaliswinebs, rom ltolvilma bavSvebma unda miiRon dacva,miuxedavad imisa, axlavs mas zrdasruli Tu ara. igive muxli qveynebsimasac avaldebulebs, rom miiRon zomebi mSoblebis gareSe darCenilidevnili bavSvis ojaxis wevrebis mosaZebnad. Tumca, `saxelmwifosfarglebSi iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli da sxva saxis migranti bavSvebi,romlebic ar xvdebian 1951 w. ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb konvenciisada misi 1967w. damatebiTi oqmis ganmartebaSi, ar arian daculnikonkretulad bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis am muxliT da Sesabamisad,isini ufro mowyvladni arian, vidre bavSvebi, romelTac sakuTariqveyana icavs.117bavSvebiT vaWrobis, bavSvTa prostituciisa da bavSvTa pornografiisSesaxeb bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis damatebiTi oqmi da palermosoqmi moiTxoven monawile saxelmwifoebisagan, danaSaulad gamoac­xadon bavSvebis gayidvisa da trefikingTan dakavSirebuli yvelaRonisZieba.118aseve, bavSvis uflebebis konvencia avaldebulebs saxelmwifoebsyvela SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi miiRon migranti bavSvebis specialurisaWiroebebi. es ki Tavis mxriv moiazrebs bavSvis WeSmariti interesisWrilSi migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis gaanalizebasa da Sesa­bamisi praqtikis Camoyalibebas.114 ix.: Sadhna Arya and Anupama Roy, When Poor Women Migrate: Unraveling Issues and Concerns, ix. rebulSi Poverty, Gender and Migration ed. Arya Sudha and Anupama Roy, Sage Publications Inc. gv. 41.115 bavSvis uflebebze saubrisas amosavalia `bavSvis WeSmariti interesi~, romelsac, imis gamo, rom `misi gansazRvreba Zalzed rTulad Camosayalibebelia ... larnakis xvrelsac ki adareben, romlis amovseba visac rogor gauxardeba, ise xdeba~. am sakiTxze ix.: nevena vuCkoviC SahoviCi da sxv. bavSvis uflebebi saerTaSoriso samar­ TalSi - qarTuli gamocema, aleqsiZe, levan, xuciSvili qeTevan (qarTuli Targmanis redaqtorebi), 2015, gv. 110-115.116 iqve, gv. 197.117 iqve, gv. 269.118 iqve, gv. 338.160 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa dacvis konvencia,119 sxvazogadi konvenciebis msgavsad, icavs moqalaqeebsa da yvela migrantsac,maTi saimigracio statusis miuxedavad. aqve unda gvaxsovdes, rom Tumigraciuli procesis monawile adamiani, rogorc wesi, misi uflebebisdacvis saWiroebebis WrilSi mometebulad mowyvladi SeiZleba iyos,SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebTan mimarTebiT amgvarimowyvladi mdgomareoba kidev ufro xelSesaxebad Cndeba.bunebrivi movlenebis gamo iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli adamianebisdacvis reJimi saerTaSoriso samarTalSi ar arsebobs.120 Tumca,samecniero literaturaSi vxvdebiT am kategoriis adamianTaganmartebas: ekologiuri migranti121 – bunebrivi pirobebis uecari anprogresirebadi cvlilebis gamo sacxovrebeli pirobebisa da cxov­rebis mxriv arsebiTad dazaralebuli adamiani, romelic iZule­bulia,datovos Cveuli sacxovrebeli, an amgvar gadawyvetilebas droebiT anmudmivad iRebs da sakuTari qveynis farglebSi an ucxo saxelmwifoSigadaadgildeba.6.2.4. rbili samarTlis wyaroebi122is sxvadasxva rezoluciebi, direqtivebi, saxelmZRvanelo principebi,daskvnebi da sxva arasavaldebulo dokumentebi, romlebic miRebuliasxvadasxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebisa da uwyebebis mier, cnobilia,rogorc `rbili samarTali~. miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnulisamarTlebrivad savaldebulo ar aris, mainc migraciis samarTliswyaroebze saubrisas `rbili samarTali~ da migrantTa uflebebisdacvis is meqanizmebic unda aRvniSnoT, romlebic Seqmnilia am mizniTsaerTaSoriso organizaciebis farglebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, aRniSvnisRirsia gaeros adamianis uflebebis komisiis rezolucia 1999/44,romlis safuZvelze migrantTa adamianis uflebebis specialurimomxseneblis mandati Seiqmna.123119 konvenciis Sesaxeb, zogadad, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2w7tSDe.120 Gil Marvel Tabucanon, Migration for Environmentally Displaced Pacific Peoples: Legal Options in the Pacific Rim Pacific Basin Law Journal, tomi 30, gv. 55-92.121 aseve ix.: Environmentally induced migration and displacement: a 21st centyry challenge – Parlia- mentary Assembly Recommendation 1862 (2009) (Reply adopted by the Committee of Ministers on 8 July 2009 at the 1063rd meeting of the Ministers’ Deputies) Ministers’ Deputies CM Documents CM/ AS(2009)Rec1862 final 15 July 2009.122 xelSekrulebebTan erTad, aseve: gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis wes- deba, 1950 w., teritoriuli TavSesafris Sesaxeb gaeros deklaracia, 1967 w., gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis ganmarteba ltolvilis statusis dadge- nis Taobaze, 1987 w., 25-e punqti, gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis aR- masrulebeli komitetis ganmartebiTi baraTi usafrTxo qveynis koncefciisa da ltolvilis statusis Sesaxeb, 1991 w.123 mandati ramdenjerme gagrZelda samwliani periodiT. ix.: gaeros adamianis ufle- bebis komisiis rezoluciebi 2002/62, 200/47; aseve ix.: adamianis uflebebis sabWos rezoluciebi 8/10 da 17/12.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 161

migrantTa uflebebis dacvis sakiTxs eZRvneba gaeros farglebSimiRebuli araerTi rezolucia. gaeros generaluri mdivani, mandatisfarglebSi, CarTulia migrantTa adamianis uflebebis sakiTxze spe­cialuri momxseneblis angariSis gaeros generaluri asambleis mona­wile saxelmwifoebisTvis wardgenaSi.124gaeros generaluri mdivnis angariSgeba mniSvnelovania migraciissamarTlis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebis ganxorcielebisa daSesabamisi praqtikis damkvidrebisaTvis. gaeros generaluri mdivnismier generaluri asambleis winaSe angariSgebaSi warmodgeniliasakiTxebi yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis uflebebisdacvis saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebis ratifikaciis, statusis, aseve amkonvenciis safuZvelze Seqmnili komitetisa da migrantTa uflebebzespecialuri momxseneblis saqmianobis Taobaze.125agreTve, gaeros generaluri mdivnis angariSebi eZRvneba xelSemk­ vre­li saxelmwifoebis mier ganxorcielebuli kanonmdeblobis refor­masa da Sesabamisi praqtikis ganviTarebas, migrantTa warmoSobis,satranzito da daniSnulebis qveynebis pasuxismgeblobis aRiarebasada migrantebis uflebebis dacvas, ise rogorc maTi mowyvladobisSemdgomi gauaresebis aRmofxvrisTvis mniSvnelovan praqtikas.126gaeros generaluri asambleis rezoluciebis formiT Camoyalibebulirbili samarTali mniSvnelovani politikuri da samarTlebriviwyaroa migrantTa gansakuTrebiT mowyvladi jgufebis dacvis gasaum­jobeseblad. sxva sakiTxebTan erTad, gaeros generaluri asamblea`mouwodebs saxelmwifoebs, saemigracio statusis miuxedavad yvelamigrantis, gansakuTrebiT qalebisa da bavSvebis, uflebebisa da Ziri­Tadi Tavisuflebebis efeqtiani dacvis gaumjobesebisken~.127amasTan, migraciis sferoSi myari samarTlis normebis srulyofiladgamoyenebisaTvis mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba adamianis uflebebiskomitetis zogad komentarebs. gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa adamianisuflebebis komitetis zogadi komentarebi samoqalaqo da politikuriuflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis Sesabamisad ucxoelTa mdgomareobisSesaxeb.128124 mag.: United Nations General Assembly A/62/218, Sixty-second session Promotion and protection of human rights: human rights questions, including alternative approaches for improving the effective enjoyment of human rights and fundamental rights. 10 agvisto, 2007 w.125 sainteresoa gaeros generaluri mdivnis angariSi: United Nations General Assembly A/62/299, Sixty-second session Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments. 24 agvisto, 2007 w.126 United Nations General Assembly A/62/299, Sixty-second session Promotion and protection of human rights: implementation of human rights instruments. 108-117-e punqtebi, 24 agvisto, 2007 w.127 United Nations General Assembly Resolution A/RES/63/184, Protection of Migrants, pirveli sarezolucio punqti, 17 marti, 2009 w.128 General Comment No. 15 The position of Aliens under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted by the Human Rights Committee, twenty-seventh session, 1986 w.162 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis komitetma, romelic samoqala­qo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis saxelmwifoebismier Sesrulebas akvirdeba, jer kidev 1986 wels SeimuSava zogadikomentari N15 `paqtis farglebSi ucxoelTa mdgomareobis Sesaxeb~.129am dokumentis me-3 punqtSi naxsenebia, rom ramdenime konstituciauzrunvelyofs ucxoelTa da saxelmwifos moqalaqeTa Tanasworobas;zogadi komentaris laitmotivi Semdegia: saxelmwifoebi, rogorcpaqtis Sesrulebis Taobaze anagariSebidan ikveTeba, xSirad ar iRebenmxedvelobaSi paqtis 2(1) muxliT gaTvaliswinebul erT mniSvnelovansakiTxs, rom paqtiT daculi uflebebi `maT teritoriasa da maTiiurisdiqciis farglebSi myof yvela adamians~ unda hqondes uzrun­vely­ ofili. es ki imas niSnavs, rom paqtiT daculi yvela ufleba mo­qalaqeebisa da ucxoelebisaTvis nebismieri diskriminaciis gare­Se un­da iyos garantirebuli.130 am zogadi komentaris me-5 punqti ganmartavs,rom paqti ucxoelTa sxva saxelmwifoebis terotoriaze SesvlisaTu dasaxlebis uflebas ar aRiarebs, radgan es sakiTxi saxelmwifossuverenul uflebamosilebas ganekuTvneba. amasTan, paqtis farglebSidacva SeiZleba ergos ucxoels, maT Soris, saxelmwifos teritoriazeSesvlisa Tu cxovrebis TvalsazrisiT. zogadi komentaris Tanaxmad,es SeiZleba, iyos, magaliTad, araadamianuri mopyrobisa da ojaxurisakiTxebi. amasTan, 1986 wels SemuSavebuli zogadi komentari Se­niSnavs, rom SedarebiT axal konstituciebSi metad aris gamijnuli`yvela~ adamianis uflebebi mxolod moqalaqeTa uflebebisagan. 2004wlis zogadma komentarma N31131 Seavso da axleburi ZaliT warmoaCinamidgoma, rom paqtiT garantirebuli uflebebi uzrunvelyofili undaiyos wevri saxelmwifoebis efeqtur kontrols daqvemdebarebuli damaT gamgeblobaSi myofi ara mxolod qveynis moqalaqeebisaTvis, aramedyvela adamianisaTvis, miuxedavad moqalaqeobisa Tu saimigraciostatusisa.132saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacvis uzrunvelyofis valdebulebasa daam mizniT saxelmwifos kompetenturi organoebis kanonis farglebSimoqmedebis legitimurobas ucxoelTa uflebebis SezRudvis, maTSoris ucxoelTa qveynidan gaZevebis, Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis miRebisCaTvliT, adasturebs adamianis uflebebis komitetis praqtikac.133129 ix.: General Comment No.15 The position of aliend under the Covenant, http://bit.ly/2uLTaCy, nanaxia 17.03.2017 2.130 iqve, me-2 punqti.131 General Comment No. 31 [80], The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Par- ties to the Covenant, adopted by the Human Rights Committee, eightiesth session. 1986, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w. http://bit.ly/1pCTdpl.132 ix.: General Comment No. 31 [80] The Nature of the General Legal Obligation Imposed on States Parties to the Covenant, me-10 punqti.133 ix.: Setyobineba N58/1979, ana marofido SvedeTis winaaRmdeg, nanaxia saxelmZRvane- loSi: adamianis uflebaTa komitetis mier ganxiluli ZiriTadi saqmeebi (2006), Sem-მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 163

ganmartebebTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebiimis gansazRvrac gvWirdeba, Tu rodis SeiZleba adamians migrantivuwodoT. imTaviTve unda SevniSnoT, rom `migrantis~ sayovelTaodaRiarebuli ganmarteba saerTaSoriso doneze ar arsebobs.migraciis evropuli qselis mier momzadebuli saZieblis mixedviT,romelic TavSesafarsa da migracias eZRvneba, `globalurkonteqstSi, sakuTari moqalaqeobis saxelmwifos teritoriismiRma myofi adamiani, romelic erT weliwadze meti xniT cxovrobsucxo qveyanaSi saamiso mizezis, darCenis nebayoflobiTobisaTu iZulebisa da migraciisaTvis gamoyenebuli regularuli Tuararegularuli meTodebis miuxedavad, iwodeba migrantad~.134migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis SemoTavazebuli ganmar­tebiT, romelsac am organizaciis mier momzadebul migraciisterminTa ganmartebiT leqsikonSi vxvdebiT135, miuxedavad imisa, rom`migrantis~ sayovelTaod aRiarebuli saerTaSoriso ganmartebaar arsebobs, es termini yvela im SemTxvevasTan dakavSirebiTgamoiyeneboda, rodesac migraciis Taobaze gadawyvetileba`personaluri komfortisaTvis~ adamianma Tavisuflad, da garedaniZulebiTi faqtoris Carevis gareSe miiRo. Sesabamisad, am terminisgamoyeneba im adamianebisa da maTi ojaxebis wevrebis mimarT xdeboda,romlebic sakuTari materialuri Tu socialuri pirobebisa damaTTvis an sakuTari ojaxebisTvis perspeqtivis gasaumjobesebladsxva qveyanasa Tu regionSi midiodnen.136 amasTan, evrokavSirisWrilSi: migrantis definicia Semdegnairad gamoiyureba: `adamiani,romelic an (1) minimum 12 Tvis ganmavlobaSi [evrokavSiris] wevrisaxelmwifos teritoriaze cxovrobs an apirebs cxovrebas, damanamde misi Cveuli sacxovrebeli iyo sxva wevri saxelmwifo anmesame qveyana, an (2) adre Cveulebriv cxovrobda wevri saxelmwifosteritoriaze.~137migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier SemoTavazebuliganmartebis Tanaxmad, romelsac am organizaciis mier momzadebulmigraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikonis qarTul redaqciaSivxvdebiT, `...termin `migrantis~ sayovelTaod miRebuli gansazRv­reba ar arsebobs. Cveulebriv, termini `migranti~ moiazrebs yvelaim SemTxvevas, rodesac piri migraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas dgenlebi: raija hanski da martin Sainini, adamianis uflebaTa instituti, Turqu, fineTi: gv. 240-244.134 European Migration Network, Asylum and Migration – Glossary 3.0 – a tool for better comparability, 2014. gv. 187 – `migrant~.135 International Organisation for Migration, International Migration Law N25 – Glossary on Migration, 2nd ed., 2011, gv. 61.136 iqve, gv. 62.137 iqve.164 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

iRebs Tavisuflad, Zaldautaneblad, rac nakarnaxevia `piradikeTildReobis~ mizeziT da xdeba gare iZulebiTi faqtorisCarevis gareSe. amdenad, es termini gamoiyeneba im pirTa da maTiojaxis wevrTa mimarT, romlebic miemgzavrebian sxva qveyanaSian regionSi, rogorc materialuri da socialuri pirobebis, isepiradi da sakuTari ojaxis wevrebis samomavlo perspeqtivebisgaumjobesebis mizniT.~138dokumentirebuli migrantis definicia ki amgvaria: migranti,romelic kanonierad Semovida da kanonierad rCeba qveyanaSi misiqveyanaSi SemoSvebis kriteriumebis Sesabamisad.ekonomikuri migrantis ganmarteba amgvarad aris SesaZlebeli:Cveuli sacxovrebeli adgilis datovebis Semdeg warmoSobisqveynis gareT dasaxlebuli adamiani, romelsac cxovrebis xarisxisgaumjobeseba surs. es termini xSirad farTod gamoiyenebadevnisgan Tavis dasaRwevad wasuli adamianebis mimarT. am terminisgamoyeneba aseve SesaZlebelia im adamianTa aRsawerad, vincwarmoSobis qveyanas dasaqmebis mizniT tovebs.emigrants ki sxva saxelmwifoSi sacxovreblad wasul adamiansvuwodebT.139am qveTavis dasawyisSi xazgasmuli samarTlis dargebis simravlesTanerTad, da samarTlis wyaroebis aq warmodgenili mokle eqskursissafuZvelze SegviZlia aRvniSnoT, rom migraciis saerTaSorisosamarTali moicavs im normaTa erTobliobas, romlebic aregulirebenadamianTa sazRvarTSoris gadaadgilebasa da adgilsamyofelsaxelmwifoSi maT samarTlebriv mdgomareobas. es ki migraciisprocesis or nawils – emigraciasa da imigracias moicavs, ise rogorcfaravs adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufs, romelTa nawili nebayoflobiT,sxvebi ki iZulebiT arian saxelmwifoTa Soris gadaadgilebulni.migraciis samarTlis CarCoSi farTo gagebiT aseve saxelmwifosfarglebSi, maT Soris iZulebiT, gadaadgilebac moiazreba.rTuli socialuri movlenis – migraciis – maregulirebeli samarTliserTi, damkvidrebuli definiciis moZieba rTulia. am debulebismarTebulobas im samarTlis wyaroTa simravlec warmoaCens, rom­lebSic mimobneulia migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis sxvadasxva138 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis momzadebuli krebulis – migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni – qar- Tuli teqstis avtori, gv. 56. ix. aseve: The Migration Observatory at the University of Ox- ford, Who Counts as a Migrant? Definitions and their Consequences, 2017, nanaxia 19.01.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2vYbTi2.139 ix.: levan aleqsiZe (red.) adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali: leqsikoni - cnobari, Tbilisi: 2005, gv. 85.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 165

elementi. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis mier SemoTavazebulidefiniciiT, `migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTali aris migraciis mar­Tvis saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi CarCo, da is ar aris arc erTi calkemdgomi instrumentiTa Tu normiT daregulirebuli. amis nacvlad,migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTali CarCo terminia, romelicaerTianebs mraval principsa da wess, romelTa erToblioba migran­tebT­ an mimarTebiT saxelmwifoTa saerTaSoriso valdebulebebsaregulirebs~.140migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciiseuli kidev erTi gansazRvrebisSesabamisad, migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTali aris `migraciissferoSi saxelmwifo suverenuli uflebamosilebidan (rogoricaamigrantebis miRebis, dakavebisa da gaZevebis ufleba, adamianiTvaWrobasTan (trefikingi) da migrantTa saxelmwifo sazRvarzeukanonod gadayvanis winaaRmdeg brZolis, sazRvrebis dacvis, moqa­laqeobis sakiTxis ganxilvis ufleba) da adamianis uflebebis instru­mentebidan gamomdinare saerTaSoriso normebi da principebi. esori elementi migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTlis ZiriTad RerZebswarmoadgens. migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTlis instrumentebisamarTlis mraval dargSia gafantuli, rogorebicaa adamianisuflebebis samarTali, humanitaruli samarTali, Sromis samarTali,ltolvilTa samarTali, sakonsulo samarTali, savaWro samarTali dasazRvao samarTali.~141sxva definiciebi rom aRar moviSvelioT, Tavad migraciis saerTaSo­riso organizaciis farglebSi SemoTavazebuli es ori cnebaccxadyofs migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis masStaburobasa damravalmxrivobas.6.3. migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da saxelmwifo suvereniteti142saxelmwifo suverenitetisa da migraciis marTvis urTierTmimarTebissakiTxi am saxelmZRvanelos sxva TavSi detaluradaa ganxiluli. amisgaTvaliswinebiT, winamdebare TavSi saxelmwifo suverenitetisa damigraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis urTierTmimarTebas mxolodmokled SevexebiT.140 ix.: https://www.iom.int/migration-law, nanaxia 12.12.2016.141 International Organisation for Migration, Glossary on Migration – International Migration Law, gv. 53, `international migration law~.142 Kofi Annan, Two concepts of sovereignty,Economist, 1999, http://www.economist.com/node/324795, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w.166 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saxelmwifoebi naklebad gamoTqvamen mzadyofnas uflebebis Wril­Si migraciuli procesebis ganxilvisa da daregulirebisaTvis.saxelmwifoebi, rogorc wesi, suverenitetis koncefcias amoefa­re­bian xolme sazRvarTSoris adamianebis migraciis sakiTxebis dasare­gulireblad.143adamianis sazRvarTSoris gadaadgileba Tavisi bunebiT saerTaSorisoa,rac sazRvris kveTasac moicavs.144 Sesabamisad, migraciis fenomeniminimum or kategorias – adamiansa da saxelmwifos – aerTianebs.adamianis miswrafeba Tavisuflebisadmi, savaraudod, gadaadgilebisTavisuflebas, maT Soris sazRvrebs miRma gadaadgilebis survilsac,moicavs. saxelmwifo ki kargad aris cnobili erTi TvisebiT – igipirvel rigSi sakuTar suverenul interesebs akmayofilebs, sakuTariinteresebis Sesabamisad iRebs gadawyvetilebebs. amasTan, saxelmwifopasuxismgebelia sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSi usafrTxoebisa dawesrigis uzrunvelyofaze.migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis ganxilvisas saxelmwifos suvere­nuli uflebamosilebis ganxorcieleba ramdenime mimarTulebiT undagaviazroT. adamianis uflebebis saerTaSoriso samarTlis WrilSiTu SevxedavT am sakiTxs, udavoa, pirvel rigSi xazi unda gavusvaTsaxelmwifoTa valdebulebas, sakuTari iurisdiqciis farglebSi,moqalaqeobis miuxedavad, yvela adamianis uflebebis dacva iyosuzrunvelyofili.145 es valdebuleba, migrantTa uflebebis dacvisTvalsazrisiT, upirvelesad gvafiqrebinebs, rom saxelmwifos arrCeba argumenti migrantTa uflebebis yvela SemTxvevaSi sruladdacvis sawinaaRmdegod. Tumca, suverenuli uflebamosilebisganxorcielebis farglebSi saxelmwifos usafrTxoebis dacviT, racSeiZleba maT Soris migrantTa erTi kategoriis uflebebis SezRudvasukavSirdebodes, usafrTxoebisa da uflebebis dacvas uzrunvelyofssaxelmwifo.`erovnuli suverenitetis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Semadgeneliasaxelmwifos ufleba, sakuTar teritoriaze miiRos an teritoriidangaaZevos ucxoelebi. am uflebis ganxorcieleba saxelmwifoebsezRudebaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu aRniSnuli saerTaSoriso143 Sadhna Arya, Anupama Roy, When Poor Women Migrate: Unraveling Issues and Concerns, ix. krebulSi Poverty, Gender and Migration, ed. Arya Sudha, Anupama Roy, Sage Publications Inc. gv. 41.144 ix. zogadad: The national security environment: strategic context, ix. krebulSi Border Management Modernization, ed. Gerard McLinden, et al. The World Bank, Washington DC, gv. 297- 316.145 mag.: samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis paqti, 2.1 muxli; migrant muSakTa ufle- bebis saerTaSoriso konvencia, me-7 muxli, bavSvis uflebebis konvencia, 2.1 muxli.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 167

samarTliT dadgenil sxva normebsa da valdebulebebs arRvevs.~146 aqveisic unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom saerTaSoriso samarTliT dadgenilmarTlwesrigs `upirveles yovlisa, adamianebisTvis unda mohqondessikeTe, suverenuli saxelmwifoebi ki am SemTxvevaSi moqmedebisagentebi arian~.147am principis erT-erT praqtikul magaliTad SeiZleba, movixmoTevrokavSiris marTlmsajulebis sasamarTlos 2017 wlis 31 ianvrisgadawyvetileba, romlis Tanaxmad, `TavSesafris moTxovnaze uarisTqma SesaZlebelia, Tu TavSesafris maZiebeli teroristuli qselissaqmianobaSi monawileobda. savaldebulo ar aris, TavSesafrismaZiebels piradad hqondes teroristuli aqtebi Cadenili, amgvariqmedebebis waxalisebasa Tu maT SesrulebaSi monawileoba hqondesmiRebuli~.148 `samyaros dasabamidan, rodesac yvelaferi saerTo iyo, yvelasTvisnebadarTuli iyo sakuTari survilisamebr nebismieri mimarTulebiTmgzavroba~,149 rogorc amas XVI saukunis espaneli filosofosi daiuristi francisko de vitoriac adasturebs.am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, erTi mxriv SeimCneva saxelmwifoTasuverenuli gadawyvetilebebis Tavisufleba, xolo meore mxriv - esadamianis Tavisufali gadaadgilebis TandaTan SezRudvas iwvevs.saxelmwifoTa moqmedebam da sasamarTlo praqtikam TandaTan daadginasaxelmwifos teritoriaze yvela adamianis Tavisuflad Sesvlisa danebismieri qveynis farglebSi SeuzRudavad yofnaze zRvari. saqmezeNishimura Ekiu v. United States, aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos 1892 wlis 18ianvris gadawyvetilebaSi vkiTxulobT: `saerTaSoriso samarTlisaRiarebuli debulebaa, rom TiToeul suverenul saxelmwifossaxelmwifoebriobis gadasarCenad arsebiTi mniSvnelobis mqone,suverenitetSi fesvgamdgari uflebamosileba gaaCnia, mis gamgeblobasdaqvemdebarebul teritoriaze ucxoelebis Semosvla akrZalos,an miiRos isini mxolod imgvar SemTxvevebsa da imgvari pirobebiT,romelTa dadgenas igi Tavad miiCnevs mizanSewonilad.~150146 qeTevan xuciSvili, eqstradiciisa da deportaciis sakiTxi adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa dacvis evropuli konvenciis mixedviT, krebulSi: `adami- anis uflebaTa evropuli standartebi~, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 313 da 317.147 Samantha Besson, Sovereignty, International Law and Democracy, European Journal of International Law, tomi 22, #. 2, 2011 w., gv. 374.148 ix.: Court of Justice of the European Union, Judgment in case C-573/14, Press Release No 9/17, nanax- ia 31.01.2017 w. http://curia.europa.eu/jcms/upload/docs/application/pdf/2017-01/cp170009en.pdf.149 Joel P. Trechtman, Introduction: Toward the Fourth Freedom in International Law of Economic Migration: Toward the Fourth Freedom, ix. krebulSi Upjohn Institute for Employment Research, Joel P. Trachtman. Kalamazoo, MI: W.E., gv. 1, nanaxia 17.03.2017 w., http://bit.ly/2vG1V2p.150 Vat. Law Nat. lib. 2, §§ 94, 100; 1 Phillim. Int. Law, (3d Ed.) c. 10, § 220. nanaxia: 02.12.2015 w. https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/142/651.168 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gaeros Seqmnis miznebs Tu gavixsenebT da organizaciis wesdebasmivmarTavT, wesdebis preambulaSive SevxvdebiT naTlad Camoyali­bebul mizans: `momavali Taobebis omiT gamowveuli mwuxarebisgandasacavad...~151 amave dokumentis me-2 muxli gvamcnobs, romsaxelmwifoTa mier urTierTobisas Zalis gamoyenebis akrZalvasTanerTad organizacia aseve ar aRiarebs `saxelmwifoTa Sida saqmeebSiCarevas~.152 XX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi Seqmnili gaeros wesdebisdebulebebis praqtikaSi gamoyenebam da `adamianis uflebaTa samarTlisganviTarebam XX saukuneSi ganapiroba adamianis uflebebis ufrometi mxardaWera, vidre saxelmwifos warmomadgeneli sxvadasxvaimunitetiT daculi umaRlesi donis zogierTi saxelmwifo Tanamde­bobis piris xelSeuvalobis dacva~.153amdenad, adamianis uflebebis samarTlis ganviTarebam metad SeboWasaxelmwifoTa teritoriuli suverenitetis uapelaciod gamoyenebisSesaZlebloba migraciis sakontroleblad.154 aqve unda aRvniSnoT,rom adamians aqvs sruli ufleba, moiTxovos da miiRos TavSesafari,Tumca, saxelmwifo ar aris valdebuli pirs ltolvilis statusimianiWos.marTalia, saxelmwifos suverenuli Sexedulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,saxelmwifom, SesaZloa, ucxoels ar misces qveyanaSi Sesvlisa dadarCenis SesaZlebloba, magram saerTaSoriso samarTali krZalavsucxoelTa masobriv gaZevebas.155 amis gaTvaliswinebiT, aqve undaaRvniSnoT 1950 wlis evropis konvenciis adamianis uflebebis dacvisme-4 oqmi – adamianis uflebebis dacvis regionuli saerTaSorisoinstrumenti, romelSic agreTve aqtualuria saqarTvelos konteqsti.me-4 oqmi iTvaliswinebs, rom `ucxoelTa koleqtiuri gandevnaakrZalulia~.156 evropis adamianTa uflebis sasamarTlom ki damatebiTSeimuSava aRniSnuli muxlis gamoyenebis samarTlebrivi praqtika, maTSoris ruseTidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gaZevebis SemTxveva 2006wels.151 gaerTianebuli erebis organizaciis wesdeba da saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos statu- ti, preambula.152 iqve, mux. 2.7.153 qeTevan xuciSvili, suverenuli imunitetebis dacvam unda gadawonos Tu ara adami- anebis dacva uflebaTa masobrivi darRvevebisgan? saerTaSoriso samarTlis Jur- nali, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti, N1, 2008, gv. 47 da 51.154 am sakiTxze zogadad ix.: Daniel Wilsher, Immigration Detention – Law, History, Politics Oxford University Press, 2012, gv. 121.155 adamianis uflebebis evropuli konvenciis me-4 oqmi, me-4 muxli. adamianis uflebebis evropuli sasamarTlo, Georgia v Russia (I), didi palata, gadawyvetileba, 3 ivlisi, 2014 w. 136-e, 173-e, 185-e abzaci, aseve: me-5 abzaci, sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba. file:///D:/CASE%20OF%20GEORGIA%20v.%20RUSSIA%20(I).pdf (nanaxia: 12.03.2016) ix. aseve: Čonka v Belgium, palatis gadawyvetileba, 5 Tebervali, 2002, Hirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy, gadawyvetileba, didi palata, 23 Tebervali, 2012 w.156 me-4 oqmi.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 169

teritoriuli suverenitetis koncefcia avtomaturad ar moi­azrebs dakavebis farTo uflebamosilebas, Tumca mainc gamoi­yeneba migraciis konteqstSi dakavebis gasamarTleblad.157 amasTan,migrantTa uflebebis ganxilvisas mxedvelobidan ar unda gamogvrCesdanaSaulebi, romlebic migrantebis uflebebis darRvevas ukavSir­deba da saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis kanonmdeblobiT aqvsgaTvaliswinebuli.ucxoelebis sakiTxTan erTad mokled unda SevexoT sakuTarimoqalaqeobisa Tu mudmivi sacxovrebeli saxelmwifos farglebSi iZu­lebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis sakiTxis saxelmwifo suvere­nitetTanmimarTebas. erTi SexedviT, kavSiri maT Soris ar aris aSkara. Tumca, TuXX saukunis miwuruls ganviTarebul, magram samarTlebrivad am etapzedaumkvidrebel dacvis valdebulebisa da humanitaruli intervenciiskoncefciebs gavixsenebT, advilad davaskvniT, rom SesaZloa,sakuTari mosaxleobis sakuTar teritoriaze daucvelobis mizeziTucxo saxelmwifos Careva miviRoT, adamianTa `dacvis valdebulebis~ganxorcielebis mizeziT.1586.4. adamianis uflebebis dacva da migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebimigraciis marTva saxelmwifos suverenuli uflebamosilebaa, da,Sesabamisad, misi, maT Soris usafrTxoebis, interesebi wina planzegadmodis; adamianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma, da Sesabamisad,adamianis migraciis politikis Seqmnis centralur elementad qcevaumniSvnelovanesia.rogorc ukve aRiniSna, migrantebs adamianis uflebebis samarTlisfarglebSi ganviTarebuli yvela ufleba gaaCniaT. gadaadgilebasTandakavSirebuli ramdenime ufleba migraciul procesSi CarTuliadamianebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria, an mxolod amgvarSemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba. aseTad SeiZleba, davasaxeloT TavSesafrisZiebis ufleba, romlis sapirispirod ar arsebobs saxelmwifosvaldebuleba, mianiWos pirs TavSesafari, garda erTi SezRudvisa; esaris saxelmwifos valdebuleba, daicvas argaZevebis (non-refoulement)principi.157 Daniel Wilsher, Immigration Detention Law, History, Politics Cambridge University Press, 2012 w. gv. 169.158 `dacvis valdebulebis~ sakiTxze ix.: Monica Hakimi, Toward a Legal Theory on the Responsibility to Protect, The Yale Journal of International Law, tomi 39. 2014, gv. 270.170 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migrantTa uflebebis ganxilvisas gansakuTrebul yuradRebasimsaxurebs diskriminaciis akrZalva, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba,moqalaqeTa sakonsulo dacva, saxelmwifoTa valdebuleba, miiRonqveyanaSi dabrunebuli sakuTari moqalaqeebi,159 TavSesafarTandakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, argaZevebisa (non-refoulement) da ojaxisgaerTianebis principebi, adamianis dakavebisa Tu gaZevebisas pro­ceduruli garantiebis arseboba, ise rogorc adamianiT vaWroba(trefikingTan) da migrantTa ukanono gadayvanasTan dakavSirebulisamarTlebrivi aspeqtebi Tu SromiT160 migraciasTan dakavSirebulisaerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebi. winamdebare Tavis pirveli nawiliganixilavs mTavar saerTaSoriso adamianTa uflebebis dacvisdokumentebs, romelic migraciis marTvisTvisac sakmaod mniSvne­lovania. Tumca, pirvel nawilSi Tavi moiyara im dokumentebma,romlebsac msgavsi samarTlebrivi relevanturoba gaaCniaT (sayo­velTao saerTaSoriso samarTali, saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebebi, rbilisamarTali). Semdegi nawili ki konkretuli uflebebis mixedviTTavs uyris samarTlebriv normebsa da regionul saerTaSorisoinstrumentebs.6.4.1. diskriminaciis akrZalvayvela migranti, adamianis Rirsebis dasacavad da diskriminaciisnebismieri gamovlinebis gareSe daculia adamianis uflebebissaerTaSoriso samarTlis farglebSi. diskriminacias adamianisuflebebis araerTi zogadi Tu specialuri saerTaSoriso xel­Sekruleba krZalavs. amis demonstrirebisTvis samoqalaqo dapoli­tikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtisa da ekonomikuri,socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtismoxmobac mizanSewonilia. TiToeuli mkafiod krZalavs `eTnikuri[erovnuli] warmoSobis~ niSniT diskriminacias samoqalaqo, poli­tikuri, ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebiT sar­geblobisas.161 aseve, ganzogadebulad migrantTa diskriminaciisaganda maTi uflebebis dacvisTvis sainteresoa adamianis uflebebismonitoringis saeqsperto komitetebis daskvnebi, romlebic migran­tebis uflebebis darRvevis tendencias garkveulwilad aCveneben.159 ix.: mag., saqarTvelos konstitucia, 22(4) muxli.160 SromiTi migraciis samarTlebrivi regulirebis ZiriTadi CarCo Sromis saerTaSo- riso organizaciis mier mravalmxrivi xelSekrulebebiT uzrunvelyofili stand- artebiTa da yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxebis wevrebis uflebebis Sesaxeb gaeros konvenciiT aris Camoyalibebuli. am sferos gamgzavn da mimReb saxelmwi- foebs Soris gaformebuli mravali ormxrivi xelSekrulebac eZRvneba.161 amave sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT aseve ix. aseve gaeros generaluri asambleis 21.12.2010 w. rezolucia 65/212: migrantTa dacva, me-4 punqti.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 171

izabel slinqsi162 am darRvevebs Semdegnairad ajgufebs: kanonis winaSeTanasworoba163, monobis, iZulebiTi Sromisa da adamianiT vaWrobis(trefikingis) akrZalva164, seqsualuri eqsploataciisa da seqsualuriSeuracxyofis yvela formisgan dacva165. es ukanaskneli, SesaZloa,gansakuTrebiT mwvaved gamovlindes mag., TavSesafris maZieblobisas,an araregularuli statusis migrantebis droebiTi dakavebis saknebisfarglebSi. darRveuli uflebebis tipur CamonaTvals, slinqsisdakvirvebiT, aseve avsebs gadaadgilebis uflebisa da nebismieriqveynis, maT Soris sakuTaris, datovebisa da masSi dabrunebisuflebis166 xelyofa. aqve vxvdebiT Sromis uflebisa da samarTlianda keTilganwyobil pirobebSi saqmianobis uflebis167 darRvevas,ise rogorc profesiuli kavSirebis Seqmnisa da maTSi monawileobisTavisuflebis168 xelyofas, bavSvis WeSmariti interesis169 Selaxvas,rac, maT Soris, migraciuli procesis monawile bavSvis170 ojaxisgaerTianebisa Tu, magaliTad, ganaTlebisa da ganviTarebis ufl­ ebisxelyofiT SeiZleba gamoixatos. bavSvebTan dakavSirebiT tendenciisgamokveTisas, slinqsis Tanaxmad, aseve ikveTeba bavSvis dabadebisregistraciisa da moqalaqeobis miRebis ufleba,171 rac migraciuliprocesis monawile mSoblebis SvilebTan dakavSirebiT SesaZloa,ikveTebodes mniSvnelovan xelyofad. argaZevebis proncipis darRvevamki, ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb konvenciis darRvevasTan erTadSesaZloa, piris gaZevebis, dabrunebisa Tu eqstradiciis SemTxve­vaSi gaeros wamebis sawinaaRmdego konvenciiT daculi ufl­ ebac172daarRvios.162 ix.: Isabelle Slinckx, Migrants’rights in UN human rights conventions, ix. krebulSi Migration and Human Rights, ed. Paul de Guchteneire et al, Cambridge University Press, 2009, gv. 125.163 samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, muxli 1.164 iqve me-8 muxli ; bavSvis uflebebis konvencia, 35-e muxli; qalTa mimarT yvela form- is diskriminaciis aRmofxvris konvenciis me-6 muxli.165 bavSvis uflebebis konvencia, 34-e muxli.166 es ufleba garantirebulia, maT Soris, samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saer- TaSoriso paqtis me-12 muxliT.167 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, me-6 da me-7 muxlebi.168 ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, me-8(1) muxli.169 bavSvis uflebebis konvencia, me-3 muxli.170 bavSvis uflebebis konvenciis pirveli muxlis Sesabamisad, bavSvad iTvleba 18 wlamde asakis yvela piri, Tu am romelime qveynis kanonmdeblobiT bavSvi ufro adre ar aRwevs srulwlovanebas.171 Slinckx, Migrants’rights in UN human rights conventions, gv. 125.172 gaeros konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyro- bis an sasjelis winaaRmdeg, me-3 muxli.172 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

6.4.2. gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebarogorc ukve aRiniSna, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba pirvelad gamoicaadamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciaSi, sadac me-13 muxlisTanaxmad, yvela adamians sruli ufleba aqvs. airCios qveyanaSisacxovrebeli rezidencia (pirveli nawili), da sruli ufleba aqvsdatovos an dabrundes Tavis qveyanaSi. amavdroulad, zemoT aRniSnulisamoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtis me-12muxlSi gaTvaliswinebulia gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebis principi.Tumca, aRniSnuli muxlis me-3 nawilis mixedviT, gadaadgilebisTavisufleba `ar SeizRudeba, samarTlebrivi mizezis gamonaklisiT,aris aucilebeli imisaTvis, rom moxdes erovnuli usafrTxoebis,sajaro wesrigis, sajaro janmrTelobis da/an sxvebis uflebebisa damoralebis Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa, da unda Seesabamebodes ampaqtSi gaTvaliswinebul sxva uflebebs~.amasTan aRsaniSnavia mimdinare diskusia gadaadgilebis Tavisuf­lebasTan dakvSirebiT, gansakuTrebiT saerTaSoriso regionuliinstrumentebis, rogoric aris evropis adamianis uflebaTa konven­ciis meore muxlis meoTxe oqmi. romelic TiTqmis imaves acxadebs,rasac zemoT xsenebuli paqti. oqmis me-3 muxlSi naxsenebia, rom `ara­vis gaZeveba ar SeiZleba, individualurad an koleqtiurad, im qveynisteritoriidan, romlis moqalaqeobac aqvs.~6.4.3. saerTaSoriso dacva da argaZevebis principisaerTaSoriso dacvis mTavari saerTaSoriso instrumenti aris 1951wlis Jenevis konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb. konvenciaSiltolvili ganmartebulia, rogorc `piri, romelic safuZvliani SiSisgamo, SeiZleba gaxdes devnis msxverpli rasis, religiis, eTnikurikuTvnilebis, garkveuli socialuri jgufisadmi kuTvnilebis anpolitikuri mosazrebis gamo, imyofeba sakuTari moqalaqeobisqveynis gareT da ar SeuZlia an ar surs amgvari SiSis gamo isargeblosam qveynis mfarvelobiT, an ar gaaCnia ra garkveuli moqalaqeoba damsgavs movlenaTa Sedegad imyofeba ra misi adrindeli sacxovrebeliqveynis gareT, ar SeuZlia an amgvari SiSis gamo ar surs iq dabruneba.~173aucilebelia ltolvilTa ganmartebasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenimemniSvnelovani aspeqti aRvniSnoT. zogadad, ltolvilebi is adamianebiarian, romelnic maTi warmoSobis qveyanas toveben devnis SiSiT. Tumca,agreTve SesaZlebelia adamiani kanonierad (mag., mimRebi saxelmwifosmier gacemuli saswavlo vizis safuZvelze) Tu kanonis moTxovnaTa173 iqve 1(2) muxli. 173მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები

ugulebelyofiT (mag., qveyanaSi turistuli viziT Semosuli adamiani,romelic savizo reJimis ugulebelyofiT muSaobs daniSnulebisqveyanaSi) Sevida qveyanaSi da mxolod amis Semdeg, misi sazRvargareTyofnisas Seicvala misi warmoSobis saxelmwifoSi pirobebi (mag.,saxelmwifo gadatrialebis Sedegad xelisuflebis Secvla), rac maskonvenciis Sesabamisad, devnis subieqtad gadaaqcevs. aseve, warmoSobisqveynis datovebis gamo SeiZleba, adamianma sakuTari qmedebiTSecvalos misi savaraudo mdgomareoba (mag., warmoSobis saxelmwifoSiakrZalul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT demonstraciaSi monawileobada politikuri mosazrebebis gamoxatva, an religiis Secvla, racwarmoSobis saxelmwifoSi SeiZleba iyos dasjadi) sakuTar qveyanaSi amSemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sur place (adgilze warmoSobil) ltolvilTan.agreTve mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom konvencia gamo­ricxavs174 erTze meti saxelmwifos moqalaqisaTvis TavSesafris mini­Webas, Tu moqalaqeobis erT-erT saxelmwifoSi xdeba misi konvenciiTdadgenili romelime niSniT devna. am SemTxvevaSi moqalaqeobiserT-erT qveyanas aqvs moqalaqis mfarvelobis valdebuleba. amgvarSemTxvevaSi mxolod unda Semowmdes moqalaqeobis qmediTobis xarisxi.rogorc kroufordi aRniSnavs, saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobisSesaxeb muxlebi175 `avrcelebs diplomatiuri dacvis SesaZleblobasmoqalaqeobis armqone pirebsa da ltolvilebze, da moicavsmoqalaqeobis erTze meti saxelmwifos mier ori an meti moqalaqeobismqone piris erToblivi diplomatiuri dacvis ganxorcielebis daSvebas... an, moqalaqeobis erTi saxelmwifos mier am piris moqalaqeobis meoresaxelmwifosagan dacvasac ki, Tu dacul pirs ZiriTadad [realuradqmediTi] moqalaqeoba pirveli saxelmwifos farglebSi aqvs (da es arSemwydara).~176aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom mTel rig SemTxvevebSi warmoSobis qveyanaSiarsebuli obieqturi mocemuloba iZleva ukeT dasabuTebis saSualebas,rom SesaZloa am Tu im niSniT xorcieldebodes pirTa jgufis devna177.amgvar pirobebSi ltolvilis statusis miniWebisas gamoiyeneba primafacie midgoma, rac jgufs, zogjer individualur ganmcxadebelsac,aZlevs ltolvilis statusis gamartivebuli proceduriT miRebisSesaZleblobas.174 iqve pirveli muxlis me-2 punqti.175 Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (2001); Annex to the UN General Assembly Resolution 56/83 of 12 December 2001, and corrected by document A/56/49 (Vol.1)/Corr.4. xelmi- sawvdomia bmulze: http://legal.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/draft_articles/9_6_2001.pdf, nanaxia 12.12.2015 w.176 Crawford, J., et al. The Law of International Responsibility Oxford Commentary on International Law, Oxford University Press, 2010, gv. 89.177 amgvari SemTxvevis magaliTad SeiZleba, gavixsenoT ruseTis federaciis terito- riaze eTnikuri CeCnebis mimarT ganxorcielebuli RonisZiebebi e.w. `CeCneTis pir- veli da meore omebis~ periodSi.174 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

1951 wlis konvencia ltolvilTa uflebebs, ise rogorc maTi mimRebisaxelmwifos mimarT valdebulebebs adgens. umniSvnelovanesiprincipi, romelic uflebebis dacvis WrilSi amosavalia, arisargaZevebis – non-refoulement – principi.178 rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,saxelmwifos misi suverenuli uflebamosilebis farglebSi sruliTavisufleba aqvs adamianisTvis ltolvilis statusis miniWebisas,Tumca, adamianis mier TavSesafris Ziebisas saxelmwifos TavisuflebaserTi mniSvnelovani elementi arsebiTad boWavs. es aris saxelmwifosvaldebuleba, ar moxdes adamianis (TavSesafris maZieblis statusismiRebamdec, am statusis miRebisa da ltolvilis statusis miRebisSemdegac) im qveyanaSi dabruneba, sadac mis sicocxles an Tavisuflebasseriozuli safrTxe emuqreba. 1951 wlis konvenciis farglebSidaculi adamianis uflebebis wreSi Sedis Semdegi: ar SeiZlebaadamianis dasja konvenciis xelSemkvrel saxelmwifoSi TavSesafrisZiebisas aralegaluri gziT moxvedris gamo;179 gaZevebisgan dacvisufleba, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac mkacrad dadgenili pirobebisSesabamisad saxelmwifo usafrTxoebas an sazogadoebriv wesrigssafrTxe emuqreba;180 konvencia misi regulirebis farglebSi moxve­dril adamianebs sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis uflebis garantiasaZlevs.181 konvencia religiis Tavisuflebas,182 muSaobis uflebas,183sacxovrisis uflebas,184 ganaTlebis uflebas,185 saxelmwifoSemweobisa da daxmarebis uflebas,186 TavSesafris mimniWebeli saxelm­wifos teritoriaze gadaadgilebis Tavisuflebas,187 pira­dobisdamadasturebeli dokumentebis TavSesafris mimniWebeli saxelm­wifosgan miRebis uflebasa188 da, amasTan, samgzavro sabuTebis miRebisuflebas189 aregulirebs.178 zogadad, am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT ix. Kälin, W. et al, Article 33, para. 1 (Prohibition of Expulsion or Return (`Refoulement~)), ix. krebulSi The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol – A Commentary, ed. Zimmermann, A. Oxford University Press, 2011, gv. 1327-1395; aseve Zimmermann, A., et al, Article 33, para. 2 (Prohibition of Expulsion or Return (`Refoulement~)), ix. imave krebulSi. gv. 1397-1423; aseve: Lauterpacht, E., Bethlehem, D., The scope and content of the principle of non-refoulement: Opinion, ix. krebulSi Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection, ed. Feller, E., Türk, V., Nicholson F., Cambridge University Press, 2003, gv. 87–181.179 konvenciis 31-e muxli.180 konvenciis 32-e muxliT daculi ufleba da Sesabamisi pirobebi saxelmwifos suve- renitetis WrilSi unda ganvixiloT.181 konvenciis me-16 muxli.182 iqve me-4 muxli.183 iqve me-17-19 muxlebi.184 iqve 21-e muxli.185 iqve 22-e muxli.186 iqve 23-e muxli.187 iqve 26-e muxli.188 iqve 27-e muxli.189 iqve 28-e muxli.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 175

miuxedavad imisa, rom ltolvilis definicia mkafiod aris Camoya­libebuli, romlisgan mkafiod gansxvavdeba zogadad migrantissamarT­lebrivi mdgomareoba, migrantsa da ltolvils Sorisgansxvaveba dRes sul ufro problemuri da naklebad mkafio xdeba,radgan `siRatake, ekonomikuri da socialuri gariyva, religiuri dapoli­tikuri mmarTveloba Tu qalTa diskriminacia mraval adamianssakuTari qveynis datovebisken ubiZgebs~.190 amasTan, migrantTauflebebis instrumentebi ltolvilebs ar exmareba.191argaZevebis principTan dakavSirebiT arsebobs kidev ori mniSvnelo­va­ni konvencia.pirvel rigSi, 1984 wlis gaeros konvenciis wamebisa da sxva sastiki,arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobis an sasjelis winaaRmdegme-3 muxli iTvaliswinebs, rom arc erT qveyanas ara aqvs uflebadaabrunos an gaaZevos adamiani sxva qveyanaSi, sadac arsebobssakmarisi mtkicebuleba, rom mas emuqreba wamebis safrTxe. aRniSnulirom damtkicdes, konvencia iTxovs qveynebisagan TiToeulifaqtoris gamoZiebas, gansakuTrebiT adamianis uflebebis darRvevisganmeorebiTi magaliTebisa ama Tu im konkretul qveyanaSi. konvenciaSiagreTve aRniSnulia gansakuTrebuli meqanizmi imisaTvis, rom moxdeskonvenciis ganxorcielebis monitoringi – wamebis winaaRmdeg Seqmnilikomiteti, rogorc gaeros adamianis uflebaTa dacvis instrumenti.amdagvari samarTlebrivi debulebebia mocemuli adamianis ufle­bebisa da ZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis evropul konvenciaSi (me-3 muxli).zogadad, aRniSnuli muxli krZalavs wamebas da sxva sastik, arahumanurda damamcirebel mopyrobas, Tumca, agreTve krZalavs migrantebisdabrunebas im qveyanaSi, sadac maT wameba emuqrebaT. aRniSnuliprincipi pirvelad dadginda soeringis SemTxvevaSi, rodesac amerikisSeerTebul Statebs gaerTianebuli samefodan mkvlelobis danaSaulzedaskavebeli pirebis eqstradiciis mcdeloba hqonda. sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom ara mxolod sikvdiliT dasja, aramed e.w. `sikvdiliTdasjis fenomenic~ ki arahumanuri mopyrobaa da me-3 muxlis darRvevadCaiTvleboda.6.4.4. ojaxis gaerTianebisa da piradi cxovrebis uflebaojaxis gaerTianebis ufleba, rogorc wesi, adamianis uflebaTazogad principebzea dafuZnebuli da, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, es190 Heikki S. Mattila, Protection of Migrant’s Human Rights: Principles and Practice, ix. krebulSi: The Human Rights of Migrants IOM and UN, ed. Reginal Appleyard, 2001, gv. 57.191 iqve.176 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ufleba TiTeul adamianze vrceldeba, maT Soris migrantebzec. amisgaTvaliswinebiT, kidev erTxel gavixsenoT adamianis uflebaTasayovelTao deklaracia da muxli 16(3), romlis mixedviTac, `ojaxi arisbunebrivi da fundamenturi sazogadoebis wevri jgufi~. mogvianebiT,es principi xelaxla iqna Setanili rogorc muxli 23 sazogado dapolitikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqtSi.192Tumca, iseve rogorc sxva adamianis uflebebi da migrantebi,saxelmwifos prerogativa isaa, rom gansazRvros, vis SemouSvebsqveyanaSi da vis ara, da ra pirobiT. aqve, aucilebelia ganvasxvaoTojaxis wevrebi sxvadasxva kategoriebiT, romlis mixedviTac ojaxisgaerTianebis uflebebi gaicema (magaliTad, arasrulwlovani bavSvebi,meuRleebi, damokidebuli ojaxis wevrebi, ltolvili ojaxis wevrebi,a.S.).regionuli TvalsazrisiT, adamianis uflebebisa da ZiriTadiTavisuflebebis evropuli konvenciis muxli 8 am SemTxvevaSi sakmaodrelevanturia. muxlis erT-erTi nawilis Tanaxmad, `yvela adamians aqvsmisi piradi cxovrebis, ojaxis, saxlisa da mimoweris dacvis ufleba.~193aRniSnuli muxli ZiriTadad exeba migraciasTan dakavSirebulSemTxvevebs, Tumca, adamianis uflebaTa evropis sasamarTlomgadawyvita, rom me-8 muxli ar aris avtomaturi garantia imisa, rompirovnebam ojaxi Seqmnas misTvis yvelaze Sesaferis adgilas; Tumca,aqve unda gamovlindes lingvisturi da kulturuli kavSiri.194me-8 muxli aqtualuria ucxoelis deportaciis gadawyvetilebis miRe­bis drosac. magaliTad, sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom `im SemTxvev­ aSi,Tu ganmcxadebelma misi cxovrebis umetesi nawili ganmdevn qveyanaSigaatara, mas sagrZnoblad Rrma socialuri da ojaxobrivi kavSiri aqvsam qveyanasTan da Zalian mcire kavSiri miReb qveyanasTan~, am migrantispiradi da ojaxuri cxovrebis ufleba SesaZloa dairRves.195rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, ojaxis gaerTianebis ufleba CveulebrivTiToeuli qveynis mier dadgenili principebiT aris regulirebuli,rac dafuZnebulia migrantis politikur, socialur da kulturuluflebebze, romelic moZiebul unda iqnes adamianis uflebaTasaerTaSoriso kanonebis dacviT.192 ix.: konvencis inglisuri versia. 177193 iqve.194 iqve.195 iqve.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები

migraciis samarTlebrivi aspeqtebis ramdenime sainteresosakiTxisaTviserTmaneTisagan unda gaimijnos migrantTa sazRvarze ukanonod ga­dayvana da adamianiT vaWroba (trefikingi)196. migrantTa sazRvar­zeukanonod gadayvanas qarTulad xSirad `migrantTa kontrabandad~moixsenieben, rac qarTulSi inglisuridan Semosuli terminis197kalkia.adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) SemTxvevaSi qmedebis kvalifi­kaciisas ganmsazRvrelia eqsploataciis mizani.198 am danaSaulsadamianis uflebebis mravalmxrivi darRvevebic Tan sdevs.199migrantTa saxelmwifo sazRvarze ukanonod gadayvana ki garkveulimomsaxurebaa, romlis mizani erTi punqtidan meoreSi adamianisgadaadgilebaa da aucileblad ar ukavSirdeba adamianis uflebebisraime formiT darRvevas, maSin rodesac es qmedeba ucilobladsaxelmwifos suverenitetis winaaRmdegaa mimarTuli.migraciis WrilSi ramdenime sakiTxi gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobasiZens saqarTveloSi. erT-erTi amgvaria XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSisaqarTvelos ssr-idan iZulebiT gadasaxlebul pirTa repatria­ciis Sesaxeb kanonmdebloba,200 romelic, erTi mxriv, adamianisuf­leb­ ebis aRdgenis, meore mxriv ki, saqarTvelos suverenuliinteresebis dacvis interess ukavSirdeba. saxelmwifos suvere­nuli interesi am SemTxvevaSi saqarTvelos evropis sabWosTanurTierTobaa.saqarTvelos konstituciis 22(4)-e muxlis WrilSi mizanSewoniliasaqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris gaformebuli readmisiisxelSekrulebis gaxseneba. evrokavSirTan politikuri daaxloebisprocesSi saqarTvelom readmisiis xelSekrulebas moawera xeli2011 wels. saqarTvelos prezidentis 2011 wlis 26 aprilis N225brZanebuleba unebarTvod mcxovreb pirTa readmisiis SesaxebsaqarTvelos mier gaformebuli SeTanxmebebis Sesrulebis Taobazeda 2012 wlis 12 martis Sss, iusticiis, sagareo, ltolvilTa196 Kathryn Farr, Human Trafficking, ix. saxelmZRvaneloSi, ed. Steven j. Gold, Stephanie J. Nawyn, The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies Routledge, 2013, gv. 118-128.197 `migrant smuggling~.198 Anne T. Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking Cambridge University Press, 2012, gv. 34-42.199 ix.: migraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centri, saswavlo masala mo- samarTleTa da prokurorTaTvis trefikingTan brZolis Sesaxeb, 2006, gv. 45-53, 81- 130.200 ix.: saqarTvelos kanoni yofili ssrk-is mier XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi saqarTve- los ssr-idan iZulebiT gadasaxlebul pirTa repatriaciis Sesaxeb, 2007 wlis 11 ivlisi, N5261 - rs. nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. http://mra.gov.ge/res/docs/2013110412411783381.pdf.178 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ministrebis 185-35-63-N22 erToblivi brZaneba readmisiis SesaxebSeTanxmebis Sesrulebis wesis damtkicebis Taobaze. saqarTveloskanonmdebloba im pirTa statuss ar aregulirebs, romlebsacsaqarTvelos moqalaqis an saqarTveloSi kanonierad yofnisuflebamosileba ara aqvT, da romlebic saqarTveloSi dabrunebasdaeqvemdebarnen.201evropuli konvencia exeba adamianiT vaWrobis `yvela formas,miuxedavad imisa, vin aris misi msxverpli - mamakaci, qali TubavSvi... transnacionaluri trefikingis SemTxvevaSi konvenciaexeba im msxverplebsac, romlebic mimRebi qveynis teritoriazelegalurad Sevidnen an imyofebian, da maTac, vinc am qveyanaSiaralegalurad Sevida an imyofeba~.2026.5. migracia saqarTvelos sakanonmdeblo CarCoSisaqarTvelos konstitucia ganamtkicebs saqarTveloSi kanoniersafuZvelze myofi yvela adamianis uflebas, isargeblos qveynisteritoriaze Tavisufali gadaadgilebisa da sacxovrebeli adgilisTavisufali arCevis uflebiT. saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanoni qveyanaSikanonierad myof yvela adamians saqarTvelodan Tavisuflad gasvlisuflebas aniWebs. suverenuli uflebamosilebis gamoyenebiT, saxelm­wifos SeuZlia am uflebebis SezRudva demokratiuli sazog­ a­doebisarsebobisaTvis aucilebeli saxelmwifo uSiSroebis an sazoga­doeb­rivi usafrTxoebis uzrunvelyofis, aseve janmrTelobis dacvisuzrunvel­yofisa da danaSaulis Tavidan aridebis an marTlmsajulebisganxorcielebis mizniT.203suverenuli interesebis gasatareblad saqarTvelos saxelmwifosuflebamosilebis ganxorcielebis farglebSi ucxo qveynis moqa­laqeTa da moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa politikuri saqmianobisSezRudvis dawesebac ZaluZs.204saqarTvelos kanoni `erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis dagegmvisa201 rusudan tuSuri, saqarTvelo da migracia _ kanonmdeblobis analizi saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi: 2013, gv. 75.202 rosario pardo, saxelmZRvanelo parlamentarebisaTvis - evropis sabWos konven- cia adamianebiT vaWrobis winaaRmdeg brZolis Sesaxeb evropis sabWos saparlamen- to asamblea, 2006, gv. 19-20.203 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 22-e muxli.204 iqve.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 179

da koordinaciis wesis Sesaxeb“205, romelic erovnuli usafrTxoebispolitikis sferoebis gansazRvrasTan erTad am politikisdagegmvisa da koordinaciis process gansazRvravs, `migraciulida repatriaciuli procesebis saerTaSoriso doneze aRiarebulinormebis Sesabamisad marTva[s]~206 saxelmwifos Sida usafrTxoebisSemadgenel mimarTulebad moiazrebs, `qveynis farglebs gareTmcxovrebi saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis uflebebisa da kanonieriinteresebis dacva[s]~207 da `qarTuli diasporebis interesebisdacvasa da maTi saqmianobis mxardaWera[s]~208 ki sagaero usafrTxoebissferos erT-erT mimarTulebad ganixilavs. amavdroulad, kanonierovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis dagegmvasa da koordinaciassxva principebTan erTad afuZnebs `adamianis uflebebisa daZiriTadi Tavisuflebebis ganuxreli dacv[is]a da pativiscem[is]~209principze. kanonis normebi erTi mxriv, saqarTvelos farglebSimigraciuli procesebis marTvis WrilSi saqarTvelos suverenuliuflebamosilebis farglebSi Tavisufali moqmedebis, meore mxrivki, ucxo saxelmwifoebTan amave WrilSi mimarTebisa da, Sesabamisad,suverenuli uflebamosilebebis Sepirispirebas gvTavazobs.saqarTvelos kanoni `saerTaSoriso dacvis Sesaxeb~210 saxelmwifossuverenuli interesis dacvis gamoZaxilad adgens, rom argaZevebisprincipi `ar gamoiyeneba im TavSesafris maZieblis an saerTaSorisodacvis mqone piris mimarT, romelTan dakavSirebiTac arsebobssakmarisi safuZveli varaudisTvis, rom igi saqarTvelos saxelmwifousafrTxoebas uqmnis saSiSroebas, an romelic kanonier ZalaSiSesuli ganaCeniT msjavrdebulia saqarTveloSi gansakuTrebiTmZime danaSaulis CadenisaTvis da safrTxes uqmnis sazogadoebas~.211normis farglebSi naTlad vxvdebiT adamianis uflebebis dacvisa dasaxelmwifo suverenuli sxva interesis dacvis urTierTmimarTebas, amukanasknelis sasargeblod.saqarTvelos konstitucia araorazrovan Canawers moicavs, romelickonstituciiTa da kanoniT dadgenili gamonaklisi SemTxvevebisgarda saqarTveloSi mcxovreb ucxoelebsa da moqalaqeobis armqonepirebs saqarTvelos moqalaqis Tanabar uflebebsa da valdebulebebsganusazRvravs.212205 saqarTvelos kanoni `erovnuli usafrTxoebis politikis dagegmvisa da koordi- naciis wesis Sesaxeb~, N3126-IIs, 4 marti, 2015w.206 iqve 8(T) muxli.207 iqve 8(d) muxli.208 iqve 7(e) muxli.209 iqve 5(b) muxli.210 saqarTvelos kanoni `saerTaSoriso dacvis Sesaxeb~, N42-Is, 1 dekemberi, 2016 w.211 iqve 8(2) muxli.212 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 47(1) muxli.180 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi mmarTvelobis wesiswinaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulis TavSi213 dasjadad acxadebs saqar­Tvelos saxelmwifo sazRvarze migrantTa ukanonod gadayvanasa an/da maTTvis saqarTveloSi ukanonod yofnisTvis xelis Sewyobas. undaaRiniSnos, rom saxelmwifos winaaRmdeg mimarTuli danaSaulebisTvisgankuTvnil TavSi gaTvaliswinebuli danaSauli damamZimebeligaremoebebis CamonaTvalSi moicavs da aZlierebs pasuxismgeblobasadamianis uflebebis imgvari darRveviT saqarTvelos saxelmwifosazRvarze migrantis ukanonod gadayvanis an/da saqarTveloSiyofnisaTvis Sesabamisi pirobebis SeqmnisTvis, romelic migrantissicocxles an janmrTelobas safrTxes uqmnis an Cadenilia migrantismimarT arahumanuri an damamcirebeli mopyrobiT, maT Soris migrantiseqsploataciiT. es norma gansakuTrebiT amkacrebs pasuxismgeblobas,Tuki saqarTvelos suverenitetis winaaRmdeg mimarTulma am qmedebammigrantis sicocxlis mospoba an sxva mZime Sedegi gamoiwvia.214 amnormis ganxilva cxadyofs, rom erTi mxriv, sxvadasxva sibrtyeSi myofisaxelmwifos suverenuli interesebi da adamianis uflebebi, meoremxriv, SesaZloa, erTmaneTze maqsimalurad gadajaWvuli da xSiraderTimeoris interesebis gamaZlierebelic iyos.TavSesafris miniWebis sakiTxs saqarTvelos konstitucia saerTa­Soriso normebis Sesabamisad aregulirebs.215saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 344-e muxls darTuliSeniSvna, swored saerTaSoriso normebis gavleniT, calsaxad adgens,rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sazRvris ukanonod gadmomkveTi piri,`romelic saqarTveloSi uSualod im teritoriidan Semovida, sadacmis sicocxles an Tavisuflebas `ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb~ gaeros1951 wlis konvenciis pirveli muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli safrTxeemuqreboda da romelic saqarTveloSi unebarTvod imyofeba~, TusaerTaSoriso da erovnuli samarTlis Sesabamisad saqarTvelosTavSesafars sTxovs, igi sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobisganunda gaTavisufldes. sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis es normapirobadadebulia imgvarad, rom am SemTxvevaSi ucxo qveynis moqalaqean moqalaqeobis armqone piri dauyovnebliv unda gamocxaddessaqarTvelos kompetentur organoSi da saqarTveloSi ukanonoSemosvlisa Tu unebarTvod yofnis Taobaze ganmarteba warmoadginos.amasTan, amgvar SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsismoTxovniT, sxva danaSaulis niSnebi ar unda ikveTebodes.213 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, N2287-rs, Tavi XL. 181214 saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsi, 3441-e muxli.215 saqarTvelos konstitucia, N786-rs, 47(2)-e muxli.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები

amasTan, saqarTvelos konstitucia krZalavs Semoxiznuli piris sxvasaxelmwifosTvis gadacemas, Tu am pirs politikuri mrwamsis an imqmedebis gamo devnian, rac saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT danaSauladar miiCneva.216saqarTvelos kanonmdebloba termins `ekomigranti~ ar gansazRvravs.arc am mdgomareobaSi adamianis yofnis samarTlebrivi proceduraaganmar­tebuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom rogorc saqarTvelos okupi­rebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa, gan­saxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros debulebis damtkicebis SesaxebsaqarTvelos mTavrobis 2008 wlis 22 Tebervlis N34 dadgenileba, iseadgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobebis Sesaxeb saqarTvel­ os organulikanonis 42-e muxlis me-4 punqtis `v“ qvepunqti `ekomi­grantebs~axsenebs.217 saqarTveloSi `ar arsebobs erTiani kanonmdeblobaromelic gansazRvravda maTi dacvis, gansaxlebis, socialuridaxmarebis/kompensaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas.~218saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis 344-e muxls darTuliSeniSvna araorazrovnad adgens, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifosazRvris ukanonod gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi sisxlissamarTlebrivipasux­ ismgeblobisagan unda gaTavisufldes is piri, romelmacsaxelmwifos suverenitetis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli es danaSauliadamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverplad yofnis gamo Caidinamanam, sanam mas adamianiT vaWrobis (trefikingis) msxverplis statussmianiWebdnen.216 saqarTvelos konstitucia, 47(3) muxli.217 rusudan tuSuri, saqarTvelo da migracia – kanonmdeblobis analizi, gv. 112.218 rusudan tuSuri, saqarTvelo da migracia – politikis analizi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi: 2013, gv. 49.182 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

danarTi 1mTavari saerTaSoriso instrumentebi migraciisada adamianis uflebebis Sesaxeb• adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia, 1948 w.;• samoqalaqo da politikuri uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, 1966 w.• ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli uflebebis saerTaSoriso paqti, 1966 w.;• saerTaSoriso konvencia rasobrivi diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, 1965 w.;• saerTaSoriso konvencia qalTa diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, 1979 w.;• konvencia wamebisa da sxva sastiki, araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxavi mopyrobis da dasjis winaaRmdeg, 1984 w.;• konvencia bavSvis uflebebis Sesaxeb, 1989 w.;• saerTaSoriso konvencia yvela migranti muSakisa da maTi ojaxis wevrebis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1990 w.;• SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirTa uflebebis konvencia, 2006 w.;• saerTaSoriso konvencia iZulebiT gauCinarebisgan yvela piris dacvis Sesaxeb, 2006 w.;• konvencia iZulebiTi Sromis Sesaxeb, 1930 w. (N. 29);• konvencia Sromis inspeqciis Sesaxeb, 1947 w. (N. 81);• konvencia asociaciis Seqmnisa da organizebis Sesaxeb, 1948 w. (N. 87);• konvencia organizebisa da koleqtiuri garigebis Sesaxeb, 1949 w. (N. 98);• konvencia Tanabari anazRaurebis Sesaxeb, 1951 w. (N.100);• konvencia iZulebiTi Sromis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb, 1957 w. (N. 105);• konvencia (dasaqmebisa da profesiis) diskriminaciis Sesaxeb, 1958 w. (N. 111);• konvencia minimumi asakis Sesaxeb, 1973 w. (N. 138);• konvencia kerZo dasaqmebis saagentoebis Sesaxeb, 1997 w. (N. 181);მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 183

• konvencia bavSvTa Sromis umkacresi formebis Sesaxeb, 1999 w. (N. 182);• konvencia Sinamosamsaxureebis Sesaxeb, 2011 w. (N. 189);• konvencia (ganaxlebuli) dasaqmebis mizniT migraciis Sesaxeb, 1949 w. (N. 97);• konvencia migrantebis Seuracxmyofeli samuSao pirobebis, migranti muSakebis mopyrobisa da Tanaswori SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb, 1975 w. (N. 143);• konvencia ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb, 1951 w. da ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb oqmi, 1967 w.;• konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Sesaxeb, 1954 w.• konvencia moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa Semcirebis Sesaxeb, 1961 w.• konvencia saerTaSoriso organizebuli danaSaulis Sesaxeb, 2000 w.; oqmi adamianiT vaWrobis xelis SemSleli faqtorebis aRmofxvrisa da dasjis Sesaxeb, gansakuTrebiT bavSvebisa da qalebis; oqmi migrantebis arasamarTlebrivi gziT xmeleTiT, zRviT an freniT gadayvanis Sesaxeb.• saerTaSoriso humanitaruli samarTali: Jenevis konvencia, 1949 w.;• konvencia sakonsulo urTierTobis Sesaxeb, 1963 w.;• saerTaSoriso konvencia sazRvao sivrceSi sicocxlis dacvis Sesaxeb, 1974 w.; saerTaSoriso konvencia sazRvao Ziebisa da daxmarebis Sesaxeb, 1979 w.;• konvencia sazRvao samarTlis Sesaxeb, 1982 w.;• sisxlis samarTlis saerTaSoriso sasamarTlos romis statuti, 1988 w.kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis6.1. migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTlis romeli wyaroebi arsebobs? aris Tu ara erTi konkretuli saerTaSoriso samarTlis instru­ menti, romelic aregulirebs migraciis saerTaSoriso kanonebs?6.2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis romeli ganStoebaa yvelaze relevant­ u­ ri migraciis saerTaSoriso samarTlis sakiTxebTan dakavSireb­ iT?184 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

6.3. sad ikveTeba saxelmwifoebrivi suvereniteti da migrantebis uflebebis dacva?6.4. ra aris migraciis marTvis adamianis uflebebze dafuZnebuli midgoma? Tqveni azriT, saqarTvelos aqvs Tu ara amgvari midgoma?saSinao davalebasaqmis Seswavla: X, Y, Z - larsiis winaaRmdegZiriTadi faqtebiganmcxadeblebi, b-ni X, b-ni Y da b-ni Z, arian barsieli moqalaqeebi,romlebic daibadnen 1983, 1987 da 1988 wlebSi. b-ni X cxovrobs omlaarasSi (barsia); b-ni Y da b-ni Z cxovroben el mahdiaSi (barsia).2011 wlis seqtemberSi isini sxvebTan erTad larsiis sanapiroskenmartivad damzadebuli navebiT miemarTebodnen. larsiis sanapirodacvam maTi navebi daakava da isini kunZul barimiteris portamdemiacila. ganmcxadeblebi gadaiyvanes mimReb daxmarebis centrSi(“CSPA~) barimiterze, kontrada imbriakolaSi (Contrada Imbriacola), sadacuflebamosilma pirebma daiwyes maTi identificirebis procesiswarmoeba. ganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom xalxmraval da binZurpirobebSi uwevdaT yofna.2011 wlis 20 seqtembers, CSPA-Si migrantebma Zaladobrivi ajanyebamoawyves. Senobas cecxli gauCnda da ganmcxadeblebi barimiterzesportul kompleqsSi gadaiyvanes. amis Semdeg, maT moaxerxespoliciisgan Tavis daRweva da miaRwies sofel barimiteramde,saidanac daaxloebiT 1,800 sxva migrantTan erTad kunZulis quCebSigamarTes demonstracia, ris Semdegac, policiam maTi SeCerebamoaxerxa. ganmcxadeblebi jer mimReb centrSi da Semdeg barimiterisaeroportSi gadaiyvanes.2011 wlis 22 seqtembers, b-ni X, b-ni Y da b-ni Z gadaafrines palermoSi.TviTmfrinavidan isini gadaiyvanes navsadgurSi mdebare gemebze.b-ni X moaTavses vinsentze 190 sxva adamianTan erTad, danarCeni 2ganmcxadebeli moaTavses sxva gemze 150 sxva migrantTan erTad.ganmcxadeblebi ramdenime dRis manZilze imyofebodnen gemze.2011 wlis 27 seqtembers, b-ni Y da b-ni Z gadaiyvanes palermosaeroportSi, sadac barsiaSi gamgzavrebas elodebodnen. b-ni X 29მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 185

seqtembers gaamgzavres. barsiis mimarTulebiT TviTmfrinavSiCasxdomamde migrantebi barsielma konsulma miiRo, romelmacganmcxadeblebis mtkicebiT, ubralod Caiwera maTi vinaobebi larsiasda barsias Soris 2011 wlis aprilSi dadebuli SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.ganmcxadeblebi aseve amtkicebdnen, rom larsiaSi yofnis dros maTzearanairi dokumenti ar gacemula. maTi dakvirvebebis monacemTadanarTis mixedviT, mTavrobam ganmcxadeblebTan mimarTebaSi samjergasca Sesvlaze uaris brZaneba. am brZanebebs Tan axlda oqmi, romelicadasturebda, rom adresatebma uari Tqves xeli moeweraT an mieRoTbrZanebis asli. tunisis aeroportSi Casvlisas, b-ni X, b-ni Y da b-ni ZgaaTavisufles.mTelma rigma antirasistulma asociaciebma Seitanes saCivaripalermos portSi sam gemze moTavsebuli migrantebisadmi mopyrobisTaobaze. Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis da ukanono dapatimrebiskriminaluri samarTalwarmoebis saqme aRiZra ucnobi piris an pirebismimarT. 2012 wlis 1 ivnisis gadawyvetilebiT, palermos winaswarigamoZiebis mosamarTlem maT braleuloba mouxsna.orma sxva migrantma, romelTac aseve miiRes Sesvlaze uaris brZaneba,gaasaCivres es brZaneba agrigentos mSvidobis sasamarTloSi dasasamarTlom baTilad cno es brZaneba. mosamarTlem daadgina, rommomCivnebi larsiis teritoriaze imyofebodnen 2011 wlis 6 maissada 18 seqtembers, xolo uaris Sesaxeb brZanebebi mxolod 16 maissada 24 seqtembers iqna miRebuli. miuxedavad imis aRiarebisa, romkanonSi ar aris miTiTebuli konkretuli vada, mosamarTlem daadgina,rom miRebulma zomebma TavisTavad SezRuda ganmcxadeblebisTavisufleba, radganac maTi identifikaciis process ufro naklebidro unda daTmoboda. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, maTi de faqto patimrobanebadarTuli iqneboda xelisuflebis nebismieri dasabuTebuligadawyvetilebis gareSec.saCivari, procedura da sasamarTlos Semadgenlobaganmcxadeblebi amtkicebdnen, rom maTi Tavisuflebis SezRudvaewinaaRmdegeboda konvenciis me-5 muxlis pirvel punqts (Tavisuf­lebisa da usafrTxoebis ufleba). me-5 muxlis me-2 punqtzedayrdnobiT (Tavisuflebis CamorTmevis mizezebis Sesaxeb swrafadinformirebulobis ufleba) isini ukmayofilebas gamoxatavdnen maTidakavebis dros larsiis xelisuflebasTan komunikaciis ararsebobisgamo. me-5 muxlis me-4 punqtis Tanaxmad (patimrobis kanonierebisSesaxeb swrafi gadawyvetilebis miRebis ufleba), maT ganacxades,186 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rom ar hqondaT SesaZlebloba eWvi gamoeTqvaT maTi TavisuflebisaRkveTis kanonierebasTan dakavSirebiT. mesame muxlis (araadamianurian damamcirebeli mopyrobis akrZalva) Tanaxmad, isini Tvlidnen, rompirobebi, romelSic isini imyofebodnen barimitersa da palermosnavsadguris gemebze, iyo araadamianuri da damamcirebeli. maT asevewarmoadgines saCivari me-4 oqmis me-4 muxlze dayrdnobiT (ucxoelTakoleqtiuri gaZevebis akrZalva), rom isini koleqtiuri gaZevebismsxverplni iyvnen. da bolos, me-13, me-3 da me-5 muxlebisa da meoTxeoqmis me-4 muxlis gaTvaliswinebiT (efeqturi samarTlebrivi dacvisufleba), isini acxadebdnen, rom larsiis kanonis farglebSi maT arhqondaT SesaZlebloba gamoeyenebinaT efeqtiani sasamarTlo dacvissaSualeba maTi uflebebis dasacavad.ganacxadi Setanil iqna adamianis uflebaTa evropulsasamarTloSi 2012 wlis 9 marts.2015 wlis 1 seqtembers sasamarTlos meore seqciis palatam gamoitanagadawyvetileba da erTxmad daadgina, rom adgili hqonda konvenciisme-5 muxlis pirveli, meore da meoTxe punqtebis darRvevas, Tumca asevedaadgina, rom me-3 muxlis darRvevas ganmcxadeblebis vinsentisa daaudeisis gemebze arsebul pirobebTan dakavSirebiT ar hqonda adgili.xuTi xmiT oris winaaRmdeg, palatam agreTve daadgina, rom adgilihqonda konvenciis me-3 muxlis darRvevas mimReb centrSi arsebulpirobebTan dakavSirebiT, aseve dairRva konvenciis me-4 oqmis me-4muxli, konvenciis me-13 muxli, me-3 muxlsa da me-4 oqmis me-4 muxlTanerTad.2015 wlis 1 dekembers mTavrobam moiTxova, rom saqmis ganxilvagagrZelebuliyo did palataSi 43-e muxlis safuZvelze (didipalatis mimarTva) da 2016 wlis 1 Tebervals didi palatis panelma esmoTxovna daakmayofila. safrangeTis TavSesafris uflebebis dacviskoaliciaSi (Française pour le droit d’asile) Semavalma oTxma asociaciamwerilobiTi SeniSvnebi gamoagzavna. aseve, SeniSvnebi gamogzavnamakgilis universitetis adamianis uflebaTa da samarTlebrivipluralizmis centrma, AIRE-is (evropaSi individualuri uflebebisSesaxeb konsultireba) centrma da ltolvilTa da devnilTaevropulma sabWom (ECRE). mosmena strasburgSi gaimarTa.gTxovT, ganmarteT sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba, romelic iTva­lis­winebs adamianis uflebaTa 1950 wlis evropuli konvenciisSemdeg muxlebs:მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 187

- muxli 5 (1);- muxli 5 (2);- muxli 5 (4);- muxli 3;- №4 oqmis me-4-e muxli;- muxli 13-is da muxli 3-is erTad gaanalizeba;- muxli 13-is №4 oqmis me-4-e muxlTan erTad gaanalizeba;bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Anthony Aust, Modern Treaty Law and Practice, 2nd Edition, Cambridge University Press, 2007;2. Council of Europe, European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees. Strasbourg, 20.IV.1959;3. E de Wet, The Emergence of International and Regional Value Systems as a Manifestation of the Emerging International Constitutional Order, Leiden Journal of International Law, tomi 19, #3. 2006;4. European Agreement on the Abolition of Visas for Refugees, European Treaty Series No. 31. (n.d.). Strasbourg, 20.IV.1959. Retrieved from https://rm.coe.int/16800656cf;5. International Treaty, Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, 1967;6. Jan Klabbers, Anne Peters, and Geir Ulfstein, The Constitutionalization of International Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009;7. Jeffry Dunoff, Steven Ratner, and David Wippman, International Law: Norms, Process: A Problem-Oriented Approach, 3rd Edition, Wolters Kluwer, 2010;8. Laura Smith-Spark, ArwaDamon and Michael Martinez, Video shows Hungarian police lobbing food into migrant crowd; 2015, September 1. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/11/europe/europe-migrant-crisis/index.html;9. Oliver Dörr and Kirsten Schmalenbach,. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, A Commentary. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2012;10. Rovert Kolb, `Article 2(2)~ in The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary, tomi 1, 3rd edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012;188 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

11. UNHCR. The Refugee Convention, 1951;12. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 1969. https://treaties.un.org/doc/ publication/unts/volume%201155/volume-1155-i-18232-english.pdf;13. William R. Slomanson, Fundamental Perspectives on International Law (Vol. Sixth Edition). Boston, MA, USA: Wadsworth, 2011;14. zaza ruxaZe, saqarTvelos konstituciuri samarTali. baTumi: saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, 1999;15. levan aleqsiZe, adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso samarTali (leqsikoni-cnobari), Tbilisi: gaeros ganviTarebis programa (UNDP), 2005;16. levan aleqsiZe, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso samarTali. Tbilisi: sagamomcemlo saxli `inovacia~, 2010;17. rusudan tuSuri, saqarTvelo da migracia _ kanonmdeblobis anal- izi saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi: 2013;18. rusudan tuSuri, saqarTvelo da migracia – politikis analizi, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia, Tbilisi: 2013;19. Anne T. Gallagher, The International Law of Human Trafficking Cambridge Univer- sity Press, 2012;20. Kathryn Farr, Human Trafficking, ix. saxelmZRvaneloSi, The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies ed. Steven j. Gold, Stephanie J. Nawyn, Routledge, 2013;21. Heikki S. Mattila, Protection of Migrant’s Human Rights: Principles and Practice, ix. krebulSi: The Human Rights of Migrants IOM and UN, ed. Reginal Appleyard, 2001.მიგრაციის სამართლებრივი ასპექტები 189

7. sazogadoebrivi geografia da migracia ia iaSvili geografiis mecnierebaTa doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti7.1. SesavalisaxelmZRvanelos am nawilSi ganxilulia migraciebis geografiaglobaluri masStabiT. sazogadoebrivi geografiis arsis moklemimoxilvis Semdeg mkiTxvelebi gaecnobian migraciul nakadTaZiriTad mimarTulebebs msoflioSi, aseve, imigraciisa da emigraciismTavar regionebsa da qveynebs. am Tavis Seswavla maT daanaxvebs mosax­leobis gadaadgilebis im mizezebsa da faqtorebs, romlebic ganapi­robebs da ayalibebs migraciul nakadTa Tanamedrove mimarTulebebs.saxelmZRvanelos es nawili eyrdnoba saerTaSoriso akademiursferoSi arsebul Tanamedrove samecniero literaturas, romelsacsaswavlo mizniT iyeneben evropisa da aSS-s universitetebi. pirveliqveTavi gansazRvravs sazogadoebrivi geografiis Seswavlis mTavarsagnebs da maT kavSirs migraciasTan; meore qveTavi mimoixilavsmsoflio migraciis ZiriTad tendenciebs; mesame qveTavi aRwers migra­ciis tendenciebs msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi; bolos ki mocemuliasadiskusio kiTxvebi da saSinao davalebebi studentebisaTvis.7.2. sazogadoebrivi geografiis sagnis mimoxilva7.2.1. geografiuli mecnierebis Sesaxebtermini geografia berZen mecniers, eratosTenes (Zv.w.aR. 276-192 ww.) ekuTvnis. `geo~ dedamiwas, xolo `grafos~ aRweras niSnavs.Zvel saberZneTSi geografiaSi moiazreboda naosnoba, rac adamianissivrceSi gadaadgilebis konkretul mizans – axali teritoriebisaTvis­ ebas ukavSirdeboda.1 geografiuli cnobismoyvareobis Sedegad,1 James M. Rubenstain, Contemporary Human Geography. 1st ed. New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010, gv. 4.190 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mogzaurebi agrovebdnen da inaxavdnen informacias adgilebisa dateritoriebis Sesaxeb. garda amisa, am uZveles geografebs uCndebodaTkiTxvac, ratom icvleboda bunebrivi garemo da kultura adgilismonacvleobasTan erTad. swored ase Caisaxa mecniereba, romelsacdRes geografias vuwodebT.2 Tanamedrove geografebi adgenen ama Tuim konkretuli adgilis mdebareobas da ikvleven, rogor ukavSirdebamas adamianTa saqmianoba. isini pasuxoben or mTavar SekiTxvas: sad(mimdinareobs sazogadoebis konkretuli saqmianoba) da ratom (amkonkretul adgilas)?3dRes ukve cnobilia, rom geografia aris mecniereba, romelicSeiswavlis bunebrivi garemosa da adamianTa sazogadoebis sivrciTsistemebs. igi ikvlevs, sad da rogor vrceldeba bunebrivi dasazogadoebrivi maxasiaTeblebi dedamiwis zedapirze, ra saxiTurTierToben isini erTmaneTTan da rogor icvlebian droTaganmavlobaSi. magaliTad, adamianTa sametyvelo enisa da mcenareulisafaris gavrcelebis kanonzomierebaTa dadgena erT-erTia movlenaTaim usasrulo siaSi, romelsac es disciplina swavlobs.4geografia kompleqsuri mecnierebaa da moicavs rogorc fizikur, isesazogadoebriv geografias:• fizikuri geografia ikvlevs dedamiwaze mimdinare bunebriv- geografiul procesebs, rac ganapirobebs mTebis warmoqmnas, mdinareTa moqmedebas, klimatis sxvadasxvaobas, mcenareTa gavrce­ lebas, niadagis tipebis Camoyalibebas sxva mraval movlenasTan erTad. garda amisa, igi swavlobs adamianTa (anTropogenuri) zemoqmedebis gavlenas bunebriv garemoze.5• sazogadoebrivi geografia aris mecniereba adamianTa saqmianobis — ekonomikuri, kulturuli, politikuri da urbanuli cvli­ lebebis Sesaxeb. es sfero integrirebulad aanalizebs sazoga­ doebrivi da fizikuri movlenebis urTierTobas.warmoidgineT, rom gecxovraT sxva qveyanaSi, ra gavlenas iqoniebdaes Tqven mSobliur enaze, romelzec saubrobT? sakvebze, romelsacmiirTmevT? musikaze, romelsac usmenT, an Tqvens ganaTlebasa dareligiaze? rogor imoqmedebda iqauri klimati da sxva bunebrivipirobebi? SeiZleba Tu ara, amis gamo dRevandelisgan gansxvavebuli2 Mona Domosh,Roderick P. Neumann, Patricia L. Price and Jordan-Bychkov G. Terry, The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. 12th ed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2013. gv. 1.3 Rubenstain, Contemporary Human Geography, gv. 18.4 Bradshaw, J. Michael and et al., Contemporary World Regional Geography, 3rd edition, Dubuque, Iowa: McGraw-Hill Co., 2009. gv. 4.5 iqve.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 191

midgomebi gqonodaT mTeli rigi globaluri sakiTxebis mimarT?ra darCeboda ucvleli? ratom arsebobs amgvari gansxvavebebi? esis sakiTxebia, romlebic sazogadoebriv geografebs ainteresebTxalxebisa da im adgilebis Sesaxeb, sadac isini cxovroben.7.2.2. sazogadoebrivi geografia, misi arsi, sagani, miznebi da amocanebisazogadoebrivi geografia adamianebisa da bunebrivi garemosurTierTobas sxvadasxva masStabiT ganixilavs, lokaluridanglobaluramde. es disciplina adgens, rogor yalibdeba amurTierTobebisas gansxvavebuli sivrceebi sacxovrebeli adgilis,ubnis, qalaqis, xalxisa da regionis saxiT. amdenad, sazogadoebrivigeografia aris mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis adamianTasazogadoebebisa da im geografiuli garemos (sivrcis) urTierTobas,sadac maT uxdebaT saqmianoba.6vinaidan sazogadoebrivi geografia swavlobs sivrcesa da droSimosaxleobis ganviTarebis dinamikur procesebs, gansakuTrebuliinteresiT akvirdeba migraciasac. am mxriv mas bevri saerTo aqvsiseT disciplinebTan, rogoricaa kulturuli anTropologia,demografia, fsiqologia, sociologia7 da sxv. (ix.: diagrama 1).swored geografiam daiwyo Seswavla imgvarad, rom mosaxleobisgadaadgilebis (droebiTi iqneba Tu mudmivi) pirobebSi socialurida ekonomikuri cvlilebebi ukavSirdeba iseT transformaciebs,rogoricaa reproduqcia, eTnikur-lingvisturi da kulturulimaxasiaTeblebi, adamianebis Segueba da adaptacia axal garemosTan,maTi momarageba saWiro resursebiT da a. S. roca sxva disciplinebigeografiis sagans erwymian, warmoiqmneba axali mimarTulebebi,romlebic qvemoT mocemul diagramaze kargad Cans.6 Domosh M. et al., The Human Mosaic, gv. 2.7 Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Murphy, Harm J. de Blij, Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture, 10th Edition, 2015, gv. 6.192 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

diagrama 1. sazogadoebrivi geografiis kavSiri sxva mecnierebebTan da Sedegad warmoqmnili axali mimarTulebebi8 sxva socialuri mecnierebebisagan gansxvavebiT, sazogadoebrivigeografiis Seswavlis ZiriTadi sagania adamianis saqmianobebikonkretul geografiul arealSi, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeliarigi fizikuri, socialuri da kulturuli niSnebisa. amgvar sivrceTaerTianoba warmoqmnis teritoriul erTeuls regionis saxiT.msoflios regionebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.9sazogadoebrivi geografia Seiswavlis Semdeg sakiTxebs:- garemosa da kulturas Soris urTierTobebi: mecnierebi kulturas gansazRvraven, rogorc adamianTa koleqtiur qcevas, SeZenili da ara Tandayolili metyvelebis, moqcevis, ideologiis, yofisa da faseulobaTa sistemis saxiT.10 is ikvlevs konkretuli kulturis gamovlinebisa da sivrceSi asaxvis gzebs (magaliTad,8 Fouberg, Murphey and de Blij, Human Geography, gv. 6.9 Paul L. Knox, Virginia Tech and Sallie A. Marston, Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Con- text, 7th Edition, University of Arizona, 2010, gv. 310 Domosh et al., The Human Mosaic, gv. 2. საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 193

saqalaqo Tu sasoflo arqiteqtura, gzebis dizaini, gasarTobi Tu dasasvenebeli adgilebi da sxv.). sazogadoebrivi geografia ganixilavs kulturis, rogorc faseulobaTa erTobliobis, transformirebasa Tu ucvlelobas erTi adgilidan meoreze gadasvlisas; amasTanave, aanalizebs Tavad adamianTa saqmianobis monacvleobas sivrceSi da maT TviTidentifikacias, dakavSirebuls konkretul adgilsa Tu regionTan.11- adamianebis, ideebis, saqonlis Tavisuflad moZraobis unari sivrceSi, anu mobiloba: mobiloba uSualod ukavSirdeba adgilmonacvleobiTi difuziis cnebas, rac gulisxmobs konkretuli ideebisa da gamocdilebis mqone individis an jgufis fizikur gadaadgilebas am ideaTa da gamocdilebaTa axal sacxovrebel adgilze dasamkvidreblad. aseTi moZraobis kargi magaliTia qristianuli religiis gavrceleba pirvel evropelTa mier centralur da samxreT amerikis kontinentze.12 imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom mobiloba pirdapir asaxavs mosaxleobis teritoriul gadaadgilebas regionebsa da qveynebs Soris konkretuli marSrutis mixedviT,13 kavSiri sazogadoebriv geografiasa da migracias Soris14 yvelaze kargad swored aq ikveTeba.- migraciul nakadTa mimarTulebis ganmsazRvreli faqtorebi: rodesac sxva mecnierebebi Seiswavlian adamianebis ucxo qveyanasa Tu regionSi gadaadgilebis mizezebs da iZieben amgvar gadawyvetilebaTa socialur axsnas (rogoricaa ojaxi, samsaxuri, dacvis saWiroeba da sxv.), sazogadoebrivi geografia interesdeba migraciul nakadTa mimarTulebebis ganmsazRvreli geografiuli faqtorebiT. Semdegi qveTavebi dawvrilebiT mimoixilavs am sakiTxebs.7.3. msoflio migraciis bolodroindeli zogadi tendenciebiam TavSi migraciis ZiriTad tendenciebTan erTad ganvsazRvravTmigraciuli nakadebis gamomwvev faqtorebs geografiul arealTandakavSirebiT.11 iqve. gv. 3.12 iqve, gv. 10.13 iqve, gv. 12.14 migraciis, migrantisa da migraciuli procesebis tipebisa da formebis gansa­ zRvreba ix: saxelmZRvanelos me-3 TavSi.194 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

7.3.1. migraciis mimarTulebaTa ganmsazRvreli geografiuli faqtorebida mainc, ratom irCeven adamianebi gadaadgilebisas ama Tu imkonkretul qveyanas/regions? emigracia socialuri faqtorebiTaagamowveuli Tu geografiuli movlenebic asrulebs garkveul rols?msoflio migraciis ZiriTad tendenciebze dakvirveb­isas, SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom migraciul nakadTa mimarTulebebs ZiriTadadpolitikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebi ganapirobebs,magram mniSvnelovanwilad gasaTvaliswinebelia bunebriv-geogra­fiuli faqtorebic.fizikuri garemo erT-erTi umTavresia momavali sacxovreblisarCevaSi. im migrantTa eTnikuri jgufebis kvlevisas, romlebicmkvidrdebian axal sacxovrebel adgilze, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoamaTi kulturuli preadaptaciis procesze dakvirveba. es arismTel rig niSan-TvisebaTa da winaswar gaTvlaTa kompleqsi, romelicmigrantTa jgufs aqvs jer kidev gadaadgilebamde. es maT saSualebasaZlevs, Seamciron axal sacxovrebel garemosTan Seguebis riskebi.15miuxedavad imisa, rom migraciul nakadTa mimarTulebebsmniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs saimigracio sivrcis siaxlove damigraciuli politika, bunebrivi faqtorebic garkveul rolsasrulebs migrantTa arCevanSi. magaliTad, viskonsinis Stati aSS-Si gamoirCeva finuri, inglisuri da islandiuri diasporebissiWarbiT. finelebi, romlebic evropaSi wiwvovani tyis zonaSicxovroben, tbasTan, myinvarebis farTogavrcelebis arealSi,viskonsinis CrdiloeTiT mdebare tyian zonaSi damkvidrdnen,romelic landSafturad Zalian hgavs maT mier aseulobiT wliswinaT datovebul garemos; maSin, roca ingliselebma, kargmafermerebma samSobloSi, viskonsinis koloniis samxreTiT SeqmneseTnikuri dasaxleba miwaTmoqmedebisaTvis saukeTeso pirobebisgamo; islandielebma ki atlantis okeanis CrdiloeTiT gadaWimuliizolirebuli kunZulidan – aSS-Si sacxovreblad miCiganis tbazemdebare kunZuli vaSingtoni (viskonsinis Stati) airCies. nacnobibunebriv-geografiuli niSis Ziebis amgvari tendencia dRemdegrZeldeba. magaliTad, kuburi imigracia aSS-Si Tavmoyrilia flo­ridis naxevarkunZulze. imis garda, rom aSS-s es sivrce teritoriuladyvelaze axlosaa kubasTan, is erTaderTi adgilia qveyanaSi tropikulisavanebis haviT, romelic Zalian hgavs kubis klimats. aseTi strategiaamcirebs adaptaciisaTvis saWiro fsiqologiur barierebs.1615 Domosh M. et al., The Human Mosaic, gv. 171. 19516 iqve, gv. 171-72.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია

Tvali gadavavloT migraciis gamomwvev sxva faqtorebs, kerZod:eTnikur da kulturul msgavsebas. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTagadaadgilebis mizezebi aSkaraa, Zalian xSirad misi mimarTulebisganmsazRvreli yvela faqtoris dadgena SeuZlebelia, an Sedegadbundovan suraTs viRebT. magaliTad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisSemdeg eTnikuri jgufebis migracias postsabWour 15 saxelmwifosSoris politikuri movlenebi edo safuZvlad, Tumca gadaadgilebismimarTulebas, dasawyisSi mainc, eTnikuri mizezebi ganapirobebda. amprocess revaz gaCeCilaZe17politikuri teritoriebis monoeTnizaciasuwodebs. 1995 wlisaTvis 2 mln eTnikuri rusi dabrunda ruseTSi. aqedannaxevari milioni yazaxeTidan. amave wels 150 aTasma yazaxma datovaruseTis federacia da samSoblos miaSura.18 1992 wels saqarTvelodangasul emigrantTa 60%-ze mets slavebi (rusebi, ukrainelebi dabelarusebi) Seadgendnen. maTi didi nawili samxedro mosamsaxure iyoda ojaxebiT TavianT samSoblos daubrundnen. amave wlis monacemebiT,saqarTveloSi mcxovreb azerbaijanelTa da somexTa daaxloebiT 20-25% samSobloSi gaemgzavra.19iZulebiTi migraciis SemTxvevaSic mosaxleobis masobrivi teri­toriuli gadaadgileba xSirad mimarTulia axlo mdebare, eTnikurad,religiurad an kulturulad nacnobi adgilebisaken. magaliTad,1999 wels, CeCneTis me-2 omis Sedegad, 8 aTasma CeCenma mezobelsaqarTveloSi, pankisis xeobas Seafara Tavi, sadac eTnikurad dareligiurad msgavsi qistebi cxovroben.20 ukanasknel aTwleulSisiriis konfliqtis Sedegad ki 4.8 mln adamiani TavSesafris maZiebladiqca, aqedan 2.7 mln axlo mdebare TurqeTs Seefara, 1 mln - libans,643 aTasi - iordanias, da TiTqmis 250 aTasi - erays.21ekonomikuri mizeziT gamowveuli migraciebic konkretulimimarTulebis nakadebs ayalibebs, rasac SeiZleba gansazRvravdesqveynebs Soris teritoriuli siaxlove, tradiciuli da istoriuliurTierTobebi da sxv. magaliTad, 1970-iani wlebis ekonomikuri bumisdros sparseTis yuris navTobiT mdidarma qveynebma Tavdapirveladswored yvelaze axlos mdebare samxreT aziidan (pakistani, indoeTi,bangladeSi) miizides dabalkvalificiuri iafi muSaxeli, maSin, rocaufro Sori regionebidan (samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia) migrantebisparseTis yureSi aTi wlis Semdeg gamoCndnen;22 ruseTi ki dRemde17 Revaz Gachechiladze, Population Migration in Georgia and its Socio-economic Concequences. Discis- sion Paper Series. Tbilisi: United Nations Development Program ― Georgia, 1997, gv. 27.18 Domosh M. et al., The Human Mosaic, gv. 206.19 Gachechiladze R., Population Migration, gv. 36.20 Human Rights Center, “Infringement of the Rights of Chechen Refugees in Georgia, nanaxia 20.05.2015 w. http://www.humanrights.ge/files/chechen_report_Geo.pdf.21 UNHCR, Syrian Regional Refugee Response, nanaxia 12.05.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1jsBiUu.22 Stephen Castles, Hein De Haas and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration. 5thed. New York-London: The Guilford Press, 2014, gv. 177.196 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rCeba imigrantTa yvelaze did mimReb qveynad yofili sabWoTa res­publi­kebisaTvis.237.3.2. zogadi tendenciebis mimoxilvameore msoflio omis Semdgomi periodi dekolonizaciis procesiTaRiniSna. omma mniSvnelovnad Searyia metropoliebis Zalaufleba,ramac aiZula isini, uari eTqvaT sakuTar koloniebze. am movlenebmaubiZga mosaxleobis migracias aziisa da afrikis bevri ganviTarebadiqveynidan. meore tipis migraciuli politika aRmSeneblobis aqtiurfazaSi myof evropul saxelmwifoebSi emsaxureboda damatebiTimuSaxelis mizidvas. aseTi SromiTi resursi ki Warbad moedinebodarogorc yofili koloniebidan, ise im qveynebidan, sadac SromiTimigrantebis (gastarbaiterebis) programebi, droebiTi dasaqmebismizniT, konkretul muSaxels iwvevda.24didma britaneTma, safrangeTma,belgiam da niderlandebma farTod gauxsnes kari metropolia-koloniis tipis migraciul nakadebs (ix. ruka 1). zogierTmamigrantebs moqalaqeobis uflebac mianiWa. am process safuZvladdaedo evropul kerZo kompaniaTa nawilis migraciuli politikada ormxrivi SromiTi xelSekrulebebi mimReb da gamgzavn qveynebsSoris. omis Semdgomi periodi gamoirCeoda masStaburi migraciiTacsamxreTidan CrdiloeTis mimarTulebiT ― kerZod, saberZneTidan,italiidan, espaneTidan da portugaliidan Crdilo da dasavleTevropis qveynebSi, rogorebicaa: belgia, didi britaneTi, safrangeTi,germania da SvedeTi.251970-iani wlebis navTobkrizisma ekonomikurad ukve momZlavrebuldasavleT evropaSi Secvala migraciis politika da struqtura.gazrdili umuSevrobis fonze damatebiTi muSaxelis saWiroebaaRar arsebobda, Tumca migracia dasavleT evropis qveynebSi maincgrZeldeboda.26cxadia, am periodis migracia ekonomikuri xasiaTisiyo orive mxarisaTvis, magram yofili metropoliebisaTvis am ur­TierT­obebs politikuri motivaciac hqonda, kerZod, gavlenisSenarCuneba TavianT koloniebSi.27 miuxedavad imisa, rom bevrma imi­grantma dakarga samuSao, mxolod mcire nawili dabrunda samSobloSi,23 Allison Blakely. “Postcolonial Immigration and identity Formation in Europe Since 1945: The Russian Variant.~ ix. krebulSi Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics: Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States in Comparison, ed. Ulbe Bosma, Jan Lucassen and Gert Oostindie, Berghahn Books, 2012, gv. 184.24 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 111.25 Triandafillydou and Gropas, European Immigration, gv. 1. Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 111.26 iqve.27 Stephan Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration. 4th edition. New York-London: The Guilford Press, 2009, gv. 77.საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 197

umetesoba darCa. yovelive aman daaCqara migraciis politikisa daaxali wesebis SemuSaveba da ganviTareba. maspinZel mTavrobaTamcdelobam, rogorme SeeCerebinaT axali talRa, Sedegi ver gamoiRo.britaneTma praqtikulad Sewyvita yofili koloniebidan migrantTamiReba jer 1962 wlis Tanamegobrobis aqtiT, xolo Semdgom – 1971wlis imigraciis aqtiT. miuxedavad amisa, ojaxTa gaerTianebispolitikisa da imigrantTa meore-mesame Taobis gamo, romlebic ukveevropaSi iyvnen dabadebulni, 1980 wlisaTvis koloniebidan Casuliimigrantebi kulturulad gansxvavebul da gamokveTil socialurjgufebad Camoyalibdnen maspinZel qveynebSi.28 ruka 1. SromiT migrantTa nakadebi evropis mimarTulebiT 1970-ian wlebSi29 atlantis okeane CrdiloeTis zRva gaerTianebuli aribis zRv,ipsaekaTiusitszaainfireiskpasaansmeaeTffiroaSnvgeeiTchaigoreliraamnadintiiaxaaloira vatiak Savi zRa yofili safrainngdoeTi maroko alJiri1970-iani wlebidan Crdilo da dasavleT evropis qveynebma daiwyes`nulovani imigraciis~ politikis gatareba, riTac Tanabrad SeamciresmigrantTa nakadebi rogorc aziidan, ise afrikidan. SemzRudveli28 iqve, gv.74.29 ruka momzadebulia Semdegi publikaciis safuZelze: Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 111: migraciuli nakadebis umetesoba miemarTeboda yofili koloniebidan didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da holandiisaken. aseve masStaburi iyo gadaad­ gileba ganviTarebadi SuazRvispireTis qveynebidan ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi.198 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

RonisZiebebi gaatares britaneTisa da safrangeTis mTavrobebmac;belgiam, germaniam da daniam imigracia SezRudes Sida bazrismoTxovnebidan gamomdinare da integraciis sakiTxi dRis wesrigSicar dauyenebiaT. Tumca, ojaxTa gaerTianebis politika grZeldeboda.1980-iani wlebisaTvis samxreT evropis saxelmwifoebi ― saberZneTi,espaneTi da portugalia ― evrokavSiris wevrebi gaxdnen. gardaamisa, mZime industriis dargebTan erTad, kargad ganviTarda mesameseqtoric ― momsaxurebis sfero, romelmac bevri axali samuSaoadgili Seqmna da mniSvnelovnad Seamcira SromiTi resursis gadinebaam qveynebidan.1990-ian wlebSi evropaSi Casul migrantTa nawili axal adgils ir­Cevda ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebisa da maRalanazRaurebadisams­axuris mixedviT, maSin, roca sxvebi Tanaxmani iyvnen nebismieritipis samsaxurze; zogierTi migranti ki, Tavis samSobloSi arsebulkonfliqtsa da eTnikur wmendas gamoridebuli, ubralod usafrTxoadgilsa da TavSesafars eZebda evropaSi.mosaxleobis teritoriuli gadaadgileba 1989 wlamde SezRuduliiyo centraluri evropis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT sabWoTakavSirSi. SromiTi migracia igegmeboda centraluri xelisuflebismxridan da Semoifargleboda limitirebuli gacvlebiT sabWoTarespublikebsa da e.w. socialisturi banakis qveynebs Soris –magaliTad, specialistTa mowveva poloneTidan, Cexoslovakiidan,germaniis demokratiuli respublikidan; sabWoTa profesionalTagasvla vietnamSi, bulgareTSi, kubasa da sxva qveynebSi.301989 wels sabWoTa imperiis daSlam axali SesaZleblobebi SeqmnamigraciisaTvis, ara marto centralur da aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsSoris, aramed am regionidan dasavleT evropis mimarTulebiTac.migraciis es talRa struqturuli mravalgvarobiT gamoirCeva, droisxangrZlivobis, statusis, mimarTulebebisa Tu genderuli rolebismixedviT. gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom Zlieri uaryofiTi ganwyobismiuxedavad, dasavleTis qveynebSi Seqmnili demografiuli viTarebisgamo, kvlav dadga migranti SromiTi resursis gamoyenebis sakiTxi.Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleobis Semcirebis Sedegad, dasavleTisqveynebs sul ufro uWirT gazrdili sapensio kontingentis Senaxva.aseTi muSaxeli industriasac aklia.31 migrantTa SromiTma resursmacentraluri da aRmosavleT evropidan axali SesaZleblobebiSeiZina da warmatebiT moaxerxa integrireba Sida bazris sxvadasxvaekonomikur segmentSi, riTac, faqtobrivad, Secvala nulovaniimigraciis politika (ruka2).30 iqve.31 Bradshaw et al., Contemporary World, gv. 111.­საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 199