Migration Textbook

Sida produqtis moculobac, rac imas niSnavs, rom fuladigzavnil­ ebis wili, qveyanaSi warmoebuli mTlian produqciasTanmimarTebiT, mudmivad 5-7 %-is doneze meryeobda.bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebis moculobasa dagamomgzavn qveynebze warmodgenas gviqmnis am Tanxebis Semodinebaeleqtronuli formiT. aseTi fuladi gzavnilebis zrdagansakuTrebiT 2000-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeiniSneboda,rac, savaraudod, metyvelebs saerTaSoriso gadaricxvebisRirebulebis mniSvnelovan Semcirebaze am periodSi. Sedegad, sulufro metma emigrantma mianiWa upiratesoba fulis gagzavnis ammeTods. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis mier aRricxuli eleqtro­nuli fuladi gzavnilebis statistikuri monacemebi metyvelebs,rom 2012 wels gadmoricxvebis mixedviT, mTavari qveynebi iyvnenruseTi (saerTo gzavnilebis 52.5%), aSS (11.5%), italia (8.1%),saberZneTi (6.0%), ukraina (3.5%), TurqeTi (2.3%), espaneTi (2.2%),germania (1.4%), didi britaneTi (1.1%) da yazaxeTi (0.8). am qveynebzemTlianobaSi modioda saerTo gzavnilebis, daaxloebiT, 90%.42amasTan, aucilebelia aRvniSnoT, rom oficialuri statistikurimonacemebi zustad ver asaxavs fulad gzavnilebTan dakavSirebulrealur mdgomareobas. cnobilia, rom sxvadasxva garemoebisgamo, migrantTa garkveuli nawili fuls agzavnis nacnobebisa damegobrebis daxmarebiT, romlebic saqarTveloSi moemgzavrebian.43evropis ganviTarebisa da rekonstruqciis bankis SefasebiT,2007 wels am gziT gamogzavnili Tanxa saerTo fuladi nakadebis,daaxloebiT, mesameds Seadgenda.44sociologiuri kvlevebis mixedviT, 2006-2010 wlebSi saqarTveloSiarsebuli Sinameurneobebis 8-14% iRebda ucxoeTidan Semosulfulad gzavnilebs. es maCvenebli yvelaze maRali iyo TbilisSi,xolo yvelaze dabali – soflad. zogierTi SefasebiT, erTiojaxis mier miRebuli saSualo yovelTviuri fuladi gzavnilismoculoba 2012 wels Seadgenda 265 lars.45 aRsaniSnavia, romSinameurneobebisaTvis gankuTvnili fuladi gzavnilebis sididemniSvnelovnad meryeobs gamomgzavni qveynebis mixedviT. CrdiloeTamerikaSi mcxovrebi migrantebi, saSualod, yvelaze met Tanxasagzavnian, riTac aixsneba aSS-s mier dakavebuli mowinave adgiliucxoeTidan saqarTveloSi Semosuli fuladi gzavnilebis saerTomoculobaSi.4642 NBG, Statistical Data. Tbilisi: National Bank of Georgia, 2012. nanaxia16.11.2016. http://bit.ly/1N3PxLy.43 Irina Guruli, The Role of Remittances in Georgian Economy; Tbilisi: Democracy and Freedom Watch, 2012.44 EBRD, Georgia National Public Opinion Survey on Remittances.45 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.46 Tchaidze and Torosyan, Development on the Move.300 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

9.2.3. inflacia da gacvliTi kursiZiriTadi gza, riTac emigracia SeiZleba gavlenas axdendes qveyanaSifasebis zrdaze, emigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebia.47 vinaidan amgzavnilebis Semodineba iwvevs damatebiT ekonomikur aqtivobas,produqciasa da momsaxurebaze moTxovnisa da moxmarebis zrdasTanerTad, varaudoben, rom fuladi gzavnilebi xels uwyobs inflaciurprocesebs, gansakuTrebiT, grZelvadian periodSi.48 sxvadasxvaqveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis nawili adasturebs inflaciis dafuladi gzavnilebis dadebiT kavSirs, magram es sulac ar niSnavs,rom msgavsi efeqti saqarTveloSic SeiniSneba.migrantebis mier gamogzavnilma fuladma nakadma SeiZleba saqonelsada momsaxurebaze moTxovnis zrdac gamoiwvios da erovnuli valutisgacvliT kurszec moaxdinos gavlena49. samomxmareblo moTxovniszrda iwvevs fasebis momatebas, magram es efeqti SeiZleba umniSvneloiyos, roca fuladi gzavnilebis wili SedarebiT mcirea mosaxleobismTlian SemosavlebSi. amasTan, cnobilia, rom qveyanaSi Semosuligzavnilebi mTlianad ar ixarjeba moxmarebaze. garda amisa, vinaidanfuladi gzavnilebi ucxour valutaSia, mimReb SinameurneobebsmiRebuli resursebis gamoyenebisaTvis esaWiroebaT gamogzavnilifulis, magaliTad, amerikuli dolaris, evros, rusuli rublisa TuTurquli liris gadacvla larze.gazrdili moTxovna adgilobriv valutaze iwvevs misi fasis zrdas,anu gacvliTi kursis gamyarebas, rasac SeiZleba axldes fuladigzavnilebis msyidvelunarianobis Semcireba. magaliTad, zogierTieqsperti 2014 wlis bolos laris gacvliTi kursis mkveTr dacemaspirdapir ukavSirebda qveyanaSi fuladi gzavnilebis Semcirebas.50 imqveynebSi, sadac moxmarebuli saqonlis didi nawili importirebulia,erovnuli valutis gamyarebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios fasebis Semcireba.saqarTveloSi emigraciisa da inflaciis kavSiris Sesaxeb erTaderTicnobili kvleva calsaxa pasuxis gacemis saSualebas ar iZleva. Tumca,Catarebuli ekonometrikuli analizi miuTiTebs, rom 2000-2012wlebis im TveebSi, rodesac gaizarda fuladi gzavnilebi, inflaciaSemcirebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeboda.5147 Paresh Kumar Narayan, Seema Narayan, and Sagarika Mishra, Do Remittances Induce Inflation? Fresh Evidence from Developing Countries, Southern Economic Journal 77 (4), 2011: gv. 914-33, doi:10.4284/0038-4038-77.4.914.48 Dennis W. Jansen, Diego E. Vacaflores, and George S. Naufal, The Macroeconomic Consequences of Remittances, ISRN Economics 2012, 2012. gv. 1-14 (2012), doi:10.5402/2012/218071.49 Christopher P.Ball, Claude Lopez, and Javier Reyes, Remittances, Inflation and Exchange Rate Regimes in Small Open Economies, The World Economy 36 (4): gv. 487–507 (2013), doi:10.1111/twec.12042.50 beso namCavaZe, ratom gaufasurda lari?, Forbes Georgia, 2014, nanaxia 16.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wzk9Cq.51 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 301

9.2.4. emigracia, siRaribe da uTanasworobaekonomikuri Teoria ar iZleva erTmniSvnelovan pasuxs, rogorukavSird­e­ba emigracia qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobiskeTildReobas. misi gavlenis Seswavla qveyanaSi arsebul siRaribesada uTanasworobaze moiTxovs empiriuli kvlevebis Catarebas. fu­ladi gzavnilebis mimRebi Sinameurneobebi sargebels naxulobenTavianTi naTesavebis an axloblebis emigrirebis Sedegad. aseTSinameurneobebSi, Cveulebriv, naklebi moTxovnilebebia dasakma­yofilebeli. meore mxriv, Semosavali, romlis miRebac emigrirebulindivids SeeZlo qveyanaSi darCenis SemTxvevaSi, ikargebaSinameurneobisaTvis. iqidan gamomdinare, rom emigrantebi xSiradarian sazogadoebis yvelaze aqtiuri wevrebi, dakarguli Semosavlebi(an sakuTari warmoeba, magaliTad, soflis meurneobaSi) SeiZlebaaWarbebdes Semcirebuli moTxovnilebebisa da miRebuli fuladigzavnilebis efeqts. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom aRniSnulma procesma,sabolood, gamoiwvios qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobis siRaribiszrda, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu TviTon emigrantebi ekonomikursargebels naxuloben.52bevr qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom fulad gzavnilebsSeuZlia siRaribis donis, simwvavisa da siRrmis Semcireba.53 Tumca, isicaRsaniSnavia, rom emigraciis gavlena qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobissiRaribis doneze zogadad ar aris calsaxa.54 emigraciis efeqtisiRaribesa da uTanasworobaze didwilad ukavSirdeba imas, ra tipisSinameurneobebidan emigrirdebian individebi da, Sesabamisad, viniRebs ucxoeTidan Semosul fulad gzavnilebs. Tu isini gankuTvniliaSedarebiT ukeTes mdgomareobaSi myofi SinameurneobebisaTvis,emigraciam SeiZleba gaamZafros qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobisekonomikuri uTanasworoba.1990-iani wlebis dasawyisidan saqrTveloSi siRaribe ukavSirdebamdgomareobas SromiT bazarze, kerZod, individTa umuSevrobas,arasrul datvirTvas da dabal Semosavlebs arsebuli dasaqmebidan.5552 John Gibson, David McKenzie and Steven Stillman, Accounting for Selectivity and Duration-Dependent Heterogeneity When Estimating the Impact of Emigration on Incomes and Poverty in Sending Areas, Economic Development and Cultural Change 61 (2), 2013. gv. 247-80, doi:10.1086/668276.53 Richard H. Adams Jr. and John Page, Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries?, World Development 33 (10), 2005, gv. 1645-69, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004.54 Pablo Acosta, Cesar Calderón, Pablo Fajnzylber and Humberto Lopez, What Is the Impact of International Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Latin America?, World Development 36 (1), 2008. gv. 89-114 (2008), doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.016.55 World Bank. 1999. Georgia: Poverty and Income Distribution. (In Two t.s) t. I: Main Report. Washington, D.C. : Poverty Reduction and Economic Managemen Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region. nanaxia 11.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2hQXQFk.302 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

es kavSiri kidev ufro aSkaravdeba bolo periodSi.56 grafiki 2.gviCvenebs, rom 2012 wels mosaxleobis, daaxloebiT, 15% siRaribiszRvars qvemoT cxovrobda, xolo TiTqmis 4% – ukidures siRaribeSi.57saqarTveloSi aseve maRalia SemosavalTa uTanasworobis maCvenebeli,riTac qveyana jer kidev sabWoTa kavSiris dros idga sxva mokavSirerespublikebze maRla.58 es monacemi gardamavali periodis dawyebisSemdeg kidev ufro gaizarda. e. w. jinis koeficienti59 saqarTveloSi,daaxloebiT, 0.40-s utoldeba, rac maRal maCveneblad miiCnevasaerTaSoriso Sedarebebisas.60 Tumca, ar aris cxadi, ra gavlenasaxdens migracia siRaribisa da uTanasworobis arsebul maCveneblebze.cnobilia, rom saqarTveloSi emigraciisadmi midrekileba61 da asevesakuTriv emigraciaSi gamgzavreba62 mWidrod ukavSirdeba Sinameur­neobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas. fuladi gzav­nilebisarsic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, swored isaa, rom emigrantebma gaaum­jobeson qveyanaSi darCenili naTesavebis ekonomikuri mdgo­mareoba.sxvaoba emigrantebis ucxoeTSi miRebul Semosavlebsa da sava­raudoSemosavlebs Soris saqarTveloSi, mniSvnelovani mizezia imisaTvis,rom miiRon gadawyvetileba emigraciis sasargeblod – ara martodasavleT evropisa da amerikis, aramed ruseTis federaciisa daTurqeTis mimarTulebiTac.6356 Alexi Gugushvili, 2012b. Welfare State, Social Stratification, Democracy and Emigration Intentions. Should We Stay or Should We Go? Migration and Its Effects on Demographic and Economic Development in Central Eastern Europe. Vienna: ERSTE Foundation.57 World Bank. Georgia: Winds of Optimism. Washingron, DC. 2014. nanaxia 16.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wzfocd.58 Yuri Dikhanov, Decomposition of Inequality Based on Incomplete Information. IARIW 24th General Conference. Lillehammer, Norway, 1996.59 jinis koeficienti Semosavlebis ganawilebis sazomia. indeqsis mniSvneloba 0 miu- TiTebs uTanasworobis ararsebobas, xolo 1 - maqsimalur uTanabrobas.60 mag: somxeTsa da azerbaijanSi jinis koeficienti daaxloebiT 0.30-ia, rac saqarT- veloze gacilebiT dabali maCvenebelia.61 Gugushvili, Welfare State, Social Stratification, Democracy and Emigration Intentions.62 Irina Badurashvili, Determinants and Consequences of Irregular Migration in a Society under Transition. The Case of Georgia, Caucasus, Tbilisi: Georgian Centre of Population Research, 2004.63 IOM, Labour Migration from Georgia, (Tbilisi, Georgia: Mission of International Organization for Migration, 2003. nanaxia 11.16.2016 w. http://iom.ge/pdf/lab_migr_from_georgia2003.pdf.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 303

grafiki 2: siRaribisa da uTanasworobis maCveneblebi saqarTveloSi6450.0 siRaribis done45.0 ukiduresi siRaribis done40.0 jinis koeficienti (X100)35.0 fardobiTi siRaribe30.0 registrirebuli Raribebi25.020.015.010.0 5.0 0.0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2011siRaribis SemcirebaSi fuladi gzavnilebis rolze saqarTveloSiCatarebuli analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom aseTi saxiT miRebuliresursebi ar axdens Tanabar gavlenas ekonomikis yvela seqtorsada regionze. am gzavnilebis roli sakmaod mcirea siRaribisa daSemosavlebis ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT.65 aseTi efeqti SeiZlebaaixsnas imiT, rom SedarebiT SeZlebuli Sinameurneobebi RaribSinameurneobebze meti sixSiriT iReben fulad gzavnilebs. agreTve,fuladi Semosavlebi araproporciulad nawildeba - didi nawilimiemarTeba saqarTvelos urbanul dasaxlebebSi da ara soflad,romelic 1990-iani wlebis bolodan siRaribis ufro maRali doniTxasiaTdeba.66fuladma gzavnilebma Teoriulad SeiZleba gaamwvavos siRaribisproblema, Tu mis gasazomad gamoiyeneba siRaribis SefardebiTi daara absoluturi maCvenebeli. CvenTvis cnobili ukanaskneli kvlevismixedviT67, amgvari gzavnilebi, daaxloebiT, 2%-iT amcirebs siRaribis64 siRaribisa da ukiduresi siRaribis donis Sesaxeb monacemebis wyaroa msoflio banki (World Bank, Georgia: Winds of Optimism (Washingron, D.C., 2014b), fardobiTi siRaribisa da jinis koeficientis Sesaxeb - saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, siRaribis maCveneblebi wlebis mixedviT. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, 2014, nanaxia 16.11.2016 w. http://www.geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=187&lang=geo), xolo registrirebul Raribebze monacemebi aRebulia socialuri momsaxurebis saagentodan (Ministry of Labour Health and Social Affairs, ~Statistic Information,~ Social Service Agency (2014), nanaxia 11.11.2016 w. http://ssa.gov.ge/index.php?sec_id=610&lang_id=ENG.65 Ainura Uzagalieva and António Menezes, The Poverty Effect of Remittance Flows: Evidence from Georgia. Post-Communist Economies 21 (4) (Routledge: gv. 453–74, 2009), doi:10.1080/14631370903339856.66 UNDP and Government of Georgia, Millennium Development Goals in Georgia: Progress Report for 2004-2005, Tbilisi: United Nations Development Programme and Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia, 2005. nanaxia 11.11.2016 w. http://www.ge.undp.org/content/georgia/en/home/library/ mdg/millennium-development-goals-in-georgia--2005.html.67 Irina Badurashvili and Mamuka Nadareishvili, Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Country Report - Georgia, European Commission: DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, 2012.304 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dones, Tu siRaribe izomeba medianuri moxmarebis 60%-iT. amave dros,fuladi gzavnilebis mimRebTa Soris, daaxloebiT, 3-4% aris uRaribesSinameurneobaTa mexuTedidan. am kvlevis mixedviT, aseve savaraudoa,rom fuladi gzavnilebi amcirebs jinis koeficients, daaxloebiT, 2%-iT.68 sabolood, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gazrdili erToblivi moTxovnismiuxedavad, fuladi gzavnilebi araTu ver aRmofxvris siRaribes,aramed verc mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebs.699.2.5. emigracia, dasaqmeba da umuSevrobaam qveTavSi ganvixilavT urTierTkavSirs emigraciasa da qveyanaSidarCenili mosaxleobis dasaqmebasa Tu umuSevrobas Soris.sxvadasxva qveyanasa da konteqstSi Catarebuli kvlevebi metyvelebs,rom kavSiri emigraciasa da dasaqmebis maCveneblebs Soris ar ariscalsaxa. emigraciam SeiZleba gazardos an Seamciros umuSevroba,qveynis samuSao Zalis bazarze arsebuli mdgomareobis, emigrirebulimosaxleobisa da maTi fuladi gzavnilebis Taviseburebebidangamomdinare. magaliTisaTvis, meqsikidan amerikaSi wasul emigrantTafuladi gzavnilebi cvlis samuSao Zalis miwodebas dasaqmebissxvadasxva sferoSi, maT Soris, amcirebs qalTa dasaqmebas CrdilovanekonomikaSi70.emigracia dasaqmebis SedarebiT maRali donis qveynebidan – maga­liTad, dasavleT evropidan, sadac umuSevroba, Cveulebriv, didxansar grZeldeba – iwvevs darCenil dasaqmebulTaTvis saxelfasoganakveTebis zrdas71. mTlianobaSi, samuSao Zalis emigraciis Sedegad,ekonomikis gamomuSaveba klebulobs, Tumca, dabalkvalifiurma muSa­xelma SeiZleba sargebeli naxos aRniSnuli cvlilebebiT. cxadia,saqarTvelo ar miekuTvneba im qveynebis ricxvs, sadac umuSevrobadabalia. gansxvavebuli mdgomareoba SeiZleba Seiqmnas, rodesacmigrantebs martivad anacvlebs qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleoba.aseTi viTarebaa im qveynebSic, sadac, umuSevroba maRalia da68 rogorc ukve aRiniSna, fuladi gzavnilebis gavlena siRaribis doneze SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursis cvlilebiTa da inflaci- is doniT. erovnuli valutis gamyareba iwvevs fuladi gzavnilebis realuri mocu- lobis Semcirebas. Tavis mxriv, inflaciis maRali done ara marto akninebs fuladi gzavnilebis mniSvnelobas, aramed man SeiZleba Seamciros mosaxleobis realuri Semosavlebic.69 Kakulia, Labour Migrants’ Remittances to Georgia.70 Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Susan Pozo, Migration, Remittances, and Male and Female Employment Patterns. The American Economic Review 96 (2), American Economic Association, 2006, gv. 222-26, http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034646.71 Louka T. Katseli, Robert E.B. Lucas and Theodora Xenogiani, Effects of Migration on Sending Countries: What Do We Know?, Paris: 2006.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 305

arsebuli muSaxeli ar aris srulad dasaqmebuli. ganxiluli oriveSemTxveva gavrcelebulia msoflios mraval qveyanaSi, Tumca, dabal­kvalificiuri muSaxelis emigracia, Cveulebriv, mimdinareobs iseTiqveynebidan, sadac emigrantebis Canacvleba iolia.saqarTvelosTvis SeiZleba saintereso iyos aRmosavleT evropiszogierTi qveynis gamocdileba, magaliTad, poloneTis, CexeTisa daungreTis, sadac, saxelmwifo seqtorSi samuSao adgilebis dakargvisada zogadi ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gauaresebis Sedegad, 1990-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi mkveTrad gaizarda umuSevroba. am SemTxvevaSi,dabalkvalificiuri muSaxelis gadinebas mniSvnelovanad ardauzianebia am qveynebis SromiTi bazrebi. piriqiT, masobrivmaemigraciam, SesaZloa, Seamcira kidec qveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobisumuSevrobis problema.72mas Semdeg, rac mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili iRebs qveynisdatovebis gadawyvetilebas, emigraciasa da dasaqmeba/umuSevrobasSoris urTierTkavSirs, umTavresad, fuladi gzavnilebi gansazRvravs.sociologiuri gamokiTxvebis mixedviT, mosaxleobis dasaqmebisada umuSevrobis sakiTxebi gamudmebiT erT-erTi mTavari problemaasaqarTveloSi.73 oficialuri umuSevrobis done 1990-iani wlebis Semdegmudmivad maRali rCeba. 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan es maCvenebeliorjer gaizarda mkveTrad: pirvelad 2004-2006 wlebis sajaroadministrirebis reformebisas da meored – 2008 wlis ekonomikurida saomari krizisis dros.74 eqspertTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, romdasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis oficialuri maCveneblebi ar asaxavsrealur viTarebas qveyanaSi. magaliTisaTvis, sociologiur kvlevebSigamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT mesamedi ambobs, rom umuSevaria da eZebssamsaxurs, maSin, rodesac statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris miergamoqveynebuli umuSevrobis maCvenebeli, Cveulebriv, ar aRemateba15%-s.Tu SromiT bazarze maRalanazRaurebadi samsaxuris moZebna Znelia,fuladi gzavnilebi SeiZleba mogvevlinos alternatiuli Semosavliswyarod da, aseve, man SeiZleba gazardos mimRebTa Soris sasurvelixelfasis odenoba, rac imas niSnavs, rom es individebi ufroxangrZlivad daelodebian sasurvel da maRalanazRaurebad samsaxurs.orive dasaxelebuli meqanizmi gulisxmobs umuSevrobis donis zrdas72 iqve.73 Luis Navarro and Ian T. Woodward, Public Attitudes in Georgia: Results of a June 2012 Survey Carried out for NDI by CRRC, NDI Georgia, Tbilisi, 2012. nanaxia 11.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2fxMV2f.74 Working Group on Poverty Reduction and Employment, Poverty Reduction and Employment: Diagnostic Report, Tbilisi: Task Force for Regional Development, 2009.306 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

qveyanaSi darCenil fuladi gzavnilebis mimReb SinameurneobebSi.meore mxriv, am gzavnilebma aRniSnul Sinameurneobebs SeiZlebagauadvilos samuSaos moZebna saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyofismxriv da, aseve, adamianur kapitalSi investirebis Sedegad75.saqarTveloSi Catarebuli erT-erTi mTavari kvlevis mixedviT`Remittances in the Republic of Georgia: Correlates, Economic Impact, and SocialCapital Formation~, romelic exeba emigraciis gavlenas ekonomikaze,fuladi gzavnilebi ar axdens gavlenas arc mimRebi Sinameurneobebismier mcire biznesis wamowyebis SesaZleblobaze, da arc umuSevrobismdgomareobaze, Tumca, urbanul dasaxlebebSi fuladi gzavnilebismiReba mcirediT zrdis SinameurneobaSi umuSevari adamianis yofnisalbaTobas. meore mxriv, 2009-2010 wlebis kavkasiis barometrismonacemTa analizi gviCvenebs, rom fuladi gzavnilebis mimRebiSinameurneobebi xasiaTdeba gacilebiT dabali dasaqmebis doniT,gansakuTrebiT maSin, Tu es gzavnilebi Sinameurneobis ZiriTadiSemosavlis wyaroa.76 maT miRebas ukavSirdeba TbilisSi 21%-iT,sxva qalaqebSi - 30%-iT, xolo soflad – 24%-iT naklebi dasaqmebisalbaToba, aseve, individebis umuSevroba SinamurneobebSi, Tumca, esefeqti ZiriTadad ikveTeba saqarTvelos dedaqalaqSi (28%-iT metialbaToba) da soflad (20%-iT meti albaToba).9.2.6. emigracia, danazogebi, investiciebi da finansuri seqtoris ganviTarebaemigraciam da masTan dakavSirebulma fuladi gzavnilebis SemodinebamSeiZleba dadebiTi gavlena moaxdinos qveynis ekonomikur zrdazedanazogebis, investiciebisa da safinanso seqtoris ganviTarebisgziT.aRniSnuli efeqti, bunebrivia, damokidebulia imaze, ra saxiTada moculobiT Semoedineba fuladi gzavnilebi qveyanaSi darogor iyenebs mimRebi mosaxleoba am saxsrebs.77 Tu maTi xarjva,saqarTvelos msgavsad, Semoifargleba ZiriTadad sakvebisa Tu sxvapirveladi saWiroebis nivTebis SeZeniT da sabaziso moTxovnilebebisdakmayofilebiT, maSin es gzavnilebi mxolod umniSvnelo rolsasrulebs qveyanaSi danazogebis akumulirebasa da investiciebisganxorcielebaSi. maTi SesaZlo pozitiuri rolis gaTvaliswinebiTacki, mosaxleoba saqarTveloSi xasiaTdeba dagrovebis ukiduresad75 Gerber and Torosyan, Remittances in the Republic of Georgia.76 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.77 Olga Kupets, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries: The Case of Ukraine, Florence: CARIM-East: Creating an Observatory of Migration East of Europe, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2012.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 307

dabali doniT, rac aferxebs investirebas sakuTari resursebisgamoyenebis gziT. Semosavlebis simwire, kulturul TaviseburebebTanerTad (dabali ndoba sabanko institutebisa da sxva dagrovebismeqanizmebisadmi), xSirad saxeldeba am tendenciis ganmsazRvrelmizezad.ekonomikis erT-erTi dargi, romlis ganviTarebazec SeiZlebagavlenas axdendes emigracia da masTan dakavSirebuli fuladigzavnilebi, uZravi qonebis bazaria. arsebobs mosazreba, rom fuladigzavnilebis garkveul nawils adamianebi zogaven da agrovebenSemdgomSi uZrav qonebaSi dasabandeblad. Tvisebriv kvlevebzedayrdnobiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom pirveladi moTxovnilebebisdakmayofilebis Semdeg, emigrantebi da qveyanaSi darCenili ojaxiswevrebi resursebis dagrovebas iwyeben, ZiriTadad binis an saxlisSesaZenad, gansakuTrebiT dedaqalaqSi. amasTan, ucnobia, emigrantebismier ucxoeTSi gamomuSavebuli Semosavlebis ra nawili xmardebauZravi qonebis yidvas saqarTveloSi.78fuladi gzavnilebis gavlenaze, Sinameurneobebis danazogebisTvalsazrisiT, warmodgenas gviqmnis sociologiuri kvlevebi.saqarTvelos magaliTze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am gzavnilebis miRebadadebiTad ukavSirdeba danazogebis arsebobas SinameurneobaSi,gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca es Tanxebi ar aris Sinameurneobis ZiriTadiSemosavlis wyaro.79 amasTan, fuladi gzavnilebis mimRebni ufro metadarian dainteresebulni sxvadasxva saxis investiciis ganxorcielebiT,vidre sxva Sinameurneobebi, romelTac ucxoeTidan Tanxebi aregzavnebaT.80 Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom im individTa umetesoba,romlebic 2000-iani wlebis Sua periodSi iRebdnen fulad gzavnilebs,ar flobda sabanko angariSs saqarTvelos komerciul bankebSi, magramam gzavnilebis miRebis sixSire pozitiurad ukavSirdeboda xsenebuliangariSis gaxsnis albaTobas.819.2.7. emigracia da socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemaekonomistebs miaCniaT, rom qveynis socialur orientaciasa daqveyan­aSi mimdinare migraciul procesebs Soris mWidro urTierT­78 Tamar zurabiSvili, SromiTi migracia daba TianeTidan: emigraciuli qselebis gan- viTareba, Tbilisi, 2007.79 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.80 Manuel Orozco, Worker Remittances and the Financial Sector: Issues and Lessons in the South Caucasus, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Bendixen and Associates, 2007.81 Nino Jgamadze and Maia Markarashvili, Testing New Channels and Products to Maximize the Development Impact of Remittances for the Rural Poor in Georgia: Assesment of Banking Institutions, Tbilisi: International Organization for Migration, Mission to Georgia, 2009.308 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kavSiria. erTi mxriv, cnobilia, rom mosaxleobis nawilis emigraciiserT-erTi mTavari mizezi SeiZleba iyos socialuri uzrunvelyofissistemis uunaroba – saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, daicvas adamianebiiseTi socialuri riskebisagan, rogoricaa umuSevroba, siRaribe,janmrTelobasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi82. emigraciis Semdegfuladi gzavnilebis gadmoricxvis procesi mimRebi Sinameur­neobebisTvis garkveulwilad anacvlebs saxelmwifo socialuriuzrunvelyofis sistemis uSualo funqcias.83Canacvleba xdeba im SemTxvevaSic, Tu saxelmwifo mmarTvelebiacnobiereben, rom fulad gzavnilebs iyeneben socialurad daucveliSinameurneobebi; Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo biujetis socialurixarjebi, romelTa gawevac aucilebeli iqneboda amgvari gzavnilebisararsebobis SemTxevaSi, SeiZleba gamoTavisufldes. sazogadoebriviresursebi am SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sxva sferoebze gadanawildes –magaliTad, qveynis infrastruqturasa da Tavdacvisunarianobaze.arsebuli kvlevebi metyvelebs, rom naklebad efeqtiani mmarTvelobisqveynebSi aseTi gzavnilebi uaryofiTad ukavSirdeba sazogadoebrivdanaxarjebs iseTi mimarTulebebiT, rogoricaa ganaTleba dajanmrTelobis dacva.84 SeuZlebelia calsaxad dadgena, arsebobsTu ara msgavsi efeqti saqarTveloSic, radgan warmoudgenelia imisgarkveva, ras izamda qveynis xelisufleba mosaxleobis fuladigzavnilebis gareSe darCenis SemTxvevaSi.vinaidan, arsebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis,daaxloebiT, 10-15% iRebs fulad gzavnilebs, Semosavlebis es formamniSvnelovan rols asrulebs mosaxleobis socialur moTxovnilebaTadakmayofilebaSi. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, am gzavnilebis udidesinawili xmardeba sabaziso da pirveladi saWiroebis saqonlisa damomsaxurebis SeZenas, gzavnilebis mimRebi Sinameurneobebi asevexasiaTdebian ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis ufro maRali doniT, vidredarCenili mosaxleoba. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos mier gatarebuliekonomikuri politikis arsi, Tavis mxriv, gulisxmobs kerZoseqtoris wamyvan rols ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi da, Sesabamisad,saxelmwifos rolis Semcirebas mosaxleobis socialur saWiroebaTadakmayofilebis saqmeSi.8582 Hugh Waddington and Rachel Sabates-Wheeler, How Does Poverty Affect Migration Choice? A Review of Literature, Development Research Centre (DRC) on Migration, Globalisation and Povert, University of Sussex, 2003. ufro detalurad es Tema ganxilulia am saxelmZRvanelos sxva TavebSi, amitom aq vrclad aRar vimsjelebT.83 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.84 Christian Hubert Ebeke, Do Remittances Lead to a Public Moral Hazard in Developing Countries? An Empirical Investigation, The Journal of Development Studies 48 (8), Routledge 2012: gv. 1009-25, 2012, doi:10.1080/00220388.2011.615918.85 Government of Georgia, Constraints Analysis.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 309

xanSiSesulebi (50 welze meti asakis mosaxleoba) da Raribi Sina­meurneobebi, mosaxleobis sxva jgufebTan SedarebiT, naklebi six­SiriT iReben fulad gzavnilebs. maTi ganawilebis aseTi struq­tura Seesabameba bolo wlebSi xelisuflebis socialur politikas.qveynis socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi resursebi Ziri­Tadad mimarTuli iyo moxucTa Semweobasa da ukiduresad Rari­bebis miznobriv socialur daxmarebaze. asakobrivi pensia saqar­TveloSi ganuxrelad izrdeboda 2004 wlidan da 2015 wels 160 larsmiaRwia.86 miznobrivi socialuri daxmareba, Tavis mxriv, 2006 welsSemoiRes, Tumca, daxmarebis mimRebTa raodenoba mudmivad Camor­Ceboda misi miRebis msurvelTa ricxvs.87 Tu fuladi gzavnilebiexmareba adresatebs meti Tanxebis gaRebaSi janmrTelobisa daganaTlebisaTvis, mTlianobaSi, saqarTvelo ufro nakleb sazoga­doebriv resurss xarjavs am seqtorebze, vidre romelime sxva, ganvi­Tarebis msgavs fazaSi myofi gardamavali ekonomikis mqone qveyana.Tu SevadarebT fuladi gzavnilebis nakads saqarTvelos regionebSi,davinaxavT, rom is ufro maRalia iq, sadac dabalia miznobrivisocialuri daxmarebis mimRebTa raodenoba. korelaciuri analiziaseve metyvelebs kavSirze am daxmarebis mimRebTa raodenobasa daregionSi warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtis moculobas Soris,Tumca, saerTo gamoSveba ar ukavSirdeba fuladi gzavnilebismoculobas.es tendencia saSualebas gvaZlevs, davaskvnaT, rom fuladi gzavni­lebi socialuri daxmarebis funqcias asrulebs mosaxleobis imjgufebisaTvis, romlebic ar arian yvelaze Raribebi qveyanaSi,magram, savaraudod, dasWirdebodaT am daxmarebis miReba fuladigzavnilebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi. garda amisa, kavkasiisbarometris monacemTa analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom Tu fuladigzavnilebi SinameurneobisaTvis Semosavlis ZiriTadi wyaroa,socialuri daxmarebis miRebis sixSire aseT SinameurneobebSi 18%-iT ufro naklebia. es efeqti gansakuTrebiT Zlieria saqarTvelosdedaqalaqSi88.9.2.8. diasporis SesaZlo ekonomikuri roliemigraciis maRali maCveneblebis mqone qveynebSi emigrantebi Tan­daTanobiT acnobiereben, rom maTi diasporis warmomadgenlebs86 Tumca, aqamde ar ganxorcielebula fundamenturi sapensio reforma. ix: Alexi Gugushvili, The Georgian Dream of Pension Reforms. Caucasus Analytical Digest 60, 2014. gv. 6-8 .87 Eveline Baumann, Post-Soviet Georgia: It’s a Long, Long Way to `Modern~ Social Protection, Economies et Societes 46 (2), 2012. gv. 259-85.88 Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia.310 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

SeuZ­liaT, mniSvnelovnad Seuwyon xeli ekonomikur ganviTarebassakuTar samSobloSi. ukve ganxiluli fuladi gzavnilebis garda,samecniero literaturaSi gamoyofen oTx mTavar meqanizms, romelTasaSualebiTac diasporas SeuZlia dadebiTi rolis Sesruleba qveynisekonomikur winsvlaSi. es meqnizmebia: (1) turizmi, (2) transporti, (3)telekomunikacia da (4) vaWroba.aseve SeiZleba ganvasxvaoT diasporis pirdapiri da arapirdapiriekonomikuri efeqti. arapirdapiri gavlena gulisxmobs diasporismier Suamavlis funqciis Sesrulebas gamgzavn da mimReb qveynebs Sorisekonomikur urTierTobebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom transnacionalurisocialuri kavSirebis Camoyalibeba SeiZleba miviCnioT diasporisyvelaze mZlavr faqtorad. calke unda gamoiyos diasporis SesaZloroli biznesinvestirebis, sainvesticio instrumentebisa da codnisgadacemis TvalsazrisiT. aseve ganasxvaveben maRalkvalificiurmecnierul da teqnologiur diasporebs.89miCneulia, rom samSobloSi dabrunebuli diasporis warmomadgenlebipozitiur gavlenas axdenen qveynis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze.magaliTisaTvis, ekonomistebi samxreT koreasa da CineTSimecnierebisa da inJinrebis dabrunebas ukavSireben am qveynebismaRalteqnologiuri dargebis winsvlas. mTavari problema, romelicxSirad axdens gavlenas emigrantebis dabrunebis survilze, arisfizikuri usafrTxoeba gamgzavn qveynebSi da ukve CamoyalibebuligrZelvadiani kavSirebi mimReb qveyanaSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom diasporis warmomadgenlebi, Cveulebriv, pirve­lebi reagireben samSobloSi sainvesticio da dasaqmebis klimatisgaumjobesebaze. politika, romelic mimarTulia kvlevaze, ganviTa­rebasa da infrastruqturul proeqtebze, SeiZleba mimzidveliaRmoCndes diasporis warmomadgenlebisaTvis. amis kargi magaliTiaCineTis industriuli ganviTarebis zonebi, romlebic miznad isaxavsCineli mewarmeebis dabrunebas samSobloSi.wina qveTavebSi detalurad aRwerili fuladi gzanvilebis gardaarsebobs sxva meqanizmebic, romelTa meSveobiTac SesaZlebeliadiasporis warmomadgenelTa finansuri resursebis mozidva qveya­naSi.magaliTad, iseT qveynebSi, rogoricaa pakistani da indoeTi, sapro­cento ganakveTi ucxouri valutis angariSebze, Cveulebriv, ufromaRalia, vidre erovnul valutaze. aseve, naklebad ganviTarebulda saeqsporto warmoebis zonebSi arsebobs praqtika, romelicgulisxmobs specialuri baJisa da sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis dawesebasmowyobilobebsa da sxva sainvesticio produqciaze.89 Lindsay Lowell and Stefka G. Gerova, Diaporas and Economic Development: State of Knowledge, Washington, DC: Institute for the Study of International Migration, Georgetown University, 2004.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 311

SeiZleba iTqvas, saqarTvelos gadadgmuli aqvs pirveli nabijebisakuTari diasporis warmomadgenlebTan proaqtiuri TanamSromlobismxriv. amJamad qveyana moiazreba im saxelmwifoTa Soris, romlebicdainteresebulni arian diasporis warmomadgenlebTan grZelvadianikavSirebis damyarebiT90. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelo damokidebuliafulad gzavnilebze, mimdinare savaWro deficitis dasafinansebladda mosaxleobis garkveuli nawilisTvis pirveladi moTxovnilebebisdasakmayofileblad. 2004 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisuflebam ormagimoqalaqeobis miniWebis praqtika SemoiRo da garkveuli politikurida ekonomikuri uflebebi misca diasporis warmomadgenlebs. esiniciativebi aixsna swored masobrivi emigraciiTa da `inteleqtisgadinebiT~, rac 1990-iani wlebidan daiwyo. saqarTvelos xelisuflebisgancxadebiT, ucxoeTSi momuSave uamrav qarTvels Soris bevriabiznesmeni da maRalkvalificiuri profesionali. ormagi moqalaqeobaki miznad isaxavs xelsayreli garemos Seqmnas diasporis aseTiwarmomadgenlebisaTvis, raTa monawileoba miiRon saqarTvelosekonomikur ganviTarebaSi. ruseTSi mcxovrebi 30 aTasamde eTnikuriqarTvelisaTvis ormagi moqalaqeobis miniWebam, savaraudod, xeliSeuwyo imas, rom es qveyana fuladi gzavnilebis umsxviles wyaroddarCeniliyo saqarTvelosaTvis.919.2.9. emigrantTa ekonomikuri mdgomareobaaqamde am TavSi ZiriTadad ganvixileT emigraciis zegavlenaqveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze, Tumca,am procesis ekonomikuri aspeqtebis kvlevisas yuradReba undagavamaxviloT sakuTriv emigrantebis ekonomikur mdgomareobazecmimReb qveynebSi. am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa amonaridi vaSingtonpostSi 1997 wlis 29 ivniss gamoqveynebuli statiidan:`amJamad, mTeli vaSingtonis masStabiT, nebismieri taqsis mZRoladan nebismeiri hamburgeris gamyidvelad SeiZleba gadaawydeTucxoels, romelsac odesRac raRac ufro amaRlebuli ukeTebiaSemosavlis miRebis mizniT. es adamiani SeiZleba iyos pakistaneliinJineri, bolivieli skolis maswavlebeli, filipineli buRalterian, SesaZloa, vietnamis armiis yofili oficeric ki~9290 Hein De Haas, Remittances, Migration and Social Development: A Conceptual Review of the Literature, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2007.91 Alexi Gugushvili, Country Report: Georgia, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, Florence: European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, 2012.92 Pamela Constable, Facing the Harsh Reality of the American Dream: For Many Immigrants, Settling in U.S. Means Working for Minimum Wage Despite Experience or Education. Washington Post, 29 ivnisi, 1997.312 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

moyvanili citata, aSS-s garda, kargad miesadageba bevr evropulqveyanas, sadac qarTveli emigrantebi Cadian da pouloben samsaxurs.migrantebi, romlebic naklebad ganviTarebuli da gardamavaliekonomikis qveynebidan ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi miemgzavrebiansamuSaod, xSirad floben iseT ganaTlebasa da gamocdilebas, romelicbevrad aRemateba maT mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos moTxovnebs.miuxedavad imisa, rom emigrantebis didi nawili mimReb qveyanaSiiZulebulia, Seeguos daRmasvlas profesiul ierarqiaSi da SeasrulosgacilebiT naklebad prestiJuli samuSao vidre, emigraciamde hqonda(an SeeZloT hqonodaT), mainc emigrirebas aniWebs upiratesobas. amisZiriTadi mizezi isaa, rom Tundac arakvalificiuri samsaxuriT,romelsac xSirad Souloben emigraciaSi, ufro metad axerxebensakuTari da Svilebis ukeTesi momavlis uzrunvelyofas, vidreprestiJuli samuSao adgilebiT TavianT samSobloSi93.arsebuli ekonomikuri kvlevebis mimoxilva metyvelebs, rom naklebadkvalificiuri samuSaos Sesrulebis garda, ganviTarebul qveynebSiCasuli emigrantebi adgilobriv mosaxleobaze ufro dabal SemosavalsiReben, im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu am qveynis moqalaqeTa msgavsi samsaxuri,gamocdileba da ganaTleba aqvT. es tendencia mianiSnebs imigrantTaunar-Cvevebisa da gamocdilebis naklebad dafasebaze mimReb qveynebSi.magaliTad, aSS-Si Casul emigrantTa Semosavlebi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSiufro dabali rCeba, vidre adgilobrivebisa, Tumca, es sxvaobadroTa ganmavlobaSi Semcirebis tendenciiT xasiaTdeba.94 swored amfaqtorebidan gamomdinare, calkeuli imigrantTa jgufebi, rodesacmaTi sidide mniSvnelovnad izrdeba, xSirad TviTdasaqmebulni arianda sxvadasxva ekonomikur seqtors aviTareben.95imigrantebis oficialuri ganaTlebac naklebad fasobs mimRebi qveynisdamsaqmeblebisaTvis. magaliTad, israelSi, sadac saqarTvelodanwasuli bevri emigranti cxovrobs, SromiT bazarze individTaganaTlebis fasi damokidebulia imaze, sad miiRes am adamianebmaganaTleba. yvelaze maRali Sefaseba eZleva israelis profesiul daumaRlesi saganmanaTleblo institutebis formalur diplomebs.96aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom daqveiTeba profesiul ierarqiaSi da naklebadprestiJuli samuSaos Sesruleba damokidebulia imigraciis formasada warmoSobis qveyanaze. Cveulebriv, yvelaze dabalanazRaurebadi93 Ilana Redstone Akresh, Occupational Mobility among Legal Immigrants to the United States. International Migration Review 40 (4), 2006, gv. 854-84. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00046.x.94 Barry R. Chiswick, The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men, Journal of Political Economy 86 (5), 1978, gv. 897, doi:10.1086/260717.95 George J. Borjas, The Self-Employment Experience of Immigrants, Journal of Human Resources 21 (4), 1886, gv. 485–506.96 Rachel M. Friedberg, You Can’t Take It with You? Immigrant Assimilation and the Portability of Human Capital, Journal of Labor Economics 18 (2), 2000, gv. 221-51, doi:10.1086/209957.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 313

da naklebprestiJuli samsaxuris Sesruleba uwevT ltolvilebs,aseve, im qveynis warmomadgenlebs, sadac samuSao Zalis stqruqturada mosaxleobis ZiriTadi ena Zalian gansxvavdeba mimRebi qveynisSesabamis maCvenebelTagan.97 ltolvilebis profesiul daqveiTebasxSirad gansazRvravs is garemoeba, rom maT swrafad uwevT sakuTarisamSoblos datoveba, rac SeuZlebels xdis ganaTlebisa da samuSaogamocdilebis mtkicebulebaTa wardgenas damsaqmeblebisTvis.espaneTi, romelic bolo wlebSi iqca qarTveli emigrantebis erT-erT ZiriTad mimReb qveynad evropaSi, kargi magaliTia evrokavSirisarawevri qveynebidan Sesul migrantTa profesiul ierarqiaSicvlilebebze dasakvirveblad. aseTi adamianebi espaneTSi imigrirebisSemdeg uamrav winaaRmdegobas awydebian SromiT bazarze formaluriintegrirebisas, rac xSirad ganapirobebs maT dasaqmebas Crdilovaniekonomikis seqtorSi. aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu adamianebi iwyebenmuSaobas tradiciulad imigrantebiT dasaqmebul dargebSi, ufroxSirad ganicdian profesiul ierarqiaSi daRmasvlas98. socialurierarqiaSi daqveiTebas axlavs arapirdapiri ekonomikuri Sedegebic.magaliTad, es procesi xSirad ukavSirdeba janmrTelobisproblemebs. laTinoamerikel da aziel emigrantebs, socialuristatusis mniSvnelovani daRmasvlis gamo, xSirad ewyebaT depresiada masTan dakavSirebuli janmrTelobis problemebi.99 Tumca, esurTierTdamokidebuleba SeiZleba ukukavSiriTac gamoixatos, TujanmrTelobis problemebi uaryofiT gavlenas axdens migrantTaasimilaciaze mimReb qveyanaSi.kazusi 2: qarTveli emigrantebi saberZneTSiSromiT migrantTa mier daniSnulebis qveynis arCeva damokidebuliamraval faqtorze. samuSaos Sovnis SesaZleblobasTan erTad,gadamwyveti mniSvneloba eniWeba daniSnulebis qveynis geografiuldaSorebas samSoblosTan, am qveyanaSi legalurad an aralegaluradmoxvedris sirTulesa Tu socialur-eTnikuri kavSirebis arsebobasda mis mosaxleobasTan kulturul siaxloves. es faqtorebimniSvnelovnad uioleben migrantebs axal garemoSi adaptacias,Sesabamisi samsaxuris moZiebasa da Semdgom integracias.97 Barry R. Chiswick, Yew Liang Lee and Paul W. Miller, Patterns of Immigrant Occupational Attainment in a Longitudinal Survey, International Migration 41 (4), 2003, gv. 47-69, doi:10.1111/1468-2435.00252.98 Mikolaj Stanek and Alberto Veira, Occupational Transitions and Social Mobility at Migration to Spain, Madrid: Grupo de Estudios `Población y Sociedad~, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 2009.99 Emily J. Nicklett and Sarah A. Burgard, Downward Social Mobility and Major Depressive Episodes among Latino and Asian-American Immigrants to the United States, American Journal of Epidemiology 170 (6), 2009, gv. 793-801, doi:10.1093/aje/kwp192.314 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

miuxedavad imisa, rom berZnul enas saqarTvelos mosaxleobismxolod umniSvnelo nawili flobs, saberZneTi saqarTvelosTvissaimigracio qveynis kargi magaliTa. 2010-iani wlebis pirvel naxe­varSi es qveyana iyo qarTveli emigrantebis erT-erT ZiriTadidaniSn­ ulebis adgili evropaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom aralegaluriqarTveli emigrantebis maRali wilis gamo, ar aris cnobili maTirealuri ricxvi saberZneTSi, am migraciis mniSvnelobis zrdazemetyvelebs saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis fuladi gzavnilebismonacemTa dinamika. jer kidev 2007 wels saberZneTidan saqarTve­loSi igzavneboda aRricxuli fuladi gzavnilebis mxolod 3%.Tumca, es maCvenebeli Semdgomi 7 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnadgaiz­ arda: 2010 wels ukve 10%-s Seadgenda, xolo 2014 wels – 14%-zemets.erTaderTi oficialuri wyaro qarTveli migrantebis raodenobisada mdgomareobis Sesaxeb saberZneTSi aris am qveynis saxelmwifostatistikuri samsaxuris monacemebi. maT mixedviT irkveva, rom2012 wlis bolos saqarTvelodan Casuli legaluri emigrantebissaerTo raodenoba Seadgenda 23,500-mde adamians, romelTa 73%qali iyo. aseTi genderuli ganawileba qarTvel migrantTa Soriskidev ufro gamoikveTa bolo wlebSi, rac, ZiriTadad, gamowveuliasaberZneTis mZime ekonomikuri krizisiT. kerZod, ekonomikis imseqtorebs, romlebSic, tradiciulad, kacebi arian dasaqmebulni(magaliTad, mrewveloba da mSenebloba), ufro metad Seexo 2008-2009wlebSi dawyebuli ekonomikuri krizisi, maSin, rodesac ojaxebSimomvlelebad muSaobis dargze, sadac dasaqmebulia migrantqalTa didi nawili, SedarebiT naklebad aisaxa es sirTuleebi. amcvlilebebidan gamomdinare, umuSevrobis donem saqarTvelodanwasul mamakacebs Soris miaRwia 70%-s, qalebisTvis ki es maCvenebelimxolod 22% iyo.saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis didi nawilis aralegalurad yofnasaberZneTis teritoriaze gavlenas axdens maT ekonomikurmdgoma­reobaze. ekonomikuri mowyvladoba kidev ufro izr­deba SinameurneobebSi momvlelebad muSaobisas, vinaidan es seq­tori ufro Znelad eqvemdebareba regulirebas. saberZneTSisaqarTvelos sakonsulosa da kavkasiis kulturuli centriswarmomadgenelTa gancxadebiT, qarTveli migrantebis SromiTiuflebebi ar aris realurad daculi, vinaidan isini, ZiriTadad,sityvieri SeTanxmebisa da araformaluri kontraqtis safuZvelzemuSaoben, rasac damsaqmeblebi xSirad Tavis sasargeblod iyeneben,am SeTanxmebaTa mxolod garkveuli aspeqtebis SesrulebiT.magaliTad, yofila SemTxvevebi, rodesac damsaqmeblebs uariuTqvamT anazRaurebis gadaxdaze, radgan darwmunebulni iyvnen,მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 315

rom qarTveli imigrantebi ar mimarTavdnen samarTlebriv gzassakuTari uflebebis dasacavad.1009.3. imigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebies qveTavi ganixilavs imigraciul procesebs da maT ekonomikurSedegebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi imigrantTa raodenobisSesaxeb zusti informacia miuwvdomelia, cxadia, rom politikur,ekonomikur da socialur cvlilebebTan erTad, saqarTveloSidroebiT an mudmivad Camosul ucxoelTa ricxvi izrdeba. magaliTad,2014 wels imigrantTa raodenobam 82 aTass miaRwia, rac, daaxloebiT,20%-iT metia 2012 wlis maCvenebelTan SedarebiT.101 rac Seexebamxolod ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebis imigracias saqarTveloSi, maTze2009-13 wlebSi mTlianobaSi gacemul iqna 30 aTasze meti mudmivi dadroebiTi binadrobis nebarTva ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebis ganawilebaqveynebis mixedviT warmodgenilia grafikze 3. aqedan gamomdinare,qvemoT ganxiluli imigraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi momavalSisaqarTvelosTvis sul ufro aqtualuri gaxdeba.am qveTavis mizania pasuxi gaeces Semdeg SekiTxvebs:• axdens Tu ara imigracia gavlenas mimRebi qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze?• iwvevs Tu ara imigracia samuSao adgilebis Semcirebas adgilobriv mcxovrebTaTvis?• rogoria imigraciis gavlena qveynis sajaro finansebze?• da bolos, rogoria saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sexedulebebi imigraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebze.me-20 saukuneSi imigraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebs samecniero lite­ratura Seiswavlida, ZiriTadad, tradiciuli imigraciuli qveynebismagaliTze, rogoricaa aSS da kanada. Tumca, bolo aTwleulebisganmavl­ obaSi imigraciam masStaburi saxe miiRo dasavleT, CrdiloeTda centraluri evropis mraval qveyanaSi. vinaidan mravalferovaniaim qveynebis CamonaTvali, sadac imigrantTa raodenoba gacilebiT100 Michaela Maroufof, Irregular Migration between Georgia and Greece Everyone Can Cross a Low Fence, Athens: Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy, 2013.101 saqarTelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri. statistikuri informacia: migra- cia. Tbilisi: 2015, nanaxia 11.11.2016 w. http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=172&lang=geo.316 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aRemateba emigrantebisas, SesaZlebelia imigraciis ekonomikuriefeqtis bevr gansxvavebul konteqstSi Sefasebac da misirelevanturobis gansazRvrac saqarTvelos magaliTze.102 mTlianobaSiSeiZleba iTqvas, rom imigracias ganviTarebul qveynebSi erTdrouladsafrTxisa da imedis TvaliT uyureben. erTi mxriv, cxare kamaTis Temaaimigraciis Sedegad damdgari socialuri da sabiujeto-fiskaluriefeqti,103 Tumca, meore mxriv, imigracia is umTavresi meqanizmia,riTac ganviTarebul qveynebs SeuZliaT mosaxleobis daberebisekonomikur SedegebTan gamklaveba.104 grafiki 3: 2009-2013 wlebSi ucxo qveynismoqalaqeebze gacemuli mudmivi da droebiTi binadrobis nebarTvebi, 10 mTavari qveynis monacemebi1056,627 6,421 5,153 4,611 2,550 1,070 1,004 952 750 651ruseTi CineTi TurqeTi indoeTi irani azerbuakirjaainnai egvipte somxeTi aSS9.3.1. imigracia da ekonomikuri zrdaimigrantTa gavlena qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze mwvave ganxilvisTemad iqca im qveynebSi, sadac imigracia maRal maCvenebels aRwevs.ekonomikur literaturaSi miCneulia, rom demografiuli cvlilebebigavlenas axdens ZiriTad makroekonomikur maxasiaTeblebze, rogo­ricaa ekonomikuri zrda da umuSevroba. imigracia, anu ucxo qveynismoqalaqeebis, moqalaqeobis armqone pirebis an sazRvargareT mcxov­rebi Tanamemamuleebis Camosvla qveyanaSi pirdapir ukavSirdebamosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebebs, rac gavlenas axdens ekonomikur102 Sari Pekkala Kerr and William R. Kerr, Economic Impacts of Immigration: A Survey, Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.103 dasavleT evropaSi es sakiTxebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri iyo evrokavSiris bolo masStaburi gafarToebisas, 2004 wels.104 David Coleman, The Demographic Effects of International Migration in Europe, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24 (3), 2008, gv. 453-77, doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn027.105 Chumburidze et al., The State of Migration in Georgia.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 317

zrdaze.106 zogadad miCneulia, rom Tu imigrantebi xasiaTdebianmaRali adamianuri kapitaliT, produqtiulobiT, da advilad uRe­benalRos adgilobriv garemosa Tu SromiT bazars, maSin maT mniSvne­lovani wvlilis Setana SeuZliaT qveynis ekonomikur zrdaSi. amSemTxvevaSi, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Sexedulebebi imigrantTasocialur saWiroebebze – saxelmwifos xarjebis zrdis, umuSevrobisproblemis gamZafrebisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis SeferxebasTandakavSirebiT – xSirad safuZvelsaa moklebuli.ekonomikur TeoriaSi gamoyofen imigraciis ekonomikuri zrdis,erTi mxriv, saerTaSoriso vaWrobaSi da, meore mxriv, samuSao Zalisekonomistebis mier gamoyenebul midgomebs. saerTaSoriso vaWrobisekonomistebi imigraciis gavlenas ganixilaven Ria ekonomikispirobebsa da grZelvadian periodSi; samuSao Zalis ekonomistebiki, Cveulebriv, ikvleven erTdargian daxurul ekonomikas dayuradRebas amaxvileben moklevadian Sedegebze; aseve, xazs usvamen,rogor gavlenas axdens warmoebis, muSaxelze moTxovnisa damiwodebis funqcia ekonomikis moklevadian maxasiaTeblebze. amissapirispirod, saerTaSoriso vaWrobis ekonomistebi yuradRebasamaxvileben imigraciis Semdgomi periodis ekonomikis grZelvadianwonasworobaze. am gansxvavebebis gamo miCneulia, rom ekonomikurTeoriaSi jerjerobiT ar arsebobs saerTo wonasworobis modeli,romelic erTdroulad ganixilavs imigraciis mokle da grZelvadianSedegebs Ria da daxurul, aseve, erT da mravaldargian ekonomikaSi.aseTi modelis arseboba imitomaa Zneli, rom man aucilebladunda gaiTvaliswinos ekonomikaSi mimdinare iseTi arapirdapiricvlilebebi, rogoricaa kapitalis moculoba, Sida migracia,gamoSvebuli produqciisa da teqnologiis cvlilebebi.107dadasturebulia, rom xangrZliv ekonomikur zrdas ver uzrunvel­yofs mxolod sawarmoo faqtorebis akumulireba. amgvari zrdamoiTxovs uwyvet teqnologiur cvlilebebs, vinaidan migrantebigansxvavebuli sazogadoebisa da kulturis warmomadgenlebi arianda, Cveulebriv, axali ideebi CaaqvT daniSnulebis qveynebSi. aseve,raki migracia ar aris martivi procesi, migrantebi samewarmeoTvisebebiTa da riskiani gadawyvetilebebis unariT xSiradgamoirCevian danarCeni mosaxleobisgan. empiriuli kvlevebis erT-erTi mTavari migneba is aris, rom imigracia erToblivi moTxovnismomatebis xarjze zrdis adgilobrivi warmoebis produqciisa damomsaxurebis fasebs, gansakuTrebiT, sacxovrebel farTze. aseve,106 Bruce Morley, Causality between Economic Growth and Immigration: An ARDL Bounds Testing Approach, Economics Letters 90 (1), 2006, gv. 72-76, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2005.07.008.107 Bodvarsson and Van Den Berg, The Economics of Immigation.318 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kvlevebiT dadasturebulia, rom imigraciis Sedegad, qveyanaSiiwyeba mniSvnelovani grZelvadiani cvlilebebi, romlebic, Tavismxriv, ukavSirdeba ekonomikur zrdas. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, imig­racia gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis zrdaze, rac, Tavis mxriv,gavlenas axdens bunebrivi resursebis mdgomareobaze. es ukanaskneliekonomikuri zrdis uSualo ganmapirobebeli faqtoria. ekonomikurzrdaze imigraciis efeqtis Sefaseba mravalmxriv midgomas moiTxovs.arsebuli kvlevebi, wesisamebr, efuZneba statistikuri modelirebisSedegebs, romlebic, didi albaTobiT, saTanadod ver asaxavsimigraciis bevr pirdapir da arapirdapir ekonomikur aspeqts.imigrantTa zrda mosaxleobaSi iwvevs mraval cvlilebas, ara mxolodSromiT bazarze, aramed sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bevri sxvamimarTulebiT. magaliTad, sxvadasxva kategoriis samuSao Zalis fasisada raodenobis cvlilebam, sxva Tanabar pirobebSi SeiZleba gamoiwvioscalkeul produqciaze moTxovnis, warmoebuli produqciis mraval­saxeobis, warmoebisaTvis gamoyenebuli teqnologiebis, samuSao ZalisganaTlebis donisa da arsebuli fizikuri kapitalis moculobisSecvlac. zogierTi es cvlileba xdeba swrafad da Sesabamisad aisaxebamoklevadian statistikur maCveneblebze, Tumca, am procesebismniSvnelovani nawili SeiZleba mxolod gamomJRavndes grZelvadianperiodSi, statistikur maCveneblebze ki xangrZlivi periodis Semdegaisaxos.1089.3.2. imigracia da samuSao Zalis bazariimigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebze msjeloba xSirad ukavSirdebaim gavrcelebul mosazrebas, rom imigrantebi uaryofiT gavlenasaxdenen adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebze,amcireben maT xelfass da zrdian umuSevrobis risks.109ekonomikuri Teoriis TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso SromiTi migra­ciis mTavari ganmapirobebelia qveynebs Soris samuSao anazRau­rebaSi arsebuli gansxvavebebi, Tumca, imigraciaze gadawyvetilebismiRebis meqanizmi ufro naklebadaa Seswavlili, vidre imigraciisekonomikuri Sedegebi. imigrantTa asimilacia adgilobriv SromiTbazarze, Cveulebriv, Seiswavleba maTi da adgilobrivi mosaxleobisSromiTi anazRaurebis, dasaqmebis donisa da umuSevrobis riskebisSedarebiT.adamianuri kapitalisa da moTxovna-miwodebis ekonomikuri TeoriebismixedviT, imigrantTa raodenobis zrdas unda axldes msgavsi ganaT­108 iqve.109 Borjas, The Economics of Immigration.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 319

le­bisa da kvalifikaciis mqone adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelfasisSemcireba. Tumca, es efeqti aRiniSneba mxolod maSin, Tu imigrantebsSeuZliaT amgvari adgilobrivi mosaxleobis srulyofiladCanacvleba, orive jgufi erTmaneTs ecileba erTsa da imavesamuSao adgils, damsaqmeblebs ki erTnairi damokidebuleba aqvTimigrirebuli da adgilobrivi mSromelebis mimarT. imigraciis efeqtiSromiT bazarze damokidebulia bevr sxva garemoebazec, rogoricaaqveynis socialuri uzrunvelyofis instituciuri mowyoba,ekonomikuri specializacia da imigrantTa mimarT sazogadoebisganwyoba. aqedan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da sxvadasxvadros imigraciis efeqti adgilobrivi SromiTi bazris mdgomareobazeSeiZleba mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebodes erTmaneTisagan.magaliTad, aSS-Si 1970-ian wlebSi Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT,imigrantebi adgilobrivebze nakleb xelfass iRebdnen qveyanaSiCasvlidan daaxloebiT 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi,110 magram 30 wlisSemdeg maTi xelfasi aRemateboda msgavsi asakisa da gamocdilebisadgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavals. 1990-ian wlebSi evropissxvadasxva qveyanaSi Catarebuli kvlevebis mixedviT, imigrantebi amqveynebSic adgilobrivebze ufro dabal xelfass iRebdnen, Tumca,aseTi gansxvavebebi meryeobda sxvadasxva saxelmwifosa da periodsSoris. amasTan, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom imigrantTa garkveuljgufebs, magaliTad, maRalkvalificiur migrantebs ganviTarebuliqveynebidan xSirad msgavs adgilobriv jgufebze ufro maRaliSromiTi anazRaureba hqondaT.111 imigrantebis qveyanaSi SesvlisasTavdapirveli sxvaoba xelfasSi dadasturebuli tendenciaa, magrammkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian am sxvaobis klebazec droTa ganmavlobaSi.Semosavlebis asimilacia xdeba iqidan gamomdinare, rom migrantebialRos uReben adgilobriv SromiT bazars, iumjobeseben enis codnasda iReben met ganaTlebas.112imigraciis sruli ekonomikuri gavlenis asaxsnelad, aucilebeliagaviTvaliswinoT reemigraciis fenomenic. cnobilia, rom yovelimeoTxe an mesame imigranti garkveuli xnis Semdeg tovebs aSS-s. esmaCvenebli evrokavSiris qveynebSi kidev ufro maRalia. magaliTad,germaniaSi imigrantebis, daaxloebiT, 30-40% tovebs qveyanas imigri­rebidan 5 wlis ganmavlobaSi.113 isic unda iTqvas, rom reemig­ rirebis110 Chiswick, The Effect of Americanization on the Earnings of Foreign-Born Men.111 Brian D. Bell, The Performance of Immigrants in the United Kingdom: Evidence from the GHS, The Economic Journal 107 (441), 1997, gv. 333-44, doi:10.1086/298349.112 Tumca, sxvaoba imigrantebsa da adgilobrivTa Sromis anazRaurebaSi mainc didxans rCeba.113 Amelie Constant and Douglas S. Massey, Self-Selection, Earnings, and out-Migration: A Longitudinal Study of Immigrants to Germany, Journal of Population Economics 16 (4), 2003: gv. 631- 53, doi:10.1007/s00148-003-0168-8.320 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ufro maRali tendenciiT xasiaTdebian asimilirebis Tval­sazrisiTnaklebad warmatebuli imigrantebi. rogorc aRvniSneT, imigrantebis(gansakuTrebiT, evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebidan) aqtiurobaSromiT bazarze da maTi dasaqmebis done, adgilobrivebTan SedarebiT,dabalia, rac SeiZleba gaxdes maTi reemigrirebis erT-erTi ZiriTadimizezi.114zemoT imigrantebis mdgomareoba SevadareT adgilobrivi mos­ax­­le­o­b­isas, qveTavis am nawilSi ki ganvixilavT uSualod imigran­tTagavlenas SromiT bazarsa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis mdgoma­reobaze.imigraciis efeqti qveyanaSi arsebul saSualo xelfasze ramdenimemimarTulebiT SeiZleba gamovlindes. SromiT bazarze adgilob­rivebTan SedarebiT dabali aqtiurobis miuxedavad, imigrantebizrdian muSaxelis miwodebas mimReb qveynebSi. miwodebis zrdasxva Tanabar pirobebSi, moTxovna-miwodebis ekonomikuri TeoriismixedviT, gavlenas axdens SromiT anazRaurebaze. xelfasis moculobaicvleba imis gamoc, rom ganaTlebisa da gamocdilebis maxasiaTeblebimTliani ekonomikis masStabiT icvleba. im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tuimigraciis mTliani ekonomikuri efeqti dadebiTia adgilobrivimosaxleobis garkeveuli jgufebisaTvis, romlebic CanacvlebismaRali tendenciiT xasiaTdebian, imigrantebma SeiZleba uaryofiTigavlena iqonion.115es Teoriuli msjelobebi xSirad ar Seesabameba ekonomistebis mierCatarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebs. realur cxovrebaSi, imigrantebisCasvlis Sedegad, adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelfasi an saerTod aricvleba, an icvleba mxolod umniSvnelod. magaliTad, did britaneTsada aSS-Si Catarebuli monacemTa analizis mixedviT, imigracias TiTqmisaranairi efeqti ara aqvs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis Semosavlebze116.amis erT-erTi SesaZlo mizezi aris is, rom orive qveyanaSi imigrantebisrulyofilad ver anacvleben adgilobriv mosaxleobas. SromiTbazarze imigrantTa zrdasTan erTad, adgilobrivi mosaxleoba Tanda­TanobiT gadainacvlebs dasaqmebis im sferoebSi, sadac komunikaciis114 Joshua D. Angrist and Adriana D. Kugler, Protective or Counter-Productive? Labour Market Institutions and the Effect of Immigration on EU Natives, Economic Journal 113 (488), 2003, gv. 302-31, doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00136.115 mag. dasavleT evropis qveynebis did nawilSi imigrantTa SedarebiT dabalma sagan- manaTleblo donem Seamcira saSualo xelfasis moculoba, rac, ra Tqma unda, imasac gulisxmobs, rom imigracia amcirebs adgilobrivi mosaxleobis xelfass, vinaidan misi Canacvleba imigrantebiT damsaqmebelisTvis ufro momgebiania. ix: Kerr and Kerr (2011).116 Marco Manacorda, Alan Manning, and Jonathan Wadsworth, The Impact of Immigration on the Structure of Wages: Theory and Evidence From Britain, Journal of the European Economic Association 10 (1), 2012, gv. 120-51, doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01049.x. Gianmarco I. P. Ottaviano and Giovanni Peri, Rethinking the Effect of Immigration on Wages. Journal of the European Economic Association 10 (1), 2012, gv. 152–97, doi:10.1111/j.1542-4774.2011.01052.x.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 321

unars ufro mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba, maSin, rodesac imigrantebikoncentrirdebian ufro rutinuli samuSaos sferoebSi.117 raTqma unda, aseTi urTierTkavSiri damokidebulia adgilobrivi daimigrirebuli mSromelebis kvalifikaciazec. magaliTad, germaniaSiarakvalificiuri muSaxelis xelfasi, imigraciis Sedegad, SemcirebistendenciiT xasiaTdeboda, magram amave procesis gamo izrdebodakvalificiuri muSaxelis samuSao anazRaureba.118rac Seexeba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobismaCveneblebs, arsebuli kvlevebi miuTiTebs imigraciis mxolodumniSvnelo gavlenaze. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivTadasaqmebis Canacvleba evropaSi ufro gamokveTilia, vidre amerikaSi.119Sefasebulia, rom evrokavSiris 15 qveyanaSi (romlebic kavSiris wevrebiiyvnen 1995 wels) umuSevrobis done SeiZleba 0.2%-iT gaizardos, Tuimigrantebis wili SromiT bazarze 1%-iT moimatebs, xolo germaniaSiimigraciis Sedegad samuSao Zalis 1%-iani zrda umuSevrobis dones0.1%-iT awevs.120 sxva kvlevebi – magaliTad, safrangeTis SemTxvevaSi,gviCvenebs, rom imigracias, gansakuTrebiT, grZelvadian periodSi,SeuZlia umuSevrobis Semcireba, maSinac ki, Tu Tavdapirveli efeqtiumuSevrobaze uaryofiTia. samwuxarod, CvenTvis ar aris cnobilimsgavsi gavlenis Sefasebis Sesaxeb saqarTveloSi.9.3.3. imigracia da sajaro finansebiimigracis erT-erTi ZiriTadi efeqti mimRebi qveynis ekonomikurmdgomareobaze, swored migraciasTan dakavSirebuli socialurixarjebia saxelmwifo biujetSi. Tu imigrantis dasaqmebis albaTobamimReb qveyanaSi dabalia, maSin imigrantebi adgilobriv mosaxleobazemetad arian damokidebulni saxelmwifo socialur daxmarebaze.migraciul literaturaSi aRniSnuli tendencia cnobilia `keTil­dReobis saxelmwifo mizidulobis efeqtis~ saxelwodebiT, racgulis­xmobs imas, rom migrantebi ufro xSirad irCeven im qveynebSigamgzavrebas, romlebsac maRalganviTarebuli socialuri uzrunvel­yofis sistemebi aqvT.121117 Giovanni Peri, and Chad Sparber, Task Specialization, Immigration, and Wages, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 1 (3), 2009, gv. 135-69, doi:10.1257/app.1.3.135.118 Herbert Brücker and Elke J. Jahn, Migration and Wage-Setting: Reassessing the Labor Mar- ket Effects of Migration. Scandinavian Journal of Economics 113 (2), 2011, gv. 286–317, doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2010.01634.x.119 Simonetta Longhi, Peter Nijkamp, and Jacques Poot, The Impact of Immigration on the Employment of Natives in Regional Labour Markets: A Meta-Analysis, Bonn: IZA DP # 2044, 2006.120 Brücker and Jahn, Migration and Wage-Setting.121 George J. Borjas, Immigration and Welfare Magnets, Journal of Labor Economics 17 (4), 1999. gv. 607- 637.322 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

erTia Teoriuli msjeloba, ra gavlena SeiZleba moaxdinon imig­rantebma qveynis sajaro finansebze, da meore – empiriuli kvle­vebisSedegebi aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. aSS-Si imigrantebis qcevisSeswavla gviCvenebs, rom am adamianTa mier socialuri momsaxurebisada asignebebis miRebis sixSire damokidebulia maT asakze qveyanaSiSesvlisas, Tumca, aranakleb mniSvnelovania ganaTleba, inglisurienis floba da, Sesabamisad, samuSaos povnis potencialic. rac Seexebasocialuri daxmarebis masStabs, kvlevebis mixedviT, imigrantimamakacebis daxmareba ufro mcirea, vidre adgilobrivTa asignebebi;imigranti qalebis socialuri daxmareba ki, daaxloebiT, 10%-iTaRemateboda adgilobrivebisas. Tavis mxriv, imigrantebi kanadaSi,devnilebis gamoklebiT, moixmaren ufro nakleb umuSevrobisSemweobas da socialuri uzrunvelyofisa Tu sacxovrisis servisebs,vidre am qveynis mosaxleoba.122Tu gadmovinacvlebT evropis kontinentze, sadac ufro meti qarTveliemigrantia, davinaxavT, rom am qveynebSi imigrantebi ufro metadarian damokidebulni socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da umuSevrobisSemweobis sistemebze, vidre CrdiloeT amerikaSi.123 magaliTisaTvis,SvedeTsa da daniaSi imigrantTa siRaribis zRvars miRma yofnisalbaToba 2-3-jer aRemateba adgilobrivi mosaxleobis SesabamismaCveneblebs. es, ra Tqma unda, aisaxeba qveynis sajaro finansebze.daniaSi 1999 wels imigrantebi iRebdnen qveynis mTliani socialuridaxmarebis 18%-s, maSin, rodesac saerTo mosaxleobis mxolod 3%-sSeadgendnen.124 aRsaniSnavia, rom imigrantebis sajaro finansebzegavlenis mixedviT, mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebia evropul qveynebsSoris. Tu daniaSi, moyvanili magaliTis mixedviT, imigrantebi ga­cilebiT met socialur xarjebs moiTxoven, evropul saxelmwifoTaumravlesobaSi imigrantebisa da adgilobrivi mosaxleobis damoki­debuleba saxelmwifo daxmarebaze met-naklebad Tanabaria. aqedangamomdinare, sajaro finansebze imigraciis gavlenis masStabi, socia­luri daxmarebisa da sxva servisebis gamoyenebis mxriv, damok­ id­ ebuliaqveynis instituciur mowyobaze. am TvalsazrisiT, gadamwyvetimniSvne­loba ar eniWeba migrantTa individualur maxa­siaTeblebs125.122 Michael Baker and Dwayne Benjamin, The Performance of Immigrants in the Canadian Labor Market, Journal of Labor Economics 12 (3), 1994, gv. 369-405.123 sxva garemoebebTan erTad, evropaSi imigrantTa ufro mWidro damokidebuleba saxelmwifoze xSirad aixsneba ufro ganviTarebuli socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemebiT am qveynebSi.124 Kræn Blume and Mette Verner, Welfare Dependency among Danish Immigrants, European Journal of Political Economy 23 (2), 2007, gv. 453-71, doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.08.005.125 Felix Büchel and Joachim R. Frick, Immigrants’ Economic Performance across Europe - Does Immigration Policy Matter? Population Research and Policy Review 24 (2), 2005, gv. 175-212, doi:10.1007/s11113-004-1370-4.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 323

sxva kvlevebi asaxaven imasac, rogor reagirebs sa­xelmwi­fos miergaweuli xarjebi imigrantTa raodenobis zrdaze.126zemoT moyvanili empiriuli kvelevebis Semdeg, mTavari kiTxva isaris, imigrantebi ufro met socialur daxmarebasa da momsaxurebas(maT Soris, ganaTlebisa da janmrTelobis dacvis TvalsazrisiT)iReben saxelmwifosgan, Tu ufro mets ixdian saxelmwifo biujetSigadasaxadebis an mosakreblebis saxiT. es kiTxva mniSvnelovania iqidangamomdinarec, rom imigrantTa mimRebi bevri qveyana, gansakuTrebiTdasavleT evropaSi, xasiaTdeba daberebis tendenciiT da saWiroebsaxalgazrda mosaxleobis zrdas – jansaRi sajaro finansebisSenarCunebis mizniT. ekonomistTa ganzogadebuli pasuxis mixedviT,imigraciis ekonomikuri efeqti sajaro finansebze Zalian mcirea.aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom es Sefaseba metwilad damokidebuliamecnierebis mier gamoyenebul daSvebebze, ekonometrikul modelebsada monacemebze. magaliTad, aSS-Si 1990-ian wlebSi imigrantebis sajarofinansebze gavlenis Sefaseba meryeobda minus 16 miliardi dolaridanplus 60 miliard dolaramde, statistikuri gaTvlebisas gakeTebulidaSvebebidan gamomdinare127.aseve mniSvnelovania imigrantTa ganaTlebis done, rac pirdapirukavSirdeba maTi socialuri servisebis moxmarebis masStabs.amerikis magaliTze naCvenebia, rom saxelmwifo biujetma umaRlesiganaTlebis mqone erTi migrantisgan SeiZleba miiRos 36 aTasiaSS dolaris Semosavali, maSin, rodesac naklebad ganaTlebuliimigranti Tavisi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoebas SesaZloa 96aTasi dolari daujdes. aqve isic unda aRiniSnos, rom adgilobrivmosaxleobaze gaweuli sazogadoebrivi xarjebi cxovrebis pirvelwlebSi gacilebiT aRemateba axalgazrda imigrantebze daxarjulresursebs qveyanaSi Casvlis pirvel wlebSi. aqedan gamomdinare,30 wels miRweuli imigrantebi, gansakuTrebiT ganaTlebis maRalidoniT, saxelmwifoebisaTvis SeiZleba Zalian mimzidveli iyossajaro finansebis TvalsazrisiT. warmodgenili mtkicebulebebissafuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebisumravlesobaSi imigraciis fiskaluri efeqti ar aRemateba mTlianiSida produqtis 1 %-s, dadebiTi an uaryofiTi mimarTulebiT.128126 Biagio Speciale, Does immigration affect public education expenditures? Quasi-experimental evidence 96 (9-10), 2012, gv. 773-82, doi: 10.1016/j.jpubeco.2012.04.004.127 George J. Borjas, The Economic Benefits from Immigration. Journal of Economic Perspectives 9 (2), 1995, gv. 3-2 doi:10.1257/jep.9.2.3.128 Robert Rowthorn, The Fiscal Impact of Immigration on the Advanced Economies, Oxford Review of Economic Policy 24 (3), 2008, gv. 561-81, doi:10.1093/oxrep/grn025.324 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

9.3.4. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sexedulebebi imigraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebzesaqarTveloSi imigraciis ekonomikuri gavlena, Cveni informaciiT,am periodamde detalurad ar gamokvleula. aqedan gamodinare,Sesabamisi monacemebis gareSe Znelia dabejiTebiT saubari imigraciisekonomikur Sedegebze. cxadia, imigrantebis Semosvlas saqarTveloSiaqvs garkveuli gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze, dasaqmebisa daumuSevrobis doneze, sabiujeto asignebebTan erTad, Tumca, mTavariis aris, Tu rogoria am gavlenis masStabi. erTi mniSvnelovanimimarTuleba, romelzec arsebobs Sesabamisi statistikuri mona­cemebi, mosaxleobis Sexedulebebia imigrantTa Sesaxeb. sainteresoa,rogor aRiqvamen saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi adamianebi maT da raekonomikuri gavlena aqvs imigrantTa Semodinebas qveyanaSi. ammizniT, mocemul qveTavSi mokled ganvixilavT sazogadoebriviazris kvlevis Sedegebs, romelic 2013 wels Caatara socialurimecnierebebis centrma. warmodgenili monacemebi moicavs ramdenimeSekiTxvas imigraciis ekonomikur Sedegebze. miRebuli pasuxebireprezentatulia saqarTvelos zrdasruli mosaxleobisaTvis.129kvlevis farglebSi 1,498 respondenti gamoikiTxa saqarTvelosmasStabiT. TiToeul maTgans interviuerma waukiTxa aseTi teqsti:`sxva qveynebidan Camosul, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb migrantebzesxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. ramdenad eTanxmebiT an ar eTanxmebiTqvemoT mocemul debulebebs?~rva kiTxvidan, romlebsac kvlevis es nawili aerTianebda, ramdenimeuSualod imigraciis ekonomikur Sedegebs exeboda. erT-erTi debulebaaseTi iyo - `imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTviszogadad kargia~.am SekiTxvis pasuxebi warmodgenilia grafikze 4. Sedegebis mixedviT,gamokiTxulTa mesamedze meti (36.6%) miiCnevs, rom imigrantebimTlianobaSi dadebiT gavlenas axdenen saqarTvelos ekonomikaze.amasTan, gamokiTxulTa meoTxedze meti (25.6%) ar eTanxmeba eko­nomikaze imigrantTa zogadi pozitiuri gavlenis debulebas, nawili ki(daaxloebiT 7%) sruliad ar eTanxmeba. sayuradReboa, rom im adamianTawili, visac neitraluri Sexeduleba aqvs imigraciis ekonomikurefeqtze, Seadgens gamokiTxulTa, daaxloebiT, mexuTeds (19.7%), xolopasuxis gacema gauWirda TiTqmis yovel meaTe respondents.129 CSS, International Social Survey Programme’s (ISSP) National Identity Module, Tbilisi: Center for Social Sciences (CSS), Tbilisi State University, 2014.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 325

grafiki 4: imigrantebis arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis zogadad kargia130 sruliad veTanxmebi 6.0 30.6 veTanxmebi 19.7 6.9arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi 11.2 25.6 ar veTanxmebi 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 sruliad ar veTanxmebi miWirs pasuxis gacema 0.0SeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.rodesac saqme exeba imigrantTa gavlenas arsebul samuSao adgilebze,wina kiTxvisgan gansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Sexedulebebiimigraciis ekonomikur Sedegebze gacilebiT negatiuria. es tendenciaSeiZleba aixsnas saqarTveloSi formaluri da faruli umuSevrobis131ukiduresad maRali doniT. Cven mier ganxiluli socialuri kvlevamoicavda kiTxvas, ramdenad eTanxmebian respondentebi mosazrebas,rom `imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSaoadgilebs arTmeven~.am SekiTxvis pasuxebi warmodgenilia grafikze 5.Sedegebis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTa naxevarze mets miaCnia, romimigrantebi marTlac amcireben saqarTveloSi dabadebuli adamia­nebis dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebs; am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba respon­dentTa mesamedze naklebi (daaxloebiT 29%); arc eTanxmeba da arcar eTanxmeba respondentTa, daaxloebiT, meaTedi (12%), 8%-s ki uWirspasuxis gacema SekiTxvaze.rogorc Cans, samuSao adgilebi da umuSevroba ufro problemuriTemaa saqarTvelos mosaxleobisaTvis da, Sesabamisad, am sakiTxsimigraciasTan ufro advilad akavSireben.130 iqve.131 faruli umuSevroba moicavs individebs, romlebic formalurad iricxebian dasaqme­bulad; arasruli samuSao droiT arian dasaqmebulni an, muSaobasTan er- Tad, aqtiurad eZeben samsaxurs.326 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

grafiki 5: imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven132 sruliad veTanxmebi 19.2 32.0 veTanxmebi 24.1 11.8arc veTanxmebi, arc ar veTanxmebi ar veTanxmebi 4.8 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 8.1 sruliad ar veTanxmebi miWirs pasuxis gacema 5.0 10.0 0.0SeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.aseve sainteresoa, ras fiqroben adamianebi saqarTveloSi imigrantTaSemdgom Semodinebaze (ix. grafiki 6). zemoT moyvanili pasuxebidangamomdinare, ar aris gasakviri, rom gamokiTxuli mosaxleobisnaxevarze metis azriT, imigrantTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi undaSemcirdes, Tumca, maTi ricxvi qveyanaSi 2013 wels isedac sakmaodmcire iyo.socialuri mecnierebebis centris am kvlevis mixedviT, gamokiTxulTadaaxloebiT 2/3 miiCnevs (27%), rom 2013 wels imigrantTa raodenobaodnav unda Semcirdes; nawili (35%) bevrad Semcirebis momxrea;monawileTa mxolod 5% fiqrobs, rom saqarTveloSi imigrantebisraodenoba bevrad unda gaizardos, 6%-is azriT, imigrantTa raodenobacota unda gaizardos; gamokiTxulTa, daaxloebiT, meaTeds gauWirdapasuxis gacema am SekiTxvaze.132 CSS, National Identity Module. 327მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები

grafiki 6: rogor fiqrobT, dRes saqarTveloSi imigrantebis raodenoba unda... (procenti gamokiTxulTa saerTo raodenobaSi)133 miWirs pasuxis gacema 9.2 bevrad gaizardos 4.7 bevrad cota gaizardos Semcirdes 6.1 35.0 igive darCes 17.9 cota Semcirdes 27.1SeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.aseve sainteresoa, rogor icvleba mosaxleobis SexedulebebiimigrantTa ekonomikur gavlenaze gamokiTxulTa sami ZiriTadisocialur–demografiuli maCveneblis - sqesi, asaki da ganaTleba -mixedviT. ekonomikur literaturaSi cnobilia, rom respodentTaindividualuri maxasiaTeblebi gavlenas axdens maT warmodgenebzeimigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb134. cxrili 1. gviCvenebsgamokiTxulTa pasuxebis ganawilebas zemoT ganxilul SekiTxvebze,maTi asakis mixedviT. warmodgenili asakobrivi jgufebi dayofiliasam kategoriad: (1) 35 wlis an ufro axalgazrda, (2) saSualo asakis- 36-55 weli - da (3) 55 wels gadacilebuli respondentebi. cxrilSiwarmodgenili monacemebis mixedviT, saqarTveloSi ar aris didisxvaoba asakobrivi jgufebis Sexedulebebs Soris, rodesac saqmeexeba imigrantTa zogad gavlenas ekonomikur ganviTarebaze. 133 iqve.134 Anna Maria Mayda and Dani Rodrik, Why Are Some People (and Countries) More Protectionist than Others? European Economic Review 49 (6), 2005: gv. 1393-1430, doi:10.1016/j.euroecorev. 2004.01.002.328 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

cxrili 1: mosazrebebis ganawileba asakis mixedviT135 imigrantebis arseboba imigrantebi saqarTveloSi saqarTvelos ekonomikisTvis dabadebul adamianebs zogadad kargia samuSao adgilebs arTmeven respondentTa asaki respondentTa asakiveTanxmebi <35 36-55 56> <35 36-55 56> 45.4% 41.6% 37.5% 48.5% 52.3% 64.8%arc veTanxmebi,arc ar veTanxmebi 22.7% 21.1% 22.7% 14.1% 12.3% 12.2%ar veTanxmebi 32.1% 37.3% 39.8% 37.3% 35.5% 23.0%SeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.cxrili 1.-is mixedviT, axalgazrda respondentebi ufro eTanxmebianmosazrebas, rom imigrantTa arseboba saqarTvelos ekonomikisaTviszogadad kargia. gamokiTxvis asakovani monawileebi gacilebiT maRalialbaTobiT adastureben mosazrebas, rom imigrantebi saqarTveloSidabadebul adamianebs arTmeven samuSao adgilebs.cxrilSi 2. sqesis mixedviT mosazrebebis ganxilvisas, kacebimetad fiqroben, rom imigrantTa arseboba kargia saqarTvelosekonomikisaTvis, Tumca, sqesTa Soris sxvaoba mosazrebaSi, romimigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebul adamianebs samuSao adgilebsarTmeven, umniSvneloa.cxrili 2: imigraciis ekonomikuri mosazrebebi respondentTa sqesis mixedviT136 imigrantebis arseboba imigrantebi saqarTvelos saqarTveloSi dabadebul ekonomikisTvis zogadad adamianebs samuSao kargia adgilebs arTmeven respondentTa sqesi qalebi kacebi qalebi kacebi 38.9% 54.5%veTanxmebi 45.1% 56.5%arc veTanxmebi, 23.6% 19.8% 13.1% 12.3%arc ar veTanxmebi 37.5% 36.6% 30.4% 33.3%ar veTanxmebiSeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.135 CSS, National Identity Module. 329136 iqve.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები

cxrilSi 3. pasuxebis statistikuri ganawileba aseve miuTiTebs,rom respondentTa ganaTleba mniSvnelovnad ar gansazRvravs maTSexedulebebs imigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb. sxvaobamosazrebebSi – mTlianad ekonomikasa da konkretulad samuSaoadgilebze imigrantTa gavlenis Sesaxeb – saSualo da umaRlesiganaTlebis mqone adamianebs Soris umniSvneloa. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia,rom umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebi, saSualo ganaTlebisrespondentebTan SedarebiT, daaxloebiT, 6 %-iT naklebad eTanxme­bian mosazrebas imigrantTa mier saqarTveloSi dabadebuliadamianebisaTvis samuSao adgilebis warTmevis Sesaxeb.cxrili 3: imigraciis ekonomikuri mosazrebebi respodentTa ganaTlebis mixedviT137 imigrantebis arseboba imigrantebi saqarTvelos saqarTveloSi dabadebul ekonomikisTvis adamianebs samuSao zogadad kargia adgilebs arTmeven respondentTa ganaTleba saSualo profesiuli umaRlesi saSualo profesiuli umaRlesiveTanxmebi 42.0% 43.1% 39.0% 58.5% 56.0% 52.6% 24.2% 22.2% 20.1% 10.2% 13.9% 14.5%arc veTanxmebi, arc 33.8% 34.7% 40.9% 31.3% 30.1% 32.8%ar veTanxmebiar veTanxmebiSeniSvna: sul gamokiTxulia 1,498 respondenti.statistikuri monacemebis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg, mTlianobaSiSeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleobis warmodgenebiimigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb ar aris erTgvarovani.mosaxleobis didi nawili miiCnevs, rom imigracia dadebiTadmoqmedebs qveynis ganviTarebaze, Tumca, amavdroulad, mosaxleobisnaxevarze meti miiCnevs, rom imigrantebi saqarTveloSi dabadebuladamianebs samuSao adgilebs arTmeven. marTalia, imigraciis masStabisaqarTveloSi sakmaod mcirea, Tumca naTelia, rom mosaxleobismniSvnelovani nawili mainc ufrTxis imigraciis ekonomikur Sedegebs.amis aSkara magaliTia mcire raodenobis ucxoeli fermerebis Semosvla137 iqve.330 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saqarTveloSi ukanaskneli wlebis ganmavlobaSi da am movlenisTanmxlebi socialuri da politikuri procesebi, rac mokled arisganxiluli am Tavis mesame da bolo kazusSi.kazusi 3: ucxoeli fermerebis Semodineba saqarTveloSiucxo qveynis moqalaqeTa mxridan saqarTveloSi sasoflo-sameurneo miwis SeZeniT daintereseba daiwyo 2000-iani wlebisbolodan. amis mTavari mizezia is, rom sxva qveynebTan SedarebiTsaqarTvelo uzrunvelyofs iaf da nayofier miwebs, rasac uka­nasknel periodamde axlda maTi SeZenis simartivec da biuro­kratiuli barierebis ararsebobac.138Tavdapirvelad, saqarTvelos xelisufleba sasoflo-sameurneosferos ganviTarebis mizniT, xels uwyobda ucxoel fermerTagarkveul jgufebs – magaliTad, afrikanerebs (burebs) samxreTafrikidan – SeesyidaT amgvari daniSnulebis miwis nakveTebisaqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi, maTi codnisa da Tanamedrovesasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis meTodebis dasanergavad saqarTve­loSi.139 Cvens qveyanaSi imigrirebuli ucxoeli fermerebis zustiraodenoba ar aris cnobili, Tumca, qvemo qarTlis sofelisarTiWala amis kargi magaliTia. am sofelSi saxelmwifoskuTvnilebaSi arsebuli sasoflo-sameurneo nakveTebis didnawilis mesakuTreebi samxreT afrikeli fermerebi gaxdnen.140 mTavrobis cvlilebis Semdeg, 2013 wlis dasawyisidan, saqarTvelos mTel rig regionebSi demonstraciebi gaimarTa ucxoelebisaTvis miwis miyidvis akrZalvis moTxovniT.141 magaliTad, kaxeTSi, romelic saqarTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis erT-erTi centria, momitingeTa mTavari wuxili ukavSirdeboda indoeli fermerebis mier – gansakuTrebiT penjabis regionidan - miwebis didi raodenobiT Sesyidvas.142 TbilisSi gamarTuli demonstraciis monawileebi, miwis ucxoelebze miyidvis paralelurad, moiT­ xovdnen ormagi moqalaqeobis miniWebis praqtikis gauqmebasac da, zogadad, saimigracio politikis gamkacrebas saqarTveloSi.143138 Alexi Gugushvili, Money Can’t Buy Me Land: Foreign Land Ownership Regime and Attitudes in Georgia, Land use policy 55: gv. 142-153.139 Conor Prasad, South African Boers in Georgia? Flensburg, European Centre for Minority Issues Working Paper #55, 2012; nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2wN24QO.140 Eric Livny, Moratorium on Foreign Ownership of Agricultural Land. Xenophobia, Myopia or What?, ISET Economist, 2013, nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://www.iset.ge/blog/?p=2090.141 Tamila Varshalomidze, Georgia’s Backlash against Foreign Landowners, Aljazeera, 2013. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://m.aljazeera.com/story/2013811125720720256142 Voice of Kakheti, male indoelebi mTeli saqarTvelos miwebs iyidian, 11 dekemberi, 2013 w.143 New Posts, `erovnuli fronti~ aqcias gamarTavs, 2013, nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://newposts.ge/?l=G&id=23130.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 331

am saprotesto aqciebis moTxovnebi xelisuflebam gaiTvaliswinakonkretul qmedebebSi. 2013 wlis ivnisSi saqarTvelos parlamentmadroebiT, 2014 wlis dasrulebamde, SeaCera sasoflo-sameurneomiwebis miyidva ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebze.144 sakanonmdeblocvlilebaTa avtorebi aRniSnavdnen, rom zusti statistikurimonacemebis ararsebobis miuxedavad, zogierTi SefasebiT,ucxoelebi saqarTveloSi, daaxloebiT, 30 aTas heqtar sasoflo-sameurneo miwas flobdnen, rac qveynis saerTo sasoflo-sameurneomiwebis 1%-s Seadgens.145aRniSnuli cvlilebebis Sedegebi aisaxa sasoflo-sameurneomiwebis rogorc mcire, ise msxvil ucxoel mesakuTreebsada axal potenciur investorebze. magaliTad, gafarToebisgegmebi SeecvalaT kompaniebs agri jorjia da Tier jorjia -or investors, romlebic umsxviles ucxoel mesakuTreebadmiiCnevian saqarTveloSi. aseve dazaraldnen mcire ucxoelifermerebi, romlebsac miwis Sesyidvis procesi ukve dawyebulihqondaT.146 2017 wlis dasawyisisaTvis sasoflo-sameurneo miwisucxoelebze gayidvis sakiTxi kvlav gadauwyveteli rCeboda,radgan sakonstitucio sasamarTlos dadgenilebis miuxedavad,saqarTvelos mTavroba agrZelebda muSaobas sakanonmdeblo cvli­lebebze ucxoelTaTvis miwis miyidvis SesazRudad.saqarTvelos soflis meurneobis seqtori xasiaTdeba uaRresaddabali mwarmoeblurobiT da kapital-investiciebis simciriT.is ver uzrunvelyofs qveyanaSi arsebul moTxovnas sasoflo-sameurneo produqciaze, rac iwvevs mezobeli saxelmwifoebidansursaTis importis aucileblobas. eqspertTa erT jgufi fiqrobs,rom ucxoeli fermerebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi Camosvlisa da amdargSi investirebis survils amJRavneben, SeiZleba iqcnen soflismeurneobis seqtorSi aucilebeli ekonomikuri gardaqmnis erT-erT mamoZravebel Zalad. adamianebis meore jgufi ki eTanxmebaxelisuflebis zogierTi warmomadgenlis mosazrebas, rom sa­soflo-sameurneo miwebis ucxoelebze miyidva SeiZleba qveynisinteresebs ewinaaRmdegebodes da misi ekonomikuri efeqtic ariyos mniSvnelovani.144 Parliament of Georgia, `sasoflo-sameurneo daniSnulebis miwsis sakuTrebis Sesaxeb~ saqarTvelos kanonSi cvlilebebis Setanis Taobaze - 795-IIS, Kutaisi, 2013.145 FAO, Assessment of the Agriculture and Rural Development Sectors in the Eastern Partnership Countries: Georgia, Budapest, 2012. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2vUBAAl.146 Eva Anderson, Ban on Land Sales: Stories from Large Foreign Farmers. Transparency International Georgia, 2014. nanaxia 12.05.2017 w. http://transparency.ge/en/node/3968.332 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis 1. asaxavs Tu ara am TavSi moyvanili informacia Tqvens pirad dakvirvebas an gamocdilebas saqarTveloSi emigraciis ekonomikuri Sedegebis Sesaxeb?2. adamianuri kapitalis ganxilvisas aRiniSna, rom emigraciis saSualeba SeiZleba adamianebisaTvis iqces ganaTlebis miRebis stimulad. Tqvens SemTxvevaSi aris Tu ara potenciuri emigracia swavlis damatebiTi motivacia?3. teqstSi aRiniSna, rom Tu fulad gzavnilebs ar iRebs qveynis yvelaze gaWirvebuli mosaxleoba, maSin SesaZlebelia, am procesma gamoiwvios uTanasworobis zrda SemosavlebSi. rogor fiqrobT, saWiroa Tu ara saxelmwifos Careva fuladi gzavnilebis ganawi­ lebaSi, magaliTad, mosaxleobis yvelaze Raribi jgufebis migraciul procesebSi monawileobis xelSewyobiT?4. arsebuli monacemebi mowmobs, rom emigrantebi xSirad ganicdian daRmasvlas profesiul ierarqiaSi. rogor fiqrobT, Sromis anazRaurebaSi sxvaobis garda, ra faqtorebis gamo Tanxmdebian migrantebi gacilebiT dabalkvalificiuri samsaxuris Sesru­ lebaze?5. rogorc aRiniSna, fuladi gzavnilebi SeiZleba asrulebdes qveynis socialuri uzrunvelyofis funqcias. xom ar fiqrobT, rom xangrZliv periodSi sazRvargareTidan am saxiT Semosuli resursebi xelisuflebas daukargavs motivacias, ufro aqtiurad izrunos socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemis ganviTarebaze?6. Tqveni dakvirvebiT, ekonomikis romel dargSi asruleben imigrant­ ebi mniSvnelovan rols? ekonomikis romel dargSi da ra maxasiaTeblebiT isurvebdiT imigrantebs saqarTveloSi?7. Tqveni azriT, ra aris imis mizezi, rom saqarTveloSi mosaxleoba metwilad uaryofiTad afasebs imigrantebis rols qveynis ganviTarebaSi?saSinao davaleba 1. saqarTvelos erovnuli bankis vebgverdis (www.nbg.ge) statis­ tikis ganyofilebaSi moZebneT, rogor Seicvala fuladi gzavni­ lebis moculoba bolo wlebSi. gTxovT, upasuxoT SekiTxvebs: gansxvavdeba Tu ara Tqven mier moZiebuli monacemebi am Tavisმიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 333

pirvel kazusSi moyvanili statistikisagan? Seicvala Tu ara ZiriTadi gamomgzavni qveynebis xuTeuli bolo sami wlis ganmavlobaSi? Tu Seicvala, Tqveni azriT, ra iyo amis mizezi?2. 2014 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweram, 2002 wlis monace­ mebTan SedarebiT, gamoavlina saqarTvelos mosaxleobis Semcireba 642 aTasi adamianiT. Tqveni SefasebiT, ra roli aqvs migraciul procesebs am cvlilebaSi? rogor aisaxeba aseTi mniSvnelovani movlena qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maCveneblebze, maga­ liTad, mosaxleobaSi erT sulze gaangariSebul mTlian Sida pro­ duqtze?3. am Tavis me-2 kazusSi mokled iyo aRwerili qarTvel emigrantTa mdgomareoba saberZneTSi, Tumca, maTi saerTo raodenobiT ru­ seTi mainc mowinave adgilze rCeba. am saxelmZRvanelos sxva Tavebsa da, aseve, internetSi – Tu amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs – moiZieT informacia ruseTSi qarTveli emigrantebis ekonomikur mdgomareobaze.4. gadaxedeT am saxelmZRvanelos Tavs migraciis formebis Sesaxeb (kazusebi); gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcieT me-20 saukunis imigraciis istorias saqarTveloSi. Tqveni azriT, gvexmareba Tu ara gasuli saukunis qveynis imigraciuli gamocdileba imis axsnaSi, ratom aris adamianTa didi nawili uaryofiTad ganwyobili imigrantTa mimarT?5. am Tavis me-3 kazusSi mokled iyo ganxiluli viTareba ucxoelebze sasoflo-sameurneo miwebis miyidvasTan dakavSirebiT. internetis an sxva wyaroebis gamoyenebiT moiZieT, ra mdgomareobaa amJamad aRniSnul sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. gamoyenebuli da rekomendebuli literatura1. Pablo Acosta, Cesar Calderón, Pablo Fajnzylber and Humberto Lopez, What Is the Impact of International Remittances on Poverty and Inequality in Latin America? World Development 36 (1), 2008. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.02.016;2. Pablo Acosta, Pablo Fajnzylber and J Humberto Lopez, The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2007;334 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

3. Richard H. Adams Jr, and John Page. Do International Migration and Remittances Reduce Poverty in Developing Countries? World Development 33 (10), 2005, doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2005.05.004;4. Ilana Redstone Akresh, Occupational Mobility among Legal Immigrants to the United States., International Migration Review 40 (4), 2006. doi:10.1111/j.1747- 7379.2006.00046.x;5. Catalina Amuedo-Dorantes and Susan Pozo, Migration, Remittances, and Male and Female Employment Patterns, The American Economic Review 96 (2). American Economic Association: 2006. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30034646;6. Eva Anderson, Ban on Land Sales: Stories from Large Foreign Farmers, Transparency International Georgia, 2014. http://transparency.ge/en/node/3968;7. Joshua D. Angrist and Adriana D. Kugler, Protective or Counter-Productive? Labour Market Institutions and the Effect of Immigration on EU Natives, Economic Journal 113 (488), 2003. doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00136;8. Aziz Atamanov, Matthias Luecke, Omar T. Mahmoud, Roman Mogilevsky, Tereshchenko Tereshchenko, Natalia A Tourdyeva, Ainura Uzagalieva, and Vitaliy Vavryshchuk, Income and Distribution Effects of Migration and Remittances: An Analysis Based on CGE Models for Selected CIS Countries. Warsaw: Center for Social and Economic Research (CASE), 2009;9. Irina Badurashvili, Determinants and Consequences of Irregular Migration in a Society under Transition. The Case of Georgia, Caucasus. Tbilisi: Georgian Centre of Population Research, 2004;10. Irina Badurashvili and Mamuka Nadareishvili, Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe: Final Country Report - Georgia. European Commission: DG Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion, 2012;11. Michael Baker and Dwayne Benjamin, The Performance of Immigrants in the Canadian Labor Market, Journal of Labor Economics 12 (3), 1994;12. Christopher P. Ball, Claude Lopez, and Javier Reyes, Remittances, Inflation and Exchange Rate Regimes in Small Open Economies. The World Economy 36 (4), 2013. doi:10.1111/twec.12042;13. Eveline Baumann, Post-Soviet Georgia: It’s a Long, Long Way to ‘Modern’ Social Protection... Economies et Societes 46 (2), 2012;14. Brian D. Bell, The Performance of Immigrants in the United Kingdom: Evidence from the GHS, The Economic Journal 107 (441), 1997. doi:10.1086/298349;15. Kræn Blume and Mette Verner, Welfare Dependency among Danish Immigrants. European Journal of Political Economy 23 (2), 2007. doi:10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2006.08.005;მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 335

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10. migracia da socialuri mecnierebebiTamar zurabiSvilisociologiis doqtori, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis fondimaia mestviriSvilifsiqologiis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universitetiekaterine fircxalavafsiqologiis doqtori, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobisTbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti10.1. Sesavaliwinamdebare Tavis mizania, gaacnos mkiTxvels, ra adgili ukaviamigraciul kvlevebs socialur mecnierebebSi. rogorc wina TavebidanSeityveT, migracia uaRresad mravalferovani procesia, romelicsazogadoebrivi cxovrebis bevr gansxvavebul mxareze axdens gavlenas.Sesabamisad, misi Seswavla mxolod erTi mecnierebis farglebSiSeuZlebelia. socialuri mecnierebebic migraciul kvlevaTa mxolodgansazRvrul aspeqtebs Seiswavlis farTo sazogadoebrivi procesebiskonteqstSi - mikro, makro da mezo doneebze.1socialuri mecnierebebis sia gansxvavebuli iqneba imis mixedviT,Tu rogor mivudgebiT am sferos ganmartebas. zogadad, socialurmecnierebebs iseT akademiur mecnierebebs vuwodebT, romlebicikvleven urTierTobebs sazogadoebasa da individebs Soris.Sesabamisad, aseTi farTo midgomis safuZvelze, socialuri mec­nierebebi moicavs sociologias, fsiqologias, anTropologias,samarTals, politikur mecnierebebs, socialur geografias, ekono­mikas, demografiasa da istorias. Tumca, ufro viwro gagebiT,socialuri mecnierebebi SeiZleba mxolod sociologiasac gulis­xmobdes. ramdenadac SeuZlebelia erT TavSi ganxilva imisa, Turogor swavlobs istoria, demografia, politikuri mecnierebebi,social­ uri geografia da ekonomika migracias, da rogoria migraciis1 dawvrilebiT mikro, makro da mezo doneebis Sesaxeb ixileT saxelmZRvanelos me-4 Tavi.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 343

samarTlebrivi safuZvlebi da regulaciebi, amitom TiToeuli esaspeqti saxelmZRvanelos calkeul TavSia2 warmodgenili. amjerad kiyuradRebas gavamaxvilebT migraciul procesebsa da sociologias,fsiqologiasa da anTropologias Soris arsebul urTierTkavSirze.winamdebare Tavis struqtura aseTia:Tavdapirvelad mokled aris mimoxiluli sociologiis, fsiqologiisada anTropologiis, rogorc mecnierul disciplinaTa, Camoyalibebisistoria da ganviTarebis ZiriTadi etapebi. raTa mkiTxvels Seeqmnaswarmodgena, rogor ikvlevs socialuri mecnierebebi migraciulprocesebs, mokled aRvwerT socialur mecnierebaTa kvlevis me­To­dologiasa da calkeul meTodebs. ZiriTadad yuradRebas gava­maxvilebT socialuri kvlevis im meTodebze, romlebsac yvelazexSirad iyeneben mkvlevrebi migraciis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas.ganvixilavT im meTodebsac, romlebic migraciuli procesebis ukeTgagebaSi, gansakuTrebulad Rrma da yovlismomcveli informaciisSegrovebaSi gvexmareba da mniSvnelovania rogorc individebze, isejgufebze, sazogadoebebsa da, globalurad, msoflio ganviTarebazemigraciis gavlenis Sesaswavlad.sociologiis, fsiqologiisa da anTropologiis mecnierulimidgomebidan gamomdinare, winamdebare Tavi Seecdeba, pasuxi gascesSemdeg kiTxvebs: ra urTierTkavSiria migraciasa da socialurstruqturas Soris rogorc mimReb, ise gamgzavn qveynebSi, ragavlenas axdens migracia socialur jgufebs Soris kavSirTagaZlierebasa an/da Sesustebaze, icvleba Tu ara da rogoricvleba migrantebis socialuri identoba migraciis Sedegad,rogor mimdinareobs axal qveyanaSi Casul migrantTa Seguebisprocesi mimReb sazogadoebasTan, ra rols asrulebs am procesSistereotipebi da negatiuri winarwmenebi (prejudice)3 rogorc mimRebisazogadoebis warmomadgenlebSi, ise uSualod migrantebSi, ras niSnavstransnacionalizmi da ra maxasiaTeblebi ganasxvavebs Tanamedrovemigraciul procesebs adrindelisagan.winamdebare TavSi aseve warmodgenili iqneba im ZiriTad terminTaganmartebebi, romlebic socialur mecnierebebSi gamoiyeneba migra­2 ix. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-5, me-7, me-8 da me-9 Tavebi.3 qarTul akademiur sivrceSi termin prejudice-is Targmanis yovladaRiarebuli vari- anti ar arsebobs. sxvadasxva konteqstSi is SeiZleba iyos Targmnili rogorc `cru- rwmena~, `winaswar ganwyoba~, da ~negatiuri winarwmena~. winamdebare Tavis avtore- bi Tvlian, rom `negatiuri winarwmena~ yvelaze ufro zustad asaxavs Sesabamis fsiqologiur meqanizms. amasTanave, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetisa da il- ias saxelmwifo universitetis fsiqologiis specialobebis saswavlo programebic swored `negatiuri winarwmenis~ termins iyeneben swavlebisas. dawvrilebiT nega- tiuri winarwmenis Sesaxeb ixileT winamdebare Tavis 10.5.2 qveTavi.344 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ciuli procesebis kvlevisas. Sesabamisad, mkiTxvels saSualeba eqneba,miiRos codna am disciplinebis mier migraciul procesTa kvlevisspecif­ikazec da im meTodologiur midgomebsa da meTodebzec,romlebic gvexmareba iseTi sakiTxebis SeswavlaSi, rogoricaa trans­nacionalizmi da migrantebis identoba.10.2. socialuri mecnierebebis mimoxilvasociologiis, rogorc mecnieruli disciplinis Seswavlis mTavariobieqti sazogadoebaa. Tumca, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor ganvsazRvravTTviT sazogadoebis raobas, sociologiis ganmartebebic gansxvavebuliiqneba. amrigad, sociologiis Seswavlis obieqtad SeiZleba miviCnioTsocialuri struqtura – anu iseTi mdgradi kavSirebi, romlebicindividze maRla dgas, misgan damoukidebelad arsebobs, an adamianebissocialuri qceva da adamianebs Soris urTierTqmedeba, an is, Turogor ayalibeben adamianebi da socialuri jgufebi koleqtiurwarmo­dgenebs, romlebic exmareba maT sazogadoebrivi mowyobis arsisgaziarebaSi4.miuxedavad imisa, rom sociologia miekuTvneba `axalgazrda~ mecnie­rebaTa jgufs, romelmac me-19 saukunis bolos daiwyo damkvidreba,misi kvlevis areali ukiduresad farToa, sazogadoebaSi arsebuliSemTxveviTi movlenebiT dawyebuli, globaluri socialuri procese­bis gamokvleviT damTavrebuli.sociologebi samyaros sam – mikro, mezo da makro – doneze ikvleven.mikrosociologia Seiswavlis adamianTa urTierTobebs yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi, socialur moqmedebas, sazrisis Camoyalibebis procesebs,maSin, rodesac makrosociologia ZiriTad yuradRebas uTmobsurTierTobebs socialur institutebs an qveynebs Soris da, zogadad,dakavebulia socialuri struqturebisa da socialuri cxovrebisufro globaluri sakiTxebiT. mezosociologia ki swavlobs mikro damakrosociologiis damakavSirebel obieqtebs, magaliTad, socialurjgufebs an organizaciebs.migraciis Seswavlis sakiTxebiT imTaviTve dainteresdnen sociolo­gebi. es ar aris gasakviri, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom migracia –iqneba es emigracia Tu imigracia – sakmaod mniSnvelovan cvlilebebsiwvevs sazogadoebebSi. aSS-Si migraciis Sedegebis sociologiurSeswavlas safuZveli Caeyara sociologiis erT-erTi wamyvani skolis4 Gordon Marshall, Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford University Press, 1998, gv. 628-630.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 345

– Cikagos universitetis sociologTa mier.5 swored Cikagos socio­logiis skolaSi SemuSavda klasikuri midgomebi da Seiqmna naSromebimigraciis kvlevebSi, Cikagos skolis sociol­ogebma pirvelebmawamoWres asimilaciis Temac. rogorc Cikagos sociol­ ogiuri skoliserT-erTi damaarsebeli, robert parki ambobda, `migraciebi, TavisiSemTxveviTi gadakveTebiT, konfliqtebiT, ereb­isa da kulturisSerwymiT, istoriis erT-erT gadamwyvet Zalas warmoadgenen~.6dResdReobiT, migracia ufro da ufro globaluri fenomenigaxda. migraciuli nakadebi metad gamravalferovnda da migrantTademografiuli maxasiaTeblebic Seicvala.7 Sesabamisad, sociologiisinteresi migraciul procesTa kvlevisadmi gaizarda da, migraciisglobaluri xasiaTidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebeli gaxda CatarebaSedarebiTi kvlevebisa, romlebic mosaxleobis migracias transna­cionalur da globalur konteqstSi ganixilavdnen.8 am kvlevebissafuZvelze sociologebma ganaviTares Teoriebi, romlebic gvex­mareba migraciuli procesebis axsnaSi mis sawyis, ganviTarebisa Tudasrulebis etapebze rogorc mikro, ise makro da mezo doneebze.anTropologia aris mecniereba adamianis Sesaxeb, rac TavisTavadgulisxmobs kulturebis Seswavlasac. sociologiisgan gansxvavebiT,romelic iyenebs rogorc raodenobriv, ise Tvisebriv kvlevismeTodebs, anTropologia, rogorc wesi, Tvisebriv kvleviTmidgomas efuZneba. amasTanave, mis amosaval wertilad mainc rCebaindividi an mcire Temebi da jgufebi, xolo sociologiis kvlevissagani, individebsa da jgufebTan erTad, didi organizaciebi dafarTomasStabiani procesebic aris.garda imisa, rom anTropologia moicavs adamianis ganviTarebas ro­gorc geografiuli, ise istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, mas kompleqsurimidgomac axasiaTebs adamianis Seswavlisadmi. anTropologebiSeiswavlian ara mxolod adamianebis kulturas, aramed maTi cxovre­biseuli gamocdilebis sxvadasxva aspeqtsac. magaliTad, adamianTajgufis aRwerisas anTropologi iTvaliswinebs im adgilis istorias,sadac isini cxovroben, bunebriv pirobebs, ojaxuri cxovrebis5 Barbara Shmitter Heilser, The Sociology of Immigration from Assimilation to Segment Integration, From American Experience to the Global Arena, ix. saxelmZRvaneloSi Migration Theory: Talking accros the disciplines, ed. Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollified, Routlege, 2000, gv. 77.6 Robert Park, Human Migration and the Marginal Man, American Journal of Sociology, 33:6, 1928: gv. 881-893.7 Stephen Castles and Hein de Haas, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Guilford Press, 2013. Tavi 1.8 SedarebiTi kvleva aris kvlevis meTodologia, romelic miznad isaxavs sxvadasxva qveynebis/kulturebis, aseve, gansxvavebul kulturebsa da sazogadoebebSi erTi da imave fenomenis/sakiTxis SedarebiT analizs.346 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

organizacias, enis ZiriTad Tvisebebs, dasaxlebis tipebs, politikurda ekonomikur sistemebs, religias, xelovnebis stilsa da tansacmels.anTropologia mecnierebis interdisciplinuri sferoa, romelicadamianis arsebobis fundamentur problemebs swavlobs. anTropo­logiuri kvlevis fokusSia adamiani, adamianTa jgufebi da maTikul­turebi, romelTa Seswavlisas aqcenti maT fizikur, socialur,kulturul, istoriul, fsiqologiur mxareze keT­deba. sakvleviTematikidan da meTodologiidan gamomdinare, anTrop­ologiis oriqvedargi arsebobs:• kulturuli anTropologia, romelic kulturebsa da adamianebis Seqmnil sistemebs swavlobs; da• fizikuri anTropologia, romelic adamianis evolucias ikvlevs.iqidan gamomdinare, rom biologiuri adaptacia anTropologiis erT-erTi wamyvani sakvlevi sakiTxia, anTropologebi – gansakuTrebiT,fizikuri anTropologebi – did yuradRebas uTmobdnen migraciulkvlevebs. 1970-iani wlebidan migraciis kvleva anTropologiaSikultu­raTaSorisi aspeqtis gaTvaliswinebiT mimdinareobs.9anTropologebis kvleva10 fokusirebulia Semdeg kiTxvebze: rogor,ratom da sad migrireben adamianebi? maTi kvleviTi interesi,ZiriTadad, ori sakiTxis irgvliv koncentrirdeba: rogor aRiqvamenimigrantebs mimReb sazogadoebebSi da rogor warimarTeba TviTonmigraciis procesi.11 migraciuli procesebis kvlevisas gansa­kuTre­buli yuradReba individebisa da jgufebis qcevaTa da kulturisSeswavlas eTmoba.fsiqologia individTa qcevisa da fsiqikuri procesebis Semswavlelimecnierebaa. fsiqologia, Tavisi gansxvavebuli dargebiT, swavlobsadamianis Sinagan bunebas, fsiqikur procesebs da fsiqologiurmdgomareobas dabadebidan sikvdilamde fizikur da socialur gare­moSi. socialuri fsiqologia fsiqologiis dargia, romelic cdi­9 mag. ix: Parminder Bhachu, Twice Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain, London & New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985, gv. 205; Richard B. Felson and George Gmelch, Uncertainty and the Use of Magic: A Test of Malinowski’s Theory in a Modern Setting, Current Anthropology 20, 1979, gv. 587‑589; Nancy Foner, West Indians in New-York City and London: Comparative Analyses, International Migration Review 13, 1979, gv. 284-297; George Gmelch, Learning Culture: The Education of American Students in Caribbean Villages, Human Organization 51:3, 1992, gv. 245-252.10 am Temaze detalurad ixileT: Elisabeth Horevitz, Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and Migration, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 19:6, 2009, gv. 745- 758, nanaxia 13.12.2016 w. doi: 10.1080/10911350902910914.11 Tilman Lanz, Force of Islam: Muslim Temporal Spacing in the German Diaspora, Insight Turkey 12:1, 2010, gv. 81-102 . nanaxia 13.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wbaZzo.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 347

lobs axsnas, Tu rogor axdens gavlenas sazogadoeba individze (misSemecnebaze, motivaciaze, ganviTarebasa da qcevaze) da individisazog­ adoebaze.fsiqologebi aqtiurad swavloben migraciuli procesebis gavl­ enasmigrantebze. maTTvis aseve mniSvnelovania eTnikuri da kultura­TaSorisi kvlevebi. sociologebisa da anTropologebisgan gansxva­vebiT, fsiqologebi ikvleven migraciis iseT aspeqtebs, rogoricaamigraciis gavlena individis fsiqikasa da socialur urTierTobebze.maT ainteresebT migrantTa gamocdilebis analizi jgufis dinamikis,negatiuri winarwmenebis, stereotipebisa da aRqmuli diskriminaciiskuTxiT. fsiqologebisaTvis gansakuTrebulad mniSvnelovania, ro­gor icvleba fsiqikuri procesebi da fsiqologiuri mdgomareobamigraciis procesTan erTad da ra gavlena aqvs migracias Semecnebaze(aRqma, azrovneba, mexsiereba, metyveleba, motivacia), emociasa danebelobaze. socialuri fsiqologia da kulturaTaSorisi fsiqo­logia yuradRebas amaxvileben axal garemoSi sxvadasxva kulturisurTierTqmedebis Seswavlaze. esenia: fsiqikuri procesebis kultu­ruli aRqma da gageba; gansxvavebuli enisa da cnobierebis gavlena;droisa da sivrcis aRqmis kulturuli variaciebi da maTi gavlenarealur yofiT praqtikaze; kulturuli institutebis, fsiqikuriprocesebisa da qcevis makavSirebeli garemoebebi.fsiqologia yuradRebas amaxvilebs individualur Taviseburebebze,amitom Teoriul da empiriul masalaze dayrdnobil SromebSi Ziri­Tadad `pirovneba-garemo-gadaadgileba~ urTierTobebs ikvlevs dacdilobs am movlenis gagebas. bevri adamianisTvis gadaadgileba erTigeografiuli adgilidan meoreSi SeiZleba yvelaze mniSvnelovanimovlena iyos mTeli misi cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi da am movlenisSeswavla misi qcevis gagebis erT-erTi saSualebaa.migraciuli procesebis Seswavlisas fsiqologiis erT-erTi qvedargi,migraciis fsiqologia, cdilobs, pasuxi gasces or mTavar kiTxvas:ra faqtorebi ganapirobeben adamianis nebayoflobiT gadaadgilebas?da ra mniSvneloba aqvs admianisTvis adgilmdebareobis Secvlisassacxovrebeli garemosaTvis damaxasiaTebel axal faqtorebs?12 amkiTxvebze pasuxis gacema gulisxmobs migrantTa motivaciis Seswavlasda maT mier migraciis gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesis kvlevas. asevemniSvnelovania imis dadgena, akulturaciisa da adaptaciis romelfsiqologiur modelebs iyeneben migrantebi akulturaciis stresTangasamklaveblad da fsiqologiuri janmrTelobis SesanarCuneblad.migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs fsiqologiis sxva qvedargic12 John W. Berry, A Psychology of Immigration, Journal of Social Issues 57:3, 2001, gv. 615-631, nanaxia 13.12.2016 w. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00231.348 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

uTmobs did yuradRebas – magaliTad, ojaxis fsiqologia, romelicswavlobs gadaadgilebis zegavlenas ojaxuri da sanaTesao jgufebisadaptaciaze cvlilebaTa mimarT.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, fsiqologebis, sociologebisa daanTropologebis miznebi da obieqtebi gansxvavdeba. fsiqologebiZiriTadad individebis qcevaze arian fokusirebulni; sociologebiswavloben sazogadoebis agebulebas da adamianTa qcevas jgufebsaan organizaciebSi; anTropologebi yuradRebas amaxvileben qcevisSeswavlaze kulturuli konteqstidan gamomdinare. miuxedavad amisa,aris sakiTxebi, roca am sami mecnierebis kvleviTi interesebi ikveTebada migraciis kvlevebi swored es sferoa. aseve unda aRiniSnos, rom esmecnierebebi TiToeul dargSi arsebuli Teoriuli CarCos farglebSimoqmedeben da, Sesabamisad, migraciuli procesebis kvlevisasgansxvavebul Teoriul da meTodologiur midgomebs iyeneben. daTumca zog SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba msgavsi meTodologiuri midgomebigamoiyenon, swored gansxvavebul Teoriul CarCoze dayrdnobis gamo,kvlevis Sedegi, savaraudod, gansxvavebuli iqneba.10.3. migraciis kvlevis meTodebis mimoxilvasocialur mecnierebebSi migraciis SeswavlisaTvis sxvadasxvameTodologiur midgomas viyenebT. mocemul TavSi yuradRebasgavamaxvilebT humanistur da pozitivistur midgomebze, romlebicerTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba imis mixedviT, Tu ras ganixilavenkvlevis obieqtad, rogor aris SesaZlebeli realobis Seswavlada ra kvleviTi instrumentebis gamoyenebiT SeiZleba am codnismopoveba13. Sesabamisad, iqidan gamomdinare, romel meTodologiurmidgomas eyrdnoba kvleva da ra miznebi da amocanebi aqvs mas, Camo­yalibda socialuri kvlevis meTodTa ori gansxvavebuli, magramurTierTSemavsebeli jgufi – Tvisebrivi da raodenobrivi kvlevismeTodebi.14 maT Soris gansxvaveba kvlevis yvela etapze gvxvdeba –rogorc kvlevis dagegmvis, monacemTa Segrovebis, ise monacemTaanalizisas.migraciis sakiTxTa kvlevisas SesaZlebelia orive meTodis gamoyeneba,magram konkretulad romel meTods gamoviyenebT, damokidebulia13 Donatella Della Porta and Michael Keating, eds. Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008. gv. 19-39. nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2v3bwyc.14 TinaTin zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebi magistraturisaTvis. Tbilisi: socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2008.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 349