Migration Textbook

55. Bernard H. Russell, Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. Lanham-New York-Toronto-Oxford: AltaMira Press. 2006. https://goo.gl/41eH9L;56. David L. Sam and John W. Berry, The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, Cambridge University Press, 2006;57. Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx, and Vivian L. Vignoles, Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, New York: Springer, 2013;58. Georg Simmel, Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, University of Chicago Press, 2011;59. Anthony D. Smith, National Identity. University of Nevada Press, 1991;60. Henri Tajfel, Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour, Social Science Information 13(2) (1974): 65–93. doi:10.1177/053901847401300204.61. Trans-nationalism. https://goo.gl/r688PN;62. Tom Trier and Andrei Khanzhin, eds., The Meskhetian Turks at a Crossroads: Integration, Repatriation or Resettlement? Gesellschaftliche Transformationen/ Societal Transformations (Book 10). Lit Verlag, 2007;63. Adriana J. Umaña-Taylor, Ethnic Identities, ix. krebulSi Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, ed. Seth J. Schwartz, Koen Luyckx and Vivian L.Vignoles. New York: Springer, 2013;64. Steven Vertovec, Trends and Impacts of Migrant Transnationalism, Working Paper 04-03. University of Oxford, 2004. https://goo.gl/66C4fs;65. Roger Waldinger, Immigrant transnationalism, Current Sociology 61(5-6), 2013. doi: 10.1177/0011392113498692;66. Colleen Ward, Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology: Three Perspectives on Acculturation, Applied Psychology 46(1), 1997. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01094.x;67. Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America. University of California Press, 1990;68. Byron L. Zamboanga, Marcela Raffaelli and Nicholas J. Horton, Acculturation Status and Heavy Alcohol Use among Mexican American College Students: Investigating the Moderating Role of Gender, Addictive Behaviors 31(12), 2006. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.018;400 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

69. TinaTin zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi: saleqcio kursi socialuri mecnierebebi magistraturisaTvis. Tbilisi: socialur mecnierebaTa centri, 2008;70. socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari. Tbilisi: logos presi, 2004;71. eTer eraZe, ratom momravldnen saqarTveloSi ucxotomelebi, 2013 wlis 13 maisi. http://news.mcvane.ge/news/ekonomika/271-.html;72. nona qvliviZe, qarTl-kaxeTSi miwebs indoelebi da bulgarelebi yiduloben, 2011 wlis 18 aprili. https://goo.gl/hB8uXh.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 401

11. genderi da SromiTi migracia Tamar zurabiSvili, sociologiis doqtori, kvlevisa da ganviTarebis fondi TinaTin zurabiSvili filologiur mecnierebaTa doqtori, CRRC-saqarTvelo11.1. Sesavalimiuxedavad imisa, rom bolo wlebSi termini `genderi~ sakmaodxSirad da gansxvavebul konteqstSi gvxvdeba, genderuli kvlevebisaqarTveloSi jer kidev ganviTarebis sawyis etapzea. Sesabamisad,mwiria Teoriuli Tu praqtikuli kvlevebic, romlebic qarTulrealobaSi genderis sxvadasxva aspeqts Seiswavlis, maT Soris –urTierTkavSirs gendersa da SromiT migracias Soris.dasavlur socialur mecnierebebSi migraciuli procesebisgenderuli aspeqtebis Seswavla XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis bolodaniwyeba,1 da es ukavSirdeba genderuli kvlevebis, rogorc mecnierulimimarTulebis damkvidrebas. katarina donatosa da misi TanaavtorebisazriT, es interesi imanac ganapiroba, rom manamde Zalian mcire iyomigraciuli procesebis mkvlevari qalebis raodenoba, arada sworedqalebi amaxvileben yuradRebas migraciis genderul aspeqtebze.2saxelmZRvanelos am TavSi Tavdapirvelad mokled ganvixilavT, Tura aris genderi, xolo Semdeg vecdebiT, SeZlebisdagvarad sruladvupasuxoT kiTxvebs:• ratom aris mniSvnelovani migraciuli procesebis Seswavlisas genderuli aspeqtebis gaTvaliswineba?• riT aixsneba is, rom migraciis TeoriaTa umravlesoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi uyuradRebod tovebda migraciis genderul aspeqtebs?1 Katharine M. Donato et al., A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies, International Migration Review 40:1, 2006, gv. 7, nanaxia 01.12.2015 w. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00001.x.2 iqve, gv. 6-7.402 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

• ras niSnavs migraciis feminizacia da ramdenad damaxasiaTebelia is saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migraciuli nakadebisTvis?• ra gavlenas axdens migrantis genderi mis migraciul gamocdi­ lebaze?11.2. ra aris genderi?genderis ganmartebis moZiebas Tu SeecdebiT, didi albaTobiT iseTsipoviT, sadac genderi da sqesi dapirispirebulia erTmaneTTan:genderi ganixileba, rogorc kulturuli konstruqti, romelicasaxavs qalebisa da mamakacebis socialur rolebs ama Tu imsazogadoebis normebidan gamomdinare, maSin, rodesac sqesi ukavSir­deba mamakacisa da qalis biologiur da fiziologiur bunebas3. sxvasityvebiT rom vTqvaT, genderi konstruirebulia sazogadoebaSidamkvidrebuli kulturuli normebis gavleniT.4sociolog­iaSi termini `genderi~ pirvelad mecnierma enn oklimSemoitana 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, raTa aReniSna qalebsa damamakacebs Soris5 sazogadoebebSi arsebuli socialurad konstrui­rebuli gansxvavebebi, romlebic SeuZlebelia aixsnas mxolod bio­logiuri mizezebiT.yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs warmodgenebi imis Taobaze, `rogoriunda iyos qali~ da `rogori unda iyos mamakaci~, rogoria maTi roli dafunqciebi sazogadoebaSi. es warmodgenebi Taobidan TaobaSi gadadissazogadoebis axali wevrebis aRzrdisa da socializaciis procesebismeSveobiT, rodesac adamianebi ecnobian da iTviseben sazogadoebaSicxovrebis ZiriTad wesebsa da Rirebulebebs. socializaciis processgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeba bavSvobis wlebSi.genderis kvlevebi Seiswavlis iseT sakvanZo sakiTxebs, rogoricaagend­ er­ uli identoba, genderuli rolebi da e.w. genderuli gamox­a­tuleba.63 Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper, eds.,The Social Science Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2001, gv. 327.4 adaptirebulia wyarodan: http://bit.ly/1XowBP8. nanaxia 14.12.2016 w.5 Gordon Marshall, Oxford Dictionary of Sociology, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998, gv. 250.6 adaptirebulia wyaroebidan: http://bit.ly/2vKuxYf; nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/11x31gl.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 403

genderuli kvlevebis sakvanZo sakiTxebitermini genderuli identoba asaxavs, Tu romel sqess miakuTvnebsadamiani sakuTar Tavs. genderuli identobis CamoyalibebaSimonawileobs rogorc fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri,ise socialuri faqtorebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom adamianTaumravlesoba Tavis genderul identobas biologiuri sqesismixedviT gansazRvravs, arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesac genderuliidentoba gansxvavdeba biologiuri sqesisgan. aseT SemTxvevebSi,rogorc wesi, saubaria genderuli identobis darRvevebze(gender identity disorder) – esaa klinikuri diagnozi, romelic asaxavsviTarebas, rodesac pirovnebas sirTuleebi eqmneba sakuTarbiologiur sqesTan Seguebis procesSi.termini genderuli roli asaxavs sazogadoebis qceviTi molo­dinebis erTobliobas qalebisa da mamakacebis mimarT. esmolodinebi arsebul kulturul normebs efuZneba. miuxedavadimisa, rom zog kulturaSi SesaZloa orze meti genderuli roliarsebobdes, tradiciuli kulturebi, rogorc wesi, mxolod orgenderul rols aRiareben – maskulinurs da feminurs.termini genderuli gamoxatuleba (gender expression) niSnavs,erTi mxriv, adamianebis mier Tavisi genderuli identobisdemons­trirebas gamoxatvis saSualebaTa erTobliobiT (qceve­biT, CacmulobiT, varcxnilobiT da sxva), xolo meore mxriv,sazogadoebis wevrebis mier adamianTa mikuTvnebas ama Tu imsqesisadmi garegnuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT. gasaTva­liswi­nebelia, rom genderuli gamoxatuleba ar unda gaigivdes adamianisseqsualur orientaciasTan.genderuli sakiTxebi mWidro kavSirSia erTmaneTTan. magaliTad, TusazogadoebaSi qalis mTavar daniSnulebad miiCneva meuRleoba andedoba, misi dasaqmeba an politikuri aqtivoba ar iqneba aRqmulidadebiTad. metic, qalebis CarTulobas sazogadoebriv, ekonomikurTu politikur sferoebSi SesaZloa mohyves maTi stigmatizacia,7 uar­yofiTi stereotipebis Camoyalibeba8 da, garkveulwilad, maTi ga­ri­yva. meore mxriv, Tu arsebuli kulturuli normebis Tanaxmad mamaka­ci aRiqmeba gadawyvetilebebis mimRebad ojaxsa Tu sazogadoebaSi,7 stigmatizaciis procesi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-10 TavSi (migracia da socialuri mecnierebebi).8 stereotipebis formirebis procesi dawvrilebiTaa aRwerili winamdebare saxelmZ- Rvanelos me-10 TavSi (migracia da socialuri mecnierebebi).404 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mis mier am molodinebis gacrueba aseve gamoiwvevs uaryofiT damoki­debulebas sazogadoebis mxridan.rodesac genderze vsaubrobT, aucilebelia imis gaTvaliswineba,rom genderi araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar exeba mxolod qalebisa damamakacebis individualur identobebsa da pirovnul Tvisebebs,is bevrad ufro farTo konstruqtebs moicavs. simbolur donezeis yuradRebas amaxvilebs feminurobasa da maskulinobasTandakavSirebul kulturul ideebsa da stereotipebze, struqturuldoneze ki – organizaciebsa da institutebSi Sromis genderulganawilebaze. genderis cneba da genderuli kvlevebi mniSvnelovanperspeqtivas matebs rogorc zogadad socialur mecnierebebs, isemigraciul kvlevebs9.sazogadoebis warmodgenebma genderuli rolebis Sesaxeb SeiZlebagavlena iqonios mis damokidebulebaze migraciul procesebSiCarTuli qalebisadmi. Tu tradiciul sazogadoebebze vsaubrobT,sadac qalis avtonomia SezRudulia da mis `adgilad~ ZiriTadad ojaximoiazreba, misi sazogadoebrivi aqtivoba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaTdamoukidebel cxovrebasa da muSaobaze sxva qalaqsa Tu qveyanaSi,SesaZloa mkacrad kontroldebodes ojaxis mamakaci wevrebismxridan. aseT sazogadoebebSi SesaZloa moxdes migranti qalebisstigmatizacia da maT mimarT uaryofiTi stereotipebi Camoyalibdes.genderuli stereotipebi xels uwyobs e.w. genderuli miker­Zoebis(gender bias)10 Camoyalibebas. genderuli mikerZoebis erT-erTinairsaxeoba, genderul diskriminaciasTan erTad, seqsizm­ic aris –anu rwmena, rom erTi sqesis warmomadgenlebi meo­reze maRla dganan.genderul mikerZoebas, romelic ukve gamjdaria sazogadoebissocialur struqturaSi, instituciuri diskriminacia ewodeba. masTanbrZola sakmaod rTulia, radgan rogorc me-10 TavSi `migracia dasocialuri mecnierebebi~ aris ganxiluli, socialuri struqturisSecvla xangrZlivi procesia da did Zalisxmevas saWiroebs.qvemoT ganvixilavT ramdenime maxasiaTebels, romelTa safuZvelzecSeiZleba Camoyalibdes genderuli stereotipebi:• fizikuri Tvisebebiqalebi, Cveulebriv, `susti sqesis~ warmomadgenlebad aRiqmebian.mamakacebisadmi erT-erTi ZiriTadi molodini ki swored fizikur9 Marshall, Dictionary of Sociology, gv. 251.10 damatebiT genderuli mikerZoebis Sesaxeb ixileT: Susan A. Baslow, Gender: Stereotypes and roles, Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1992.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 405

siZlieres ukavSirdeba; amasTan, xSirad is unda iyos qalis `damcveli~,zogjer ki - `patronic~.• pirovnuli TvisebebisazogadoebaSi xSirad mkacri warmodgenebi arsebobs imis Sesaxeb, Tura aris da ra ar aris misaRebi qalebisa da mamakacebisTvis. magaliTad,cremli da tkivilis gamoxatva mwuxarebisas mamakacebisTvis Seu­ferebladaa miCneuli, maT Soris – Cvens kulturaSi. Tumca, esstereotipi yovelTvis ar iyo qarTuli kulturis nawili: TugavixsenebT rusTavelis `vefxistyaosans~, mamakaci gmirebi xSiradswored cremliT gamoxataven sakuTar grZnobebs, rac aranairad arakninebs maT vaJkacobas. es kidev erTxel adasturebs, rom genderulistereotipebi cvalebadia da sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sxvadasxvaetapze SesaZloa gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobisa iyos.• profesiuli saqmianobamiuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove dasavlur sazogadoebebSiukve aRiarebulia genderuli stereotipebis problemis arsebobada misi aqtualuroba, garkveuli stereotipebi mainc Rrmad arisfesvgadgmuli - magaliTad, mamakacebisa da qalebisaTvis `Sesaferisi~profesiebis Sesaxeb. tradiciulad, zusti da sabunebismetyvelomecnierebebi `mamakacur~ sferodaa miCneuli da qalebis raodenobaSesabamis specialobebze mcirea. Tumca, amas garkveulwilad isicganapirobebs, rom gogonebis mxridan `teqnikuri~ profesiebisdauflebis survilze gavlenas axdenen ojaxi Tu pedagogebi, romlebicmaT interess humanitaruli mecnierebebisken mimarTaven.yvela sazogadoebaSi arsebobs warmodgenebi `qalur~ da `mamakacur~profesiebze. bevr qveyanaSi eqTnebis, mdivnebisa Tu maswavleblebisumravlesobas dRemde qalebi Seadgenen, xolo mZRolebi, inJinerebida kompiuteruli dargis specialistebi umTavresad mamakacebiarian. metic, magaliTad, samedicino sferoze Tu visaubrebT, qalebiZiriTadad Terapevtebsa da pediatrebs Soris gvxvdebian, maSin,rodesac qirurgebs Soris maTi wili mcirea.genderis cnebas xSirad aigiveben feminizmTan, rac ar aris marTebuli.genderi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, analitikuri konstruqtia, maSin,rodesac feminizmi socialuri moZraobaa, romelic jer kidev XXsaukunis inglisSi warmoiSva. feminizmis ZiriTadi mizani qalebsa406 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da mamakacebs Soris Tanasworobis miRwevaa, agreTve – qalebis ro­lis gazrda sazogadoebriv, akademiur, kulturul da politikurcxovrebaSi da maTi uflebebis dacva. swored feministebma gaamaxvilesyuradReba qalis rolis ugulebelyofaze saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi,rac gamoxates terminiT `hidden from history~–`istoriisgan damalulni~.es Sexeduleba migraciis kvlevebis SemTxvevaSic marTldeba. Tumca,bolo wlebSi mdgomareoba gaumjobesda. wlebis manZilze migraciissferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebi iSviaTad uTmobda yuradRebas migrantiqalebis gamocdilebas, xolo rodesac xdeboda am gamocdilebisSeswavla, isini ganixilebodnen ara rogorc damoukidebeli aqto­rebi, romlebic TviTon, sakuTari miznebidan gamomdinare iRe­ben gadawyvetilebas migraciis Taobaze, aramed rogorc TavianTiojaxebis wevri mamakacebis mier miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis pasiuriSemsrulebelni. metic, Semdeg qveTavSi vnaxavT, rom arsebuli migra­ciuli Teoriebis didi nawili, faqtobrivad, yuradRebis gareSetovebs genderul aspeqtebs, rodesac migraciuli procesebis axsnascdilobs.11.3. genderi da saerTaSoriso migraciis Teoriebiam saxelmZRvanelos me-4 TavSi Tqven ukve gaecaniT saerTaSorisomigraciis Teoriebs da albaT, SeniSneT, rom arc erTi maTgani arganixilavs genders, rogorc mniSvnelovan faqtors migraciuliprocesebis axsnisas. magaliTad, neoklasikuri migraciis Teoriebi11migrantTa jgufebis ganxilvisas ar amaxvileben yuradRebas maTgenderze. am Teoriuli midgomis farglebSi ZiriTadi yuradRebaeTmoba ekonomikur modelebs, sadac mTavari mamoZravebeli Zalaaekonomikurad aqtiuri da Sesabamisi kvalifikaciis mqone migranti– rogorc wesi, mamakaci. maSin, rodesac mamakacebi damoukidebelmigrantebad aRiqmebian da ZiriTadi aqcenti maTi migraciuligamocdilebis Seswavlas eTmoba, qalebis migraciis SemTxvevebixSirad warmodgenilia, rogorc mamakac migrantTa ojaxis wevrebis– colebis an qaliSvilebis migracia, anu qalebi Tavad ki ar midianemigraciaSi, aramed `misdeven~ Tavis naTesav mamakacebs. Sesabamisad,migraciul procesebSi CarTuli qalebi ganixilebian ara rogorcdamoukidebeli aqtorebi, aramed rogorc ojaxis wevri mamakacebisgadawyvetilebebze damokidebuli individebi.11 ix. me-4 Tavi. 407გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია

me-4 TavSi warmodgenili TiTqmis yvela saerTaSoriso migraciisTeoria uyuradRebod tovebs migraciasa da genders Soris arsebulifundamenturi kavSirebis kvlevas.12 arsebuli midgomebi mxolodqalis/mamakacis cvlads iTvaliswinebs, magram ugulebelyofs iseTsakiTxebs, rogoricaa, magaliTad, xelmisawvdomoba resursebze.Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom neoklasikuri migraciuli TeoriebisgangansxvavebiT, boloxans Camoyalibebuli axali ekonomikuri dasegmentirebuli SromiTi migraciis Teoriebi ufro met yuradRebasuTmobs am procesis genderuli aspeqtebis ganxilvas.migraciul kvlevebSi genderuli aspeqtebis gaazreba mniSvnelovania,raTa ukeT gavigoT da avxsnaT migraciuli nakadebis warmomavlobada migrantTa gamocdilebebi. magaliTad, saerTaSoriso migraciisTeoriebi migraciuli nakadebis warmoSobas xSirad ukavSirebenmimRebi qveynebis SromiT bazarze arsebul moTxovnas ama Tu imspecifikuri kvalifikaciis mqone muSaxelze. Sesabamisad, es Teoriebigenderulad neitraluria. amasTan, rogorc elisabed greko da monikaboidi aRniSnaven, `maSinac ki, Tu migraciis gamomwvevi struqturulimizezebi TiTqosda genderulad neitraluria, am Zalebis SedegebiaseTi ar aris~13. literaturis analizis safuZvelze es avtorebiamtkiceben, rom qalTa da mamakacTa migraciuli gamocdileba funda­menturad gansxvavebulia erTmaneTisgan, rac xSirad sazogadoebebSi,ojaxebsa da kulturebSi qalTa daqvemdebarebuli mdgomareobiTaris gamowveuli.ramdenadac saerTaSoriso migraciis Teoriebi migraciis gamomwvevmizezebs ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben, vidre mis Sedegebs, esTeoriebi ar iTvaliswineben migraciis genderul xasiaTs14.genderuli aspeqtis gaTvaliswineba gvexmareba, ukeT avxsnaT gansxva­veba qal da mamakac migrantTa migraciul gamocdilebebs Soris.amisaTvis ar kmara yuradRebis gamaxvileba mxolod dasaqmebisTavisebu­rebebze mimReb da gamgzavn sazogadoebebSi - mniSvnelovaniaarseb­ uli genderuli rolebisa da urTierTobebis analizi.15 amasTan,unda vaRiaroT, rom midgoma, romelic martivad gulisxmobsgenderuli cvladis `damatebas~ migraciuli kvlevis Catarebisas,sakmarisi ar iqneba genderuli aspeqtebis mniSvnelobis siRrmiseuladSesaswavlad, rogorc migraciuli gadawyvetilebebis miRebis, ise12 Elizabeth M. Grieco and Monica Boyd, Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory. Center for the Study of Population Working Paper WPS 98-139, Florida State University College of Social Sciences,1998, gv. 9. ISSN 0740-9095.13 Grieco and Boyd, Women and Migration, gv. 10-11.14 iqve, gv. 11.15 iqve.408 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migraciuli gamocdilebisa da, zogadad, migraciuli qcevis axsnisprocesSi.qvemoT ganxilulia genderTan dakavSirebuli ZiriTadi sakiTxebi,romelTa gaTvaliswineba sasurvelia saerTaSoriso migraciulTeoriebSi, raTa ukeT moxdes migraciuli procesebis axsna migraciissxvadasxva etapsa (migraciamde/uSualod migraciis periodi/migraciisSemdeg) Tu doneze (mikro/mezo/makro). es sakiTxebi xSirad mWidrokavSirSia erTmaneTTan, amitom maTi ganxilva kompleqsur midgomassaWiroebs.11.3.1. genderuli urTierTobebi, rolebi da statusebiis, Tu vin CaerTveba migraciul procesebSi – qalebi, mamakacebi Tuorive sqesis warmomadgenlebi – damokidebulia gamgzavn qveyanaSiarsebul genderul urTierTobebze, romlebic, Tavis mxriv,damokidebulia kulturul normebze, warmoSobis qveynis ekonomikisganviTarebis donesa da mis rolze globalur ekonomikaSi, cxovrebisdonesa da SromiTi bazris mdgomareobaze. patriarqaluri tipissazogadoebebSi, sadac Zalaufleba tradiciulad mamakacTa xelTaada qalebs, rogorc wesi, daqvemdebarebuli adgili aqvT ojaxebSicda, zogadad, sazogadoebaSic, qalebs naklebad miuwvdebaT xeliinformaciul, finansur, politikur an socialur kapitalzeda, Sesabamisad, maTi avtonomiuroba gadawyvetilebebis miRebisprocesSi, Cveulebriv, SezRudulia. ramdenadac resursebispirveladi ganawileba ojaxebSi xdeba, migraciis Sesaxeb miRebuligadawyvetilebebis TvalsazrisiT uaRresad mniSvnelovania ojaxSiarsebuli genderuli urTierTobebis codna.gadawyvetilebebs, Tu ojaxis romeli wevri gaxdeba migranti da ratipis migraciasTan gveqneba saqme (SromiTi, saganmanaTleblo Tu sxva),aseve - rogor imgzavrebs migranti daniSnulebis adgilamde, xSiradojaxi iRebs. am gadawyvetilebebs metwilad ganapirobebs ojaxissaWiroebebi da molodinebi momavali migrantisagan. Tu ojaxi miiCnevs,rom qali ufro daexmareba samSobloSi darCenil axloblebs, an Tufiqrobs, rom qalis emigracia nakleb riskebTan aris dakavSirebuli,vidre mamakacisa, SesaZloa, ojaxma gadawyvitos, rom swored qaliunda wavides emigraciaSi, da `SeurCios~ mas daniSnulebis qveyanac.ama Tu im qveynis migraciis politika, romelic aregulirebs qveynidangasvlasa da Semosvlas, metwilad sazogadoebaSi arsebul genderulwarmodgenebs eyrdnoba da garkveulad am saxelmwifoebSi qalebisada mamakacebis mimarT damokidebulebas gamoxatavs. cnobilia iseTiგენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 409

SemTxvevebi, rodesac esa Tu is sazogadoeba xels uSlis ama Tu imstatusis qalebis an mamakacebis CarTvas migraciul procesebSi –magaliTad, dadebiTad uyurebs da axalisebs umaRlesdamTavrebul,saSualo asakis da maRalSemosavlian qalTa emigracias da zRudavsaxalgazrda, dabali ganaTlebis donisa da Semosavlis mqone qalebisemigracias. msgavsi garemoebebic ganapirobebs migraciul nakadebSiama Tu im tipis migrantTa arsebobas.Sesabamisad, rodesac saerTaSoriso migraciis Teoriebi migraciuliprocesis sawyisi etapis axsnas mxolod ekonomikuri da sistemurifaqtorebiT cdiloben, faqtobrivad ar xdeba genderuli aspeqtisgaTvaliswineba, ris gamoc Cveni codna migraciuli procesebisSesaxeb arasrulia.11.3.2. sakanonmdeblo regulaciebi da migraciisa da integraciis politika mimReb da gamgzavn qveynebSirogorc mokled ukve aRvniSneT, mimRebi Tu warmoSobis qveynebissakanonmdeblo regulaciebi aseve axdenen gavlenas migraciulprocesebze. am regulaciebs SeuZlia waaxalisos an SezRudos rogorcqalTa, ise mamakacTa migracia. magaliTad, 1980-ian wlebSi bangladeSismTavrobam akrZala im qalTa SromiTi emigracia arabul qveynebSi, visikvalifikaciis donec dabali iyo. mniSvnelovania, rom es akrZalva arSeexo ganaTlebis maRali donis da, Sesabamisad, maRali kvalifikaciismqone qalebs - eqimebs, inJinrebs, maswavleblebs. migrantebisuflebaTa damcvelebis kritikis Sedegad, bangladeSis mTavrobam 2003wels nawilobriv gaauqma es akrZalva da axali regulaciebi daawesa:arakvalificiur da dabali kvalifikaciis mqone qalebs mxolodspecialuri nebarTvis miRebis SemTxvevaSi SeeZloT samuSaod wasvla,da mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu maT ukve SeusruldaT 25 weli. Sedegad,Tu 1991-dan 2003 wlamde qalebis wili bangladeSidan gamgzavrebulemigrantebs Soris 1% iyo, 2006 wels es wili 5%-mde gaizarda.16filipinebis, malaiziisa da indoneziis mTavrobebmac ramdenjermedaaweses droebiTi akrZalvebi qalTa emigraciaze zogierT qveyanaSi– maT Soris, arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebSi, iordaniasa da eraySi– qalebis seqsualuri Zaladobisagan dacvis mizniT.1716 Tasneem Siddiqui, Migration and Gender in Asia, United Nations, 2008: gv. 8, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_Ittmig_Asia/P06_Siddiqui.pdf.17 Froilan T. Malit Jr. and Ali Al Youha, Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses, Migration Policy Institute, 2013, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vKHhxO.410 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Tavis mxriv, mimRebi qveynebis migraciuli politikac SeiZlebauwyobdes - an piriqiT, uSlides – xels migrantTa mobilobas, zogjerki – gansazRvravdes maT statuss. magaliTad, ojaxis migraciisSemTxvevaSi, zogi mimRebi qveynis politikis mixedviT, migranti ojaxiserT-erTi wevri, rogorc wesi – mamakaci, iTvleba ojaxis ufrosad,ojaxis sxva wevrebs ki masze `damokidebulis~ statusi eniWeba. aseTiregulaciis Sedegad ojaxis `damokidebulma~ wevrebma SesaZloamiiRon binadrobis iseTi nebarTva, romelic ar aZlevs maT muSaobisuflebas – Sesabamisad, ojaxis `damokidebuli~ wevrebi SromiTi bazrismiRma rCebian. am konteqstSi mniSvnelovania binadrobis politikisgaTvaliswinebac – magaliTad, SeunarCundeba Tu ara ganqorwinebisSemdeg `damokidebuli~ statusis mqone meuRlis binadrobis ufleba?msgavs SemTxvevebSi zogierTi qveynis kanonmdebloba iTvaliswinebsbinadrobis uflebis gauqmebas yofili meuRlisaTvis, romelsac`damokidebulis~ statusi aqvs,zog SemTxvevaSi – mis deportaciasacki. aseTi politikis gavlena qalebze SesaZloa ufro didi iyos,vidre mamakacebze, da, zog SemTxvevaSi, ubiZgos maT ojaxuriZaladobis faqtebTan Seguebisaken, raTa qorwineba SeinarCunonda daniSnulebis qveyanaSi legalurad darCenis samarTlebrivimoTxovnebi daakmayofilon.18migraciis wamaxalisebeli regulaciebis magaliTia mimRebi qveynebisstratificirebuli saimigracio politika, romelic garkveuliprofesiebis warmomadgenlebs aniWebs upiratesobas imigraciisprocesSi. rodesac es politika eqTnebis an ZiZebis imigraciiswaxalisebas isaxavs miznad, es qalTa migracias uwyobs xels, xolorodesac saubaria mSeneblebis an mZRolebis Sesaxeb, aseTi politikaxels uwyobs mamakacTa migracias. magaliTad, aSS-s braseros programamgasuli saukunis 40-iani wlebidan 60-ian wlebamde migrant mamakacTamozidvas Seuwyo xeli. am programis farglebSi 4 milionze metimeqsikeli – ZiriTadad mamakacebi – dasaqmda aSS-s soflis meurneobaSisezonur samuSaoebze.19 sainteresoa iaponiis magaliTic, romelsacaqvs vizis kategoria – `garTobis sferoSi~. aseTi viza SeiZlebamiiRon momRerlebma, mocekvaveebma, musikosebma da Soubiznesissxva warmomadgenlebma, Tumca realurad iaponiaSi am viziT CasulmigrantTa umravlesobas Seadgenen qalebi, romelTa didi nawiliseqsindustriaSi saqmdeba.20mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom sakanonmdeblo regul­ aci­ebs yovelTvis dagegmili Sedegi ar aqvs. zogjer rai­me specifikuri18 ix. magaliTad: Eleonore Kofman et al., Gender and International Migration in Europe: Employment, Welfare and Politics, Routledge, 2000.19 ix. http://braceroarchive.org/about, nanaxia 12.05.2017 w.20 ix. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4349555.stm, nanaxia 12.05.2017 w.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 411

mizniT SemuSavebulma politikam SesaZloa gansxvavebuli, ansulac sapirispiro Sedegi gamoiRos. migraciis sferoSic asea,gamomdinare iqidan, rom migracia – maT Soris, SromiTi migracia –uaRresad kompleqsuri procesia. rogorc avstralieli mkvlevarinikola paiperi aRniSnavs, `marTalia, migraciis politika, romelicSromiT migrantTa sxvadasxva kategorias aregulirebs, genderuladneitraluria, realurad is gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens qalebsada mamakacebze.~21 Sesabamisad, genderuli sakiTxebis safuZvlianicodna da maTi gaTvaliswineba uaRresad mniSvnelovania migraciispolitikis SemuSavebisas, raTa efeqtianad ganisazRvros rogorc qal,ise mamakac migrantTa saWiroebebi Tu maTi migraciuli gamocdilebisTaviseburebebi.11.3.3. SromiTi bazris struqturaglobalizaciis Sedegad sxvadasxva qveynis ekonomikuri sis­temebi da, Sesabamisad, SromiTi bazrebi sul ufro da ufrourTierTdakavSirebuli da urTierTdamokidebuli xdeba. romelimeqveynis ekonomikasa da SromiTi bazris struqturaSi cvlilebebmaSesaZlebelia, rom sapasuxo cvlilebebi gamoiwvios sxva, masTandakavSirebuli qveynebis ekonomikebSic. am konteqstSi, migraciuliprocesebis analizisas mniSvnelovania, gaTvaliswinebuli iyosrogorc mimRebi, ise gamgzavni qveynebis SromiTi bazris struqtura;barierebi, romlebic zRudavs qalebisa da mamakacebis monawileobasSromiT bazarSi; Seswavlil iqnes, ramdenad Tanabaria maTidasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi da romeli profesiebia, sadac qalebida mamakacebi araproporciulad arian warmodgenilni. magaliTad,Tu qveyanaSi samSeneblo bumia, gasagebia, rom imigrantebs Sorismeti mamakaci iqneba. meore mxriv, Tu qveyanaSi izrdeba moxucimosaxleobis wili, moimatebs moTxovna moxucebis momvlelebze,rac, savaraudod, gazrdis moTxovnas imigrant qalebze. pirveliSemTxvevis ilustraciis mizniT SeiZleba gamoviyenoT singapurismagaliTi, sadac imigrantTa didi nawili mSeneblobebzea dasaqmebulida maT umravlesobas mamakacebi Seadgenen;22 meore SemTxvevaSi kisainteresoa italiis magaliTi, sadac dabalma Sobadobam, sicocxlisgaxangrZlivebam da italieli qalebis ufro didi wilis CarTvam21 Nicola Piper, Gender and Migration, paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, September, 2005, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vKt6cn.22 Piyasiri Wickramasekera, Asian Labour Migration: Issues and Challenges in an Era of Globalization, International Migration Papers #57,International Labor Organization International Migration Programme, 2002, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uKAPKc.412 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

adgilobriv SromiT bazarSi, gazarda moTxovna qal imigrantebze,romlebic ojaxebSi moxucebs uvlian.sxvadasxva qveynis SromiTi bazrebis genderul moTxovnebs muSaxelzeqarTveli migrantebic pasuxoben - 2006 da 2008 wlebSi daba TianeTSiCatarebuli kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom qali migrantebisumravlesoba samuSaod midioda saberZneTsa da italiaSi, sadac Ziri­Tadad bavSvebs an moxucebs uvlidnen, xolo mamakacebis didi nawiliirlandiaSi miemgzavreboda mSeneblobebze samuSaod.2311.4. saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis feminizaciasaerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciuli procesebis buneba principuladSeicvala XX saukunis bolos, rodesac qalebis SromiTi migraciabevrad masobrivi gaxda. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, qalTa migraciamanamdec gavrcelebuli iyo, magram Tavdapirvelad qalebi ZalzeiSviaTad iyvnen am procesis damoukidebeli aqtorebi – SromiTmigrantebad ufro mamakacebi moiazrebodnen, qalebi ki (rogorcwesi, meuRleebi da/an Svilebi) maTi Tanmxlebi pirebi iyvnen. ZnelisaTqmelia, ramdenad monawileobdnen im dros qalebi migraciisSesaxeb gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, an mimRebi qveynebis ekonomikur,politikur da socialur cxovrebaSi.saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis feminizaciis cneba bolo wlebSimomxdar cvlilebas asaxavs, rodesac qalebi xdebian SromiTi migraciisprocesis damoukidebeli aqtorebi, miemgzavrebian samuSaod sxvaqveynebSi da materialurad uzrunvelyofen samSobloSi darCenilojaxis wevrebs; amasTan, rogorc wesi, isini erTvebian mimRebiqveynebis ekonomikur, politikur Tu socialur urTierTobebSi.24Zalian mniSvnelovania is, rom am SemTxvevaSi saubaria rogorcdaojaxebul, ise dasaojaxebel qalebze, rac kidev erTxel usvamsxazs am fenomenis arsebiTad axal bunebas. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia isic,23 Tamar Zurabishvili et al., Tianeti Household Census 2008 and Tianei Emigrants to Greece 2008. IOM, 2009, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://iom.ge/1/social-economic-analysis-tianeti-region-september-2008.24 ra Tqma unda, saerTaSoriso migraciul procesebSi qalTa rolis Secvla, kerZod, migraciis feminizacia, mxolod SromiTi migraciis SemTxvevaSi ar xdeba. kargadaa cnobili, rom, magaliTad, saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo migrantTa Soris sul ufro izrdeba axalgazrda qalebis wili. am qveTavSi ganvixilavT migraciis femini- zacias saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis konteqstSi, radgan swored am SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba es fenomeni maqsimalurad srulad.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 413

rom migraciis feminizacia araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar gamoricxavs`tradiciul~ oja­xur SromiT migracias.saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis feminizacias ramdenime struqtu­rulma procesma Seuwyo xeli, romelTa Sesaxebac saubrobs avstra­lieli mkvlevari nikola paiperi.25 am procesebs Soris gansakuTrebiTsagulisxmoa is garemoeba, rom mimReb qveynebSi gaizarda moTxovnamuSaxelze, romelic e.w. `qalebis saqmes~ Seasrulebs – ZiZebze,moxucebisa da avadmyofebis momvlelebze, damlageblebze da a.S.cxadia, migracias da, kerZod, mis feminizacias aqvs rogorc dadebiTi,ise uaryofiTi mxareebi da es gamocdileba yvela migrantisaTviserTnairi ar aris. amasTan, TvalSisacemia, rom xSirad qalTa SromiTimigracia ganixileba uaryofiT WrilSi, rogorc qalTa CagvriserT-erTi xelSemwyobi garemoeba. SedarebiT iSviaTia SemTxvevebi,rodesac qalTa migracia warmoCenilia rogorc qalebis gaZlierebis(maT Soris, ekonomikuri da socialuri rolis gazrdis) saSualeba.calsaxad naTeli mxolod is aris, rom qalTa SromiTi migraciauaRresad kompleqsuri fenomenia da misi Sefaseba mxolod erTWrilSi imTaviTve mcdar daskvnebamde migviyvans. amitom Cveni mizaniaam movlenis gansxvavebuli aspeqtebis ganxilva.saerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciis feminizaciaze msjelobas daviwyebTarsebuli statistikuri wyaroebis ganxilviT; aRvwerT, ratom arisgansxvavebuli qalTa SromiTi migracia; ratom aRmoCndnen qalebi`warmatebuli~ SromiTi migrantebi; da ra gavlenas axdens qalTaemigracia samSobloSi darCenil ojaxis wevrebsa da, zogadad, ojaxururTierTobebze.11.4.1. ra viciT qalTa migraciis Sesaxeb?saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mcdelobis miuxedavad, samwuxarod,jer kidev ar gvaqvs sakmarisi empiriuli codna, romelic qalTamigraciis sxvadasxva aspeqts asaxavs.26 gaeros mosaxleobis fondisSefasebiT, 2006 wels saerTaSoriso migrantTa TiTqmis naxevarsqalebi Seadgendnen.27 saubaria daaxloebiT 95 milion qalsa da go­gonaze, romlebic sxvadasxva mizezis gamo ar cxovroben mSobliur25 ix: Nicola Piper, New Perspectives on Gender and Migration: Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements, Oxford: Routledge, 2007.26 nikola paiperi ufro Sors midis; misi azriT, migraciis feminizaciis erT-erTi ga- momwvevi mizezi SeiZleba isic iyos, rom adre statistikuri monacemebis Segrove- bisas xSirad xdeboda qalTa migraciis (gansakuTrebiT, qalTa SromiTi migraciis) ugulebelyofa, anu Sesabamisi informacia ubralod ar grovdeboda. ix: Piper, New Perspectives on Gender and Migration.27 The State of World Population. A Passage to Hope: Women and International Migration, UNFPA, 2006: gv. 21, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://www.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/sowp06-en.pdf.414 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

qveyanaSi, ris gamoc uwevT damatebiTi sirTuleebis gadalaxva, ucnobgaremosTan Segueba, ucxo enis Seswavla, Tavis damkvidreba garemoSi,romelic xSirad Zalian gansxvavdeba mSobliurisagan. cxadia, yvelaar aris SromiTi migranti, maT Soris arian TavSesafris maZiebelni,ltolvilebi, studentebi da sxva jgufebis warmomadgenlebi. asevenaTelia, rom es qalebi sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gaxdnen migrant­ ebi,TiToeuli maTganis migraciuli gamocdileba uaRresad indivi­dualuria da araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar aris arc calsaxad uaryofiTida arc calsaxad dadebiTi. rac Seexeba uSualod saerTaS­orisoSromiT migrant qalebs, maTi raodenobis met-naklebad sando Sefasebajer ar gakeTebula.rogorc aRvniSneT, migraciis feminizaciis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mize­zi isaa, rom ganviTarebul qveynebSi bolo wlebSi mniSvnelovnadgaizarda qalTa dasaqmebis SesaZleblobebi. magaliTad, Tu 1950wels aSS-Si dasaqmebuli qalebis mxolod 15%-s hyavda 6 wlamdeasakis Svili, 2006 wels es wili 65%-mde gaizarda.28 Sesabamisad, aseTojaxebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda moTxovna damxmare muSaxelze,romelic izrunebs ara mxolod bavSvebis movlaze, aramed agreTvesaxl­is dalagebasa da sakvebis momzadebaze. ganviTarebuliqveyn­ebis did nawilSi29 am moTxovnas pasuxoben ekonomikuradgaWirvebuli qveynebidan Casuli migranti qalebi. es jgufi iafimuSaxelis idealuri alternativaa ganviTarebuli qveynebis ojaxe­bisTvis, romlebsac daxmareba sWirdebaT saojaxo saqmeebSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom ganviTarebuli qveynebis mTavrobebi, sadac esmoTxovnileba gansakuTrebiT mwvavea, kargad acnobiereben viTa­rebas da sakanomdeblo doneze iReben zomebs SromiTi imigrantiqalebis mosazidad. magaliTad, 2000-ian wlebSi espaneTis mier migran­tebisTvis gamoyofili kvotebis daaxloebiT 50% ojaxebSi damxmaremuSaxelisTvis iyo gankuTvnili30.`globaluri zrunvis jaWvi~ganviTarebuli qveynebis ojaxebSi momuSave bevri saerTaSorisoSromiTi migranti samSobloSi tovebs Svilebs da sakuTariojaxis moxuc wevrebs, romelTac aseve sWirdebaT movla. Cveu­lebriv, migranti qalebi an ojaxis sxva wevrebs utoveben ampasuxis­mgeblobas, an sazRvargareT miRebuli SedarebiT maRali28 The State of World Population, gv. 25.29 garda im qveynebisa, sadac moxucebisa da bavSvebis movlis ganviTarebuli, xaris­ xiani da xelmisawvdomi saxelmwifo sistemebia (rogorc, magaliTad, CrdiloeT ev- ropis ramdenime qveyanaSi).30 The State of World Population, gv. 25.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 415

SemosavlebiT samSobloSi qiraoben damxmare muSaxels maT mosavlelad. es fenomeni cnobilia, rogorc `globaluri zrunvis jaWvi~. Sesabamisad, bevri SromiTi migranti qali or ojaxs uvlis - sadac muSaobs da sakuTars, romelzec Sori manZilidan zrunavs. cxadia, sakuTari ojaxidan gamgzavreba misi Senaxvis mizniT uaRresad did fsiqologiur da emociur msxverpls moiTxovs. es qalebi damqiravebelTa bavSvebs aZleven siTbosa da siyvaruls im anazRaurebis misaRebad, romliTac sakuTari Svilebis cxovrebis dones gaaumjobeseben – Svilebisa, romlebsac zogjer mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ver naxuloben.STambeWdavia SromiTi migranti qalebis wvlili samSobloSi darCe­nili ojaxebis ekonomikuri keTildReobis uzrunvelyofis, xSiradki gadarCenis TvalsazrisiT.31 mravali wyaro adasturebs, romqalebis mier TavianTi ojaxebisaTvis gaweuli daxmareba – anu maTifuladi gzavnilebis odenoba – ar Camouvardeba mamakacebisas. amavedros, sirTuleebi, romlebsac qali migrantebi awydebian zogierTdaniSnulebis qveyanaSi migraciis procesSi, xSirad ufro mwvavea,vidre mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi.11.4.2. ratom aris gansxvavebuli qalTa emigracia?qalebisa da mamakacebis SromiT emigracias metwilad erTi da igivemizezebi iwvevs, da es mizezebi kargadaa cnobili (ix. me-4 Tavi[migraciis ZiriTadi Teoriebis imoxilva]). emigraciis erT-erTiZiriTadi mizezia umuSevroba da masTan dakavSirebuli absoluturiTu SefardebiTi siRaribe; aseve mniSvnelovania ekonomikuri dasocialuri SesaZleblobebis nakleboba (magaliTad, xarisxianiganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba), kulturuli gamocdilebisgafarToebis survili, politikuri Seviwroeba, ekologiuriproblemebi, omebi an SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebis sxva formebimSobliur qveyanaSi.Tu zogadad emigraciis (da ara mxolod SromiTi emigraciis) mizezebzeganvagrZobT saubars, qalTa emigracia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyosspecifikurad qalTa mdgomareobasTan dakavSirebuli mizezebiT,upirveles yovlisa, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi diskriminaciis Tavi­31 Tamar Zurabishvili and Tinatin Zurabishvili, Remittances in Provincial Georgia: The Case of Daba Tianeti, in Migrant Marginality: a Transnational Perspective, ed. Philip Kretsedemas et al., Routledge. 2013, gv. 148-164.416 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dan acilebis surviliT. zogjer qalebi cdiloben, Tavi daaRwionZaladobas sakuTari meuRlis an ojaxis sxva wevrebis mxridan. aseTSemTxvevebSi emigracia (maT Soris, SromiTi emigracia) SesaZloapirdapiri mniSvnelobiT Tavis gadarCenis – rogorc fizikuri, isefsiqologiuri xsnis – erTaderTi gza iyos.tradiciul sazogadoebebSi xSirad gansakuTrebul zewolas ganicdianmartoxela dedebi, dasaojaxebeli an ganqorwinebuli qalebi, zogjerki qvrivebic. maTTvis emigracia iseT sazogadoebaSi, sadac msgavsizewolisa da diskriminaciis mcdeloba ar iqneba, uaRresad sasurvelialternativaa.qalTa emigraciaze saubrisas ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos emigraciaojaxis Seqmnis mizniT, rac sakmaod gavrcelebulia mTel rigqveynebSi – magaliTad, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, sadac specialurisaagentoebi arCeven sacoleebs ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcxovrebimamakacebisTvis. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom aseTi qorwinebebi zogSemTxvevaSi qalebis uflebebis darRvevis mizezi xdeba, gansakuTreb­ iTmaSin, rodesac patarZali Zalian axalgazrda an arasrulwlovania,an rodesac mas iZulebiT aTxoveben. erT-erTi umTavresi riski,romelic emigraciis am tips ukavSirdeba, aris is, rom saagentoSeiZleba sinamdvileSi trefikings eweodes da qalebi seqsindustriismuSakebad gagzavnos mimReb qveyanaSi. es emigranti qalebis uflebebisdarRvevis radikaluri SemTxvevaa, romlis winaaRmdegac mTelimsoflios masStabiT ibrZvian samarTaldamcavi organoebi.arsebobs mosazreba, rom emigraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesi, iseve rogorc emigraciisTvis saWiro Tanxebismobilizeba, qalebisTvis ufro rTulia, vidre mamakacebisTvis.32miuxedavad amisa, saerTaSoriso SromiTi migranti qalebis raodenobaizrdeba, maTi dasaqmebis sferoebi mimReb qveynebSi ki sul ufrodidi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva (ix. SromiTi migranti qalebisdasaqmebis ZiriTadi sferoebis CamonaTvali), Tumca am qalebisdasaqmeba da statusi mimReb qveyanaSi SeiZleba iyos rogorclegaluri, ise aralegaluri. arsebuli monacemebis Tanaxmad, migrantiqalebis dasaqmeba, mamakacebTan SedarebiT, naklebi stabilurobiTxasiaTdeba, xSirad – cudi samuSao pirobebiTa da socialuri dacvissaSualebebis simciriT.32 The State of World Population, gv. 22. 417გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია

SromiTi migranti qalebis dasaqmebisZiriTadi sferoebi:1. kerZo da sajaro momsaxurebis sferoebi: • damlageblebi da mzareulebi ojaxebsa da sastumroebSi; • mimtanebi, mzareulebi da WurWlis mrecxavebi kafeebsa da restornebSi; • ZiZebi, moxucebis an avadmyofebis momvlelebi da damla­geb­ lebi ojaxebSi; • meddebi saavadmyofoebSi; • mocekvaveebi gasarTob industriaSi da sxv.2. soflis meurneobis da warmoebis sferoebi: • muSebi qarxnebSi; • xilis mkrefavebi fermebSi da sxv.rogorc aRvniSneT, sazRvargareT samuSaod wasuli qalebismniSvnelovani nawili samSobloSi tovebs ojaxis wevrebs, maT Soris- mcirewlovan Svilebs, romlebsac dedis nacvlad sxva naTesavebi,zogjer ki ZiZebi uvlian. termini `transnacionaluri ojaxebi~33aRwers ojaxebs, romelTa wevrebi xangrZlivi periodis ganmavlobaSisxvadasxva qveyanaSi an kontinentze cxovroben, Tumca mainc erTojaxad aRiqvamen Tavs; zogjer erTi transnacionaluri ojaxiSeiZleba erTdroulad sam qveyanaSic cxovrobdes. miuxedavad imisa,rom Tanamedrove komunikaciuri saSualebebi da, upirveles yovlisa,interneti amartivebs kavSirs transnacionaluri ojaxebis wevrebsSoris, xangrZlivma ganSorebam SeuZlebelia ar iqonios gavlena maTurTierTobebze.SromiTi migranti dedebi uzrunvelyofen samSobloSi darCeniliSvilebis materialur moTxovnilebebs, SedarebiT xarisxianganaTlebasa da jandacvas; metic – dedebis SromiTi emigraciasamSobloSi darCenili ojaxebisTvis xSir SemTxvevaSi Tavis gadarCeniserTaderTi SesaZlebloba xdeba, emigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi ki– ojaxebis Semosavlis erTaderTi wyaro. yovelive amis miuxedavad,ojaxTan ganSoreba TiTqmis yovelTvis uaRresad rTulia rogorcTviTon emigrantebis, ise maTi ojaxis wevrebisTvis, da rac ufroxangrZlivia emigracia, miT mwvavea es gancdebic.33 dawvrilebiT transnacionalizmis Sesaxeb ix. am saxelmZRvanelos me-4 da me-10 Ta­ vebSi.418 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

11.4.3. ratom arian qalebi warmatebuli SromiTi emigrantebi?miuxedavad imisa, rom SromiTi emigranti mamakacebis SemosavlebixSirad ufro maRalia, vidre qalebis, sul ufro meti safuZveliaimisa, rom SromiTi emigranti qalebis wvlili samSobloSidarCenili ojaxebis materialuri mxardaWeris TvalsazrisiT uf­ro didad miviCnioT, vidre mamakacebis. qalebi sakuTari Semo­savlis metwils agzavnian samSobloSi da amas ufro regularuladakeT­ eben; mamakacebTan SedarebiT, maT naklebad aqvT daugegmavi anSemTxveviTi xarjebi.34 rac Seexeba qal emigrantebs, romlebic Zi­Zebad, momvlelebad, damlageblebad da/an mzareulebad muSaobenoja­xebSi, isini xSirad amave ojaxebSi cxovroben da ara aqvT binisqiris xarjebi.fuladi gzavnilebi da maTi meSveobiT samSobloSi darCenili oja­xebis materialuri keTildReobis gaumjobeseba qalebis SromiTiemigraciis erT-erTi Sedegia. emigracia xSirad emigranti qalebisekonomikuri da socialuri gaZlierebis winapirobacaa, rac gansa­kuTrebiT TvalSisacemia Rarib tradiciul sazogadoebebSi. samSob­losTan SedarebiT ufro liberaluri Rirebulebebis mqone mimRebqveyanaSi cxovrebis gamocdileba xSirad gavlenas axdens emigrantiqalebis Rirebulebebze – isini ara mxolod TviTon amboben uars Sexe­dulebebze qalTa `daqvemdebarebuli~ an `meorexarisxovani~ mdgo­mareobis Sesaxeb, aramed, garkveulwilad, xels uwyoben liberaluriRirebulebebisa da damokidebulebebis gavrcelebas saku­TarsamSobloSi. es fenomeni `socialuri gzavnilebis~ saxel­ iTaa cnobilida emigrantebis fulad gzavnilebze aranakleb mniSvnelovania.droTa ganmavlobaSi qalTa uflebebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT momxda­ri cvlilebebi SesaZloa revoluciuri xasiaTisa iyos da, garkve­ulwilad, esec qalTa emigraciis erT-erTi Sedegia.qalebis migraciuli gamocdileba gavlenas axdens maTi ojaxebisyoveldRiuri, magram uaRresad mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis gaumjo­besebaze, magaliTad, janmrTelobis dacva, bavSvebis xarisxianiganaTl­ eba da a.S. swored migraciulma gamocdilebam SeiZleba da­ar­wmunos qalebi da, maTi meSveobiT, samSobloSi darCenili oja­xeb­is wevrebi prevenciuli medicinisa Tu xarisxiani ganaTlebismniSvnelobaSi. ramdenime qveyanaSi Catarebulma kvlevebma naTelyo,rom qali migrantebis roli samSobloSi darCenili ojaxis wevrebisjanmrTelobaze zrunvis TvalsazrisiT ufro didia, vidre mamakace-bis roli35.34 ix. Leisy Albrego, Economic Well-Being in Salvadorian Transnational Families: How Gender Affects Remitance Practices, Journal of Marriage and Family 71, November 2009, gv. 1070-1085; Keiko Osaki, Economic Interactions of Migrants and their Households of Origin: Are Women More Reliable Supporters? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 8:4, 1999, gv. 447-471.35 The State of World Population, gv. 30.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 419

11.4.4. ratom sWirdeba meti yuradReba migranti qalebis problemebs?qalebisaTvis migracia SesaZloa ufro met risks ukavSirdebodes,vidre mamakacebisaTvis.36 isini ufro xSirad xdebian fizikurian seqsualuri Zaladobisa da trefikingis msxverplni da metsirTules awydebian sakuTari janmrTelobis dacvasTan dakavSi­reb­iT, gansakuTrebiT Tu reproduqciul janmrTelobaze ankontracefciazea saubari.37 gasakviri ar aris, rom imigranti qalebiufro xSirad ikeTeben aborts (maT Soris, aralegalurad), vidreadgil­ obrivi mosaxleoba. aralegaluri imigrantebis janmrTelobisprob­lemebi bevrad ufro mwvavea, gansakuTrebiT maSin, rodesac isiniar saubroben mimRebi qveynis enaze, naklebad icnoben mis jandacvissistemas da ar ician, rogor daicvan sakuTari uflebebi.qalTa migraciasTan dakavSirebuli problemebi, romlebic zemoTvaxseneT, jer ar aris saTanadod Seswavlili – erTi mxriv imitom, romarc ise didi xania, rac es sakiTxebi mkvlevarTa yuradRebis centrSimoeqca, da, meore mxriv, imitom, rom am Temebis didi nawili ZalzemgrZnobiarea da qal migrantebs, rogorc wesi, uWirT maT Sesaxebsaubari mkvlevrebsa Tu sajaro moxeleebTan.11.5. genderisa da migraciis kvlevebi saqarTveloSirogorc aRvniSneT, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migraciuli nakadebiskvlevisas genderul aspeqtebze sakmaod iSviaTad maxvildeba yu­radReba, rac, erTi mxriv, mecnieruli interesis naklebobazemianiSnebs, meore mxriv ki – genderuli kvlevebis ganviTarebisarasaTanado doneze.saqarTveloSi erT-erTi pirveli kvleva, sadac qali emigrantebisraodenobis zrdis tendencia gamoikveTa, 2006 wels daba TianeTSiCatarda CRRC-is mkvlevarTa programis farglebSi. es kvleva ar iZlevaSedegebis ganzogadebis saSualebas mTeli saqarTvelos masStabiT,radgan savele samuSaoebi mxolod erT dasaxlebul punqtSi Catarda.miuxedavad amisa, emigrantebis nakadebis genderuli Semadgenloba36 ix., magaliTad: Piper, Gender and Migration; Susie Jolly and Hazel Reeves, Gender and Migration: Overview Report, 2005, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1QfGKuw.37 damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix. The State of World Population.420 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

imdenad gansxvavdeboda arsebuli monacemebisagan,38 rom SesaZlebeligaxda migraciis feminizaciaze msjeloba. 2008 wels migraciissaerTaSoriso organizaciis dafinansebiT TianeTSi CatarebulmaganmeorebiTma kvlevam39 kidev erTxel daadastura migraciis femi­nizaciis tendencia: daba TianeTidan emigraciaSi gamgzavrebuliqalebis wili yvela migrantis TiTqmis 70%-s Seadgenda.40 maTiumravlesoba saberZneTSi iyo wasuli, Tumca israeli da italiacsakmaod popularuli iyo, xolo mamakaci emigrantebi ufro xSiradirCevdnen irlandias, ruseTsa da safrangeTs.41TianeTis kvlevis mignebebi SemdgomSi saqarTvelos masStabiTCatarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebmac daadastura; magaliTad, `migraciisgavlena moldovasa da saqarTveloSi migrantTa mier datovebulbavSvebsa da xandazmulebze~,42 romelic maastrixtis universitetismmarTvelobis skolam Caatara 2011-2013 wlebSi (saqarTvelosmasStabiT gamoikiTxa 4,010 Sinameurneoba da Segrovda informacia iqmcxovreb 16,212 adamianze). am kvlevam aCvena, rom 2004 wlis SemdegsaqarTvelodan gamgzavrebul emigrantebs Soris qalebis wilinaxevarze mets Seadgens. saqarTvelos statistikis departamentismier Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT ki, romlebic erinhofmanma da sintia baklim 2013 wels gaaanalizes, es wili 1999 wlidaniwyebs zrdas.43maastrixtis universitetis kvlevis erT-erTi mignebis Tanaxmad,pirveli emigraciis SemTxvevaSi daniSnulebis qveynebi mniSvnelovnadgansxvavdeboda emigrantis genderidan gamomdinare: Tu mamakaciemigrantebisTvis 2003 wlamde ruseTi rCeboda yvelaze mimzidveldaniSnulebis qveynad, qalebma 1999-2000 wlebidan ukve evrokavSirisqveynebisaken aiRes gezi.44maastrixtis mmarTvelobis skolis kvlevis Sedegebis mixedviT,sakmaod gansxvavebulia saqarTvelodan wasuli qali da mamakaci38 Tamar zurabiSvili, SromiTi emigracia daba TianeTidan: emigraciuli qselebis ganviTareba, sadoqtoro disertacia, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2008. nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0002/000257/. gv. 51.39 damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT: Tamar Zurabishvili et al., Tianeti Household Census 2008.40 Tamar Zurabishvili and Tinatin Zurabishvili, The Feminization of Labor Migration from Georgia: The Case of Tianeti, Laboratorium Russian Review of Social Research 1, 2010, gv. 73-83, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://www.soclabo.org/index.php/laboratorium/article/view/170/334.41 damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT: Tamar Zurabishvili et al. Tianeti Household Census 2008.42 damatebiTi informaciisaTvis ixileT: Michaella Vanore and Melissa Siegel, The evolution of gendered migration trajectories from Moldova & Georgia, Comparative Migration Studies 3:4, 2015, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. doi: 10. 1007/s40878-015-0001-z.43 Erin Trouth Hofmann and Cynthia J. Buckley, Global Changes and Gendered Responses: The Feminization of Migration From Georgia, Internationa Migration Review 47:3, 2013, gv. 512-515, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. doi: 10.1111/imre.12035.44 Vanore and Siegel, The evolution of gendered migration trajectories.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 421

migrantebis profilic – qalebis asaki ufro maRalia, vidre mama­kacebisa;45 mamakacebis ori mesamedi, qalebisa ki mxolod naxevariadaojaxebuli; qalebis 22% (mamakacebis mxolod 1%) qvrivia; qalebis15% (mamakacebis 3%) ganqorwinebulia; qali da mamakaci emigrantebisformaluri ganaTlebis saSualo xangrZlivoba erTnairia – TiTqmis 13weli, rac mianiSnebs, rom umetesobas umaRlesi an arasruli umaRlesiganaTleba aqvs.46saqarTvelodan emigraciis mizezebi qalebisa da mamakacebisTviserTnairia da ZiriTadad umuSevrobas ukavSirdeba.47 mimReb qveynebSiqali da mamakaci emigrantebi gansxvavebul seqtorebSi iwyeben muSa­obas: mamakacebi ZiriTadad mSeneblobaze, soflis meurneobasa dawarmoebaSi, xolo qalebi48 – umTavresad ojaxebSi (momvlelebi,bavSvis aRmzrdelebi, damlageblebi) an ganaTlebisa da jandacvisseqtorebSi.rogorc kvlevebis Sedegebi aCvenebs, saqarTveloSi sakmaod gavrce­lebulia patriarqaluri damokidebulebebi,49 romlebic, sava­raudod, sazogadoebis mniSvnelovani nawilis uaryofiT damo­kidebulebas iwvevs qalTa emigraciis mimarT. qalTa emigraciasSesaZloa winaaRmdegoba mohyves maTi ojaxebis wevrebis mxridanac.aseT viTarebaSi mniSvnelovania gamovyoT faqtorebi, romlebic xelsuwyobs qalebis emigracias saqarTvelodan:• qalebis mzardi CarTuloba emigraciul procesebSi ukavSirdeba mimReb qveynebSi moTxovnis zrdas qalis mier Sesrulebul samuSaoze, rac, erTi mxriv, gamowveulia mimReb qveynebSi qalebis dasaqmebis gazrdiT formalur seqtorSi, xolo meore mxriv – mosaxleobis sicocxlis gaxangrZlivebiT. Sedegad, izrdeba moTxovna ZiZebze, moxucebis momvlelebze da a.S.50• qalebis emigracias SesaZloa xeli Seuwyos ojaxSi arsebulma struqturulma cvlilebebma – magaliTad, ganqorwinebis SemTxvevaSi, rogorc hofmani da bakli amtkiceben, samjer izrdebaqalis emigraciis albaToba evropasa da TurqeTSi.51 es albaToba aseve maRalia dauojaxebeli da qvrivi qalebis SemTxvevaSi da ojaxebSi, sadac qalia ojaxis ufrosi.5245 damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix. Zurabishvili and Zurabishvili, The Feminization of Labor Migration from Georgia; Vanore and Siegel, The evolution of gendered migration trajectories.46 Vanore and Siegel, The evolution of gendered migration trajectories.47 iqve.48 igulisxmeba evrokavSiris sxvadasxva qveyana da ara yofili sabWoTa kavSiris res- publikebi.49 Hofmann and Buckley, Global Changes and Gendered Responses, gv. 512 da 515.50 Zurabishvili and Zurabishvili, The Feminization of Labor Migration from Georgia, gv. 73-83.51 Hofmann and Buckley, Global Changes and Gendered Responses, gv. 523.52 Erin Trouth Hofmann, Does Gender Ideology Matter in Migration? International Journal of Sociology, 44:3, 2014: gv. 37.422 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

• gasaTvaliswinebelia agreTve, Tu ramdenad patriarqaluria ojaxi, xels uwyobs Tu, piriqiT, Trgunavs qalis damoukideblobas. rogorc erin hofmanis kvlevis Sedegebidan Cans, saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, im ojaxebidan, sadac qalebi da mamakacebi Tanaswor­ uflebiani arian, qalebis emigraciis albaToba ufro maRalia.53 amis sapirispirod, ojaxebSi, romlebic mamakacsa da qals Soris rolebis ganawilebas ufro tradiciulad uyureben, qalebs SeiZleba ar miscen emigrirebis saSualeba. ra Tqma unda, qalebis emigraciis albaToba mcirdeba maSinac, Tu TviTon maT axasiaTebT patriarqaluri Rirebulebebi.54rogorc vnaxeT, faqtorebi, romlebmac SesaZloa gavlena iqo­nios qalebis emigraciaze saqarTvelodan da, potenciurad, xe­liSeuwyos mas, gansxvavebulia. Tumca, empiriuli kvlevebis nakle­bobis pirobebSi Znelia imis mtkiceba, romeli maTgania ufromniSvnelovani. sainteresoa, rom ojaxis sidide Tanabrad axdensgavlenas qalebisa da mamakacebis emigraciis albaTobaze - rac ufrodidia ojaxi da meti resursi aqvs potenciuri emigrantis wvlilis`Casanacvleblad~ ojaxis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis warmarTvaSi,miT metia individis emigraciis albaToba. amavdroulad, Tu ojaxSibevri arasrulwlovania, es amcirebs emigraciis albaTobas rogorcqalebis, ise mamakacebis SemTxvevaSi.5511.6. genderisa da migraciis kvlevis perspeqtivebigendersa da migracias Soris urTierTdamokidebulebis SeswavlasSeuZlia mniSvnelovani mignebebiT gaamdidros arsebuli codnamigraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia genderisada migraciis kvlevebis gaZliereba. qvemoT ganvixilavT ramdenimemimarTulebas, romelTa Seswavlac socialuri mecnierebebisaTviskvlav aqtualuri rCeba:• pirveli mimarTulebis farglebSi migracia ganixileba rogorc genderulad ganpirobebuli procesi. Sesabamisad, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia SromiTi bazris analizze genderul WrilSi, transnacionalizmze, axali tipis urTierTobebze migrantTa oja­ xebSi – anu scildeba martiv dayofas qal da mamakac migrantebad.5653 Hofmann, Does Gender Ideology Matter, gv. 31.54 iqve, gv. 37.55 Hofmann and Buckley, Global Changes and Gendered Responses, gv. 524.56 ufro dawvrilebiT ix: Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, New directions in gender and immigration research, ix. saxelmZRvaneloSi The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, ed. Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn, London and New York: Routledge, 2013, gv. 180-188.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 423

• migracia da trefikingi. marTalia, trefikingis msxverpli SeiZleba iyos qali migrantic da mamakacic, ufro xSirad mis Sedegad mainc qalebi zaraldebian.• migraciis feminizaciam kvlevis axal mimarTulebas Cauyara safuZveli. is swavlobs migraciis gavlenas samSobloSi datovebul bavSvebze, romelTa dedebic `transnacionaluri dedebi~ gaxdnen, wavidnen sazRvargareT samuSaod da Svilebi ojaxis sxva wevrebis imedad datoves. es mimarTuleba genderisa da migraciis kvlevebSi 2000-iani wlebidan Cndeba da yuradRebas amaxvilebs, Tu rogor icvleba mSobelsa da Svils Soris urTierToba, axdens Tu ara gavlenas dedis emigracia Svilis swavlaze an mis CarTvaze kriminalur urTierTobebSi. aranakleb mniSvnelovania migraciis gavlenis Seswavla samSobloSi datovebul moxucebzec. kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis:1. ra uSlida xels XX saukunis Sua wlebamde qalebis, rogorc damoukidebeli aqtorebis, SromiT migracias?2. ras niSnavs migraciis feminizacia?3. ramdenad mosalodnelia migraciuli gamocdilebis Sedegad tradiciuli genderuli rolebis Secvla migrantebis ojaxebSi?4. ra garemoebebi uwyobs xels qalebis emigracias saqarTvelodan?5. ra sirTuleebis gadalaxva uwevT qalebs emigraciis procesSi da samSobloSi dabrunebis Semdeg? mamakacebs? saSinao davalebaipoveT ojaxi Tqvens dasaxlebul punqtSi, sadac dabrunebulisaerTaSoriso migranti qali cxovrobs. CaatareT masTan siRrmiseuliinterviu, sTxoveT, giamboT Tavis migraciul gamocdilebaze.gaakeTeT intervius transkripti.intervius dros SeagroveT informacia Semdeg sakiTxebze:424 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

• rogor miiRo gadawyvetileba sazRvargareT wasvlis Sesaxeb;• rogor Seegua sazRvargareT cxovrebas;• yvelaze metad ra/vin enatreboda sazRvargareT yofnisas;• rogor da ratom miiRo gadawyvetileba saqarTveloSi dabrunebis Sesaxeb;• ras miiCnevs sazRvargareT yofnis yvelaze mniSvnelovan gamocdi­ lebad da ratom;• axla rom iRebdes gadawyvetilebas wasvlis Sesaxeb, rogor moiqceoda da ratom. gamoyenebuli da rekomendebuli literatura1. Leisy Albrego, Economic Well-Being in Salvadorian Transnational Families: How Gender Affects Remitance Practices, Journal of Marriage and Family 71, November 2009;2. Susan A. Baslow, Gender: Stereotypes and roles. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, 1992;3. Katharine M. Donato et al., A Glass Half Full? Gender in Migration Studies, International Migration Review 40(1), 2006. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2006.00001.x;4. European Parliament. Gender-related Asylum Claims in Europe: A comparative analysis of law, policies and practice focusing on women in nine EU member states. Citizen Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Gender Equality, 2012;5. Rose Eveleth, More Than 900 Workers Have Already Died Building Qatar’s World Cup Infrastructure, Smithonian, March 14, 2014. https://goo.gl/ZNLMpw;6. Elizabeth, M. Grieco and Monica Boyd, Women and Migration: Incorporating Gender into International Migration Theory, Center for the Study of Population Working Paper WPS 98-139, Florida State University College of Social Sciences, 1998;7. Erin Trouth Hofmann and Cynthia J. Buckley, Global Changes and Gendered Responses: The Feminization of Migration From Georgia, International Migration Review 47(3), 2013; doi: 10.1111/imre.12035;8. Erin Trouth Hofmann, Does Gender Ideology Matter in Migration? International Journal of Sociology, 44(3), 2014. doi: 10.2753/IJS0020-7659440302.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 425

9. Pierrette Hondagneu-Sotelo, New directions in gender and immigration research, ix. krebulSi The Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, ed. Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn, 180-188. London and New York: Routledge, 2013;10. Susie Jolly and Hazel Reeves, Gender and Migration: Overview report. 2005. https://goo.gl/FksKCL;11. Eleonore Kofman et al. Gender and International Migration in Europe: Employment, Welfare and Politics. Routledge, 2000;12. Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper, The Social Science Encyclopedia, Routledge, 2001;13. Froilan T. Malit Jr. and Ali Al Youha, Labor Migration in the United Arab Emirates: Challenges and Responses, Migration Policy Institute, 2013. https://goo.gl/hJxgGZ;14. Gordon Marshall, Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998;15. Keiko Osaki, Economic Interactions of Migrants and their Households of Origin: Are Women More Reliable Supporters? Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 8(4), 1999;16. Lisa Pfeiffer, Marie et al., Gender in Economic Research on International Migration and Its Impacts: A Critical Review, ix. krebulSi The International Migration of Women, ed. Maurice Schiff, Andrew. R. Morrison, and Mirja Sjöblom. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/978-0-8213-7227-2;17. Nicola Piper, New Perspectives on Gender and Migraiton: Livelihood, Rights and Entitlements. Oxford: Routledge, 2007;18. Piper Nicola, Gender and Migration, Paper prepared for the Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, September, 2005, https://goo.gl/ZCqAVf;19. Tasneem Siddiqui, Migration and Gender in Asia, United Nations, 2008. http://bit.ly/2zlwrTP;20. The State of World Population, A Passage to Hope: Women and International Migration. UNFPA, 2006. http://bit.ly/1Vwqxig;21. UN, The number of international migrants worldwide reaches 232 million 2013. Population Facts No 2013/2. https://goo.gl/tQGytY;22. Michaella Vanore and Melissa Siegel, The evolution of gender and migration trajectories from Moldova & Georgia, Comparative Migration Studies 3(4), 2015. doi: 10.1007/s40878-015-0001-z;426 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

23. Tamar Zurabishvili et al. Tianeti Household Census 2008 and Tianeti Emigrants to Greece 2008, IOM, 2009. http://bit.ly/2z4Oblg;24. Tamar Zurabishvili and Tinatin Zurabishvili, The Feminization of Labor Migration from Georgia: The Case of Tianeti, Laboratorium Russian Review of Social Research 1, 2010. http://bit.ly/2hoZRWj;25. Tamar Zurabishvili and Tinatin Zurabishvili, Remittances in Provincial Georgia: The Case of Daba Tianeti, ix. krebulSi Migrant Marginality: a Transnational Perspective, edited by Philip Kretsedemas et al. Routledge, 2013;26. Piyasiri Wickramasekera, Asian Labour Migration: Issues and Challenges in an Era of Globalization, International Migration Papers #57. International Labor Organization International Migration Programme. http://bit.ly/2z6nHQz;27. Тамара Зурабишвили и Тинатин Зурабишвили, Психологическая цена миграции женщин из грузинского посёлка Даба Тианети, Диаспоры 2, 2012. http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2013/0579/analit04.php;28. Tamar zurabiSvili, SromiTi emigracia daba TianeTidan: emigraciuli qselebis ganviTareba. sadoqtoro disertacia, ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti, 2008. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/dlibrary/coll/0002/000257/;29. https://goo.gl/1iEuzZ;30. http://geneq.berkeley.edu/lgbt_resources_definiton_of_terms#gender;31. https://www.genderspectrum.org/quick-links/understanding-gender/;32. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4349555.stm;33. http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_34920.pdf;34. http://braceroarchive.org/about;35. https://goo.gl/VRtTmk.გენდერი და შრომითი მიგრაცია 427

12. migracia da media mariam gersamia, ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti robert maqnili, oqsfordis universiteti12.1. media da migracia: ramdenime mosazreba Temazemasmediis mniSvneloba migraciuli procesebis Seswavlis WrilSi –globalur Tu erovnul doneze – udavoa. igi umniSvnelovanesi wyaroa,romlis saSualebiTac vigebT axal ambebsa Tu gasarTob informacias,da romelic uzrunvelyofs informacias komerciul, politikur,socialur Tu kulturul sakiTxebze gadawyvetilebaTa misaRebad.londonSi, TbilisSi, niu-iorksa Tu moskovSi masmediis sxvadasxvasaSualebiT viRebT informacias migraciis, saerTaSoriso kulturisada ucxo qveynebis Sesaxeb.misi meSveobiT vkiTxulobT sagazeTo statiebs erovnuli biznese­bisaTvis SromiTi resursisa da unar-Cvevebis saWiroebaze; vuyurebTfilmebs, romlebic asaxavs ucxo qveynebSi mcxovrebi adamianebisvarskvlavur cxovrebas; teleSouebs, romlebic iZieben sxva qveynebSimomxdar danaSaulebs; da viyenebT socialur medias im onlain­statiebis gaziarebisaTvis, romlebSic saubaria yvelaferze – ucxoqveynebis samzareuloTi dawyebuli, Cvens soflebsa da qalaqebzeimigraciis zegavleniT damTavrebuli.Tumca, masmedia ar aris martivi organizmi, romlis aRwera da gaana­lizeba martivad SeiZleba. is organizaciebisa da calkeuli pirebisdidi da kompleqsuri nakrebia, romelic moicavs komerciul, poli­tikur da socialur motivaciebs. media ar aris mxolod instru­menti, romelsac viyenebT sakuTari Tavis informirebisaTvis dagadawyvetilebis misaRebad; mas moixmaren sxvebic – biznesis, ara­samTavrobo organizaciebis, politikosebisa da sxvaTa CaTvliT –raTa mogviwodon sasargeblo moqmedebisken.428 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

1948 wels avstria-amerikis akademiam, kerZod, TviTgamocxadebulma`sazogadoebasTan urTierTobebis mamam~, edvard berneisma, gamoa­qveyna fuZemdebluri ese, `Tanxmobis Camoyalibeba~, romelicganixilavs masmediis rols gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi. eseSisaubaria politikosebis, biznesisa da konkretuli socialuri sakiT­xebis wamoWris msurvelTa mier mediis gamoyenebaze. is amgvaradiwyeba:`sityvis Tavisuflebam da misma demokratiulma Sedegma, iseve rogorcTavisufalma presam, SeumCnevlad gaafarTova uflebaTa samarTali,romelic, darwmunebis uflebasac moicavs. es ki Tavisufali sityvisda darwmunebis mediis gafarToebisa da zrdis Sedegi iyo...~.1berneisis mixedviT, sakuTar mosazrebebsa Tu rwmenaSi xalxis `darwmu­nebis~ uflebis arseboba Tavisufali sazogadoebis umniSvnelo­vanesi Tvisebaa da aucilebelia demokratiis moqmedebis­ aTvis. Tumcamasmediis samyaroSi – maSin, rodesac is ukavSirdeba politikurTu ekonomikur interesebs – umniSvnelovanes kiTxvebsac badebsCven mier misaRebi gadawyvetilebebis doneze, aseve imazec, xom argvibiZgebs igi iseTi gadawyvetilebisaken, romelsac sxva viTarebaSiar miviRebdiT. Sesabamisad, uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis ganxilva,Tu rogor iqmneba sazogadoebrivi azri migraciis Sesaxeb.nebismierma, vinc dafiqrdeba imaze, rogor warmoiSva migraciisadmidamokidebuleba saqarTvelosa Tu sxva qveyanaSi, unda dasvas kiTxvebi:ra aisaxa mediaSi da ratom? aris yvela es mosazreba/teqsti dakvir­vebisa da analizis uSualo Sedegi? Tu asea, saidan moipoves saTanadomonacemebi da ramdenad sandoa isini? an politikur da komerciulinteress xom ar emsaxureba migraciis garkveuli kuTxiT warmoCena?aseve, unda vnaxoT, wamoWris Tu ara wamyvani mediaorganizaciebissocialuri dRis wesrigi sakiTxebs migraciis Sesaxeb; davakvirdeT,asaxavs Tu TviTon ayalibebs mediasaSualeba sazogadoebriv azrs;agreTve gamovavlinoT, media ubralod informacias awvdis politikurgadawyvetilebaTa Sesaxeb Tu zegavlenas axdens maTze?migraciis, migrantebisa da umciresobebis Sesaxeb mediakontentisgaanalizebisas mecnierebs SeuZliaT, naTeli mohfinon TviTsakiTxsa da mis gadmocemas, da farTo sazogadoebas daexmaron imisgarkvevaSi, Tu rogor qmnis da aZlierebs saxelmwifo migrantebSimaTi identurobisa da kulturis mniSvnelobas.1 Edward L. Bernays, The Engineering of Consent, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1947, gv. 113-120.მიგრაცია და მედია 429

is, Tu rogor asaxaven saqarTvelos mediasaSualebebi migraciissakiT­xebs, saSualebas gvaZlevs, SevamowmoT Temebi da ganvsazRvroT,Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi vin an ra ganapirobebs `qarTvelobas~:moqalaqeoba? sacxovrebeli adgili? ena? kultura? religia? eTni­kuroba? ojaxi? aris Tu ara indoeTSi dabadebuli fermeri, romelicsaqarTveloSi cxovrobs da miwas amuSavebs, ramiT `naklebi~ qarTveliim qarTvel momReralze, romelsac britaneTis moqalaqeoba aqvs, ansaqarTvelos yofil prezidentze, romelmac ukrainis moqalaqeobamiiRo?masmedia dinamikuria. axali teqnologiebi, arxebi da siuJetebi(narativi) SeiZleba Zalze swrafad gaCndnen da didi zegavlenaiqonion sazogadoebriv ganviTarebaze. 2014 wlisaTvis saqarTvelosmosaxleobis naxevarze mets xeli miuwvdeboda internetze,2 axal­gazrda Taobebi sul ufro da ufro damokidebulni arian onlain­wyaroebze,3 romliTac ecnobian axal ambebs da naklebad iyenebentradiciul beWdur an samauwyeblo medias.onlainkomunikacia mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens migraciasa damigrantebze. aTenSi, TurqeTsa Tu amerikaSi mcxovreb qarTvelsTbilisis ambebis gageba iseve swrafad SeuZlia, rogorc mis biZaSvilskaxeTSi; aseve, saqarTveloSi mcxovreb migrantebs amerikidan,TurqeTidan Tu saberZneTidan wuTebSi SeuZliaT gaigon TavianTiqveynebis axali ambebi.zogi cvalebad medialandSafts mediis demokratizaciad aRiqvams- saSualebad, romelic `aTavisuflebs moqalaqeebs – nawilobrivmainc - axali redaqtorebis ierarqiuli Zalauflebisgan~4 da aZlevsmoqalaqeebs SesaZleblobas, gaxdnen niusebisa da e.w. narativiswarmoebis monawileni. Tumca, miuxedavad imisa, rom internetmaaxali ambebis gavrcelebis xerxebi uTuod mniSvnelovnad Secvala,istoriebis (siuJetebis) Segrovebisa da Txrobis xerxebi kvlavacigive rCeba; amas ki tiuksberi da ritenbergic aRiareben.naadrevia imaze saubari, ra zegavlenas iqoniebs axali Taobiscifruli komunikaciebi migraciisa da migrantebis Cveneul aRqmaze –saqarTveloSi an mTlianad msoflioSi – XXI saukunis manZilze. Tumca,gonivrulia vivaraudoT, rom masmedia ama Tu im formiT kvlavacmniSvnelovan rols Seasrulebs Cvens azrovnebasa da moqmedebebSi:2 Internet Users by Country, 2014, http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users-by-country/, nanax- ia 12.11.2016 w.3 Reuters Institute for the Study of Juornalism, Digital News Report, University of Oxford, 2015, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://www.digitalnewsreport.org/.4 David Tewksbury and Jason Rittenberg, Online News Creation and Consumtion: Implications for Modern Democracies, Routledge handbook of Internet politics, 2009, gv. 186-200.430 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

`ra cvlilebebic ar unda xorcieldebodes, udavoa masmediis didimniSvneloba Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi, politikis, kulturis,yoveldRiuri sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa da ekonomikis sferoebSi~.5gamoiwvevs Tu ara am mediaarxebis saSualebiT gazrdili `kontaqti~sxva erebsa da kulturebTan `naTesaobis~ gancdas? gamoviyenebT Tuara momxmareblis arCevans im mediis SesarCevad, romelic yuradRebasamaxvilebs adgilobriv da e.w. Sinaur problemebze? Tu avirCevTmedias, romelic aZlierebs Cvens gansxvavebebsa da cru Sexedulebebs?SesaZlebelia, orive doneze – globalursa Tu erovnulze - Cvenimedia kvlavac darCes yvela am SesaZleblobis rTul nazavad.migraciis debatebSi mediis rolis gaazreba da Seswavla dagvexmarebaiseTi mniSvnelovani faqtorebis gamovlenaSi, romlebic zegavlenasaxdenen migraciis sakiTxSi individebis qcevasa da migraciis sferoSisaxelmwifo politikis SemuSavebaze; amas ki garkveuli CarCoebi aqvsorivesTan (saxelmwifosa da individebTan) – dakavSirebiT.12.2. migraciul procesebze mediis zegavlenis analiziam TavSi ganxilulia mediis zegavlena migraciul procesebsa damigrantTa Sesaxeb sazogadoebis warmodgenis Camoyalibebaze.mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian, rom `migraciis narativi~ gansazRvravsmigrantebisadmi damokidebulebas, stereotipTa formebs da amyarebsmediastigmebs. migrantebis, rogorc umciresobis mediaSi asaxvatipuria araerTi qveynis mediisaTvis; saqarTveloSi am mimarTulebiTkvlevebi siaxlea.mediaSi migraciis sakiTxebis ganxilva sayuradReboa eTikisa daJurnalisturi standartebis WrilSi. sailustraciod, am TavSiSevitaneT saqarTvelos arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mier warmod­genili mediamonitoringis angariSebis ramdenime sagulisxmo Sedegi.miuxedavad imisa, rom sxva qveynebis ganxilvis magaliTze, repor­taJebi migraciis Sesaxeb namdvilad gaizarda,6 mediasa da migraciasSoris arsebuli kavSiris Sesaxeb kvlevebi mainc mwiria. Tumca,Taname­drove mkvlevrebi Tanxmdebian, rom migraciasa da medias Soriskorelacia uTuod imsaxurebs yuradRebas. aseve, saWiroa siRrmi­5 Denis McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, me-6 gamocema, Sage, 2010.6 Gabriela Jacomella, Media and Migrations: Press Narative and Country Politics in Three European Countries, Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2010, gv. 78.მიგრაცია და მედია 431

seuli kvlevis Catareba, raTa dadgindes mediis roli migraciismarTvasa da migraciul procesebSi, sazogadoebrivi azris Seqmnasada sazogadoebis mier migrantebis aRqmaze; am mxriv, aRsaniSnaviaevropasa da sxva qveynebSi Catarebuli is kvlevebi, romlebic adas­turebs mediis zegavlenas migraciaze.meore mxriv, media (tradiciuli Tu socialuri), xSir SemTxvevaSi,mniSvnelovani informaciis wyaroa migrantebisaTvis. igi warmoaCenscxovrebis pirobebs mimReb qveynebSi, aseve, aRwers socialur,ekonomikur da kulturul viTarebas am saxelmwifoebSi; mediamSeiZleba imoqmedos konkretul qveyanasa an regionSi adamianiswasvlis gadawyvetilebazec. amdenad, am TavSi vimsjelebT mediiszegavlenis/efeqtis am mxarezec.zemoxsenebulis gaTvaliswinebiT, es Tavi moicavs Semdeg sakiTxebs:• mediis migraciul procesebze zemoqmedebis zogadi analizi;• mediisa da sazogadoebis mier Seqmnili imijebi – migrantTa da sxva qveynebSi migraciis procesebis Sesaxeb;• media, rogorc informaciis wyaro migrantTaTvis;• mediisa da migraciis kavSiri saqarTveloSi.migrantebis sakiTxebze saqarTveloSi ar moipoveba mediamoni­to­ringis specialuri angariSebi. Tumca, qvemoT ganxiluli kvlevebiSeicavs ramdenime faqtobriv monacems migraciis Sesaxebac.politikur diskursSi siZulvilisa da diskriminaciis enis analizisas,adgilobrivi arasamTavrobo organizaciebis mediamonitoringisangariS­ebSi gvxvdeba Semdegi Temebi: qsenofobiuri gamonaTqvamebi,rasistuli konotacia konkretul qveynebTan mimarTebiT (TurqeTi,CineTi, erayi, irani da egvipte) da antidasavluri ritorika (anti­amerikuli gamonaTqvamebis CaTvliT).7migraciasTan dakavSirebuli Temebi drodadro, sxvadasxva rakursiTCndeba tradiciul mediaSi, magaliTad: siuJetebi iZulebiT migran­tebisa da okupirebuli teritoriebidan devnilebis Sesaxeb;kriminaluri axali ambebi saqarTvelodan gasul aralegalurmigrantebze; oficialuri cnobebi migrantTa Temaze (evrokavSiriswarmomadgenelTa vizitebis CaTvliT) da sxv. saerTaSoriso repor­taJebs rac Seexeba, 2015 wels nacionalurma mediam yuradReba kvlavgaamaxvila siriel ltolvilebze da zogierTma sensitiurma siuJetmaimTaviTve warmoSva `cifruli eqo~ socialur qselebSi.7 damatebiTi informacia ixileT mediis ganviTarebis fondis oficialur veb- gverdze: www.mdfgeorgia.ge.432 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Semdgomi msjelobisa da situaciuri analizisaTvis am Tavis bolosmoyvanilia ori magaliTi, romlebmac miipyro mediis yuradReba dafarTod gaSuqda saqarTvelosa da saerTaSoriso mediaSi. esenia:• eTnikuri qarTvelebis masobrivi deportacia ruseTidan da• indoeli fermerebis imigracia saqarTveloSi.12.3. migraciis procesebze mediis zegavlenis zogadi mimoxilvamediaTeoriebi, romlebic swavlobs mediaefeqtsa da mediaCarCoebs,amtkicebs mediis dRis wesrigis zegavlenas sazogadoebriv azrze.mediis dRis wesrigis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebas aqvsmoTxovnileba miiRos informacia garkveul sakiTxebze. rac ufromaRalia konkretul sakiTxebze `orientaciis~ moTxovna, miT metigavlenis moxdena SeuZlia medias am `saorientacio~ Temebze.8am Teoriis mixedviT SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom migraciis TemebisgaSuqebisas, migrantebis mimReb qveyanaSi, sazogadoeba iTxovs imisgarkvevas, vin arian maT qveyanaSi Casuli adamianebi da ratom airCiesswored es qveyana sakuTari miznebisaTvis, ramden xans darCebianda rogor imoqmedebs es am qveynis cxovrebasa da sazogadoebaze.amdenad, migrantebis sakiTxebis gaSuqebisas medias SeuZlia migraciisdadebiTi imijis Seqmnac da migrantTa mimarT SiSis gaRvivebisa daqsenofobiis xelSewyobac.meore mxriv, Tavad migrantebis moTxovna informaciaze (potenciurimigrantebis CaTvliT) SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos konkretuliqveynis, sacxovrebeli da samuSao/dasaqmebis pirobebis, cxovrebisstandartebis, TviTrealizaciisa da TviTdamkvidrebis Sesaxebcnobebis miRebis surviliT. am SemTxvevaSi, maTTvis aqtiurdebarogorc sainformacio veli, romelsac qmnis axali ambebi, ise,sainformacio orientaciis saWiroeba masobrivi kulturis sakiTxebze:kinoindustria, teleserialebi, musikaluri industria, reklama dasxv. TviT informacia ki sazogadoebis mxridan mudmivi seleqciisprocesSia. denis makquailis mixedviT: `(Cven) gvinda vicodeT meti imqveynebze, romlebmac SeiZleba, zegavlena iqonion Cvenze~. 9 Sedegad,informaciis miRebis survili gansazRvravs mediazegavlenis xarisxs.8 detalurad ix. Maxwell McCombs, Setting the Agenda, the Mass Media and Public Opinion, Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. 2004, gv. 184.9 McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, gv. 262.მიგრაცია და მედია 433

mediis dRis wesrigis Teoriis mixedviT, sazogadoebaSi masmediiTorientaciis saWiroeba da zemoqmedeba erTmaneTTan dadebiT kore­laciaSia. amdenad, `arsebobs situaciebi, sadac moqalaqeebs aqvTorientaciis saWiroeba.~10mkvlevrebi ar gvawvdian informacias orientaciis saWiroebisSesaxeb axlad emigrirebuli moqalaqeebis SemTxvevaSi, amitom mediiszegavlena maTze jer ar Sefasebula. miuxedavad amisa, emigrantTainteresi konkretuli sakiTxebisadmi zrdis masmediis saSualebiTorientaciis saWiroebas da, Sedegad, mediazegavlenis amplitudasac.stereotipebze msjelobisas, melvin menCeri samarTlianad axsenebsuolter lipmanis 1922 wels gamoqveynebul naSroms, sadac `alegoriagamoqvabulze~, romelic platonis `respublikaSia~ aRwerili,gansazRvrulia, rogorc sazogadoebrivi azris formirebis ilust­racia.11 menCeri cneba `alegorias~ ukavSirebs mediazegavlenassazogadoebaze da gansazRvravs mediis efeqts stereotipebisformirebaze. lipmani ki saubrobs `fsevdogaremos~ Seqmnaze adamianismier, rodesac `msoflios Sinagani aRqma gansazRvravs azrs, grZnobasada qmedebis elementebs~.12 lipmanis Tanaxmad, mniSvnelovania icode,rogor viRebT Sedegs, romelzec vafuZnebT Cvens mosazrebas.13skot blainderis naSromSi warmosaxviT imigraciaze,14 romlis mizaniimis garkvevaa, gansxvavdeba Tu ara migrantebis sazogadoebaSiaRqma realobisagan, maTi saxeobebisa da ricxvis gaTvaliswinebiT,kveleviT dadgenili faqtebi miuTiTebs `mniSvnelovan gansxvavebazesazogadoebis mier warmodgenil imigraciis masStabebsa da imigrantTaSesaxeb britaneTis saxelmwifos oficialur statistikas Soris,romelic gamoiyeneboda politikis Sesaqmnelad~15. magaliTad,respondentebma TavSesafris maZieblebi britaneTSi daasaxelesimigrantebis umsxviles jgufad, xolo saerTaSoriso studentebinaklebad mniSvnelovnad miiCnies; Tumca, saxelmwifo statistikamsapirispiro cifrebi aCvena. avtoris mtkicebiT, msgavsi aRqmaSeiZleba aisaxos mTlianobaSi imigrantebisadmi damokidebulebaze,radgan araswori warmodgena, magaliTad, qveyanaSi TavSesafrismaZiebelTa raodenobis Sesaxeb qmnis mosazrebas, rom zogadadimigracia unda Semcirdes. daskvnis saxiT, avtori aseve amtkicebs,10 McCombs, Setting the Agenda, the Mass Media and Public Opinion, gv. 53.11 melvin menCeri, axali ambebis gaSuqeba da wera, meTormete gamocema, kolumbiis uni- versiteti, diogene, 2013, gv. 339.12 Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion, 1921, gv. 20. nanxia: 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2w4iOq6.13 iqve, gv. 30.14 Scott Blinder, Imagined Immigration: The Different Meaning of ~Immigrants~ in Public Opinion and Policy Debates in Britain, COSMOS Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 2013.15 iqve, gv. 18.434 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rom `vidre sazogadoeba da saxelmwifoebi sxvadasxvagvarad aRiqvamenimigrantebs, politikosTa nebismieri mcdeloba, gaakontrolonimigracia sazogadoebis umetesobis moTxovnaTa Sesasruleblad,winaaRmdegobas waawydeba.~16mediaefeqtis roli Seswavlilia sxvadasxva Teoriis WrilSi. maga­liTad: `socialuri kognitiuri Teoriis, kultivirebis, praimingisa dasxva Teoriebis mkvlevrebi gansazRvraven, rom mediaefeqti ZiriTadadSeexeba imas, Tu ras da rogor aRiqvams mayurebeli. Sedegad, es efeqtiicvleba mediis sqemebisa da siZlieris mixedviT. is mniSvnelovanianebismieri auditoriisaTvis, Tumca konkretuli auditoriis maxasia­Teblebma SeiZleba gazardon mediaSetyobinebebisgan daucve­loba~.17imave kvlevis Tanaxmad, mediaSi stereotipebis dadebiTi an uaryofiTiasaxva udavod iwvevs socialur efeqts18.rasel kingi da nensi vudi amboben, rom medias SeuZlia migraciisprocesebSi Careva Semdegi sami xerxiT:• migrantebis daniSnulebis adgilebidan/qveynebidan an mig­ ranteb­isaTvis mniSvnelovani informaciis mimwodebeli glo­baluri mediidan mopovebuli gamosaxulebebis/imij­ e­ bis saSualebiT; aseTi informacia – miuxedavad imisa, swo­ria Tu mcdari – SeiZleba gaxdes migrantTa gadaadgilebis Zli­eri mastimulirebeli faqtori.19 kvlevaSi gansakuTrebiT aqcen­ti­ rebulia is zegavlena, romelic axlavs globaluri mediisa da masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebis mier ganviTarebad qveynebSi gavrcelebul, keTildReobis amsaxvel imijebs.• migrantTa gamosaxulebebis warmoCena mimRebi qveynis mier, rac gansazRvravs inkluzias an gariyva/gaucxoebas; avtorebi darwmunebulni arian, rom gavleniani jgufebi migrantebs warmoaCenen, rogorc `sxvebs/ucxoebs~, magaliTad, kriminalebs an arasasurvel adamianebs. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa migraciis observatoriis migraciis, politikasa da sazogadoebis centri (COMPAS) (oqsfordis universiteti) mier gamoqveynebuli angariSebi.20 mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes, ra saxis informacias avrcel­ebda britaneTis presa evrokavSiris or axal wevr16 iqve.17 Jennings Bryant and Mary Beth Oliver, Media Effects, Routledge, 2009, gv. 329.18 iqve, gv. 336.19 ed. Russell King and Nance Wood, Media and Migration, Constructions of Mobility and Difference, Routledge, 2001, gv. 1.20 Dora-Olivia Vicol and Allen William, Bulgarians and Romanians in the British National Press, Migration Observatory COMPAS, University of Oxford, 2014, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vFEVlu.მიგრაცია და მედია 435

qveyanaze – bulgareTsa da rumineTze - gardamaval periodSi, rodesac isini ukve evrokavSiris wevrebi iyvnen, magram ar hqondaT Tavisufali daSveba SromiT bazarze evrokavSiris sxva qveynebSi, britaneTis CaTvliT. Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom rodesac orive qveyana (an maTi moqalaqeebi) erTad moixsenieboda, umetes SemTxvevaSi mimdinareobda msjeloba migraciaze; Tu ruminelebs calke axsenebdnen, xSirad akavSirebdnen maT danaSaulsa da boSaTa problemebTan.• migraciis qveynebSi Seqmnili masobrivi komunikaciis saSuale­ bebiT (arqivebis, Tanamgzavruli televiziisa da internetis CaTvliT), romlebic dinamikur rols asrulebs diasporis kul­ turul identifikaciaSi.21mediis migraciul procesebSi Carevis es xerxebi qvemoT sakmaoddetaluradaa aRwerili.12.4. sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mediis mier migrantebisa da sazogadoebis mier migraciis procesebis aRqmaze Seqmnili gamosaxulebebimediaSi `migraciis narativis~ Seswavla saWiroa interdisciplinurimidgomiT. rogor saubrobs media migraciaze? ramdenad kompetenturiaJurnalisti, romelic am sferos aSuqebs? da bolos, ra zegavlenasaxdens mediaSi Seqmnili imijebi migraciis aRqmaze sazogadoebaSi da/an politikis SemuSavebis kuTxiT?2014 wels didi britaneTis socialuri kvlevebis institutma IpsosMORI-m gamoaqveyna angariSi,22 sadac mkvlevrebi adareben migraciisaRqmasa da migrantebis Sesaxeb evrokavSiris zog wevr qveyanaSiarsebul realur statistikur monacemebs, imigraciis miznebs daa.S. mkvlevrebis mier dasmuli erT-erTi kiTxva ukavSirdebodaimigrantebis raodenobas qveyanaSi. pasuxebis analizma aCvena, romrespondentebma gadaWarbebulad Seafases es monacemi – SvedeTSi 5%-iTmeti daasaxeles, xolo amerikaSi 30%-iT. respondentebs britaneTSi,sadac, zogadad migrantebis gadaWarbebiT Sefasebuli monacemiaRemateboda 20%-s, realuri monacemebi miawodes da dainteresdnen,21 King and Wood, Media and Migration, Constructions of Mobility and Difference, gv. 2.22 Bobby Duffy and Tom Frere-Smith, Perception and Reality: Public Attitudes to Immigration, Social Research Institute Ipsos MORI, 2014, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/1yHyhFn.436 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ram gamoiwvia aseTi gansxvaveba SefasebebSi. mniSvnelovania aRvniSnoT,rom respondentTa 19% informacias iRebda televiziiT, xolo 16%-mawyarod presa daasaxela.23 avtorebis daskvniT, gadaWarbebiT Sefaseb­ isZiriTadi mizezi saimigracio statistikisadmi undoblobaa, Tumca, `esar niSnavs, rom xeli unda CaviqnioT sazogadoebis informirebaze~.24imigraciis sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, sxvadasxva qveynis mediasa­Sualebebi gansxvavebul aqcentebs akeTeben, rac ganpirobebuliakulturis mravalferovnebiTa da tradiciebiT, vizualuri/ara­verb­aluri da verbaluri narativiT, sxvadasxva gamowveviTa daistoriuli konteqstiT. migraciasa da adgilobriv mediakonteqstsSoris korelaciis gaanalizebisas mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoTmediisa da mkvlevrebis dakvirvebebi. am kuTxiT, saintereso kvlevebiCatarda evropuli mediis mixedviT.25Seswavlili mediidan zogierTi akninebs migrantTa statuss (maga­liTad: maT mxolod saxeliT moixsenieben, ar asaxeleben gvars, asaks,ganaTlebasa Tu samarTlebriv statuss). miuxedavad amisa, `warmoSoba~Cveulebriv, erT-erTi is elementia, romelsac yovelTvis asaxeleben– migrantebs anonimurad moixsenieben da ubralod warmoSobisqveyanas asaxeleben: `ganadan~, `mamakacTa jgufi senegalidan~.italiaSi Catarebuli mediakvlevis safuZvelze avtorebi daaskvnian,rom imigrantTa warmoSobas sakmaod xSirad asaxeleben.26 germaniisada britaneTis mediaSi migrantebs praqtikulad ar axseneben.27gansxvavebaTa miuxedavad, migraciis Sesaxeb gavrcelebul informa­ciaSi msgavsebac arseb­ obs.SeiZleba iTqvas, rom xarisxiani mediaproduqtis Sesaqmnelad, pro­fes­iuli standartebis dacvis pirobebSi, migraciis sakiTxebisgaSuqeba Tanamedrove JurnalistikisTvis axali gamowvevaa. amas isicemateba, rom ` [migraciis] faqtebisa da masStabis gaTvaliswinebiT,[warsulSi] arcerT istoriul periodSi ar momxdara adamianebisamgvari gadaadgileba~.28medias ainteresebs migraciis mizezebis gaSuqeba da Sesabamisimonacemebis gamoyeneba Tematurad dakavSirebul masalaSi. esSesaZloa iyos adamianTa istoriebi (migrantebis monawileobiT),masala socialur sakiTxebze (magaliTad, interviuebi iZulebiTgadaadgilebul pirebTan an ltolvilebTan), reportaJebi sensitiur23 iqve, gv. 25-26. 43724 iqve, gv. 29.25 King and Wood, Media and Migration, Constructions of Mobility and Difference, gv. 2.26 Jacomella, Media and Migrations, gv. 58.27 iqve, gv. 84.28 iqve, gv. 3.მიგრაცია და მედია

Temebze (maT Soris religiuri aqcentebiT), migraciis politikur-ekonomikuri analizi, kriminogenuri situacia, jandacvis sakiTxebida a.S. amdenad, migraciis sakiTxebi xSirad Suqdeba sxva TemebTanerTad. italieli mkvlevari da reportiori gabriela jakomela Tavisgamocdilebas gviziarebs:`rogorc adamianis uflebebsa da socialur sakiTxebze momuSavereportiori, TavSesafrebSi mudmivad vxvdebodi migrantebs,iZulebiT gadadgilebul pirebs. maT Soris iyvnen kacebic, qalebicda bavSvebic, imigrantTa pirveli da meore Taobebi. maTi cxovrebisada gamocdilebis Sesaxeb Txrobis yoveli mcdeloba niSnavdadapirispirebas im mediasamyarosTan, romelmac jer kidev ar icis(an TiTqosda ar icis), ra mniSvnelobas sZens am adamianebis arsebobaCvens sazogadoebebs. amasTan, saWiroa mediam gaiazros TavisiSesaZleblobebi da SeimuSaos axali midgomebi migraciis sakiTxebisgaSuqebisadmi. es gansakuTrebulad exeba gazeTebs, sadac me vimuSaveda SeviZine gamocdileba.~29mniSvnelovania JurnalistTa kompetencia migraciis sakiTxebisgaSuq­ebisas. saWiroa sxvadasxva qveynis politikuri, ekonomikuri,isto­riuli da kulturuli konteqstis gaTvaliswinebac. ita­li­eli mkvlevari nikola mai saintereso mosazrebas gviziarebs,rodesac saubrobs postsabWoTa qveynebidan italiaSi migraciaze.mniSvne­lovania, mkacrad gavmijnoT `politikuri devnili~ (an`Tav­Sesafris maZiebeli~) da `ekonomikuri migranti~. mkvlevarinikola mai darwmunebulia, rom `migracia cxovrebis pirobebisgasaumjobeseblad warmoiSva politikuri alternativis ZiebasTanerTad~.30 postsabWoTa qveynebidan migrirebul adamianebze repor­taJebis momzadebisas unda gaviTvaliswinoT analitikuri teqstiselementebi: konteqsti, foni (e.w. beqgraundi), ganmartebebi da sxv.gabriela jakomelas mixedviT, `vinaidan yvela movlena exebaadamianTa did raodenobas da ganapirobebs maTi cxovrebisstils, yoveldRiurobasa da gansazRvrul kulturas, migracianebismieri mizeziT – nebayoflobiTi Tu iZulebiTi, ekonomikuri,individualuri, ideologiuri, religiuri Tu politikuri devnisgamo _ didi Zalaa, romelic monawileobs sazogadoebis Camoyalibeba­Si da qmnis sakuTar ambavs~.31gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom internetma mniSvnelovnad SecvalaJurnalistikis profesia da muSaobis stili. XX-e saukuneSi monacemTaanalizi sagulisxmo rols asrulebs da asec gagrZeldeba, Tumca,29 iqve, gv. 5. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო30 iqve, gv. 105.31 Jacomella, Media and Migrations, gv. 4.438

Jurnalisti unda daeyrdnos kvlevas, gadaamowmos monacemebida gaaanalizos isini. amasTan, internetma Secvala axali ambebisgavrcelebis formebic. adamianebi ecnobian informacias internetiT,socialuri mediiT da iqve toveben komentars mimdinare sakiTxebzee.w. eleqtronul formatSi. Seicvala mediaorganizaciebis safinansomodelebic – warsulSi mediakompaniebi eyrdnobodnen fasianproduqcias an reklamis Semosavals, tiraJs, axla ki mkiTxvelTaricxvi da saerTo auditoriis moculoba gaurkvevelia da es cifrebimoZvelebul maCveneblad gvesaxeba. Cndeba axali ambebis SegrovebisTanamedrove onlainmodelebi, aseve, axali ambebis warmoeba dadistribucia xdeba, rogorc sagamoZiebo JurnalistikiT – Vice-News-Si, aseve, iseTi agregirebuli saitiT, rogoricaa Buzzfeed ansamecniero wyaroebis safuZvelze axali ambebis mimwodebeli TheConversation. es da sxva saitebic ejibrebian iseT Zlier organizaciebs,rogoricaa magaliTad, BBC, The New York Times, Russia Today. Tumca, amyvela axali modelis SemTxvevaSic, SeimCneva erTgvarovneba: yvelaiRebs informaciis Sinaarss iseTi saagentoebidan, rogoricaa: AP,Reuters, AFP, The Press Association, Bloomberg da aseve erTmaneTisganac.SesaZloa, Jurnalistebs dasWirdeT informacia migraciaze, ro­gorc analitikuri teqstis damatebiTi elementi, da es saWirogaxdes konteqstis gaZlierebis, argumentebis Tu kontrargumentismoyvanisTvis. aseT SemTxvevaSi, Jurnalisti iwyebs saTanadoinformaciis moZiebas da mis gadamowmebas. magaliTad, sasurv­e­lia erovnuli statistikuri an saimigracio samsaxurebis miergavrcelebuli monacemebis gacnoba, SekiTxvebis dasma eqsperte­bisaTvis da citatebis moSvelieba. amasTanave, mSrali statistikuriinformacia saWiroebs ganmaratebasa da damatebiT analizs.evropis qveynebis zogierTi mediis analizma aCvena,32 rom Tumedia wamoiwyebs uaryofiT msjelobas migrantebsa da eTnikurumciresobebze, aseTi mosazreba dominanturi rCeba33. ufrokonkretulad rom vTqvaT, media qmnis adamianTa portretebs, aRwersmaT sacxovrebel pirobebs, rac arsebiTia esoden mgrZnobiaresakiTxebze reportaJebis momzadebisas. am SemTxvevaSi, mediasSeuZlia xeli Seuwyos stigmatizacias an/da migrantebis kriminalurkonteqstSi aRqmas.34 amdenad, aucilebelia negatiuri mesijebismonitoringi da TviTregulirebis meqanizmebis gaZliereba. migraciissakiTxebis gaSuqebis gasaanalizeblad SesaZlebelia raodenobrivi,Tvisebrivi da teqstualuri meTodebis gamoyeneba; aseve SeiZleba32 iqve. 43933 iqve, gv. 15.34 iqve, gv. 8-10.მიგრაცია და მედია

SeviswavloT maTi beWdur mediaSi gaSuqebis Taviseburebebi, gamoye­nebuli lingvisturi teqnika.magaliTisTvis gamodgeba angariSi `bulgarelebis da ruminelebisbritaneTis erovnul presaSi asaxva~. igi `moicavs statiebisa da sxvasagazeTo masalebis nakrebs, romelsac `korpusi~ ewodeba~, da 4,000-zemet masalas, jamurad 2.8 milioni sityviT. statiebi aRebulia bri­taneTis 10 wamyvani gamocemidan, maT Soris sakvirao gamocemebidan damoicavs periods 2012 wlis 1 dekembridan 2013 wlis 1 dekembramde~.35COMPAS-is proeqtis msgavsad, mediamkvlevrebi iyeneben raodenobrivda Tvisebriv meTodebs, teqstualur analizTan erTad. amSemTxvevaSi, mediaSi gaJRerebuli simboloebisa da maxasiaTeblebisanalizi, semiotikuri TvalsazrisiT, metad mniSvnelovania, iseve,rogorc teqstis ritorikuli, istoriuli da ideologiuriSeswavla. kontentanalizisTvis, mniSvnelovania davakvirdeT,romel gverdebzea gamoqveynebuli masala migrantebze. konkretulimediakontentis gaanalizebisas SesaZlebelia ganisazRvros, rasixSiriTa da terminebiT warmoaCens media migraciis sakiTxebsa damigrantebs, xolo meore mxriv, SesaZlebelia imis ganxilvac, iqoniaTu ara informaciam raime saxis zegavlena sazogadoebriv azrze,romelic moiTxovs Semdgom kvlevas (magaliTad, ra wyaroebidan iRebsmosaxleoba informacias migraciisa da migrantebis Sesaxeb).aseve, unda aRiniSnos, rom migrantebis SemTxvevaSi kontentanalizigamoavlens `ZiriTad aqcentebs da ara siCumes,~36 anu imas, razecmigrantebi ar da ver saubroben. mniSvnelovania, rom kvlevis procesSiar daikargos maTi xma.mediis analizi SesaZlebelia Catardes istoriuli konteqstisgaTvaliswinebiT, anu sakiTxis ganviTarebis SeswavliT. magaliTad,mkvlevrebma gaaanalizes aTwleulebis manZilze umciresobaTa aRweraamerikis mediaSi da gamokveTes xuTi faza: `SemzRudveli~, `saSiSroebisSemcveli~, `Sedareba/dapirispireba~, `stereotipuli SerCeva~ da`multikulturuli gaSuqeba~.37 samauwyeblo mediaSi axali ambebispolitikis gatarebisas swored es etapebi gamoikveTa. umciresobaTaproblemebis gaSuqebis gardamavali fazebi, ganviTareba da `mexuTe~(sasurvel) fazaze gadasvla gaanalizebulia msgavsi midgomebisgamoyenebiT.3835 Dora-Olivia Vicol and Allen William, Bulgarians and Romanians in the British National Press, Migration Observatory COMPAS, University of Oxford, 2014, gv. 3, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/reports/bulgarians-and-romanians-british-national-press.36 Michelle Jackson, Content Analysis 14, ix. krebulSi Research Methods for Health and Social Care, ed. Joanne Neale, Palgrave MacMillan 2009, gv. 83.37 Clint C. Wilson II and Félix Gutiérrez, Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media. From Mass to Class Communication, Sage 1995, gv. 26.38 iqve, gv. 27.440 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da bolos, saWiroa vaxsenoT kidev erTi sakiTxi: imijis efeqti,fotos­ uraTebis CaTvliT, mniSvnelovania stereotipebisa da sazoga­doebrivi dRis wesrigis CamoyalibebisaTvis.migraciasa da fotografiaze saubrisas mkvlevrebi aRniSnaven, romfotografirebis teqnikaze dakvirveba aralegalur migrantebzemonitoringis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani xerxia.39es qveTavi ki gabriela jakomelas sityvebiT davasruloT:`imis miuxedavad, pirvel Taobas ganekuTvnebian migrantebi Tumeores, isini Cveni sazogadoebis mzard nawils warmoadgenen; aseve,mediis sferoSi dasaqmebuli profesionalebisTvis, migrantebipotenciuri mkiTxvelebi arian. aseT krizisul periodSi, namdviladRirs am bazris gamokvleva da investireba. SesaZloa es cotaidealisturadac JRerdes, magram migrantebi amavdroulad,momavlis moqalaqeebi arian, imisda miuxedavad. gvsurs Tu ara amisaRiareba. maTi arsebobis uaryofa, damalva an ignorireba mxolodgawelavs da uazrod gaaWianurebs moqalaqeobis axali koncefciisCamoyalibebas. rogorc mediaprofesionalebma, unda vicodeT, rafsonebs CamovdivarT, rogoria riskebi da, maSasadame, mzad viyoT amTamaSSi monawileobisaTvis~.4012.5. media, rogorc informaciis wyaro migrantebisaTviszemoT nawilobriv SevexeT imas, rom media informaciis wyaroa TviTmigrantebisTvisac, magram wina qveTavSi vimsjeleT imazec, rogorxedaven migrantebi sakuTar Tavs mimRebi qveynebis mediaSi. am qveTavSiki visaubrebT imaze, Tu ra zegavlena SeiZleba moaxdinos migrantTawarmodgenebze daniSnulebis qveynis warmoCenam adgilobriv mediaSi?mediaefeqtis roli am procesSi umniSvnelovanesia. potenciurimigrantebi momavali sacxovreblis Sesaxeb informacias sxvadasxvasaSualebiT iReben da samomavlo gegmebs adgenen amgvari `fsevdo­realobebis~ safuZvelze. migraciis Txrobis qarga da dRis wesrigiSeiZleba gansazRvros rogorc maRaltiraJianma, ise regionulma,dabaltiraJianma gamocemam. aRniSvnis Rirsia televiziis, filmebis,beWduri mediis, internetis, socialuri qselebis da reklamis39 King and Wood, Media and Migration, Constructions of Mobility and Difference, gv. 10. 44140 Jacomella, Media and Migrations, gv. 96.მიგრაცია და მედია

zegavlena im codnaze, rasac migrantebi da potenciuri migrantebiiReben ama Tu im qveynis da kulturis Sesaxeb. swored am efeqtebzedayrdnobiT xdeba im e.w. fsevdorealobis konstruireba, romlisSesaxebac migrantis piradi gamocdileba Zalian mwiria.gabriela jakomela aRniSnavs, rom sasurvelia ara mxolod arsebuliproblemebis gaSuqeba, aramed migrantTa warmatebul istoriebzefokusireba.41 Tumca, mediis mier am istoriebis warmoCenam SeiZlebaxeli Seuwyos potenciuri migrantis azrovnebaSi migraciis SesaxebmiTebis damkvidrebas. sazogadoebrivi azris formirebasTan erTad,aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos `fsevdorealobebis~ Seqmnasac. gardamediisa, mniSvnelovania, gamoviyenoT sxva arsebuli komunikaciisefeqtebi, raTa potenciurma migrantebma adekvaturi informaciamiiRon migraciis qveyanaSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb.kidev erTi magaliTi, romelic, erTi SexedviT, ar ukavSirdebamigracias, aris saavtoro svetebi megapolisebis Temaze. xSirad isinisxvadasxva niSas ikaveben globalur mediaSi. aqve, Cans sxvadasxvakulturis konteqsti. magaliTad, gasul saukuneSi, `The New YorkTimes~-is svetebi mkiTxvels mouTxrobda qalaqSi an mis gareubanSimcxovreb adamianebze da eZRvneboda yvelas, visac ainteresebda, raxdeboda meoce saukunis niu-iorkSi42. 2014 wels gaCnda axali blogisaxelwodebiT `niu–iorkis adamianebi~.43 blogi popularuli gaxdaswored niu-iorkelebze gamoqveynebuli unikaluri da cocxaliistoriebis, fotoebis wyalobiT. globaluri mediis, internetisa dasocialuri mediis wyalobiT, es istoriebi swrafad gavrcelda daSegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom garkveul rols asrulebs sazogadoebriviazris CamoyalibebaSi megapolisSi cxovrebis Sesaxeb (maT Soris,potenciuri migrantebisTvisac). SesaZloa, aseTma istoriebma,blogebma garkveuli stereotipebic Seqmnan sacxovrebel pirobebzeda gazardon an Seamciron daniSnulebis adgilis miziduloba.potenciuri migrantebi, mosaxleobis msgavsad, migraciul procesebsada procedurebze damatebiT informacias iReben socialuri qselebisinteraqtiuri industriis saSualebiT, iqneba es Facebook-is gverdebimigraciis sakiTxebze – maT Soris qarTul enaze – Tu sxva vebgverdebi.cxadia, arsebobs dezinformaciis an damaxinjebuli realobisinternetiT gavrcelebis saSiSroebac (socialuri qselebis CaTvliT).mediaTeoretikosebi da iuristebi swavlobdnen mediidan aRebuligamosaxulebebisa da istoriebis rols emigrirebul sazogadoebaTa41 iqve, gv. 79.42 Richard F. Shepard, Paper’s Papers, A Reporter’s Journey Through the Archives of The New York Times, Times Books, Random House, 1996, gv. 236.43 damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix: http://www.humansofnewyork.com.442 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

`identobis politikis~ gansazRvraSi.44 mniSvnelovania davakvirdeT,rogor aRweren migrantebsa da diasporebs sxva qveynebis mediaSi,Tumca sxvadasxva qveyanaSi diasporuli mediis mier Seqmnili niSacmetad sagulisxmoa.media namdvilad aris informaciis mopovebis umTavresi wyaroemigrantebisaTvis. amasTan, informaciis SefuTva icvleba sazRvrisgadakveTasTan erTad da iZens sxvadasxva kulturul konteqsts. amTvalsazrisiT, mokled mimovixilavT qarTuli diasporis medias imissailustraciod, rogor aisaxeba diasporis saqmianoba da emigrantTacxovreba mediaSi.nino yuloSvili ganixilavs qarTuli diasporuli mediis Tavise­burebebs da aRniSnavs, rom e.w. konceptualuri markeri diasporisgamocemebSi erTia – eTnikuri identobisaTvis brZola, kulturuliTviTmyofadobis SenarCunebisaTvis zrunva, adgilsamyofel qveynebSisakuTari uflebebis dacva.45 sxvadasxva qveynis specifikis mixedviT,mkvlevari gamokveTavs mediis interessa da erovnuli identifikaciisatributebs. magaliTad, iranis islamur respublikasa an TurqeTSimcxovrebi qarTvelebi erovnul identobas inarCuneben mSobliurienis SemonaxviT; estoneTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi – erovnulisamzareulos saSualebiT;46 xSirad, qarTuli samzareulo aRweriliaara marto emigrantul mediaSi, aramed iseT cnobil amerikulgamoSvebaSi, rogoricaa `Washington Post~ da sxv.qarTvelebi sxvadasxvagvarad arian aRwerilni msoflios Tanamedrovewamyvan mediaSi. es SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes qarTvelebis, ro­gorc legaluri da aralegali migrantebis warmoCenasac; amde­nad, diasporuli Jurnalistika SeiZleba gaxdes wyaro mediare­portaJebisaTvis, romlebic mimReb qveyanaSi konkretul migrantTajgufebze iqmneba. es Tema farTodaa ganxiluli me-2 qveTavSi.aRniSnuli sakiTxi Seswavlilia qarTvel mkvlevarTa mier.47 ninoyuloSvilis ukve xsenebuli kvlevidan vgebulobT, rom gazeTi `Shelale~(CanCqeri) 1931 wlidan gamoicema kaxis regionSi, azerbaijanSi. metic,avtori ambobs, rom amJamad msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi arsebobsqarTuli diasporis perioduli gamocemebi: gazeTi `Elada~ saberZneTSi,`Iveria~ somxeTSi, `Mamuli~ aSS-Si; Jurnali `Georgian~ germa­niaSi, `Georgia~uk­rainaSi da a.S. diasporuli saqmianoba Cndeba eleqtronul44 ed. King and Wood, Media and Migration, gv. 4.45 nino yuloSvili, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis perioduli publikacia, maTi problemebi presaSi, estoneTi, inglisi, germania, disertacia, gv. 4.46 iqve, gv. 22.47 guram SaraZe, qarTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, rvatomeuli, Tbili- si: 2001-2005.მიგრაცია და მედია 443

media­Sic;48 TurqeTSi qarTvelebi aqveyneben Jurnals `Chveneburi~arsebobs onlain radio `Chveneburebi~49 (http://chveneburi.net), vebgverdiwww.fereidani.ge,50 orenovani Turqul-qarTuli Jurn­alic `Pirosmani~(gamoica 2007 wels)51 da a.S. qarTuli diaspora iranSic aqveynebsorenovan gamocemebs, romlebic xelmisawvdomia adgilobrivimosaxleobisTvis; iranSi aseve arsebobs qarTuli radio da televizia.avtori daaskvnis, rom diasporuli mediis auditoria xSiradSemoifargleba mimRebi qveyniT.52 maSasadame, iTvaliswinebs konkre­tuli mediasegmentis moTxovnebs da cdilobs Seavsos niSa, romelicmigrantebsa da adgilobriv diasporas ar gaaCnia erovnulimauwyeblobis farglebSi.12.6. mediisa da migraciis kavSiri saqarTveloSiqarTuli media migraciis sakiTxebiT jer kidev XIX saukuneSidainteresda. gazeTebi `droeba~ da `iveria~ aqveynebdnen masalebsaWaris muslim migrantebze. qarTuli Jurnalistikis mkvlevariTamaz jologua ganixilavs XIX saukunis `osmaleTis saqarTvelos~werilebs, romlebic gamoaqveyna sergei mesxma gazeTSi `droeba~.mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom`s. mesxi xelisuflebas dabejiTebiT urCevda, yuradRebiTmokideboda gamahmadianebuli qarTuli mosaxleobis cxovrebis wess;gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ki sarwmunoebriv sakiTxs aniWebdada asabuTebda aWaris gamahmadianebuli mosaxleobis rwmenisadmitolerantuli damokidebulebis aucileblobas~.53 am Tematikas iliaWavWavaZe gazeT `iveriidan~ exmianeba, oRond rogorc jologuaaRwers, `iliasTan sakiTxi ganzogadebuli da gaRrmavebulia daukavSirdeba iseT fundamentur problemas, rogoricaa saerToistoriis (istoriuli erTobis) ganmsazRvreli mniSvneloba erovnuliTviTSemecnebis (identobis) CamoyalibebaSi~.5448 yuloSvili, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis perioduli publikacia, gv. 2-3.49 iqve, gv. 8-11.50 iqve, gv. 15.51 iqve, gv. 9.52 iqve, gv. 33.53 Tamaz jologua, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria, XIX saukune, `artanuji~, Tbili- si: 2013, gv. 261.54 iqve, gv. 262.444 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aqve, mkvlevris mier moZiebulia sagazeTo publikaciaSi gamahmadia­nebuli mosaxleobis mSobliuri adgilebidan ayris aRwera. werilSi`droebis~ redaqtori sergei mesxi Tavisi wyaros monaTxrobsuziarebs mkiTxvels: `saSinel suraTs warmoadgens Turme es xalxisgadasaxleba... eseni deda-miwas hkocnian, xeebs, saxlebs, yvelaferssuliersa da usulos, rasac ki stoveben, cxare cremlis RvriT, gul-damwvav tiriliT eTxovebian da ise midiano~.55rogorc teqstidan vaskvniT, istoriuli TvalsazrisiT, qarTveliJurnalistebi da redaqtorebi, erTi mxriv, imigraciiTa datolerantobis sakiTxebiT iyvnen dainteresebulni, xolo meoremxriv - kulturuli identobiT. iZulebiT gadaadgileba qarTuligazeTebis redaqtorebs da, saerTod, sazogado moRvaweebs aqtualurTemad miaCndaT.samwuxarod, migraciis sakiTxebis gaSuqebis sakiTxebi saqarTveloSisaTanadod jer kidev ar Seswavlila. Tumca, Semdeg qveTavSi CvenSevecdebiT gamovikvlioT migraciasTan pirdapir Tu iribaddakavSirebuli iseTi Temebis gaSuqebis specifika, rogoricaaerovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebi, Semwynarebloba da qsenofobia.Tavdapirvelad SevexebiT saqarTveloSi Jurnalistikis eTikasTandakavSirebul ramdenime mniSvnelovan sakiTxs.12.6.1. mediakanonmdebloba da eTika saqarTveloSisaqarTvelos kanoniT mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb dadgenilia, rom saTemomauwyeblobis licenziis mflobeli unda `uzrunvelyofdesSesabamisimomsaxurebis zonaSi mcxovrebi umciresobebis mosazrebis gaSu­qebas~;56 amave kanonis muxli 54.2 ambobs, rom `mauwyeblebi valdebuliarian axali ambebis programebSi uzrunvelyon faqtebTan da movle­nebTan dakavSirebuli yvela sagulisxmo gansxvavebuli azris saTana­dod warmoCena romelime jgufisa Tu azris diskriminaciis gareSe~.kanoniT dawesebulia programuli SezRudvebic, magaliTad, `ikrZa­leba iseTi programebis gadacema, romlebic raime formiT rasobrivi,eTnikuri, religiuri an sxvagvari SuRlis gaRvivebis, romelimejgufis diskriminaciis an Zaladobisken waqezebis aSkara da pirdapirsafrTxes qmnis~;57 aseve `ikrZaleba iseTi programebis gadacema,romlebic mimarTulia piris an jgufis fizikuri SesaZleblobis,55 iqve, gv. 263. 44556 saqarTvelos kanoni mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb, muxli 46.1. g.57 iqve, muxli 46.2.მიგრაცია და მედია

eTnikuri kuTvnilebis, religiis, msoflmxedvelobis, sqesis, seq­sua­luri orientaciis an sxva Tvisebisa Tu statusis gamo Seu­racxyofisaken, diskriminaciisaken an am Tvisebisa Tu statusisgansakuTrebuli xazgasmisaken, garda im SemTxvevisa, rodesac esaucilebelia programis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare da miznad isaxavsarsebuli SuRlis ilustrirebas.58medias ekrZaleba iseTi qsenofoburi da rasistuli damokidebulebisprovocireba negatiuri miTebis gamoyenebiT, rac xels uwyobssiZulvilisa da agresiis gaRvivebas. samwuxarod, saqarTvelos mediaSinawilobriv arasasurveli situaciaa am mxriv. qvemoT moyvaniliaramdenime magaliTi.59saqarTvelos Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis me-7 principisTanaxmad, `Jurnalists unda esmodes mediis mier diskriminaciiswaxalisebis safrTxe; amitom yvelaferi unda iRonos nebismieripiris diskriminaciis Tavidan asacileblad rasis, sqesis, seqsualuriorientaciis, enis, religiis, politikuri da sxva Sexedulebebis,erovnuli an socialuri warmoSobis safuZvelze an raime sxva niSniT~.60sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, medias SeuZlia zogierTi Temisa dafaqtebze dafuZnebuli diskusiis advokatireba da, amave dros,mzadyofnis gamovlena migraciis sakiTxebis gasaSuqeblad. man,pirvel rigSi, advokatireba unda gauwios Tanasworobas, garkveulijgufebis marginalizaciis an stigmatizaciis Tavidan asarideblad.Jurnalistikis eTikis qartiis moTxovnebidan da wina TavebSiwarmoCenili analizidan gamomdinare, momavali JurnalistebisTvisSeiZleba Semdegi rCevebis Camoyalibeba:• iyavi mkiTxvelze orientirebuli. gaxsovdes auditoria da ar gamoaqveyno araferi, rac mxars uWers nebismieri saxis diskriminacias an stigmatizacias; magaliTad, Tu mocemuli statiis miznebisaTvis aucilebeli ar aris, xazs nu gausvam piris moqalaqeobas da nu daasaxeleb mis eTnikur kuTvnilebas, radgan es stereotipebis Camoyalibebis mcdelobaa;61• Jurnalists unda hqondes kompetenturi pirebisa da migraciis eqsper­tebis sakontaqto informaciis sakuTari arqivi. xSi­ rad aseTi kompetenturi respondentebis moZieba SeiZleba saerTaSoriso da arasamTavrobo organizaciebis angariSebSi;58 iqve, muxli 56.3.59 iqve, muxli 5.3.60 JurnalistTa eTikis qartia, 2011-2014 wlebSi ganxiluli saqmeebi, Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 101.61 Jacomella, Media and Migrations, gv. 59.446 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

amitom, daadgine wyaro da dawesebuleba, romelsac unda mimarTo, Tuki migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis gaSuqebas apireb;• miuTiTe informaciisa da gamoyenebuli statistikis wyaro;• gaecani migraciasTan dakavSirebul sakanonmdeblo aqtebs. am sakiTxebze momuSave Jurnalistma unda gaiaros konsultacia iuristTan/eqspertTan;• dedlainze muSaobis SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, Jurnalistma ar dakargos dro sabaziso informaciis mopovebaze. amgvari informaciis arqivi man winaswar unda Seqmnas. migraciis SemTxvevaSi, es SeiZleba iyos zogadi statistika, kvlevebi da angariSebi;• gadaamowme masalaSi gamoyenebuli teqnikuri terminebi, maT Soris daicavi sizuste migraciis terminologiis gamoyenebisas. daazuste migrantTa saxeobebi (devnili, ltolvili, emigranti, imigranti, nebayoflobiT/iZulebiTi migracia, a.S.). es SeiZleba Zalze mniSvnelovani aRmoCndes masalis gamoqveynebisas• moeride iseT mediagancxadebas, romelic xels uwyobs sazo­ gadoebaSi stereotipebis gaZlierebas, gansakuTrebiT saTaurebSi, vinaidan `saTaurebi migraciis narativis erT-erTi, Sesabamisi indikatoria (gansakuTrebiT, sagangebo situaciebis gaSuqebisas). igi Seicavs sakvanZo emociuri datvirTvis frazebs~62;• mediis mier sxvadasxva sakiTxis gaSuqeba damokidebulia maRal profesiul standartebsa da eTikaze; Tanasworobis gamoxatva obieqturi gaSuqebis winapirobaa;• gaxsovdes, rom kulturuli konteqsti gansazRvravs mediaenis Taviseburebebs.11.6.2. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebis sakiTxi da maTTvis informaciis miwodebis ramdenime magaliTisainteresoa, ra saxis informacias iReben saqarTvelos sxvadasxvaregionSi mcxovrebi erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebi. 2010 welsTbilisSi, axalcixesa da marneulSi Catarda sami fokusjgufiskvleva. respondentTa nawilis azriT, im SemTxvevebSi, rodesac mediaeTnikuri Temis gaSuqebisas arakoreqtulobas an araobieqturobasiCens, es xdeba ara Temis specifikis gamo, aramed mxolod imitom,62 iqve, gv. 49.მიგრაცია და მედია 447

rom konkretul situaciaSi swored eTnikuri sak­iTxi aRmoCnda is,ris garSemoc SesaZlebeli iyo yuradRebis koncentrireba.63zemoxsenebuli kvlevidan agreTve Cans, rom media zedapirulad aSu­qebs erovnul da eTnikur umciresobebTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs.satelevizio programebze saubrisas fokusjgufis monawile acxadebs:`TviTon gadacemaa ise warmodgenili, rom am xalxze (ara Cemi erovne­bis warmomadgenlebze, aramed sxvebze maqvs nanaxi es gadacema) meukve TavisTavad mekargeba yovelgvari warmodgena, iseve rogorcam eris warmomadgenlebze. xandaxan vgrZnob, rom vbrazdebi dacudi SegrZneba miCndeba am xalxis mimarT da warmomidgenia, TviTonqarTvelebs rogori cudi STabeWdileba darCebaT maTze. saerTodgadacema Zalian akuratulad unda iyos gadaRebuli. informaciasrogor miawvdi mayurebels, Zalian didi mniSvneloba aqvs~.64BCG-is mier Catarebuli zemoxsenebuli kvlevis mixedviT, axalcixisrespondentebma calsaxad aRniSnes, rom `ruseTTan gamwvavebulipolitikuri urTierTobis miuxedavad, mediaSi rusebis, rogorceTnikuri jgufis Tema araaqtualuria, media arasodes gamoxatavsagresias maT mimarT. es kargad asaxavs mosaxleobis ganwyobasac ameTnikuri jgufis mimarT~.65.meore mxriv, am kvlevaSi respondentebi axalcixidan acxadeben, rommedia did rols asrulebs deportirebul mesxTa (e.w. Turqi-mesxebis)interesTa lobirebis sakiTxSi:`Turqi-mesxebis mimarT mediis aSkara keTilganwyoba aRizianebsregionis somex mosaxleobas, radgan isini analogiur ganwyobas mediaSimaTi eTnikuri jgufis mimarT ver xedaven. media arasodes aSuqebskonstruqciul, megobrul urTierTobas somxebsa da qarTvelebsSoris. amis gamo adgilobrivi somxebi SiSoben, rom maT Turqi-mesxebiT Canacvlebas upireben, media ki saamisod niadags amzadebs~ .66sazogadoebaze mediis mier gavrcelebuli informaciis zegavlenauzarmazaria. migrantebis da/an erovnuli da eTnikuri jgufebisSesaxeb informaciis mikerZoebulma gaSuqebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios e.w.moraluri panika. mkvlevrebi darwmunebulebi arian, rom `moralurpanikaSi moiazreba umciresobebis an marginaluri individebisa dajgufebis Sesaxeb sazogado da politikuri reaqciebi, romlebic am63 BCG, mediis mier eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, 2010, gv. 6-7, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://eurocommunicator.ge/mdf/uploads//BCG_kvleva.pdf.64 iqve, gv. 8.65 iqve, gv. 10.66 iqve.448 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ukanasknelTa mosazrebiT, safrTxes uqmnis sayovelTaod aRiarebulwesebsa da interesebs~.67maSasadame, mniSvnelovania migraciis Sesaxeb gavrcelebuliinformaciis daxvewa. amisTvis, saWiroa mediis warmomadgenelTaganaTleba da cnobierebis amaRleba migraciis sakiTxebze.12.6.3. qarTuli media Semwynareblobisa da qsenofobiis Sesaxeb; ramdenime magaliTisaqarTvelos sxvadasxva kvleviTi organizaciis mier Catarebulimedia monitoringis safuZvelze, SegviZlia moviyvanoT migraciis sa­kiTxebTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime saintereso magaliTi.arasamTavrobo organizacia `mediis ganviTarebis fondi~ siste­maturad aqveynebs mediamonitoringis sainformacio biuletens, sadacmocemulia informacia homofobiuri da qsenofobiuri reportaJebisSesaxeb, aseve, yovelkvireulad gamoscems biuletens `ara fobias~ damediamonitoringis Sedegebs. am sakiTxebs Sorisaa: siZulvilis ena dadiskriminacia, eTnikuri da religiuri umciresobebi.`mediis ganviTarebis fondis~ angariSebi yuradRebas amaxvilebspolitikosebisa da Jurnalistebis im gancxadebebze mediaSi,romlebic xels uwyobs garkveuli jgufebis winaaRmdeg stereotipebisCamoyalibebasa da amoqmedebas.68 warmodgenili kvlevebSi vxvdebiTgancxadebebs sxvadasxva qveynis eTnikuri jgufebis da erebiswinaaRmdeg, qsenofobiur gamonaTqvamebs.69ai, ramdenime magaliTi `mediis ganviTarebis fondis~ mier Catarebulikvlevebidan:• politikosi saubrobs maTze, `vinc Camovida afrikidan~ da daaskvnis: `zedmeti muqTaxorebi namdvilad ar gvWirdeba~;70• politikurma liderma Tqva: `sadac qarTulad loculoben da weren, eg aris saqarTvelo, Tu Cven davuSviT, rom plexanovze67 sergi jorbenaZe, uSangi baxtaZe da zurab maWaraZe, mediakanoni, daviT batoniSvi- lis samarTlis instituti, 2014, gv. 24.68 mediis ganviTarebis fondi, siZulvilis ena da diskriminaciuli gamonaTqvamebi politikur diskursSi, mediamonitoringis Sedegebi, 17 Tebervali-17 maisi, 2014. nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2gPobjq.69 damatebiTi informaciisTvis ix: MDF da GDI yovelkvireuli biuleteni `ara fobias~ # 5 (45), 2015 weli, 2-8 Tebervali, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2iMfLOe.70 gazeTi `alia~, 12 marti, 2015 w.მიგრაცია და მედია 449