Migration Textbook

Turquli da arabuli da mongoluri warwerebi gaCnda, Cven miviRebT patara TurqeTs an mongoleTs Suagul TbilisSi~;71• erT-erTma politikosma ganacxada, rom `safrTxe gvelis rogorc ruseTisgan, somxeTisgan, aseve TurqeTisgan da azerbaijanisgan~;72• `ukrainelebis absolutur umravlesobas ar surs garyvnil da gadagvarebul evropul ojaxSi~ yofna;73• `…roca Sida okupanti gagiyidis iuridiulad miwas pakistanelze, iranelze, Tu samxreT afrikelze, am Sedegebs veraferi ver asworebs, es okupacia aris samudamo~;74• `aWaraSi praqtikulad iqamdea saqme misuli, rom dRes sxva tomis adamiani ufro komfortulad grZnobs Tavs, vidre saqarTvelos moqalaqe~;75• `istoriaSi arcerTi saxelmwifo ar warmoadgenda mTeli msoflio TanamegobrobisaTvis iseT safrTxes, rogorsac aSS!~.76mediamonitoringis `socialuri Tematika sainformacio progra­mebSi~77 angariSis avtori qeTi msxilaZe yuradRebas amaxvilebsiZu­lebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebis Sesaxeb gaSuqebaze. angariSSinaTqvamia: `Tematikis mravalferovnebas rac Seexeba, TvalSisacemiiyo zogi mwvave Temis gaSuqebis nakleboba, rogoric, magaliTad,devnilebis sakiTxia~.78 monitoringis angariSis mixedviT, mediaam Temas an infrastruqturasTan mimarTebiT aSuqebs, an mxolodpolitikuri konteqstiT Semoifargleba (magaliTad, rodesac mTav­robis warmomadgenlebi ewvevian ltolvilTa dasaxlebebs).BCG-is kvlevis mixedviT, erovnuli da eTnikuri umciresobebissakiTxTa gaSuqebisas media ZiriTad yuradRebas amaxvilebskonfliqtur regionebze. aris SemTxvevebi, roca media ganazogadebsama Tu im problemas da aerTianebs ramdenime eTnikur jgufs, riTacsakiTxi ufro globaluri xdeba.79dasasruls, Tu medias surs realurad asaxos konkretuli jgufisada sazogadoebis problemebi da maTi xma miawvdonos auditorias,71 `kavkasia dRes~, 14 aprili, 2015 w.72 `rezonansi~, 4 aprili, 2015 w.73 `asaval-dasavali~, 24 Tebervali - 2 marti, 2015 w.74 sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli, pirveli studia, 6 Tebervali, 2015 w.75 `rezonansi~, 7 Tebervali, 2015 w.76 #4 (44), 26 ianvari - 1 Tebervali, saqinformi, 30 ianvari, 2015 w.77 qeTi msxilaZe, socialuri Tematika sainformacio programebSi, mediis ganviTare- bis fondi), gv. 9, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wi53n6.78 iqve, gv. 879 BCG, mediis mier eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba, gv. 8-9.450 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migrantebis Sesaxeb masalebis gavrcelebisas windaxeduloba undagamoiCinos. mniSvnelovania, rom Tavidan aviciloT nebismieri jgufismarginalizacia da diskriminacia, yuradReba gavamaxviloT maTrealur problemebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es viwro bilikia, vinaidanmigrantebis mediaSi pozicionireba SesaZloa Tavad am adamianebisTvisaRmoCndes miuRebeli, da maTi warmoCena moxdes araTematurkonteqstSi, mxolod calkeuli problemis sailustraciod. kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis:1. migraciis sakiTxebze reportaJebis momzadebisas qarTuli media aSuqebs Tu qmnis sazogadoebriv azrs? qarTuli gazeTebi, tele­ vizia da socialuri qseli ubralod gvawvdian informacias migraciis politikaze Tu zegavlenas axdenen gadawyvetilebis miRebaze?2. ra zegavlena iqonia cvalebadma medialandSaftma (mag: internetis gamoyeneba, socialuri media, blogebi) axali ambebis gavrcelebaze saqarTveloSi?3. Tqveni azriT, unda moemzadon Tu ara qarTveli Tu sxva qveynis Jurnalistebi migraciis Sesaxeb reportaJebis gakeTebisaTvis? Tu fiqrobT, rom `diax~, maSin – rogor?4. migaCniaT Tu ara, rom qarTuli mediis reportaJebi migraciis sakiTxebze zegavlenas axdenen qarTveli moqalaqeebis gadawyve­ tilebebze migraciis Sesaxeb? Tu fiqrobT, rom `diax~, maSin aRwereT rogor?5. Tqveni azriT, SeiZleba Tu ara erTi da igive sakiTxi migraciis Sesaxeb gansxvavebulad warmoaCinon: 5.1. sxvadasxva qveynis Jurnalistebma? 5.2. imave qveynis sxvadasxva mediasaSualebam (magaliTad, saqar­ Tvel­ oSi)? imsjeleT sxvadasxva gazeTisa da telearxis magaliTze)6. ra zegavlena SeiZleba iqonios sxvadasxva organizaciis (komer­ ciuli, politikuri, socialuri, da a.S.) dRis wesrigma migraciis gaSuqebaze mediaSi?მიგრაცია და მედია 451

kazusebi da saSinao davaleba:kazusi 1: ruseTidan qarTvelebis masobrivi deportacia 2006 welsadamianis uflebaTa evropul sasamarTloSi erT-erTi gaxmaure­buli saqmea saqarTvelo ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdeg.80 saqmeSeexeba 2006 wels ruseTis federaciis teritoriaze mcxovrebieTnikuri qarTvelebis Seviwroebasa da maT masobriv deportacias.2014 wels miRebuli gadawyvetilebis mixedviT, sasamarTlomdaadgina, rom ruseTma daarRvia adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTadTavisuflebaTa evropuli konvencia, kerZod:• me-4 oqmis me-4 muxli (ucxoelebis koleqtiuri gaZevebis akrZalva);konvenciis muxlebi:• 5.1. (Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis ufleba);• 5.4 (dakavebis sasamarTlo ganxilvis ufleba);• 3 (araadamianuri an Rirsebis Semlaxveli mopyrobis akrZalva);• 13 (samarTliani dacvis efeqtiani RonisZiebis ufleba), 5.1 da 3 muxlebTan erTobliobaSi;• 38 (efeqtiani gamoZiebisaTvis saWiro masalebis miwodeba).kiTxvebi studentebs:ipoveT qarTul, rusul an saerTaSoriso mediaSi gasuli repor­taJebi movlenasa da/an sasamarTlo gadawyvetilebaze da SeadareTgamoyenebuli mediaena da faqtebis interpretacia. ra SeiZleba iyosfaqtebis gansxvavebuli interpretaciis, qarTveli migrantebisruseTSi gansxvavebulad asaxvis mizezebi?kazusi 2: indoeli fermerebis imigracia saqarTveloSi2013 wlis ianvarSi, BBC-m gamoaqveyna statia `saqarTvelos `Riakaris~ politika mkacrdeba~, romelic Seexeba saqarTvelos savizo80 sasamarTlos registratoris presrelizi, ECHR 196 (2014), 03.07.2014, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/eng#{“itemid”:[“003-4811514-5865358”]}.452 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

politikas.81 sxva faqtebTan erTad, statia mkiTxvels amcnobs, romdaaxloebiT`2000 indoeli fermeri damkvidrda saqarTveloSi bolo ramdenimewlis ganmavlobaSi. isini gamoxataven im adamianebis ambicias, rom­lebmac gamoiares didi gza, nulidan daiwyes saqmianoba da SeuZli­aT saqarTvelos daxmareba. maT iyides sakuTari sasoflo-sameur­neo manqana-danadgarebi da pikur sezonSi qiraobdnen 20-25 muSas~.`Cven CamovediT aq imitom, rom indoeTTan SedarebiT miwa Zalianiafia, xolo niadagis xarisxi Zalian kargia. klimati kargia, xalxiki - megobrulad ganwyobili~, – Tqva b-nma sinqxma da dasZina: `gvin­da ufro meti heqtari miwis yidva da aq darCena~.`magram, yvelas ar uxaria is, rom indoeli fermerebi miwas yidu­loben~.Semdeg statiaSi moyvanilia qarTveli eqspertis citata, romel-ic ar eTanxmeba ucxoelebze miwis gayidvas: `qarTuli miwa qarT­velebisTvisaa~, sxva eqsperti aRniSnavs, rom `Ria karis politikamxeli Seuwyo ultranacionalizmis gaRvivebas saqarTveloSi~ dazogierTis azria, rom `mTavrobam Zalian bevri ucxoeli Camoiyva­na~.kiTxvebi studentebs:ipoveT internetSi xsenebuli statia da msgavsi masalebi qarTulmediaSi. warmodgenili faqtebis gaanalizebiT, ecadeT daaskvnaT,mediis mier aRwerili viTareba realuria Tu man wvlili Seitana`warmosaxviTi imigraciis~ suraTis SeqmnaSi?81 BBC, Georgia’s `Open Doors~ Policy Begins to Tighten, nanaxia 12.11.2016 w. http://bbc.in/2v3M8se,მიგრაცია და მედია 453

bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Edward L. Bernays, The Engineering of ConsentThe Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1947. http://bit.ly/2lR7Ejp;2. Scott Blinder, Imagined Immigration: The Different Meaning of “Immigrants”, ix. krebulSi Public Opinion and Policy Debates in Britain. COSMOS Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 2013;3. Bobby Duffy and Tom Frere-Smith, Perception and Reality: Public Attitudes to Immigration. Social Research Institute Ipsos MORI, 2014, https://goo.gl/dxZ7tW;4. Michelle Jackson, Content Analysis, ix. krebulSi Research Methods for Health and Social Care, edited by Neale, Joanne. Palgrave MacMillan, 2009;5. Gabriela Jacomella, Media and Migrations: Press Narative and Country Politics in Three European Countries. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford, 2010;6. Bryant Jennings and Mary Beth Oliver,Media Effects, Routledge, 2009;7. Russell King and Nance Wood, Media and Migration, Constructions of Mobility and Difference, Routledge, 2001;8. Walter Lippmann,, Public Opinion. 1921;9. Maxwell McCombs, Setting the Agenda, the Mass Media and Public Opinion. Polity Press, 2004;10. Denis McQuail, Mass Communication Theory, 6th Edition. Sage, 2010;11. Richard F. Shepard and Paper’s Papers, A Reporter’s Journey Through th Archives of The New York times. Times Books, Random House, 1996;12. Dora-Olivia Vicol and William Allen, Bulgarians and Romanians in the British National Press. COMPAS Migration Observatory, University of Oxford, 2014. https://goo.gl/EBS2Rc;13. Clint C. II Wilson and Félix Gutiérrez, Race, Multiculturalism, and the Media. From Mass to Class Communication. Sage 1995;14. adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos oficialuri veb­ gverdi: http://hudoc.echr.coe.int;15. BBC-is oficialuri vebgverdi: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe;16. vebgverdi `adamianebi niu-iorkidan~: http://www.humansofnewyork.com/;17. menCeri, melvin. axali ambebis gaSuqeba da wera, meTormete gamocema. kolumbiis universiteti. diogene, 2013;454 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

18. mediis ganviTarebis fondi, biuleteni „ara fobias“; 5(45-46), 2015. http://notophobia.org/;19. mediis ganviTarebis fondis portali „evrokomunikatori“. siZulvilis ena da diskriminaciuli gamonaTqvamebi politikur diskursSi, mediamonitoringis Sedegebi, 17 Tebervali – 17 maisi. 2014. http://eurocommunicator.ge;20. mediis ganviTarebis fondis oficialuri vebgverdi: www.mdfgeorgia.ge.21. JurnalistTa eTikis qartiis oficialuri vebgverdi. „2011-2014 wlebSi ganxiluli saqmeebi“. http://qartia.org.ge/wp-content/uploads;22. nino yuloSvili, sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis perioduli publikacia, maTi problemebi presaSi (estoneTi, inglisi, germania). disertacia;23. guram SaraZe, qaTuli emigrantuli Jurnalistikis istoria, rvatom­ euli. Tbilisi: 2001-2005;24. Tamaz jologua, qarTuli Jurnalistikis istoria (XIX saukune). Tbilisi: artanuji, 2013;25. sergi jorbenaZe, uSangi baxtaZe, da zurab maWaraZe, mediakanoni. Tbilisi: daviT batoniSvilis samarTlis instituti, 2014;26. BCG. mediis mier eTnikur umciresobaTa sakiTxebis gaSuqeba. 2010. http://eurocommunicator.ge/mdf/uploads//BCG_kvleva.pdf;27. sakanonmdeblo macnes oficialuri vebgverdi: https://matsne.gov.ge;28. saqarTvelos sazogadoebrivi mauwyeblis eTikis kodeqsi;29. saqarTvelos parlamenti, 2004, saqarTvelos kanoni „mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“- 780–rs;30. Jurnalisturi eTikis qartiis vebgverdi: http://qartia.org.ge;31. mediis ganviTarebis fondis oficialuri vebgverdi: www.mdfgeorgia.ge;32. mediis ganviTarebis fondi, biuleteni „ara fobias“: http://notophobia.org/;33. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuris vebgverdi: www.geostat.ge.მიგრაცია და მედია 455

13. migracia da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi doqtori nikoloz samxaraZe, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti13.1. Sesavaliam Tavis mizania mkiTxvels warmodgena Seuqmnas imaze, Tu ra adgiliuWiravs migraciis sakiTxebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi, rodis daratom gadaiqca migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi saerTaSorisourTierTobebis Seswavlis sagnad? ra gavlenas axdens migraciuliprocesebi saerTaSoriso wesrigze? rogori urTierTobebiamigrantebis mimReb da warmoSobis qveynebs Soris, migraciulinakadebis gaTvaliswinebiT? am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemis Semdegpraqtikuli magaliTebisa da monacemebis meSveobiT ganvixilavTmigraciis problematikas saxelmwifoTa sagareo politikaSi;visaubrebT migraciis sferoSi arsebuli ZiriTadi saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis saqmianobasa da funqciebze; aseve, didi yuradRebadaeTmoba saqarTvelodan momavali migraciuli nakadebis samizneqveynebis politikas (kerZod, evrokavSirsa da ruseTs).13.2. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi, rogorc akademiuri disciplinasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebi swavlobs urTierTobebs saxelmwifoTaSoris. es sagani, rogorc akademiuri disciplina, SedarebiTaxalgazrdaa, Tumca omisa da mSvidobis, aseve, diplomatiissakiTxebis Seswavla ukve elinistur xanaSi daiwyo. dRes msoflioSi193 damoukidebeli saxelmwifoa (gaeros wevri qveynebi)1 Sesabamisad,msoflios mTeli mosaxleoba gadanawilebulia am teritoriuladurTierTgamijnul erTeulebSi. sayovelTaod miRebuli ganmartebisSesabamisad, saxelmwifo aris erTeuli gansazRvruli teritoriiT,am teritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi mosaxleobiTa da mTavrobiT,romelic, Tavis mxriv, damoukidebelia sxva qveynebis mTavrobaTagan1 Growth in UN membership, nanaxia 13.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2x75KNk.456 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da romelsac aqvs suvereniteti mocemul teritoriaze.2 qveyana dasaxelmwifo sinonimebia da orive aRniSnavs TviTmmarTvel politikurerTeulebs; es terminebi swored am mniSvnelobiT gamoiyenebamocemul TavSic. suverenuli qveynebi urTierToben erTmaneTTan daqmnian saxelmwifoTa sistemas. swored am sistemaSi arsebul kavSirebsSeiswavlis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi.saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi gamoiyofa oTxi ZiriTadimimarTuleba, romelzec zrunavs TiToeuli saxelmwifo, esenia:erovnuli usafrTxoeba, Tavisufleba, wesrigi da socialur-ekono­mikuri keTildReoba. swored, es sferoebia ganmsazRvreli saxelm­wifoTaSoris urTierTobebSi da TiToeuli saxelmwifo cdilobsgaataros iseTi sagareo politika, romelic daicavs saxelmwifointeresebs am sferoebSi.saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis damoukidebel disciplinad Camoya­libebaSi didi roli Seasrula XX saukunis msoflio omebma.wina saukunis teqnologiurma progresma xeli Seuwyo samxedromrewvelobis winsvlasa da axali sabrZolo iaraRis gamogonebas,am iaraRis omSi gamoyenebam ki msxverplTa ricxvi katastrofuladgazarda. momavalSi msgavsi tragediis Tavidan asacileblad, saWirogaxda saxelmwifoTa qcevis mecnieruli kvleva.3 meore msoflio ommada birTvuli omis saSiSroebam civi omis periodSi kidev ufro gaamyarasaerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Seswavlis aucilebloba. ukve 1920-ianiwlebidan Camoyalibda ramdenime Teoriuli mimarTuleba, romlebicsaxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebs sxvadasxva WrilSi ganixilavs:• realizmi an, rogorc uwodeben, politikuri realizmi xazs usvams saxelmwifoTa gansakuTrebul rols saerTaSoriso urTier­ TobebSi da saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierTobebSi usafrTxoebisa da Zalis mniSvnelobas. isini arian mTavari moTamaSeebi, romelTa ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli motivia Zalauflebis SenarCuneba saerTaSoriso sistemis ierarqiul safexurze. bolo dros ganviTarebuli neorealizmis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso sistemaSi ar arsebobs erTi centraluri Zalaufleba da yvela saxelmwifo Tanasworuflebiania. es qveynebi sakuTar interesebs emsaxurebian, sxva saxelmwifos interesTagan damoukideblad;• liberalizmi, realizmisgan gansxvavebiT, iswrafvis Tana­ mSrom­l­­ obis, progresisa da mSvidobisaken, radgan saxelmwifo­ TaSorisi urTierTobisas aRiarebs pluralizms da saerTaS­ o­2 montevideos konvencia saxelmwifoTa uflebebisa da movaleobebis Sesaxeb, xelmi- sawvdomia Semdeg bmulze: http://on.cfr.org/1xHtD91, nanaxia 13.11.2016 w.3 Jackson,Robert.,Georg Sorensen, Introduction to International Relations, Oxford 2013, gv. 7.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 457

riso organizaciebis unars xeli Seuwyon saxelmwifo interesebis urTierTSeTavsebas. liberaluri TvalsazrisiT, saxelmwi­ foTaSorisi urTierTobebis erT-erTi mTavari Teoriaa demo­ kratiuli mSvidobis Teoria;• konstruqtivizmis Teoriis warmoSoba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom verc realizmisa da verc liberalizmis mimdevrebma ver axsnes da ver iwinaswarmetyveles civi omis dasasruli. konstruqtivistTa gancxadebiT, saerTaSoriso sistema Camoyalibda sazogadoebriv ideebsa da normebze dayrdnobiT, radgan swored isini gansazRvraven saxelmwifo interesebs;• marqsizmi uaryofs saxelmwifoTaSorisi konfliqtisa da TanamSromlobis rogorc realistur, ise liberalur xedvebs. nacvlad amisa, mTeli yuradReba ekonomikur da materialur saw­yisebze gadaaqvs. igi aCvenebs, rogor gadawonis ekonomikuri interesi sxva saxis interesebs, rac TavisTavad aqcevs klass kvlevis mTavar sakiTxad.am oTxi ZiriTadi Teoriis garda, aRsaniSnavia saerTaSorisosazogadoebis (inglisuri) skolis Teoria, romelic gamoyofs saerTointeresebis, wesebisa da saerTaSoriso institutebis mniSvnelobasmsoflio wesrigis damyarebaSi da saerTaSoriso politekonomikisTeoria, romelic xazs usvams sazogadoebis ekonomikuri keTil­dReobis mniSvnelobas. ukanasknel wlebSi ganviTarda regionalizmisTeoriac, romelic institutebis SeqmnasTan erTad, mniSvnelobasaniWebs identobisa da miznis saziaro gancdas da konkretulgeografiul arealSi ayalibebs koleqtiur qcevas (magaliTisaTvis,evrokavSiri regionalizmis Sedegia).rogorc aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis akademiurdiscip­linad Camoyalibeba daiwyo daaxloebiT 100 wlis winomisa da mSvidobis fundamenturi sakiTxebis SeswavliT. Tumcaganvlil saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT ki ukanasknel 25 weliwadSi,saxelmwi­foTaSorisi sistema Secvala globalizaciam da axalisainformacio sistemebis danergvam. aqedan gamomdinare, dRessaerTaS­oriso urTierTobebis sfero moicavs Temebis gacilebiTfarTo speqtrs, vidre saxelmwifoTaSorisi politikuri urTier­Tobebia. misi Seswavlis sagani gaxda adamianis uflebebi, saerTa­Soriso, arasamTavrobo da mTavrobaTaSorisi organizaciebi, multi­nacio­naluri da transnacionaluri korporaciebi, ekonomikuriurTierTdamokidebuleba, garemos dacva, ganviTarebis sakiTxebi,terorizmi da saerTaSoriso migracia. saerTaSoriso migraciaTavisi arsiT saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis Semadgeneli nawilia,458 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

radgan gulisxmobs migraciul mimosvlas, sul cota, or suverenulsaxelmwifos Soris. globalizebul msoflioSi, sadac informaciismiRebisa da adamianTa gadaadgilebis uamravi teqnikuri saSualebaarsebobs, ganuxrelad izrdeba migraciuli nakadebi, rac gavlenasaxdens rogorc migrantTa warmoSobis, ise mimRebi qveynebispolitikaze, maT urTierTobebsa da zogadad, saerTaSoriso sistemaze.amitom mniSvnelovania, dawvrilebiT ganvixiloT migraciis rolisaerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi.13.3. migraciis roli saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi1990-ian wlebamde saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis specialistebisaerTa­Soriso migracias ugulebelyofdnen da mosaxleobisgadaadgilebas am samecniero diskursSi didi mniSvneloba areniWeboda. viTareba Seicvala civi omis dasrulebis, socialisturisistemis rRvevisa da am procesebis Sedegad warmoSobili konfliq­tebis kvaldakval. amasTan, arasaxelmwifo moTamaSeTa rolis zrdam,regionuli integraciis procesebma da vaWrobis liberalizaciamkidev ufro meti mniSvneloba mianiWa migraciis sakiTxis ganxilvas.migraciuli nakadebis momZlavrebam Secvala saerTo viTareba.saxelmwifoebi, saidanac tradiciulad emigracia xdeboda, TviToniqcnen mimReb qveynebad (mag: saberZneTi, italia, irlandia,portugalia), zogierT qveyanas ki, romelic manamde ar miiCneodamigrantTa saboloo daniSnulebis adgilad, gazrdil nakadebTangasamklaveblad dasWirda sakuTari migraciis kanonmdeblobismkveTri Secvla (mag: germania).4 migrantTa raodenobis zrda sa­xelmw­ifoTa usafrTxoebisTvisac axal gamowvevad iqca; maTiraodenobrivi wili msoflio mosaxleobaSi droTa ganmavlobaSisakmao stabilurobiT xasiaTdeboda, Tumca migrantTa raodenoba(saboloo maCvenebeli) gaizarda. migraciis problema saerTaSorisodRis wesrigSi moeqca.Tvali gadavavloT ramdenime monacems, raTa TvalsaCino gaxdesmigraciis mniSvneloba saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSi: 2014 wlis­Tvis msoflio mosaxleobis 3%-ze meti, daaxloebiT 247 mili­oni, saerTaSoriso migranti iyo.5 gavrcelebuli azri, rommaTi umravlesoba Raribi, ganviTarebadi qveynebidan mieSureba4 Fiona Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, t. 31, #1, 2006, gv 169.5 Migration and Development Brief #24, April 2015, World Bank, gv. 2.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 459

ganviTarebul saxelmwifoebSi, mcdaria. msoflio bankis 2015 wlismonacemebiT, migrantTa mTliani raodenobis 23% gadaadgildebaCrdiloeTidan CrdiloeTisaken, 37% – samxreTidan samxreTisaken,35% -samxreTidan CrdiloeTisken da 5% – CrdiloeTidan samxre­Tisken.6saerTaSoriso migrantTa ricxvi ganuxrelad izrdeba. 2000 wlisTvismaTi raodenoba msoflioSi 180 milions Seadgenda, xolo 1970-ianwlebSi _ mxolod 80 milions.7 msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis fonzegaizarda migrantTa raodenobac. aseve yuradsaRebia saerTaSorisomigraciis donis momateba im qveynebidan, saidanac qveynis datovebaakrZaluli iyo (sabWoTa socialisturi respublikebis kavSiri (ssrk)da sxva socialisturi qveynebi).8aRsaniSnavia isic, rom mravali ganviTarebadi qveynis mosaxleobismniSvnelovani nawili sazRvargareT muSaobs. zogierT qveyanaSi esricxvi mTliani mosaxleobis 10%-ze metia. meore mxriv, sparseTisyuris navTobiT mdidar qveynebSi ucxoel migrantTa wilimosaxleobaSi sakmaod maRalia: yatarSi maTi maCvenebeli 87%-saRwevs, quveiTSi – 69%-s, arabTa gaerTianebul saamiroebSi – 70%-s.9cxadia, aseTi qveynebisaTvis migraciis sakiTxebs saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri mniSvneloba aqvs, ris gasaazrebladac Zalze sainteresoasaerTaSoriso migrantTa mier warmoSobis qveyanaSi gadaricxuliTanxebis statistika. 2014 wels am gzavnilebma Seadgina 435 miliardiaSS dolari, rac bevrad aRemateba ganviTarebadi qveynebisaTvisgamoyofil daxmarebas da, aseve, pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebisodenobas am qveynebSi.10 bevri ganviTarebadi saxelmwifo, maT SorissaqarTveloc (Tumca, gaeros adamianis ganviTarebis indeqsis mixedviT,saqarTvelo saSualo Semosavlebis qveynad iTvleba),11 mniSvnelovnaddamokidebulia migrantTa fulad gzavnilebze. 2014 wlis monacemebiT,maT mier saqarTveloSi gadmoricxuli Tanxebi utoldeba qveynismTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) 12%-s. aseTi maCvenebliT saqarTveloim 30 qveynis siaSia, romelSic fulad gzavnilebs gansakuTrebiTdidi adgili ukavia mSp-Si.12 migrantTa mier gadmoricxuli Tanxaimdenad didia, rom SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos qveynis ekonomikurusafrTxoebasa da ganviTarebaze. saqarTvelo ar aris gamonaklisi6 World Bank Migration and Remittance Factbook 2015.7 Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security, gv. 169.8 damatebiTi informaciis naxva am sakiTxze SeiZleba Semdeg statiaSi: Mathias Czaika, Hein de Haas, The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory? International Migration Review, t. 48, 2nd ed., 2014.9 Migration and remittances factbook 2011 second edition, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank, 2011: gv. 4. nanaxia 13.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/18TgqDv.10 Migration and Development Brief #23, October 2014, World Bank, gv. 2. nanaxia 13.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/ZrysYa.11 Human Development Index, 2015, nanaxia, 13.11.2016 w. http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI.12 World Bank Migration and Remittance Factbook 2016. gv. 26; http://bit.ly/1NIYeJX, nanaxia 13.11.2016 w.460 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Cvens regionSi; msgavsi viTarebaa agreTve somxeTSi, moldovSi,ukrainaSi da centraluri aziis qveynebSi – tajikeTSi da yirgizeTSi.13didia damokidebuleba migrantTa fulad gadmoricxvebze afrikis,aRmosavleTi aziis, laTinuri amerikisa da okeaneTis qveynebSic.amrigad, naTelia, rom aseTi suverenuli saxelmwifos mdgradobada ganviTareba ara mxolod mis Sida faqtorebs efuZneba,aramed ZiriTadad damokidebulia mimRebi qveynebis saimigraciopolitikazec. zogadad, fuladma gzavnilebma SesaZloa mravalmxrivigavlena iqonios saxelmwifoebis ganviTarebaze. magaliTisaTvissakmarisia davasaxeloT: qveynis SigniT sakredito politikisgaioleba; aseve, fuladi gzavnilebis mimReb da armimReb ojaxebsSoris araTanabari mdgomareoba; gzavnilebis mimRebTa siRaribisdaZleva; investiciebi da sxv.14rogorc wina qveTavSi aRvniSneT, saerTaSoriso urTierTobebSisuver­enuli saxelmwifos mTavari mizania saxelmwifo interesebisdacva. swored am interesebidan da zemoT moyvanili statistikidangamomdinare, naTeli xdeba, erTi mxriv, kavSiri migraciasa da saer­TaSoriso urTierTobebs Soris da, meore mxriv, migraciis roli amurTierTobebSi.13.4. saxelmwifoebis gavlena saerTaSoriso migraciazeam qveTavSi saerTaSoriso migraciis or – nebayoflobiT daiZulebiT saxeze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas. nebayoflobiTia mig­racia, rodesac adamiani sakuTari surviliT tovebs samSoblosda miemgzavreba sazRvargareT ukeTesi sacxovrebeli pirobebisSesaqmnelad, ukve emigrirebul ojaxis wevrebTan gasaerTianeblad,saswavleblad an samkurnalod. iZulebiTia migracia, rodesacmigranti, sakuTari survilis sawinaaRmdegod, iZulebulia datovossacxovrebeli adgili. amgvari migracia SeiZleba sxvadasxvafaqtorma gamoiwvios, Tumca yvelaze xSiria: omi, religiuri/eTnikuri/ra­sobrivi Tu politikuri devna, bunebrivi da teqnogenurikatastrofebi da sxv.15 iZulebiTi migrantebi Tavdapirvelad qveynisSigniT gadaadgildebian, rac maT ar aZlevs TavSesafris moTxovnisuflebas. aseTi moTxovniT Sesabamis organoebs SeuZliaT mimarTon13 Migration and Development Brief, #22, April 2014, World Bank, gv. 3-4.14 The Impact of Remittances on Economic Insecurity, DESA Working Paper # 78, ivlisi, 2009; gv. 14. nanaxia 13.11.2016 w. http://www.un.org/esa/desa/papers/2009/wp78_2009.pdf.15 damatebiTi informacia migraciis saxeebis Sesaxeb ix. me-3 TavSi.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 461

mxolod im iZulebiTma migrantebma, romlebmac qveynis saxelmwifosazRvrebi gadakveTes. 2014 wels iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTasaerTo raodenoba 38.2 milions aRwevda, maSin, roca ltolvilTaricxvi 19.5 milioni iyo, xolo TavSesafris maZieblebisa – 1.8milioni.16 aucileblad xazgasasmelia, rom iZulebiT migrantTaumetesoba ver an ar sargeblobs im saerTaSoriso dacvis uflebiT,romelic ekuTvnis.17 rac Seexeba Sida migracias, misi zusti aRricxvaZnelia. gaeros 2005 wlis monacemebiT, msoflioSi 763 milioniSida migranti daTvales. Sesabamisad, Tu saerTaSoriso migrantTaraodenobasac gaviTvaliswinebT, msoflioSi yoveli me-7 adamianimigrantia (rac maT ricxvs miliardamde zrdis).18 Sida migraciisgangansxvavebiT, saxelmwifos gavlena saerTaSoriso migraciazeuzarmazaria. magaliTad, iZulebiTi migracia SesaZloa ama Tu imsuverenuli saxelmwifos politikisa da gadadgmuli nabijebispirdapiri Sedegi iyos. nebayoflobiTi migraciac warmoSobisa damimRebi qveynebis kanonmdeblobazea damokidebuli. saerTaSorisourTierTobebis istoriidan mravali magaliTis moyvana SeiZleba,rodesac saxelmwifoebi mosaxleobis sxva qveyanaSi gadaadgilebas –rogorc iZulebiTs, ise nebayoflobiTs – sakuTari politikuri daekonomikuri miznebisaTvis iyenebdnen. am WrilSi SeiZleba ganvixiloTmosaxleobis gacvlis praqtika, kerZod, TurqeTsa da saberZneTsSoris, 1923 wels;19 ebrauli mosaxleobis ssrk-dan israelSi gadasvla1970-ian wlebSi;20 Turqi SromiTi migrantebis (Gastarbeiter) CayvanagermaniaSi 1950-ian da 1970-ian wlebSi; da 1990-ian wlebSi eTnikuriumciresobebis gandevna balkaneTsa da kavkasiaSi homogenuri eTni­kuri saxelmwifoebis Sesaqmnelad.sxvadasxva saxelmwifo migracias qmediT iaraRad iyenebs meoresaxelmwifoSi destabilizaciisaTvis, aseve, saxelmwifoebriobisaRia­rebis, teritoriebis okupaciis, daxmarebis miRebis, sakuTaripolitikuri da ekonomikuri gavlenis zrdisa da sxva saxelmwifosmxridan mis Sida saqmeebSi Carevis SeCerebisaTvis. saintereso iqneba,gadavxedoT migraciuli procesebis saerTaSoriso urTierTobebzegavlenis ramdenime cnobil magaliTs ukanasknel aTwleulebSi.1972 wels pakistanisgan gamoyofis Semdeg bangladeSi msofliosazogadoebam aRiara damoukidebel saxelmwifod. mis damouki­16 World at War, UNHCR Global Trends, UNHCR, 2014, gv. 2.17 Adamson, International Migration and National Security, gv. 174;18 United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA) – Technical Paper # 2013/1 Cross-national Comparisons Of Internal Migration: An Update On Global Patterns And Trends, gv. 25. nanaxia 12.05.15 w. http://bit.ly/2aMQm0K.19 Andrew Mango, Ataturk, Murray, 1999, gv. 390-391.20 revaz gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi: 2007, gv. 473.462 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

deblobas win uZRoda pakistanis armiis mier eTnikur bengalelTawinaaRmdeg wamowyebuli samxedro operacia, ramac daaxloebiT 10milioni bangladeSelis indoeTSi gandevna gamoiwvia. indoeTisaTvisltolvilTa masobrivi gadmosvla Zalze mZime tvirTi aRmoCnda.xelisuflebaSi gaCnda SiSi, rom bangladeSelTa gamoZeveba pakistanismizanmimarTuli politika iyo indoeTis stabilurobis Sesaryevad.21safrTxis Tavidan asacileblad, indoeTma bangladeSSi samxedrointervencia ganaxorciela, rasac pakistanuri armiis danebeba mohyva.Sedegad, bangladeSi damoukidebel saxelmwifod gamocxadda daindoeTSi gaxiznuli ltolvilebi sakuTar saxlebs daubrundnen.sayovelTaod cnobilia iordaniis mefis mkvlelobis mcdeloba dakonfliqtis gaRviveba iordaniaSi palestinis ganmaTavisuflebeliorganizaciis (pgo) mier, romelic palestinelma ltolvilebmadaaarses. 1970 wlis seqtemberSi pgo-m, erTgvarma `saxelmwifomsaxelmwifoSi~, ieriSi miitana iordaniis saxelmwifo struqturebze.gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi palestinel mebrZolebsa da iordaniisregularul jars Soris. dapirispirebam saerTaSoriso xasiaTicmiiRo, rodesac masSi siria CaerTo, xolo viTarebis gansamuxtavadmolaparakebebi arabTa ligam daiwyo. sabolood, 1971 wels, pgo-siordaniis datoveba mouxda da libanSi gadabargda, sadac kideverTxel gaxda rogorc samoqalaqo dapirispirebis, ise saerTaSoriso(israel-libanis) konfliqtis mizezi.22israelis saxelmwifos mier gatarebuli gansaxlebis politika,romelic iTvaliswinebda ebrauli ojaxebis dasaxlebas mdinareiordanes marjvena sanapiroze, TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, Tu rogorgamoiyena xelisuflebam mosaxleobis gadaadgileba saerTaSorisopolitikuri miznebisaTvis. ebrauli axalSenebis arseboba palestinisavtonomiis teritoriaze israels upirates mdgomareobaSi ayenebs amteritoriis sadavo monakveTebis gamijvnisas.23dasavleT germaniisagan daxmarebisa da kreditebis misaRebad,migraciul berkets wlebis ganmavlobaSi iyenebdnen poloneTi da ger­maniis demokratiuli respublika (gdr). poloneTi Tavis eTnikuradgermanel moqalaqeebs ukrZalavda qveynis datovebas, vidre dasavleTgermaniam 2.3 miliardi marka ar gamouyo mis mTavrobas,24 gdr kidasavleT germaniis moqalaqeebs uzRudavda Tavis teritoriazeSesvlis SesaZleblobas, an kvotebs awesebda da maRla wevda TiToeuli21 Myron Weiner, Security, Stability and International Migration, Journal International Security t. 17, #3, 1992, gv. 123.22 gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi, gv. 477.23 iqve.24 Helga Hafterndorn, Coming of the Age, 2006, gv. 168.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 463

dasavleT germaneli stumrisTvis dReSi dasaxarji minimaluri Tanxisodenobas. mas Semdeg, rac dasavleT germania gamoyofda fuladresurss gdr-is dasaxmareblad, migraciuli SezRudvebi ixsnebodaan martivdeboda.25niSandoblivia, rom ruseTi xSirad iyenebda migrantebze zewolisberkets sakuTari sagareo politikuri miznebisaTvis (dawvrilebiTix. qvemoT). aseT SemTxvevebSi migrantebi erTgvarad mZevlis rolSiaRmoCndebian xolme da warmoSobis qveynis politikuri manevrirebisareali mimRebi saxelmwifos mimarT mniSvnelovnad mcirdeba.26magaliTad, 2006 wels ruseTis mier qarTvel migrantTa saqarTveloSideportacia iyo sadamsjelo RonisZieba Cveni qveynis mTavrobiswinaaRmdeg, romelic ruseTma daadanaSaula `antirusuli politikisgatarebaSi, aseve, evrointegraciasa da CrdiloatlantikurixelSekrulebis organizaciaSi (NATO) gawevrianebisaken swrafvaSi.27ekonomikuri da socialuri problemebis aRmosafxvrelad, saxelmwi­foebi xSirad xels uwyoben emigracias, raTa Seamsubuqon qveynisekonomikuri da socialuri mdgomareoba. msgavsi SemTxvevis klasi­kuri magaliTia XX saukuneSi daaxloebiT 160,000 msjavrdebulisavstraliaSi gagzavna britaneTis mier, maTi Senaxvis xarjebisdasazogad.28 meore mxriv, mimRebi saxelmwifoebi, romelTaTvisacaxali migrantebi socialuri da ekonomikuri tvirTia, cdiloben,sakanonmdeblo doneze SezRudon maTi qveyanaSi Semosvla. saxelmwi­foTa umravlesobam ukve SeimuSava naTlad Camoyalibebuli saimi­gracio politika, romelic rig SezRudvebs uwesebs migrantTasxvadasxva kategorias (mag: turistebi, TavSesafris maZiebelni,SromiTi migrantebi, ucxoeli studentebi), maTi qveyanaSi yofnisxangrZlivobis gaTvaliswinebiT. arsebobs aseve rigi konkretuliSemTxvevebisa, roca istoriuli da eTnikuri kavSiri migrantebsdabrunebis an moqalaqeobis miRebis uflebas aniWebs, rogorc moxdasabWoTa kavSiridan germaniaSi dabrunebul germanelTa da israelSiemigrirebul ebraelTa SemTxvevaSi.saxelmwifos prioritetebidan gamomdinare dgindeba misi savizoda sasazRvro politikac, rac did gavlenas axdens saerTaSorisomigraciaze. qveyanaSi Sesvlaze, qveynidan gasvlasa da ucxoelTasamarTlebriv mdgomareobaze arsebuli kanonebi damokidebuliasaxelmwifos sagareo politikaze. saxelmwifoTa praqtikis gaTva­25 iqve, gv. 143-149.26 ix. am Tavis bolo kazusi.27 BBC, Georgians deported as row deepens, 2006, nanaxia 7.04.2015w. http://bbc.in/2w4SWXV.28 Weiner, Security, Stability and International Migration, gv. 115.464 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

liswinebiT, mairon veineri gvTavazobs qveyanaSi migrantTa Sesvlisada gasvlis 5 tipis reJims:291. Tavisufali reJimi gulisxmobs qveyanaSi Tavisuflad Sesvlas da binadrobis uflebis an moqalaqeobis miRebis martiv procedurebs; amgvari reJimi axasiaTebT evrokavSiris wevr qveynebs, romelTa moqalaqeebs kavSiris teritoriaze Tavisuflad gadaadgilebisa da muSaobis nebarTva aqvT;2. wamaxalisebeli reJimi gulisxmobs gamartivebul procedu­rebs garkveuli profesiisa da eTnikuri jgufebis warmomadgenel­ TaTvis. am reJims qveynebi mimarTaven kvalificiuri muSaxelis naklebobisas, an roca demografiuli problemis gadaWra surT migraciis xarjze. amis magaliTia aSS-s `mwvane baraTis~ latarea, ruseTis moqalaqeobis miniWeba gamartivebuli wesiT yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebis moqalaqeTaTvis, germaniaSi myofi Turqi SromiTi migrantebisaTvis (Gastarbeiter) binadrobisa da Sromis nebarTvebis gacema 1950-1970-ian wlebSi da sxv.;3. SerCeviTi reJimis dros qveynebi iReben migrantebs, Tumca garkveuli eTnikuri/religiuri kriteriumebis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, ebraelTa migracia israelSi sabWoTa kavSiridan da sxva qveynebidan;4. SezRuduli reJimis dros migrantebi praqtikulad ar daiSvebian qveyanaSi;5. akrZalviTi reJimis dros SeuZlebelia moqalaqeobis miReba ucxoe­ lisaTvis.30 magaliTad, sparseTis yuris qveynebSi veravin miiRebs moqalaqeobas naturalizaciis safuZvelze.gasvlis akrZalviTi reJimi (1), romelic mxolod totalitarulsaxelmwifoebSi moqmedebs, ukrZalavs sakuTar moqalaqes qveynisdatovebas. msgavsi tipis reJimi Tanamedrove msoflioSi sul ufronaklebad gvxvdeba, Tumca gamonaklisebi jer kidev arsebobs (mag:CrdiloeT korea). SerCeviTi reJimisas (2) saxelmwifo mxolodgarkveuli kategoriis moqalaqeebs aZlevs qveynidan gasvlisuflebas. rasakvirvelia, esec arademokratiul saxelmwifoTa dama­xa­siaTebeli wesia. iyo dro, roca egviptem aukrZala eqimebs qveynisdatoveba. Tavisufali reJimis (3) pirobebSi, romelic Cveulebriv,moqmedebs saxelmwifoTa umravlesobaSi, nebismier moqalaqes aqvs29 Myron Weiner, International Migration and International Relations, Journal Population and Development Review tomi11, #3, 1994, gv. 444.30 Jane Kinninmont, Citizenship in the Gulf, The gulf states and Arab uprisings, Chatham House, 2013, gv. 47-57.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 465

qveynis datovebis ufleba, Tu igi ar iZebneba an ar moeTxovebaqveynidan gausvleloba. wamaxalisebeli reJimisas (4) saxelmwifomouwodebs sakuTar moqalaqeebs emigraciaSi wasvlisaken, qmnissaxelmwifo saganmanaTleblo programebs momaval migrantTaunarebis gasaumjobeseblad, an aZlevs SeRavaTian kredits ucxoeTSigamosayeneblad. Srilanka, pakistani, bangladeSi da indoeTiaqtiurad uwyobdnen xels sakuTari moqalaqeebis emigracias axloaRmosavleTSi. ufro adre TurqeTma waaxalisa sakuTari moqalaqeebigermaniaSi emigraciisaken. CineTis saxelmwifo bankebi adgilobrivkompaniebs sTavazoben iaf kredits im saqmiani xelSekrulebebissanacvlod, romlebic gulisxmobs ucxoeTSi aeroportebisa dasavaWro centrebis aSenebas da gzebis dagebas Cineli muSaxelisgamoyenebiT.31 qveynidan gasvlis iZulebiTi reJimic (5), rogorcwesi, totalitarul saxelmwifoebs axasiaTebs, rodesac qveynisdatovebas aiZuleben garkveuli eTnikuri jgufisa da socialuriklasis warmomadgenlebs an politikur oponentebs. magaliTad,500,000 saSualo fenis kubelis iZuleba socialisturi revoluciisSemdeg daetovebinaT qveyana, `wiTeli qxmerebis~ mier frangulkulturasTan naziareb moqalaqeTa gandevna kambojadan; aseve,eTnikur safuZvelze vietnamidan Cinelebis, aRmosavleT afrikidanindoelebisa da Srilankadan Tamilebis gasaxleba.32rasakvirvelia, akrZalviTi, iZulebiTi da SerCeviTi reJimebi adamianisuflebaTa saerTaSoriso standartebs arRveven, rac gulisxmobsnebismieri qveynis datovebis Tavisufal arCevans.qveyanaSi Sesvlisa da qveynidan gasvlis reJimebi, aseve, darCenisgansxvavebuli pirobebi, ara marto mis migraciul wesebsa da zogadpraqtikas ayalibebs, aramed gansazRvravs sagareo urTierTobebsacsaxelmwifoebs Soris. migraciuli politikis Tanxvedrisas erTiqveynidan meoreSi migracia umtkivneulo da organizebuli procesia,xolo rodesac wesebi erTmaneTs ewinaaRmdegeba, aman SeiZlebauaryofiTi gavlena iqonios saxelmwifoTaSoris urTierTobebze.oqsfordis migraciis saerTaSoriso institutis mier Catarebulikvlevis mixedviT, migraciis politika xasiaTdeba nakleb SemzRudvelicvlilebebiT, rac yvelasTvis miRebul hipoTezas – droTaganmavlobaSi migraciis ufro da ufro gamkacrebis Sesaxeb – eWvqveSayenebs. zogadad, 1955-1985 wlebi xasiaTdeba qveyanaSi Sesvlisada SesvlisSemdgomi wesebis gaZlierebuli liberalizaciiT, racimdroindeli migraciis politikis seriozuli gadasinjvis Sedegi31 South China Morning Post, Chinese Banks Offer Cheap Loans Abroad, 19.07.2013, nanaxia 5.03.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2i907vC.32 Weiner, International Migration and International Relations, gv. 99-101.466 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

iyo. es tendencia Sesustda 1990 wlis Semdeg, roca migraciis sferoSiSedarebiT mkacri wesebi dadginda. gamkacrebuli reJimi SeexosazRvris dacvas, gaZevebasa da aralegalur imigracias. mTavrobebmadaiwyes zomebis miReba dabalkvalificiur imigrantTa da TavSesafrismaZiebelTa qveyanaSi Sesvlis Tavidan asacilebladac.33migraciis zrdadi tendencia mimReb saxelmwifoebs mZime tvirTadawveba. migrantTa mimarT Tavisufali reJimis saxelmwifoebic ki veRaraudian ekonomikur migrantTa, ltolvilTa da TavSesafris maZiebelTaraodenobas da cdiloben zomebis miRebas imigraciis SesaCereblad.erT-erTi aseTi midgoma iTvaliswinebs warmoSobis qveynebisaTvisfinansuri resursis gamoyofas daxmarebis, investiciebis, savaWroxelSekrulebebisa Tu valis restruqturizaciis saxiT, raTa xeliSeewyos warmoSobis qveynebSi ekonomikis ganviTarebas, Sesabamisad,umuSevrobis Semcirebasa da Semosavlebis zrdasac. warmoSobis qveynismTavrobisaTvis gaweuli finansuri daxmareba xSirad pirobiTiada damokidebulia misi mxridan migraciul nakadTa Sesamcirebladgadadgmul nabijebze. aseT midgomas Zalze xSirad iyenebs evrokavSiri(ix.: dawvrilebiT qvemoT).2010 wels libiis maSindelma liderma muamar kadafim gamoTqva muqara,rom qveynis sanapiro patrulirebas Seasustebda da `migrantTa nakadsSeusevda evropas~ – rac sabolood `evropas gaaSavebda~, – TukievrokavSiri misTvis sasurvel daxmarebis pirobebs ar daeTanxmeboda.34samxedro Zalis gamoyeneba, damuqreba da intervenciac ki, is ukiduresizomebia, romlebic SeiZleba saxelmwifom an saxelmwifoTa jgufmagaataros meore saxelmwifodan migrantTa nakadis Sesamcireblad.msoflios uaxles istoriaSi aseTi magaliTebic aris. garda ze­moxsenebuli indoeT-pakistanis konfliqtisa 1971 wels, aRsaniSnavia1999 wels NATO-s samxedro operaciac iugoslaviaSi, romelic saomarmoqmedebaTa Sewyvetasa da humanitarul daxmarebasTan erTad, miznadisaxavda albanuri mosaxleobis kosovodan gandevnis SeCerebas, racsafrTxes uqmnida mezobeli evropuli qveynebis usafrTxoebas.migrantTa nebismieri kategoriis didi raodenobiT Sesvla mimRebsaxelmwif­oSi misi erovnuli usafrTxoebisaTvis mniSvnelovanigamowv­­ evaa. rogorc salehianisa da glediCis kvlevidan Cans, ltol­vil­Ta didi jgufis gadasvla mezobeli qveynidan zrdis mimReb33 Hein de Haas, Katharina Natter, Simona Vezzoli, Growing restrictiveness or changing selection? The nature and evolution of migration policies, Working Paper 96, July 2014, International Migration Institute: 2014, nanaxia 05.11.15 w. http://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/pdfs/wp/wp-96-14.pdf,34 EU keen to strike deal with Muammar Gaddafi on immigration, The Guardian, nanaxia 6.11.2015 w. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/sep/01/eu-muammar-gaddafi-immigration,მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 467

qveyanaSi Sidasaxelmwifoebrivi konfliqtis risks.35 Tumca esarasta­biluri reJimis qveynebs ufro exeba, vidre ganviTarebulsaxelmwi­foebs. aRsaniSnavia, rom iZulebiT gadaadgilebulimigrantebi, romelTac sakuTari qveynis datoveba uwevT, ZiriTadadmezobel saxelmwifoebSi koncentrirdebian, sadac xSirad iseTivearastabiluri mdgomareobaa, rogoric warmoSobis qveyanaSi. kvlevisSedegebis mixedviT, ltolvilTa mezobel saxelmwifoSi gadasvlaerT-erTi is faqtoria, romelic iwvevs warmoSobis qveyanaSi arsebulikonfliqtis mimReb qveyanaSi `gadaRvras~. Sesabamisad, ltolvilebmaSeiZleba mimReb qveyanaSi arsebuli areuloba ufro gaamZafron,Tumca, rogorc wesi, isini ar warmoadgenen gamomwvev faqtors.msgavsi konfliqtebis winaSe sxvadasxva dros aRmoCndnen iordania,makedonia da kongos demokratiuli respublika. amas garda, mezobelisaxelmwifoebi eridebian ltolvilebisaTvis sazRvrebis CaketvaseTikuri da moraluri TvalsazrisiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaais, rom 4.2 milioni sirieli ltolvilidan umravlesoba amJamadimyofeba libanSi (1.1 mln), TurqeTsa (2.1 mln) da iordaniaSi (630,000).36msoflioSi arsebuli 17 milioni ltolvilis 87% ganviTarebadqveynebSi cxovrobs.migrantebi da zogadad ucxouri diaspora gavlenas axdens mimRebisaxelmwifos sagareo politikaze warmoSobis saxelmwifos mimarT.diasporis damokidebulebas warmoSobis qveynisadmi gansazRvravspirobebi, romlebSic maT mouxdaT samSoblos datoveba. aqveaRsaniSnavia, rom diasporebi ar arian homogenuri jgufebi daSeiZleba moicavdnen sxvadasxva qvejgufs, gansxvavebuli survilebiT,RirebulebebiTa da damokidebulebebiT. Sesabamisad, erTi da imavediasporis SigniT SesaZloa sruliad gansxvavebuli damokidebulebaarsebobdes warmoSobis qveynis politikisadmi. magaliTad, kuburidiasporis zogierTi wevri aSS-kubis urTierTobis daregulirebismomxre iyo, maSin, roca sxvebi amerikis mTavrobisagan kubis ekono­mikur destabilizacias an kastros reJimisagan gaTavisuflebas moiT­xovdnen. iraneli emigrantebi, romlebmac revoluciis Semdeg datovesTavianTi samSoblo, rasakvirvelia, revoluciuri reJimis winaaRmdegarian ganwyobilni da mimRebi qveynisgan Sesabamisi politikisgatarebas iTxoven. aqve SegviZlia aRvniSnoT qurTi emigrantebievropaSi, romlebic sakmao politikuri aqtiurobiT gamoirCevianda evropis saxelmwifoebs TurqeTis xelisuflebaze diplomatiurizewolisaken mouwodeben, qurTebis diskriminaciis gamo. diasporasSeuZlia dadebiTi gavlenac moaxdinos qveynebs Soris urTierTobebze,35 Idean Salehyan, Kristian Gleditsch, Refugees and the Spread of Civil War, International Organisation, 60, #2. gv. 361.36 http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/country.php?id=224, nanaxia 16.04.15 w.468 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kerZod, ekonomikuri kavSirebis gamyarebiT, investiciebis mozidviTada kulturuli da saganmanaTleblo programebis ganxorcielebiT.Cinuri da somxuri diasporebi erT-erTi msxvili investorebi arianTavianT samSobloSi.37 Tu diaspora warmodgenilia mimRebi qveynispolitikur speqtrSic, maSin misi gavlena mimRebi qveynis politikazegacilebiT didia.globalizaciis pirobebSi, maRalkvalificiuri kadrebis migra­ciaSiwvlili SeaqvT transnacionalur korporaciebsac. aqac Sei­niS­nebazrdis tendencia. am korporaciaTa maRalkvalificiuri TanamSrom­lebis gadayvana erTi qveynidan meoreSi xSiria, gansakuTrebiT maSin,rodesac korporacia investicias debs axal qveyanaSi.38 xarjebisdazogvis mizniT, transnacionalur korporaciebs warmoeba ganvi­Tarebad qveynebSi gadaaqvT. am SemTxvevaSi maT sWirdebaT sakuTariTanamSromlebis Tavisufali mimosvla im qveynebSi, sadac filialebsxsnian. amitom isini lobireben saimigracio politikis gamartivebasSesabamis saxelmwifoebSi.39 savizo da saimigracio procedurebisgamartiveba SesaZloa adgilobrivma aqtorebmac moiTxovon, rogorces saqarTveloSi moxda, rodesac arasamTavrobo organizaciebi dakompaniebi gamkacrebuli savizo politikis winaaRmdeg gamovidnen.40transn­acionaluri kompaniebisa da maRalkvalificiuri kadrebismigracias SeiZleba mobilobac vuwodoT, radgan gadanacvlebulikadris movaleobebi SeiZleba iyos grZelvadiani, saSualo, anmoklevadiani da qveynebs Soris mis xSir gadaadgilebas iTvalis­winebdes.rogorc vxedavT, saxelmwifoebi udides gavlenas axdenen nebismieritipis saerTaSoriso migraciaze. maTi saimigracio politikagansazRvravs saerTaSoriso migraciis masStabebsa da formebs, Tumca,Tavis mxriv, saerTaSoriso migraciac axdens gavlenas saxelmwi­foTaSoris urTierTobebsa da konkretuli qveynis politikaze.Sedegad, migracia da saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi erTmaneTze da­mo­kidebul sferoebad gvevlineba. saxelmwifoebTan erTad, migraciismarTvaSi mniSvnelovan rols asruleben saerTaSoriso organi­zaciebic, romelTa saqmianobasac momdevno qveTavSi gavecnobiT.37 Jan Niessen, International Migration on the EU Foreign Policy Agenda, European Journal of Migration and Law, 1, 1999, gv. 495.38 Globerman, Steven and Daniel Shapiro, Transnational Corporations, t. #.1, 2008: gv.4.39 Lindsay Lowell and Allan Findlay, Migration of highly skilled persons from developing countries International Migration Papers 44, gv.15.40 Investor.ge, Issue, 41, September-October 2014, gv. 22-26, nanaxia 5.03.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2vFKvnO. Transparency International, Challenges of new immigration law in Georgia, 27.10.2014, nanaxia 2.03.16 w. http://www.transparency.ge/en/node/4757.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 469

13.5. saerTaSoriso organizaciebis roli migraciis marTvis sferoSisaerTaSoriso organizaciebi zeerovnul doneze moqmedeben da,aqedan gamomdinare, did gavlenas axdenen msoflio politikasa da misdRis wesrigze, aseve, calkeuli qveynebis interesebsa da sistemebze.msoflioSi ki yoveli me-7 adamiani saerTaSoriso an Sida migrantia.aqed­an gamomdinare, gaerosaTvis, sxva wamyvani saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis msgavsad, migraciis problematika prioritetulia.saerTaSoriso organizaciebis saqmianobis mandati (saerTaSoriso)migraciis sxvadasxva kategoriaze vrceldeba: migraciis saerTaSo­riso organizacia da migraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSorisocentri moicavs zogadad migrantebs; Sromis saerTaSorisoorganizacia - SromiT migrantebsa da maTi uflebebis dacvas; gaerosltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati – ltolvilebsa da gasaWirSi myofadamianebs, romlebic dacvas saWiroeben (magaliTad, moqalaqeobisarmqone da iZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi); gaeros adamianisuflebaTa umaRlesi komisariati – migrantTa uflebebis dacvas;gaeros ganviTarebis programa – ganviTarebad qveynebze migraciisgav­lenasa da mis Sedegebs; gaeros bavSvTa fondi – migraciis gavlenasbavSvebze; evropis uSiSroebisa da TanamSromlobis organizaciamigracias ganixilavs uSiSroebisa da adamianis uflebaTa WrilSi;msoflio banki ki swavlobs migraciis ekonomikur Sedegebs, rogoricaamigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi; msoflio savaWro organizaciamigrantebs exeba, ramdenadac isini momsaxurebis mimwodeblebi arian.2013 wlis oqtomberSi gaeros generalurma mdivanma gamoscamigraciis samoqmedo gegma. igi 8 princips moicavs da exeba sakiTxebs,romlebzec gaeros sxvadasxva uwyeba muSaobda (magaliTad: SromissaerTaSoriso organizacia, ganviTarebis programa, bavSvTa fondida ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariati). am samoqmedo gegmas udidesimniSvneloba aqvs, radganac aerTianebs migraciis sferoSi momuSavegaeros sxvadasxva uwyebis kompetenciebs da xels uwyobs erTianimidgomis ganviTarebas. is iTvaliswinebs Semdeg sakiTxebs: migrantTauflebebis dacvas, muSaxelisaTvis migraciasTan dakavSirebulixarjebis Semcirebas, migrantTa eqspluataciisa da adamianiTvaWrobis (trefikingis) aRmofxvras, moqalaqeobis armqone migrantTadaxmarebas, sazogadoebis mxridan migrantebze dadebiTi aRqmiswaxalisebas, migraciis sakiTxis Setanas ganviTarebis dRis wesrigSi,migraciis monacemebisa da faqtebis Segrovebas da zogadad am sferoSiarsebuli koordinaciisa da TanamSromlobis xelSewyobas.41 2015 wlis41 High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development, nanaxia 2.04.15 w. http://bit.ly/IVkTbj.470 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

seqtemberSi gamarTul mdgradi ganviTarebis samitze, pirveladistoriaSi migraciis sakiTxi Seitanes `gaeros mdgradi ganviTarebismiznebSi~. es miznebia mowyvladi jgufebis (ltolvilebi, iZulebiTgadaadgilebuli pirebi da migrantebi) daxmareba, iZulebiTi Sromisada trefikingis aRmofxvra da SromiTi uflebebis dacva.migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia daarsda 1951 wels, Tavda­pirvelad rogorc droebiTi mTavrobaTSorisi komiteti. misi mizaniiyo meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropaSi iZulebiT adgilnacvaliuamravi adamianis usafrTxo garemoSi gadayvana,42 1989 wels ki masmigraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia ewoda. amJamad igi migra­ciis sferoSi wamyvani saerTaSoriso organizaciaa da mWidrodTanamSromlobs samTavrobo, mTavrobaTaSoris da arasamTavrobopartniorebTan. masSi 166 saxelmwifoa gawevrianebuli, igi 150-ze metqveyanaSi saqmianobs43 da cdilobs mTavrobebisa da migrantebisaTvisrCevebis miwodebiT xeli Seuwyos humanur da kanonier migracias.migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis qartia aRiarebs kavSirsmigraciasa da ekonomikur, socialur da kulturul ganviTarebasSoris iseve, rogorc Tavisufali gadaadgilebis uflebas. misi mizaniaadamianis Rirsebisa da migrantTa keTildReobis dacva, migraciissaSualebiT socialuri da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xelSewyobada pasuxis gacema migraciis sferoSi arsebul mzard gamowvevebze.organizacia migraciis marTvaSi oTxi mimarTulebiT muSaobs:• migracia da ganviTareba;• migraciis xelSewyoba;• migraciis regulireba;• iZulebiTi migracia.migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis misia saqarTveloSi 1993wlidan muSaobs da xels uwyobs efeqtian TanamSromlobas samTavrobostruqturebTan, zrunavs samoqalaqo sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze,uzrunvelyofs mravalferovan momsaxurebas sxvadasxva jgufismigrantTaTvis da axorcielebs iniciativebs migraciasTan dakavSi­rebul sakiTxebze sazogadoebis cnobierebis asamaRleblad.20 welze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi am organizaciam gamocdileba gauziarasaqarTvelos Sesabamis struqturebs iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaasamarTali da Sinagani saqmeebi, sagangebo da postkrizisuli situa­42 International Organization for Migration, IOM History, nanaxia 4.11.2015 w. 471 http://www.iom.int/iom-history.43 iqve.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები

ciebi, migracia da janmrTeloba, migracia da sazRvris marTva, mig­rantebis daxmareba, SromiTi migracia da ganviTareba, migraciispolitika da kvlevebi. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia xelsuwyobs migraciis sferoSi moqmedi struqturebis SesaZleblobaTazrdasac.44ltolvilTa sakiTxebze muSaobs gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesikomisariati (UNHCR). gaeros generaluri asambleis gadawyvetilebiT1950 wels miRebul iqna gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatiswesdeba, romliTac ganisazRvra am saagentos mandati – meoremsoflio omis Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul da moqalaqeobisarmqone pirTa daxmareba. amJamad, UNHCR-is mandati vrceldeba yvelaim pirze, romlebic imyofebian warmoSobis qveynis farglebs gareT –devnis SiSis, konfliqtis, farTod gavrcelebuli Zaladobis an sxvagaremoebebis gamo – da esaWiroebaT saerTaSoriso samarTlebrividacva. imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom, rogorc wesi, ltolvilebi versargebloben samarTlebrivi dacviT sakuTar qveynebSi, umaRleskomisars gaaCnia maTi dacvis universaluri mandati, miuxedavadltolvilTa adgilmdebareobisa. mis kompetenciaSi eqcevianTavSesafris maZieblebic. saxelmwifoebis UNHCR-Tan TanamSromlobisvaldebuleba miTiTebulia gaeros 1951 wlis konvenciaSi ltolvilTastatusis Sesaxeb da 1967 wlis oqmSi ltolvilTa statusis Sesaxeb.umaRlesi komisris ZiriTadi uflebamosilebaa misi mandatis qveSmyofTa saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi dacva, maTTvis humanitarulidaxmarebis gaweva da grZelvadiani gadawyvetilebebis moZieba. ammiznebis gansaxorcieleblad, UNHCR TanamSromlobs saxelmwifoTamTavrobebsa da ltolvilTa sakiTxebze momuSave samTavrobo daarasamTavrobo organizaciebTan. komisariatis funqciebSi Sedis asevedaxmarebis ganawileba, humanitaruli saqmianoba, statusis dadgenada Sesabamisi dokumentis gacema. organizaciis erT-erTi mTavarifunqciaa zedamxedveloba ltolvilTa, TavSesafris maZiebelTada moqalaqeobis armqone pirTa mimarT saxelmwifos mier aRebuliim valdebulebebis Sesrulebaze, romlebic gaTvaliswinebuliasaerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobiT. UNHCR-is mandati vrceldeba imltolvilebzec, romlebic dabrundnen warmoSobis qveyanaSi, kerZod,is moicavs reintegraciaSi daxmarebas da dabrunebul pirTa mimarTmopyrobaze monitorings. amas garda, UNHCR-is mandati gulisxmobsmoqalaqeobis armqone pirTa dacvas da moqalaqeobis arqonis fenomenisaRmofxvras. UNHCR Tavisi aRmasrulebeli komitetisa da gaerosgeneraluri asambleis mxridan uflebamosilia, imuSaos adamianTasxva kategoriebTanac, romlebic dacvas saWiroeben, magaliTad,iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebTan.44 iqve.472 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis warmomadgenloba saqar­­TveloSi 1993 wels dafuZnda, afxazeTis konfliqtis (1992-1993 w.)Sedegad iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa dauyovnebeli huma­nitarulidaxmarebisaTvis. dResdReobiT misi saqmianobis sfero moicavsafxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa da cxinvalis regionidaniZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirebs; daaxloebiT 300 eTnikur CeCenltolvils ruseTis federaciidan,45 moqalaqeobis armqone pirebs46da TavSesafris maZiebelTa mzard raodenobas, romlebic sxvadasxvaqveynidan yovel wels Camodian saqarTveloSi dacvisa da daxmarebisimediT. gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesi komisariatis saqarTveloswarmomadgenloba mdebareobs TbilisSi da aqvs savele ofisebic –zugdidSi, galsa da soxumSi. saqarTveloSi misi saqmianoba ZiriTadadexeba erovnuli da saerTaSoriso kanonmdeblobis aRsrulebasada iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa sacxovrebeli pirobebis gaum­jobesebas.47kidev erTi mniSvnelovani saerTaSoriso organizacia am sferoSimigraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centri (ICMPD)1993 wels daarsda, avstriisa da Sveicariis mTavrobaTa iniciativiT.organizaciis mizania araformaluri konsultaciebis mxardaWera daeqspertizisa da momsaxurebis SeTavazeba migraciisa da TavSesafrissakiTxebze.48 misi wevria 15 evropuli saxelmwifo, saqmianoba ki samsayrdens efuZneba: migraciis dialogi, romelic uzrunvelyofsmTavrobaTa Soris dialogs saerTaSoriso migraciis sakiTxebze;erovnuli da regionuli SesaZleblobebis gaZliereba, rac xels uwyobsmigraciis efeqtian marTvas da am sferoSi arsebul TanamedrovegamowvevebTan gamklavebas; aseve, strategiulad aqtualurisakiTxebis kvleva da dokumentireba.49ICMPD-is warmatebuli TanamSromloba saqarTvelosTan daiwyo gamoc-dilebis gaziarebiT iseT sakiTxebSi, rogoricaa adamianiT vaWrobis(trefikingis) prevencia da mis winaaRmdeg brZola, aseve, migraciispolitikis ganviTareba da misi zogadi mxardaWera. SemdgomSi ICMPD-msaqarTveloSi bevri proeqti ganaxorciela migraciis, diasporebTanurTierTobebisa da sazRvris marTvis sferoebSi. 2013 wlis seqtem-berSi saqarTvelom da ICMPD-m xeli moaweres TanamSromlobis xe­lSekrulebas, romelic kidev ufro ganamtkicebs da ganaviTarebsurTierTobebs or mxares Soris.45 http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-iom-1/history.html, nanaxia 13.04.2015 w.46 http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e48d2e6&submit=GO, nanaxia 13.04.2015 w.47 http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48d2e6.html, nanaxia 23.05.2015 w.48 http://www.icmpd.org/about-us/, nanaxia 5.11.2015 w.49 http://www.icmpd.org/our-work/, nanaxia 5.11.2015 w.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 473

13.6. saerTaSoriso urTierTobebis gavlena migraciis politikaze saqarTvelos samezobloSisaqarTvelos migranti moqalaqeebis udidesi nawili amJamadevrokavSiris wevri qveynebisa da ruseTis federaciis teritoriazeimyofeba, rasac mowmobs 2014 wlis fuladi gzavnilebis statistikasaqarTveloSi. kerZod: ruseTze modis mTeli gadmoricxvebis 50%,xolo evrokavSiris qveynebze – daaxloebiT 30%.50 aqedan gamomdinare,sainteresoa mimovixiloT am saxelmwifoTa midgoma migraciisadmi damaTi sagareo urTierTobebi migraciis WrilSi.evrokavSirievrokavSiri 28 wevri qveynis unikaluri ekonomikuri da politikurigaerTianebaa, romelic meore msoflio omis Semdeg Seiqmna.gaerTianebis Tavdapirveli Canafiqri ekonomikuri TanamSromlobaiyo. kerZod, igi miznad isaxavda erTiani savaWro bazris Seqmnas daam qveynebis ekonomikuri da politikuri urTierTdamokidebulebisgazrdiT maT Soris konfliqtis gamoricxvas. Tumca, droTaganmavlobaSi ekonomikuri kavSiri gafarTovda da moicva iseTisferoebi, rogoricaa klimati, garemos dacva, jandacva, sagareourTierTobebi da usafrTxoeba, marTlmsajuleba da migracia.kavSiris unikalurobas ganapirobebs wevri qveynebis arCevani,nebayoflobiT gadascen evrokavSirs TavianTi uflebamosilebisnawili suverenuli gadawyvetilebis miRebis Sesaxeb.511990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli evrokavSiris wevr qveyanaTa umravle­sobam gaamkacra migrantebisa da ltolvilebisaTvis qveyanaSi Sesvliswesebi.52 mizezad Semdegi faqtorebi dasaxelda: ekonomikuri krizisi,umuSevrobis maRali done, socialuri arastabilurobis gamowvevada sazogadoebis ukmayofileba migrantTa mimarT. aseTi mkacrisaimigracio politikis gamo evrokavSirs `evropis cixe-simagresac~uwodeben. miuxedavad amisa, evrokavSiri dRemde rCeba msoflioSimimReb saxelmwifoTa erT-erT umTavres gaerTianebad. aRsaniSnavia,rom gamkacrebuli saimigracio wesebi evrokavSiris arawevri qveynebismoqalaqeebs exeba, vinaidan evrokavSiris moqalaqeni mis teritoriazeTavisuflad, yovelgvari SezRudvis gareSe gadaadgildebian, rackoordinirebuli migraciis politikis Sedegia. 2014 wlis 1 ianvrismonacemebiT, evrokavSiris sazRvrebs gareT dabadebuli, magram mis50 https://www.nbg.gov.ge/index.php?m=304#sagareoseqtori, nanaxia 31.03.2015 w.51 http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/about/index_en.htm, nanaxia 5.05.2016 w.52 Jan Niessen, International Migration on the EU Foreign Policy Agenda, In European Journal of Migration and Law, 1, 1999, gv. 483.474 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

teritoriaze mcxovrebi adamianebis raodenoba 33.5 milioni iyo, maSin,roca kavSiris teritoriaze mcxovrebi arawevri qveynebis moqalaqeTaricxvi Seadgenda 19.6 milions.imave monacemebiT, evrokavSiris teritoriaze mcxovreb arawevriqveynebis moqalaqeTa yvelaze didi raodenoba aRiniSna germaniaSi (7mln), rasac mosdevs gaerTianebuli samefo (5 mln), italia (4.9 mln),espaneTi (4.7 mln) da safrangeTi (4.2 mln). am 5 qveyanaSi evrokavSirisarawevri qveynebis moqalaqeTa ricxvi evrokavSirSi mcxovreb ucxoqveynebis moqalaqeTa mTliani raodenobis 76 % Seadgens, maSin, rocaam 5 saxelmwifos mosaxleoba kavSiris mTliani mosaxleobis 63 %-ia.arawevri qveynebis moqalaqeTa yvelaze didi wili modis luqsemburgSi,sadac ucxoelebi qveynis mosaxleobis 45%-s Seadgenen. aseve maRalimaCvenebelia (10 da meti procenti) kviprosSi, latviaSi, estoneTSi,irlandiaSi, belgiasa da espaneTSi.53evrokomisia varaudobs, romkavSiris teritoriaze 2-4.5 milionamde aralegaluri migrantiimyofeba.54 zemoaRniSnuli gamkacrebis paralelurad, gaerTianebamdaiwyo sakuTari saimigracio politikis `eqsternalizacia~, racgulisxmobda evropisaken daZruli migraciuli nakadebis kontrolsara uSualod sakuTar sazRvrebze, aramed ufro adreul etapze –warmoSobis an satranzito qveyanaSive. 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSiaseTi nabiji iyo Sengenis xelSekrulebis wevri qveynebis savizopolitikis koordinacia da satransporto gadamyvanebisaTvispasuxismgeblobis dakisreba aralegalur migrantTa gadayvanaze.55am mizans emsaxureboda `usafrTxo mesame qveynis wesic~, romelicgulisxmobda konkretuli qveynebidan Semosuli TavSesafrismoTxovnis proceduraTa daCqarebas. Sengenis xelSekrulebazesaubrisas aRsaniSnavia, rom is qmnis Tavisufali gadaadgilebiszonas, romlis SigniTac adamianebi, maT Soris evrokavSiris arawevriqveynebis moqalaqeni, Tavisuflad gadaadgildebian. 1985 wlidanSengenis zona farTovdeba da dRes is evrokavSiris TiTqmis yvelawevr da ramdenime arawevr saxelmwifos moicavs, kerZod: norvegias,islandiasa da Sveicarias. Sengenis zonis SigniT Tavisufali mi­mosvlis paralelurad, evrokavSiris qveynebma daiwyes saerTo garesazRvrebis ganmtkiceba erToblivi ZalisxmeviT.56 Sengenis SeTanxme­bis garda, evrokavSiris wevri qveynebi TanamSromlo­ben agreTveTavSesafris miniWebis sferoSi. evrokavSirSi arsebobs TavSesafriserTiani evropuli sistema, romelic gulisxmobs saerTo standartebis53 http://bit.ly/1BKrFtc, nanaxia 6.11.2015 w.54 European Commission, Third Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum, Brussels, 2012.55 Sandra Lavenex, Shifting Up and Out: The Foreign Policy of European Immigration Control, West European Politics, 29, #2. 2006, gv. 334.56 http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/policies/borders-and-visas/index_en.htm, nana­ xia 6.11.2015 w.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 475

arsebobas TavSesafris sakiTxTa ganxilvisas, ltolvilTa dasafrTxeSi myof adamianTa klasifikaciis saerTo wesebis gaTvalis­winebas da sxv. amas garda, erTi mxriv, yoveli TavSesafris maZieblisinteresis gasaTvaliswineblad da dasakmayofileblad, xolo meoremxriv, piris mier evrokavSiris sxvadasxva qveyanaSi TavSesafriserTdroulad moTxovnis Tavidan asacileblad, miiRes e.w. dubliniskonvencia, romelic mogvianebiT Caanacvla dublinis regulaciam.57dublinis regulacia yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom `swrafadganisazRvros pasuxismgebloba ganacxadis ganxilvaze~58 da agvarebsTavSesafris maZieblis Sesabamis qveyanaSi gadayvanasTan dakavSirebuladministraciul sakiTxebs.migraciis marTvis sferoSi evrokavSiris sagareo politikis Semdeginabiji iyo arawevr saxelmwifoebTan readmisiis xelSekrulebisgaformeba, rac niSnavda xelmomweri saxelmwifos mier valdebulebisaRebas evrokavSirSi aralegalurad myofi sakuTari moqalaqeebisdabrunebaze. pirveli aseTi xelSekruleba 1991 wels Sengeniszonis qveynebma imxanad arawevr poloneTTan gaaformes. migraciispolitikis eqsternalizacia gagrZelda evrokavSiris gafarToebisdrosac, evropuli saimigracio kanonmdeblobis wevrobis kandidatiqveynebis kanonmdeblobaSi asaxviT.59 sagareo politikis rangSimigraciis Tematika 1999 wels, tamperes samitze aiyvanes, rodesacevrokavSiris saxelmwifoebis liderebma miiRes gadawyvetilebamigraciis politikis Sida koordinaciasa da sagareo politikaSiganxorcielebaze. migracia unda gamxdariyo partnior qveynebTanTanamSromlobis mniSvnelovani sfero da axal politikas undamoecva warmoSobis qveynebSi politikuri da adamianis uflebaTada mdgradi ganviTarebis sakiTxebi.60 migraciis politikiseqsternalizacia evrokavSirSi Sidainstituciuri integraciiskvaldakval xdeboda. TavSesafris maZiebelTa da migraciis sfero2010 wlamde marTlmsajulebisa da Sinagani saqmeebis prerogativagaxldaT, rac gulisxmobda, rom gadawyvetilebebi am sferoSi wevriqveynebis mTavrobaTa Soris konsensusiT miiReboda. Tumca, jerkidev 1997 wlis amsterdamis xelSekrulebiT gaTvaliswinebuli iyo57 Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person, nanaxia 5.05.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wd0coh.58 COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) # 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national~. Official Journal of the European Union L (50/1). 2003-02- 25, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32003R0343&from=EN, nanaxia 9.11.2015 w.59 Lavenex, Shifting Up and Out: The Foreign Policy of European Immigration Control, gv. 334.60 iqve, gv. 493.476 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

am sferos supranacionalur svetSi gadatana, rac sabolood, 2010wels, lisabonis xelSekrulebiT moxerxda. 2005 wels evrokavSirmamiiRo `migraciisa da mobilobisadmi globaluri midgomis~ programa,romelic gulisxmobs wevri qveynebis migraciuli kanonebis srulharmonizacias.61 Tumca am saxelmwifoebSi arsebuli gansxvavebuliekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo aseve imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rommigracia sxvadasxva qveyanaze gansxvavebul gavlenas axdens - sruliharmonizaciis miRweva am etapze rTulia. programa gulisxmobsmesame qveynebSi evrokavSiris migraciis politikis instrumentTagamoyenebasac, rogoricaa migraciuli profilebi, migraciismisiebi, migraciisa da ganviTarebis TanamSromlobis platforma dapartnioroba mobilurobisaTvis.migraciis profili dgeba partnior qveyanaSi samuSao bazris, umu­Sevrobis donis, migraciuli nakadebis, migrantTa gadmoricxvebismonacemTa SegrovebiT. evrokomisiis gancxadebiT, TiToeul saxelm­wifoze migraciuli profilis Seqmnis mizania `mesame qveyanasTanmigraciul sferoSi TanamSromlobis mimarTulebaTa gansazRvra~ da`politikis SemuSavebis, TanamSromlobis programebisa da Sefase­bisaTvis gamoyeneba~.62 aRsaniSnavia, rom migraciuli profi­lebisSedgenaSi monawileoben uSualod partniori qveyana da saerTaSorisoorganizaciebi.migraciis misiebic partnior saxelmwifoebSi arsebul mdgomare­obaze informaciis Sesagroveblad tardeba. es misiebi SedgebaevrokavSiris prezidenti qveynis, evrokomisiisa da wevri qveynebiswarmomadgenelTagan da miznad isaxavs partniori saxelmwifosmTavrobebTan dialogsa da maTi SesaZleblobebis Sefasebas arale­galur migraciasTan brZolaSi.TanamSromlobis platformis mizania TanamSromlobis gaZlierebaevrokavSirsa da partnior qveyanas Soris. 2009 wels rumineTma wa­radgina winadadeba, Seqmniliyo Savi zRvis auzis qveynebis plat­forma,sadac migraciis sakiTxebze imsjelebdnen, Tumca am winadadebasSedegi ar mohyolia.gacilebiT Sedegiani aRmoCnda iniciativa `partnioroba mobiluro­bisaTvis~, romelic iTvaliswinebs TanamSromlobas migraciasTandakavSirebul sakiTxebze, rogoricaa: migraciis marTva, SromiTimigracia, readmisia, reintegracia, diaspora, dokumentebis usafrT­61 Paul James Cardwell, New Modes of Governance in the External Dimension of EU Migration Policy, International Migration t. 51, 2013, gv. 54.62 iqve, gv. 60.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 477

xoeba, migraciis erTiani sainformacio baza da informaciis gacvlaevrokavSirTan, Sromis bazari da profesiuli kvalifikaciis aRiarebissakiTxebi. es iniciativa partniori saxelmwifos moqalaqeebssTavazobs evrokavSiris qveynebSi legalur dasaqmebas, maT Soris e.w.`cirkularuli migraciis~ saSualebiT. mesame qveynis moqalaqeTaTvises sqema iZleva evrokavSiris qveynebSi garkveuli vadiT legaluraddasaqmebis, swavlisa da treningebis gavlis SesaZleblobas da Semdgomdabrunebas samSobloSi. `cirkularuli migraciis~ saSualebiTevrokavSiri cdilobs, es procesi prognozirebadi da legitimurigaxdes da amasTanave, itovebs migrantTa samSobloSi dabrunebisuflebas.saqarTvelo am iniciativaSi 2010 wlidan CaerTo da ramdenime proeqtSimiiRo monawileoba. `partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis~ gansakuTrebiTmimzidveli aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropisa da CrdiloeT afrikisqveynebisaTvis da dResdReobiT masSi, saqarTvelos garda, CarTuliasomxeTi, azerbaijani, moldova, egvipte, tunisi da maroko. misimimzidveloba aixsneboda imiT, rom iniciativaSi monawileobasTanerTad partniori qveynebisaTvis ixsneboda evrokavSirTan vizebisgamartivebis perspeqtivac. zogierTi qveynisaTvis problemuriaRmoCnda am iniciativis farglebSi readmisiis xelSekrulebisxelmowera, radgan is gulisxmobda evrokavSiris teritoriazearalegalurad myofi ara mxolod sakuTari moqalaqeebis, aramedmesame qveynebis moqalaqeebis dabrunebasac, Tu damtkicdeboda,rom isini swored xelmomweri qveynis teritoriis gavliT moxvdnenevrokavSirSi. Sesabamisad, `partnioroba mobilurobisaTvis~ zogierTsaxelmwifos imden sargebels ar aZlevda, ramden pasuxismgeblobasacakisrebda.63migraciis sakiTxebze gavlenas axdens evrokavSiris sagareo po­lit­ ikis kidev erTi instrumenti – evrokavSiris samezoblopolitika. samezoblo politika efuZneba iseT saziaro interesebsada Rirebulebebs, rogoricaa demokratia, kanonis uzenaesoba, ada­mianis uflebaTa dacva da socialuri erToba. evrokavSiris same­zoblo politika am gaerTianebis sagareo politikis sakvanZonawilia, romelic 2004 wlidan gamoiyeneba mis samxreT da aRmosavleTmezoblebTan, SeZlebisdagvarad, mWidro politikuri da ekonomikuriintegraciisaTvis.64 saqarTvelo samezoblo politikis aqtiuri wevriada qveyanaSi ganxorcielebuli bevri iniciativa swored am programisfarglebSi dafinansda.63 Natasja Reslow, The role of third countries in EU Migration Policy: The Mobility Partnerships, European Journal of Migration and Law, 14 2012, gv. 413.64 http://eeas.europa.eu/enp/about-us/index_en.htm, nanaxia 23.10.15 w.478 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

migraciis marTvis sferoSi evrokavSiri xSirad mimarTavs sagareopolitikis meqanizmebs, rogoricaa Tavisufali vaWroba, pirdapiriinvesticiebi, ganviTarebis xelSewyoba da mxardaWera demokratiisada warmatebuli mmarTvelobis sferoSi. zogadad, es meqanizmebiexmareba ekonomikur zrdasa da socialur ganviTarebas, qmnisinves­ticiebisaTvis mimzidvel garemos, finansur mxardaWerassTavazobs ganviTarebis programebs da icavs adamianis uflebebsada demokratiul Rirebulebebs warmoSobis qveynebSi. aseTimeqanizmis erT-erTi magaliTia asocirebis xelSekruleba, romelicsaqarTvelo-evrokavSirs Soris 2014 wlis ivnisSi daido da miznadisaxavs politikuri da ekonomikuri urTierTobebis gaRrmavebas,aseve, qveynis integracias evrokavSiris erTian bazarze, romelicmsoflio bazris udidesi erTiani sivrcea. es TanamSromlobagulisxmobs Rrma da yovlismomcveli Tavisufali savaWro sivrcisSeqmnas saqarTvelosa da evrokavSirs Soris.65evrokavSiri partnior qveynebs exmareba sazRvris marTvis sistemaTadanergvasa da gaumjobesebaSic. evrokavSiris sazRvris saagentofronteqsi da partniori saxelmwifoebi atareben erTobliv sa­sazRvro operaciebsa da patrulirebas, gansakuTrebiT xmelTaSuazRvaSi da saberZneT-TurqeTis sazRvrebze, sadac didia aralegalurimigraciis safrTxe.66 mxolod 2014 wels xmelTaSua zRvidan evropaSidaaxloebiT 14,000 ltolvili Sevida.67 gaeros ltolvilTa umaRlesikomisariatis monacemebiT ki 2015 wels maTi ricxvi katastrofuladgaizarda da 788,007-s miaRwia; es adamianebi ZiriTadad siriidan,avRaneTidan da eritreadan68 arian. evrokavSiri aseve afinansebsinfrastruqturis mowyobasa da Tanamedrove aRWurvilobis SeZenassasazRvro uwyebebisaTvis da atarebs swavlebebs partniori qvey­nebis mesazRvreTaTvis. TanamSromloba sazRvris marTvis sferoSiam gaerTianebisaTvis erT-erTi mTavari iaraRia aralegalur migra­ciasTan brZolaSi, radgan mezobel saxelmwifoebSi sasazRvrokontro­lis gaumjobeseba dadebiTad aisaxeba evrokavSirSi arale­galuri migraciis Semcirebaze.evrokavSiri aqtiurad TanamSromlobs mezobel qveynebTan TavSe­safris maZiebelTaTvis Rirseuli pirobebis Sesaqmnelad da ar iSurebsdafinansebas, rom partnior saxelmwifoebSi evropuli standartebiscentrebi Camoyalibdes. am nabijiT igi or mizans aRwevs: erTi mxriv,exmareba partnior qveynebs TavSesafris maZiebelTaTvis ukeTesi65 http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-14-430_en.htm, nanaxia 23.10.15 w.66 Emanuela Paoletti, Power Relations and International Migration: The case of Italy and Libya, Political Studies, t 59, 2011, gv. 275.67 Migration and Development Brief #23, October 2014, World Bank, gv. 22.68 http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php, nanaxia 9.11.2015 w.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 479

infrastruqturisa da pirobebis SeqmnaSi, da meore mxriv, amcirebs maTraodenobas sakuTar teritoriaze, radgan, rogorc wesi, TavSesafrismaZieblebi evropaSi swored aRmosavleT evropis an CrdiloeT afrikisqveynebis gavliT Sedian. evropuli standartebis dakmayofilebisSemTxvevaSi ki es saxelmwifoebi `usafrTxo~ qveynebad cxaddebian, daSesabamisad, TavSesafris maZieblebs aRar aqvT ufleba, evrokavSiristeritoriaze moiTxovon TavSesafari.69evrokavSiri yvelanairad cdilobs migraciuli nakadebis SezRudvassakuTar teritoriaze, Tumca es mxolod am nakadebis SeferxebiTrodi gamoixateba. igi eswrafvis kanonieri da organizebuli migraciiswaxalisebasac. am mizniT is iyenebs sagareo politikur instrumentebsda partnior qveynebs exmareba saimigracio da sasazRvro sistemisreformirebaSi, aseve, sxvadasxva reformebis gatarebaSi zogadaddemokratiuli ganviTarebisaTvis, warmatebuli reformebisSemTxvevaSi ki zogierTs uvizo mimosvlas hpirdeba. XXI saukunisdasawyisidan migraciis sakiTxebi evrokavSiris sagareo politikisganuyofeli nawili gaxda da aisaxa evrokavSirsa da partnior qveynebsSoris gaformebul saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebebSi.ruseTis federaciaruseTis federacia iseTi saxelmwifos saintereso magaliTia,romelic migrantTa warmoSobis qveyanac aris, satranzitoc damimRebic. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg milionze metma adamianmadatova ruseTis federacia.70 zusti statistikis dadgena Znelia,radgan axali talRis rus emigrantTa umetesoba ar Tmobs amqveynis moqalaqeobas da arc oficialurad registrirdeba. Sem­cirda Sobadobis donec. mosaxleobis bunebrivi Semcirebis(zogierT wlebSi) 80%-iani kompensireba swored migraciis Sedegadmoxda;71 Sesabamisad, migracia mniSvnelovani faqtoria ruseTSidemografiuli mdgomareobis dasabalanseblad. TandaTan SeicvalamigrantTa eTnikuri Semadgenlobac. 1990-ian wlebSi ruseTSimigr­­antebi umeteswilad yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan Ca­suli eTnikuri rusebi iyvnen, amJamad ki migrantebi ZiriTadadcentraluri aziis qveynebidan Cadian. yovelwliurad ruseTSilegalurad 2.5 milioni migranti muSaobs, aralegalurad ki 3-dan69 Daniel Wunderlich, Towards Coherence of EU External Migration Policy? International Migration, t. 51, 2013. gv.31.70 Sergei Ryazantsev, Russia needs a new Migration Policy, Russian Politics and Law, t 51#.3, 2013, gv. 86.71 iqve, gv. 84.480 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

5 milionamde.72 dasavleTis qveynebTan SedarebiT ruseTi naklebadmimzidvelia maRalkvalificiuri SromiTi migrantebisaTvis. igiZiriTadad damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa Tanamegobrobidan Casulmigrantebs xiblavs, romelTa umravlesoba dabali ganaTlebisa dakvalifikaciis mqone muSaxelia, Tumca maTi upiratesoba rusuli eniscodnaa da ruseTTan istoriul-kulturuli msgavseba. am qveyanas,evrokavSirisagan gansxvavebiT, liberaluri (weliwadSi 90-dRiani)uvizo reJimi aqvs dsT-s respublikebTan, Sesabamisad, ruseTSi CasvlawarmoSobis qveynidan Zneli ar aris.2014 wlis aprilSi gamartivda ruseTis moqalaqeobis miReba imkategoriis moqalaqeTaTvis, romlebic floben rusul enas damaTi erT-erTi winapari sabWoTa kavSiris moqalaqe iyo.73 gaadvildamoqalaqeobis miReba ucxoeli studentebisTvisac, romlebicruseTSi amTavreben universitets da 3 wlis manZilze am qveyanaSi aqvTsamsaxuri. ruseTis mTavroba moqalaqeobis sakiTxs saerTaSorisopolitikuri miznebisTvisac iyenebs - magaliTad, ruseTis pasportebsseparatistuli afxazeTis, cxinvalis regionisa da dnestrispireTismosaxleobas urigebs. man aseve gaamartiva ukrainis moqalaqeebisaTvisdroebiTi TavSesafrisa da Sromis uflebis miniWeba 2014 wliszafxulSi donbasis konfliqtisas.74SromiTi migracia ruseTSi migraciis yvelaze masobrivi da spontanuriformaa. saxelmwifo struqturebi ver axerxeben am procesisorganizebasa da kontrols. ruseTSi arsebuli ucxoeli muSaxeliskvotirebis sistema noyier niadags qmnis e.w. `Savi bazrisaTvis~. amsistemis mixedviT damsaqmebelma winaswar unda mimarTos saxelmwifostruqturebs ucxoeli muSaxelis moTxovniT, rac biurokratiulida xSirad araefeqtiani procesia. Sedegad, garkveuli firmebiyiduloben kvotebs saxelmwifosgan da Semdeg aTmag fasad yidian.75aqedan gamomdinare, damsaqmeblebs xarjebis dasazogad urCevniaTarakanonierad aiyvanon samsaxurSi migranti, rac kidev ufrozrdis ukanonod dasaqmebul ucxoelTa ricxvs, miT umetes, romaRmoCenis SemTxvevaSi damsaqmebels mxolod administraciuli jarimaekisreba.76 aralegalur migrantTa 80% dsT-is qveynebis moqalaqea,danarCeni 20% ki – umetesad CineTis, koreisa da vietnamisa.77 ruseTis72 ruseTis federaciis samigracio politikis koncefcia 2025 wlamde, nanaxia 25.03.15 w. http://pvsfms.ru/doc/kgmp.pdf.73 http://rt.com/politics/russian-citizenship-ancestors-language-764/, nanaxia 31.03.2015 w.74 http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48d456.html, nanaxia 10.11.2015 .75 Ryazantsev, Russia needs a new Migration Policy, Russian Politics and Law, t. 51# 3, 2013, gv. 83.76 Liubov Bisson, Cooperation between Russia and the EU in the Sphere of Migration, Russian Politics and Law, t. 52, #.6, 2014, gv. 79.77 iqve, gv. 78.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 481

ekonomika kvalificiur ucxoel specialistebs saWiroebs da ammizniT, saxelmwifo migraciis politikis koncefcia iTvaliswinebsgamartivebuli reJimis SemoRebas aRniSnuli kategoriis ucxoel­TaTvis. am qveynis migraciis politikaze saubrisas aRsaniSnaviasazogadoebis mkveTrad uaryofiTi da qsenofobiuri damokidebulebamigrantebis, gansakuTrebiT Cinelebis, Sua azielebisa da kavka­sielebis mimarT.78 moskovisa da peterburgis mosaxleobisaTvis,sadac migrantTa koncentracia maRalia, es problema ufro aqtua­luria, vidre bevri sxva sayofacxovrebo sakiTxi.79ruseTis migraciis politika misi sagareo politikis anareklia.migrantTa mimarT damokidebuleba da saimigracio kanonmdeblobaicvleba qveynis sagareo-politikuri prioritetebis mixedviT.magaliTad, 1990-iani wlebis dasawyisSi, rodesac ruseTisaTvis mniSvne­lovani iyo yofili sabWoTa sivrcis integracia, am respublikebidanCasul migrantebs (ganurCevlad eTnikuri kuTvnilebisa) martivadaZlevda migrantisa da ltolvilis statuss, SemdgomSi ki –moqalaqeobasac, radgan oficialuri diskursiT es adamianebiTanamemamuleebad miiCneodnen.80 rac Seexeba sxva ganviTarebadiqveyneb­idan Sesul migrantebs, maT Soris ltolvilebsa da TavSe­safris maZieblebs, am adamianebisaTvis legaluri statusis mopovebaukiduresad rTuli iyo. midgoma Seicvala 1990-iani wlebis bolos,rodesac daiwyo saimigracio politikis ganxilva usafrTxoebisWrilSi. Sedegad, dsT-s respublikebidan Casul ararus moqalaqeebsproblemebi SeeqmnaT. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis magaliTze aSkaraa,rom ruseTma ukve 90-iani wlebis miwuruls daiwyo migraciuliberketis sagareo politikuri miznebisTvis amuSaveba. 1997 wels,rodesac ltolvilTa Sesaxeb axali kanoni Sevida ZalaSi, saimigraciosamsaxurebma Sewyvites afxazeTidan ltolvili eTnikuri qarTve­lebisaTvis statusis miniWeba.81 2001 wlis dasawyisSi ruseTmacalmxrivad SemoiRo savizo reJimi saqarTvelosTan, romelic imxanaddsT-s wevri saxelmwifo iyo, 2006 wels ki misma mTavrobam qveynidangamoaZeva qarTveli migrantebi (ix. dawvrilebiT kazusi). yvelaes qmedeba ganxorcielda maSin, rodesac ruseTs saqarTvelosTanurTier­Tobebi daeZaba. samigracio da savizo berketic sworedsaqarTvelos dasasjelad iyo amoqmedebuli. 2011-2012 wlebSiruseTma igive berketi aamuSava tajikeTis winaaRmdegac, am qveynidanmigrantTa dakavebisa da gaZevebis saxiT, raTa zewola moexdina78 Olga Vendina, Migrants in Russian Cities, Russian Politics and Law, t 51, #3, 2013 gv. 49.79 iqve, gv. 50.80 Oksana Shevelm, Migration, Refugee Policy and state Building in Postcommunist Europe, 2011, gv. 98- 102.81 iqve, gv. 123.482 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mis mTavrobaze dakavebuli rusi pilotebis gasaTavisufleblad.82ruseTi aseve daemuqra tajikeTisa da yirgizeTis xelisuflebebs maTimoqalaqeebisaTvis savizo reJimis SemoRebiT, Tu rusuli samxedrobazebis sakiTxi moskovis sasargeblod ar gadawydeboda.miuxedavad imisa, rom ruseTSi imigrantTa umravlesoba dsT-s qvey­nebidan Cadis da SemdgomSi aralegalurad rCeba, riTac arRvevssavizo reJims, uvizo reJimi dsT-s qveynebis mimarT mainc ZalaSirCeba. meore mxriv, ruseTi sakmaod mkacr savizo politikas mimarTavsevrokavSiris wevri qveynebis mimarT, saidanac aralegaluri migraciisalbaToba Zalze mcirea.amrigad, ruseTis saimigracio politika ambivalenturia. demogra­fiuli problemebis gadasaWrelad mas sWirdeba ucxoeli samuSaoZala. eTnikurad rusi migrantebis resursi praqtikulad amowurulia,an SeZlebisdagvarad Semcirebuli. Sesabamisad, samuSao Zalisdeficits dabalkvalificiuri Sua azieli migrantebi avseben, ro­melTa mimarTac sazogadoebis ganwyoba uaryofiTia. ruseTssWir­deba maRalkvalificiuri specialistebic, maTi mozidva ki,dasavleTTan daZabuli politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, Znelia.amavdroulad, is migraciis politikas sagareo politikur iaraRadaciyenebs mezobel qveynebze zewolisaTvis, riTac am politikasaraTanmimdevrulsa da araprognozirebads xdis. kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. rodis da rogor Camoyalibda saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi damoukidebel disciplinad da ras Seiswavlis igi?2. ratom aris mniSvnelovani migracia saerTaSoriso urTierTo­ bebisaTvis?3. rogor iyeneben saxelmwifoebi migracias sagareo politikaSi?4. ra rols asrulebs saerTaSoriso urTierTobebi migraciis mar­ Tvis sferoSi?5. sagareo politikis romel instrumentebs iyenebs evrokavSiri migraciis regulirebisas?82 Michael Schwirtz, With a Russian in Tajik jail, Moscow aims its reprisals at migrant workers, 2011, nanaxia 18.12.2016 w. http://nyti.ms/2fObpEz.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 483

6. saerTaSoriso urTeTierTobebis romeli tipis Teoriebi axa­ siaT­ebs ruseTis federaciis sagareo da migraciis marTvis politikas?kazusebi da saSinao davalebakazusi: qarTvelTa deportacia ruseTidansaqarTvelosa da ruseTs Soris daZabuli urTierTobebisfonze 2006 wlis 27 seqtembers TbilisSi daakaves ruseTissaelCos 4 TanamSromeli, romelTac brali dasdes Cveni qveyniswinaaRmdeg jaSuSobaSi. umalve ruseTis mTavrobam TbilisidanelCi gaiwvia da Sewyvita saqarTvelos moqalaqeTaTvis vizebisgacema. daZabulobis ganmuxtvis mizniT, 2006 wlis 2 oqtomberssaqarTvelos xelisuflebam jaSuSebi gaaTavisufla da euTo-s war­momadgenlebs gadasca. miuxedavad amisa, ruseTis xelisuflebamdaiwyo mizanmimarTuli kampania ruseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelimigrantebisa da maT mflobelobaSi arsebuli kompaniebiswinaaRmdeg.Human Rights Watch-is 2007 wlis angariSis mixedviT, ruseTisoficialurma pirebma daiwyes gamosvla antiqarTuli gancxade­bebiT, sadac qarTvelebi aralegalur migrantebad da damnaSaveebadiyvnen warmoCenilni. ruseTis satelevizio arxebiT gadaicemodasaqarTvelos sawinaaRmdego propaganda da oficialur pirTamowodebebi qarTvelTa dakavebisa da gaZevebis Sesaxeb. ruseTisxelisuflebam policiasa da federalur saimigracio samsaxursdaavala RonisZiebebis gatareba aralegalurad mcxovreb qarTvelmigrantTa gamosavlenad da gasaZeveblad. moskovis policiamreidebi Caatara saqarTvelos saelCosa da qarTuli eklesiismimdebare teritoriaze dokumentebis Sesamowmeblad. iyo moskovisskolebSi Sesvlisa da qarTuli gvarebis mqone moswavleTa damSobelTa siebis moTxovnis faqtebic. dakavebulTa mimarT aRi­niSna Zaladoba da muqara. am adamianebs ar misces advokatisdaqiravebis ufleba da arc saqarTvelos saelCos warmomadgenlebiSeuSves maTTan. sasamarTlo procesebi mxolod ramdenime wuTsgrZeldeboda, verdiqti ki gasaCivrebas ar eqvemdebareboda.6 oqtombers ruseTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministrom daiwyo dakave­buli qarTvelebis satvirTo TviTmfrinavebiT gamoZeveba. ori TvisganmavlobaSi 2,380 adamiani gamodevnes da kidev 2,254-ma sakuTari484 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

xarjiT datova ruseTis federacia sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebisSedegad.83 ucnobia im qarTvel migrantTa raodenoba, romlebmac,am kampaniis Sedegad Tavisi nebiT datoves ruseTi. ori adamianipatimrobisas gardaicvala. ruseTis xelisufleba uaryofda, romkampania qarTvelebis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli da acxadebda, rommaTi dakaveba zogadad aralegaluri migraciisa da organizebuldanaSaulTan brZolis farTomasStabiani operaciis nawili iyo daeTnikur kuTvnilebas mniSvneloba ar hqonda. Tumca, oficialuridokumentebiT dasturdeba, rom mTavari samizne swored eTnikuriqarTvelebi iyvnen.84 aRsaniSnavia, rom gamoZevebulTa Sorismoxvdnen ruseTis teritoriaze kanonierad myofi da ruseTismoqalaqe qarTvelebic. 2007 wlis 26 marts saqarTvelom evropulsasamarTloSi sarCeli Seitana ruseTis federaciis winaaRmdegadamianis uflebaTa konvenciis darRvevis Sesaxeb. 2014 wlis 3 ivlisssasamarTlom daadgina, rom `saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis mimarTgamoiyenes dapatimrebis, dakavebisa da gaZevebis koordinirebulipolitika da ... es dapatimrebebi TviTneburi iyo~.85ruseTis federaciam daarRvia adamianis uflebaTa evropulikonvenciis xuTi muxli. konvencia dairRva ucxoelTa koleqtiurigaZevebis akrZalvasTan, Tavisuflebisa da xelSeuxeblobis,samarTliani sasamarTlo ganxilvis uflebebTan, araadamianur daRirsebis Semlaxvel mopyrobasa da samarTlebrivi dacvis efeqtiansaSualebebTan mimarTebiT.86bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Sergei Abashin, Central Asian Migration. Russian Politics and Law, t. 51, #3, 2013;2. Fiona Adamson, Crossing Borders: International Migration and National Security. International Security, t. 31, # 1, MIT Press, 2006;3. Liubov Bisson, Cooperation between Russia and the EU in the Sphere of MigrationRussian Politics and Law, t. 52, #6, 2014;4. Paul James Cardwell, New Modes of Governance in the External Dimension of EU Migration Policy.International Migration t. 51, 2013;5. Concept Note on State Migration Policy of Russian Fenderation till 2025;83 Singled Out, Human Rights Watch, 19, oqtomberi 2007. gv. 3. nanaxia 24.04.15 w. http://bit.ly/2wi9ej9.84 iqve, gv. 75, 77, 79, 81 da 83.85 ECHR Judgment, Georgia vs. Russia, nanaxia 24.04.15 w. http://bit.ly/2wifhnQ.86 iqve.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 485

6. Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. Report on humanitarian situation of Ukrainian refugees and IDPs, 16.12.2014;7. COUNCIL REGULATION (EC) # 343/2003 of 18 February 2003 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an asylum application lodged in one of the Member States by a third- country national. Official Journal of the European Union L (50/1). 2003-02-25, https://goo.gl/RuiEH4;8. Mathias Czaika and Hein de Haas, The Globalization of Migration: Has the World Become More Migratory? International Migration Review, t. 48, #2, 2014;9. Thomas De Waal, The Caucasus, 2010;10. Desmond Dinan, Ever Closer Union. Rienner, 2010;11. European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) Judgment. Georgia vs. Russia, July, 2014;12. European Commission. Fifth Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum, Brussels, 2014;13. European Commission. Third Annual Report on Immigration and Asylum, Brussels, 2012;14. Steven Globerman and Daniel Shapiro, Transnational Corporations, t. 17, #1, 2008;15. Growth in UN membership. https://goo.gl/W5h9dj;16. Helga Hafterndorn, Coming of the Age, 2006.17. Hein de Haas, Katharina Natter, Simona Vezzoli, Growing restrictiveness or changing selection? The nature and evolution of migration policies, Working Paper 96, July 2014.18. International Migration Institute: 2014, https://www.imi.ox.ac.uk/;19. Christopher Hill and Michael Smith, International Relations and the European Union, Oxford University Press, 2011;20. Human Rights Watch, Singled Out, t. 19, October 2007;21. Robertand Jackson Georg Sorensen,Introduction to International Relations, Oxford: 2013;22. Jane Kinninmont, `Citizenship in the Gulf~ – The gulf states and Arab uprisings, Chatham House: 2013;486 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

23. Sandra Lavenex, Shifting Up and Out: The Foreign Policy of European Immigration Control, West European Politics, t. 29, # 2. 2006.24. Lindsay Lowell, and Allan Findley,Migration of highly skilled persons from developing countries, International Migration Papers, 44, https://goo.gl/7HtGZ3;25. Catherine Macmillan,Europeanisation and Migration and Asylum policies in Turkey;26. Andrew Mango, Ataturk, Murray, Migration and Remittances, factbook 2011, http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf27. Tariq Modood, Multiculturalism, Polity, 2013;28. Andrei Molchanov, Meet the Migrants, Russian Politics and Law, t. 51, #3, 2013;29. Montevideo Convention on the rights and duties of states, http://on.cfr.org/1xHtD91;30. Vladimir Mukomel,Ethnic and Migration Policy in 2000s viewed in the context of Relations between the Federal Center and the Regions, Russian Politics and Law, t. 51, #3, 2013;31. Jan Niessen, International Migration on the EU Foreign Policy Agenda, European Journal of Migration and Law, 1, 1999;32. Saime Ozcurumez and Nazli Senses, Europeanization and Turkey: Studying irregular migration policy, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, t. 13, #2 2011;33. Emanuela Paoletti, Power Relations and International Migration: The case of Italy and Libya. Political Studies t. 59, 2011;34. Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or a stateless person, http://bit.ly/2wd0coh;35. Natasja Reslow, The role of third countries in EU Migration Policy: The Mobility Partnerships, European Journal of Migration and Law 14, 2012;36. Carole Rogel, The Breakup of Yugoslavia and its Aftermath, 200437. Alexandria Ruble, Changing Demographics: Migration Flows From or To Germany, http://bit.ly/2heYIQb;მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 487

38. Sergei Ryazantsev,Russia needs a new Migration Policy, Russian Politics and Law, t. 51, #3, 2013;39. Ideanand Salehyan and Christian Gleditsch, Refugees and the Spread of Civil War, International Organisation, Vol 60, #2, 2008;40. Michael Schwirtz, With a Russian in a Tajik Jail, Moscow Aims Its Reprisal at Migrant Workers, http://nyti.ms/2fObpEz;41. Oxana Shevel, Migration, Refugee Policy and State Building in Postcommunist Europe, Cambridge: 2011;42. Oksana Shevelm,Migration, Refugee Policy and state Building in Postcommunist Europe, 2011;43. Eric B. Shiraev, International Relations. Oxford University Press, New York: 2014;44. Singled Out, Human Rights Watch, t. 19, October 2007. http://bit.ly/2hd67DB;45. South China Morning Post, Chinese Banks Offer Cheap Loans Abroad, 19.07.2013, http://bit.ly/2i907vC;46. The Impact of Remittances on Economic Insecurity, DESA Working Paper # 78.47. Vitaliy Timkiv, New citizenship shortcut for Russian-speakers of Soviet, Imperial ancestry, http://rt.com/politics/russian-citizenship-ancestors-language-764/;48. Ian Traynor, EU keen to strike deal with Muammar Gaddafi on immigration, http://bit.ly/1T3eRCV;49. UNHCR, War’s Human Cost. UNHCR Global Trends 2013, Geneva: 2014;50. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UN DESA), Cross- national Comparisons Of Internal Migration: An Update On Global Patterns And Trends,. Technical Paper # 2013/1;51. Olga Vendina, Migrants in Russian Cities, Russian Politics and Law, t. 51, #3, 2013;52. Myron Weiner, International Migrationand International Relations, Journal Population and Development Review t.11, #3, 1996;53. Myron Weiner, Security, Stability and International Migration, Journal International Security t.17, #3, 1994;54. Andreas Wimmer, Ethnic Boundary Making. Oxford: 2013;55. World Bank, Migration and Development Brief #22, April 2014;488 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

56. World Bank, Migration and Development Brief #23, October 2014;57. World Bank, Migration and Remittance, Factbook, 2011, http://bit.ly/2hbBbTS;58. World Bank, Migration and Remittance, Factbook, 2016;59. Daniel Wunderlich, Towards Coherence of EU External Migration Policy? International Migration, t. 51, 2013;60. Transparency International, Challenges of new immigration law in Georgia, 2014. http://www.transparency.ge/en/node/4757;61. BBC, Georgians deported as row deepens, 2006; http://bbc.in/2w4SWXV;62. International Organization for Migration, IOM History. http://bit.ly/2xMV23d;63. http://iom.in t/cms/en/sites/iom/home/about-iom-1/history.html;64. http://www.enigmma.ge;65. http://www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/migration/pdf/migration_8points_en.pdf;66. http://www.ungeorgia.ge/geo/un_agencies?info_id=19#.VSKDAtyUdDl;67. http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/page?page=49e48d2e6&submit=GO;68. revaz gaCeCilaZe, axlo aRmosavleTi, Tbilisi: 2007.მიგრაცია და საერთაშორისო ურთიერთობები 489

14. migracia da sajaro marTva mariam WumburiZe inovaciebisa da reformebis centri Temur goginovi migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis samdivno14.1. Sesavalievropis migraciuli krizisi aqtiuri Temaa beWdur da sxvamediasaSualebebSi, gansakuTrebiT, 2014 wlidan. is sakmaod didgamowvevad iqca bevri qveynisaTvis da erTgvari gamocdaa evropiserTianobisaTvis. krizisma kargad aCvena saxelmwifoTa ganviTarebisada politikis gavlena migraciul nakadebze: isini ZiriTadadmiemarTebodnen im qveynebisaken, romelTaganac SedarebiT liberalurdamokidebulebasa da ukeTes materialur mxardaWeras moelodnen;aseve, kargad gamoikveTa migraciis mniSvneloba ara mxolodekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, da sajaro marTvis roli Tu gamowvevebiadgilobriv, qveynis regionul da globalur doneze.migracias aTaswlovani istoria aqvs. ukeTesi pirobebis ZiebaSiadamianebi mudmivad inacvlebdnen erTi adgilidan meoreze daerTaderTi damabrkolebeli garemoeba am procesSi maTive fizikuriSesaZleblobebi iyo. saxelmwifoebisa da sazRvrebis warmoSobasTanerTad ki gaCnda sxva damabrkolebeli garemoebebic - sabuTebi dasasazRvro regulaciebi. am yvelaferma bunebriv procesSi, romelsacmigracia hqvia, sajaro marTvis saWiroeba Semoitana. saxelmwifoebmadaiwyes imis gansazRvra, vis hqonda maT teritoriaze Sesvlisa Tuyofnis ufleba, visze vrceldeboda saxelmwifos mfarveloba, raufleba-movaleobebi gaaCndaT am adamianebs da rogor unda esargeblaTmaTTvis dadgenili wesebiT. swored am process ukavSirdebamigraciuli cnebebis warmoSobac (legaluri, aralegaluri, emigracia,imigracia da a.S.), radgan manamde maTi saWiroeba ar arsebobda.saxelmwifos ganviTarebam warmoSva iseTi cnebebic, rogoricaasajaro politika da sajaro marTva, aseve, maTi ganxorcielebamigraciis konteqstSi. saxelmwifoebi TavianTi mzrunvelobis qveSmyofTa keTildReobis motiviT gansazRvraven politikas, romelic490 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gavlenas axdens migraciaze; Tavis mxriv, migraciuli tendenciebicaisaxeba politikaze da iwvevs mis cvlilebas.Tanamedrove samyaroSi, gazrdili teqnologiuri SesaZleblobebisada migraciisaTvis gaRebuli soliduri resursebis miuxedavad, amprocesis marTva mniSvnelovan gamowvevad rCeba msoflios mravaliqveynisaTvis. xSirad gaigonebT aralegalur migraciasTan brZolissxvadasxva midgomis Sesaxeb, Tumca es cvlilebebi, Tavis mxriv,ubiZgebs migrantebs axali moqmedebebisaken, raTa gverdi auaronaxlad warmoqmnil barierebs. Sesabamisad, am movlenasTan brZolayovelwliurad sul ufro uZneldebaT saxelmwifoebs. magaliTad,amerikis SeerTebuli Statebi aTwleulebia ebrZvis meqsikidanaralegaluri migraciuli nakadebis Semodinebas, Tumca am brZolaswarmatebuli naklebad SeiZleba ewodos1. amis mizezad xSiradsaxeldeba is, rom migracia mxolod simptomia, xolo mis gamomwvevmizezebTan gamklaveba iSviaTad Tu xerxdeba. pirebs, romlebicmigraciis analizisas neoklasikur midgomas emxrobian, miaCniaT,rom migracia, arc meti da arc naklebi, warmoSobis qveyanaSiSromiTi resursis siWarbisa da daniSnulebis qveyanaSi muSaxelzemoTxovnis Sedegia.2 swored amitom, migrantTa warmoSobis qveynebiswarmomadgenlebi xSirad gamoTqvamen azrs, rom am sakiTxTangasamklaveblad ganviTarebulma saxelmwifoebma realobas Tvali undagausworon da moTxovnis Sesabamisad Secvalon migraciis politika.amasTanave, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT migraciis globalur masStabebs,saxelmwifoebi, maTi ganviTarebis donisa da materialuri siZlierismiuxedavad, acnobiereben, rom damoukideblad am problemis daZlevaSeuZlebelia. magaliTad, britaneTis Sinagan saqmeTa saministromTavis angariSSi xazgasmiT aRniSna, rom `vinaidan migracia globalurifenomenia, britaneTs ar SeuZlia gancalkevebulad moqmedeba~.3dResdReobiT swored aman ganapiroba migraciis Temaze momuSavemravali saerTaSoriso platformisa da instrumentis Seqmna.am procesis kompleqsuri bunebidan gamomdinare, winamdebare Tavimiznad isaxavs migraciisa da sajaro marTvis urTierTkavSiris,tendenciebisa da mizezebis warmoCenas da mkiTxvelisaTvis war­mo­d­genis Seqmnas maT mniSvnelobaze. upirvelesad is relevanturiTeoriuli CarCoa migraciisa, radgan am procesis aTaswlovani1 Pew Research Center, 5 facts about illegal immigration in the U.S. 2016. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/329hLY.2 Thomas K. Bauer and Claus F. Zimmermann, Assessment of Possible Migration Pressure and its Labour Market Impact Following EU Enlargement to Central and East Europe, 1999. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/6pjVEC.3 Home Office and Foreign and Commonwealth Office. Managing Global Migration – A Strategy to Build Stronger International Alliances to Manage Migration, 2007. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/CPf5GS.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 491

isto­riis miuxedavad, monawile mxareebs SeTanxmebisaTvis jerac armiuRweviaT - zogierTebi mas ganviTarebis, meoreni ki CamorCenilobisxelSemwyob fenomenad miiCneven. Tavi grZeldeba migraciisa da sajaromarTvis cnebaTa gansazRvriTa da urTierTkavSiris warmoCeniT. masSisxvadasxva saxelmwifos magaliTzea ganxiluli am procesis marTvisgansxvavebuli midgomebi. raki saxelmZRvanelo saqarTveloSimoRvawe samecniero sazogadoebisa da praqtikosebisaTvis Seiqmna,masSi aqcentirebulia migraciis marTva Cveni qveynis magaliTze.Semdgomi nawili daeTmoba saerTaSoriso TanamSromlobis modelebsda maT mniSvnelobas migraciis efeqtiani marTvisaTvis, bolos kiwarmodgenilia migraciis tendenciebi da dResdReobiT arsebuligamowvevebi.14.1.1. sajaro marTvis rolis ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi cnebebi migraciis procesSi da misi Teoriuli CarCobolo ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi migraciis Tema sakmaod xSiradCndeba politikur debatebSi rogorc dadebiT, ise uaryofiTkonteqstSi. uaryofiTi ganwyobebi ZiriTadad gaismis imigraciismimarT - gansakuTrebiT, ganviTarebuli qveynebis mxridan – da rigSemTxvevebSi isini TvalsaCinod aisaxeba sazogadoebis ganwyobebzeadamianTa garkveuli jgufebisadmi.4 dadebiTi ganwyobebi ZiriTadadexeba sakiTxebs, rogoric aris saWiro adamianuri resursebisSemodineba, mosaxleobis daberebis procesis dabalanseba dakulturuli mravalferovnebis Semotana. erTi SexedviT, mravaliempiriuli monacemi arsebobs saimisod, rom mecnierebma dapraqtikosebma sabolood daadginon, migracia dadebiTi movlenaasaxelmwifoebisTvis Tu uaryofiTi. es sabolood dausvamda wertilspolitikosTa urTierTgamomricxav mosazrebebs am Temaze, Tumca,Cndeba kiTxva: maS, ratom ar keTdeba es? imis gasaanalizeblad, rasefuZneba es ganwyobebi, ra gansazRvravs sajaro politikas migraciismimarTulebiT da raze axdens gavlenas es procesi, mniSvnelovaniasaerTaSoriso samecniero wreebSi gavrcelebuli Teoriuli CarCosmimoxilva.migraciis yvela aspeqtis erT CarCoSi moqceva rTuli aRmoCndamecnie­rebisa da politikosebisaTvis. Tu am procesis kvlevas davi­4 negatiuri ganwyobis erT-erT magaliTad SegviZlia ganvixiloT 2015 wlis 19 oqtombers gaerTianebuli samefos parlamentis mier ganxiluli peticia, romel- sac xels oras aTasze meti adamiani awerda. peticiis moTxovna iyo dauyovnebliv Sewyvetiliyo imigrantTa qveyanaSi SemoSveba, vinaidan maTi Senaxva saxelmwifos milionobiT funti ujdeboda. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/UrGhTZ.492 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

w­yebT, aRmovaCenT, rom migraciis mravali kategoria arsebobs daes kategorizacia damokidebulia mizanze, romelsac is emsaxurebakonkretul SemTxvevaSi, kerZod: migracia SeiZleba iyos mokle,grZelvadiani an cirkularuli, nebayoflobiTi an iZulebiTi, Sidaan saerTaSoriso, legaluri an aralegaluri da a.S. kategorizaciisdaniSnuleba ki adamianTa daxmarebaa am movlenis ukeT gamokvlevaSi,gacnobierebasa da marTvaSi. misi gansxvavebul formebad dayofisa dagaazrebis Semdeg, bunebrivad daismis kiTxvebi: ra iwvevs am sxvaobebs?ratom iReben adamianebi migraciisa Tu Sin darCenis gadawyvetilebebsda ra ganapirobebs daniSnulebis qveynis arCevans?1979 wels jon galbraiTma Tavis naSromSi migracias uwoda `uZvelesiqmedeba siRaribis winaaRmdeg~.5 es procesi kacobriobis Tanmdevimovlena iyo, adamianebi mudmivad gadaadgildebodnen saarsebowyaros ZiebaSi. Tumca, dRevandeli migraciuli tendenciebi SeiZlebagarkveulwilad am Sexedulebidan gadaxrad CaiTvalos, vinaidansakmaod gaxSirda migracia rogorc ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris, isemsoflios ganviTarebuli regionebidan ganviTarebadi nawilebisken.1993 wels kaslma da milerma gamoaqveynes TavianTi cnobili wigni`migraciis xana,~6 sadac miuTiTebdnen, rom dRes, rogorc arasdros,migraciis masStabebi da intensivoba gazrdilia; sakuTriv migracia,rogorc cneba, realobas aRar asaxavs da aqtiurad daiwyo iseTiterminis gamoyeneba, rogoricaa `gadaadgilebis procesSi myofimosaxleoba~.7 maTi ganmartebiT, adamianebi dRes ufro aqtiuradgadaadgildebian ukeTesi pirobebis ZiebaSi da transportisa dakomunikaciis saSualebaTa ganviTarebasTan erTad es procesiaxla metad xelmisawvdomia. Tumca, am mosazrebasac gamouCndnenkritikosebi, romlebic aRniSnaven, rom dRes migracia ufrogaaqtiurebuli Cans mzardi komunikaciebisa da msoflio mosaxleobisfonze – anu moimata migrantTa absoluturma ricxvma8 amavdroulad,kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen, rom Tu zogadad ukeTesi pirobebisakendaZvris tendencia SeiniSneboda, maSin ratom ar iqceoda msgavsadmsoflio mosaxleobis umetesoba? maT magaliTad mohyavdaT aramigraciaSi aqtiurad CarTuli mosaxleobis absoluturi maCveneblebi,aramed gadaadgilebis procesSi myofi mosaxleobis wili saerTomosaxleobidan, rac ukanasknel aTwleulebSi umniSvnelod Seicva­la. es wili miuTiTebs msoflioSi mosaxleobis mxolod 3%-is gada­ad­ ­gil­ ebaze9 da Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom msoflio mosaxleobis5 John K. Galbraith, The Nature of Mass Poverty. Harvard University Press, 1979.6 Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.7 ing.: Population on the Move.8 gaerTianebuli erebis organizacia, mosaxleobis statistika. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/mseg8D.9 iqve.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 493

wili ganviTarebad qveynebSi ufro maRalia, vidre ganviTarebulSi,maSin sakiTxavia, ra iwvevs maT umoZraobas? swored aman ganapirobagunar malmergis mier iseTi cnebis Semotana, rogoricaa `uZraobisparadoqsi~.10uZraobis paradoqsi, garda imisa, rom Teoriuli kvlevebisaTvissaintereso amocanaa, mniSvnelovania sajaro marTvis kuTxiTac.riT aixsneba is, rom msoflio mosaxleobis udidesi nawili argadaadgildeba? (1) maT ar surT migracia, Tu (2) globalizaciisa damsoflio mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdasTan erTad, saxelmwifoebmacaqtiurad daiwyes barierebis Seqmna mobilobis samarTavad (savizoregulaciebi, SromiTi bazris SezRudva da a.S.), rac erTgvarSemakavebel faqtorad gvevlineba migraciis xanaSi? rasel kingi TavisnaSromSi ironiad miiCnevs faqts, rom Tanamedrove msoflioSi, sadacTiTqmis yvelanairi resursi (saqoneli, kapitali, codnis sazRvrebi)Tavisuflad mimoiqceva, umniSvnelovanesi resursis – adamianis- Tavisufali mimosvla SezRudulia. metic, is xazs usvams, romadamianebi dRes ufro SezRudulni arian gadaadgilebis arCevanSi,vidre 100 wlis winaT, rodesac gacilebiT naklebad iyo ganviTarebulitransporti.11 Tumca aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom dRevandel msoflioSi,sadac qveynebis ganviTarebis mniSvnelovan komponentad inovaciamiiCneva, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis meSveobiT muSaxelis fizikurigadaadgileba drodadro SedarebiT kargavs aqtualobas.riT aixsneba msoflio mosaxleobisa da saxelmwifoTa politikisarCevani?am kiTxvaze pasuxi damokidebulia imaze, romeli Teoriuli gadasa­xedidan SevxedavT migracias, aq ki arCevani sakmaod didia. yvelazexSirad migraciis analizisas gvesmis e. w. iZulebiTi (push) damimzidveli (pull) faqtorebis gavlena gadaadgilebis gadawyve­tilebaze. es midgoma gavrcelebulia neoklasikuri Teoriuliperspeqtivis mimdevrebSi da gansakuTrebuli aqtualurobiT gamoir­Ceoda XX saukuneSi.12 am mimarTulebiT erT-erT pirvel da sagulisxmonaSromad SeiZleba miviCnioT ravenSteinis `migraciis kanonebi~.13am saxelmZRvaneloSi mocemuli msjelobis mixedviT, migraciaracionaluri gadawyvetilebisa da msoflio masStabiT resursebis10 Gunnar Malmberg, Time and Space in International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration, Immobility and Development. Multidisciplinary Perspectives, eds. Thomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, Oxford – New York 1997.11 Russel King, Theories and Typologies of Migration: an Overview; Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations, 3(12), 2012. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/steOsJ.12 H. G. Daugherty and C. W. Kammeyer, An Introduction to Population, 1995.13 Ernst Georg Ravenstein, The Laws of Migration, Journal of the Statistical Society of London. t. 48, #2. 1885, gv. 167-235.494 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

araTanabari gadanawilebis Sedegia da gonieri adamianebis gadawyve­tileba efuZneba ukeTesi pirobebis molodins sxvagan. miuxedavadimisa, rom es midgoma dResac aqtualuria da iZulebiT da mimzidvelfaqtorebze xSirad msjeloben rogorc samecniero, ise politikursazogadoebebSi, arcTu iSviaTad yuradReba maxvildeba ekonomikurfaqtorebze. am Teoriuli CarCos gavrcelebas sakmaod bevrigamkritikebeli hyavs, rac araerT sakiTxs moicavs, magaliTad:ratom ar aris gaTvaliswinebuli, rom am pirobebSi adamianebimasobrivad ar migrireben; aseve, igi ver xsnis migraciis Tanamedrovetendenciebs, maT Soris, migracias CrdiloeTidan samxreTisken;aRsaniSavia isic, rom Teoriulad, ekonomikuri sargeblis Ziebisas,gadaadgilebis gadawyvetileba SeiZleba racionaluri Candes, Tumca,gasaTvaliswinebelia saxelmwifoTa politika, romelic migraciismimarTulebiT awesebs SezRudvebs.14am midgomisgan gansxvavebul axsnas gvTavazobs marqsistuli mode­lebi, romlebic migracias Tanamedrove kolonializms adarebenda miuTiTeben, rom realurad es procesi asaxavs emigraciasganuviTarebeli periferiidan ganviTarebuli centrisken –ZiriTadad, yofili imperiebisaken.15 aRniSnuli modelebidan yvelazecnobili, albaT, msoflio sistemebis Teoriaa, romelic detaluradgaaanaliza ualerSteinma.16 am Teoriis mixedviT, realurad adamianebiyofil imperiebSi migrireben, riTac xels uwyoben am saxelmwifoTaganviTarebas da aferxeben warmoSobis qveynebis winsvlas, radganmaTi didi nawili icleba adamianuri resursebisgan. ufro martivadSeiZleba iTqvas, rom es mimarTuleba migracias kolonializmiserTgvar metamorfozad miiCnevs, romelic Sedegobrivad arafriTgansxvavdeba fizikuri kolonializaciisgan. marqsistul modelTaganmomdinareobs istoriul-struqturuli modelic, romelic migraciistendenciebsa da mimarTulebas kolonializmis Sedegad ganixilavsda miuTiTebs, rom gadawyvetileba migraciis Taobaze miiRebamigrantebisgan damoukideblad da ganpirobebulia warsuliT, romlisdrosac warmoiqmna Zlier da CamorCenil saxelmwifoTa klasebi.17marqsistuli da neoklasikuri gadmosaxedisagan gansxvavebiT, siste­mebis Teoriis modelebi cdeba migraciis klasikur axsnasa da mi­zez­ebs da mas ganixilavs, rogorc TviTorganizebul process; amprocesSi mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba TviTorganizebul ara­for­14 Hein de Haas, Migration and Development – a Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Institute, working paper 9. 2008. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/QgfiC9.15 iqve.16 Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York, Academic Press, 1974.17 Haas, Migration and Development – a Theoretical Perspective.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 495

malur qselebs, romlebic xels uwyoben da waaxaliseben migracias(mag.: nacnobebi, Tanamemamuleebi, TviTorganizebuli kompaniebi,da a.S.). am gadmosaxedidan, warmoSobisa da daniSnulebis qveynebisekonomikur faqtorTa garda, mniSvnelovan rols asrulebenaraoficialuri kavSirebic, romlebsac SeuZliaT migrantTamxardaWera gadawyvetilebis miRebisa da aRsrulebis procesSi. amavemidgomis Tanaxmad, es kavSirebi imdenad TviTkmari da Zlieria, romsaxelmwifos mier Seqmnili barierebis gadalaxvac SeuZliaT.18ukanaskneli ocdaaTi wlis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdebaSromiT migraciaze da am mimarTulebiT sakmaod sainteresoaaxali ekonomikis Teoria, romelic racionalur gadawyvetilebebsiTvaliswinebs, Tumca miuTiTebs, rom es gadawyvetileba ar arisindividualuri da, rogorc wesi, mas ojaxi iRebs. garda amisa,aRniSnuli midgomis saintereso aspeqtia isic, rom migraciisgadawyvetilebis erTaderT mizezad ar miiCneva Semosavlis gazrda,igi gulisxmobs Semosavlis wyaros diversifikaciasa da riskebisSemcirebasac.1914.1.2. sajaro marTvis roli migraciis konteqstSisaerTaSoriso migracia sakmaod kompleqsuri procesia. igi moicavsgadaadgilebis sxvadasxva tipsa da formas, mraval geografiuladgils, da Semoifargleba iseTi sakiTxebiT, rogoricaa sazRvrislegaluri da aralegaluri gadakveTa, kanonieri da arakanonieribinadroba, mokle, cirkularuli da grZelvadiani migraciuliprocesebi. migracias mTavrobebi srulad ver akontroleben,gansakuTrebiT, globalizebul samyaroSi, sadac qveynebisekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli urTierTobebi Tudamokidebulebebi dRiTidRe sul ufro mniSvnelovani xdeba. migra­ciis kontrolze SezRudvis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini migraciismarTva saerTaSoriso debatebis mTavar sakiTxad gadaiqca. miuxedavadimisa, rom migraciis marTvisa da Semadgenlobis sayovelTaoganmarteba ar arsebobs, 1990-ian wlebSi SemuSavda moqmedebis kursimigraciasTan dakavSirebul gamowvevebTan gasamklaveblad, migra­ciis marTvis sakanonmdeblo, instituciuri da procedurulisistemebis farglebSi.20 amdagvari politika ZiriTadad exeba iseTaspeqtebs, rogoricaa: legaluri migracia (SromiTi migracia daojaxis gaerTianeba), qveyanaSi Sesvlis kontroli (sazRvris marTva),aralegaluri migraciis prevencia, adamianiT vaWroba da aralegalur18 iqve.19 iqve.20 Council of Europe, Towards a Migration Management Strategy, CDMG 11 rev, 2000, gv. 13.496 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gadaadgilebasTan brZola, saerTaSoriso dacva (TavSesafris maZiebelpirTa), dabruneba da readmisia. mimReb qveyanaSi kanonierad mcxovrebucxoelTa integraciis xelSewyoba da migraciasa da ganviTarebasSoris arsebuli kavSiris gaZliereba bolo aTwleulSi mTavariprioritetebis sias Seemata.dResdReobiT migraciis marTva mravalmxrivi sakiTxia, sadac sxva­dasxva Tematuri sfero ikveTeba. marTvaSi monawileoben is sajaroadmi­n­istraciuli uwyebebi, romelTac pasuxismgebloba akisriaTam sferoebSi. migraciis marTva unda efuZnebodes partniorobisprincips saerTaSoriso migrantTa gamgzavn, mimReb da satranzitoqveynebs Soris.migraciis marTva, rogorc cneba, ar warmoadgens siaxles am sakiTxiTdainteresebul pirTaTvis. marTva TavisTavad gulisxmobs raimesmoqcevas organizebul CarCoSi, Sesabamisad, bunebrivad dgebasakiTxi, vin da rogor marTavs am process. sajaro marTvis rolimigraciis procesSi gamorCeulia, radgan swored saxelmwifosgansakuTrebuli uflebaa sakuTari moqalaqeebis wrisa da sxva pirTamis teritoriaze daSvebis gansazRvra. Sesabamisad, rodesac sajaromarTvasa da migraciaze vsaubrobT, sadavo ar aris, rom jer esukanaskneli fenomeni warmoiqmna da Semdeg, sazRvrebis gaCenasa daam sazRvrebSi moqceul adamianTa uflebebTan erTad, misi marTvissaWiroebac. swored am dros iRebs saTaves migraciisa da sajaromarTvis urTierTkavSiri, romelic mas mere mxolod gaRrmavebiskenmidis.migracia damatebiT ganmartebas ar saWiroebs, vinaidan, Tun­dac sxvadasxva sityvaTa wyobiT, am cnebis yvelanairi axsnaSinaarsobrivad Tanxmdeba, rom migracia adamianTa droebiTi anmudmivi gadanacvlebaa erTi adgilidan meoreze. Tumca, sajaromarTvis farglebi sakmaod didxans iwvevda mecnierebSi kamaTsimaze, sad iwyeboda sajaro marTva da saxelmwifos marTvis romelelementebs aerTianebda – mxolod xelisuflebis aRmasrulebelStos moicavda Tu sakanonmdeblo da sasamarTlo xelisuflebebsac.vudro uilsonma am sakiTxze warmoadgina erT-erTi Zveli, mag­ram dRemde aqtualuri naSromi `administrirebis kvleva~ da gan­marta, rom sajaro marTva niSnavs `...sajaro samarTlis deta­lur da sistemur aRsrulebas. yvela konkretuli kanonis gamo­yeneba administrirebis aqtia.~21 meti sicxadisaTvis, uilsonmawarmoadgina sajaro marTvis magaliTebi da miuTiTa im sferoebze,romlebic scdeboda sajaro marTvis ganmartebas: `...zogadi kano­21 Woodrow Wilson, A Study of Administration, Political Science Quarterly, tomi. 2#, 1887: gv. 2. nana­ xia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/m2RpFW.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 497

nebi, romlebic mimarTulebas aZleven gasakeTebel saqmeebs,cxadad dganan administrirebis gareT da zemoT~.22 analogiurgan­mar­tebas iziarebs leonard uaiTi Tavis naSromSi `sajaromarTvis kvlevis Sesavali~, romelic 1926 wels gamoica. masSiavto­ri miuTiTebs, rom sajaro marTva moicavs mxolod aRmasrulebelixelisuflebis saqmianobas da erideba sakanonmdeblo an sasamarTloxelisuflebis moxseniebas amgvari marTvis nawilebad. am TavismiznebisTvis gamoyenebulia sajaro marTvis swored es midgoma.Sesabamisad, is Seexeba migraciasa da sajaro marTvas politikisSemuSavebis, aRsrulebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebis kon­teqstSi.rodesac politikas vaxsenebT, mniSvnelovania mis SemuSavebasada gatarebaze pasuxismgebel uwyebaTa gamoyofa. ukanasknelwlebSi migracia winasaarCevnod sakmao aqtualobas iZens, Tumca,ZiriTadad aqcentirebulia am procesis gavlena SromiT bazarzeda naklebi yuradReba eTmoba mis zemoqmedebas sazogadoebrivicxovrebis sxva aspeqtebze. magaliTisTvis SegviZlia ganvixiloTgaerTianebuli samefos 2010 wlis saerTo arCevnebi23 da aSS-s 2016wlis saprezidento arCevnebi, sadac migraciis Tema negatiurkonteqstSi farTod gamoiyeneboda.24 uaxloes warsulSi ltolvilTanakadebis zrdasTan erTad usafrTxoebis sakiTxebmac wamoiwia dadaismis kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad gauZleben ganviTarebuliqveynebis sajaro uwyebebi aseTi nakadebis gamo Seqmnil wnexs. asevesaintereso da sayuradReboa isic, rom rodesac politikur debatebSimigracia, rogorc movlena, win iwevs, is ZiriTadad imigracias exeba. amprocesSi migrantebi warmoCenilni arian erTgvarovan sazogadoebad,adamianebad, romlebic samuSaod Cadian. Tumca, yuradReba ar eqcevafaqts, rom realurad es sakmaod heterogenuli jgufia, romelSicerTiandebian maRalkvalificiuri, dabalkvalificiuri, ltolviliTu ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT Casuli migrantebi da erTgvarovanipolitikis gatareba saziano iqneba maTi ganviTarebisaTvis.qveyanasa da sazogadoebaze migraciis gavlenis danaxva moklevadianperspeqtivaSi rTulia, vinaidan es cocxali procesia da misi SedegebidroTa ganmavlobaSi ukeT ikveTeba. swored amitom, Cveulebriv, is,rac grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi dagvanaxebs Sedegs, ver daefuZnebamoklevadian gadawyvetilebebs. aq Cndeba strategiuli xedvisa da misiTanmimdevruli ganxorcielebis saWiroeba. swored es ganapirobebs,22 iqve.23 The Telegraph, Conservative manifesto: general election party policy, 2010. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/dhiWqR.24 Donald Trump presidential campaign, 2016/Immigration. nanaxia 09.04.2017w. https://goo.gl/eUCer7.498 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rom migraciis marTva umeteswilad aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebiskompetenciaa da SedarebiT Sorsaa saarCevno procesebisagan. es argulisxmobs imas, rom migraciis marTva Tavisufalia politikisgan.gancalkeveba ubralod saSualebas iZleva, erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvaoTsaarCevno da aRmasrulebeli dRis wesrigi.migraciis politikis gasaazreblad mniSvnelovania amovicnoTjgufebi, romlebic mogebulni an wagebulni rCebian migraciisprocesSi, vinaidan sajaro politika TiTqmis yovelTvis warmoiSobaurTierTsawinaaRmdego interesebis mqone gansxvavebuli jgufebismolaparakebebisa da SeTanxmebis safuZvelze.25 arCevnebi mniSvnelovanfinansur resurss moiTxovs da swored kapitalis mflobelebicdiloben politikis gamoyenebas TavianT sasargeblod. umetesadswored isini emxrobian muSaxelisa Tu sxva resursebis Tavisufalgadaadgilebas, rac maT sasurveli resursis sasurvel fasad miRebisSesaZleblobas aZlevs. aqedan gamomdinare, politikosebi xSiradmikerZoebulni arian, roca saqme swored sasicocxlo resursebismflobelTa interesebis dakmayofilebas exeba. Tumca, aqvewarmoiqmneba konfliqti meore mxaresTan - amomrCevelTan. mimRebisazogadoeba migracias rig SemTxvevebSi aRiqvams maTi samuSaopirobebis damamZimebel faqtorad, romelic iwvevs xelfasebisdawevas samuSao adgilebze maTi CanacvlebiTa da muSaxelis miwodebiszrdiT.26aseT pirobebSi politikisa da aRsrulebis gamijvna, rogorc kasliaRniSnavs, iZleva e.w. ~faruli dRis wesrigis~gaweris SesaZleblobas,sadac gacxadebuli mizani erTia, ganxorcielebuli qmedebebi kisxva ramis miRwevas emsaxureba.27 CeThem hausis angariSis mixedviT,politika SromiTi Zalis mobilobiT miRebuli ekonomikurisargeblis ugulebelyofis28 umniSvnelovanesi mizezia da rakimigraciasTan dakavSirebuli SiSebi yvelaze xSirad swored samuSaoadgilebis dakargvas Seexeba, arCevnebis periodSi es sakiTxi sakmaomimzidvelobas iZens. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom ekonomikurisargebeli erTnairad SesamCnevi ar aris mimRebi sazogadoebisyvela wevrisaTvis, is SeiZleba gaxdes socialuri an politikuriukmayofilebis mizezi; Sesabamisad, es cud mdgomareobaSi ayenebsmigraciis mxardamWer politikosebs.29 metic, igive angariSi SromiT25 Training Modules on Labour Migration Management. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/OQFGV2.26 Madeleine Sumption and Will Somerville, Immigration and the Labour Market: Theory, Evidence and Policy, 2009, nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. https://goo.gl/9Aeeus.27 Stephen Castles, Why Migration Policies Fail. Ethnic and Racial Studies, tomi 27, # 2, March 2004, gv. 214.28 Sharun Mukand, International Migration, Politics and Culture: the Case for Greater Labour Mobility. The CAGE-Chatham House Series, # 2, October 2012. nanaxia 09.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2uSVebH.29 iqve, gv. 4.მიგრაცია და საჯარო მართვა 499