Migration Textbook

kvlevis mizansa da kvleviTi sakiTxis specifikazec. magaliTad, Tukvleva raime movlenis raodenobriv maxasiaTebelTa dadgenas isaxavsmiznad, kvlevis raodenobriv meTodebs gamoviyenebT, magram Tu imissiRrmiseulad gamokvlevas vcdilobT, ra mniSvnelobas aniWebenadamianebi ama Tu im movlenas da rogor aRiqvamen mas, maSin kvlevisTvisebriv meTods mivmarTavT. Tvisebrivi meTodebis gamoyenebagvexmareba raodenobrivi kvlevis Sedegebis ukeT gagebasa da axsnaSic.amavdroulad, bolo wlebSi ukve xSiria kvlevebi, rodesac Tvisebrivda raodenobriv meTodebs erTdroulad iyeneben – magaliTad,Tu vikvlevT imigrantebis problemebs saqarTveloSi, SegviZliaCavataroT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobrivi gamokiTxva, raTagavigoT damokidebuleba imigrantTa mimarT, aseve, – siRrmiseuliinterviuebi an fokus-jgufebi uSualod imigrantebTan.qvemoT mokled mimovixilavT im ZiriTad meTodebs, romlebsacviyenebT socialur mecnierebebSi migraciuli kvlevebis Catarebisas:masobrivi gamokiTxva raodenobrivi kvlevis yvelaze gavrcelebulimeTodia. masobrivi gamokiTxvisas viyenebT kiTxvars – dokuments,romelic aerTianebs winaswar Sedgenil kiTxvebs.15 maTi umravlesobae. w. `daxuruli~ kiTxvebisagan Sedgeba – anu winaswar gansazRvrulipasuxebis variantebi aqvs darTuli. kiTxvebi SemuSavebuli daganlagebulia gansazRvruli wesebis dacviT da miznad isaxavsrespondentisagan miukerZoebeli pasuxebis miRebas ama Tu im sakiTxze.masobrivi gamokiTxvis ori ZiriTadi tipi arsebobs:• anketireba, rodesac respondenti TviTon avsebs kiTxvars; da• interviu,16 rodesac respondents kiTxvebs usvams specialurad momzadebuli interviueri, romelic TviTonve akeTebs Sesabamis moniSvnebs kiTxvarSi.masobrivi gamokiTxvisas interviuers ara aqvs kiTxvis formulirebisSecvlis an respondentisaTvis raime sxva kiTxvis dasmis ufleba.Sesabamisad, amgvar interviuebs struqturirebuls vuwodebT.masobrivi gamokiTxva SeiZleba Catardes rogorc pirispir interviusmeTodiT, aseve telefonisa da internetis sxvadasxva aplikaciisgamoyenebiT. inglisurenovan literaturaSi SegxvdebaT Semdegiterminebi: paper-and-pencil interviewing (PAPI) da computer-assisted personalinterviewing (CAPI). orive SemTxvevaSi interviu tardeba pirispir, Tumcameore SemTxvevaSi, dabeWdili kiTxvaris magivrad, interviueri15 kiTxvaris erT-erTi magaliTis gasacnobad ix: http://bit.ly/2ztrsAe16 intervius sxva tipebis Sesaxeb ix. qvemoT.350 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

iyenebs kiTxvaris eleqtronul versias, romelic atvirTuliaplanSetsa an leptopSi. masobrivi gamokiTxvisas yvela monacemiTavs iyris monacemTa bazaSi. Sedegebi statistikurad muSavdebaiseTi programebis meSveobiT, rogoricaa SPSS, Stata, SAS, R, da a.S.masobrivi gamokiTxvis Sedegebi raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa da wilebis,procentuli gadanawilebisa Tu ufro siRrmiseuli statistikurianalizis saxes iRebs.CarTuli dakvirveba17 Tvisebrivi kvlevis meTodia, romlis mizaniasocialuri obieqtis yovelmxrivi Seswavla bunebriv pirobebSi.am meTodis saSualebiT – winaswar gansazRvruli wesebis mixedviTakvirdebian ra adamianTa qcevebs maTTvis bunebriv garemoSi –mkvlevrebi siRrmiseulad Seiswavlian sazogadoebaSi adamianTacxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqts, iReben mniSvnelovan informaciasSesaswavl obieqtze, raTa gamoavlinon socialuri qcevis tipebida ukeT axsnan maTi mniSvneloba TviTon individTa perspeqtividangamomdinare. CarTuli dakvirvebisas mkvlevrebi agrovebensxvadasxva saxis masalas – dakvirvebis Canawerebs (dRiurebs), inter­viuebs, statistikur informacias Sesaswavli jgufis Sesaxeb, raTa,SeZlebisdagvarad, yovlismomcveli monacemebi Seagrovon da Sesa­bamisi meTodebis gamoyenebiT gaaanalizon.interviu monacemTa Segrovebis Zalian mniSvnelovani meTodia,romelsac viyenebT rogorc raodenobrivi (ix. zemoT masobrivigamokiTxva), ise Tvisebrivi kvlevisas. Tvisebriv interviusarastruqturirebuls an naxevrad struqturirebuls vuwodebT,rac niSnavs, rom interviuers SeuZlia intervius mimdinareobismixedviT Secvalos kiTxvebis Tanmimdevroba (risi gakeTebac arSeiZleba masobrivi gamokiTxvisas Catarebuli intervius dros,rodesac viyenebT kiTxvars), dausvas respondents iseTi kiTxvebi,romlebic, konteqstidan gamomdinare, intervius msvlelobisasgaxda mniSvnelovani. metic, arsebobs Tvisobrivi intervius tipebi,rodesac interviuers sruli Tavisufleba aqvs yvela kiTxvisa damaTi Tanmimdevrobis gansazRvrisas. Tvisebrivi interviu, wesisamebr,iwereba diqtofonze, Semdeg sityva-sityviT iSifreba da tardebaintervius teqstualuri analizi. Cven yuradRebas gavamaxvilebTTvisebrivi intervius ramdenime saxeobaze, romlebsac ufro xSiradviyenebT migraciuli sakiTxebis kvlevebisas. esenia:• siRrmiseuli interviu;• cxovrebis istoria;• biografiuli interviu.17 socialur da politikur terminTa leqsikoni-cnobari, Tbilisi: logos presi, 2004, gv. 328.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 351

siRrmiseuli interviu18 naxevrad struqturirebuli interviua,romelic, erTi SexedviT, Cveulebriv saubars ufro hgavs. is, daax­loebiT, 1 dan 2 saaTamde grZeldeba sadiskusio gegmis, anu winas­war SemuSavebuli kiTxvebis, safuZvelze. siRrmiseuli interviussadiskusio gegma kiTxvarisagan gansxvavdeba – masSi warmodgenilkiTxvebze mkvlevars ara aqvs SemuSavebuli winaswar gansazRvrulipasuxebi, anu is e.w. `Ria~ kiTxvebisagan Sedgeba da misi mizania res­pond­­entisgan vrceli da detaluri mosazrebebis miReba kvleviTkiTxvebze.cxovrebis istoria19 da biografiuli interviu20 siRrmiseuli inter­vius arastruqturirebuli saxeebia, anu orive SemTxvevaSi mkvlevarmaSesaZloa sadiskusio gegma arc ki gamoiyenos da uSualo saubrisformatSi Caataros Sexvedra, sadac wamyvani roli respondentsukavia, xolo interviueri cdilobs, damazustebeli kiTxvebiTSemoifarglos da kvlevisaTvis mniSnvelovan sakiTxebs CauRrmavdes.siRrmiseuli interviusgan gansxvavebiT, cxovrebis istoriisa dabiografiuli intervius meTodis gamoyenebisas, kvlevas SesaZloaramdenime dRe an kvirac ki movandomoT.cxovrebis istoria miznad isaxavs ama Tu im movlenisa Tu proble­matikis Seswavlas respondentis cxovrebis manZilze da am movlenisgavlenas mis gamocdilebaze. xSirad, cxovrebis istoriis meTodisgamoyenebisas, mkvlevari respondents ramdenjerme xvdeba, rogorcuSualod intervius dawyebamde - respondentis ndobis mosapoveblad,– ise Semdegac, radgan interviu SeiZleba ramdenime etapad Caiweros daTiToeul jerze 3-4 da meti saaTic ki gagrZeldes. Sedegad, mkvlevarirespondentis cxovrebis istoriis SeZlebisdagvarad srul suraTsadgens.biografiuli intervius meTodis gamoyenebiT ki vcdilobT respon­dentis cxovrebis (biografiis) rekonstruqcias respondentis mier– ra movlenebs miiCnevs is mniSvnelovnad da ratom, ram moaxdinamasze yvelaze didi gavlena da a.S. Cveni mizania, SeviswavloT ama Tuim socialuri problemis gavlena individis cxovrebaze, fsiqikaze,Sexedulebebsa da ganwyobebze.fokus-jgufi Tvisebrivi kvlevis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebulimeTodia, romelic aseve cnobilia `jgufuri diskusiis~ saxeliT.Cveulebriv, fokus-jgufSi 6-12 respondenti monawileobs; iswarimarTeba sadiskusio gegmis gamoyenebiT, specialuri kvalifi­18 zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi, gv. 16.19 iqve, gv. 20.20 iqve, gv. 21.352 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kaciis mqone wamyvanis, moderatoris mier da miznad isaxavs jgufismonawileTagan ara marto mosazrebebis gagebas ama Tu im sakiTxze,aramed dakvirvebasac jgufuri diskusiis msvlelobaze.fotoebis gamoyeneba xSirad xels uwyobs socialuri procesebismTlianobaSi Seswavlas, radgan vizualuri masala warmoadgensim konteqstur garemos, romelic xSirad ugulebelyofili rCebasocialuri kvlevis sxva meTodebis gamoyenebis Sedegad. meTodi,romelic gulisxmobs fotografiis gamoyenebas socialurikvlevisas, SedarebiT axalia. fotografiis gamoyeneba mniSvnelovaniamigraciis sakiTxebis kvlevisas, radgan savele samuSaoebisas miRe­bulverbalur informaciasTan erTad mopovebuli vizualuri infor­macia monacemTa analizisas konteqstis gaTvaliswinebis saSual­ ebasgvaZlevs. am meTodis farglebSi, mkvlevrebi interviuebis drosiyeneben rogorc uSualod respondentebis mier gadaRebul, isesxvadasxva wyarodan moZiebul fotoebs da cdiloben, gaigon respon­dentTa emociebi Tu mogonebebi am fotoebTan dakavSirebiT. Sedegad,mecnierebi gacilebiT ufro mdidar informacias iReben sxvadasxvamovlenaze.eTnografiuli meTodebi ikvlevs adamianebis yofisa da kulturisganviTarebas, gansaxlebisa da kulturul-istoriul kavSirebs amaTu im jgufebisa da Temebis warmomadgenelTa bunebriv sacxovrebelgaremoSi. es niSnavs, rom mkvlevari sakmaod xangrZlivad – SesaZloa,ramdenime welic ki _ cxovrobdes im adamianebsa an jgufebTan erTad,romlebsac ikvlevs. eTnografiuli kvlevis Sedegad, kulturulmovlenebsa da qcevebze dakvirvebis meSveobiT Seiswavlian ama Tuim kulturas, adamianebisa da jgufebis qcevebsa da saqmianobebs,xolo am kulturisa Tu qcevis gagebas mkvlevari uSualod imadamianTa daxmarebiT cdilobs, romlebic am kulturas iziareben.Sesabamisad, mas saSualeba aqvs, kultura da qcevebi gaigos da axsnasim mniSvnelobis mixedviT, romelsac TviTon es adamianebi aniWebenaRniSnul kulturul normebsa Tu ritualebs.21eTnografiuli kvlevis dros SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT kvlevisrogorc raodenobrivi, ise Tvisebrivi meTodebi. magaliTad, mona­cemTa Segroveba SeiZleba mosaxleobis raodenobrivi gamokiTxviT,struqturirebuli kiTxvaris gamoyenebiT, aseve, siRrmiseuliinterviuebisa Tu biografiuli interviuebis CatarebiT. eTnogra­fiuli kvlevisas mecnierebis erT-erTi yvelaze xSirad gamoyenebadimeTodi CarTuli dakvirvebaa, romelic zemoT ganvixileT.21 zurabiSvili, Tvisebrivi meTodebi socialur kvlevaSi, gv. 8. 353მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები

saerTaSoriso migraciis Seswavlisas eTnografiuli kvleva saSua­lebas gvaZlevs, siRrmiseulad SeviswavloT migraciis iseTi aspeqtebi,romelTa kvlevac SeuZlebelia sxva meTodebis meSveobiT. magaliTad,imigrantTa integraciis procesis eTnografiuli kvlevisas mkvlevarsaqvs saSualeba, uSualod daakvirdes ama Tu im imigrantis cxovrebasda am dakvirvebiT, struqturirebuli Tu arastruqturirebuliintervius Catarebis meSveobiT aRweros, rogor, ra etapebis gavliTxdeba imigrantis integracia mimReb sazogadoebaSi, an piriqiT, ramizezebi uSlis xels amaSi.ama Tu im meTodis gamoyenebiT sando monacemebis SegrovebisaTvismniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswinebac, rom, magaliTad, piradulisakiTxebis kvlevisas ar aris sasurveli fokus-jgufis meTodisgamoyeneba, radgan sxva monawileebis TandaswrebiT respondentebi,savaraudod, naklebad gulaxdilni iqnebian. Tvisebrivi interviusmeTodi ki piriqiT, saSualebas mogvcems, gavxsnaT respondenti,davimsaxuroT misi ndoba da, Sesabamisad, kvlevisaTvis mniSvnelovaniinformaciac moviZioT. ase rom, swored SerCeuli meTodis meSveobiTviRebT sando Sedegebs, romlebic gvexmareba Cven garSemo arsebulisocialuri garemos ukeT gagebasa da axsnaSi. Sesabamisad, kvlevisasmeTodis SerCevis sakiTxs gansakuTrebuli gulisyuriT undamovekidoT.migraciis kvlevebSi aucileblad unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rommigrantTa jgufebi garkveulwilad unikaluri populaciaa: maTTankontaqtis damyareba zogjer sakmaod rTulia, gansakuTrebiT, Tuaralegalur migraciasTan gvaqvs saqme. aseve, migrantebi xSiradkargad ar floben enas, romelzec saubrobs mimRebi sazogadoebaan mkvlevari. yvela migrants aqvs migraciis sakuTari istoria,axasiaTebs eTnikuri da kulturuli warmomavlobis specifikuroba,cxovrebis stili da wesi, rac gasaTvaliswinebelia rogorc kvlevisdagegmvis, ise ganxorcielebis procesSi. Tanamedrove kvlevebiskvaldakval, migraciis sakiTxebis Seswavlisas aucilebelia kvleviseTikuri normebis dacva,22 rac pirvel rigSi gulisxmobs, rom ar undamivayenoT ziani Cvens kvlevaSi CarTul migrantebs an maTi ojaxiswevrebs da davicvaT maTi anonimuroba da mopovebuli informaciiskonfidencialuroba.2322 damatebiTi informacia socialuri kvlevis eTikis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://the-sra.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/ethics03.pdf. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.23 dawvrilebiT aralegaluri migraciis kvlevisas eTikuri normebis dacvis Sesaxeb ix. bmulze: http://bit.ly/2wQH10z. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.354 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

10.4. migracia da socialuri struqturaTu romelime saxelmwifo migraciul procesebSi erTveba – xdebamigrantebis mimRebi, gamgzavni an tranzituli qveyana – mismasocialurma struqturam, anu socialurma agebulebam, SesaZloamniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ganicados. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRemdesocialur mecnierebebSi socialuri struqturis erTi yovladaRiarebuli ganmarteba ar arsebobs, is SeiZleba SemdegnairaddavaxasiaToT: socialuri struqtura asaxavs imas, Tu rogor arisorganizebuli sazogadoeba. es ki moicavs sazogadoebis Semadgenelsxvadasxva instituts Soris arsebul stabilur kavSirebsa daurTierTobebs, romelTa farglebSic gansxvavebuli statusisa darolis24 mqone individebi cxovroben. socialuri struqturis axsnisasmniSvnelovania is, rom erTmaneTTan dakavSirebuli socialuristruqturis wevrebi gavlenas axdenen rogorc uSualod socialuragebulebaze, ise erTmaneTzec.25 socialuri struqturis arseboba,erTi mxriv, gamomdinareobs individTa aqtivobebidan, xolo meoremxriv, garkveulwilad ganapirobebs am aqtivobebs. sxva sityvebiTrom vTqvaT, rogorc sociologiis erT-erTi damaarsebeli, frangisociologi emil diurkhaimi amtkicebda, adamianebs ara aqvTmoqmedebisa da/an arCevanis sruli Tavisufleba – maTi moqmedebebi da/an arCevani ganpirobebulia sazogadoebaSi arsebuli RirebulebebiTada normebiT.26rodesac vsaubrobT cvlilebebze socialur struqturaSi, undagaviTvaliswinoT, rom es cvlilebebi SesaZloa sxvadasxva - makro,mezo da mikro – doneze moxdes rogorc mimReb, ise warmoSobisqveynebSi. amasTanave, amerikeli sociologis alexandro portesisazriT, ramdenad SeuZlia migracias cvlilebebis gamowveva migraciulprocesebSi CarTul sazogadoebebSi, damokidebulia ramdenime faq­torze:• migraciis masStabi;• migraciis xangrZlivoba;• migrantTa nakadebis Semadgenloba.2724 socialuri statusi am konteqstSi is poziciaa, romelic individs ukavia sazo- gadoebriv struqturaSi, xolo socialuri roli ki is qceviTi molodinebi, rom- lebic gvaqvs ama Tu im statusis mqone adamianis qcevasTan dakavSirebiT.25 Marshall, Dictionary of Sociology, gv. 648-649.26 Lewis A. Coser, Masters of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich, 1977, gv. 129-137.27 Alejandro Portes, Migration and Social Change: Some Conceptual Reflections, Center for Migration and Development, Princeton University Working Paper #08-04, 2008, gv. 14-15. nanaxia 13.12.2016 w. http://www.princeton.edu/cmd/working-papers/papers/wp0804.pdf.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 355

logikurad, mcire manZilebze, xanmokle, cirkularuli an saxis mcirejgufebis gadaadgilebam saeWvoa, sagrZnobi gavlena iqonios an mimRebi,an gamgzavni qveynebis socialur struqturebze. sapi­rispirod, didimasebis grZelvadiani an mudmivi migraciebi, savaraudod, mniSvnelovangavlenas axdenen rogorc gamgzavn, ise mimReb qveynebze. magaliTad, Turomelime qveynidan mosaxleoba masobrivad gaedineba sazRvargareT dadabali Sobadobis gamo ver xdeba gasuli mosaxleobis raodenobriviCanacvleba axali Tao­bebiT, es, TavisTavad, gamoiwvevs warmoSobisqveynis demografiuli poten­cialis Sesustebas. amasTanave, Tudepopulaciis procesi xangrZlivia, adgilobrivi xelisufleba aRarganixilavs am naxevrad daca­rielebul teritoriebs ganviTarebispotencialis mqone regio­nebad da axorcielebs iq mxolod socialuridaxmarebis programebs, ro­gorc es meqsikaSi xdeba.28 xolo Turomelime qveyanaSi imigraciuli nakadebi Seva grZelvadiani an mudmivigansaxlebis mizniT, rogorc aSS-s magaliTi gviCvenebs, gansakuTrebiTimigrantTa kompaqturad gansaxlebul teritoriebze, SesamCneviacvlilebebi kulturul normebSi.29rac Seexeba migraciuli nakadebis Semadgenlobas, Tu emigraciulinakadebi maRalkvalificiuri individebisgan Sedgeba, es adamianurikapitalis dakargvas niSnavs gamgzavni qveynisTvis (`inteleqtisgadineba~), Tumca mimRebi qveynebisTvis swored maRalkvalificiurimuSakebis imigraciaa (`inteleqtis Semodineba~) ufro misaRebi,radgan, Cveulebriv, maT naklebi problemebi xvdebaT axal qveyanaSidamkvidrebis kuTxiT. da piriqiT, ganaTlebisa da kvalifikaciisdabali donis mqone imigrantebi mimRebi qveynebisTvis problemuradganixilebian, radgan garkveul `getoizacias~ uwyoben xels,sadac sakuTari wes-Cveulebebisa Tu kulturuli tradiciebismixedviT agrZeleben cxovrebas da naklebad integrirdebian mimRebsazogadoebaSi.30 Tumca, mniSvnelovania imis gaTvaliswineba, romimigrantTa warmatebuli integraciisTvis – anu mimReb qveyanaSiTviTdamkvidrebisaTvis – sagulisxmo faqtoria ama Tu im qveynisimigraciuli politika. zog SemTxvevaSi swored pirdapiri Tu iribidiskriminaciis Sedegad xdeba `getoizacia~, magaliTad, rodesacimigrantebi saqmdebian iseT dargebSi, sadac maTi anazRaureba ariZleva `karg~ ubnebSi binis yidvis an daqiravebis SesaZleblobas. xoloTuki imigraciuli nakadebi Sedgeba rogorc maRalkvalificiuri, isedabalkvalificiuri migrantebisgan, aSS-Si Catarebuli kvlevebismixedviT, es xels uwyobs eTnikuri anklavebis Camoyalibebas, sadacmaRali adamianuri da finansuri kapitalis mqone imigrantebi xsnianbiznesebs, asaqmeben dabali kvalifikaciis Tanamoqalaqeebs da28 Portes, Migration and Social Change, gv. 25.29 iqve, gv. 16.30 iqve, gv. 17.356 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

sargebl­ oben maTi momsaxurebiT31. amis kargi magaliTia kubidan aSS-Si imigracia gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi, rodesac imigrantTa didinawili maiamiSi dasaxlda da TviTmyofadi kuburi eTnikuri anklaviCamoayaliba.amasTanave, rogorc aRvniSneT, mniSvnelovania, sazogadoebis romeldoneze xdeba cvlilebebi – individebi/ojaxebis (mikro done),Temebi/regionebi/institutebis (mezo done), Tu eri-saxelmwifoebis/globalur doneze (makro done).32 Tumca, rogorc kvlevebi aCvenebs,migraciis Sedegad iSviaTad icvleba sazogadoebaTa ZireuliRirebulebebi, iqneba es samarTlebrivi Tu ganaTlebis sistema.rogorc alexandro portesi aRniSnavs:`... migraciis transformaciuli potenciali izRudeba yovel donezearsebul institutTa qselebis mier, romlebic gamoxataven Rrmakulturul da ZalauflebasTan dakavSirebul mowyobas. es qselebiubiZgeben migrantebs maTTvis gankuTvnili `Sesaferisi~ adgilisakenstatusuri sistemis farglebSi, aswavlian ra am adamianebs da maTSTamomavlebs mimRebi sazogadoebis enasa da kulturul normebs.swored es aris asimilaciis procesis arsi.~33ra SemTxvevaSia SesaZlebeli migraciis Sedegad Zireuli cvlilebebisgamowveva socialur struqturaSi? mxolod maSin, rodesac isimdenad masobrivia, rom Zirfesvianad cvlis Zalauflebis sistemas- magaliTad, rogorc es barbarosebis mier Zveli romis dapyrobisasmoxda - an roca sazRvargareT dafuZnebuli mZlavri diaspora iye­nebs Tavis gavlenas, raTa mSobliur qveyanaSi ganaxorcielosinvestic­iebi Tu filanTropiuli aqtivobebi an politikurikampani­ebi.34 Tanamedrove sazogadoebebi ki, TavianTi kompleqsuristruq­turidan gamomdinare, Cveulebriv, sakmarisad Zlierniarian migrantebis SemosvliT gamowveul SesaZlo kulturul Tusazogadoebriv cvlilebebTan `gasamklaveblad~. amrigad, ro­desac migraciasa da sazogadoebrivi struqturis cvlilebebzevsaubrobT, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi, migrantebisgavlena ufro SesamCnevia sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis zedapiruldoneze, xolo Tu sakiTxi sazogadoebrivi struqturis Zireulcvlilebebs exeba, migraciis gavlena ufro mokrZalebulia. Tumca,mniSvnel­ ovania gaviTvaliswinoT migraciis konteqsti – magaliTad,SedarebiT mravalricxovani imigracia iseT regionebSi, sadac manamdeimigrantTa raodenoba Zalze mcire iyo, savaraudod, gamoiwvevscvlilebebs mimRebi Temebis ganaTlebis sistemasa Tu SromiTi bazrisstruqturaSi.31 iqve.32 iqve, gv. 14.33 iqve, gv. 20.34 Portes, Migration and Social Change, gv. 29-30.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 357

10.5. inter/intrajgufuri dinamika da migraciamigraciis procesi ori an ramdenime socialuri jgufis uSualourTierTobis fonze mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad, am sferoSi umniSvne­lovanes sakiTxad rCeba is, Tu rogor urTierTobs, ra gavlenasaxdens da rogor cvlis erTi socialuri jgufi meores, an individisocialur jgufs da piriqiT. socialuri jgufebis urTierTobebSiganasxvaveben or movlenas: jgufis SigniT (intrajgufur) dajgufTaSoris (interjgufur) urTierTobebs. pirveli Seiswavlissocialuri jgufis wevrTa Soris urTierTobebis dinamikas, xolomeore – or sxvadasxva socialur jgufs Soris mimdinare procesebs.migraciis konteqstSi mniSvnelovania interjgufuri urTierTobebisTaviseburebaTa Seswavla da warmodgenili qveTavic am urTierTobebissafuZvelsa da dinamikis aRweras isaxavs miznad.interjgufuri procesebis safuZveli socialuri kategorizaciaa,romelic iwyeba sagnebis, movlenebis, individebis saerTo niSanTamoZebniT da sruldeba am niSnebis mixedviT socialuri kategoriebisSeqmniT. Tavis mxriv, individis aRqma socialuri kategorizaciisprocess emyareba, amitom garemoSi arsebul sagnebs, movlenebsa daindividebs yovelTvis ganvixilavT, rogorc raime kategorias. eskategoriebi SeiZleba iyos genderi, profesia, erovneba, rasa da a.S.socialuri kategorizacia meqanikuri procesia, rac exmareba individsmwiri informaciis safuZvelzec gamoitanos daskvna, dazogos energiada ukeTesi adaptireba moaxdinos garemoSi. magaliTad, Tu vxedavTadamians, romelsac acvia TeTri xalaTi, didia Sansi, aRviqvaT eqimad,radgan misi erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani (TeTri xalaTi) asaxavs daukavSirdeba `eqimis~ kategorias da masze dayrdnobiT, swrafadgamogvaqvs Sesabamisi daskvna. kategorizaciis safuZvelze miRebulidaskvna SeiZleba aRmoCndes mcdari, Tumca, ar cvlis samyaroskategoriebad aRqmis fundamentur midrekilebas.adamianebi sakuTar Tavsac socialuri kategorizaciis saSualebiTaRiqvamen, rasac SesaZloa verc acnobierebdes TviTon individi.maga­liTad, socialur garemoSi Cemi adgilis, rolisa da funqciisgasagebad, vcdilob gavigo, ra Tvisebebi axasiaTebs jgufs, romel­sac mivakuTvneb Tavs, an ra ganasxvavebs `Cveni~ jgufis wevrebs`sxva~ jgufisagan. SesaZloa es procesi gaucnobierebladac mimdina­reobdes. mniSvnelovania isic, ris mixedviT virCevT Tvisebebs,rom­l­ ebsac veyrdnobiT kategorizaciis procesSi. am dros, Cveu­lebriv, yuradRebas vamaxvilebT im niSnebze, romlebic ufro me­tad gamokveTilia, aSkara da relevanturia mocemul socialurkonteqstSi.358 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rogorc aRvniSneT, kategorizacia yoveldRiuri procesia, romelicumetesad meqanikurad da gaucnobiereblad mimdinareobs da xSiradCvens mcdar qcevebs ganapirobebs. magaliTad, wveulebaze SeiZlebakoqteilis SesakveTad mivmarToT Sav Sarvalsa da TeTr perangSiCacmul axalgazrdas – oficiantad miviCnioT – Tumca, SesaZloa igiiseTive stumari aRmoCndes, rogoric Cven.ra Sedegi moaqvs kategorizacias? kategoriebad dayofa aZlierebsgansxvavebulobaTa aRqmas: Cven gadaWarbebulad gansxvavebuladaRviqvamT individebs, romlebic gansxvavebul kategoriaSi xvdebianda gadaWarbebulad msgavsad – Cvens kategoriaSi moxvedrilindividebs.35 am movlenas adasturebs Semdegi eqsperimenti.36 mkvlev­rebma SemTxveviTad gayves universitetis bakalavr studentTa jgufior nawilad, Tumca maT uTxres, rom gayves imis mixedviT, Tu vinromel mxatvars aniWebda upiratesobas: salvador dalis Tu pablopikasos. Semdgom mkvlevrebma Seafases jgufis wevrebis Sexedulebebimraval sakiTxze, maT Soris politikaze, mxatvrobasa Tu studenturcxovrebaze. monawileebs agreTve sTxoves ganesazRvraT, ramdenadmsgavsi an gansxvavebuli iqneboda maTi da meore jgufis wevrebisSexedulebebi mocemul sakiTxebze. Sedegebma aseTi ram aCvena:marTalia, eqsperimentis monawileebi acnobierebdnen, rom jgufisgayofis principi mxolod ama Tu im mxatvrisTvis upiratesobisminiW­ ebaze iyo agebuli, magram mainc fiqrobdnen, rom maTTan Seda­rebiT, meore jgufis wevrebs ufro gansxvavebuli Sexedulebebi eqne­bodaT, vidre sakuTari jgufisas, iseT sakiTxebzec ki, rogoricaapolitikuri Sexedulebebi. es adasturebs, rom Tu jgufi raimeTvisebis safuZvelzea gaerTianebuli, mis wevrebs aqvT tendencia,sxva Tvisebebis mixedviTac `Tavisi~ jgufis wevrTa msgavsad aRiqvanTavi.jgufuri kategorizaciis uaryofiTi Sedegebis kidev erTi magali­Tia filip zimbardos mier 1973 wels Catarebuli klasikur eqsperi­mentad aRiarebuli `stendfordis cixis eqsperimenti.~37 zimb­ ardomda misma kolegebma eqsperimenti dagegmes da gana­xorcieles, romelicmonawileTa `xelovnuri cixis~ pirobebSi yofnas iTvaliswinebda.monetis SemTxveviTi agdebis safuZvelze moxaliseTa nawils patimris,nawils ki zedamxedvelis roli daekisra.35 Henri Tajfel, Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour, Social Science Information 13:2, 1974, gv. 65-93, nanaxia 24.11.2016 w, doi:10.1177/053901847401300204.36 Vernon L., Allen and David A. Wilder, Categorization, Belief Similarity, and Intergroup Discrimination, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32:6, (1975, gv. 971–77, nanaxia 13.12.2016 w. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.971.37 Craig Haney, Curtis Banks and Philip Zimbardo, Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison, Naval Research Reviews 30, 1973, gv. 1-17, nanaxia 13.12.2016 w., http://bit.ly/1bCHWiP.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 359

eqsperimentis yvela monawile moxalise studentebisgan SeirCa,romlebic xangrZlivi fsiqologiuri testirebisa da gamokiTxvebissafuZvelze kanonmorCil, emociurad stabilur, fizikurad janmrTeladamianebad iyvnen miCneulni. `patimrebi~ mTeli eqsperimentisganmavlobaSi cixis saknebSi imyofebodnen, `zedamxedvelebi~ ki,standartulad, dReSi 8 saaTs muSaobdnen.is, rac studentebis mier maTze dakisrebuli rolebis gaTavisebisSemdeg moxda, Znelad warmosadgeni iyo: zedamxedvelebma, romlebsacwinaswar Catarebuli testebis mixedviT ar hqondaT fsiqologiurigadaxrebi da midrekileba Zaladobisken, daiwyes agresiulad, zogjersadisturad moqceva. isini mkacrad moiTxovdnen, rom patimrebiusityvod, yovelgvari yoymanis gareSe damorCilebodnen wesebs. Tupatimrebi wesebs daarRvevdnen, sjidnen: damamcirebeli samuSaoebisSesrulebas aiZulebdnen da gadahyavdaT karcerSi. xolo patimrebs- manamde aseve fsiqologiurad stabilur studentebs - sul malegamouvlindaT guneba-ganwyobis seriozuli cvlilebebi. patimrisrolSi yofnis gamo isini ver ewinaaRmdegebodnen damcirebas`zedamxedvelTa~ mxridan da beds Seeguen. eqsperimenti mexuTedRes Sewyda, radgan aSkara gaxda, rom misi gagrZeleba sazianoiyo monawileebisTvis da situacia kontrols aRar emorCileboda.aRsaniSnavia, rom dResdReobiT aseTi eqsperimentis CatarebaSeuZlebelia, radgan kvlevis eTikurobis Sefasebis komisia ar aZlevsmkvlevars iseTi kvlevebis Catarebis uflebas, sadac monawileebisfizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba riskis qveS dgeba.rogorc vxedavT, amgvari dayofa jgufebad sakmarisi aRmoCndasocialuri rolis gasaTaviseblad da am rolisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliqcevebis gamosavlenad.albaT xvdebiT, rom jgufuri kategorizaciis fenomeni mniSvne­lovan rols asrulebs sxvadasxva qveynis/erovnebis/religiis war­mo­madgenelTa urTierTobis procesSi. rodesac imigrantebis kate­gorizacia xdeba, rogorc `sxva~ jgufisa, adamianebi gadaWar­bebuladaRiqvamen gansxvavebulobasac da sakuTari jgufis wevrebTan msgav­sebebsac. Tuki gvjera, rom adamianebi erTi jgufis wevrebi arian (racunda umniSvnelo iyos am mikuTvnebis safuZveli), Cveni molodiniT,maT ufro meti msgavseba eqnebaT, vidre im adamianebs, romlebicgamoxatulad erT jgufSi ar erTiandebian. naTelia, rom socialurikategorizacia intrajgufuri homogenurobis (msgavsebis) princip­sac gulisxmobs: `sxva jgufis wevrebi Cemgan Zalian gansxvavebulniarian, magram Cemi jgufis wevrebi Zalian mgvanan~ – es is daSvebaa,romelic naklebad racionaluria, magram xSirad gadamwyvet rolsasrulebs Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi. swored es gansazRvravs360 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Cvens socialur aRqmas da xSirad diskriminaciisa da stigmatizaciiswinapiroba xdeba.mravali interjgufuri konfliqtis sawyisi swored kategorizaciisprocesia, romelic, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, xSirad meqanikurad,gauazreblad mimdinareobs, moklebulia seriozul safuZvels, magrammas SeiZleba sakmaod mtkivneuli Sedegebi hqondes.10.5.1. stereotipebira warmodgenebi gvaqvs sxva jgufis wevrebze, xSirad stereotipebzeadamokidebuli. rogorc uolter lipmani aRniSnavda, stereotipirealobis damaxinjebuli suraTia, romelic ara individualurigamocdilebis Sedegi, aramed kulturis produqtia: mas qmnianadamianebi, raTa gaimartivon samyaros aRqma.38 stereotipi gavlenasaxdens da gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogor aRviqvamT sxvebs. is or Zireulprincips emyareba:1. stereotipi Cveni Semecnebis ganuyofeli nawilia, romlis mimarT mzaobac dabadebidan dagvyveba, Tumca misi marTva SesaZlebelia;392. is ambivalenturia, anu stereotipi SeiZleba moicavdes rogorc uaryofiT, ise dadebiT niSnebsa da Tvisebebs.stereotipebis Sinaarsi gansxvavebulia imis mixedviT, Tu romeljgufze, profesiis warmomadgenelze, qveyanasa Tu kulturazeasaubari, Tumca, met-naklebad arsebobs ufro `globaluri~ stereo­tipebic. isini sxvadasxva jgufis adamianebs exeba da SeiZlebaefuZnebodes eTnikur da religiur warmomavlobas, asaks (magaliTad,moxucebs an axalgazrdebs), genderul maxasiaTeblebs, garegnulTvisebebs (magaliTad, gamxdrebs an Warbwonianebs), seqsualurorientacias, profesias da a.S. magaliTad, adamianebi miiCneven, rommamakacebs qalebze ukeTesad SeuZliaT sabunebismetyvelo mecnie­rebebis Seswavla, afroamerikelebi zarmacebi arian, politikosebi– demagogebi da a.S.stereotipebis Sinaarsi sam princips emyareba: pirveli, rogorc zemoTaRvniSneT, mis ambivalentur bunebas exeba: stereotipi SeiZleba iyos38 damatebiTi informaciisTvis, ix: http://bit.ly/2x5teSS. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.39 Susan T. Fiske, Amy J.C. Cuddy, Peter Glick and Jun Xu, A Model of (often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82:6, 2002, gv. 878-902, doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878, nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 361

dadebiTi an uaryofiTi, an orive erTad (misi Sinaarsi ambivalenturiiyos), imis mixedviT, ra urTierTobaa jgufebs Soris. magaliTad,aSS-Si stereotipuli warmodgenebi afroamerikelebze gulisxmobsSemdeg Tvisebebs: zarmaci, mxiaruli, crumorwmune, gaunaTlebeli,musikaluri, religiuri.40 naTelia, rom am SemTxvevaSi stereotipebisambivalentur bunebasTan gvaqvs saqme. meore Tavisebureba isaris, rom stereotipebis Sinaarsi xSirad efuZneba gansxvavebulda gamorCeul qcevasa Tu Tvisebebs. magaliTad, nobelis premiislaureatebs Soris ebrauli warmoSobis mecnierebis raodenoba,savaraudod xels uwyobs stereotipis damkvidrebas, rom ebraelebiWkvianebi arian; islamisturi saxelmwifos mebrZolTa sisastikeki amyarebs stereotips, rom muslimebi fundamentalistebi arian.stereotipebis mesame Taviseburebaa is, rom xels uwyobs `Cven~ da`isini~ tipis kategorizacias. magaliTad, Tu gaviziarebT stereotips,rom afroamerikelebi zarmacebi da agresiulebi arian, ufro metadaRviqvamT Cvengan gansxvavebulebad da `sxva~ jgufis wevrebad.rogorc fiske amtkicebs,41 intrajgufuri stereotipebis Sinaarsiyalibdeba or ganzomilebaze: (1) ramdenad kompetenturad/arakompe­tenturad da (2) ramdenad sasiamovnod/usiamovnod aRiqmeba essocialuri jgufi. pirveli ganzomileba jgufis statusidanmomdinareobs, xolo meore – jgufTaSorisi urTierTobebidan(TanamSroml­ oba konkurenciis sawinaaRmdegod).42 socialuri jgufisstereotipebi umetesad Semdeg kombinaciebs emyareba: (1) kompe­tenturi, magram usiamovno, an (2) arakompetenturi, magram sasia­movno.pirveli kategoria aerTianebs iseT socialur jgufebs, rogoricaafeministebi, biznesis sferoSi momuSave qalebi, afroamerikeliprofesionalebi, azielebi da ebraelebi, romelTa kompetenturobaar iwvevs eWvs, magram Tavisi genderuli Tu eTnikuri warmomavlobisgamo, usiamovnod aRiqmebian garkveuli jgufebis mier. meorekategoriaSi erTiandebian umuSevrebi, diasaxlisebi, SezRuduliSesaZleblobebis mqone individebi.is, rom migrantebis mimarTac ambivalenturia stereotipebis buneba,mkafiod­ aa gamokveTili aSS-Si Catarebul kvlevebSi: magaliTad,linma da fiskem43 daadgines, rom TeTrkaniani amerikelebi aziel40 Amy J. C. Cuddy, Susan T. Fiske and Peter Glick, Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 40, 2008, gv. 61-149.41 Fiske et al., A Model of (often Mixed) Stereotype Content, gv. 878-902.42 iqve, gv. 892.43 Susan T. Fiske, Meiyun Lin and Steven Neuberg, The Continuum Model, ix. krebulSi Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology, ed. Shelley Chaiken and Yaakov Trope, New York: Guilford, 1999, gv. 231–254.362 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

imig­ rantebs aRiqvamen, rogorc inteleqtualur, morcxv, Sromis­moyvare, Tumca, amavdroulad karierist da socialurad mouqneladamianebs. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom stereotipebis SinaarsikonteqstiTac aris gansazRvruli. zogadad azielebis mimarT ste­reot­ ipi gulisxmobs, rom isini did gavlenas ar axdenen socialurcxovrebaze, magram konkretul SemTxvevaSi, rodesac azielebivinmes konkurentebi arian – magaliTad, vakanturi samuSao adgilisdasakaveblad – maT aRiqvamen, rogorc safrTxis Semcvel jgufs.stereotipebis Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs isic, rom adamianebi,saerTod, uaryofiT Tvisebebsa da qcevebs ufro met yuradRebasaqceven, vidre dadebiTs. amis mizezi ki is aris, rom zogadad,Cveni molodiniT, yvela adamiani kargi da keTilSobilia da, Sesa­bamisad, metismetad mZafrad aRviqvamT da ufro didxans gvaxsovsgansxvavebuli da/an cudi qceva. es Tavisebureba safuZvlad udevs`iluzo­ruli korelaciis~ fenomens. `iluzoruli korelaciis~ fe­nomeni gulisxmobs or movlenas Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirisdanaxvas, rodesac maT Soris es kavSiri an saerTod ar aris, anZalian mcirea. `iluzoruli korelacia~ gavlenas axdens migrantebiscxovrebazec: xSiria, rodesac dominanti jgufis warmomadgenlebiraime uaryofiTi movlenis axsnas cdiloben, akavSireben ra masmigrantebTan.magaliTad, Tu raime gaxmaurebuli kriminaluri danaSaulis CadenisbraldebiT migrants/ebs daakaveben, SeiZleba vifiqroT, rommigrantebi kriminogenuli mdgomareobis gauaresebas iwveven da maTSoris yvela kriminalia. sinamdvileSi ki, rogorc kvlevebi uCvenebs,migrantebsa da kriminals Soris `miTiuri~ kavSiria - magaliTad, imisalbaToba, rom aSS-Si axlad Casuli imigrantebi danaSauls Caidenenda cixeSi moxvdebian, ufro mcirea, vidre adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa.magram mxolod imitom, rom es ori movlena (migranti da danaSauli)erTmaneTs daemTxva, maT Soris mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirs vxedavT davaskvniT, rom danaSaulis zrda migrantebis zrdas ukavSirdeba.44yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi iSviaTad gvaqvs Sexeba umciresobaTajgufebTan da gansxvavebul qcevasTan. amitom, rodesac vxvdebiTumciresobaTa jgufsac da negatiur qcevasac, midrekilni varT maTimizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTdakavSirebisaken. magaliTad, rodesacvxedavT afroamerikelis agresiul qcevas, vaskvniT, rom is amgvaradafroamerikelobis gamo iqceva; Tu avtoavariis dros saWesTanqalia, vaskvniT, rom avariis mizezi aris qali saWesTan. Tu vigebThomoseqsualis Sidsis virusiT dainficirebis Sesaxeb, vaskvniT,44 damatebiTi informaciisTvis, ix: http://on.wsj.com/1M4I1RI. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 363

rom Sidsi homoseqsualebis daavadebaa, Tumca, statistikurad,heteroseqsualebi ufro xSirad inficirdebian Sidsis virusiT. kideverTi stereotipis magaliTia Sexeduleba, rom aSS-Si afroamerikelTaumravlesoba socialuri SemweobiT cxovrobs. sinamdvileSi,socialur Semweobaze myof individebSi TeTrkanianebi Warboben.did britaneTSi imigraciis Semdeg, polonelebs TavdapirveladaRiqvamdnen Sromismoyvare adamianebad, magram raki iseT sferoebSimouwiaT dasaqmeba, rogoricaa mSenebloba, Seiqmna axali stereotipi– poloneli mSenebeli da poloneli santeqnikosi – Tumca,TavisTavad, polonel migrantebs Soris iyvnen sxva profesiebiswarmomadgenlebic.45 ase rom, stereotipebi xSirad iqmnebagansakuTrebuli da uaryofiTi movlenis erTmaneTTan dakavSirebisSedegad da imigrantebi, rogorc umciresobaTa jgufi, xSirad xdebianamgvari stereotipuli Sexedulebebis msxverplni.migrantebis Sesaxeb stereotipebis gamyarebas xels uwyobs kideverTi fenomeni, romelsac `Cven~ da `isini~ kategorizacia udevssafuZvlad. individebi ufro met damsaxurebas miaweren, ufro ukeT damondomebiT TanamSromloben da ufro dadebiTad reagireben `Cveni~jgufis wevrebze, vidre `isini~ jgufebis wevrebze. es ganwyobebida qcevebi xSirad aracnobier doneze aqtiurdeba da gansazRvravssazogadoebis imigrantebTan urTierTobis xasiaTsa da models.10.5.2. negatiuri winarwmena (PREJUDICE)negatiuri winarwmena da negatiuri stereotipi garkveulwiladurTierTgadamfaravi cnebebia. orive maTgani aRwers uaryofiTdamokidebulebas garkveuli socialuri jgufebis mimarT. negatiuriwinarwmenac asaxavs winaswar, dausabuTebel, uaryofiTi xasiaTiswarmodgenebs da Sefasebebs ama Tu im socialuri jgufisa da misiwevrebis mimarT. negatiuri winarwmena, rogorc damokidebulebisada rwmenebis erT-erTi saxe, sam komponents moicavs: SemecnebiTs,emociursa da qceviTs.SemecnebiTi komponenti Cvens codnas, informaciis interpretaciisada analizis unars efuZneba. emociuri komponenti moicavs CvensgrZnobebsa da gancdebs raime movlenis mimarT, xolo qceviTikomponenti yalibdeba Cvens moqmedebebsa da qcevebze dayrdnobiT.Tu gvaqvs negatiuri winarwmena sxva jgufis wevris mimarT, niSnavs, romar mogvwons (emociuri komponenti), vCagravT mas (qceviTi komponenti)45 damatebiTi informaciisTvis, ix. bmuli http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-28979789. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.364 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da vfiqrobT da gvjera, rom is ucodinari da saSiSia (SemecnebiTikomponenti). Tuki negatiuri winarwmena Cveni damokidebulebaagarkveuli jgufis mimarT, diskriminacia ukve negatiuri qcevaa.diskriminaciuli qcevis wyaro umeteswilad negatiuri winarwmenaa.imigrantTa jgufebi xSirad xdebian negatiuri winarwmenismsxverplni. samecniero literaturaSi farTodaa warmodgeniliimigrantTa mimarT negatiuri winarwmenebis faqtebi. gamorCeuladZlieri negatiuri winarwmena aqvT germanelebs Turqebis mimarT,frangebs – Crdilo-afrikelebis mimarT, britanelebs – indoelebisada pakistanelebis mimarT, xolo amerikelebs – laTinuri amerikidanCamosuli imigrantebis mimarT.46diskriminaciis Sedegebs TvalnaTliv asaxavs karpusorisa da logiskvleva,47 romlis farglebSic los-anjelesis binebis gamqiraveblebma(maklerebma) TavianTi qalaqis mcxovreblebs erTi da imave Sinaarsissami gzavnili eleqtronuli fostiT gaugzavnes. am gzavnilebSiiyo informacia vakanturi binebis Sesaxeb. maT Soris gansxvavebamxolod gamgzavnis gvari gaxldaT: erTs patrik mak-dugoli awerdaxels, meores – said al-rahmani, mesames ki – Tirel jeksoni. pirveliadresatis gvari TeTrkanianTan asocirdeba, meore - axlo aRmosavluriwarmoSobis individTan, xolo mesame – afroamerikelTan. pirvelgzavnils adresatTa 89% gamoexmaura, meores – 66%, xolo mesames –56%. es Sedegi adasturebs, rom negatiuri winarwmenebi arsebobs aramxolod imigrantebis, aramed sxva umciresobaTa jgufebis mimarTac.am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki winarwmenebma diskriminaciuli qcevisxasiaTi miiRo. Tu saxezea stereotipi, negatiuri winarwmena dadiskriminacia, didi albaTobaa, rom maT stigmatizaciis procesigamoiwvion.10.5.3. stigmatizaciaimigrantebi, rogorc umciresobaTa jgufebi, xSirad stigmatizaciismsxverplni xdebian. stigmis safuZveli SeiZleba iyos uaryofiTiTviseba, romelic axasiaTebs individs an individTa jgufs. racufro Zlieria sazogadoebis konsensusi stigmis mimarT, miT Zlieriastigmac. stigmatizacias mivyavarT pirovnul gaufasurebamde:adamiani aRiqmeba, rogorc dehumanizebuli, dakninebuli pirovneba46 Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90:5, 2006, gv. 751-783.47 Adrian G. Carpusor and William E. Loges, Rental Discrimination and Ethnicity in Names, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36:4, 2006, gv. 934–52, doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00050.x, nanaxia 21.11.2016 w.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 365

da, Cveulebriv, sagrZnob diskriminacias ganicdis sazogadoebismxridan.rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, imigrantebi xSirad stigmis samizneebi arian.misi mizezebi mravalia da damokidebulia konkretul garemoebebze,Tumca, dominanti jgufis warmomadgenelTa mxridan imigrantebisstigmatizaciis mizezi xSirad aris SiSi, rom dakargaven sazogadoebaSidamkvidrebul statuss. amdenad, imigrantTa stigmatizacia sa­zoga­doebaSi arsebuli socialuri jgufebis arsebobasa da maTierarqiulobas amarTlebs da aZlierebs. sxva erovnebis an sxva qveynismoqalaqeTa stigmatizaciis saSualebiT, sazogadoebis dominanturijgufebi amarTleben maT diskriminaciasa da Cagvras. xSirad esprocesi sistemuri diskriminaciis saxes iZens da miznad isaxavsdominanturi jgufis mier umciresobaTa jgufis kontrols. aseve,stigmis safuZveli SesaZloa gaxdes dominanturi jgufis wevrTainformirebulobis nakleboba, iseve, rogorc uSualo kavSirebisararseboba umciresobebisa da imigrantebis jgufebTan, rac maTsaSualebas miscemda, mediis stereotipebisgan daeRwiaT Tavi dasakuTriv CamoeyalibebinaT maTze Sexeduleba. stigmatizaciis SedegigaxldaT aSS-s SromiT bazarze irlandieli, italieli da polonelimigrantebis diskriminacia gasuli saukunis dasawyisSi, radgan isiniganixilebodnen, rogorc zarmacebi da utvinoebi.48 es stigmatizaciagamoiwvia safrTxem, romelic SromiT bazarSi maTi CarTviT araerTamerikels Seeqmna.amdenad, im qveynebSi, sadac dasaqmebis kuTxiT konkurencia maRalia,imigrantTa stigmatizaciis didi safrTxe arsebobs. saqarTveloSicerT-erTi mizezi migrantTa mimarT uaryofiTi damokidebulebisa,49rac Cveni mosaxleobis garkveul nawils axasiaTebs, savaraudod,umuSevrobis maRali donecaa. 2013 wels kaxeTSi saprotesto aqciebimoewyo indoeli da iraneli migrantebis winaaRmdeg. mosaxleobamiiCnevda, rom isini miwas da samuSaos arTmevdnen da moiTxovdnen maTgaZevebasa da miwebis gayidvis akrZalvas.50 amasTan, bevri adgilobrivimkvidri maT mimarT pirovnul mtrobas, miuReblobas da zizRsgamoxatavda.51 es faqti TvalsaCino magaliTia imisa, rom rodesac48 Richard Alba, Amy Lutz and Elena Vesselinov, How Enduring Were the Inequalities among European Immigrant Groups in the United States? Demography 38:3, 2001, gv. 349-356, nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. doi:10.1353/dem.2001.0022.49 damatebiTi informaciisTvis, ix: inovaciebisa da reformebis centris mier Catare- buli kvlevis angariSi. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uQi3Ns.50 n. qvliviZe, qarTl-kaxeTSi miwebs indoelebi da bulgarelebi yiduloben, 2011 wlis 18 aprili. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wQIrrK. ­51 e. eraZe, ratom momravldnen saqarTveloSi ucxotomelebi. 2013 wlis 13 maisi. nana­ xia 21.11.2016 w. http://news.mcvane.ge/news/ekonomika/271-.html.366 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

resursebi mwiria da umuSevroba maRali, adamianebi midrekilniarian, sxva jgufis wevrebi konkurentebad aRiqvan da maTi daCagvrisgasamarTleblad moaxdinon stigmatizacia: xeli Seuwyon im azrisgavrcelebas, rom es adamianebi zizRsa da miuReblobas imsaxureben.stigma ara mxolod individis identobas aufasurebs, aramed auaresebsmis janmrTelobasac. kvlevebis Sedegebi adasturebs, rom adamianebSi,romelTa mimarTac arsebobs stigma, potenciurad metia iseTidaavadebebis ganviTarebis safrTxe, rogoricaa: simsivne, diabeti dagul-sisxlZarRvTa daavadebebi.5210.6. asimilaciamigraciis kvlevisas erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sferoa imigrantTaintegraciis procesis Seswavla – anu rogor eguebian ucxo qveyanaSiCasuli imigrantebi mimReb sazogadoebas, ramdenad Riaa mimRebisazogadoeba maT misaRebad, arsebobs Tu ara qveyanaSi integraciisxelSewyobis politika da rogor xorcieldeba is. warmatebuliintegraciisaTvis ramdenime faqtoria aucilebeli – imigrantebismzadyofna axali kulturis SesaTviseblad, mimRebi sazogadoebismzadyofna, rom miiRos isini sakuTar wreSi da instituciurimowyoba, romelic xels uwyobs integraciis process. es SeiZlebaiyos enisa da kulturis kursebi Casuli imigrantebisaTvis, maTidasaqmebis xelSewyobis programebi Tu ganaTlebisa da jandacvisxelmisawvdomobis uzrunvelyofa.erT-erTi pirveli Teoria, romelic Seecada imigrantebis mimRebsazogadoebasTan Seguebis axsnas, asimilaciis Teoriaa. Tumca dRes­dReobiT es Teoria SesaZloa uaryofiT konteqstSi ufro SegxvdeT,vidre dadebiTSi, XX saukunis dasawyisSi swored is gaxldaT erT-erTi wamyvani mecnieruli paradigma dasavleT evropisa da aSS-ssocialur mecnierebebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes asimilaciisTeoriis postulatebi seriozuli kritikis sagania, es Teoriamainc mniSvnelovan mignebebs gvTavazobs, rogorc eTnikur jgufebsSoris arsebuli urTierTobebis axsnisas, aseve imigrantebis mimRebsazogadoebasTan Seguebis strategiaTa SemuSavebis TvalsazrisiT.is gvexmareba gavigoT, rogor imkvidreben migrantebi Tavs mimRebsazogadoebebSi, rogor xvdebian maT mimRebi sazogadoebebi, ramdenadarian migrantebi mzad imisTvis, rom gaxdnen am sazogadoebebis52 Bruce G. Link and Jo C. Phelan, Stigma and Its Public Health Implications, The Lancet 367:9509, 2006, gv. 528-529.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 367

srulfasovani wevrebi da piriqiT, ramdenad aris mzad mimRebisazogadoeba migrantTa srulad misaRebad.asimilaciis Teorias safuZveli Caeyara me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi,Cikagos universitetis sociologiis fakultetze, sadac im periodSi,sociolog robert parkis xelmZRvanelobiT, Camoyalibda e.w. Cikagossociologiis skola. im dros Cikago dinamikurad mzardi qalaqiiyo, sadac imigrantebi misi mosaxleobis mniSnvelovan nawils, metic,garkveulwilad misi zrdis erT-erT mizezsac warmoadgendnen. araris gasakviri, rom urbanuli kvlevebi, romlebic Cikagos skolissociologTa interesis sagani gaxldaT, ver auvlida gverdsimigrantTa kvlevasac, radgan Cikagos urbanuli landSaftiscvlilebebSi isini aqtiur rols asrulebdnen.sociologiaSi asimilaciis sami ZiriTadi Teoriuli modeli gvxvdeba:• klasikuri da axali asimilaciis modelebi;• rasobrivi/eTnikuri araxelsayreli pirobebis modeli (disadvan­ tage); da• segmentirebuli asimilaciis modeli.10.6.1. klasikuri da axali asimilaciis modelebiasimilaciis pirveli klasikuri ganmarteba swored robert parksda edvard berjess53 ekuTvniT: asimilacia aris `interpretaciisada Serwymis procesi, romlis drosac individebi da jgufebiiTviseben sxva individebisa da jgufebis mexsierebas, grZnobebsa dadamokidebulebebs da, gamocdilebisa da istoriis gaziarebis Sedegad,erTiandebian [xdeba maTi CarTva] saerTo kulturul cxovrebaSi~.mogvianebiT, parkma asimilaciis kidev erTi ganmarteba SeimuSava,romelic xazs usvams im garemoebas, rom asimilacia ar gulisxmobssazogadoebis homogenurobis miRwevas da aRiarebs gansxvavebulieTnikuri elementebis arsebobas sazogadoebaSi: socialuriasimilacia aris `procesisa an procesebis saxelwodeba, romlisSedegadac gansxvavebuli rasobrivi warmomavlobisa da kulturulimemkvidreobis mqone adamianebi, romlebic erTsa da imaveteritoriaze cxovroben, aRweven kulturul solidarobas, romelicsakmarisia minimum imisTvis, rom uzrunvelyofili iyos erovnuli53 Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969, gv. 735.368 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

[saxelmwifos] arseboba~54. parkis warmodgeniT, asimilaciis procesioTxi stadiisgan Sedgeboda:• kontaqti (contact) – rodesac imigrantebsa da mimRebi sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris myardeba pirveladi kavSirebi da urTierTobebi – isini ecnobian erTmaneTis gansxvavebul Rirebulebebsa da damokidebulebebs;• konkurencia (competition) – gamowveulia jgufebs Soris konkuren­ ciiT sazogadoebriv resursebze da ukeTesi adgilis damkvidrebis mcdelobiT;• akomodacia (accommodation) – rodesac jgufebs Soris urTierTo­ bebi garkveulia da maT daimkvidres Tavisi adgili sazogadoebaSi;• asimilacia _ rodesac imigrantebi erwymian mimReb sazogadoebas eTnikur da/an kulturul gansxvavebaTa faqtobrivi aRmofxvris Sedegad.mniSvnelovania gaviTvaliswinoT, rom robert parkis azriT,asimilaciis procesi `progresuli da gardauvali~55 iyo; is asevemiiCnevda, rom aSS-s SemTxvevaSi eTnikuri gansxvavebebi jgufebs SorisTandaTan sul ufro da ufro umniSvnelo gaxdeboda. Tumca, parksar auxsnia detalurad, rogori meqanizmebi axasiaTebs asimilaciisprocess, rac mis mier SemuSavebuli Teoriis kritikis erT-erTisababi gaxda.XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi asimilaciis procesis meqanizmTaCamoyalibebas sakmaod didi yuradReba dauTmo asimilaciis erT-erTmawamyvanma mkvlevarma, milton gordonma.56 man gamoyo asimilaciisprocesis Svidi stadia:• kulturuli asimilacia anu akulturacia:57 umciresobis jgufis mier mimRebi sazogadoebis Zireuli kulturuli Rirebulebebisa da qceviTi normebis gaTaviseba. mniSvnelovania, rom gordonis azriT, me-20 saukunis aSS-Si es Zireuli Rirebulebebi saSualo klasis RirebulebaTa identuri iyo;• struqturuli asimilacia: umciresobaTa jgufebi masobrivad xdebian mimRebi sazogadoebis sxvadasxva organizaciis, klubebisa da institutebis wevrebi;54 Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American life. The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins, New York: Oxford University Press, 1964. Park in Gordon, 1964, gv. 63.55 Richard Alba and Victor Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration, Harvard University Press, 2003, gv. 20.56 Gordon, Assimilation in American life, gv. 71.57 dawvrilebiT akulturaciis Sesaxeb ix: amave Tavis 10.7 qveTavi.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 369

• asimilacia qorwinebebis meSveobiT: xSiri qorwinebebi umcireso­ baTa jgufebsa da mimRebi sazogadoebebis wevrebs Soris;• asimilacia identifikaciis meSveobiT: umciresobis warmomad­gen­ lebs uCndebaT mimReb/dominantur kulturasTan identifikaciis gancda;• asimilacia damokidebulebebis aRiarebis meSveobiT: mimReb sazo­ gadoebaSi aRar arsebobs winaswar arsebuli uaryofiTi ganwyobebi umciresobaTa mimarT;• asimilacia qcevis aRiarebis meSveobiT: mimReb sazogadoebaSi aRar arsebobs diskriminacia umciresobis jgufis mimarT;• samoqalaqo asimilacia: sazogadoebaSi aRar arsebobs konfliqti gansxvav­ebul Rirebulebebisa da Zalauflebis gadanawilebis irgvliv.rogorc vxedavT, umciresobis ama Tu im jgufis asimilaciaze romvisaubroT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, ramdenad miRweulia miltonismier SemoTavazebuli asimilaciis Svidive stadia.10.6.2. rasobrivi/eTnikuri araxelsayreli pirobebis (DISADVANTAGE) modeliklasikuri asimilaciis Teoriisgan gansxvavebiT, rasobrivi/eTnikuri modeli yuradRebas amaxvilebs barierebze, romlebicimigrantebs xvdebaT mimReb sazogadoebaSi da xels uSlian maTasimilacias. am konteqstSi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs upirvelesadmimReb sazogadoebebSi arsebuli rogorc struqturuli, iseinstituciuri diskriminacia. magaliTad, Tu mimReb sazogadoebaSiarsebobs SezRudvebi dasaqmebis TvalsazrisiT, romlebic araZlevs imigrantebs maTi kvalifikaciis Sesabamisi ekonomikuriSesaZleblobebiT sargeblobis saSualebas, izRudeba maTi poli­tikuri aqtivoba an gansaxlebis SesaZleblobebi. amasTanave, neiTangleizeri da deniel monihani58 Tavis klasikur naSromSi gansakuT­rebul yuradRebas uTmoben eTnikuri mikuTvnebis mniSvnelobisganxilvas asimilaciis procesSi, da miiCneven, rom man SeiZlebaiTamaSos rogorc dadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi roli asimilaciisprocesSi. mdgrad eTnikur identobebs (persistent ethnic identities),maTi azriT, momavalSic didi gavlena eqnebaT meore da mesameTaobis imigrantebis – anu imigrantTa Svilebisa da SviliSvilebis –58 dawvrilebiT ix: Nathan Glazer and Daniel P.Moynihan, Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York, Harvard-MIT Press, 1970.370 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

identobaze. Tumca, isini aseve miiCnevdnen, rom momavalSi imigrantebiufro did jgufebSi gaerTiandebian, romlebic religiursa darasobriv safuZvlebze Camoyalibdeba – magaliTad, kaTolikeTa jgufi,sadac Tavs moiyrian italieli, irlandieli, germaneli imigrantebisSTamomavlebi. gamaerTianebeli am SemTxvevaSi, da identobis mTavarikomponenti, iqneba religia, xolo maT Soris gansxvavebebi Semcirdebaam jgufebis warmomadgenelTa Soris qorwinebebis xarjze.ramdenad aRiqvamen TviTon imigrantebi mimReb sazogadoebaSi arsebulbarierebs, romlebic xels uSlis maT warmatebul asimilacias, ZnelisaTqmelia, radgan isini yovelTvis aSkara ar aris da maTi SedegicSesaZloa mxolod imigrantebis meore da mesame TaobaSi gamovlindes.Tumca, imigrantuli jgufebis mier am barierebis gaazrebam SesaZloamaTSi eTnikuri da/an rasobrivi TviTSegnebis gaRviveba gamoiwvios daeTnikuri da/an rasobrivi identobebi gaaZlieros.10.6.3. segmentirebuli asimilaciis modelisegmentirebuli asimilaciis Teoriuli modeli59 efuZneba axleburwarmodgenas aSS-s sazogadoebaze, rogorc mravali gansxvavebulijgufisgan Semdgar fenomenze, romelic gansxvavebul konteqstssTavazobs imigrantebs. Tu erT SemTxvevaSi es warmatebulisaSualo klasia, meore SemTxvevaSi qalaqebis Raribi getoebia,sadac SezRudulia rogorc saganmanaTleblo, ise ekonomikuriSesaZleblobebi. Sesabamisad, segmentirebuli asimilaciis TeoriismixedviT, imigrantuli jgufebis asimilacia, arsebuli konteqstidangamomdinare, sami tipisa SeiZleba iyos:60• aRmavali asimilacia, rodesac imigrantuli jgufi saSualo klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebsa da qcevebs iTvisebs da, saboloo jamSi, am jgufis wevri xdeba;• daRmavali asimilacia, rodesac imigrantuli jgufi dabali social­ ur-ekonomikuri klasisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebu­ lebebsa da qcevebs iTvisebs. asimilaciis am modelis Tanaxmad, imigrantuli jgufi iseTi safrTxeebis winaSe dgeba, rogoricaa siRaribe da aRmavali socialur-ekonomikuri mobilobis arar­ seboba. amasTanave, izrdeba misi kriminalur sferoSi CarTvis saSiSroeba;59 dawvrilebiT ix: Alejandro Portes and Ruben G. Rumbaut, Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001.60 Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou, The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 530, 1993, gv. 74-96.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 371

• SerCeviTi akulturacia, rodesac imigrantebi Segnebulad da mizanmimarTulad inarCuneben TavianTi eTnikuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Rirebulebebs, kulturul normebs, qcevebs da, amavdroulad, warmatebulad axerxeben ekonomikur integracias.61 es swored im SemTxvevaTagania, rodesac eTnikuri identobis SenarCuneba dadebiT rols asrulebs imigrantebis socialur- ekonomikur mobilobaSi.segmentirebuli asimilaciis Teoriis arsis gasagebad, mniSvnelovaniaim faqtorebis analizi, romlebic pirveli da meore Taobis imigrantTaasimilaciaze axdenen gavlenas. alexandro portesi da ruben rumbosam aseT faqtorze amaxvileben yuradRebas: adamianuri kapitali;mimReb sazogadoebaSi akulturaciis tipi; imigrantebis ojaxisstruqtura.62 Sesabamisad, mSoblebis asimilaciis modeli SesaZloagansxvavdebodes Svilebis asimilaciis modelisagan da piriqiT.naTelia, rom is, Tu rogor xdeba mSoblebis asimilacia, gavlenasaxdens Svilebis asimilaciaze. magaliTad, mSoblebisa da Svilebisakulturacia SeiZleba erTi modelis mixedviT ganxorcieldes,mSoblebmac da Svilebmac msgavsad srulad an SerCeviTad SeiTvison– an piriqiT, ar SeiTvison – mimRebi sazogadoebis ama Tu imjgufis Rirebulebebi, normebi da qcevis wesebi. xolo Tu Svilebisakulturacia ufro swrafi tempiT xdeba, portesisa da rumbos azriT,es mSoblebsa da Svilebs Soris konfliqts iwvevs da, akninebs ramSoblebis avtoritets, zrdis meore Taobis daRmavali asimilaciisalbaTobas.rogorc vnaxeT, Tavisi pirveladi mniSvnelobiT asimilacia aR­wers process, romlis Sedegadac imigrantebi srulad iTvisebenmimRebi sazogadoebis Rirebulebebs, kulturas, cxovrebis wess daTandaTanobiT misi srulfasovani wevrebi xdebian. es ki gulisxmobs,rom imigrantebi mzad arian da surT, `gaTavisufldnen~ TavianTimSobliuri kulturisgan, sakuTari Rirebulebebisgan da `Caanacvlon~axliT. Sesabamisad, asimilaciis klasikuri Teoria imigrantebsganixilavs, rogorc `amoZirkvulebs~ (uprooted) TavianTi qveynebidan- adamianebs, romlebmac dakarges fesvebi da mzad arian mimRebsazogadoebaSi axali cxovrebis dasawyebad. aSkaraa, aseTi midgoma ariTvaliswinebda imas, rom imigrantebi SesaZloa sulac ar yofiliyvnen`amoZirkvulni~ da arc egrZnoT Tavi amgvarad; rom SeiZleba arhqonodaT mimReb sazogadoebaTa Rirebulebebisa da kulturisupirobod miRebis survili, an SeenarCunebinaT kavSirebi mSobliurqveyanasTan, magram, amavdroulad, mimRebi sazogadoebis normebicgaeTavisebinaT. amasTanave, asimilaciis Teoria ar iTvaliswinebda61 Portes and Rumbaut, Legacies, gv. 54.62 iqve.372 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

imasac, rom SeiZleba arc mimRebi sazogadoeba iyo homogenuri da,rac aseve mniSvnelovania, mzad imigrantebis miRebisaTvis, maSinacki, roca isini yvelanairad cdilobdnen, am sazogadoebis wevrebigamxdariyvnen. segmentirebuli asimilaciis Teoria cdilobs imgaremoebis gaTvaliswinebas, rom mimRebi sazogadoebebi ar arishomogenuri; rom migrantebs gansxvavebul konteqstebTan uwevTSegueba da, Sesabamisad, xedavs asimilaciis ramdenime SesaZleblobas,maSin, roca asimilaciis rasobrivi/eTnikuri modeli miiCnevs, romumciresobis jgufebis eTnikuri mikuTvneba SesaZlebelia gamoiyenonrogorc resursi, romelic dadebiT gavlenas iqoniebs asimilaciiswarmatebaze.asimilaciis Teoriebis sapirispirod, imigrantTa mimReb sazogado­ebasT­ an Seguebis process gansxvavebuli perspeqtiviT ganixilavenakul­tur­aciis Teoriebi, romlebsac dawvrilebiT qvemoT ganvi­xilavT.10.7. akulturaciaimigrantTa integraciis dros uaRresad mniSvnelovania maT mieraxali kulturuli normebis aTviseba. procesi, rodesac erTikulturis warmomadgenlebi, sxva kulturul garemoSi moxvedrisSedegad, fsiqologiur da kulturul cvlilebebs ganicdian,aRiniSneba terminiT akulturacia. rogorc vnaxeT, gordoniakulturacias asimilaciis erT-erT stadiad miiCnevda, Tumca amqveTavSi akulturacia ganxilulia migraciuli gamocdilebis kvlevisperspeqtividan, rogorc procesi, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevsgavigoT, rogor aris SesaZlebeli axal kulturasTan Segueba da raSemTxvevaSia is warmatebuli.kulturuli gavlenebi migraciis ganuyofeli nawilia. migrantebsgaTavisebuli aqvT mSobliuri kultura, rac maT Sexedulebebsada qcevebSia integrirebuli. igive SeiZleba iTqvas mimRebi qveyniswarmomadgenlebzec. bunebrivia, rodesac migranti misTvis ucxokulturis mqone qveyanaSi midis sacxovreblad, saswavlebladTu samuSaod, mas uwevs sakmaod gansxvavebuli kulturulinormebis gacnoba, gacnobiereba, da zogjer Tavisi kulturisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli qcevebis garkveulwilad Secvlac. im qcevebisspeqtri, romlebic garemos Sesabamis cvlilebebs moiTxovs, SesaZloaiyos met-naklebad advilad gansaxorcielebelic (Wama, Cacma, saubari)da sakmaod rTulic (Sexedulebebis cvlileba, kulturuli normebisმიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 373

codna). amasTanave, akulturaciis procesSi SeiZleba individssakuTari qcevebisa da damokidebulebis iseTi Zirfesviani gardaqmnadasWirdes, rom TavisTavad gaxdes stresis wyaro da gamoixatosSfoTvis, depresiisa da gaurkvevlobis gancdiT.akulturaciis procesis Sesaswavlad, pirvel rigSi, unda gamovyoTam procesSi monawile mxareebi da gavaanalizoT kavSirebi maTSoris. akulturaciis Teoriul CarCos gvTavazobs fsiqologiuriakulturaciis Teoriis avtori da mkvlevari jon beri63.rogor mimdinareobs akulturaciis procesi? jon beris TeoriismixedviT, am procesSi unda ganvasxvaoT Semdegi elementebi:1. ori sawyisi originaluri kultura.2. maT Soris urTierTobis dinamika da specifikuroba.3. kulturuli cvlilebebi da ori kulturis Serwymis Sedegad Semdgari axali eTnokulturuli jgufebi.warmo­dgenili sqema 1. asaxavs akulturaciis 5 gansxvavebul aspeqts:or sawyis kulturas, or cvalebad eTnokulturul jgufs da maTiurTierTobis Taviseburebebs. sqema 1. akulturaciis dinamikakulturuli/jgufuri fsiqologiuri/ individualuri donekultura kulturuli fsiqologiuri adaptacia A cvlilebebi akulturacia individebi A da Bkontaqti kultura individebi A da B kulturaSi A kulturaSikultura fsiqologiuri B kultura qceviTi B cvlilebebi socio- kulturuli akulturaciuli stresi63 John W. Berry, Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation, Applied Psychology 46:1,1997: gv. 5–34.374 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mocemuli sqema Tanmimdevrulad asaxavs akulturaciis procesiselementTa mizez-Sedegobriv urTierTobebs: Tavdapirvelad, origansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenlebi ecnobian erTmaneTs, xdebapirveli kontaqti jgufebs Soris, ris Sedegadac cvlilebas ganicdisrogorc mimRebi sazogadoebis, ise migrantis warmoSobis qveyniskultura; Sesabamisad icvleba orive kulturis warmomadgenelTaqcevebic. qceviTi cvlilebebisaTvis individs sWirdeba sakuTarifizikuri da emociuri resursebis aqtiuri gamoyeneba, rac, didialbaTobiT, stress iwvevs. es akulturaciis stresia. Semdgomietapi adaptaciaa. garkveuli qceviTi da warmodgeniTi cvlilebebisSemdeg individebi sabolood adaptirdebian mimReb kulturaSi, iseve,rogorc mimRebi kulturis warmomadgenlebi iReben migrantebs da esprocesi socialuri da fsiqologiuri adaptaciis saxes iRebs.akulturaciis procesSi kidev ori faqtoria mniSvnelovani:• kulturuli distancia; da• motivacia.kulturuli distancia or kulturas Soris gansxvavebis xarisxsasaxavs: magaliTad, qarTvelebsa da somxebs Soris ufro naklebikulturuli distanciaa, vidre qarTvelebsa da SveicarielebsSoris. Sesabamisad, es ganapirobebs akulturaciis procesisgansxvavebulobas.akulturaciis konteqstSi ori tipis motivacias ganasxvaveben:proaqtiulsa da reaqtiuls.64 proaqtiuli motivaciis mqone migran­tebis jgufi gaxsnilia kulturuli cvlilebebis mimarT (da,Sesabamisad, dadebiT motivaciur faqtorad ganixileba), xolomigrantebis meore jgufi – reaqtiul, winaaRmdegobriv damoki­debulebas iCens axali kulturis mimarT da misgan gamijvnazea orien­ti­rebuli (uaryofiTi motivacia).mimRebi kulturis warmomadgenlebis motivaciac axdens gavlenasakulturaciis procesze: zogierTi kulturis warmomadgenelTadamokidebuleba sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebis mimarT ufro Riada tolerantulia da am tipis sazogadoebebi kulturuli SerwymisaTu kulturuli pluralizmis arsebobis SesaZleblobebs qmnian.Sesabamisad, migrantebs aseT sazogadoebebSi ufro meti motivaciada saSualeba aqvT mimRebi kulturis Rirebulebebisa da qceviswesebis gasacnobad. aseTi kulturebi ufro metad exmarebian damxars uWeren migrantebs, amave dros, TviTonac motivirebulni64 Anthony, H. Richmond, Reactive Migration: Sociological perspectives on refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies 6, 1993, gv. 7-24.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 375

arian – da mzadac – TavianTi resursebis gasanawileblad. aseTimidgoma pozitiuri multikulturuli ideologiisa da integraciisstrategiis nawilia. Tumca, arsebobs kulturebi, romlebic zRudavsgansxvavebuli kulturis warmomadgenelTa CarTvas mimRebi qveyniskulturul sivrceSi. aseT kulturebSi Sesabamisi kanonebis miRebiTda instituciuri berketebiT xdeba gansxvavebuli kulturulijgufebis segregacia da marginalizacia.10.7.1. akulturaciis strategiebiyvela individs akulturaciis gansxvavebuli gza aqvs, rac akul­turaciis strategiis saxeliT aris cnobili. akulturaciis stra­tegiebi qcevebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlilebaTa kombinaciaa,romels­ac migrantebi axorcieleben mimReb kulturasTan war­matebiT adaptaciisaTvis. Sexedulebebis cvlileba gulisxmobsproc­ ess, roca individebi tradiciul, ukve arsebul warmodgenebsgadaxedaven, gadaafaseben da Secvlian maT axali kulturisaTvismisaRebi formebiT. am cvlilebis nawili SeiZleba iyos genderulirolebis gadafaseba, Taobebs Soris tradiciul urTierTobaTawesebis cvlileba. qceviTi cvlilebebi gulisxmobs process, rodesacindividi realur cxovrebaSi mimarTavs mimRebi kultu­risaTvismisaReb qcevebs da isini gansxvavdeba misi adrindeli qceviTinimuSebisagan. qcevebisa da Sexedulebebis cvlilebebi urTierT­dakavSirebuli procesia. Tu migranti gadaafasebs sakuTar genderulstereotipebs da gaiziarebs azrs, rom qali da kaci Tanabrad undaiyvnen CarTulni ojaxur saqmianobaSi, ufro didi albaTobiT Seicvlisqcevasac da realurad gaxdeba aqtiuri ojaxur saqmianobaSi.akulturaciis procesi individTa or motivacias asaxavs:• sakuTari kulturuli identobis SenarCuneba; da• urTierToba gansxvavebul kulturul jgufebTan.am ori motivaciis siZlieris mixedviT fsiqologebi akulturaciisoTx gansxvavebuli strategias gamoyofen calke dominanti da calkearadom­ inanti jgufebisaTvis65 (ix. sqema 2).65 Berry, Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation, gv. 5-34. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო376

sqema 2. or motivaciur faqtorze dafuZnebuli akulturaciis oTxi strategia dominanti da aradominanti jgufebisTvis sakiTxi 1 kulturis da identobis SenarCuneba sakiTxi 2 integracia asimilacia multi- erT _ kultu­ qvabSijgufTaSoriso ralizmi moxarSvaurTierTobebi (melting pot) separacia marginali- segregacia zacia gariyva aradominanti jgufis dominanti jgufis strategiebi strategiebi10.7.2. akulturaciis strategiebi aradominanti jgufisaTvis(1) rodesac individebs ar surT, SeinarCunon sakuTari kulturuli identoba, cdiloben yoveldRiuri mWidro urTierTobis damya­ rebas dominanti kulturis warmomadgenel jgufebTan da misi normebisa da Rirebulebebis gaTavisebas sakuTari kulturis normebisa da Rirebulebebis `daviwyebis~ xarjze, saxezea asimi­ laciis strategia;(2) amis sapirispirod, rodesac individebi aRiareben sakuTar kul­ tu­r­ ul memkvidreobas da cdiloben TavianTi tradiciebis Senar­ Cunebas sxva kulturis warmomadgenlebTan minimaluri urTier­ Tobis xarjze, es separaciis strategiaa;(3) akulturaciis mesame strategia garkveulwilad am ori strategiis Serwymis Sedegia – rodesac individebi mWidro urTierTobas amyar­ eben sxva jgufebTan, cdiloben sxva kulturisaTvis damaxa­ siaTebeli Rirebulebebisa da normebis gacnobas da, amavdrou­ lad, inarCuneben sakuTar kulturul identobas, es integraciis strategiaa;(4) rodesac individebs ar surT sakuTari kulturuli identobis ganvi­Tareba da SenarCuneba (xSirad didi kulturuli danakargebisმიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 377

gamo) da arc aqtiurad CarTva sxva kulturis Secnobis procesSi,maSin, Cveulebriv, xdeba maTi marginalizacia.10.7.3. akulturaciis strategiebi dominanti jgufisaTvisradgan akulturacia ormxrivi procesia, dominanti jgufic ganicdismas. akulturaciis strategiebi dominanti jgufis perspeqtividanaseTia:(1) aradominanti jgufis mxridan mzaoba asimilaciisadmi ganixileba, rogorc `erT qvabSi moxarSvis~ (melting pot) procesi;(2) rodesac aradominanti jgufi irCevs separaciis strategias, es dominanti jgufis mier aRiqmeba, rogorc segregaciis strategia;(3) dominanti jgufis perspeqtividan, marginalizacia gariyvaa;(4) integracia ki aRiqmeba, rogorc multikulturalizmis strategia.10.7.4. akulturaciuli stresimiuxedavad imisa, rom zogi individi xSirad advilad da uproblemodaxerxebs Seguebas axal kulturasa da garemosTan, aris SemTxvevebi,rodesac akulturaciis procesma SeiZleba garkveuli problemebiSeuqmnas adamians. aseT dros, axali qceviTi da RirebulebiTinormebis morgebis procesSi individebs mravali konfliqtis gadaWrauwevT. es konfliqtebi akulturaciis stresis wyaroa. zogadad,akulturaciis stresi gansxvavebulia im strategiebis mixedviT,romlebsac pirovneba irCevs – magaliTad, akulturaciis stresidabalia integraciis strategiis arCevis dros da yvelaze maRaliamarginalizaciis strategiis SemTxvevaSi. akulturaciis stresisalbaToba didia, rodesac individebi kulturuli SeuTavseblobisproblemas awydebian, romlis mogvarebac rTulia. magaliTad,zogierT kulturaSi kacs SesaZloa hyavdes ramdenime coli, rac rigikulturebisaTvis miuRebelia. aseve arsebobs SemTxvevebi, rodesacakulturaciis arc erTi strategia ar aris efeqturi. aseT drosmigrantebi ver axerxeben axali kulturis gaTavisebas.akulturaciis stresis fsiqopaTologiuri midgomis66 mixedviT,akulturacia nebismier SemTxvevaSi iwvevs pirovnuli problemebisgarTulebas da yvela adamians sWirdeba specialistis konsultaciaTu daxmareba am procesSi. Tumca, am Sexedulebis sapirispirod,66 Colleen Ward, Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology: Three Perspectives on Acculturation, Applied Psychology 46:1, 1997, gv. 58-62, nanaxia 15.11.2016 w. doi:10.1111/j.1464-0597.1997.tb01094.x.378 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Tanamedrove kvlevebi67 amtkicebs, rom adamianTa umravlesobasserio­ ­zuli garTulebis gareSe SeuZlia axal kulturul garemosTanSegueba da axali cxovrebis dawyeba.10.7.4. adaptaciaakulturaciis procesis Sedegad, individi axal kulturasa dasazoga­doebasTan adaptirdeba. adaptacia akulturaciis stresisgadalaxviT miiRweva da gulisxmobs garemos gamowvevebis sapasuxodganxorcielebul SedarebiT myar cvlilebebs. unda gvaxsovdes, romadaptacia erTmniSvnelovnad ar aris jgufebs Soris urTierTobaTagaumjobesebis niSani (magaliTad, separaciac adaptaciis erT-erTisaxeobaa) da, amdenad, adaptacia SesaZlebelia iyos rogorc dadebiTi,ise uaryofiTi.adaptacia orgvaria: fsiqologiuri da sociokulturuli.68 fsiqo­logiuri adaptacia gulisxmobs individis kargadmyofobis gancdasrogorc fizikurad, ise fsiqologiurad; xolo sociokulturuliadaptacia gulisxmobs individis unars, ifunqcioniros da warma­tebulad warmarTos yoveldRiuri cxovreba axal kulturul gare­moSi.Cveulebriv, migrantebSi fsiqologiuri problemebi Cndeba axalikulturis jgufebTan sawyisi kontaqtebis damyarebis Semdeg, racTandaTanobiT mcirdeba da, Sesabamisad, matulobs fsiqologiuriadaptacia. sociokulturuli adaptacia jgufTan kontaqtis pirda­pir­proporciulad izrdeba: maT Soris kavSiri wrfivad aRmavalia damatulobs drois gasvlasTan erTad.69warmatebul fsiqologiur adaptacias gansazRvravs pirovnuliniSnebi, cxovrebiseuli cvlilebebis odenoba da socialuri mxar­daWera, xolo warmatebuli sociokulturuli adaptacia yalibdebakulturis codniT, kontaqtis sixSiriT da jgufisSida wevrebzedadebiTi SexedulebebiT.rom SevajamoT: asimilaciasTan erTad, akulturacia migraciuliproce­sebis ganuyofeli nawilia. individebi icvlian sacxovrebelqveyanas da uwevT maspinZeli qveynis kulturasTan Segueba. sworedrom akulturaciisa da asimilaciis koncefciebi gvexmareba imisaxsna­Si, Tu rogor warimarTeba es procesi – ramdenad SeZleben isinisakuTari kulturis SenarCunebas da, amavdroulad, axali kulturisSeTvisebas, Tu am procesSi sakuTar kulturas daiviwyeben.67 Berry, Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation, gv. 5-34.68 Ward, Culture Learning, Acculturative Stress, and Psychopathology, gv. 58-62.69 iqve.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 379

migrantebis didi nawili warmatebulad axerxebs axal kulturasTanSeguebas:70 akulturacia ori kulturis warmomadgenelTa erTmaneT­Tan daaxloebisa da morgebis procesia, Tumca es ar niSnavs, romakulturaciis Sedegad gansxvavebuli kulturis mqone jgufebi qre­bian da kargaven TavianT originalurobas. swored es ganasxvavebsakulturacias asimilaciis Teoriisgan. Tuki akulturacia xazsusvams im garemoebas, rom migrantebis kulturis esa Tu is mxarexdeba mimRebi qveynis kulturis nawili da xels uwyobs sxvadasxvakul­turuli warmoSobis jgufebs Soris urTierTobaTa gamyarebas,asimilaciis koncefcia ufro sapirispiroze miuTiTebs.akulturaciisa da asimilaciis procesebis Seswavla da gaanalizebaumniSvnelovanesi sakiTxia socialuri mecnierebebis sxvadasxvadar­gis warmomadgenelTaTvis. kvlevebis Sedegad miRebuli codnasaSualebas gvaZlevs, ukeT gavigoT, rogor egueba migranti mimRebsazogadoebas da ra SesaZleblobebiT miiRweva warmatebuliasimilacia da akulturacia.10.8. transnacionalizmi71samecniero literaturaSi termini transnacionalizmi SeiZlebasxvadasxva mniSvnelobiT SegxvdeT. es termini pirvelad XX saukunisdasawyisSi gamoiyena amerikelma mecnierma rendolf bornma Tavis eseSi`transnacionaluri amerika~.72 dRes is gvexmareba iseTi procesebisaxsnaSi, romlebic ukavSirdeba erovnuli sazRvrebis mniSvnelobisSemcirebas da, zogadad, globalizacias. termini transnacionalizmiSegxvdebaT politikur mecnierebebSi, samarTalsa da, ra Tqma unda,socialur mecnierebebSi. amasTanave, rogorc ingliseli mecnieristiven vertoveci aRniSnavs, transnacionalizmi – anu mdgradikavSirebi, romlebic Sor manZilebze arsebobs da sazRvrebs kveTs(a set of sustained long-distance, border-crossing connections) – axasiaTebs aramxolod migrantebs, aramed globalur korporaciebs, JurnalisturTu sakomunikacio qselebs, socialur moZraobebs da kriminalur Tuteroristul dajgufebebsac.7370 iqve.71 transnacionalizmis Teoriis Sesaxeb aseve ix. winamdebare saxelmZRvanelos me-4 Tavi.72 Roger Waldinger, Immigrant transnationalism, Current Sociology, 61:5-6, 2013, gv.756-777, nanaxia 30.11.2016 w. doi: 10.1177/0011392113498692.73 Steven Vertovec, Trends and Impacts of Migrant Transnationalism, Working Paper 03, University of Oxford, 2004, gv. 1-2, nanaxia 30.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2wRPccW.380 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

socialur mecnierebebSi transnacionalizmis ganmartebebSi, discip­linidan gamomdinare, sxvadasxva aspeqtzea gamaxvilebuli yuradReba.magal­ iTad, transnacionalizmis anTropologiuri ganmart­ eba xazsusvams mniSvnelobas transnacionaluri procesisa, romlis meSveo­biTac `imigrantebi biZgs aZleven da inarCuneben erTdroul, mraval­mxriv socialur urTierTobebs, romlebic akavSirebs mimReb damSobliur qveynebs ... aSeneben socialur velebs, romlebic kveTengeografiul, kulturul da politikur sazRvrebs~.74 aise kalgaristransnacionalizmis ganmarteba ki garkveulwilad aerTianebssocialuri mecnierebebis midgomebs transnacionalizmisadmi:`transnacionalizmze arsebuli samecniero naSromebi gvTavazobenaxal analitikur instruments, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs,davinaxoT adamianebis, saqonlis, informaciisa da simboloebiscirkularul nakadTa mzardi intensivoba, romelic gamowveuliasaerTaSoriso SromiTi migraciiT. is saSualebas gvaZlevs,gavaanalizoT, rogor axdenen migrantebi sakuTari cxovrebiskonstruirebas da rekonstruqcias, romelic erTdroulad erTzemet sazogadoebaSia fexgadgmuli~.75rogorc am ganmartebebidan Cans, transnacionalizmis axsnisasmniSvnelovania is, rom adamianebi, socialuri jgufebi Tu institutebierovnuli sazRvrebis farglebs gareT arian dakavSirebulni, rac,garkveulwilad, kiTxvis qveS ayenebs eri-saxelmwifos sazRvrebismniSvnelobas. amasTanave, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, transnacionalizmimWidrod ukavSirdeba globalizaciis process. is iwvevs debatebsmoqalaqeobrivi loialobis aRqmis Taobaze – ramdenad misaRebiasaxelmwifosaTvis ama Tu im moqalaqis aqtiurad CarTva sxvaromelime saxelmwifos politikur Tu ekonomikur cxovrebaSi. amSemTxvevaSi debatebi, Cveulebriv, ormagi moqalaqeobis sakiTxisirgvliv imarTeba. maSin, rodesac warmoSobis qveynebisaTvis TavianTimigrantebis ormagi moqalaqeoba diasporuli politikis nawili xdebada miznad isaxavs swored rom emigrantTa aqtiur CarTvas qveynispolitikur, ekonomikur Tu kulturul sakiTxebSi, zogi mimRebiqveynisTvis amgvari statusi SeiZleba piriqiT, arasasurveli iyos.Tumca, gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom SesaZloa transnacionalizmmacsxvad­ asxva forma miiRos: erT SemTxvevaSi gamoixatos erovnuli iden­tobis SenarCunebaSi sxvadasxva socialuri aqtivobebis meSveobiT,xolo meore SemTxvevaSi – mdgradi da regularuli kavSirebiTa da74 Diane E. King, `Transnationalism~ in Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. H.James Birx, Thousand Oaks, CA Sage Publications, 2006, gv. 2221-2222, doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412952453, nanaxia 13.12.2016 w.75 Ayse Çaglar, Constraining metaphors and the transnationalisation of spaces in Berlin, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27:4, 2001, gv. 607.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 381

aqtivobebiT mSobliursa da mimReb qveynebs Soris. Sesabamisad, Tuzogjer migranti dgams konkretul nabijebs mSobliuri qveyniscxovrebaSi monawileobisaTvis, sxva SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba TavisimikuTvneba mxolod simbolurad gamoxatos.76 metic, imigrantebs Sorisaqtiuri transnacionalizmi ufro iSviaTia, vidre SeiZleba gvefiqra- rogorc amerikeli sociologebis kvlevebma aCvena, gamokiTxuldominikel, salvadorel da kolumbiel migrantTa mxolod 5-10%monawileobda regularulad transnacionalur ekonomikur Tupolitikur aqtivobebSi77 (magaliTad, mSobliur qveyanaSi biznesiswarmoeba, an arCevnebSi monawileoba).amrigad, transnacionalizmis kvlevisas socialur mecnierebebSigansakuTrebuli yuradReba eTmoba masTan dakavSirebuli praqtikiskvlevas, romelic, Cveulebriv, ekonomikuri, politikuri, religiurida kulturul-ideologiuri xasiaTisaa. aseve kvlevis saganiatransnacionaluri Temebi (transnational communities), romlebic yalib­deba imigrantebsa da mSobliur qveyanas Soris urTierTobebisSedegad. maTi wevrebis identoba naklebad aris mibmuli romelimekonkretul saxelmwifoze. Sesabamisad, transnacionalur sazogado­ebaTa wevrebi upirispirdebian eri-saxelmwifos koncefciis tradi­ciul postulats, rom yvela adamiani mxolod erTi saxelmwifosmimarT unda ganicdides mikuTvnebis grZnobas.78 amavdroulad,rodesac transnacionalur sazogadoebebze vsaubrobT, unda gavi­Tvalisw­inoT, rom sainformacio komunikaciebis ganviTarebiswyalobiT, transnacionalurma sazogadoebebma, romlebic distan­ciurad urTierToben, SeiZleba virtualuri saxec miiRon.79ra Tqma unda, saerTaSoriso migrantebs yovelTvis axasiaTebdaTgarkveuli transnacionaluroba, magram amjerad axali isaa, rom`globalizaciisa da ekonomikuri gaurkvevlobis konteqsti uwyobsxels erovnul sazRvrebs gacdenili socialuri urTierTobebiskonstruirebas. mobilurobis zrda da komunikaciebis ganviTarebaaseve xels uwyobs am urTierTobebs da qmnis ekonomikuri, kulturulida politikuri monawileobis transnacionalur sivrces.~80migraciuli nakadebis mravalferovnebam, am procesebSi Car­Tuli qveynebis raodenobis zrdam da, zogadad, mgzavrobisa dakomunikaciis saSualebaTa xelmisawvdomobam, iseve, rogorc kul­76 Waldinger, Immigrant transnationalism, gv. 758-760.77 Peggy Levitt, Transnational Migrants: When `Home~ Means More Than One Country, 2004. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uKFqvC.78 Trans-nationalism. nanaxia 21.11.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2cF3cxY.79 iqve.80 iqve.382 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

tu­ruli mravalferovnebis aRiarebis zrdis tendenciebma mim­Reb sazogadoebebSi, xeli Seuwyo axali tipis migrantebis –transmigrantebis (transmigrants) – aRmocenebas. maTi mTavariTviseba is aris, rom imigraciaSi yofnisas isini axerxeben mWidroda regularuli kavSiris SenarCunebas samSoblosTan. Sesabamisad,trans­migrantebi aRar ganixilebian iseT adamianebad, romlebmac emig­raciaSi wasvliT samudamod daiviwyes sakuTari fesvebi da samSoblo(rogorc amas terminiT uprooted aRniSnavdnen) da mzad iyvnen mimRebisazogadoebis kulturul RirebulebaTa uyoymanod aRiarebisa dagaTavisebisaTvis. piriqiT, transmigrantebi, upirveles yovlisa,arian individebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli tipis identoba uya­libd­ ebaT (dawvrilebiT identobis Sesaxeb ix. Semdegi qveTavi), dawlebis manZilze axerxeben erTdroulad ori qveynis cxovrebaSimonawileobas. es monawileoba SeiZleba iyos politikuri, ekonomikuri,kulturuli da religiuri – rogorc mimReb, ise mSobliur qveyanaSi,rom aRaraferi vTqvaT distanciur CarTulobaze samSobloSi dato­vebuli ojaxis yoveldRiur yofaSi.10.9. identoba`vin var me~ – am erTi SexedviT martiv kiTxvaze pasuxis gacemas TiTo­euli Cvengani cdilobs da swored amis ZiebaSi yalibdeba individisidentoba. aRniSnuli kiTxva sakmaod kompleqsur pasuxebs moiTxovs,romlebic SesaZloa ukavSirdebodes pirovnul maxasiaTeblebs (varkeTili), fizikur maxasiaTeblebs (var maRali), socialur rolebs (vardeda, mama, da, Zma), eTnikur/erovnul warmomavlobas (var kavkasieli,qarTveli, da a.S.). Sesabamisad, identoba, ramdenime ZiriTad ganzo­milebas asaxavs: biologiurs/genderuls, fsiqologiurs, socialur-kulturuls, eTnikurs/erovnuls.81termini identoba nawarmoebia laTinuri `idem~-is (idem) fuZidanda Tavdapirvelad msgavsebasa da gangrZobadobas niSnavda, Tumca,me-20 saukunemde diskursi identobis Sesaxeb naklebad gvxvdebodasocialur mecnierebebSi. rodesac identobaze vsaubrobT, ramdenimemidgoma unda ganvasxvaoT erTmaneTisgan. pirveli gulisxmobs, romidentobis arsi aris `realuri me~, romelic mdgradia da individiscxovrebis ganmavlobaSi, faqtobrivad, ar icvleba. meore midgomis81 S. J. Schwartz, K. Luyckx and V. L. Vignoles, eds., Handbook of Identity Theory and Research, New York: Springer, 2013, gv. 31-53.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 383

mixedviT, identoba warmosaxviTia da misi konstruirebis procesisocialuri garemos zegavleniT aris SesaZlebeli.82individis cxovrebis manZilze identobis formireba uaRresadmniSvnelovani procesia. adamians SeiZleba ramdenime identobahqondes, radgan sxvadasxva konteqstSi gansxvavebuli jgufis wevradmoiazros Tavi. identobis konstruireba SemecnebiTi procesia:is individis SemecnebiT struqturebsa da procesebTan erTadyalibdeba83. individis identobis Camoyalibebaze gavlenas axdenssocialuri garemo, is, Tu rogor aRiqmeba igi sxvebis mier da raadgili ukavia pirvelad Tu meorad jgufebSi da/an organizaciebSi.aseve mniSvnelovania, rogor yalibdeba TviTidentoba – anu rodesacindividi sakuTar Tavs miiCnevs ama Tu im jgufis wevrad, am jgufismier aRiarebuli tradiciebis, ritualebisa da Rirebulebebismatareblad.84 amrigad, identobis formirebis procesis SeswavlagansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens migrantebis SemTxvevaSi. rogoricvleba – da icvleba Tu ara – maTi eTnikuri, erovnuli, kulturulida adgilis identobebi migraciis Sedegad, qvemoT ganvixilavTdawvri­lebiT.10.9.1. eTnikuri identobaukve aRvniSneT, rom individTa identobis formireba xSirad eTnikurmikuTvnebas efuZneba. mkvlevrebi eTnikur identobas ganixilaven,rogorc mravali komponentisgan Semdgar konstruqcias, romelicmoicavs eTnikuri identobis Ziebas, miRebas da ganmtkicebas.85miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri identobis termini socialurmecnierebebSi Zalze xSirad SegxvdebaT, misi yovlad aRiarebuliganmartebis moZieba gagiWirdebaT. zogadad, eTnikuri identobaniSnavs individis mier Tavis mikuTvnebas romelime konkretulieTnikuri jgufisadmi. amasTanave, mniSvnelovania, rom am mikuTvnebasaRiarebdnen `sxvebi~ – rogorc misi, aseve `sxva~ jgufis wevrebi.miuxedavad imisa, rom eTnikuri mikuTvneba, zogadad, miiCnevaTandayolil maxasiaTeblad, dResdReobiT individebs mainc aqvTsaSualeba, TviTon miiRon gadawyvetileba, romel eTnikur jgufsunda miakuTvnon Tavi. magaliTad, rodesac individi SereulieTnikuri warmomavlobisaa, misi arCevani SesaZloa ganpirobebuli82 Marshall, Dictionary of Sociology, gv. 293.83 Serge Moscovici, On social representations, in Social Cognition: Perspectives in Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph P. Forgas,London: Academic Press, 1981, gv.181-209.84 David L. Sam and John W. Berry, eds., The Cambridge Handbook of Acculturation Psychology, Cambridge University Press, 2006, gv.11-27.85 Jean S. Phinney, When we Talk about American Ethnic Groups, What Do We Mean? American Psychologist 51:9, 1996, gv. 918.384 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

iyos Tavisi istoriuli warmomavlobiTa da qveyniT, anda raime sim­boluri faqtorebiT, rogoricaa, dResaswaulebi, musika, eTnikurisamzareulo da a.S.mniSvnelovania is, rom identobis Camoyalibebis procesi gulisxmobsgarkveuli `sazRvrebis~ arsebobas individis `me~-sa da `sxvebs~ Soris.swored rom eTnikuri sazRvrebis arsebobaze amaxvilebda yuradRebascnobili sociologi fredrik barTi,86 romelic miiCnevda, rom maTisaSualebiT eTnikuri jgufebi emijnebian sxva jgufebs. eTnikuriidentoba sakuTari jgufis `sxva~ jgufTan Sedarebis safuZvelzewarmoqmnili konstruqciaa. vin varT `Cven~, gavigebT mxolod maSin,roca gvecodineba, vin arian `isini~. es ki sxva socialur jgufebiswevrebTan msgavsebisa da gansxvavebis Ziebisa da aRmoCenis procesia,romelic dinamikurad da uwyvetad mimdinareobs. fsiqologijein finei87 aRniSnavs, rom `eTnikuri identoba dinamikuri,mravalganzomilebiani konstruqciaa, romelic individis identobasan mis mier sakuTari `me~-s – rogorc eTnikuri jgufis wevris –SegrZnebas exeba~. Sesabamisad, identoba unda ganvixiloT eTnikurijgufis konteqstSi, romlis wevrebsac aerTianebT istoriuli,enobrivi, religiuri Tu sxva maxasiaTeblebi.eTnikuri identobis Camoyalibebaze mravali fsiqo-socialurifaqtori axdens gavlenas – pirvel rigSi, individis universalurisurvili, daimkvidros pozitiuri socialuri identoba. Tu sakuTarieTnikuri jgufi individisTvis misaRebi, sasurveli da saamayoa, igiinarCunebs eTnikur identobas da iyenebs mas pozitiuri identobisdasamkvidreblad.88 ase rom, eTnikur jgufTan mikuTvnebulobamindivids unda aumaRlos warmodgena sakuTar Tavze (daexmarospozitiuri `me-koncefciis~ CamoyalibebaSi). Tu es ase ar moxda, sxvaalternativebis SemTxvevaSi man SesaZloa uari Tqvas konkretuljgufTan mikuTvnebulobis gancdaze. migrantebi maSin inarCuneben amgancdas, rodesac es jgufi maT aZlierebs da pozitiuri warmodgenisgamyarebaSi exmareba. magaliTad, albaToba, rom qarTveli emigrantiSeinarCunebs erovnul da/an eTnikur identobas, didia maSin, Tu`qarTvelad yofna~ mis maRal TviTSefasebas gansazRvravs. meoremxriv, rac metadaa individi mijaWvuli sakuTar eTnikurobas, miTnaklebi Sansi aqvs axal kulturasTan integrirebisa da akul­turaciisa, rac, savaraudod, axal qveyanaSi socialuri da eko­no­mikuri adaptaciis sirTuleebs Seuqmnis.86 Fredrik Barth, ed., Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Oslo:Universitetsforlaget,1969, Reissued 1998 by Waveland Press, Inc.87 Jean S. Phinney, Ethnic identity and acculturation, in Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, ed. Kevin M. Chun et al., Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2003, gv. 63.88 Henri Tajfel, Social Identity and Intergroup Behaviour, Social Science Information #13:2, 1974, gv. 65- 93, nanaxia 24.11.2016 w. doi:10.1177/053901847401300204.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 385

individi eTnikur identobas iRebs maSin, rodesac acnobierebs,ras niSnavs misTvis sakuTari eTnikuri jgufi da aRiarebs, rom esjgufi mniSvnelovan da pozitiur rols asrulebs mis yoveldRiurcxovrebaSi. migrantebisTvis ki, ucxo qveyanaSi CasvlisTanave,ufro metad ikveTeba eTnikuri warmomavloba,89 rac gamowveuliakulturuli gansxvavebulobebis aRqmiT. akulturaciisa da asi­mi­laciis Sedegad, migrantebis eTnikuri identoba mimReb qveynebSiSeiZleba Seicvalos.90 socialuri konteqstidan gamomdinare, eTnikuriidentobis SenarCunebam SesaZlebelia dadebiTadac imoqmedosmigrantze da uaryofiTadac.kolejis studentebze – axalgazrda laTinoamerikeli imigrantebisjgufze – Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi uCvenebs, rom Tu eTnikuriidentobis SenarCuneba, erTi mxriv, ukavSirdeba garemosTan war­matebulad Seguebis process, individebis winsvlasa da progress,meore mxriv, gansakuTrebiT Zlieri eTnikuri mikuTvnebis SegrZnebisSemT­ xvevaSi, xels uSlis individis Seguebas garemosTan da ukavSirdebaalkoholis miRebasa da delikventur qcevebs.91 metic, kvlevebi adas­turebs, rom eTnikuri identobis siZliere depresiasTanac aso­cirdeba.CanarTi 1. eTnikuri identobis warmoSobis safuZvlebisocialur mecnierebebSi ori gansxvavebuli midgoma arsebobseTnikuri identobis gancdis Camoyalibebaze: primordialisturimidgoma gulisxmobs, rom eTnikuri identoba Tandayolili dawinaswar gansazRvrulia. is moiazrebs jgufTan mikuTvnebulobisTandayolil gancdas, romelic ucvelelia drosa da sivrceSi. esmosazrebebi popularuli iyo 70-ian wlebamde da amtkicebda, romeTnikuroba dabadebidan gveZleva, myaria da permanentuli.92 konstruqtivistuli midgomis mixedviT, eTnikuri identoba arCevania – ras daeyrdnoba, ra Sinaarsi eqneba da ra formas miiRebs is, individis Tavisufali nebaa. misi sayrdeni SeiZleba iyos89 eTnikuri identoba ar unda gavaigivoT erovnul identobasTan (ix: amave Tavis qveTavi 10.9.3).90 dawvrilebiT asimilaciisa da akulturaciis Sesaxeb ix: amave Tavis me-6 da me-7 qveTavebi.91 Byron L. Zamboanga, Marcela Raffaelli and Nicholas J. Horton, Acculturation Status and Heavy Alcohol Use among Mexican American College Students: Investigating the Moderating Role of Gender, Addictive Behaviors 31:12, 2006: gv. 2188-2198, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.02.018.92 Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Definition and Dimensions of Ethnicity: A Theoretical Framework, in Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, politics and reality: Proceedings of the Joint Canada-United States Conference on the Measurement of Ethnicity, (1992): gv. 407-27, nanaxia 15.11.2016 w. doi: 10.1080/10911350902910914. aseve ix. Anthony D. Smith, National Identity, University of Nevada Press, 1991, gv.19.386 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ena, religia, kultura, rasa, istoria Tu teritoria. eTnikuriidentobis ganmsazRvrelebi ar aris myari, ucvleli da rigiduli,is inter- da intrajgufuri molaparakebis Sedegad Camoyalibebulikategoriaa.93CanarTi 2. eTnikuri identobis strategiebiaxal sociokulturul sivrcesTan urTierTqmedebis procesebSigansakuTrebul rols asrulebs identobis SenarCunebis/ cvli­lebis/transformirebis taqtikebi da strategiebi, romlebsacmimarTaven am sivrceSi moxvedrili eTnikuri jgufebis warmo­madgenlebi. swored am strategiebis gamoyenebiT axerxeben - an veraxerxeben – isini mimRebi sazogadoebis socia­luri urTierTqmed­ e­bis qselSi CarTvas, ramac SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos maT warmatebulintegracias. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeiZleba konkretuli eTnikurijgufis wevrebs srulad hqondeT gaTavisebuli sakuTariidentoba, maTi codna sxva eTnikuri jgufebis cxovrebis wessa daRirebulebebze SezRu­d­ ulia. Sesabamisad, rac unda mtkice iyosmaTi mizani identobis SenarCunebisa, misi miRweva SesaZlebeliamxolod ukiduresad winaaRmdegobriv pirobebSi. amasTanave, erTida imave eTniu­ ri jgufis warmomadgenlebma, romlebic gansxvave­bul sociokulturul velSi aRmoCndnen, SesaZloa gansxvavebulstra­tegiebs mimarTon identobis SenarCunebis TvalsazrisiT.karmel kamilerisa da hanna malevska-pieris94 identobis stra­tegiaTa koncefciis Sesabamisad, identobis aRmoceneba datrans­formireba rTuli procesia, romelic mudmivad mimdin­a­reobs sociokulturul garemosTan urTierTqmedebiTa da iseTifsiqikuri warmonaqmnebis aqtiuri monawileobiT, rogoricaaideebi, mimarTebebi, grZnobebi. maTi TvalsazrisiT, identobisformireba gulisxmobs adamianis mier im Seusabamobebis marTvas,romlebic aRmocendeba e.w. faqtobriv (adamianis mier sakuTarTavze Seqmnili warmodgenebi) da miweril (adamianze sxvebis mierSeqmnili warmodgenebi) identobebs Soris. Sesabamisad, yalibdebaidentifikaciis Semdegi saxeebi: `negatiuri~ – ama Tu im socialuri obieqtis identobis miuReb­ loba da uaryofa;93 Georg Simmel, Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms,University of Chicago Press, 2011, gv.36.94 Carmel Camilleri and Helen Malewska-Peyre, Socialization and Identity Strategies, in Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, and T. S. Saraswathi, t. 2, 2nd ed., Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon, 1997, gv. 41-67.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 387

 `identoba-dacva~ - reaqcia Zveli stereotipebis ngrevaze; `ganmasxvavebeli reaqcia~ anu `reaqtiuli identoba~ – sxvebze reaqcia maTgan gansxvavebulobis aRqmis safuZvelze. krizisul situaciaSi `reaqtiuli identoba~ dacvis meqanizmad iqceva. `polemikuri identoba~ `reaqtiuli identobis~ ukiduresi gamov­l­­ i­nebaa, rodesac adamiani sakuTar Tavs ara mxolod ga­ nasxvavebs da icavs sxvebisagan, aramed, sakuTari aRmatebuli TviTS­efasebis safuZvelze, agresiuladaa ganwyobili maT mimarT.10.9.2. paneTnikuri identobaCveulebriv, mimRebi qveynis kulturuli garemo imigrantTa iden­tobis trasformacias iwvevs, Tumca, SesaZloa piriqiTac moxdes.imigrantebi qmnian sakuTar jgufebs an wevriandebian ukve arsebulSi,urTierTqmedeben mimRebi sazogadoebis da im qveyanaSi mcxovrebisxvadasxva jgufis warmomadgenlebTan, rac TavisTavad iwvevscvlilebebs maT identobaSic. swored aseT viTarebaSi yalibdebapaneTnikuri identoba.paneTnikuri identoba gulisxmobs sxvadasxva erovnebis, isto­riisa da gansxvavebuli identobis individTa gaerTianebas erTi`pan~-identobis qveS, raTa maT SeZlon warmatebuli urTierT­Tana­mSrom­loba da saerTo interesebis warmatebuli dacva-gaZ­lie­reba.sxvadasxva eTnikuri warmomavlobis migrantebi gacnobierebuladiReben axal saerTo identobas, rac maT efeqturi funqcionirebis,dasaxuli miznebis miRwevisa (magaliTad, politikuri warmomadgen­lobis uzrunvelyofa) da winsvlis saSualebas aZlevs.arsebuli monacemebi gviCvenebs, rom paneTnikuri identoba meoradiidentobaa, romelic eTnikur identobasTan Tanaarsebobs, Tumca,zogjer SesaZloa konfliqtic arsebobdes maT Soris. paneTnikuroba,paneTnikuri identobis garda, socialuri da politikuri organi­zaciebis saxiTac SeiZleba Camoyalibdes da ganviTardes. 1970 wlidanmoyolebuli iseTma paneTnikurma organizaciebma, rogoric iyo larazas erovnuli sabWo (National Council of La Raza), wynari okeanis azielda amerikel muSaTa aliansi (Asian Pacific American Labor Aliance), didiwvlili Seitanes migrantTa cxovrebis donis gaumjobesebasa dauflebebis dacvaSi, radgan socialur-politikur organizaciebsacwarmoadgendnen.95 Sesabamisad, paneTnikuroba SeiZleba ukavSirde­95 David Lopez and Yen Le Espiritu, Panethnicity in the United States: A Theoretical Framework, Ethnic and Racial Studies #13:2, 1990, gv.198-224.388 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

bodes Zalauflebis gadanawilebis sakiTxebs da jgufis politikuri,socialuri Tu ekonomikuri resursis gamoyenebas. paneTnikuriidentobis `qudqveS~ SesaZloa gaerTiandes sxvadasxva eTnikurijgufi da moxdes maTi mobilizacia, raTa Zalauflebis mqone jgufebiaiZulon, gadawyvetilebebis miRebas meti pasuxismgeblobiT moekidon.Camoyalibebis Semdeg paneTnikuri identoba SesaZloa imigrant­e­bis samSobloSic gavrceldes. amerikaSi Camoyalibebuli laTi­noamerikuli paneTnikuroba mogvianebiT puerto rikosa da dominikisrespublikaSi gavrcelda. afrikulma daisporamac SeZlo amerikaSiSesabamisi paneTnikuri identobis Seqmna. miuxedavad imisa, romafrikuli paneTnikuri identoba moicavs afrikis kontinentidan aSS-Si sxvadasxva dros Casul adamianebs, maTTvis es identoba Cagvrisada diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg bZrolis kargi saSualeba gaxda.afroamerikelma inteleqtualebma `Savkanianis~ identoba gardaqmnesafrikul paneTnikur identobad da swored es identoba gaxda Semdgompolitikuri filosofiis nawili. paneTnikuri identobis Seqmnismcdelobebi yovelTvis warmatebuli ar aris: miuxedavad imisa,rom amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi aziuri paneTnikuri identoba1960-ian wlebSi damkvidrda,96 kanadaSi igive procesi, romelsacCinuri da iaponuri diasporis warmomadgenlebi Caudgnen saTaveSi,warumateblad dasrulda.zogadad paneTnikurobis gavrcelebas xels uwyobs imigrantTaurTierTobebis sixSire sakuTar qveyanaSi darCenil Tanamemamu­leebTan. kvlevebma aCvena, rom rac metia aseTi kontaqtebis raodenoba,miT didia albaToba, individma paneTnikur identobas miakuTvnosTavi. marTalia, Tanamedrove msoflioSi paneTnikuri identobisSeqmnis ramdenime warmatebuli magaliTi arsebobs, magram ZneliagansazRvra, ramdenad SesaZlebelia, aseTi formiT Camoyalibebulmaaxalma identobam gaaZlieros jgufis saerTo miznebi, gaamartivosmaTi miRwevis saSualebebi da, amavdroulad, gaiTvaliswinos misiwevrebis individualuri moTxovnebi da specifikuri problemebi.10.9.3. erovnuli identobaerovnuli identoba ufro farTo cnebaa, vidre eTnikuri identoba,radgan SesaZloa ramdenime eTnikuri identobis mqone jgufebsaerTia­nebdes. SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom erovnuli identoba eTnikuriidentobis politizebuli versiaa, romelic Cndeba eTnikuri jgu­fis an jgufebis erTi politikuri – eri-saxelmwifos – formis qveS96 Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992, gv. 509-517.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 389

gaerTianebisas. Sesabamisad, erovnuli identoba efuZneba saer­Towarmomavlobis gancdas, romelic konkretul teritorias – samSob­los ukavSirdeba. erovnuli identobis SemTxvevaSi jgufebs Soris`sazRvrebi~ realuri, fizikurad arsebuli sazRvrebiTac aris gamya­rebuli.nacionalizmis erT-erTi wamyvani mkvlevris entoni smitis azriT,erovnuli identoba gulisxmobs `politikuri gaerTianebis, isto­riis, teritoriis, samSoblos, moqalaqeobis, saerTo Rirebule­bebisada tradiciebis garkveul SegrZnebas~.97 da raki erovnuli identobamravalganzomilebiani fenomenia, gamoyofs mis xuT Zireul Tvisebas:• istoriuli teritoria an samSoblo;• saerTo miTebi da istoriuli mexsiereba;• saerTo, masobrivi kultura;• wevrebis saerTo samarTlebrivi uflebebi da movaleobani;• saerTo ekonomika, romelic uzrunvelyofs wevrTa teritoriul mobilobas.mniSvnelovania, rom erovnuli identobis formirebisas smiti nacio­nalizmis kidev erT mkvlevarTan, ernest gelnerTan erTad,98 xazsusvams sajaro ganaTlebis sistemisa da masmediis rols masobrivikulturis sajaro sivrcis uzrunvelyofaSi, romelic didwiladgansazRvravs im erToblivi miznebis, erovnuli simboloebisa dasamoqalaqo ideologiis Camoyalibebas, rac aucilebelia eris da,Sesabamisad, erovnuli identobis arsebobisaTvis. am identobisaTviserT-erTi gadamwyveti faqtoria moqalaqeobis cneba da CvencvubrundebiT isev eri-saxelmwifos koncefcias, romelic sworedmoqalaqeobis princips aRiarebs da aregulirebs. sxva sityvebiT,Tu eTnikuri an kulturuli jgufis wevroba mxolod individisTviTidentifikaciasa da jgufis aRiarebazea agebuli, erovnuliidentoba garkveulwilad moiTxovs saxelmwifos mxridan aRiareba/araRiarebas, moqalaqeobis miniWeba/gauqmebis gziT.entoni smitis azriT, erovnul identobas aqvs rogorc Sida, ise garefunqciebi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi smiti gulisxmobs erovnuli jgufiswevrTa socializaciis process, romlis drosac isini `swavloben~,ras niSnavs ama Tu im konkretuli qveynis moqalaqeoba, xologare faqtorebi moicavs teritoriul, politikur da ekonomikuraspeqtebs.9997 Smith, National Identity, gv. 9.98 Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983, gv. 9-11.99 Smith, National Identity, gv. 17.390 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

es msjeloba rom SevajamoT, xSirad eTnikuri identoba SeiZleba gaxdeserovnuli identobis safuZveli, Tumca, arsebobs gamonaklisebic,rodesac ama Tu im mravaleTnikur saxelmwifoSi mcxovrebi eTnikurijgufebis warmomadgenlebi TavianT eTnikur identobas aigivebenerovnul identobasTan. magaliTad, SesaZloa TurqeTis moqalaqequrTi eTnikuri warmomavlobis individisTvis eTnikuri identoba`qurTi~ ufro misaRebi iyos, vidre `Turqi~ da piriqiT. naTelia,rom rodesac adamians ormagi – da zogjer sammagi – moqalaqeobaaqvs, dgeba sakiTxi misi erovnuli identobis Sesaxeb, aseve imazec, Turamdenad SesaZlebelia mravali erovnuli identobis arseboba.10.9.4. kulturuli identobakulturuli identoba efuZneba gaziarebul Rirebulebebs, codnas,qceviT normebsa da rwmenebs. erTi kulturuli identobis jgufiSesaZloa aerTianebdes adamianebs msgavsi eTnikuri, rasobrivi anerovnuli identobebiT da, Sesabamisad, kulturuli identoba,rogorc cneba, ufro farToa, vidre eTnikuri Tu erovnuli iden­tobebi.migrantebis kulturuli identoba xSirad sakuTari da mimRebiqveynebis kulturul identobaTa nazavia. 2005 wels samxreTkalifor­niaSi Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebma daadastura multi­kulturuli identobebis arseboba: kolejis studentebs hkiTxes,ramdenad mihyvebodnen cxovrebis iseT wess, rogorsac iyenebenlaTinoamerikelebi, espanurenovnebi, TeTrkanianebi, amerikeliindielebi, afro-amerikelebi an azielebi. miuxedavad imisa, romstudentebi laTinoamerikuli wamoSobis da/an espanurenovanni iyvnen,nawilma daadastura, rom maT axasiaTebdaT TeTrkanianTa, amerikelindielTa da afroamerikelTa cxovrebis stili. es axalgazrdebimultikulturul garemoSi cxovrobdnen, rac aisaxa kidec maTkulturul identobaze. xdeba piriqiTac, rodesac dominanti kul­turis warmomadgenelTa kulturuli identoba transformirdebaimigrantTa kulturis gavleniT: icvleba maTi musikaluri repertua­ri da samosi.100 magaliTad, reggeis stili, romelic iamaikur kul­turaSi iRebs saTaves, magram amavdroulad bluzis, jazisa da sxvamusikaluri mimdinareobis zegavleniT ganviTarda da ara marto aSS-s,msoflio musikaluri repertuaris nawilic gaxda.im sazogadoebebSi, sadac didia imigrantebis raodenoba, multik­ ul­turuli identobis Camoyalibebis procesi uwyveti da dinamikuria100 Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn, eds., Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, Reprint edition, Place of publication not identified: Routledge, 2014, gv. 269.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 391

da mTeli cxovrebis manZilze mimdinareobs. erovnuli Tu eTnikuriidentobebis msgavsad, kulturuli identobebic cvalebadia, so­cialuri konteqstidan gamomdinare.10.9.5. adgilis identobatermini adgilis identoba ufro garemos fsiqologiaSi (environmentalpsychology) gvxvdeba, Tumca, mas aseve iyeneben urbanistebi, geografebida arqiteqtorebi. socialuri fsiqologiis perspeqtividan, ad­gili qmnis kulturisa da tradiciebis CarCos, sadac identobakonstruirdeba, narCundeba da transformirdeba101. adgilisident­­oba gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania imigrantTa identobiskvlevisas, radgan is aRniSnavs migrantebis Taobebs Soris arsebulgansxvav­ebul damokidebulebas sacxovrebeli adgilis mimarT. estermini pirvelad socialurma da garemos fsiqologebma – haroldproSanskim, ebbi fabianma da robert kaminofma102 Semoitanessocialur mecnierebebSi. isini amtkicebdnen, rom adgilis identobaindividis TviTidentifikaciis nawilia, romelic yalibdeba fizikursivrceebTan yoveldRiuri urTierTqmdebis gamocdilebiT.103 adgi­lebi, sadac adamianebi cxovroben – an cxovrobdnen – gansxvavebulmniSvnelobas iZenen da gansxvavebul mogonebebsa da grZnobebsaRZraven. am TvalsazrisiT, saxli adamianisaTvis, Cveulebriv, erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgilia da misi Secvla iwvevs individisTviTidentifikaciis cvlilebebsac.garemos fsiqologia ikvlevs geografiuli garemos gavlenas ada­mianebze, maT kulturaze. aseve misi interesis sferoa, gamoikvliosgadaadgilebis procesis fsiqologiuri gavlena identobisformirebaze. swored adgilis identobis kvlevis Sedegad SegviZliagavigoT, rodis, sad da ratom grZnoben adamianebi Tavs `saxlSi~,ras aRiqvamen `saxlad~ da ras – ara. rogorc kvlevebi aCvenebs, erTigeografiuli adgilidan meoreze gadaadgilebam adamianis fsiqikazeSeiZleba iseTive uaryofiTi gavlena iqonios, rogorc sacxovrebeliadgilisa da samSoblos dakargvam, anda axloblis, megobris, naTesavisan ojaxis wevris sikvdilma104. amrigad, adgilis identobis cneba101 Lee Cuba and David M. Hummon. Constructing a sense of home: Place affiliation and migration across the life-cycle, Sociological Forum 8:4, 1993b, gv. 547-572.102 ix. Jen Jack Gieseking et al. eds. The People, Place, and Space Reader. Section 3: Place and Identity. nanaxia 14.12.2016 w. http://peopleplacespace.org/toc/section-3/.103 Harold M. Proshansky, The City and Self-Identity, Environment and Behavior 10: 2, 1978, gv. 147-69.104 Marc Fried, Grieving for a Lost Home: Psychological Costs of Relocation, ix. krebulSi Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, ed. James Q. Wilson, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966, gv. 359-379.392 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania iZulebiTi gadaadgilebis SemTxvevaTakvlevisas, radgan swored misi meSveobiT vigebT, ramdenad travmuliSeiZleba iyos amgvari gadaadgileba individis fsiqikisTvis.aseve, adgilis identoba SesaZlebelia gamoxatavdes adamianTajgufis kuTvnilebas geografiuli adgilisadmi. es SeiZleba iyosadgili, saidanac gadasaxldenen an gadaadgildnen adamianebi,agreTve warmoSobis, dabadebis, an amJamindeli sacxovrebeli adgili.amis magaliTad SegviZlia gamoviyenoT aSS, sadac sityva `amerikeli~gamoiyeneba, rogorc eTnikuri identobis aRmniSvneli, magram adgilisidentobasac gamoxatavs. imigrantebis jgufebi xSirad or identobas– ori kulturisa da adgilis erTianobas – iyeneben. magaliTad,Cineli amerikeli, italieli amerikeli, indoeli amerikeli, ebraeliamerikeli da a.S. Tumca SesaZlebelia piriqiTac iyos, magaliTad,amerikeli irlandieli da a.S.105 ori identobis erTdrouli gamoyeneba,rogorc integraciis nawilSi ganvixileT, xSirad adgilis/eTnikuri/erovnuli/kulturuli identobisa da mimRebi sazogadoebis adgilis/eTnikuri/erovnuli/kulturuli identobis simbiozs warmoadgensda damaxasiaTebelia individebisTvis. es fenomeni ara marto aSS-Si, aramed sxva qveynebSic gvxdeba, magaliTad, qarTveli ebraeli,poloneli ebraeli da a.S.migraciuli procesebis Seswavla zemoT ganxiluli sakiTxebiTar amoiwureba socialuri mecnierebebis farglebSi. magaliTad,sakiTxebi, rogoricaa migraciis gavlena urbanul cxovrebaze,socialuri qselebis gavlena migraciul procesebsa da migraciaSiCabmuli sazogadoebebis cxovrebaze, meore da mesame TaobismigrantTa identoba da maTi asimilacia Tu akulturacia asevesocialur mecnierebaTa interesis sferoSi Sedis. migraciuliprocesebis ganviTarebis kvleva saSualebas gvaZlevs, mravalmxrivadSeviswavloT am procesebis dawyeba, ganviTareba Tu dasusteba dagadamisamarTeba axali daniSnulebis qveynebisaken. cxadia, socialurimecnierebebisaTvis umTavres amocanad rCeba imis gageba, ra gavlenasaxdens es procesebi rogorc konkretul individebze, ise mcire da didsocialur jgufebze, socialur institutebsa Tu saxelmwifoebze.mecnieruli codnis gamdidrebasTan erTad, migraciuli procesebisukeT gagebas aqvs didi potenciali, gavlena iqonios migraciuli105 Verónica Benet-Martínez et al., Negotiating Biculturalism: Cultural Frame Switching in Biculturals with oppositIonal versus Compatible Cultural Identities, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33:5, 2002, gv. 492-516; Jean S. Phinney and Mona Devich-Navarro, Variations in Bicultural Identification among African American and Mexican American Adolescents, Journal of Research on Adolescence, 7:1, 1997: gv. 3-32; Ruben G. Rumbaut, The Crucible within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants, International Migration Review, 28:4, 1994, gv. 748-94, nanaxia 12.12.2016 w. doi:10.2307/2547157; Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America, University of California Press, 1990.მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 393

politikis SemuSavebazec, raTa masSi adekvaturad aisaxos arsebuligamowvevebi da, Sesabamisad, daisaxos maTi gadaWris optimalurigzebi. kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. romel mecnierul disciplinebs aerTianebs socialuri mecnie­ rebebi?2. daasaxeleT sami mizezi, ris gamoc socialur mecnierebebs ainteresebT migraciis procesebis Seswavla.3. migraciis ra aspeqtebs ikvleven sociologebi?4. migraciis ra aspeqtebs ikvleven fsiqologebi?5. migraciis ra aspeqtebs ikvleven anTropologebi?6. CamoayalibeT gansxvaveba raodenobriv da Tvisebriv kvleviT midgomebs Soris.7. mokled daaxasiaTeT kvlevis ori Tvisobrivi da ori raodenobrivi meTodi, romlebsac migraciis kvlevisas viyenebT.8. ra gavlena SeiZleba hqondes migraciul procesebs sazogadoebis socialur struqturaze? moiyvaneT magaliTebi.9. ratom aris mniSvnelovani jgufuri procesebis Seswavla migraciis procesebis kvlevisas?10. ra aris jgufuri kategorizacia? ra rols TamaSobs is migrantTa mimarT Sexedulebebis CamoyalibebaSi?11. ra dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi SeiZleba hqondes jgufur kategorizacias?12. moiZieT magaliTebi (kvlevebi, Jurnalisturi masalebi da a.S.), rodesac jgufuri kategorizacia iyo interjgufuri konfliqtis safuZveli.13. ra aris stereotipi? daasaxeleT stereotipebi, romlebic saqarTveloSi imigrantebis mimarT arsebobs. romelia maTgan dadebiTi, uaryofiTi da ambivalenturi?14. ra Sedegebi SeiZleba hqondes migrantebis diskriminacias rogorc TviTon migrantebis, ise maTTvis, vinc diskriminacias mimarTavs?394 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

15. ra aris akulturacia, riT gansxvavdeba is adaptaciisa da asimilaciisagan?16. aRwereT akulturaciis procesi da gamoyaviT misi ZiriTadi fazebi.17. am TavSi aRwerili identobebis saxeobaTagan, Tqveni azriT, rome­ li identobis tipia yvelaze mniSvnelovani? ratom? saSinao davalebayuradRebiT waikiTxeT qvemoT moyvanili ori scenari. SeadareT isinierTmaneTs da gaanalizeT TiToeuli: ra msgavseba da gansxvavebaa maTSoris.scenari 1.indoeTidan studenti Camodis swavlis gasagrZeleblad TbilisSi.cxovrobs samgoris raionSi sxva indoel studentebTan erTad daswavlobs medicinas erT-erT kerZo universitetSi. man kargad aricis qarTuli da uWirs am enaze saubari. saqarTveloSi 6 weliunda gaataros. Tqveni azriT, rogori integraciis saSualebebiunda arsebobdes qveyanaSi, rom mas ar Seeqmnas sirTuleebisaqarTveloSi cxovrebisas? ra SeiZleba gaakeTos TviTonimigrantma akulturaciasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis Tavidanasarideblad?scenari 2.aSS-dan studenti Camodis swavlis gasagrZeleblad TbilisSi.cxovrobs samgoris raionSi sxva amerikel studentebTan erTadda swavlobs medicinas erT-erT kerZo universitetSi. man kargadar icis qarTuli da uWirs am enaze saubari. saqarTveloSi 6 weliunda gaataros. Tqveni azriT, rogori integraciis saSualebebiunda arsebobdes qveyanaSi, rom mas ar Seeqmnas sirTuleebisaqarTveloSi cxovrebisas? ra SeiZleba gaakeTos TviTonimigrantma akulturaciasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebis Tavidanasarideblad?მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 395

bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Richard Alba and Victor Nee, Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Harvard University Press, 2003.2. Richard Alba, Amy Lutz, and Elena Vesselinov, How Enduring Were the Inequalities among European Immigrant Groups in the United States? Demography 38(3), 2001. doi:10.1353/dem.2001.0022;3. Vernon L. Allen and David A. Wilder, Categorization, Belief Similarity, and Intergroup Discrimination, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(6), 1975, 10.1037/0022-3514.32.6.971;4. Fredrik Barth, Ethnic Groups and Boundaries: The Social Organization of Culture Difference, Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1969. (Reissued 1998 by Waveland Press, Inc.);5. Verónica Benet-Martínez, Janxin Leu, Fiona Lee and Michael W. Morris, Negotiating Biculturalism: Cultural Frame Switching in Biculturals with oppositIonal versus Compatible Cultural Identities, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 33(5), 2002;6. John W. Berry, Immigration, Acculturation, and Adaptation, Applied Psychology 46(1), 1997;7. John W. Berry, A Psychology of Immigration, Journal of Social Issues 57(3), 2001. doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00231;8. Parminder Bhachu, Twice Migrants: East African Sikh Settlers in Britain. London and New York: Tavistock Publications, 1985.9. Carmel Camilleri and Helen Malewska-Peyre, Socialization and Identity Strategies, ix. krebulSi Handbook of Cross-Cultural Psychology ed. J. W. Berry, P. R. Dasen, and T. S. Saraswathi, tomi 2, 2nd edition, Needham Heights: Allyn & Bacon, 1997;10. Adrian G. Carpusor and William E. Loges, Rental Discrimination and Ethnicity in Names, Journal of Applied Social Psychology 36(4), 2006.: doi:10.1111/j.0021-9029.2006.00050.x;11. Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Guilford Press, 2013.12. Lee Cuba and David M. Hummon, Constructing a sense of home: Place affiliation and migration across the life-cycle, Sociological Forum 8(4), 1993b;13. Lee Cuba and David M. Hummon, A place to call home: Identification with dwelling, community and religion, The Sociological Quarterly 34, 1993a;396 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

14. Amy J.C. Cuddy, Susan T. Fiske, and Peter Glick, Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 40, 2008;15. Lewis A. Coser, Master of Sociological Thought: Ideas in Historical and Social Context. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanivich, 1977.16. Ayse Çaglar, Constraining metaphors and the transnationalisation of spaces in Berlin, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 27(4), 2001;17. Dontella Della Porta and Keating, Michael, Approaches and Methodologies in the Social Sciences, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008; https://goo.gl/NaXTf4;18. Yen Le Espiritu, Asian American Panethnicity: Bridging Institutions and Identities. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1992;19. Richard B. Felson and George Gmelch, Uncertainty and the Use of Magic: A Test of Malinowski’s Theory in a Modern Setting, Current Anthropology 20, 1979;20. Susan T. Fiske, Amy J. C. Cuddy, Peter Glick, and Jun Xu, A Model of (often Mixed) Stereotype Content: Competence and Warmth Respectively Follow from Perceived Status and Competition, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82(6), 2002. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.82.6.878;21. Susan T. Fiske, Meiyun Lin and Steven Neuberg, The continuum model, ix. krebulSi Dual-process Theories in Social Psychology, ed. Shelley Chaiken and Yakoov Trope, New York: Guilford Press, 1999;22. Nancy Foner, West Indians in New York City and London: A Comparative Analysis, International Migration Review, 1979;23. Marc Fried, Grieving for a Lost Home: Psychological Costs of Relocation, ix. krebulSi Urban Renewal: The Record and the Controversy, ed. James Q. Wilson, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1966;24. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983;25. Jen Jack Gieseking et al. eds. The People, Place, and Space Reader. Section 3: Place and Identity. http://peopleplacespace.org/toc/section-3/;26. Nathan Glazer and Daniel P.Moynihan. Beyond the Melting Pot: The Negroes, Puerto Ricans, Jews, Italians, and Irish of New York. Harvard -MIT Press, 1970;27. George Gmelch, Learning Culture: The Education of American Students in Caribbean Villages. Human Organization 51(3), 1992;მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 397

28. Steven J. Gold and Stephanie J. Nawyn, Routledge International Handbook of Migration Studies, Reprint edition. Routledge, 2014;29. Milton Gordon, Assimilation in American life. The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origins. New York: Oxford University Press, 1964;30. Craig Haney, Curtis Banks, and Philip Zimbardo, Study of Prisoners and Guards in a Simulated Prison, Naval Research Reviews 9, 1973. https://goo.gl/oTjJGm;31. Barbara Shmitter Heilser, The Sociology of Immigration from Assimilation to Segment Integration, From American Experience to the Global Arena, ix. krebulSi Migration Theory: Talking accros the disciplines, ed. Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollified, New York: Routlege, 2000;32. Elisabeth Horevitz, Understanding the Anthropology of Immigration and Migration, Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 19(6), 2009. doi: 10.1080/10911350902910914;33. Wsevolod W. Isajiw, Definition and Dimensions of Ethnicity: A Theoretical Framework, ix. krebulSi Challenges of Measuring an Ethnic World: Science, politics and reality: Proceedings of the Joint Canada-United States Conference on the Measurement of Ethnicity, 1992. http://bit.ly/2z0OUlF;34. Diane E. King,Transnationalism, ix. krebulSi Encyclopedia of Anthropology, ed. H.James Birx. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc., 2006. doi: 10.4135/9781412952453;35. Tilman Lanz, Force of Islam: Muslim Temporal Spacing in German Diaspora, Insight Turkey 12(1), 2010. https://goo.gl/VLUHJ4;36. Bruce G. Link and Jo C. Phelan,Stigma and Its Public Health Implications, The Lancet 367(9509), 2006;37. Peggy Levitt, Transnational Migrants: When “Home” Means More Than One Country, 2004. https://goo.gl/BhGqud;38. David Lopez and Yen Le Espiritu, Panethnicity in the United States: A Theoretical Framework, Ethnic and Racial Studies 13(2), 1990;39. Gordon Marshall, Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. Oxford University Press, 1998;40. Serge Moscovici, On social representations. Perspectives on everyday understanding, ix. krebulSi Social Cognition: Perspectives in Everyday Understanding, ed. Joseph Forgas, London: Academic Press, 1981;398 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

41. Robert E. Park, Human Migration and the Marginal Man, American Journal of Sociology 33(6), 1928;42. Robert E. Park and Ernest W. Burgess, Introduction to the Science of Sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969;43. Thomas F. Pettigrew and Linda R. Tropp, A Meta-Analytic Test of Intergroup Contact Theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90(5), 2006;44. Jean S. Phinney and Mona Devich-Navarro, Variations in Bicultural Identification among African American and Mexican American Adolescents. Journal of Research on Adolescence 7(1), 1997;45. Jean S. Phinney, When We Talk about American Ethnic Groups, What Do We Mean? American Psychologist 51(9), 1996;46. Jaen S. Phinney, Ethnic identity and acculturation, ix. krebulSi Acculturation: Advances in Theory, Measurement, and Applied Research, ed. Chun, Kevin M., Pamela Balls Organista and Gerardo Marín. Washington DC: American Psychological Association, 2003;47. Werbner Pnina, The Migration Process: Capital, Gifts and Offerings among British Pakistanis. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 1990;48. Alejandro Portes, Migration and Social Change: Some Conceptual Reflections, Center for Migration and Development, Princeton University Working Paper #08- 04, 2008. http://www.princeton.edu/cmd/working-papers/papers/wp0804.pdf;49. Alejandro Portes and Ruben G. Rumbaut. Immigrant America: A Portrait. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996;50. Alejandro Portes and Ruben G. Rumbaut. Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2001;51. Alejandro Portes and Min Zhou, The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences 530, 1993;52. Harold M. Proshansky, The City and Self-Identity, Environment and Behavior 10(2), 1978;53. Anthony H. Richmond, Reactive Migration: Sociological perspectives on refugee movements, Journal of Refugee Studies 6, 1993;54. Ruben G. Rumbaut, The Crucible Within: Ethnic Identity, Self-Esteem, and Segmented Assimilation among Children of Immigrants, The International Migration Review 28(4), 1994. doi:10.2307/2547157;მიგრაცია და სოციალური მეცნიერებები 399