Migration Textbook

winaT ltolvilTa mimReb qveynebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgili ekavagermanias, aSS-sa da did britaneTs. Semdgom periodSi gancxadebebiTavSesafris statusis moTxovniT msoflios ganviTarebul qveynebSiSemcirda, gansxvavebiT wina wlebisagan, rodesac yofili sabWoTakavSiris daSlis, eTnikuri konfliqtebis, politikuri krizisebis,iugoslaviis dayofisa da sxva mizezebis gamo am qveynebSi TavSesafrismaZiebelTa didi nakadi Cadioda, maT Soris saqarTvelodanac. magrambolo dros siriaSi ganviTarebuli saomari moqmedebebis Sedegadkvlav gaizarda ltolvilTa nakadi evropisaken da amJamad mTelievropa e.w. `migrantTa krizisis“ winaSe aRmoCnda. 2007 wlis Semdegpirvelad evropaSi imigraciis uprecedento zrda SeiniSneba: 2014wels imigrantTa raodenobam OECD-s qveynebSi 4.3 mln-s miaRwia44 da2015 wlis ganmavlobaSi es ricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda.rac Seexeba ltolvilebs saqarTveloSi, maTi raodenoba sakmaodmcirea: 2014 wlis monacemebiT, Cveni qveynis teritoriaze 357ltolvili cxovrobda.45 isini saqarTveloSi 1994 wlidan gamoCndnen,Tumca, 1999 wlamde maTi raodenoba erTeulebiT Semoifargleboda.CeCneTis avtonomiur respublikaSi ruseTis saomari moqmedebebisgamo saqarTvelos mosazRvre teritoriaze mcxovrebma CeCnebmamasobrivad moaSures Cvens qveyanas da monaTesave xalxs, qistebs,Seafares Tavi. Sedegad, 1999 wels saqarTveloSi 9 aTasamde adamiansmieniWa ltolvilis statusi. Tumca, maTi umravlesoba momdevnowlebSi dabrunda CeCneTSi.46mniSvnelovani problemaa saqarTvelosTvis migrantTa is kategoria,romelic qveyanaSi gaCnda afxazeTis avtonomiuri respublikisa dacxinvalis regionis (yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis)teritoriebis aneqsiis Sedegad, kerZod, devnilebi, anu qveynis SigniTiZulebiT gadaadgilebuli pirebi. 1990-ian wlebSi da 2008 welssaqarTveloSi momxdari samxedro konfliqtebis gamo am teritoriebzemcxovrebi qarTuli mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebinasakuTari saxlebi da qveynis sxva regionebisaTvis Seefarebina Tavi.mogvianebiT,zogierTi sacxovreblad sxva saxelmwifoSi wavida,umetesad ruseTSi, magram umravlesoba saqarTveloSi darCadevnilis statusiT. amrigad, iZulebiT migrantTa or kategorias,ltolvilebsa da devnilebs, erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs mxoloderTi garemoeba: saxelmwifos oficialuri sazRvrebis gadakveTisfaqti. devnilTa raodenoba saqarTveloSi (2008 wels saqarTvelo-ruseTis omis gamo iZulebiT gadaadgilebul pirTa CaTvliT) amJamad44 http://www.robert-schuman.eu/en/the-letter/685, nanaxia 06.09.2016 w.45 http://www.mra.gov.ge/geo/static/713, nanaxia 06.09.2016 w.46 http://www.mra.gov.ge/geo/static/705, nanaxia 06.09.2016 w.50 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

260 aTasis farglebSi meryeobs. maTi umravlesoba Tbilissa (100aTasamde) da samegreloSi (85 aTasamde) cxovrobs.47mosaxleobis iZulebiTi migracia qveynis SigniT, saxelmwifosazRvrebis gadakveTis gareSe, sxva qveynebis damaxasiaTebelimovlenacaa. magaliTad, kongos demokratiul respublikaSi,kolumbiaSi, eraySi, pakistanSi, somalisa da zogierT sxva qveyanaSiuamravi devnili da ekologiuri migranti cxovrobs.48ekologiuri migracia iZulebiTi migraciis iseTi formaa, rodesacmosaxleoba iZulebulia, datovos mSobliuri miwa-wyali iq momxdaribunebrivi an teqnogenuri katastrofebis, sastiki klimaturicvlilebebis an Seqmnili arasaxarbielo ekologiuri viTarebisgamo. es SeiZleba iyos wyaldidoba, gvalva, mewyeri, zvavi da a.S.,anu garemosa da bunebriv resursebTan dakavSirebuli seriozuliproblemebi, romlebic safrTxes uqmnis im teritoriaze mcxovrebmosaxleobas. cnobilia, rom saqarTvelos mTian regionebSi, svaneTsada aWaraSi, zvavisa da mewyeris gamo mosaxleoba iZulebuli gaxda,daetovebina saxlebi da barSi Camosuliyo sacxovreblad. aseve,raWaSi arc ise didi xnis winaT momxdari miwisZvris gamo, bevr ojaxssacxovreblad sxvagan gadasvla mouxda.iZulebiTi migraciis formebis ganxilvisas ar unda gamogvrCessaqarTvelosTvis niSandoblivi migraciis kidev erTi forma:mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gadasaxleba, romelic, amavdroulad,organizebuli migraciis kategorias miekuTvneba. amgvari migraciebixdeboda saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi, yofili sabWoTa kavSirisSemadgenlobaSi yofnisas, rodesac gansxvavebuli politikuriSexedulebebis mqone adamianebs an `arasando“ eTnikuri jgufebisa Tusarwmunoebis warmomadgenlebs mTavroba mSobliuri miwidan aZevebda.magaliTad, 1941-1944 ww. saqarTvelodan deportirebulni iqnengermanelebi da samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi muslimi mosaxleoba,e.w Turqi-mesxebi, 1949 wels ki - pontoeli berZnebis didi nawilic.49iZulebiT gadasaxlebul adamianTa jgufebs istoriul samSobloSi,Cveulebriv, saxelmwifo abrunebs; amgvar dabrunebiT migraciasrepatriacias uwodeben.47 http://www.mra.gov.ge/geo/static/55#, nanaxia 06.09.2016 w.48 http://www.internal-displacement.org/global-figures, nanaxia 06.09.2016 w.49 revaz gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomi- kuri Sedegebi, gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, saqarTvelo, Tbili- si: 1997; vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, mecniereba, Tbilisi: 1996.მიგრაციის ფორმები 51

3.6. migraciis ganxorcielebis procesimigraciuli procesebis warmarTvisas ganasxvaveben or formas:organizebul migracias, romelic xorcieldeba saxelmwifos,arasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis an sxva struqturebismxardaWeriT, da araorganizebul (spontanur) migracias, romelicadamianebis iniciativasa da bed-iRbalzea agebuli. mosaxleobisiZulebiTi gadasaxleba totalitaruli reJimis pirobebSi yvelazeTvalsaCino magaliTia saxelmwifos uxeSi Carevisa uamravi adamianiscxovrebaSi. aseT qmedebebs sabWoTa xelisufleba axorcielebdarepresiebisaTvis; Tumca, mTavrobis mier organizebuli gadasaxlebebiSeiZleba miznad isaxavdes ara represiebs, aramed mosaxleobisusafrTxoebas da calkeuli regionebis aRorZinebas. magaliTad,saqarTveloSi 1980-ian wlebSi mTavrobam mTian raionebSi mcxovrebiojaxebi organizebulad gadaasaxla barSi, stiqiuri ubedurebiszonebidan usafrTxo teritoriebze, mdidari sasoflo-sameurneoresursebis mqone regionebSi da a.S.50migraciis zemoT moyvanili tipologia (migraciis organizebuli daaraorganizebuli forma) gamoiyeneba SromiT migraciis mimarTac,rasac aseve SeiZleba hqondes gegmiuri (organizebuli)da spontanuri(araorganizebuli) saxe. saxelmwifos mier organizebuli migraciiskargi magaliTia auTvisebeli teritoriebis efeqturi ganviTarebaan saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis industriuli obieqtebis swrafimSenebloba sabWoTa dros. `mTavrobis propagandiTa da partiulidisciplinis~ gamoyenebiT, sabWoTa xelisufleba axerxebdamSromelTa mobilizacias mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT da swraftempSi axorcielebda `saxelmwifo mniSvnelobis~ proeqtebs. am drosuamravi adamiani icvlida Cveul sacxovrebel adgils da midiodaaRniSnuli teritoriebis asaTviseblad. ase ganxorcielda yazaxeTSisoflis meurneobis aRorZinebis, e.w. yamiris proeqti, cimbirSisamxedro-strategiuli obieqtis, baikal-amuris magistralis, e.wbamis, mSenebloba da a.S. cnobilia, rom am tipis kampaniebs ewirebodasicocxle bevri adamianisa, romlebsac xSirad gausaZlis pirobebSiuwevdaT muSaoba. am masStaburi proeqtebis Sedegad, xSiradicvleboda regionis eTnikuri ruka, radgan migrantTa nawili rCebodaaTvisebul teritoriebze sacxovreblad, irRveoda adgilobrivimosaxleobis cxovrebis wesi da gansaxlebis geografia. amgvarimagaliTebi saqarTveloSic arsebobs: sakmarisia gavixsenoT axaliqalaqis, rusTavis, daarseba anda calkeuli regionebis rusifikaciasxva respublikebidan uamravi SromiTi migrantis CamoyvaniT.50 mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali, Tbilisis universitetis ga- momcemloba, Tbilisi: 1998. gv. 137.52 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove demokratiul msoflioSic migrantmuSakTa sazRvargareT gamgzavrebisa da dasaqmebis procesi xSiradmimdinareobs saxelmwifos xelSewyobiT. iTvleba, rom migrantTawarmoSobisa da daniSnulebis qveynebis efeqtiani TanamSromlobamigraciis marTvis sakiTxebSi zrdis droebiTi SromiTi migraciisdadebiT Sedegebs am procesSi CarTuli samive mxarisaTvis: migrantTawarmoSobis saxelmwifos, maTi mimRebi qveynisa da Tavad migran­tebisaTvis. Tu migrantTa gamgzavrebis procesSi aqtiurad arisCarT­ uli dasaqmebis kompania, saSuamavlo firma, kerZo piri da a.S.,romlebic garantad dgebian migrantTa ucxoeTSi legalurad was­vlis, dasaqmebis, uflebebis dacvisa da socialuri sakiTxebis mogva­rebaSi, maSin migraciis organizebul formasTan gvaqvs saqme. aseTimodeliT xorcieldeba cirkularuli migracia, romelic efuZneba orqveyanas Soris dadebul oficialur SeTanxmebas Sro­miT migraciaze.magaliTad, saqarTvelom 2013 wels xeli moawera safran­geTTancirkularuli migraciis Sesaxeb SeTanxmebas, romel­ ic gulisxmobsweliwadSi 500-mde garkveuli kvalifikaciis mqo­ne qarTveli specia­listis gamgzavrebas safrangeTSi droebiT samuSaod.51da bolos, gvinda SevCerdeT terminze, romelsac migraciis nebis­mieri formis mimarT iyeneben, esaa `dabrunebiTi migracia~. migran­tebs, romlebic brundebian samSobloSi garkveuli xnis Semdeg,dabrune­bul migrantebs uwodeben. dabrunebiTi migraciis cneba arzRudavs piris mier migraciaSi yofnis xangrZlivobas: dabrunebulmigrantebs uwodeben ucxoeTSi xanmokle cirkularuli migraciissqemiT Sin Casul migrantebsac da imaTac, vinc mTeli cxovreba sxvaqveyanaSi gaatara da sibereSi, iqauri pensiis miRebis Semdeg dabrundasamSobloSi. es ukanasknelni amJamad msoflioSi mravalricxovanpensioner-migrantTa nakadebs qmnian.Tumca, samSobloSi dabrunebasac SeiZleba hqondes iZulebiTi saxe daaseT migrantebs iZulebiT dabrunebul migrantebs uwodeben. iZule­biTi dabrunebis magaliTia migrantebis deportacia, rac gul­ isxmobssaxelmwifos mier `ucxoelis gaZevebas qveynis terito­riidan~.52 depor­tacia, Cveulebriv, aralegalur da usabuTo migrantebTan mimar­TebiTxorc­ iel­deba. ltolvilebis samSobloSi iZulebiTi dabrunebis Sem­T­xve­vaSi gamoiyeneba termini: iZulebiTi an aranebayoflobiTi repat­riacia. Tumca, saqarTvelos mimarT termin repatriacias ufro xSiradiyeneben nebayoflobiTi dabrunebis gagebiT, magaliTad, rodesacganixileba saqarTveloSi muslimi mesxebis repatriaciis problema.51 http://www.eu-nato.gov.ge/en/eu/mobility-partnership. nanaxia 01.04.2017 w. aseve ixileT saqarTvelos mTavrobis dadgenileba N111 `saqarTvelos mTavrobasa da safrange- Tis respublikis mTavrobas Soris kvalificiuri specialistebis binadrobisa da cirkularuli migraciis Sesaxeb~; SeTanxmebis damtkicebisa da ZalaSi Sesvlis Tao- baze, ix: http://gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=382&info_id=40294, nanaxia 01.04.2017 w.52 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, 2014, gv. 26.მიგრაციის ფორმები 53

danarTi: migraciis mTavari formebiსოფელი-ქალაქი; ქალაქი-სოფელი;54 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო ქალაქი-ქალაქი; სოფელი-სოფელი თავშესაფრის ეკოლოგიური იძულებით მაძიებლები/ მიგრანტები გადაადგილებული ლტოლვილები პირები პროფესიონალური სქესი ასაკი, სოციალური უნარ-ჩვევები სტატუსი ა.შ.განხორციელების არაორგანიზებული პროცესი ლეგალური არალეგალურისამართლებრივი სტატუსი მუდმივი

kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ra indikatorebs iyeneben migraciuli procesebis klasifi­ kaciisaTvis?2. daaxasiaTeT, rogor mimdinareobda urbanizaciis procesi saqar­ Tvel­ oSi?3. ra gansxvavebaa iZulebiT gadasaxlebul da iZulebiT gadaadgi­ lebul pirTa Soris?4. moiyvaneT organizebuli migraciis magaliTebi saqarTveloSi.5. aris Tu ara migranti is studenti, romelic saqarTvelodan ucxo­eTSi sazafxulo skolaSi midis?6. moiyvaneT sezonuri migraciis magaliTebi dRevandel saqarTve­ loSi. romelia maT Soris saerTaSoriso migracia da romeli – Sida?7. migrantTa ra kategoriebiT xasiaTdeboda saqarTvelo situaciur analizebSi ganxilul TiToeul istoriul periodSi? kazusebi da saSinao davalebazemoT ganvixileT migraciis ZiriTadi formebi da, SeZlebisdagvarad,warmogidgineT migrantTa gansxvavebuli kategoriebi saqarTvelosmagaliTze. axla ki, sami konkretuli situaciuri analizis daxmarebiT,ufro detalurad gavarCevT saqarTveloSi mimdinare migraciulprocesebs sxvadasxva istoriul periodSi. saSinao davalebis saxiTstudentebma unda amoicnon, migraciis romel formasa da migrantTara kategoriebs warmoSobda TiToeuli maTgani da gaaanalizonmigraciuli procesebis gavlena qveynis demografiul viTarebazewarmodgenil istoriul periodebSi.situaciuri analizi 1:migraciuli procesebi saqarTveloSi 1918-1950 wlebSipirveli damoukidebeli saqarTvelos respublikis dros (1918-1921ww.) qveyanaSi aRiniSneboda mosaxleobis emigracia. mas politikurixasiaTi hqonda da upiratesad araqarTvel mosaxleobas ukavSir­მიგრაციის ფორმები 55

deboda: adreul wlebSi saqarTveloSi Camosuli adamianebi, rom­ le­bic, Cveulebriv, qarTul enas ar flobdnen, SiSobdnen, rom ver ipovidnen sakuTar adgils axal politikur sivrceSi da tovebdnen qveyanas. arsebuli SefasebebiT, 1914-1920 ww. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, daaxloebiT, 200 aTasiT Semcirda.53 uSualod gasabWoebis Semdeg, mciremasStabiani (ramdenime aTasi kaci) qarTuli politikuri elitis evropaSi emigracias Tu ar CavTvliT, saqarTvelos sazRvari arsebiTad Caiketa da mig­ raciuli mimosvla sabWoTa kavSiris farglebs gareT Sewyda. migrantTa masobrivad Camosvla saqarTveloSi SeiniSneba 1920-ani wlebis bolodan da ukavSirdeba respublikaSi farTod wamowyebul industriul mSeneblobas, romelic moiTxovda damatebiTi muSaxelis mozidvas qveyanaSi. sxva respublikebidan mosaxleobis Semodinebis procesi gansakuTebiT gaZlierda 1930-ian wlebSi, rodesac sabWoTa kavSirSi dawyebuli soflis meurneobis `koleqtivizaciisa~ da glexebis `gakulakebis~ Sedegad, ruseTis samxreT regionebSi, aseve ukrainasa da yazaxeTSi, sastiki SimSiloba daiwyo. iq mcxovrebi mosaxleoba – ZiriTadad, rusebi da ukrainelebi - gamoeqca represiebs da saqarTvelos Seafara Tavi. 1926-1939 ww. saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusebis raodenoba gasammagda (moimata 320%-iT), amavdroulad, qarTvelebis ricxvi gaizarda mxolod 21.6%-iT. Sesabamisad, qarTvelTa xvedriTi wili respublikis mosaxleobis saerTo raodenobaSi kidev ufro Semcirda, 61%-mde, rac mTlianad migraciul procesebs ukavSirdeba: am periodSi saqarTveloSi Camosul migrantTa raodenoba aRemateboda respublikidan gasulTa ricxvs, saSualod, 200 aTasi kaciT weliwadSi.54 meore msoflio omis dros germaniis mier okupirebuli teritoriebidan asi aTasobiT evakuirebuli piri gamoiqca saqarTveloSi, ZiriTadad, rusebi da ukrainelebi. omis dasrulebis Semdeg zogierTi maTgani samSobloSi dabrunda, nawili ki saqarTveloSi dasaxlda.55 amavdroulad, sabWoTa reJimisas, saqarTvelodan uamravi adami­ani iZulebiT gadaasaxles politikuri represiebis Sedegad. imdroin­ deli politikuri xelmZRvanelobis azriT, isini saxelmwifos safrTxes uqmnidnen. 1944 wels, stalinis brZanebiT, moxda uprecedento faqti: Crdilokavkasieli mTieli mosaxleoba, CeCnebi, Cerqezebi da inguSebi, agreTve mesxeTSi mcxovrebi muslimi mosaxleoba, qurTebi da sxv. masobrivad gadaasaxles. 1949 wels saqarTvelodan pontoeli berZnebis didi nawilic53 vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, gv. 101.54 iqve, gv. 135.55 gia fircxalava, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba: erovnuli Semadgenloba, ojaxebi, mig­ racia, gamomcemloba `samSoblo~, Tbilisi: 1997, gv. 60.56 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

gadaasaxles. arsebuli SefasebebiT, politikuri represiebisSedegad saqarTvelodan im dros 120 aTasze meti adamiani iZulebiTgadaasaxles.56situaciuri analizi 2:migracia saqarTveloSi 1950-1990 wlebSiam periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mosaxleobis yvelaze masobrivigadineba saqarTvelodan SeiniSneboda 1970-ian wlebSi: migraciisgamo saqarTvelos mosaxleobas yovelwliurad, saSualod, 15,400adamiani akldeboda, maSin, rodesac wina da momdevno wlebSigansxvaveba Camosul da wasul migrantTa Soris ar aRemateboda6-8 aTass weliwadSi.57es ramdenime mizeziT aixsneba, da pirvel rigSi, ebraelimosaxleobis emigraciiT israelSi. sxva sabWoTa respublikebisgangansxvavebiT, saqarTvelos xelmZRvaneloba ar zRudavdaebraelebis istoriul samSobloSi dabrunebis process.am periodSi saqarTveloSi dasaxlda mravali samxedro ojaxi.rusi mosaxleoba naklebad integrirebuli iyo adgilobrivsocialur-kulturul garemoSi. maTi umetesoba ar flobdaqarTul enas, ganaTlebas iRebda mSobliur enaze da, Sesabamisad,ver moaxerxa qarTul kulturasTan asimilacia. amiT SeiZlebaaixsnas qarTvelebsa da rusebs Soris qorwinebaTa iSviaToba.araqarTuli warmoSobis axalgazrdebi umaRlesi ganaTlebismiRebas saqarTvelos gareT cdilobdnen da ukan, saqarTveloSi,Cveulebriv, aRar brundebodnen. amasTanave, qarTvelebic xSiradmidiodnen ruseTsa an sxva respublikebSi saswavlad da xSirad iqverCebodnen da fuZndebodnen. am informacias adasturebs is faqti,rom 1959-1989 wlebSi saqarTvelos gareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebisraodenoba gaizarda - 91 aTasidan 194 aTasamde.saqarTvelom, rogorc mdidari sasoflo-sameurneo tradiciebisada xelsayreli klimaturi pirobebis mqone qveyanam, industriuliganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT did warmatebebs ver miaRwia. iszogadad CamorCeboda sxva sabWoTa respublikebs ekonomikuriganviTarebis tempebiT, ramac Seaferxa axali samrewvelomSeneblobebi. Sesabamisad, aRar iyo damatebiTi muSaxelis mozidvissaWiroeba saqarTveloSi. metic, qveyanaSi SeiniSneboda muSaxelis56 gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi, gv. 13.57 jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, gv. 239.მიგრაციის ფორმები 57

siWarbe, ris gamoc adgilobrivma mosaxleobam respublikis gareT daiwyo samuSaos Zieba. magaliTad, samcxe-javaxeTSi mcxovrebi somxebis droebiT samuSaod wasvla ruseTis Soreul olqebSi, sadac ukeTesi anazRaurebis SesaZleblobebi arsebobda, maTi ojaxebisaTvis ekonomikuri qcevis modelad iqca. aseTma situaciam ganapiroba saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi rusebis dabruneba ukan, samSobloSi. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, es uwinaresad gamoixata axalgazrdebis ruseTSi saswavlad wasvliTa da iq darCeniT. Sesabamisad, 1950-1989 wlebi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT, rogorc saqarTvel­ odan mosaxleobis gadinebis periodi: am wlebSi mimdi­ nare migraciuli procesebis Sedegad, saqarTvelom, daaxl­ oebiT, 280 aTasi adamiani dakarga.58 respublikidan gasul migrantTa raodenoba sxvadasxva dros icvleboda – xan meti iyo, xan naklebi, magram, rogorc iTqva, is yovelTvis aWarbebda saqarTveloSi CamosulTa ricxvs. aqve aRsaniSnavia, rom migrantTa imdroindeli gadineba Cveni qveynidan umTavresad araqarTuli mosaxleobis xarjze mimdinareobda: 1989 wels eTnikuri qarTvelebis umravlesoba (95%) kvlav saqarTvelos teritoriaze cxovrobda. situaciuri analizi 3: saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migraciuli procesebi 1990 wlidan 1990-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi iwyeba axali etapi migraciuli procesebis istoriaSi: mosaxleobis masobrivi emigracia qveynidan. gare migraciis saldos mixedviT, 1983-2003 wlebSi postsabWoTa qveynebs Soris saqarTvelo meore adgilze iyo, yazaxeTis Semdeg.59 emigrantTa pirvel nakads saqarTvelodan pirwmindad eTnikuri saxe hqonda: masobrivi emigraciis Sedegad, qveyanaSi mcxovrebi rusebis ricxvi Semcirda 80%-iT, somxebisa – 43%-iT, xolo azerbaijanelebisa – 8%-iT; 2002 wlisaTvis saqarTveloSi darCa aq mcxovrebi ebraelebis, berZnebisa da ukrainelebis 13%-dan 15%- mde. Seqmnili mZime ekonomikuri situaciis gamo, eTnikur umciresobaTa emigraciis talRas mohyva qarTvelebis emigraciac, upirvelesad mezobel ruseTSi, sadac dasaqmebis meti SesaZleblobebi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT sxva qveynebSic – dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Si.58 iqve.59 Ali Mansoor and Bryce Quillin, Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank, 2006, gv. 33.58 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mosaxleobis emigracia saqarTvelodan damaxasiaTebelia mTeliperiodisaTvis, 1990-ani wlebidan dRemde. magram misi masStabidroTa ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba: Tu 1992-1996 wlebSisaqarTvelo emigraciis gamo, saSualod, 135 aTas adamians kargavdaweliwadSi, 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan es ricxvi jernaxevrdeba, xolo 2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi meryeobs weliwadSi,saSualod, 30-35 aTasis farglebSi (saqstatis monacemebiT).imis gamo, rom migraciis statistikuri aRricxva arasrulyofilia,Znelia saqarTveloSi mimdinare migraciul procesTa masStabebiszustad gansazRvra. mniSvnelovania, rom qarTvel emigrantTaadreuli talRisgan gansxvavebiT – romlebic qveyanas, ZiriTadad,samudamod tovebdnen – 1990-iani wlebis meore naxevridan SeicvalamigrantTa mTavari nakadebis kategoria: isini saqarTvelodanucxoeTSi droebiT samuSaod midian (saSualod, 3 wlamdevadiT), sadac, Cveulebriv, aralegalurad muSaoben da SemdgomsamSobloSi brundebian. amasTanave, SromiT migrantTa nakadebisSemadgenloba mudmivad icvleba, Camosulebs, ZiriTadad, sxvaSromiTi migrantebi enacvlebian, radgan saqarTvelodan ucxoeTSidroebiT samuSaod wasvlis msurveli ar ileva. bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Ali Mansoor and Bryce Quillin, eds. Migration and remittances: Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. The World Bank, Washington: 2006;2. Caucasus Research Resource Centres (CRRC), Migration and Return in Georgia: Trends, Assessments, and Potential. A report submitted to the Danish Refugee Council by CRRC, Tbilisi: 2007;3. Charita Jashi, Gender Paradigms of Labour Migration in Georgia, 2010;4. Data on international migrants stock: United Nations Population Division, https://goo.gl/oFBZwG;5. European Commission and GVG, Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe(VT/2010/001), Policy Brief, June 2012, https://goo.gl/FPuKvV;6. European Training Foundation (ETF) and BCG-Research, Migration and Skills in Georgia. Results of the 2011/12 Migration survey on the Relationship between Skills, Migration and Development, ETF, 2013, https://goo.gl/CZHqDp;მიგრაციის ფორმები 59

7. Franck Duvell, Framing and Reframing Irregular Migration, ix. krebulSi Migration: A COMPAS Anthology, ed. B. Anderson and M. Keith. Center on Migration, Policy & Society (COMPAS), Oxford, 2014, 2015, https://goo.gl/mAUhfp;8. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC), Georgia IDPs figures analysis, https://goo.gl/swkYfa;9. International Labour Organization (ILO), Report of the Director General: The cost of coercion Global Report under the Follow-up to ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work, Report 1 (B) International Labour Conference, 98th Session. Geneva, International Labour Office, ILO, 2009, 2015, https://goo. gl/bnVwWk;10. Irina Badurashvili and Mamuka Nadareishvili, Social Impact of Emigration and Rural-Urban Migration in Central and Eastern Europe. Final Country Report. European Commission and GVG, 2012, https://goo.gl/xKQD1g;11. Khalid Koser, International Migration: A Very Short Introduction, New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2007, 2015, https://goo.gl/FRN473;12. Migration Policy Centre (MPC), Migration Profile-Georgia, 2013, https://goo.gl/ HUKdwW;13. Russel King, Theories and Typologies on Migration: an Overview and A Primer, Willy Brandt Series of Working Papers in International Migration and Ethnic Relations 3/12, 2012, http://www.mah.se/upload/forskningscentrum/mim/wb/ wb%203.12.pdf;14. Simon Bell, Susana Alves, Eva Silveirinha de Oliveira and Affonso Zuin, Migration and Land Use Change in Europe: A Review, ix. krebulSi Living Reviews in Landscape Research, tomi 4, 2010. http://lrlr.landscapeonline.de/Articles/lrlr- 2010-2/;15. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, Palgrave Macmillan, 2009;16. UN, World Migration Report 2013 – Migrant Well-being and Development, https://www.iom.int/cms/wmr2013;17. UNDESA, International Migration Report 2013, https://goo.gl/ksc6WF;18. UNHCR Statistical Online Population Database, https://goo.gl/58QDPQ;19. United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA), Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration, Revision 1, United Nation (UN), Statistical Papers Series M, # 58, Rev. 1, New York: 1998;60 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

20. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE ) and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), Statistics on International Migration. A Practical Guide for Countries of Eastern Europe andCentral Asia, UN, Geneva: 2011;21. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Global Trends 2014, http://www.unhcr.org/556725e69.html;22. vaxtang jaoSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tbilisi: gamom­ cemloba mecniereba, 1996;23. gia fircxalava, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba: erovnuli Semadgen­ loba, ojaxebi, migracia, gamomcemloba samSoblo, Tbilisi: 1997;24. migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia, migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia da migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2014, https://goo.gl/EUTQDq;25. 25. mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis migracia, Tbilisi: 1996;26. mirian tuxaSvili, saqarTvelos SromiTi potenciali, Tbilisi: Tbilisis universitetis gamomcemloba, 1998;27. revaz gaCeCilaZe, mosaxleobis migracia saqarTveloSi da misi socialur-ekonomikuri Sedegebi, gaerTianebuli erebis ganviTarebis programa, saqarTvelo, Tbilisi: 1997;28. saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebidan iZulebiT gadaadgi­ lebul pirTa, gansaxlebisa da ltolvilTa saministros vebgverdi, http://www.mra.gov.ge;29. saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (saqstati), demografiuli viTareba saqarTveloSi, statistikuri krebuli. Tbilisi: 2013, http://geostat.ge/?action=wnews&lang=geo&npid=258;30. saqstati, saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ricxovnoba 2015 wlis 1 ianvris mdgomareobiT, http://bit.ly/2hdaCtV;31. saqstati, saqarTvelos statistikuri weliwdeuli: 2014. Tbilisi: 2014, https://goo.gl/MgL3tH;32. Калабихина И.Е., Калмыкова Н.М.,Учебные материалы к курсу Основы демографии. Учебное пособие. Экономический факультет МГУ, 2007, https:// goo.gl/Ac79Se;33. Негосударственное образовательное учреждениевысшего профессиональ­ ного образования«Московский психолого-социальный университет» (МПСУ),მიგრაციის ფორმები 61

Миграция населения: теория, политика: Учебное пособие. Под редакцией О.Д. Воробьевой, и А.В. Топилина, Экономическое образование, Москва: 2012;34. Франк Дювель, Пространственная Мобильность Населения: Индикаторы, Категории и Типологии, Методология и методы изучения миграционных процессов, Междисциплинарное учебное пособие, Под ред. Жанны Зайончковской, Ирины Молодиковой, Владимира Мукомеля, Центр миграционных исследований, Москва: 2007, https://goo.gl/WkMBjH;35. Экономический факультет МГУ, Курс лекций по демографии.Под ред. В.А. Ионцева, Анкил, Москва: 2013, http://bit.ly/2zMJ2fL.62 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

4. migraciis ZiriTadi Teoriebis mimoxilvamartin hofmanimigraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centrivioleta vagnerimigraciis politikis ganviTarebis saerTaSoriso centri4.1. Sesavalimigraciis ZiriTadi Teoriebis mimoxilvamde, yuradRebianma dadainteresebulma mkiTxvelma SeiZleba dasvas kiTxvebi: ra aris Teoria?da ratom unda ganvixiloT is am saxelmZRvaneloSi? es kiTxvebilogikuria. pasuxi pirvel kiTxvaze Teoriis cnebis ganmartebasexeba. oqsfordis onlain leqsikonis mixedviT, Teoria aris varaudian ideebis sistema `raRacis~ asaxsnelad, gansakuTrebiT ki imisa, racefuZneba zogad principebs, romlebic ar aris damokidebuli asaxsnelsaganze.1 am TvalsazrisiT, Teoria unda moicavdes Semdegs:- `raRac~, romelic saWiroebs ganmartebas: `raRac~, rac moxda an xdeba realur cxovrebaSi. Cven, aseve, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom `raRac~ aris kiTxva, hipoTeza an idea, romelic saWiroebs damtkicebas;- im movlenebis an procesis aRwera, ganmarteba an maxasiaTeblebi, romelTa axsnac gvsurs;- empiriuli mtkicebuleba, romelic logikurad asabuTebs ganmar­ tebas – zogadi principebi, romlebic ar aris damokidebuli Cvens kiTxvaze an hipoTezaze.magram SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi yovlismomcveli migraciisTeoria, romelic mis yvela aspeqts ganixilavs? ratom aris saWirosxvadasxva Teoriis arseboba da ratom ar SegviZlia gavceTpasuxi mxolod erT kiTxvas: `ratom xdeba adamianebis migracia?~am kiTxvaze pasuxi ukavSirdeba migraciis kompleqsurobasa dainterdisciplinur bunebas. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gadavwyvetT migraciisprocesis maxasiaTeblebis mopovebas da empiriuli mtkicebulebebis1 Oxford dictionary on-line, nanaxia 28.07. 2016 w. http://bit.ly/2uKmoAL. 63მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა

akumulirebas Cveni hipoTezis dasamtkiceblad, saWiro gaxdebazemoaRniSnuli kiTxvis Semdeg kiTxvebad dayofa: vin arian migrantebi?ra axasiaTebT maT? rodesac isini migrireben, rCebian warmoSobissaxelmwifoSi sazRvargareT Tu brundebian samSobloSi? ratomxdeba maTi migracia, toveben Tu ara warmoSobis qveyanas, rCebiansazRvargareT Tu ukan brundebian? ras saqmianoben sazRvargareT?ramden xans rCebian sazRvargareT? ratom irCeven ama Tu imkonkretul qveyanas? rogor toveben warmoSobis qveynas? migraciaxdeba sakuTari surviliT Tu iZulebiT? SesaZlebelia kiTxvebis amsiis gagrZeleba. mokled rom vTqvaT, migraciis calkeuli Teoriaganixilavs erT an ramdenime zemoaRniSnul kiTxvas an movlenas. ufrometic, migraciasTan dakavSirebuli TiToeuli samecniero disciplinaganixilavs sxvadasxva sakiTxs, migraciis sxvadasxva saxeobasa daformas. mecnierebi aanalizeben migracias mikro da makro doneebze,rac moiTxovs ganmartebebs:- migrantebis (calkeuli adamianebis), ojaxebis, saojaxo meurneo­ bebis, Temebis qceva da gadawyvetilebebi, im adamianebis CaTvliT, romlebic migrantebma TavianT qveyanaSi datoves (mikro done);- politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri, geografiuli da sxva garemoebebi, romlebic ganapirobeben migrantTa nakads.2zogierTi eqsperti aRniSnavs, rom aucilebelia analizis gakeTebamezo donezec, vinaidan mikro doneze Catarebuli analizi exebacalkeul adamianebs, maT qcevas da gadawvetilebebs, makro analizi- politikur, ekonomikur da sxva garemoebebs, mezo donis analiziki fokusirebulia saojaxo meurneobebsa da Temebze, rac saSualebasmogvcems gavigoT migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebi da misi mudmivoba3.qvemoT mocemul cxrilSi warmodgenilia migraciis ganmartebasTandakavSirebuli zogierTi samecniero kiTxvis mimoxilva, romlebicmniSnelovania sxvadasxva disciplinis mkvlevrebisTvis. es araris kiTxvebis sruli sia, magram is iZleva saSualebas, davinaxoTmigraciis interdisciplinuri xasiaTi da gvexmareba, gavigoT, Turatom vsaubrobT migraciis sxvadasxva Teoriaze da ratom ar arissakmarisi erTi ganmarteba.2 Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollifield (eds.) Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, Routledge; 2nd edition, 2007. gv. 9.3 Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, 2008. gv. 5. nanaxia 15.04.2017. http://bit.ly/2usL3P9.64 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

cxrili 1. migraciis Teoriebi sxvadasxva disciplinaSi4disciplina samecniero analizis ZiriTadi hipoTezis kiTxvebi done Teoriebi magaliTianTropologia ra gavlenas mikro done: transnacional- socialuri axdens mi- adamianebi izmi (ix. qveTavi qselebi xels gracia kul- mezo done: 4.4.3) uwyobs kul- turul cvli- saojaxo turul gansx- lebebze? meurneobebi, vavebulobas; Temebidemografia ra gavlenas makro done: racionaluri migracia axdens axdens migra- qveynis mosax- cia mosaxle- leoba arCevani (migraci- did gavlenas obis cvlile- mezo done: baze? Temebi is mamoZravebe- mosaxleobis li faqtorebi), moculobaze da neoklasikuri mcire gavlenas ekonomika (ix. – asakobriv qveTavi 4.3.2) struqturazeekonomika riT aixsneba mikro done: racionaluri CarTulobis migraciisadmi adamianebi midrekileba arCevani (migraci- done damok- da misi Sede- gi? is mamoZravebe- idebulia mi- li faqtorebi), grantTa adamia- neoklasikuri nur kapitalze ekonomika, ormagi SromiTi bazari (ix. 4.3.2 da 4.6 qveTavebi)geografia riT aixsneba makro, mezo da racionaluri CarTuloba migraciis mikro doneebi arCevani, socia- damokidebu-samarTali sivrculi lia socialur struqtura? luri qselebi da qselebsa dapolitikuri transnacional- sacxovrebelmecniereba izmi (ix. 4.3 da 4.4 modelebzesociologia qveTavebi) migraciasa da ra gavlenas makro done: institucion- CarTulobasTan axdens sa- politikuri aluri Teoria dakavSirebuli marTlebrivi da sakanonmde- (ix. 4.4 qveTavi) wamaxalisebeli sistema migra- blo sistema; racionaluri struqturebi ciaze? mikro da arCevani (ix. mezo doneebi: qveTavi 4.3) saxelmwifoebi adamianebi da SeiZleba zed- jgufebi metad icavdnen imigrantebis ratom uZnel- makro done: institucion- interesebs debaT qveynebs politikuri aluri Teoria migraciis ga- sistemebi da (ix. 4.4.2 qveTavi) CarTulobis kontroleba? saerTaSoriso done gansx- vavdeba socia- urTierTobebi luri da adamia- nuri kapitalis riT aixsneba makro done: institucion- mixedviT CarTuloba da eTnikuri aluri da socia- gamoricxva? jgufebi; mezo luri qselebi done: socia- (ix. 4.4.1 da 4.4.2 luri jgufebi qveTavebi) da qselebi4 Brettell and Hollifield, Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, gv. 4. 65მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა

axla, rodesac davadgineT, Tu ratom aris SeuZlebeli migraciisaxsna erTi Teoriis meSveobiT, mxolod erT kiTxvaze gvWirdeba pasuxi,ris Semdegac SegviZlia mimovixiloT migraciis ZiriTadi Teoriebi:ratom aris saWiro migraciis axsna Teoriebis gamoyenebiT? sxvadasxvamovlenis axsnisas Teoriebi uzrunvelyofen iseT meqanizms, romelicsaSualebas iZleva gamovavlinoT problema da SevimuSaoT zomebiSedegebis gadasaWrelad an momavalSi aseTi situaciebis Tavidanasacileblad. migraciasTan dakavSirebiT es niSnavs, rom rac ukeTgavigebT, Tu rogor viTardeba migraciis procesebi, miT ukeTesadSevZlebT amJamindeli da momavali saimigracio nakadebisa dasxvadasxva doneebze maTi Sedegebis Sefasebas da prognozirebas; esdagvexmareba migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sakanonmdeblo, institu­cion­ aluri, politikuri, socialuri, ekonomikuri da sxva sistemebisSemuSavebasa da gamosworebaSi. migraciis Teoriebi xels uwyobs damimarTulebas aZlevs migraciasTan dakavSirebul empiriul kvle­vebs, romelTac efuZneba politika da gadawyvetilebebi da mtkice­bulebebze damyarebuli migraciis politikis SemuSavebis procesi.4.2. ZiriTadi migraciis Teoriebis mimoxilvawinamdebare saxelmZRvaneloSi ukve aRiniSna, rom migraciis istoriaiseve Zvelia, rogorc kacobriobis istoria. Tumca mecnierebmada mkvlevrebma arc ise didi xania daiwyes migraciis TeoriebisSemuSaveba. sxvadasxva wyaros mixedviT, am dargis erT-erT pioneradmiiCneva germaneli geografi ernst jorj ravenStaini. 1885 welsravenStainis mier gamoqveynebuli `migraciis kanonebi~ migraciisempiriul monacemebs efuZneba; magram mis mier warmodgenili analiziar SeiZleba CaiTvalos srulad Camoyalibebul migraciis Teoriad.5sxva, adreuli Teoriebic – XX saukunis Suaxanebamde migracias makrodoneze xsnidnen; mxolod XX saukunis oTxmocdaaTian wlebSi daiwyesmkvlevrebma migraciasTan dakavSirebuli individualuri motivaciisgaanalizeba da mikro da makro midgomebis migraciis TeoriebTandakavSireba.6rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sxvadasxva dargis mecnierebi migraciisTeoriebs iyeneben ama Tu im dargTan dakavSirebuli specifikurikiTxvebis gamosakvlevad. migraciis interdisciplinuri bunebidangamomdinare, Teoriebs xSirad erTmaneTs ukavSireben da erTianobaSi5 Hagen-Zanker, Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature, gv. 4.6 iqve, gv. 4-5.66 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ganixilaven. amas garda, zogi Teoria migraciis mizezebs aanalizebs,zogi ki – migraciis mudmivobas.7bolo aTwleulebSi bevri daiwera migraciis Teoriebze da esprocesi momavalSic gagrZeldeba: Cven migraciis saukuneSivcxovrobT da aranairi mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs, rom is momavalwlebSi, aTwleulebsa Tu saukuneebSi dasruldeba. Semdeg TavebSiwarmodgenilia am dargis specialistTa umravlesobis mier ganxilulimigraciis ZiriTadi Teoriebi. am sagnis ufro detaluri dasrulyofili analizisTvis ixileT bibliografia da rekomendebuliliteraturis sia.4.3. racionaluri arCevanis Teoriebi: migraciis mamoZravebeli (iZulebiTi- mimzidveli) faqtorebis modelebi da neoklasikuri midgoma4.3.1. migraciis mamoZravebeli (iZulebiTi da mimzidveli) faqtorebis modelebicnobil statiaSi, romelmac mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana migraciisSesaxeb Tanamdrove midgomebisa da mosazrebebis CamoyalibebaSi,lim (1966)8 warmoadgina Teoria, romelic xsnis migracias, rogorcori urTierTdakavSirebuli faqtoris moqmedebis Sedegs: pirveliawarmoSobis qveyanaSi destruqciuli faqtorebis arseboba, rackonkretuli individis cxovrebas mZimesa da arasasiamovnos xdis(`iZulebiTi faqtorebi~: siRaribe, umuSevroba, dabali socia­luri statusi, daucveloba da a.S.), meore – migraciis qveyanaSiarsebuli sasurveli faqtorebi, romlebsac individi TavisikeTild­ ReobisTvis pozitiurad miiCnevs (`mimzidveli faqtorebi~:ukeTesi samsaxuris perspeqtiva, ganaTlebis sistema, politikuriTavisufleba da a.S.). am or sferos Soris Tavs iCens sxvadasxvadabrkoleba, romelTa gadalaxva saWiroa migraciis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis miRebis SemTxvevaSi (`Sualeduri dabrkolebebi~:mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebuli xarjebi, ojaxi, romelic samSobloSirCeba, gaurkveveli momavali daniSnulebis qveyanaSi da a.S.). esfaqtorebi zrdis migraciis xarjebs da migraciis mamoZravebelifaqtorebis sawinaRmdegod moqmedebs. aqedan gamomdinare, indiv­ idis7 Russel King, Theories and Typologies of Migration: an Overview and a Primer, Malmo University, 2012, gv. 28.8 Everett S. Lee, A Theory of Migration, Demography, tomi 3(1), 1966, gv. 47-57.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 67

gadawyvetileba migraciis Taobaze efuZneba warmoSobis qveyanaSimoqmedi Sesabamisi faqtorebis Rirebulebisa (iZulebiTi faqto­rebis CaTvliT) da daniSnulebis qveyanaSi moqmedi faqtorebis(mimzidveli faqtorebis CaTvliT) Sedarebas, Sualeduri cvladebisgaTvalisw­inebiT. mogvianebiT moxda iZulebiTi/mimzidveli faqto­rebis Teoriis mikro doneze interpretaciis ganzogadeba im makro­konteqstSi, romelSic xorcieldeba migracia. magaliTad, warmoSobisqveyanaSi umuSevrobis maRali done erT-erT ekonomikur iZulebiTfaqtorad miiCneva, ufro maRali xelfasebi daniSnulebis qveyanaSiki _ mimzidvel ekonomikur faqtorad aris aRiarebuli.4.3.2. neoklasikuri midgomae.w. neoklasikuri ganmartebis mixedviT, ekonomikuri faqtorebimiiCneva migraciis ZiriTad mizezad. am midgomis makroekonomikurivariantis Sesabamisad, migraciis neoklasikuri Teoria amtkicebs,rom adamianebis migracia xdeba dabali anazRaurebis qveynebidanmaRali anazRaurebis qveynebSi migraciis xarjebisa da dasaqmebisperspeqtivebis gaTvaliswinebiT.9 Teoriis mikroekonomikuri varian­tebi (magaliTad, `migraciis adamianuri kapitalis Teoria~) ganixi­laven migrantebs, rogorc racionalur aqtorebs, romlebic iRebengansazRvrulad moqmedebis gadawyvetilebas im qveyanaSi migraciasTandakavSirebiT, romelSic isini yvelaze produqtiulni iqnebian maTiunar-Cvevebidan gamomdinare.10 zemoaRniSnuli midgomis ganviTarebisSedegad moxda individualuri gadawyvetilebis miRebis mikroperspeqt­ ivisa da makro perspeqtivis struqturaTa ganmsazRvrelifaqtor­ ebis gaerTianeba XX saukunis me-3 meoTxedSi saerTaSorisomigraciis gazrdis asaxsnelad. erTi mxriv, adamianebi cdi­lobenmaTi sargeblobis maqsimizacias im adgilebSi migraciiT, romleb­Sic warmoSobis qveyanasTan an regionTan SedarebiT ufro maRalSromiT anazRaurebas miiReben, meore mxriv, mimReb sazoga­doebebSiarsebobs moTxovna ucxour adamianur resursebze da xdeba SesabamisisamuSao adgilebis SeTavazeba.11 am Teoriul midgomebs saerToc aqvs:9 L. A. Sjaastad (1962), The costs and returns of human migration, Journal of Political Economy, tomi 70, #5, 1962, gv. 80-93; J. R. Harris and M. P. Todaro (1970), Migration, unemployment and development: a two sector model, American Economic Review, #60, 1970, gv. 126-142; M. P. Todaro, Internal migration in developing countries. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1976.10 George. J. Borjas, Economic Theory and International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration Review, t. 23, #3, 1989, punqtebi 457-485; D. S. Massey, J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegrino & E. Taylor, Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal, Population and Development Review #19 (3), 1993, gv. 431-466.11 Michael J. Piore, Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press, New York, 1979 w. Alejandro Portes, Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Concep- tual Overview, ix. krebulSi The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship, ed. Alejandro Portes, New York: 1995 w. gv. 3.68 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saerTaSoriso migracia ZiriTadad ganixileba, rogorc sxvadasxvaqveynis xelfasebs, Semosavlebsa da keTildReobas Soris arsebuliuTanasworobis Sedegi.4.3.3. migraciis mamoZravebeli (iZulebiTi da mimzidveli) faqtorebisa da neoklasikuri Teoriebis kritikabevri mkvlevari aRiarebs, rom migraciis mamoZravebeli faqtorebismodelebi da neoklasikuri midgoma mniSvnelovania migraciis xasiaTisgasagebad; amasTan, xSiria maTi kritika SezRuduli an zedmetadgamartivebuli analitikuri sistemebis gamoyenebis gamo.neoklasikuri ganmarteba efuZneba migraciasTan dakavSirebiTarsebul daSvebas, rom individebi moqmedeben racionaluri arCevanismixedviT, is nakleb yuradRebas aqcevs SesaZlo praqtikul da`fsiqologiur SezRudvebs,~ romlebic gavrcelebulia individebis`socialur garemoSi~12 da zRudavs racionalizmis gavlenasindividualuri arCevanis miRebis dros. aseTi SezRudvebi namdviladarsebobs, vinaidan Semosavlebs, xelfasebsa da keTildReobis doneebsSoris arsebuli didi sxvaobebis miuxedavad, adamianebis SedarebiTmcire nawili iRebs gadawyvetilebas migraciasTan dakavSirebiT.am movlenas xSirad `umoZraobis paradoqss~ uwodeben.13 es faqtiSeiZleba nawilobriv aixsnas qveyanaSi SesvlasTan dakavSirebiTdawesebuli SezRudvebiT im SemTxvevebSic, rodesac Teoriuladmigracia qveyanaSi ar izRudeba, magaliTad, Tavad evrokavSirisfarglebSi saimigracio nakadebi SedarebiT naklebia.migraciis arsebuli potencialis gaTvaliswinebiT sxvadasxva saxisfaqtorebi zRudaven migracias; es SeiZleba iyos rogorc ekonomikurimosazrebebiT gamowveuli faqtorebi, magaliTad, daniSnulebisqveyanaSi arsebul perspeqtivis Sesaxeb saimedo informaciis arqonaan migraciisTvis saWiro finansuri saxsrebis uqonloba, aseve ufro`fsiqologiuri~ an `sociologiuri~ mosazrebebi, magaliTad, rodesacpotenciur migrantebs Zalian `Rrma kavSiri aqvT ojaxTan, sofelTan,qalaqTan an TemTan, romelSic cxovroben.~14 migraciis Teoriis esmimarTuleba srul SesabamisobaSia neoklasikuri midgomis ZiriTadhipoTezasTan, romlis mixedviTac migraciasTan dakavSirebuligadawyvetileba metwilad ekonomikuri mizezebiT aris ganpirobebuli,12 iqve, gv. 3.13 Gunnar Malmberg, Time and Space in International Migration, ix. krebulSi: Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, International Migration, Immobility and Development. Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Thomas Hammar, Oxford – New York: 1997, gv. 21.14 iqve.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 69

magram, amavdroulad, is ewinaaRmdegeba im mosazrebas, rom mxolodekonomikuri mizezebic sakmarisia am movlenis srulad asaxsnelad.realobaSi individualuri gadawyvetileba migraciis TaobazeSeiZleba efuZnebodes ramdenime mizezs (ekonomikur, politikurda sxv.), romlebic dakavSirebulia socialur da ojaxurmdgomareobasTan. amasTan, rogorc migraciis mamoZravebelifaqtorebis Teoria, ise neoklasikuri modeli ver ganmartavsam socialur, ekonomikur da politikur procesebs (romlebmacgamoiwvies xelfasebsa da SesaZleblobebs Soris uTanasworobawarmoSobisa da daniSnulebis qveynebSi). xSirad amboben, rom migraciisSemcirebis saukeTeso gzas warmoadgens ganviTarebis xelSewyobayvelaze Rarib qveynebSi. magram migrantTa umravlesoba ar migrirebsyvelaze Raribi qveynebidan yvelaze mdidar qveynebSi; yvelazeRarib qveynebs emigraciis ufro dabali done aqvT, vidre saSualoSemosavlisa da ufro mdidar qveynebs. Tu gadavxedavT msoflioSiyvelaze mniSvnelovan saxelmwifoebs emigraciis kuTxiT, rogoricaameqsika, maroko, TurqeTi da filipinebi, Tavisuflad SeiZleba iTqvas,rom isini ar ganekuTvnebian yvelaze Raribi qveynebis kategorias.amasTan, erT-erT yvelaze Rarib regionSi – tropikul afrikaSi –migraciis erT-erTi yvelaze dabali maCvenebelia msoflios sxvaregionebTan SedarebiT.154.4. socialuri qselebi, institucionaluri da transnacionalizmis Teoriebi4.4.1. socialuri/migrantTa qselebi`SeZleba iTqvas, rom migraciis Seswavlis Tanamedrove midgomas sulramdenime aspeqti aqvs, vinaidan mTavari aqcenti gadadis migrantTaqselebze.~16migrantTa qselebis gamoCena da arseboba dRevandeli migraciisarsis asaxsnelad erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan faqtorad miiCneva.martivad rom vTqvaT, Tanamedrove migracia ganixileba rogorc`jaWvuri migracia~, rodesac migrantTa qselebs `gamravlebis efeq­ti~ aqvs, rac iwvevs migrantebis gadaadgilebas, `radganac maTTan15 Hein de Haas, What drives human migration?, 2013 w. nanaxia 29.07.2016 w. http://heindehaas.blogspot.co.at/2013/12/what-drives-human-migration.html.16 Joaquin Arango, Theories of International Migration, ix. krebulSi International in the New Millennium. Global Movement and Settlement, ed. Daniele Joly, Ashgate: 2004 , gv. 15-35.70 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dakavSirebuli adamianebi migraciaSi wavidnen~.17 masei ganmartavsmigrantTa qselebs, rogorc `adamianTa Soris kavSirs, romelicaerTianebs migrantebs, yofil migrantebsa da aramigrantebs warmo­Sobisa da daniSnulebis adgilebSi naTesauri, megobruli da saerTowarmoSobis kavSiris meSveobiT~.18 aseTma qselebma SeiZleba xeliSeuwyon im `socialuri, ekonomikuri da emociuri xarjebis~19 Sem­cirebas, romlebic individualurma migrantma unda gawios. esqseluri kavSirebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc socialurikapitalis forma, romlis gamoyenebiTac adamianebma SeiZleba miiRonrogorc saWiro informacia, ise materialuri da fsiqologiurimxardaWera, rac, Tavis mxriv, aadvilebs maTi saimigracio proeqtebisganxorcielebasa da adaptirebis procesebs. aRiarebulia, rom bolowlebSi sagrZnoblad gaizarda migrantTa qselebis mxardaWerismniSvneloba im pirobebSi, rodesac mimRebi qveynebi Zalian amkacrebenSesvlis pirobebs. socialuri qselebis ganviTareba, romlebic `didfizikur manZils faraven~,20 imis erT-erTi mizezia, rom `migraciagrZeldeba pirveladi mizezebisgan damoukideblad.~21 is faqti, romimigracia im qveynebidan, romlebic evropisTvis SromiTi migraciiswyaros warmoadgendnen, gagrZelda mas Semdegac, rac gasuli saukunissamocdaaTian wlebSi evropulma qveynebma Sewyvites samuSao Zalisayvana da e.w. `stumari-muSaxelis programebi~ (ojaxis gaerTianebis,TavSesafris maZieblebisa da dokumentebis armqone migrantebissaxiT), naTlad metyvelebs migrantTa qselebis mniSvnelobasa da immxardaWeraze, romelic maT SeuZliaT gauwion axal imigrantebs imSemTxvevaSic ki, rodesac maTi qveyanaSi Semosvla ewinaaRmdegebasaxelmwifo politikas.22migrantebis daniSnulebis qveynis SerCevas metwilad ganapirobebssurvili, migracia moaxdinon iseT qveyanaSi, romelic, maTi SefasebiT,yvelaze xelsayrel pirobebs SesTavazebs migraciis ZiriTadi miznebisSesasruleblad. aseTi qveynebis gamovlenisa da Sefasebisas migrantebimetwilad damokidebulni arian sxvis daxmarebaze. es exeba rogorcmaTi mogzaurobis organizebas, ise daniSnulebis qveyanaSi yofnas.17 iqve, gv. 28.18 Douglas S. Massey et al., Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal, ix. krebulSi Theories of Migration, ed. Robin Cohen, Cheltenham: 1996, gv. 157-181 da 198.19 Ivan Light, Parminder Bhachu, Stavros Karageorgis, Migration Networks and Immigrant Entrepreneurship, nanaxia 23.10.2004 w. http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/paper/issr51.pdf.20 Alejandro Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, Princeton University, September 1997, gv. 8. nanaxia 20.12.2004 w. http://bit.ly/2yNYGc0.21 Arango, Theories of International Migration, gv. 28.22 Stephen Castles and Sean Loughna, Trends in Asylum Migration to Industrialized Countries, 1990 – 2001, gaeros universitetis dokumenti- ekonomikuri kvlevebis ganviTarebis msof- lio instituti (UNU-WIDER), konferencia siRaribis, saerTaSoriso migraciisa da Tav­Se­safris Sesaxeb, helsinki, 27-28 seqtemberi 2002, samuSao versia, 22 agvisto 2002.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 71

TviTon migrantebisTvis Zalian Znelia mogzaurobasTan dakavSirebiTsaimedo informaciis mopoveba, rodesac isini aralegaluri migraciisprocess amzadeben. aralegaluri migraciis proeqtTan dakavSirebiTmigrantTa qselebis informaciis gamoyeneba saimedoobis SegrZnebisada sando informaciis arqonis erTgvari kompensacia xdeba. amas garda,garkveulwilad SesaZlebeli xdeba am kuTxiT `SedarebiT pozitiurida sando gadawyvetilebebis~ miReba.23 migrantTa qselebi (naTesavebi,megobrebi da gzaSi gacnobili migrantebi) sxvadasxva kuTxiTmniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben. amas garda, swored am qselebs SeuZliaTiseTi informaciis miwodeba, romelic saWiroa mig­raciis proeqtisgansaxorcieleblad, dabali an saSualo Semosavlis qveynidan ufrowarmatebul qveyanaSi migraciisaTvis saWiro finansuri resursissaSovnelad24 da daniSnulebis qveyanaSi damkvidrebasTan dakavSirebulsxva sakiTxebSi daxmarebis gasawevad (mag. sacxovrebeli adgili,Semosavlis miRebis SesaZleblobebi, jandacva da a.S.)25 rogorcmogzaurobis, ise daniSnulebis qveyanaSi Casvlis Semdeg. es ufro metmniSvnelobas iZens im migrantebis SemTxvevaSi, romlebic qveyanaSicxovroben saTanado dokumentebis gareSe.4.4.2. migraciis institucionaluri TeoriazogierTi mkvlevari e.w. migraciis institucionalur Teorias calkegamoyofs, rogorc socialuri qselebis erT-erT mimarTulebas.am Teoriis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso migraciis dawyebisas, ker­Zoinstitutebi – satransporto kompaniebi, humanitaruli organ­iza­ciebi da kontrabandistebic ki – migrantebs uweven momsa­xurebasmogzaurobis dros, daniSnulebis saboloo qveyanaSi Casvlamde. esprocesi gamowveulia disbalansiT, romelic arse­bobs im adamianebisdid raodenobasa, romelTac surT mdidar qveynebSi migracia, damigraciis mcire SesaZleblobebs Soris, romlebsac es qveynebisTavazoben.26 zemoaRniSnuli institutebis an organizaciebis ar­se­boba am garemoebebis Sedegia da isini `avseben~ arsebul defi­cits legalurad (arasamTavrobo humanitaruli organ­iz­ a­ciebi, sa­konsultacio saagentoebi, dasaqmebis saagentoebi, satrans­port­okompaniebi) an aralegalurad (mag., kontrabandistebi). instit­ u­cio­23 Peder J. Pedersen, MariolaPytlikova, Nina Smith, Selection or Network Effects? Migration Flows in 27 OECD Countries, 1990 – 2000, Institute for the Study of Labor, IZA DP #. 1104, aprili, 2004, gv. 2.24 Jeff Crisp, Policy challenges of the new diasporas: migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes, WPTC-99-05, gv. 6. nanaxia 28.09.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2utDpjh.25 Bill Jordan and Franck Düvell, Irregular migration: the dilemmas of transnational mobility, Cheltenham 2002: gv. 150.26 Douglas S. Massey, Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis. ix. krebulSi The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, eds. C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999, gv. 44.72 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

naluri Teoria umTavresad yuradRebas amaxvilebs migraciis proce­sis axsnaze, ratom da rogor mimdinareobs migracia, da ara migraciismizezebis gamovlenaze.4.4.3. transnacionalizmierT-erTi uaxlesi midgoma migraciiis Teoriis kuTxiT, romelic didyuradRebas aqcevs adamianebis gazrdil mobilurobas globalizaciissaukuneSi, gaxlavT `transnacionalizmis“ Teoriuli koncefcia,27romlis mixedviTac (aralegaluri) cirkularuli migraciis sakiTxiufro mniSvnelovani xdeba, gansakuTrebiT ucxoeTSi aralegaluridasaqmebis SemTxvevaSi. saerTaSoriso satransporto sistemebisganviTarebam, romlis Sedegadac satransporto xarjebi Semcirda,da fuladi da informaciis gzavnilebis daCqarebam `gamoiwviaim mosaxleobis zrda, romelic socialurad, kulturulad dafizikurad ukavSirdeba ramdenime adgils da xSirad xasiaTdebamaRali mobilurobiT warmoSobis qveynisa da faqtobriv sacxovrebeladgils Soris.~28transnacionalizmi SeiZleba ganimartos rogorc `procesi, rom­lis meSveobiTac imigrantebi ayalibeben da inarCuneben mraval­mxrivurTierTobebs, romlebic erTmaneTTan akavSireben war­moSobisada faqtobrivi sacxovrebeli adgilebis sazogadoebebs; trans­nacionaluri Temi ZiriTadad Sedgeba imigrantebis, megobrebisada imigrantebis naTesavebisgan.~29 am axali midgomiT, migraciismkvlevrebi cdiloben axsnan, Tu ratom ar moxda `saeraTaSorisomigraciis Seneleba da ratom gaizarda migrantebisa da ltolvilebisnakadebi, da im qveynebis ricxvi, saidanac isini cdiloben SeaRwionufro met mimReb qveyanaSi~,30 miuxedavad imisa, rom 1970-ian wlebS­ isruliad sapirispiro prognozi gakeTda. globalizaciis pro­cesissapasuxod, individebma daiwyes `iseTi Temebis Seqmna, roml­ ebicpolitikuri sazRvrebis orive mxaresaa~ da realurad, `arc aqeT daarc iqiT arian, aramed erTdroulad orive adgilas moqmed­ eben.~31rasakvirvelia, transnacionaluri kavSirebi da urTi­er­Tob­ ebisiaxles ar warmoadgens, magram am koncefciis mim­devrebi amtkiceben,27 Nina Glick-Schiller, Linda Basch, and Crisrina Blanc-Szanton, Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration. ix. krebulSi Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. The International Library of Studies on Migration, eds: S. Vertovec and R. Cohen. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, 1999, gv. 28-49.28 Pál Nyiri, The New Migrant: State and Market Constructions of Modernity and Patriotism, nanaxia 10.01.2004 w. http://cio.ceu.hu/courses/CIO/modules/Modul01Nyiri/print.html.29 Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, gv. 4.30 R.D. Grillo, Transnational Migration and Multiculturalism in Europe, 2001, gv. 7. nanaxia 28.09.2016 w. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-01-08%20Grillo.pdf.31 Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, gv. 3.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 73

rom bolo wlebSi migrantebma, romelTa ricxvi sagrZnoblad gaizar­da, Camoayalibes `socialuri sferoebi, romlebic kveTen geogra­fiul, kulturul da politikur sazRvrebs~ da amgvarad, `trans­nacionalizmma miaRwia piks XX saukunis bolos.~32 `migraciis am axalxanaSi migrantebi inarCuneben mniSvnelovan da uwyvet kavSirebswarmoSobis qveynebTan~.33mokled rom vTqvaT, `transnacionalizmi~ SeiZleba ganimartosrogorc `erTdroulad or sazogadoebaSi cxovreba~, ori saxlis qonada maT Soris balansireba. amis magaliTi SeiZleba iyos cirkularuliSromiTi migracia. migrantebi Sedian qveyanaSi, legalurad anaralegalurad muSaoben garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi, ris Semdegacukan brundebian samSobloSi, SemdgomSi ki, kvlav miemgzavrebian.grZelvadiani migraciis SemTxvevaSic, komunikaciisa da transportissaSualebebze gaadvilebuli wvdoma migrantebs SesaZleblobasaZlevs mWidro kavSiri SeinarCunon naTesavebTan an warmoSobisqveynebis sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebTan. amgvarad, migraciaSeiZleba warmovidginoT, rogorc ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSi Sromisgadanawilebis gansxvavebuli forma. ojaxis an Temis garkveuliwevrebi sazRvargareT mogzauroben fulis Sovnis mizniT daamavdroulad, mWidro kavSirs inarCuneben imaTTan, vinc samSobloSi/Sin darCa. media gansakuTrebul rols TamaSobs transnacionaluriTemis Camoyalibebasa da mdgradobaSi. transnacionaluri mediisCamoyalibebam da sakomunikacio teqnologiebis swrafma ganviTarebamxeli Seuwyo imis gavrcelebas, rasac SeiZleba ewodos `globaluriimiji~ sasurveli cxovrebis stilis da sxvadasxva saqonlismoxmarebis Sesaxeb, romlebic xelmisawvdomia im adamianebisaTvisac,romlebic ganviTarebadi qveynebis moSorebul adgilebSi cxovroben,da am gziT xdeba maTi CarTva `saerTaSoriso mediasivrceSi~.34adgilobriv realobasa da importirebuli moxmarebis survils Sorisarsebuli sxvaobis gazrdiT, es procesi winaswar axdens momavaliimigrantebisaTvis informaciis miwodebas, Tu ras unda elodnen isinisazRvargareT cxovrebisas da uZliereben maT migraciis survils.`paradoqsia, magram es procesi imdenad did gavlenas ar axdensyvelaze Rarib mosaxleobaze periferiul sazogadoebebSi, rogorces xdeba muSa da saSualo Semosavlis seqtorebze, romlebic yvelazemetad eqvemdebarebian marketinguli mesijebisa da kulturulisimboloe­ bis gavlenas, romlebic sxvadasxva centridan brwyinavs.~3532 Grillo, Transnational Migration and Multiculturalism in Europe, gv. 8.33 Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: international population movements in the modern world, Basingstoke: Macmillan, me-3 gamocema, 2003.34 Kevin Robbins, Spaces of Global Media. nanaxia 29.09.2016 w. http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-98-06%20Robins.pdf.35 Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, gv. 6.74 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

erTad, Tanamedrove sakomunikacio da satransporto komunikaciebi(TviTmfrinavi, telefoni, faqsi, el-fosta da a.S.) xels uwyobenkontaqtebsa da informaciis gacvlas adamianebs Soris im masStabiT,romelic warmoudgeneli iyo wina saukuneSi. miuxedavad imisa, romyvela adamiani ar ganicdis am axali ganviTarebis gavlenas, maincsul ufro meti migranti da maT samSobloSi mcxovrebi axloblebisargebloben axali SesaZleblobebiT da erTvebian transnacionalursaqmianobaSi im mzardi ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturulistimulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, romlebic xels uwyoben am adamianebismigracias. am procesma dawyebisTanave SeiZleba kumulatiurixasiaTi miiRos da garkveul etapze SesaZloa iqces `iseT ramed, risiganxorcielebac uRirT ara mxolod pionerebs, aramed imaTac, visacTavdapirvelad migraciis survili ar amoZravebda.~36mas Semdeg, rac imigrantebis jgufi Tavs daimkvidrebs mimReb qve­yanaSi, migrantTa da samSobloSi darCenili adamianebis rolebiSeiZleba Seicvalos da migrantebma SeiZleba aiRon pasuxismgeblobasamSobloSi darCenili adamianebis finansur mxardaWeraze. es, aseve,exeba iZulebiT migrantebs, romlebic xSirad agrZeleben finansur damaterialur zrunvas samSobloSi darCenil ojaxis wevrebze. amasTan,Znelia zemoaRniSnuli kavSirebis daxasiaTeba `erTdroulad or adgi­las cxovrebad~, vinaidan iZulebiTi da aralegaluri migrantebisSemTxvevaSi, maT TiTqmis ar gaaCniaT SesaZlebloba Tavisufladgadaadgildnen tranzituli an daniSnulebis qveynidan warmoSobisqveyanaSi, aqtiurad CaerTon mSobliuri qveynis socialur, politikuran kulturul cxovrebaSi, an moaxdinon iq darCenil adamianebTankomunikacia. xSir SemTxvevaSi, iZulebiTi da aralegaluri migrantebigaurk­ vevlobaSi cxovroben da ara transnacionalur pirobebSi. aqe­dan gamomdinare, isini metwilad samSoblos gareT mcxovreb Tana­memamuleebTan urTierToben (mag., mogzauroba, stumroba, da zogadad,komunikacia), kerZod eTnikur jgufebTan, romlebmac Tavi ukvedaimkvidres tranzitul an daniSnulebis qveynebSi, gansakuTrebiT,rodesac es maTTvis saWiro daxmarebas exeba. am migrantTa jgufebTankavSirebis damyareba da SenarCuneba SeiZleba droTa ganmavlobaSiufro mniSvnelovani gaxdes maTTvis, vidre samSobloSi darCeniladamia­nebTan urTierToba. es mdgomareoba SeiZleba davaxasiaToT,rogorc `arc aq da arc iq~ cxovreba. amas garda, es niSnavs, rom xdebamaTi CarTuloba transnacionalur sferoebsa da praqtikaSi. aqed­ angamomdinare, transnacionaluri an transsasazRvro saqmianoba Cveu­lebriv cdeba kavSirs samSobl­ osa da daniSnulebis qveyanas Soris daaerTianebs warmoSobis qveynebs, tranzitul qveyn­ ebsa da daniSnulebissxva qveynebs.3736 iqve, gv. 18.37 Aspasia Papadopoulou, Smuggling into Europe: transit migrants in Greece, Journal of Refugee Studies, t.17, # 2, 2004 2, gv. 167-184 da 177-178.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 75

4.5. SromiTi migraciis axali ekonomikaes Teoriuli midgoma mTavar aqcents akeTebs saerTaSorisomigraciis gamgzavn mxareze da migrantebis mier gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesze. `SromiTi migraciis axalma ekonomikam“ gamoavlinamigraciis motivaciis axali WeSmariti faqtorebi, romlebic araris damokidebuli Semosavlebs, xelfasebs, umuSevrobis doneebsSoris arsebul sxvaobebze.38 neoklasikuri koncefciis msgavsad, ammidgomis Tanaxmad, migraciis gadawyvetileba efuZneba `racionalurarCevans~. amasTan, is ufro detalurad aviTarebs am koncefcias daamtkicebs, rom am kuTxiT ojaxi mTavari moTamaSe da gadawyvetilebismimRebi erTeulia da mas axali faqtorebi Semoaqvs migraciis SesaxebgadawyvetilebaSi (mag.: riskis armiReba, Semosavlis/xelfasisganawileba, rogorc SedarebiTi dakargvis grZnobebi). amgvarad,xdeba migraciis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis konceptualizacia, ro­gorc gadawyvetilebisa, romelsac individebi ki ara, ojaxebian saojaxo meurneobebi erToblivad iReben mosalodneli Semo­savlis maqsimalurad gazrdis mizniT (an Semosavlis wyaroebisdiversifikaciisTvis) da iseTi riskebis minimumamde dayvanisTvis,rogoricaa umuSevrobis, Semosavlis dakargvis an mosavlisganadgurebis riskebi `masStabebis ekonomiisa~ da `moculobis eko­no­miis~ gamoyenebiT. amgvarad, ojaxis Semosavali maqsimaluradizrdeba da misi yvela wevris finansuri mdgomareoba umjobesdeba.am TvalsazrisiT, migracia SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc gonivrulistrategia sabazro warumateblobebisa da fasebis gadaxrebisgadasalaxavad (mag., sakredito bazrebi, dazRvevis bazrebi). riskisdiversifikaciis mizani, axal teqnologiebze gadasvlis mcdelobasakmarisi kapitalis ararsebobis pirobebSi, nerviuloba Semosavlisganawilebis sistemaSi sakuTari adgilis Taobaze da sxva faqtorebiefeqtur da sakmaris motivacias warmoadgenen migraciis Sesaxebgadawyvetilebis misaRebad. amas garda, es Teoria xazs usvams emigran­tebis mier warmoSobis qveyanasa da regionebTan kavSiris SenarCunebismniSvnelobas, mag., fuladi gzavnilebis mniSvneloba; zogadad, esTeoria met yuradRebas aqcevs migrantTa socialur konteqsts,romel­Sic isini cxovrobdnen da uwevT masTan Sexeba emigraciisSemdegac.38 Oded Stark, The Migration of Labor, Basic Blackwell, Oxford 1991. Oded Stark, Edward J. Taylor, Migration incentives, migration types: the role of relative deprivation. Economic Journal, t. 101, #408, seqtemberi 1991 w. gv. 1163-1179.76 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

4.6. ormagi SromiTi bazris Teoria`gavrcelebuli mosazrebebis sawinaaRmdegod, imigrantebi migri­reben mdidar qveynebSi ara survilis gamo, aramed ZiriTadad imitom,rom iq ufro saWironi arian.~39migraciasTan mimarTebiT e.w. ormagi (segmenturi) SromiTi bazrisTeo­rias (mag., piore, 1979)40 aqcenti gadaaqvs migraciis mimReb mxareze.am Teoriis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso migracia ZiriTadi mizeziasamuSao Zalaze arsebuli mudmivi moTxovna, romelic gamowveuliamaRalganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi samuSao bazrebis specifikuriTvisebebiT. amgvarad, saerTaSoriso migracia reagirebs Tanamedroveindustriuli ekonomikis moTxovnebze. ganviTarebuli ekonomikebierTmaneTs upirispireben arastabilur dasaqmebas da kapitaltevadipirveladi warmoebisa da Sromatevadi meoradi seqtoris Tanaarse­bobas.41 SromiTi migraciis meSveobiT xdeba arsebuli xarvezebisaRmofxvrac, kerZod, samuSao Zalis ukmarisoba, dabali poziciebisamsaxureobriv ierarqiaSi da samuSao Zalis ukmarisoba meoradseg­mentSi, romelsac Sromatevadi da dabalanazRaurebadi samuSaoadgilebi aqvs.42 am TvalsazrisiT, saerTaSoriso migracia emsaxurebada mudmivad akmayofilebs iafi muSaxelis moTxovnas industriulsazog­ adoebebSi, vinaidan damsaqmebels SeuZlia Tavi aaridos xelfasismomatebas dabalanazRaurebadi da aramimzidveli samuSao adgilebisSemTxvevaSi iafi samuSao Zalis importirebisa da samuSaoze ayvanisgziT.ekonomikuri globalizacia qmnis SesaZleblobebs ara mxolod maRa­li kvalifikaciis specialistebis, aramed dabali kvalifikaciis daarakvalificiuri samuSao ZalisTvis. pirvel rigSi, es exeba mom­s­axurebis sferos, romelic bevr iseT samuSao SesaZleblobebssTavazobs, romlebsac specialuri treningi an kvalifikacia arsWirdeba, da amavdroulad, am samuSao adgilebTan dakavSirebulisocialuri statusi ar aris mimzidveli adgilobrivi mosaxleo­bis­Tvis.43 adgilobriv mosaxleobas Zalian dabali motivacia aqvsan saerTod ara aqvs raime interesi, rom miiRos dabali xelfasi,arastabiluri samuSao pirobebi da am samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli39 Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, gv. 5.40 Michael J. Piore, (1979): Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979.41 International Organization for Migration (IOM), World Migration 2003, An Overview of International Migration, gv. 14; nanaxia 15.12.2004 w. http://bit.ly/2hmkylZ.42 Roel Jennissen, Economic determinant sofinternationalnet migration in Europe, EPC 2001 Population Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 7-9 ivnisi 2001, gv. 3; nanaxia 15.12.2004 w. http://bit.ly/2fxytHT.43 Arango, Theories of International Migration, gv. 24.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 77

mcire karieruli perspeqtivebi. aqedan gamomdinare, damsaqmebeliiyenebs imigrantebs am segmentSi arsebuli SromiTi Zalis ukmarisobisdasaZlevad. industriul qveynebSi imigraciasa da samuSao bazrebispolitikasTan dakavSirebiT arsebuli SezRudvebis gamo, vakansiebisSevseba yovelTvis ver xerxdeba legaluri imigrantebis xarjze.potenciur personalTan dakavSirebiT, saerTaSoriso donezearsebobs TiTqmis ulevi potenciali. maRali Semosavlis qveynebSiarsebuli yvelaze dabali xelfasic ki, migrantebisTvis warmoadgensstimuls, gadalaxon migraciasTan dakavSirebuli yvela barieriindustriul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi xelfassa da msyidvelobiTunars Soris arsebuli sxvaobis gamo.migraciis Sesaxeb kvlevebis empiriuli monacemebi da migraciisTeor­iebi cdiloben aRniSnon mWidro kavSiri migraciasa da ara­formalur ekonomikas Soris, radganac `imigrantebi Warbad arianwarmodgenili aralegalur saqmianobebSi~.44 Sesabamisi empiriulikvlevebis Sedegebi45 adastureben hipoTezas imasTan dakavSirebiT,rom ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi arsebobs iafi muSaxelismaRali moTxovna, da rom migrantebisTvis kargad aris cnobilies SesaZleblobebi. amas garda, isini adastureben im hipoTezasac,rom imigraciis kontrolTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze SezRudulipolitikac ki, sabolood ver asrulebs dasaxul amocanebs,rac gulisxmobs axali imigraciis aridebas an migrantebisTvis(araformalur) SromiT bazarze xelmisawvdomobis akrZalvas.46araformaluri SromiTi bazrebi bevr segmentad aris dayofili. Ziri­Tadad, samuSao SesaZleblobebi xelmisawvdomia Semdeg seqtorebSi:ojaxSi damxmare (moaxle, ZiZa, wmenda, SekeTeba/remonti); mSenebloba,vaWroba, kvebis industria, turizmi, mosavlis aReba, sezonuri dasaqme-ba, sacalo vaWroba, `profesionaluri~ maTxovroba, prostitucia ansaerTaSoriso vaWroba. Zalian xSirad garkveuli eTnikuri jgufebiakontroleben araformaluri SromiTi bazris garkveuli segmentebisdid nawils.47 aralegaluri imigrantebi, romlebic mowyvetilni arian44 Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, gv. 30.45 magaliTisTvis ixileT: Georg Elwert, Unternehmerische Illegale. Zieleund Organisation eneinesunterschätzten Typsillegaler Einwanderer (Entrepreneurial Illegals. Goals and organisation of an underestimated type of illegal immigrants), in: IMIS Beiträge Heft 19/2002, HG: Vorstanddes Instituts für Migrations for schungund Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS) ander Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück 2002.46 Albert Kralerand, Irene Stacher, Austria – Migration and Asylum Patterns and Policies in the 19th and 20th Century, ix. krebulSi International Migration, Problems – Prospects – Policies, Historische Sozialkunde/Special, Issue 2002, gv. 63.47 Harald W. Ledererund Axel Nickel [Electroniced.]: Illegale Ausländerbeschäftigunginder Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Illegal Employment of Foreigners in the Federal Republic of Germany), Electroniced.: Bonn, FES Library 2000. nanaxia 29.09.2016 w. http://library.fes.de/fulltext/asfo/00763toc.htm.78 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

legalur SromiT bazarze arsebul nebismier SesaZleblobas da aqvTdasaqmebis SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi araformaluri SromiTi seq­toris specifikur ekonomikur seqtorebSi, yvelaze metad ganicdiansruli warumateblobis risks im TvalsazrisiT, rom ver Seasrule-ben Tavdapirvelad dasaxul amocanebs, . am riskisa da im faqtis mi-uxedavad, rom aralegalur saqmianobaSi CarTvis gamo isini SeiZlebadaisajon da moxdes maTi deportacia, aralegaluri samuSaos ekono-mikuri sargebeli gadawonis yvela SesaZlebel zians. jani da straub-hari (1998) acxadebdnen, rom `Tu warmoSobis da mimReb qveynebs Sorissargeblis sxvaoba sakmaod didia, zogierTi adamianisTvis migraciissufTa dayvanili Rirebuleba (gamoklebuli Cveulebrivi operacia)da migraciasTan dakavSirebuli satransporto xarjebi (gamoklebulidakavebisa da dasjis mosalodneli riski) pozitiuri rCeba. Sedegad,`saxezea aralegaluri ucxoeli muSaxeli.~484.7. kumulaciuri ganpirobebis Teoriakumulaciuri ganpirobebis Teoria fokusirdeba mezo donis analizze.Teoria aCvenebs, Tu rogor inarCunebs migracia Tavs da rogor xdebamisi sul ufro metad gavrceleba. iqedan gamomdinare, rom sxvebimihyvebian migraciis magaliTs, aman SeiZleba kumulaciuri efeqtiiqonios Temebze, da gamoiwvios sxvadasxva regionSi adamianurikapitalis gamoleva, gansakuTrebiT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts,rom metwilad migraciaSi midian ufro ganaTlebuli, aqtiuri,kvalificiuri, produqtiuli da motivirebuli adamianebi.49 amrigad,migracia xdeba adgilobrivi da socialuri kulturis ufro farTonawilSi da migracia, rogorc farTod gavrcelebuli socialuripraqtika, ufro da ufro xelmisawvdomi xdeba mosaxleobis sxvadasxvafenisaTvis. xSirad es procesi warmoSobis regionebSi samuSaoZalaze moTxovnis Semcirebis Sedegia, rac dakavSirebulia soflismeurneobis warmoebis axali, naklebad Sromatevadi meTodebisSemoRebasTan. amoqmedebisTanave, migraciam SeiZleba Secvalos adgi­lobrivi Semosavlebis ganawileba fuladi gzavnilebisa da socialurida ekonomikuri cvlilebebis xelSewyobis gziT. es aZlierebs immosazrebasac, rom migracia xels uwyobs Semosavlebis zrdas, rac48 Andreas Jahn and Thomas Straubhaar, A Survey on the Economic sof Illegal Migration, Working Paper: Managing Migrationin the 21st Century, Comparative Immigration and Integration Program, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Winter Workshop, University of California, San Diego, 19 – 20 Tebervali, 1998. nanaxia 03.08.2000 w. http://bit.ly/2iJA4vD.49 D. S. Massey, Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis, gv. 46-47.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 79

migraciis stimulirebas axdens da mobilurobis zrdisTvis kumu­laciur mizezs warmoadgens.50aucilebelia imis aRniSvna, rom, Cveulebriv, migracia usasrulodar grZeldeba im SemTxvevaSic, rodesac mas kumulaciuri periodigaaCnia. garkveuli periodis Semdeg, migrantTa qselebi gajerdeba,samuSao Zalaze moTxovna warmoSobis qveynebSi gaizrdeba da migraciispotenciali sagrZnoblad Semcirdeba. am etapze, migracia SeiZlebaSemcirdes, ris Semdegac migraciis saerTo mrudi gadabrunebuli u-sformas iRebs.514.8. migraciis Teoriis axali mimarTulebebiglobalizaciis saukuneSi biznesi globalurad aqtiuria, erovnulisaxelmwifos Zalauflebis pozicia nawilobriv sustdeba dasazRvrebi xdeba ufro `foriani~, adamianebi ki – ufro mobiluri.zemoaRniSnuli aucilebels xdis migraciis TeoriebSi axalimimarTulebebis ganviTarebas, romlebic dagvexmarebian migraciisgagebaSi globalizaciis pirobebSi.4.8.1. globaluri migraciis sistemebiiseTma mkvlevrebma, rogorebic arian: kritci, limi da zlotniki52,SemoiRes termini `migraciis sistemebi~53 saerTaSoriso migraciiskvlevaSi. isini ganixilaven saerTaSoriso migracias ufro farTomoZraobis sistemebsa da qselebSi, adastureben migraciuligadaadgilebebis kompleqsur xasiaTs da ufro zogadad ganixilavengare da ukan dabrunebuli migraciis binalur struqturas, romlismixedviTac migrantebi da ukan dabrunebuli migrantTa nakadebigamgzavn da mimReb qveynebs Soris xels uwyoben migraciis sistemisformirebas. aseT sistemebs axasiaTebs SedarebiT intensiurisaqonlis, kapitalisa da adamianebis gacvla da aqvT ZiriTadimimRebi regioni, romelic SeiZleba iyos erTi an ramdenime qveyana,romelsac/romelTac ukavSirdeba ramdenime specifikuri warmoSobis50 Hagen-Zanker, Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature, gv. 18.51 iqve.52 Mary M. Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, Hania Zlotnik, International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press.1992.53 mis klasikur naSromSi Systems approach to a theory of rural-urban migration, in Geographical Analysis, 2(1), 1970, gv. 1-18, mabogunim pirvelma SemoiRo sistemuri midgoma migraciis Seswavlisas; misi mTavari dakvirvebis sagani iyo migraciis procesebi ganviTare- bad qveynebSi.80 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

qveyana imigrantebis Zalze didi nakadebiT.54 es sistemebi SeiZlebaganviTardnen da droTa ganmavlobaSi Seicvalon migraciis procesebisdinamikisa da sxva, gare Zalebisa da pirobebis gamo. mimdinareobssaerTaSoriso ekonomikuri da politikuri sistemis transformacia,izrdeba mTavrobebis, korporaciebis, kerZo organizaciebisa da sxvainstitutebis transnacionaluri saqmianoba, migrantTa qselebismudmivi ganviTareba da transformacia xels uwyobs migraciissistemebis zrdas da maTi struqturebis daxvewas.msgavs midgomas anTropologebic iyeneben, romlebic ufro `kul­turul~ midgomasa da perspeqtivis cvlilebas lobireben dayuradReba gadaaqvT migraciis analizis safuZvelze; isini orienti­rebulni arian gare damkvirveblis perspeqtividan im `socialurirealobis~ aRweraze, romlis gamklavebac uwevT migrantebs daromelSic isini moqmedeben. Cinuri migraciis Seswavlis Sedegad,pikem (1999)55 SemoiRo `migraciis konfiguraciis~ cneba im faqtze yu­radRebis misaqcevad, rom migraciis SenarCuneba xdeba kompleqsurisocialuri struqturebisa da praqtikis meSveobiT, romlebicakavSireben daniS­nulebisa da warmoSobis adgilebs. `migraciis kon­fi­guracias ganmartaven rogorc gamgzavn, mimReb da tranzitulqveynebSi arsebuli socialuri institutebisa da qselebis jams,romlebic inarCuneben da marTaven saimigracio nakads. amgvarad, iswarmoadgens transnacionalur, socialur da kulturul sivrces,romelSic moqmedeben ara mxolod migrantebi, aramed turistulisaagentoebi, kontrabandistebi, sajaro moxeleebi, imigraciis sa­kiTxebze momuSave iuristebi, `imigraciis momsaxurebis gamwevikompaniebi~, imigraciis winaaRmdeg gamomsvleli aqtivistebi,taZrebi da eklesiebi.~56 aqedan gamomdinare, individualuri saimi­gra­cio procesebi warmoadgenen gamgzavni qveynis migraciis kul­turis ganuyrel nawils, romelic iwvevs diskusiebs misi wevrebis`gadaadgilebasa~ da `miRwevebTan~ dakavSirebiT. pike amtkicebs, romes kulturuli midgoma `saSualebas iZleva, gadavxedoT migracias(…), rogorc calke movlenas da ara rogorc msoflio ekonomikurisistemis uTanasworobebTan, modernizaciasTan an erovnuli ansaerTaSoriso SromiTi bazris funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebulcnebas~.5754 Hania Zlotnik, Empirical identification of international migration systems, ix. krebulSi International Migration Systems: A Global Approach. eds. M. Kritz, Lean Lim and H. Zlotnik, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.55 Frank N. Pieke, Introduction: Chinese and European Perspectives on Migration, krebulSi Internaland International Migration: Chinese Perspectives. eds.: N. Frank, Pieke and Hein Mallee, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999.56 Frank N. Pieke Recent Trends in Chinese Migration to Europe: Fujianese Migration in Perspective. IOM Migration Research Series, # 6, 2002. gv. 31.57 iqve.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 81

4.8.2. postmodernistuli nomadizmi58bolo wlebSi Catarebulma kvlevam saerTaSoriso migraciisSesaxeb warmoadgina empiriuli Sedegebi, romlebic migracias arganixilaven aRiarebuli formebis konteqstSi, anu `grZelvadiani~,`iZulebiTi~, `transnacionaluri~, an `cirkularuli~ migracia. esSedegebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom bevr SemTxvevaSi rTulia migrantebiswarmodgena migraciis sistemebis an qselebis, an erovnuli SromiTibazrebis cnobil konteqstSi. maTi aRqma unda moxdes im ekonomikurisaqmianobisa da socialuri qselebis pirobebSi, romlebic ramdenimeqveyanaze vrceldeba. braidotis59 SemuSavebulma momTabareobissubieqtis cnebam farTo diskusia gamoiwvia globalizaciis garemoSimigraciis arsis axsnasTan dakavSirebiT, anu migraciis interpretaciaunda moxdes ara mxolod saimigracio nakadebis konteqstSi, aramedaxal da kompleqsur identobaTa konteqstSic:`momTabareoba, gadaadgilebaSi cxovreba imas ar niSnavs, romadamians ar SeuZlia an ar surs stabiluri da myari bazis Seqmna imidentobisTvis, romelic mas TemSi funqcionirebis saSualebas mi­cems… momTabareobis cnobiereba imas niSnavs, rom ar xdeba aranairiidentobis, rogorc mudmivi movlenis, aRiareba. momTabare mxolodgadaadgildeba; is amyarebs saWiro situaciur kavSirebs, romlebicmas gadarCenaSi exmareba, magram is arasdros miiRebs mxolod erTerovnul, fiqsirebul identobas. momTabares pasporti ar gaaCnia –an ramdenime aqvs.~60postmodernistuli nomadizmi gulisxmobs muSaxelis Zalze moqnilda mobilur saerTaSoriso gadaadgilebas, romlis waxaliseba xSiradmTavrobebis mier xdeba, mag., globaluri mobiluri elita. xandaxanmomTabareebis gadaadgilebebi saerTod ignorirebulia, zogierTSemTxvevaSi ki, mTavrobebis mier aqtiurad idevneba, rogorc es xdebamoqnili, aralegaluri imigranti muSaxelis SemTxvevaSi.`Tanamedrove epoqaSi diplomatebis, politikosebis, mxatvrebis,kapitalistebisa da mecnierebis axali klasebi sxvadasxva qveynebsSoris ise martivad gadaadgildebian, rogorc es adre mefeebisada generlebis SemTxvevaSi xdeboda. Cvens epoqaSi es sia gaizarda,radganac globaluri mmarTvelobis axali modeli saWiroebsmuSaxelis ufro meti kategoriis gadaadgilebas da ufro xangrZliviperiodiT darCenas, vidre es xdeboda XX saukunis bolo 25 wlisganmavlobaSi, transnacionaluri korporaciebisa da saerTaSoriso58 (berZn. Nomas momTabare) - dauokebeli ltolva momTabareobisa da xetialisadmi. cxovrebis momTabare wesi.59 Rosi Braidotti, Nomadic Subjects, NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1994.60 iqve, gv. 33.82 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saagentoebis pirobebSi. (…) globaluri momTabare agentebis axalisaxeobebi gamoCnda (…).~61erTi adamiani SeiZleba ramdenime adgilas sxvadasxva dros muSaobdes,sxvadasxva samuSao hqondes, sxvadasxva dokuments iyenebdes da arfiqrobdes saimigracio statusze, da saerTod, SeiZleba mTelimsoflio hqondes movlili. saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikaadasturebs droebiTi migraciis maCveneblis zrdas.postmodernistuli momTabareoba bevri qveynis saimigraciopoli­tik­isTvis gamowvevas warmoadgens. es exeba Temis an eriswevrobis tradiciul cnebasac da sakanonmdeblo sistemis xelmi­sawvdomobasac.62 kvlevaze dayrdnobiT,63 duveli amtkicebs, rom amti­pis migranti individualurad iRebs gadawyvetilebas wasvlasada daniSnulebis qveyanasTan dakavSirebiT, ojaxis wevrebi ki amaSinaklebad erevian. migrantebis gadawyvetileba garkveulwilad damo­kidebulia im garemoze, romlis formirebac xdeba imigrac­iulikanonmdeblobis Sesabamisad. Tu procesi rTuli an xangrZlivia, isiniar midian im qveyanaSi an cdiloben Tavi aaridon kanons. maTi migraciismizezebi, rogoricaa sxvaoba xel­fasebSi an maTi adamianuri kapitalisganviTareba, msgavsia migraciis sxva saxeobebis mizezebisa, magrampostmodernistuli momTabareobis Teorias aqvs erTi specifikuriTviseba, romelic migraciis axsnis dros, garkveulwilad, gamowvevaswarmoadgens sxva Teoriuli koncefciebisTvis. postmodernistulimomTabarisTvis Camoyalibebul eTnikur TemebSi damkvidreba daintegracia problemas ar warmoadgens. am kuTxiT transnacionalurbiznesSi gzavnilebi an investiciebi ar warmoadgens prioritets,vinaidan maTi kavSiri TemebTan an warmoSobis qveynebTan ar arismWidro. saxlis tradiciuli ganmarteba moSlilia. postmod­er­nistuli momTabareebi komfortulad grZnoben Tavs nebismieradgilas, sadac maT garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi mouwevTcxovreba; isini integracias axdenen msgavsi statusis mqoneadgilobriv socialur klasTan, romelic kosmopolituri dakulturuli hibridizmis midgomebs iziarebs.64am migrantebis gadaadgilebasTan dakavSirebuli qselebis Camo­ya­libeba xdeba dasaqmebis saagentoebis, specializebuli onlain­rekl­ amis, megobrebis/kolegebis da a.S. meSveobiT. ekonomikuri61 Jordan and Düvell, Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice, gv. 83.62 iqve.63 Frank Düvell, Global migration, Global Labour markets and migration systems. Empirical evidence from qualitative research. Talk given at the European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24-27 marti 2004.64 Nicos Papastergiadis, Tracing Hybridity in Theory. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism. P. Werbner, T. Modood, London: ZedBooks, 1997, gv. 257-281.მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 83

mosa­zrebebi warmoadgenen dominantur cvladebs gadawyvetilebismiRebis procesSi. am SemTxvevaSi wamaxalisebeli motivi arismigraciasTan dakavSirebuli ekonomikuri mogeba. yvelaze didimniSvneloba eniWeba sabazro pirobebs da SesaZleblobebs, biznesebs,xelfasebs, prestiJs. geografiuli da kulturuli mosazrebebimeorexarisxovania. sivrculi erTeulebis (qveynebi, aglomeraciebi,adgilebi) Seswavla sabazro perspeqtividan xdeba da fasdebakonkurentuli kriteriumebis mixedviT. qveyana ganixileba, rogorckonkurenti erTeuli globalur bazarze da adamiani midis iq, sadacmeti sargeblis miRebaa mosalodneli. msoflio aRiqmeba rogorcglobaluri SromiTi bazris konkurenciis adgili/saTamaSo moedani,romelzec TamaSoben individebi.nomadizmi viTardeba droTa ganmavlobaSi misTvis momzadebiT, qvey­nis SigniT mobilobiT an/da masze miCvevis gziT. momTabare migrantebiTavianT ambiciebs garkveul periodze gaTvliT aviTareben. amav­droulad, mudmivad adevneben Tvals `bazarze arsebul mdgo­ma­reobas~ da arian mzadyofnaSi, rom moaxdinon reagireba cval­ ebadmoTxovnebze an saimedo SeTavazebebze moklevadian perio­dSi.migr­antebis es saxeoba im axali, istoriuli, specifikuri glo­baluri migraciis sistemis gamoCenas gamoxatavs, romelic glo­balizaciis pirobebSi mimdinare migraciis procesebisTvis arisdamaxasiaTebeli, da romelSic yalibdeba inovaciuri biografiebida identobebi. klasikuri midgomiT, rTulia am individebis `imi­grantebad“ warmodgena. ufro upriania vTqvaT, rom es individebixelmZRvaneloben bazarze garkveul periodSi arsebuli maTTvisxelsayreli pirobebiT. amrigad, postmodernistuli momTabareobawarmoadgens damoukidebeli migraciis sistemas.65 kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ratom aris mniSvnelovani migraciis ganmarteba?2. aris Tu ara SesaZlebeli migraciis ganmarteba erTi, magram yovlism­ omcveli, Teoriis meSveobiT? daasabuTeT Tqveni pasuxi.3. ras niSnavs migraciis sxvadasxva doneze gaanalizeba? ra saxis (donis) analizi aris TqvenTvis cnobili?65 F. Düvell, Global migration, Global Labour markets and migration systems. Empirical evidence from qualitative research.84 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

4. ratom gaxSirda bolo xanebSi migraciis mamoZravebeli faqtorebis modelebisa da neoklasikuri midgomis kritika, romlebic didxans miiCneodnen revoluciur Teoriebad? warmoadgineT amasTan dakavSirebiT Tqveni mosazrebebi.5. ra rols TamaSobs samigracio da socialuri qselebi migra­ ciasTan dakavSirebul gadawyvetilebebSi?6. migraciis romeli Teoriebis samizne obieqtia migranti (individi)? bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. 1. Albert Kralerand, Irene Stacher, Austria – Migration and Asylum Patterns and Policies in the 19th and 20th Century, ix. krebulSi International Migration, Problems – Prospects – Policies, Historische Sozialkunde/Special Issue, 2002;2. Alejandro Portes, Economic Sociology and the Sociology of Immigration: A Conceptual Overview, ix. krebulSi The Economic Sociology of Immigration. Essays on Networks, Ethnicity, and Entrepreneurship, ed. Alejandro Portes, New York: 1995;3. Alejandro Portes, Globalization from Below: The Rise of Transnational Communities, Princeton University, 1997, http://bit.ly/2ut8Put;4. Andreas Jahn and Thomas Straubhaar: A Survey on the Economic sof Illegal Migration, Working Paper: ManagingMigrationin the 21st Century, Comparative Immigration and Integration Program, Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation, Winter Workshop, University of California, San Diego, 19 – 20 Tebervali, 1998, https://goo.gl/psrcmo;5. Aspasia Papadopoulou, Smuggling into Europe: transit migrants in Greece, Journal of Refugee Studies, tomi 17, # 2, 2004;6. Bill Jordan and Franck Düvell, Irregular migration: the dilemmas of transnational mobility, Cheltenham, 2002;7. Bill Jordan and Franck Düvell, Migration: The Boundaries of Equality and Justice, Cambridge: Polity, 2003;8. Caroline B. Brettell and James F. Hollifield, Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, Routledge; 2nd edition, 2007;მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 85

9. Caroline Brettell and James Hollifield, Migration Theory: Talking across Disciplines, 2nd edition, Routledge, 2007;10. D. S. Massey, J. Arango, G. Hugo, A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegrino and E. Taylor, Theories of international migration: a review and appraisal, Population and Development Review #19 (3), 1993;11. Douglas S. Massey et al., Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal, ix. krebulSi Theories of Migration, ed. Robin Cohen, Cheltenham, 1996;12. Douglas S. Massey, Why Does Immigration Occur? A Theoretical Synthesis. ix. krebulSi The Handbook of International Migration: The American Experience, ed. C. Hirschman, P. Kasinitz, and J. DeWind. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 1999;13. Everett S. Lee, A Theory of Migration, Demography, tomi 3(1), 1966;14. Franck Düvell, Global migration, Global Labour markets and migration systems. Empirical evidence from qualitative research. Talk given at the European Social Science History Conference, Berlin, 24-27 marti, 2004;15. Frank N. Pieke, Introduction: Chinese and European Perspectives on Migration, ix. krebulSi Internaland International Migration: Chinese Perspectives, ed: Frank N. Pieke and Hein Mallee, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon, 1999;16. Frank N. Pieke, Recent Trends in Chinese Migration to Europe: Fujianese Migration in Perspective. IOM Migration Research Series, # 6, 2002;17. Georg Elwert, Unternehmerische Illegale. Zieleund Organisation eneinesunterschätzten Typsillegaler Einwanderer (Entrepreneurial Illegals. Goals and organisation of an underestimated type of illegal immigrants), ix. krebulSi: IMIS Beiträge Heft 19/2002, HG: Vorstanddes Instituts für Migrations for schungund Interkulturelle Studien (IMIS) ander Universität Osnabrück, Osnabrück 2002;18. George J. Borjas, Economic Theory and International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration Review, tomi 23, #3, 1989;19. Gunnar Malmberg, Time and Space in International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration, Immobility and Development. Multidisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Thomas Hammar, Grete Brochmann, Kristof Tamas and Thomas Faist, Oxford – New York: 1997;20. Harald W. Ledererund, Axel Nickel, Illegale Ausländerbeschäftigunginder Bundes­ republik Deutschland (Illegal Employment of Foreigners in the Federal Republic of Germany), Electroniced.: Bonn, FES Library 2000. http://bit.ly/2w2xsuE;86 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

21. Hein de Haas, What drives human migration?, 2013. https://goo.gl/upYpN4;22. International Organization for Migration (IOM), World Migration 2003, An Overview of International Migration, https://goo.gl/AijZfx;23. Ivan Light, Parminder Bhachu, Stavros Karageorgis, Migration Networks and Immigrant Entrepreneurship, http://www.sscnet.ucla.edu/issr/paper/issr51.pdf;24. J. R. Harris and M. P. Todaro, Migration, unemployment and development: a two sector model, American Economic Review, #60, 1970;25. Jeff Crisp, Policy challenges of the new diasporas: migrant networks and their impact on asylum flows and regimes, WPTC-99-05. http://bit.ly/2utDpjh;26. Jessica Hagen-Zanker, Why do people migrate? A review of the theoretical literature, Maastricht Graduate School of Governance, 2008. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/28197/1/2008WP002;27. Joaquin Arango, Theories of International Migration, ix. krebulSi International Migration in the New Millennium. Global Movement and Settlement, ed. Daniele Joly, Ashgate, 2004;28. Kevin Robbins, Spaces of Global Media, http://bit.ly/2z3xI0D;29. L. A. Sjaastad, The costs and returns of human migration, Journal of Political Economy, tomi 70, #5, 1962;30. M. P. Todaro, Internal migration in developing countries. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1976;31. Mary M. Kritz, Lin Lean Lim, Hania Zlotnik, International Migration Systems: A Global Approach, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992;32. Michael J. Piore, Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979;33. Michael J. Piore, Birds of Passage: Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1979;34. Nikos Papastergiadis, Tracing Hybridity in Theory. Debating Cultural Hybridity: Multi-Cultural Identities and the Politics of Anti-Racism. London: ZedBooks, 1997.35. Nina Glick Schiller, Linda Basch and Cristina Blanc-Szanton, Transnationalism: A New Analytic Framework for Understanding Migration. ix. krebulSi Migration, Diasporas and Transnationalism. The International Library of Studies on Migration, ed: S. Vertovec and R. Cohen. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing;მიგრაციის ძირითადი თეორიების მიმოხილვა 87

36. Oded Stark, The Migration of Labor, Cambridge, MA, Basic Blackwell, 1991;37. Oded Stark, J. Edward Taylor, Migration incentives, migration types: the role of relative deprivation, Economic Journal, tomi 101, # 408, seqtemberi 1991;38. Oxford dictionary on-line, https://goo.gl/ncKWU2;39. Pál Nyiri, The „New Migrant“: State and Market Constructions of Modernity and Patriotism. http://cio.ceu.hu/courses/CIO/modules/Modul01Nyiri/print.html;40. Peder J. Pedersen, Mariola Pytlikova and Nina Smith, Selection or Network Effects? Migration Flows in 27 OECD Countries, 1990 – 2000, Institute for the Study of Labor, IZA DP #. 1104, 2004;41. R.D. Grillo, Transnational Migration and Multiculturalism in Europe, 2001, http://www.transcomm.ox.ac.uk/working%20papers/WPTC-01-08%20Grillo.pdf;42. Roel Jennissen, Economic determinants of international netmigration in Europe, EPC 2001 Population Conference, Helsinki, Finland, 7-9 ivnisi 2001;43. Rosi Braidotti, Nomadic Subjects, NewYork: Columbia University Press, 1994;44. Russel King, Theories and Typologies of Migration: an Overview and a Primer, Malmo University, 2012;45. Stephen Castles and Mark J. Miller, The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World, 3rd edition, Basingstoke: Macmillan Publishing, 2003;46. Stephen Castles and Sean Loughna, Trends in Asylum Migration to Industrialized Countries, 1990 – 2001, UNU-WIDER, konferencia siRaribis, saerTaSo­ riso migraciisa da TavSesafris Sesaxeb, helsinki, 27-28 seqtemberi 2002 w., samuSao versia, 22 agvisto, 2002 w.;47. UNDESA, OECD. World Migration in numbers, https://goo.gl/GE2bcJ.88 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

5. migraciis istoriagiorgi jaSimigraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis samdivno5.1. Sesavalimigracia Cveni cxovrebiseuli ciklis ganuyofeli nawilia da mniSvne­lovan rols asrulebs kacobriobis istoriaSi. adamianis evoluciazesaubari SeuZlebelia migraciisgan damoukideblad, radgan sworedmudmivi gadaadgilebisas SeZlo man dedamiwis aTviseba, siaxleebisaRmoCena, mravalferovani kulturuli kerebis daarseba dasakuTari civilizaciis ganviTareba. dapyrobiTi omebi, samecnieromogzaurobebi, kolonialuri eqspediciebi, bunebrivi Tu ekonomikurikataklizmebisgan TavdaRwevis mcdelobebi, yovelive es migraciuliprocesebia, ris Sesaxebac iwereba istoria. Soreul warsulSi afrikissiRrmidan dawyebuli da CrdiloeT naxevarsferosken mimarTuliadamianis odisea XX saukuneSi dedamiwis farglebs gascda da sxvaplanetaTa kolonizaciis grZelvadiani perspeqtivis nawilad iqca.istoriaze saubrisas yovelTvis unda gvaxsovdes, ra gavlenas axdensmasze migracia da ramdenad aucilebelia am fenomenis istoriulimniSvnelobis gaazreba.winamdebare Tavis mizania, mkiTxvels zogadi informacia miawodoskacobriobis istoriisa da migraciuli procesebis urTierTkavSirze.msoflio masStabiT Catarebuli istoriuli eqskursi1 moicavs:preistoriul periods (qveTavi 1), antikur xanas (qveTavi 2),Suasaukuneebs (qveTavi 3), didi mogzaurobebis epoqas (qveTavi 4), XIX-XX saukuneebis globalur movlenebsa (qveTavi 5) da cifrebSi asaxulmagaliTebs uaxlesi istoriidan (qveTavi 6). amasTan, TiToeuliperiodis Sesaxeb istoriuli movlenebi isea Tavmoyrili, romTematurad da qronologiurad dajgufdes migraciuli procesebisganviTarebis etapebi da warmoCindes maTi gamomwvevi mizezebi:bunebrivi movlenebi da axali teritoriebis aTviseba, dapyrobiTiomebi, mogzaurobebi da samxedro eqspansia, industrializacia da1 aseve ix. am Tavis 5.9.1 qveTavi `migraciuli procesebisa da istoriuli movlenebis qronologia“; eqskursis Sedgenisas gamoyenebulia jeremi bleqisa (msoflio isto- riis atlasi (mesame gamocema, 2008 w.)) da rasel qingis (adamianis migraciis atlasi (2007 w.)) (ix. qvemoT) gamocemebi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 89

SromiTi migracia, ekonomikuri krizisi da axali msoflio wesrigi.msgavsad, magram calkea ganxiluli saqarTveloSi migraciis istoriapreistoriuli xanidan dRemde (qveTavi 7). am qveTavSi mTavari aqcentigakeTebulia XX saukunis ZiriTad migraciul tendenciebze, asevesaqarTvelo-evrokavSiris urTierTobebsa da am bazaze ganviTarebulTanamedrove migraciul procesebze.5.2. preistoriuli migraciarogorc aRiniSna, migracia mWidrod ukavSirdeba kacobriobis isto­rias da mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs masSi. istoriul WrilSi,sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT adamianTa jgufebis kargad gamokveTiligadaadgileba SeiniSneba jer kidev preistoriul xanaSi. mecnierTavaraudiT, Tanamedrove adamianis adreuli winapari2 daaxloebiT200,000 wlis winaT saxlobda aRmosavleT afrikaSi.3 iaraRis warmoebaSidaxe­lovnebulma am adreulma monadire-Semgroveblebma, romelTachqondaT gamarTuli komunikaciisa da Sekrul jgufebad Camoyalibebisuna­rebi, warmatebiT SeZles axal teritoriebze migrireba, dasaxlebada, faqtobrivad, mTeli dedamiwis kolonizacia jer kidev 30,000 wliswinaT.4gamyinvarebis ukanaskneli periodis miwuruls,5 SedarebiT ganviTa­rebuli primitiuli sayofacxovrebo teqnologiebis gamoyenebiTmopovebuli mwiri bunebrivi resursebis xarjze, gaCnda stabiluripirvelyofili dasaxlebebi, TandaTanobiT mzardi geografiuliarealiT. temperaturis matebasa da yinulis dnobasTan erTad,sagrZnob­lad gamdidrda mcenareuli safari da cxovelTa sam­yaro.sakvebi produqtebis siuxvis kvaldakval izrdeboda mosaxleo­­bac, romelic Tavisi gastronomiuli moTxovnilebebis dasakma­yofileblad, iZulebuli iyo, axali teritoriebis aTviseba daewyo.6daaxloebiT Zv. w. VIII aTaswleulisaTvis7 axlo aRmosavleTSi gaCnda2 Homo Sapiens – (laTinuridan) gonieri adamiani.3 Michael H. Fisher, Migration: A World History, NY: The New Oxford World History, Oxford University Press, 1st edition, 2014, gv. 2.4 Russell King, Atlas of Human Migration, New York: Firefly Books (U.S.) Inc., 2007, gv. 20-21.5 20,000 kalendaruli wlis win – N. Ray, and J. M. Adams, A GIS-based Vegetation Map of the World at the Last Glacial Maximum (25,000–15,000 BP), Internet Archaeology, 2001, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/Z6oXi7.6 Zv. w. 9,000 w. Richard W. Bulliet, Pamela Kyle Crossley, Daniel R. Headrick, Steven W. Hirsch, Lyman L. Johnson, David Northrup, The Earth and its Peoples: a Global History, Advanced Placement Edition, Third edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, New York, 2006. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003113993, gv. 5-12. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/NzF9fc.7 iqve.90 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

monadire-SemgrovebelTa jgufebis mudmivi dasaxlebani. isini eqspe­rimentis saxiT aSenebdnen Sinaur cxovelebs da safuZvels uyridnenadreuli miwaTmoqmedebis formebs.8pirvel migrantTa talRa afrikis kontinentidan, savaraudod,75,000 wlis9 winaT daiZra (ix. ruka 1). maTi nakadi sanapiro zolismimarTulebiT axlo aRmosavleTis gavliT, samxreT aziaSi ki Sri-lankisa da indoneziis marSrutiT, avstraliaSi gaemarTa. masobrivimigraciis meSveobiT kontinentTa aTviseba SegviZlia eqvs ZiriTadmimarTulebad davyoT:1. CrdiloeTi da dasavleTi afrika: afrikis naklebad stumarT­ moyvare sivrceebSi, rogoricaa Tundac tropikuli junglebi, adreuli adamiani 35,000 wlis winaT dasaxlda. ufro mdgradi dasaxlebani, samosaxlo kulturis pirvelyofili elementebiT, gaCnda Zv. w. X aTaswleulisaTvis,10 nilosisa11 da nigeris12 velebze, rasac mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli Tevzisa da gareuli xorbleuli kulturebis iq arsebulma maragma. momTabare monadire– Semgroveblebi aqtiurad migrirebdnen naxevrad damSral savanasa da did afrikul udabnoebSi;2. samxreT-aRmosavleTi azia: ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis perio­ dis dasasruls sagrZnoblad aiwia wylis donem, ramac gaamra­ valf­ erovna sakvebi mcenareebis, cxovelebisa da zRvis produq­ tebis saxeobebi. aziis binadar monadire-SemgrovebelTa jgu­ febis umetesoba sanapiro zolis gaswvriv an mdinaris Sesar­ TavebTan saxldeboda, radgan maTi racioni ZiriTadad zRvis produqtebisagan Sedgeboda. magaliTad, jomonis13 xalxma, romelmac Zv. w. X aTaswleulisaTvis msoflioSi pirvelad daiwyo Tixis damuSaveba, kargad aiTvisa Tevzis sagazafxulo maragi iaponiis kunZul honsiuze da iq damkvidrda;3. dasavleTi azia: israelSi, qafzexis (Qafzeh) gamoqvabulSi aRmo­ Cenili uadresi samarxi daaxloebiT 100,000 wlisaa.14 Zv. w. XIII aTaswleulisaTvis vadi en–natufsa (Wadi an-Natuf ) da dRevandeli israelis teritoriaze mcxovrebi xalxi intensiurad amuSavebda8 Carl Roebuck, The World of Ancient Times, NY: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1966. Library of Congress, Catalog Card Number: 65-27244, gv. 11.9 Fisher, Migration: A World History, gv. 5.10 Mortimer Chambers, Raymond Grew, David Herlihy, Theodore K. Rabb, Isser Woloch, Eugine Rice, The Western Experience, 4th edition, Alfred A. Knopf, INC. 1987, New York Library of Congress, gv. 4-5.11 dRevandeli egviptis teritoria.12 dasavleT afrikis teritoria (gana, mali, nigeri, benini, nigeria da a.S.).13 Junko Habu, Ancient Jomon of Japan, Cambridge University Press, 2004.14 Paul Pettitt, The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial, Kentuky: Routlege publisher, 2013, gv. 63.მიგრაციის ისტორია 91

miwas, mohyavda, agrovebda da inaxavda gareuli xorblis pirvelyofil jiSebs;154. avstraliis miwaze pirvelma imigrantma fexi 60,000 wlis winaT dadga. zRvis donis dawevis miuxedavad, im droisaTvis avstralia ar dakavSirebia samxreT-aRmosavleT azias, rac niSnavs, rom pirvel mosaxleebs mouxdaT daaxloebiT 60-kilometriani manZilis navebiTa da tivebiT gadalaxva. Tavdapirveli dasaxlebebi ganTavsdnen kontinentis sanapiro zolis gaswvriv, Tumca, gviani gamyinvarebis periodis dasasruls16 zRvis donis awevam isini, rogorc pirvelyofili ekomigrantebi,17 aiZula materikis siRrmeSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen;5. evropa: adamiani am teritoriaze 45,000 wlis winaT dasaxlda.18 yinuliT moculma CrdiloeTma Seaferxa evropis eqspansia, Tumca gaamyara pirvel mosaxleTa erToba, ganaviTara TviTgadarCenis instinqtebi da mniSvnelovnad daxvewa cxovrebis primitiuli teqnologiebi. klimatis daTbobasTan erTad, rig regionebSi adamiani mTeli wlis ganmavlobaSi cxovrobda, sxvagan ki sezonurad migrirebda;196. amerika: ivaraudeba, rom cimbiridan, e.w. beringis saxmeleTo xidiT (beringia), an Tanamedrove gansazRvrebiT migraciuli koridoriT,20 adamianma amerikis kontinentze 15,000 wlis winaT SeaRwia, Tumca winsvlas aferxebda kordilierebisa da laurentidis farTo, yinulovani barieri. yinulis dnobasTan erTad, Zv. w. XII aTaswleulisaTvis21 adamianma moaxerxa samxreTiT gadaadgileba da dRevandeli samxreT amerikis teritoriaze dasaxleba. CrdiloeT amerikaSi mobinadre aborigenebma ki gansakuTrebul warmatebebs miaRwies nadirobis sferoSi da sakuTari poziciebi ganamtkices am arealSi.15 Ofer Bar-Yosef, The Natufian Culture in the Levant, Threshold to the Origins of Agriculture (PDF), Evolu- tionary Anthropology 6 (5), 1998, gv. 159–177. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. https://goo.gl/Sw1W3t.16 ukanaskneli gamyinvarebis periodad mecnierebi miiCneven 110,000–12,000 wlis winan- del drois monakveTs. piks ki am periodma miaRwia daaxloebiT 22,000 wlis winaT (ix. me-5 sqolio).17 ix. migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. www.migration. commission.ge18 Jean Manco, Ancestral Journeys – The Peopling of Europe from the First Venturers to the Vikings, Re- vised and updated, Themes and Hudson, 2013, gv. iii.19 Fisher, Migration: A World History, gv. 6.20 ix. qvemoT 5.7 qveTavi.21 King, Atlas of Human Migration, gv. 23.92 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ruka 1. preistoriuli adamianis migraciis marSrutebi 200000 homo sapiensi homo neardertaneli homo erektusiamrigad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom preistoriuli adamianis migraciaorma ZiriTadma faqtorma ganapiroba: klimaturma pirobebma dagastronomiul moTxovnilebaTa dakmayofilebis aucileblobam.orive maTgani erTaderT mizans – TviTgadarCenas ukavSirdeba.amitomac, marTebuli iqneba, swored migracia miviCnioT ganmsazRvrelfaqtorad adamianisa da adamianuri kulturis evoluciaSi.5.3. antikuri xanagamyinvarebis Semdgom, gacilebiT keTilganwyobil garemoSi,adamianma daxvewa miwaTmoqmedebisa da mecxoveleobis primitiuliformebi, ramac Zv. w. VII aTaswleulisaTvis mas saSualeba misca, myaradmoekidebina fexi dasavleT aziis vrcel teritoriebze. momdevno5,000 wlis ganmavlobaSi soflis meurneobis dinamikur progresTanerTad viTardeboda migraciuli procesebic da izrdeboda mudmivdasaxlebaTa areali. erT dros martivi samosaxlo teritoriebi moklexanSi gadaiqca qalaqebad, sakuTari ierarqiuli wesebiT, ekonomikurida religiuri niSan-TvisebebiTa da cxovrebis individualurinormebiT. Zv. w. 2500 wlisaTvis amgvari tipis qalaqebi da maTirgvliv Tanmimdevrulad ganviTarebadi wvrili dasaxlebebis qseliCamoyalibda sam ZiriTad centrSi:22 nilosis velze, SuamdinareTsa23 da22 `Zveli aRmosavleTis xalxTa istoria~, meore gadamuSavebuli gamocema, 1988 w. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriis, arqeologiisa da eTnografiis instituti. gv. 53-54.23 dRevandeli erayis, quveiTis, siriis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi, TurqeTis samxreT-aR- mosavleTi da iranis samxreT-dasavleTi teritoriebi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 93

indis velze.24 adreul megapolisebSi mzard komunalur moTxovnaTasapasuxod aRmocenebulma mewarmeobam xeli Seuwyo vaWrobis gaCenas daSemdgom ganviTarebas. savaWro kontaqtebs ki Tan sdevda kulturuligavlenis gavrcoba da urTierTobebis gaRrmaveba migraciis xarjze.25antikuri samyaros qalaqebsa da saxelmwifoebs Soris daundobelmametoqeobam da momTabare tomebis gauTavebelma TavdasxmebmadasavleT aziaSi daamkvidra vasalitetisa da kontrolis gardamavalipraqtika. am droisaTvis asirielebma Seqmnes msoflioSi pirvelididi imperia (Zv. w. 900-612 ww.),26 romelsac marTavdnen maSindeliuaxlesi teqnologiuri miRwevebis saSualebiT. amavdroulad, SormanZilebze gadaWimul savaWro-ekonomikur marSrutebze mosaxleobisgaaqtiurebulma migraciam ganavrco politikuri da kulturuligavlena evropasa da xmelTaSua zRvis mimdebare teritoriebze. Zv.w.daaxloebiT 50027 wels daiwyo e.w. dasavluri civilizaciis yvelazemniSvnelovani periodi - klasikuri berZnuli xana. mas gansakuTrebuliroli ekisreboda evropuli politikuri institutebis, xelovnebis,arqiteqturis, filosofiisa da Tanmdevi migraciuli procesebisganviTarebis saqmeSi.bunebrivi kataklizmebisgan gadarCenisa da soflis meurneobisganviTarebisaTvis axal teritoriebze dasasaxleblad dawyebulmamigraciam sagrZnobi evolucia ganicada da radikalurad icvala saxe.ganviTarebis adreuli etapis Semdgom safexurze migraciis erT-erTmTavar mizezad - vaWrobasa da sameurneo miwebis aTvisebasTan erTad- dapyrobiTi omebic iqca. iZulebiT damorCilebul teritoriebzevrceldeboda imperiis iurisdiqcia, aseve, religiuri da kulturulinormebi; icvleboda migraciuli politikac – aqtiurdeboda danawilobriv ioldeboda kidec mimosvla28 erTi saxelmwifos far­glebSi gaerTianebul xalxebs Soris. Zv. w. IV saukuneSi aleqsandremakedonelma29 berZen meomrebTan erTad dalaSqra30 egvipte, Suamdi­nareTi, hindiyuSi,31 indoeTis dasavleTi sazRvrebi da daimorCilamsoflioSi yvelaze Zlieri aqemeniduri iranis imperia.24 dRevandeli indoeTis, pakistanisa da avRaneTis teritoriebi.25 John P. McKay, Bennett D. Hill, John Buckler, Clare Haru Crowston, Merry E. Wiesner-Hanks, A History of World Societies, Boston: 9th edition, 2004, gv. 2-32.26 dRevandeli CrdiloeTi erayi, Crdilo-aRmosavleTi siria, samxreT-aRmosavleTi TurqeTi. Mortimer Chambers et al., The Western Experience, gv. 31-32.27 iqve, gv. 72-82.28 ix. qvemoT 5.9.2 qveTavi.29 makedoniis mmarTveli, Zv. w. 356-323 ww.30 Zv.w. 336-323 ww. Mortimer Chambers et al., gv. 85-86.31 dRevandeli centraluri avRaneTisa da CrdiloeT pakistanis teritoria.94 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinare samxedro kampaniis Sedegad, aleqsan­drem SeZlo kosmopolituri civilizaciis daarseba, romlis drosacelinizmma Rrmad gaidga fesvebi dasavleT aziis saxelmwifoTakulturebSi. ramdenime elinurma32 saxelmwifom Cv. w. I saukunemdeiarseba, xolo berZnuli, rogorc ZiriTadi ena, dasavleT aziis mravalsaxelmwifoSi SenarCunda VIII-IX saukuneebamde. makedonelis mierdaarsebuli iseTi qalaqebi, rogoricaa: aleqsandria,33qandahari,34taSkenti35 da sxvebi dResac arsebobs. aleqsandres mimdevarma xalxebmagaiyvanes savaWro gzebi da xmelTaSuazRvispireTi daukavSiresaRmosavleT afrikas, indoeTsa da azias. amasTan, makedonelissamxedro eqspediciebs SegviZlia davukavSiroT migraciul procesTaerTgvari `struqturizaciac~, rac gulisxmobs xalxis e.w. SromiTi -cirkularuli migraciis pirvandeli formebis ganviTarebas imperiisSigniT. amis magaliTad gamodgeba dapyrobili erebis mosaxleobidandakontraqtebul meomarTa an saeqspedicio saqmisTvis gamosadegisxva sferoebis specialistTa droebiTi monawileoba (ZiriTadadnebayoflobiT) Soreul samxedro laSqrobebSi. mniSvnelovanwiladamgvar migrantTa mier dagrovili nadavlis investirebis36 xarjzemomZlavrdnen maTi warmoSobis qveynebi, romlebic mogvianebiT,aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg daSlil imperias damoukidebelteritoriul erTeulebad gamoeyvnen.Cv. w. I saukunisaTvis 250-milioniani saerTo mosaxleobis naxevaricxovrobda sam ZiriTad imperiaSi:37 romi,38 parTia39 da hanis CineTi.40Tu amas davamatebT CrdiloeT indoeTisa da samxreT-aRmosavleTaziis ganviTarebad imperiebs, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom urbanulicivilizaciebi moicavda mTel antikur samyaros, romelsac dasavle­TiT iberiis naxevarkunZulidan aRmosavleTiT koreamde garsuvlidnen momTabare mecxvareebi, miwaTmoqmedebi da monadireSemgrovebeli tomebi. Zv. w. I saukuneSi indoeTis okeanis gaswvriv e.w.abreSumisa41 da musonuri42 savaWro gzis43 (ix. ruka 2) daarsebam ganapi­roba imperiaTa Soris uprecedento kavSirebis damyareba, migraciuli32 moicavs antikuri saberZneTis xanas.33 dRevandeli egvipte.34 dRevandeli avRaneTi.35 dRevandeli uzbekeTi.36 SedarebisTvis aseve ix. 5.7 qveTavi.37 Jeremy Black, World History Atlas, 3rd edition, A Penguin Company Ltd., 2008, gv. 42.38 Zv. w. 27 w. – Cv. w. 476 w.39 Zv. w. 247 w. – Cv. w. 224 w.40 Zv. w. 206 w. – Cv. w. 220 w.41 6,437 km. sigrZis savaWro gza Seiqmna hanis CineTis mmarTvelobis periodSi, romel- mac erTmaneTTan daakavSira azia, afrika da evropa (daaxloebiT Zv. w. 114 - Cv. w. 1450 w.).42 musonuri qarebi aiolebda da aCqarebda gemebis gadaadgilebas indoeTis okeaneSi, gadahyavda vaWrebi da gadahqonda saqoneli sxvadasxva qveyanaSi.43 SedarebisTvis aseve ix. am Tavis 5.7 qveTavi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 95

procesebis gaaqtiureba da religiur-kulturuli gavlenis gavrcoba.paralelurad, sxva kontinentze, peruSi, viTardeboda nazkasa damoCes kulturebi, xolo meqsikis qalaqi teotihuakani mzad iyo,msoflio megapolisad qceuliyo.44ruka 2. abreSumisa (wiTlad) da musonuri (lurjad) gzebi (Cv. w. dasawyisi) evropa irani CineTixmelTaSua zRva arabeTi indoeTi egviptesomali indoeTis okeane iavaCv. w. 500 wlisaTvis antikuri samyaros civilizaciebi ise dasustdnen,rom mxolod sasaniduri iranisa da aRmosavleT romis imperiebigadarCnen. es ukanaskneli ZiriTadad goTebisa da sxva germanelixalxebis samxedro daxmarebas eyrdnoboda da aqtiurad ibirebdasakuTar sajariso SenaerTebSi. gaiolebuli saimigracio politikisxarjze maT myarad moikides fexi romis imperiaSi, daaarses mcireqalaqi-saxelmwifoebi da asimilirdnen adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan.Zveli samyaros imperiaTa ngrevis paralelurad, ayvavebas iwyebdacentraluri amerikis – teotihuakanis,45 maiasa46 da zapoteqis47 urba­nuli civilizaciebi. Cv. w. I saukuneSi warmatebuli masStaburisamxedro kampaniebisa da sxvadasxva wvril-wvrili tomobrivi gaerTia­nebis damorCilebis xarjze mniSvnelovnad dawinaurda da migrantTa44 Encyclopedia Britannica, nanaxia 14.11.2016 w. www.britannica.com/place/Teotihuacan45 dRevandel meqsikasTan axlos.46 dRevandeli meqsikis samxreT-aRmosavleTi, gvatemala, belizi, hondurasi da el-salvadoris dasavleTi nawili.47 dRevandeli meqsika.96 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

daniSnulebis adgilad iqca sanapiro zolze gadaWimuli moCeskultura peruSi. meqsikaSi ki teotihuakanis giganturi megapolisi,200,000–ze meti mosaxliT, mTeli centraluri amerikis masStabiTakontrolebda obsidianis48 mopovebasa da distribucias.49politikasa da ekonomikasTan erTad, migraciam Zlieri gavlena iqoniaantikur literaturazec.50 kedris tyesa da araamqveyniur samyaroSigilgameSis51 mogzaurobisa da xmelTaSua zRvis kunZulebze troas52omidan53 dabrunebuli odisevsis54 Tavgadasavlis Sesaxeb eposebi,sakuTari filosofiuri arsis miRma sainteresod asaxaven TavisiepoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebel migraciul procesebs. amavdroulad,mdidaria migrantTa Sesaxeb istoriebiT Tavad biblia, sadacaRwerilia abraamis xangrZlivi mogzauroba uridan,55 mosesa daebraeli xalxis gasvla egviptidan, mefe herodesgan Cvili iesosgadarCenis mizniT iosebisa da mariamis emigracia egvipteSi,qristianobis mqadagebelTa mogzauroba romis imperiaSi, pavlemoci­qulis misioneruli saqmianoba da gadasaxlebaSi56 myofi ioaneRvTismetyvelis cxovreba.klimaturi movlenebiT gamowveuli preistoriuli migraciisagangansxvavebiT, antikur xanaSi am process adamianuri faqtoricdaemata. amjerad bunebis konkurentad politika iqca, xolo sakvebismopovebis survils simdidrisa da Zalauflebisken swrafva daemata.5.4. Sua saukuneebimomTabare tomTa Semosevebisgan dasustebulma antikurma samyaromswrafi aRorZineba daiwyo, ris Sedegadac dasavleT aziasa daCineTSi (Cv. w. 500-750 ww.) ori umsxvilesi imperia warmoiqmna: arabul48 vulkanuri warmoSobis minerali (e.w. vulkanuri SuSa). samxreT amerikul kul- turebSi gamoiyeneboda sabrZolo iaraRisa da dekoratiuli nivTebis sawarmoe- blad. Tavisi myari Semadgenlobis wyalobiT, igi didxans gamoiyeneboda myar savaluto resursad.49 Black, World History Atlas, gv. 46.50 aseve, ix. qvemoT 5.8 qveTavSi 115-e sqolio.51 igive bilgameSis eposi - uZvelesi Sumeruli/babilonuri poema (Zv. w. 2150-1400 w.). misi mTavari personaJia uruqis naxevrad miTiuri mefe gilgameSi, romelic cdi- lobs amoxsnas cxovrebis arsi.52 dRevandeli anatolia, Tanamedrove TurqeTis teritoria.53 berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, qalaq troas winaaRmdeg aqavelTa (berZnebi) mier dawyebuli samxedro kampania, mas Semdeg, rac troas ufliswulma parisma moitaca spartis mefis menelaosis meuRle elene.54 iTakas berZeni mefe da homerosis epikuri poemis `odisea~ gmiri.55 Tanamedrove erayis teritoria.56 egeosis zRvaSi, berZnuli kunZuli patmosi.მიგრაციის ისტორია 97

samyaroSi axali religia – islami – damkvidrda. muhamedis57 miersaerTo mrwamsis qveS gaerTianebulma muslimma58amirebma59 Cv. w. 750wlisaTvis indidan espaneTamde ganavrces sakuTari Zalaufleba.60CineTSi ki, momZlavrda tanis dinastia,61 romelic centraluriaziis siRrmeSi SeiWra, iq xangrZlivad gaidga fesvebi da Cinurikultura daamkvidra.62 XI-XIII saukuneebSi evropaSi, vaWrobisa daekonomikuri ganviTarebis paralelurad, daiZaba urTierTobebiislamur samyarosTan. jvarosnuli laSqrobebi,63 dawyebuli wmindamiwis64 dabrunebis surviliT, mTlianobaSi warumateblad dasrulda,Tumca espaneTisa da portugaliis qristianTa mier gaTavisuflebamam qveynebs sagrZnobi progresi moutana.politikur movlenaTa Tanmdevi migraciuli procesebiT ganpi­robebulma kulturaTa daaxloebam da ekonomikurma urTierTobebmaudidesi gavlena iqonia aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi mosaxlesazogadoebaTa ganviTarebaze: muslimi vaWrebi, komerciuli mogebismizniT, dauRalavad mogzaurobdnen indoeTis okeanesa da saharaSi;misionrebi, momlocvelebi, diplomatebi, saxelmwifo moxeleni daubralo mogzaurebi ki aqtiurad gadaadgildebodnen evraziasa daCrdiloeT afrikaSi. dapyrobiTi kampaniebis gamo xalxis masobrivmamigraciam, iZulebiTma Tu nebayoflobiTma kulturaTaSorismaurTierTobebma, aseve vaWrobam da Sor manZilebze mogzaurobam, xeliSeuwyo sasoflo-sameurneo kulturebis, Sinauri cxovelebisa da maTSoris daavadebebis gavrcelebas Zveli samyaros umetes regionebSi.amavdroulad, migraciam gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa kacobriobisaTvisiseTi mniSvnelovani da saintereso disciplinis ganviTarebaSi,rogoricaa kartografia. miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTari migraciulikvalis rukis saxiT gamosaxva adamianma jer kidev antikur xanaSidaiwyo, am mecnierebam mogzaurebisa65 da samxedroTa SemweobiTgansakuTrebul warmatebebs Sua saukuneebSi miaRwia.6657 Cv. w. 570-632 ww. muslimTa wminda wignis yuranis mixedviT alahis ukanaskneli moci- quli, winaswarmetyveli.58 arabulidan islamis mimdevari.59 arabulidan mbrZanebeli, mmarTveli.60 Harry W. Hazard, Atlas of Islamic History, Princeton: 1952, Ira M. Lapidus, A History of Islamic Societies, Cambridge: 1988, Albert Hourani, A History of the Arab People, Harvard: 1991.61 Cv.w. 618–690 ww. da 705–907 ww.62 Denis Twitchet and John K. Fairbank, the Cambridge History of China, tomi 3: Sui and T’ang China, 589-906 AD, Part 1, Cambridge University Press, 1979.63 XI-XIII saukuneebSi evropeli qristianebis mier gamarTuli samxedro kampania. Jonathan Riley-Smith, Atlas of the Crusades, New York and Oxford: 1991; Angus Mackay and David Ditchburn (eds.), Atlas of Medieval Europe, London: 1997; D. Hay, Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries, London: 1966.64 teritoria md. iordanesa da xmelTaSuazRvas Soris. moicavs Tanamedrove israe- lis, palestinis, libanis, siriisa da iordaniis teritoriebs.65 ixileT qvemoT 5.5 qveTavi.66 Jerry Brotton, Great Maps – The world’s masterpieces explored and explained, London and New York: Dorling Kindersley Ltd., and Smithsonian Enterprises, 2014.98 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

5.5. didi mogzaurobebis epoqadapyrobiT omebTan erTad, xalxTa migraciis istoriaSi mniSvnelovaniadgili ukavia msoflio mogzaurobebisa da aRmoCenebis epoqas. Cv. w. IsaukuneSi sami sxvadasxva xalxi dawinaurda okeaneebSi mogzaurobisTvalsazrisiT: vikingebi, arabebi da polinezielebi. vikingmamovaWreebma da mebrZolebma, ruseTis mdinareebiT Sav zRvas miaRwies,atlantikis okeaniT ki – islandiasa da CrdiloeT amerikas.67 VIIIsaukuneSi malakas68 srutis gavliT CineTSi Casulma arabebma gaxsnesSor manZilze sazRvaosno mogzaurobis epoqa da samxreT indoeTisada afrikis sanapiroebs miadgnen.69 amavdroulad, 1200 wlisTvispolinezielebma daasrules wynari okeaneTis kunZulebis didinawilis kolonizacia. aRmoCenaTa am wyebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgiliekuTvnis evropelTa mogzaurobebs. evropuli eqspansiis didi epoqaXVI saukunidan iRebs saTaves, rodesac ramdenime didma saxelmwifomsakuTari kontinenturi sazRvrebidan bevrad Sors ganavrcoZalaufleba. fufunebis sagnebisa da Zvirfasi liTonis maZiebelmamogzaurebma daiwyes axali miwebis aRmoCena, rac, espaneTis mefisfilipe II-is70 msgavsad, sxva monarqebmac Zalauflebis gasamyarebladgamoiyenes. XVI saukunis dasawyisSi CrdiloeTi da samxreTi amerikaevropelTaTvis ucnobi miwebi iyo, Tumca ukve 1700 wlisTvis evropisdidi imperiebis mmarTveloba damkvidrda faqtobrivad yvelgan,sadac mogzaurebma dadges fexi.71kolumbisa72 da gamas73 laSqrobebiT STagonebul espanel da portu­galiel mogzaurebs holandieli, ingliseli da frangi TanamoazrenicSeuerTdnen. maT koloniebi daaarses CrdiloeT amerikaSi da savaWrokavSirebi ganaviTares indoeTis okeanis mimdebare qveynebTan.ingliselebi da frangebi gamalebiT eZebdnen evropidan aziiskenmimaval gzebs Crdilo-aRmosavleTiTa da Crdilo-dasavleTiT. amsaqmeSi warumateblobis miuxedavad, maT sagrZnoblad gaimdidrescodna imdroindeli msoflios Sesaxeb, holandielebma ki sakuTaridominantoba ganamtkices aRmosavleT indoeTSi. mogzaurobasTanerTad ganviTarebulma vaWrobam ganapiroba atlan­tikis okeanis auzis67 793–1066 ww. King, Atlas of Human Migration, gv. 68-73.68 malais naxevarkunZulsa da indoneziis kunZul sumatras Soris.69 George F. Hourani and John Carswell, Arab Seafaring in the Indian Ocean in Ancient and Medievel Times, Princeton: 1995; R.S. Lopez and I.W. Raymond, Medieval Trade in the Mediterranean World: Illustrative Documents, New York: Columbia University Press, 1990.70 1527-1598 ww.71 John M. Roberts, The Hutchinson History of the World, revised edition., London: 1987; J. Boardman (ed.), Oxford History of the Classical World, Oxford: 1989; Geoffrey Barraclough (ed.), Times Atlas of World History, London: 1993; L. S. Stavrianos, The World Since 1500: A Global History, 6th edition, N.J., 1991.72 qristefore kolumbi (1451-1506 ww.), italiis genuis respublikis mkvidri mogzauri da kolonizatori.73 vasko da gama (1460-1524 ww.), portugalieli mogzauri.მიგრაციის ისტორია 99