Migration Textbook

Transmigrants in London, International Migration, tomi 46, # 4, 2008, DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00471.x;33. Elsie Ho and Richard Bedford, Asian Transnational Families in New Zealand: Dynamics and Challenges, International Migration 46, tomi # 4, 2008. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00471.x;34. Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Murphy, Harm J. de Blij, Human Geography: People, Place, and Culture, 10th Edition, 2015;35. European Commission. Employment, social affairs &inclusion. Free movement– EU nationals. http://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=457;36. European Court of Human Rights. French ban on the wearing in public of clothing designed to conceal one’s face does not breach the Convention. Press Release issued by the registrar of the court. 01.07.2014. http://bbc.in/2wor5px;37. Eurostat, Asylum and new asylum applicants – annual aggregated data. http://bit.ly/1IHALGt;38. Federal Ministry of Interior of Germany, Labor migration. https://goo.gl/esbNSn;39. Franck Düvell, and Bastian Vollmer,United kingdom, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, eds. Anna Triandafyllidou, and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishig, 2014;40. George Naufal and Ismail Genc, Labor Migration in the GCC Countries: Past, Present and Future. Middle East Institute. tomi 9/2, 03 June 2014. National University of Singapore. https://goo.gl/f7n8SX;41. Giles Mohan and Ben Lampert, Chinese Migrants in Africa: Bilateral and Informal Governance of a Poorly Understood South-South Flow. Draft paper prepared for the UNRISD Conference Regional Governance of Migration and Socio-Political Rights: Institutions, Actors and Processes 2013, Geneva, Switzerland; https://goo.gl/vtHHME;42. Giovanni Capannelli, Laboring Under Outdated Migration Policies. East Asia Forum. Economics, Politics and Public Policy in East Asia and the Pacific. 19th December, 2014. http://bit.ly/2f43DTq;43. Ia Iashvili, Tinatin Gvenetadze, Dali Mikautadze, Tsitsino Davituliani and Tatia Dogonadze, Split Families and Family Members Left Behind: Migration From Georgia, Humanities and Social Sciences Review. 3(2) (2014);44. Immigration Act of 1921. https://goo.gl/wFHSck;45. Immigration to Israel: Introduction & Overview, Jewish Virtual Library. http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigration.html.46. Institut National de la Statistique et des étudeséconomiques, Populations française, étrangère et immigrée en France depuis 2006. http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=if38#inter3;250 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

47. International Center of Migration Policy Development, Georgian Diaspora and Migrants’ Associations in Germany, Greece and Turkey: Transnational Reality and Links with Ggeorgia,Viena, Austria: 2014;48. International Labour Organization (ILO), Normalisation Programme of Spain, 2005. https://goo.gl/7B65Hn;49. International Organization for Migration, Migration in Moldova: A country profile, 2008. http://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/moldova_profile2008.pdf50. International Organization for Migration, Migration in Ukraine: A country profile, 2008. http://iom.hu/PDF/migration_profiles2008/Ukraine_Profile2008.pdf51. International Organization of Migration, Migration in the Black Sea Region: An Overview 2008. http://bit.ly/2wAXTab;52. James M. Rubenstain, An Introduction to Human Geography: The Cultural Landscape. 9th edition, Oxford, Ohio: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2008;53. James M. Rubenstain, Contemporary Human Geography. 1st ed edition, New York: Pearson Prentice Hall, 2010;54. Kemal Kirisci, Turkey: A transformation from Emigration to Immigration, Migration Policy Institute. 2003. http://bit.ly/2w82a98;55. Les Lewis, Martin Rowntree, Marie Price and William Wyckoff, Diversity Amid Globalization: World Regions, Environment, Development. 2nd edition. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, Inc., 2003;56. Li Anshan, 10 Questions about Migration between China and Africa, March 4, 2015. http://bit.ly/2x4rYj1;57. Lydia Michelič Pulsipher, World Regional Geography. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2000;58. Malia Politzer, China and Africa: Stronger Economic Ties Mean More Migration, Migration Policy Institute, 2008. https://goo.gl/qabJ3N;59. Maps of World. http://www.mapsofworld.com/africa/regions/;60. Matt Blake, Britain is Sued by 14 Caribbean Nations for the ‘Damage’ it did Through Slavery – Even Though Country was First in the World to Abolish the Trade. Mail online, 10 March, 2014. https://goo.gl/55D8jJ;61. Maurizio Ambrosini, Italy, ix. krebulSi European Immigration: a Sourcebook, ed. Anna Triandafyllidou and Ruby Gropas, England: Ashgate Publishing, 2014;62. Michael Bradshaw, George W. White, Joseph P. Dymond and Elizabeth Chacko, Contemporary World Regional Geography: Global Connections, Local voives. 4th edition, New York: The Mcgraw-hill Companies, Inc, 2012;63. Migration Observatory, Migrants in the UK: An overview. December 19, 2014. http://www.migrationobservatory.ox.ac.uk/briefings/migrants-uk-overview;საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 251

64. Migration Policy Centre, Armenia – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2hadcEH;65. Migration Policy Centre, Azerbaijan – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2y8OurD;66. Migration Policy Centre, Belarus – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration The Legal Framework of Migration The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2xKSgvh;67. Migration Policy Centre, Georgia – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration, June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2fe8DZIf;68. Migration Policy Centre, Migration Profiles and Fact Sheets, http://bit.ly/2feTjvC;69. Migration Policy Centre, Russia – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration. June, 2013. http://bit.ly/NmE67v;70. Migration Policy Centre, Ukraine – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration. June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2ykd4GQ;71. Migration Policy Centre, Moldova – The Demographic-Economic Framework of Migration. The Legal Framework of Migration. The Socio-Political Framework of Migration. June, 2013. http://bit.ly/2xeQdxN;72. Mind the Gap: An NGO perspective on Challenges to accessing protection in the common European asylum system, Annual report 2013/2014. Asylum Information Database. https://goo.gl/T3HMxV;73. Mona Domosh, P. Roderick Neumann, Patricia L. Price and Terry G. Jordan- Bychkov , The Human Mosaic: A Cultural Approach to Human Geography. 12thed. New York: W.H. Freeman and Company, 2013;74. Nino Durglishvili, Social Change and the Georgian Family. Discussion Paper Series. Tbilisi: United Nations Development Program – Georgia, 1997;75. OECD, Intra-Regional Mobility in West Africa, Sahel and West Africa Club. http://www.oecd.org/swac/ourwork/intra-regionalmobilityinwestafrica.htm;76. Paul L. Knox, Virginia Tech and Sallie A. Marston, Human Geography: Places and Regions in Global Context, 7th Edition, University of Arizona, 2010;77. Philippe Rekacewicz, Population displacement in the South Caucasus, 1988-2004. Year: 2006. Uploaded 17 February, 2012. https://goo.gl/WoXNJD;.78. Refugee Studies Center, Afghanistan’s Displaced People: 2014 and Beyond. Forced Migration Review. Oxford Department of International development, University of Oxford, Issue 46, 2014;252 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

79. Rene Maldonado and Maria-Luisa Hayern, Remittances to Latin America and Caribbean set a new record high in 2014, Multilateral investment Fund, Inter- American Development Bank, Washington, D.C., 2015. http://bit.ly/2i25lJo;80. Revaz Gachechiladze, Population Migration in Georgia and its Socio-economic Consequences. Discission Paper Series. Tbilisi: United Nations Development Program in Georgia, 1997;81. Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts. Project. Turkey. https://goo.gl/1PwxQ3;82. Samuel Blackstone, Anti-immigrant Sentiments in Greece is Growing Steadily Worse. Business Insider. September 1, 2012. https://goo.gl/3GQm3R;83. Shushanik Makaryan, Adeline Braux and Maroussia Ferry, Caucasus Analytical Digest (CAD), #57: Migration, 2013. https://goo.gl/jJNHb7;84. Southeast Asia: ASEAN 2015, Migration News. tomi 20, #4,October 2013. https://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=3868;85. Stephen Castles and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration. 4th edition, New York- London: The Guilford Press, 2009;86. Stephen Castles, Hein De Haas and Mark Miller, The Age of Migration. 5th edition, New York-London: The Guilford Press, 2014;87. The Economist, Forward Defence, October 17, 2015. https://goo.gl/tBN7XZ;88. The Foreign-Born Population in the United States: 2010, http://bit.ly/1eSJqe4;89. The Guardian, Germany gets 27 Syrian asylum applications for every one to the UK, 27 August, 2015. https://goo.gl/Z3Pxw5;90. The Telegraph, Germany expecting up to 800,000 asylum seekers this year. 19 August, 2015. https://goo.gl/3DDWgY;91. The UN refugee Agency, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean. http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php;92. The World Bank, Data. Refugee population by country or territory of Asylum. https://goo.gl/Z7QvPj;93. The World Bank, International Migration is All-Time High, December 18, 2015. https://goo.gl/dwGYAh;94. Ulbe Bosma, Jan Lucassen, and Gert Oostindie, Postcolonial Migrants and Identity Politics: Europe, Russia, Japan and the United States in Comparison. New York- Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2012;95. UNHCR, France. 2015 sub regional operations profile – Northern, Western, Central and Southern Europe. https://goo.gl/XcsMcV;96. UNHCR, Country operations profile for Afghanistan, Columbia, Iran, Canada, Pakistan, Rwanda, Turkey, Syria, Iraq. http://www.unhcr.org;საზოგადოებრივი გეოგრაფია და მიგრაცია 253

97. UNHCR, Europe: Syrian Asylum Applications. Syria Regional Refugee Response. Inter-Agensy Information Sharing Portal. http://bit.ly/1wOL45L;98. UNHCR, Italy. 2015 subregional operations profile – Northern, Western, Central and Southern Europe. http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49e48e996.html;99. UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response – Mediterranean http://data.unhcr.org/mediterranean/regional.php;100. UNHCR, Ukraine conflict pushes more people from their homes, Briefing notes. 2014. http://www.unhcr.org/5405b63d6.html;101. UNHCR, Ukraine conflict uprootes hundreds of thousands, New stories, 2014. http://www.unhcr.org/548190aa9.html;102. UNHCR, Ukraine internal displacement nears 1 million as fighting escalates in Donetsk Region, News stories. 2015. http://www.unhcr.org/54d4a2889.html;103. UNHCR, UNHCR welcomes first Syrian refugee arrivals in Canada, http://www.unhcr.org/566ab3756.html;104. UNHRC, Syria Regional Refugee Response. Inter-Agency Information Sharing Portal. http://data.unhcr.org/syrianrefugees/regional.php#;105. United Nations Statistics Division, World Statistics Pocketbook – Colombia, 2015. http://data.un.org/CountryProfile.aspx?crName=colombia;106. United States Census Bureau, Net Migration Between California and Other States: 1955-1960 and 1995-2000, 2013. http://bit.ly/2ff5CZ1;107. US Department of State, Office of the Historian. Milestones: 1921-1936. The Immigration Act of 1924 (The Johnson-Reed Act), Introduction, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1921-1936/immigration-act;108. Victor Bernard, AEC Skilled-Labor Migration: A Gap Between Aspiration and reality? Weekly Insite and Analysis in Asia. August 26, 2015. https://goo.gl/fFicdS;109. Wendell Cox, 2014 State Population: R110. ise of South and West Continues, newgeography, 2015;111. WordPress, Statistics Canada. Census 2006. http://bit.ly/2xKdmd8;112. Zuzana Brunarska, Joanna Nestorowicz, and Stefan Markowski, Internal vs External Migration in Post-Soviet Space. CARIM-East research report. CMR working papers, 2014, https://goo.gl/opykMq;113. dimitri avaliani. saqarTvelo ruseTis winaaRmdeg – deportaciis saqme, tabula. 26 ivnisi 2012. http://bit.ly/2vB0KTa;114. giorgi melaZe, saqarTvelo da globaluri demografiuli procesebi: damxmare saxelmZRvanelo. Tbilisi: universali, 2013.254 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

8. saerTaSoriso migraciis statistika da demografiis safuZvlebiSorena wiklauriilias saxelmwifo universitetidoqtori giorgi wulaZeilias saxelmwifo universiteti8.1. SesavalisaxelmZRvanelos am nawilSi studentebi gaecnobian demografiulimecnierebis zogad Teoriul safuZvlebs, sadac mosaxleobissaerTaS­oriso migracia ganixileba demografiasa da mosaxleobisstatistikasTan kavSirSi. demografiis, rogorc mecnierebis, moklemimoxilvis Semdeg gansakuTrebuli yuradReba daeTmoba demogra­fiuli gadasvlis Teorias, migraciis kvlevis meTodebs demografiulmecnierebaSi, saerTaSoriso migraciasTan dakavSirebuli statisti­kuri informaciis mopovebis wyaroebs, monacemTa ganzogadebis meTo­debsa da maCveneblebs. aseve warmovadgenT saerTaSoriso migraciisstatistikas saqarTvelosaTvis.8.2. demografia8.2.1. demografia, rogorc mecnierebatermini `demografia~ berZnulad niSnavs: demos – xalxi da grafo –vwer, demografia warmoadgens mecnierebas mosaxleobis aRwarmoebiskanonzomierebaTa Sesaxeb. demografiuli procesebi ganpirobebuliasazogadoebriv-istoriuli ganviTarebiT. demografiuli mecnierebisganmartebidan gamomdinare, arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mosaxleobisaRwarmoebas.mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba TaobaTa mudmivi ganaxlebis procesia, rome­lic Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis urTierTqmedebis Sedegs warmoadgens.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 255

mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba albaTuri procesia, romelsac warmoqmnisSobadobisa da mokvdaobis mravali erTeuli SemTxveva. populaciisxangrZlivi arseboba gulisxmobs misi garemosTan urTierTqmedebispirobebis SenarCunebas, rac SesaZlebelia demografiuli SemTxvevebisgarkveuli saxiT mowesrigebis SemTxvevaSi. msgavs procesebs adgiliaqvs bunebaSic. bunebaSi populaciis gamravlebas aqvs biologiurisafuZvlebi. adamianis warmoSobisa da misi da sazogadoebisganviTarebis garkveul safexurze populaciis aRwarmoebis marTvissistema ganicdis Tvisebriv cvlilebas. gamravlebis biologiurmeqanizmebTan erTad Tavs iCens marTvis socialuri meqanizmebida funqcionirebas iwyebs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis marTvis axalisistema.mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba Tavis ganviTarebaSi gaivlis sxvadasxvaetaps, romelic dakavSirebulia sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan.istoriulad mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis yoveli msxvili etapisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia demografiuli procesebis Taviseburi msvlelobaSesabamisi demografiuli urTierTobebiTa da demografiuli qceviT.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis am Tvisebriv niSanTa xangrZlivi droismanZilze SenarCuneba-ganzogadeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipebiscnebasa da kacobriobis demografiul istorias warmoaCens, rogorcam tipebis TanmimdevrobiT cvlas.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesis raodenobaze warmodgenas gviqm­nis mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis reJimis maCveneblebi, romlebSicgaerTian­ ebulia Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis reJimis maCveneblebi. isinimosaxleobis aRwarmoebis reJimis egzogenur parametrebs miekuTv­nebian da gansazRvraven mis endogenur parametrebs - mosaxleobisasakobriv struqturas, agreTve, mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ne­to-koefi­cients (an mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis WeSmarit koefi­cients).termini `demografia~ pirvelad gamoiyena frangma mecnierma aSilgiiarma 1855 wels Tavisi wignis saTaurSi – `adamianTa statistikiselementebi anu SedarebiTi demografia~.1 giiaris ganmartebiT, demo­grafia esaa `adamianTa modgmis bunebrivi da socialuri istoria~.terminma `demografia~ saerTaSoriso da oficialuri aRiareba 1882wels moipova higienisa da demografiis saerTaSoriso kongresisJenevis sesiaze da farTod gavrcelda XIX saukunis bolosa da XXsaukunis dasawyisSi; Tumca es termini Tavdapirvelad mosaxleobisstatistikis sinonimad gamoiyeneboda.1 Demography: analysis and synthesis: a treatise in population studies / Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch ; with contributions by Daniel Courgeau . . . [et al.]. 2006, tomi 1, gv. ii256 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

miuxedavad imisa, rom termini `demografia~ sakmaod cnobilia,arsebobs mosaxleobis Semswavleli mecnierebis aRmniSvneli sxvaterminebic, romlebic dRemde moxmarebaSia. magaliTad, 1871 welsgermaneli ekonomistis ernst engelis mier SemoTavazebuli iyotermini `demologia~ – mecnierebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic, misiganmartebiT, Seiswavlis Sinagani bunebisa da cvalebadobis warmoq­mnas saxelmwifosa da adamianTa sxva erTobebSi. engelis azriT,demografiisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic mxolod aRwers am process,demologia mowodebulia axsnas misi arsi2. amasTanave, 1946 welsamerikelma sociologma s. dodim Semoitana termini `demoskopia~,romelic aRniSnavs mosaxleobis Sesaxeb informaciis miRebas sxva­dasxva meTodiT. Tumca, termini iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. zogjerTaname­drove demografiul literaturaSi `demoskopias~ ganixilaven,rogorc demografiuli statistikis nawils. zog SemTxvevaSidemoskopiSi gulisxmoben nebismieri saxis informaciis (ara martodemografiulis) mopovebisa da analizis Teorias, meTodikasa dapraqtikas3.miuxedavad imisa, rom cnobebi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb uZvelesi droidanCndeboda, mosaxleobis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebaTa Sesaxebmecnieruli kvleva ZiriTadad mainc XVII saukuneSi iRebs saTaves. misfuZemdeblad miCneulia ingliseli jon graunti, romlis avtorobiTac1662 wels gamoqveynda naSromi `bunebrivi da politikuri dakvirvebanimokvdaobis biuletenTa safuZvelze~4.jon grauntma Seiswavla monacemebi gardacvlilTa da dabadebulTaSesaxeb londonSi 80 wlis monakveTSi da mTeli rigi kanonzomierebigamoavlina. man daadgina, rom biWi ibadeba meti, vidre gogona. amasTan,dabadebulTa Soris sqesTa Tanafardoba londonisaTvis Seadgenda14:13-Tan (biWebi ibadebodnen 7,7%-iT ufro xSirad, vidre gogonebi).xolo, gardacvlilebs Soris mamakacebis ricxvi Warbobda qalebisas.amasTan, londonSi, im dros, mokvdaoba aRemateboda Sobadobas dalondonis mosaxleoba izrdeboda mxolod qalaqSi Casulebis xarjze;rac Seexeba sxva dasaxlebebs, iq Sobadoba aRemateboda mokvdaobasda yoveli qorwineba saSualod 4 dabadebas iZleoda. jon grauntma2 giorgi wulaZe. demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. mesame gamocema gadamuSavebuli da damatebuli. UNFPA. Tbilisi: 2012, gv. 84.3 Демографический энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. Д. И. Валентей. М., 1985, с. 122; Народонаселение. Энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. А. Я. Кваша. Издательство: Большая Российская энциклопедия: М., 1994, с. 123; Демографическая энциклопедия. Гл. ред. А.А. Ткаченко М., 2013, с. 246; aseve ix. wulaZe, demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leq­ sikoni, gv. 844 Vilquin, E., The origin of demographic science, in: Demography: analysis and synthesis: a treatise in population studies / Graziella Caselli, Jacques Vallin, and Guillaume Wunsch ; with contributions by Daniel Courgeau . . . [et al.]. 2006, chapter 138, gv. 767საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 257

aseve daadgina, rom dabadebulTa da gardacvlilTa raodenobissafuZvelze SeiZleba mosaxleobis raodenobis gansazRvra. misiveTqmiT, gardacvlilTa asakobrivi struqturis safuZvelze Se­saZlebeli iyo mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis gansazRvra.5demografiis sagnis gageba da Sinaarsi icvleboda codnis gaRrmavebasada mecnierebis diferenciaciasTan erTad. XX saukunis SuaxanebSigairkva, rom demografia ar daiyvaneba martooden mosaxleobisbunebrivi moZraobisa da migraciis statistikamde. gacnobierda,rom demografias aqvs kvlevis specifikuri sagani, sinamdvilisgarkveuli mxare, romelsac ar Seiswavlis arc erTi sxva mecniereba;kerZod - adamianTa Taobis ganaxleba, e.i. Sobadobis, mokvdaobis,mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formirebisa daagreTve qorwinebisa da ganqorwinebis procesebis urTierTqmedeba,mTlianobaSi mosaxleobis aRwarmoebas ganekuTvneba. imave periodSimigracia sul ufro xSirad ganixileboda damoukidebeli mecnierebisobieqtad, romelic Seiswavlida adamianTa gansaxleba-gadaadgilebiskanonzomierebebsa da maT cvalebadobas, aseve mis gavlenas sazoga­doebebze.demografia Seiswavlis ara calkeuli adamianis maxasiaTeblebsa damaT cvalebadobas, aramed maT erTobliobebs, romlebsac garkveulimaxasiaTeblebi aqvT. aseTi erTobliobebi ama Tu im niSnis mixedviTerTgvarov­ ania.6 kvlevis miznebidan gamomdinare demografiulerTobliobaSi SeiZleba Sediodnen ara marto adamianebi, aramedojaxi an ufro msxvili iseTi jgufebi, rogori­caa Taoba. aseTSemTxvevaSi Seswavlis obieqti xdeba jgufis struqturac.aRsaniSnavia, rom `analizis erTeuli~ iSviaTad aris mikro donis(mag. individi). demografia procesebs ufro mezo da makro donezeakvirdeba, rac demografiis movlenaze zogadad saubris saSualebasiZleva. demografiisgan gansxvavebiT, sxva mecnierebebi tendenciebsganyenebulad akvirdebian. demografiul SemTxvevaTa Tanmimdevrobawarmoqmnis demografiul procesebs: Sobadobas, mokvdaobas, qor­winebas, ganqorwinebas, daqvrivebas da maTi urTierTmoqmedebis Se­degad mosaxleobis aRwarmoebas.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebebisa da zogadad mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis ZiriTadi tendenciebis Seswavla efuZneba istoriulprincips. am principis Tanmimdevruli gamoyeneba gulisxmobs aramarto demografiuli procesebis qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis5 g. wulaZe, n. maRlaferiZe da a. sulaberiZe, `demografia. saxelmZRvanelo.~ ilia WavWavaZis saxelmwifo universiteti, demografiis da sociologiis instituti, Tbilisi: 2007, gv.8.6 wulaZe, demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni, gv. 55.258 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Seswavlas, aramed demografiuli procesebis istoriuli tenden­ciebis gaxsna-gamovlenasac. demografiuli ganviTarebis inerciu­loba, romelic ganpirobebulia demografiuli procesebisa dastruqturebis urTierTgavleniT, gansazRvravs demografiul cva­leb­adobaTa xangrZlivobas rogorc kalendaruli, ise istoriulimasStabiT (rogorc saSualo, ise grZelvadian perspeqtivaSi).mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebaTa axsnis mizniT, demografiaiyenebs sxva mecnierebaTa codnasa da gamocdilebas. aqedan gamom­dinare, demografias mWidro kavSiri aqvs sxva mecnierebebTan.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis ganxilva, rogorc procesisa, gansazRv­ravs mis kavSirs istoriul mecnierebasTan. demografiis kavSiriekonomikur mecnierebebTan gamomdinareobs demografiul proce­sebze mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis donisa da ekonomikurifaqtorebis gavleniT. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis damokidebulebasocialur institutebsa da socialur kavSirebze ganapirobebsmis kavSirs sociologiasTan. demografiul qcevaTa saxeobebisSeswavla xazs usvams demografiis kavSirs fsiqologiasTan. zogierTidemografiuli SemTxveva reglamentirebulia samarTlebrivinormebiT (magaliTad, qorwineba), xolo demografiul politikaskanonmdeblobac ganamtkicebs, rac miuTiTebs demografiis kavSirzesamarTlismcodneobasTan. adamianTa gansaxleba da maTi gadaadgilebagavlenas axdens mosaxleobis aRwarmoebaze. amasTan, demografiuliprocesebi mimdinareoben da ganixilebian garkveul teritoriazemcxovrebTa Soris, rac xazs usvams demografiis kavSirs geografiulmecnierebasTan. demografias kavSiri aqvs aseve medicinasTan,biologiasa da sxva mecnierebebTan. aRsaniSnavia demografiis kavSirimaTematikasTan (maTematikuri demografia).demografiaSi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben demografiul SemTxvevas,process, movlenasa da mdgomareobas7.demografiaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba ganixileba demografiuliprocesebisa da mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi struqturisa(Caketili, daxuruli mosaxleoba8) da migraciis (Ria mosaxleoba9)urTierTqmedebis Sedegad. mosaxleobis raodenoba gamoiyenebademog­ rafiuli koeficientebisa10 da rigi sxva maCveneblebis gaanga­riS­ebisas. monacemebi mosaxleobis raodenobis Sesaxeb miiRebamosaxleobis aRwerisas, xolo aRweraTa Soris periodSi – mimdinareaRricxvis monacemTa safuZvelze.7 ix. terminTa ganmarteba am saxelmZRvaneloSi. 2598 iqve.9 iqve.10 iqve.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები

demografiuli koeficientebis gaangariSebebisas Cveulebriv gamoi­yeneba mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri raodenoba, romelic warmoadgensgansaxilveli periodisaTvis mosaxleobis ganzogadebul maCvenebels.demografiaSi ganasxvaveben mudmiv, faqtobriv da iuridiul mosax­leobas.11demografiaSi arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs aramarto mosaxleobissaerTo raodenobas, aramed mis asakobriv-sqesobriv Semadgenlobas(struqturas).mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenloba (struqtura) warmoadgensmosaxleobis saerTo raodenobis (ricxovnobis) ganawilebas calkeuliasakobrivi jgufis mixedviT. mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenloba,romelic axasiaTebs asakobrivi jgufebis Tanafardobas, misida mosaxleobis demografiuli, socialuri da ekonomikurimaxasiaTeblebis urTierTkavSiris Sefasebis saSualebasac iZleva.zogadi struqturuli cvlilebebis Sefasebisas gamoiyenebagamsxvilebuli ganawileba sam asakobriv jgufad: 0-14 weli, 15-59 da 60da meti (an 0-14, 15-64 da 65 da meti). rogorc cnobilia demografiaSiZiriTadad gamoiyeneba `5 wliani~ asakobrivi jgufebi, magaliTad 0-4,5-9, 10-14 da a.S.demografiuli TvalsazrisiT mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobamisi aRwarmoebisa da migraciis evoluciis Sedegia.demografiaSi gamoyofen mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis(mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi piramidis) sam ZiriTadi tips: 1)progresuli - xasiaTdeba mosaxleobis mTel raodenobaSi bavSvebisdidi wiliT, romelsac Seesabameba mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebismaRali maCvenebeli; 2) stacionaruli - mTel mosaxleobaSi sabavSvoda moxucebulobis asakobrivi jgufebis TiTqmis gawonasworebuliwili. aseTi struqturis mqone mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba ZalianumniSvneloa an ucvlel doneze imyofeba; 3) regresuli – mTelmosaxleobaSi xandazmuli da moxucebulobis asakis adamianebis Se­darebiT didi wili. mas Seesabameba mosaxleobis Sekvecili aRwar­moeba.11 iqve. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო260

diagrama 1: saqarTvelos mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivi struqtura (gaeros monacemebis safuZvelze) 1950 2015 2050 80+ mamakaci qali 80+ mamakaci qali 80+ qali70-74 100 200 70-74 70-74 mamakaci 100 200 30060-64 60-64 60-6450-54 50-54 50-5440-44 40-44 40-4430-34 30-34 30-3420-24 20-24 20-2410-14 10-14 10-14 0-4 0-4 0-4300 200 100 0 300 300 200 100 0 100 200 300 300 200 100 0wyaro: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2015). World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision.saqarTvelos mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobriv piramidas, 1950 welsmkveTrad gamoxatuli progresuli saxe aqvs, 2015 wels – stacionaruli,xolo prognozebis mixedviT, 2050 wlisaTvis saqarTvelos mosaxleobaiqneba sakmaod daberebuli da mosaxleobis asakobriv-sqesobrivstruqturas eqneba regresuli saxe, rac gamoiwvevs mosaxleobisSemcirebas wina wlebTan SedarebiT.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipi warmoadgens kategorias, romelicasaxavs mosaxleobis aRwar­moebis yvelaze mniSvnelovan Tvisebrivmxareebs met-naklebad msgavs istoriul, ekonomikur, socialurda sxva pirobebSi. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipi mWidrod arisdakavSirebuli mosaxleobis aRwar­moebis reJimTan da gansazRvravsim sazRvrebs, romelSic SeiZleba icvlebodes aRwarmoebis proces­ israodenobrivi maxasiaTeblebi. am ukanasknelis gamoyeneba SeiZlebamosaxleobis aRwarmoe­bis tipis identifikaciisaTvis, magram mxolodim SemTxvevaSi, Tu gaTvaliswinebulia mTeli sist­ ema, radganromelime calkeuli maCvenebeli SeiZleba erTnairi iyos sxvadasxvamosaxleobis aRw­ armoebis tipisaTvis.gamoyofdnen mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis sam tips: arqetips, tradi­ciulsa da Tanamedroves. Tumca bolo dros demografTa nawilimiuTiTebs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis meoTxe tipzec – uaxlesi(depopulaciuri).gamoyofen mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipTaSoris periodsac, romel­ icwarmoiqmneba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis erTi ZiriTadi tipis meoriTSecvlis periodSi. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipTaSorisi periodiaerTianebs rogorc warmavali, ise momavali tipebisaTvis damaxa­siaTebel niSnebs. ZiriTadi tipebisagan gansxvavebiT, mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis tipTaSorisi periodi mdgradi ar aris da ar SeuZliaxangrZlivad arseboba.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 261

TviTon mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipi iyofa garkveul fazebad(stadiebad), romelic warmoadgens mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipisSemadgenel nawils, misi ganviTarebis safexurs da asaxavs misfarglebSi mimdinare Sobadobisa da mokvdaobis cvalebadobas.qvemoT ganvixilavT demografiuli gadasvlis Teorias, romelicgamoiyeneba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipebis cvlis asaxsnelad.8.2.2. demografiuli gadasvlis Teoriarogorc ukve aRiniSna, demografiuli gadasvlis Teoria gamoiyenebamosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipebis cvlis asaxsnelad.12 termini`demografiuli gadasvla~ 1945 w. Semoitana amerikelma demografmaf. noutstainma. Tavdapirvelad demografiuli gadasvlis koncefciaSeimuSava frangma demografma a. landrim 1909-1934 wlebSi, romelmacmis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyena termini `demografiuli revolucia~.demografiuli gadasvla SeiZleba ganv­ sazRvroT rogorc gadasvlatradiciuli wonasworobidan, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeliamaRali Sobadoba da maRali mokvdaoba, axal wona­sworobaze,romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia dabali Sobadoba da dabalimokvdaoba. demografiuli gadasvlis mizania mosaxleobis aRwar­moebis procesebis Segueba axal socialur-ekonomikur pirobebTan.rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, gamoyofen mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis oTxtips: arqetips, tradiciuls, Tanamedrovesa da bolo periodSi –uaxless (depopulaciurs),13 romelsac adre Tu gvian yvela qveynismosaxleoba gaivlis. magaliTad, evropis qveynebis umravlesoba ukveuaxles (depopulaciur) tips gadis.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis arqetipi damaxasiaTebeli iyo kacobriobisistoriis adreuli etapisaTvis. arqetipis dros mokvdaoba ZalianmaRali iyo da praqtikulad ucvleli rCeboda aTaswleulebismanZilze. sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba14 Seadgenda daaxloebiT20 wels. erTi dedis cocxlad darCenili bavSvebis raodenobasaSualod oris farglebSi meryeobda. amis gamo xangrZlivi droisganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis raodenoba TiTqmis ar icvleboda daZalian nela izrdeboda. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis arqetipma gastananeoliTis xanamde.12 Kirk Dudley, Demographic Transition Theory, Population Studies, #50, 1996, gv. 361-387.13 wulaZe, maRlaferiZe da sulaberiZe, demografia. saxelmZRvanelo, gv. 22.14 ix. terminTa ganmarteba am saxelmZRvaneloSi.262 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tradiciuli tipi damaxasiaTebeli iyokapitalisturamdeli, agraruli klasobrivi sazogadoebisa dakapitalisturi ganviTarebis sawyisi stadiisaTvis. mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis tradiciuli tipi warmoiSva neoliTis xanaSi da emTxvevaam dros mimdinare socialur-ekonomikur revolucias (mimTviseblurimeurneobidan warmoebriv meurneobaze gadasvla).tradiciuli tipis dros mokvdaoba sakmaod maRalia, xolo sicocxlissaSualo xangrZlivoba daaxloebiT 30 wels Seadgens. amasTan,mniSvnelovania adreuli qorwinebis asaki da imaTi Zalian dabali wili,vinc saerTod ar qorwindeba. Sobadobis TvalsazrisiT, aRsaniSnaviabavSvTa Sobis Sidaojaxuri regulirebis ararseboba, risi Sedegicaris Sobadobis maRali done.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis Tanamedrove tipi Tavdapirvelad warmoiqmnaXVIII saukunis bolos dasavleT evropis ekonomikurad ganviTarebulqveynebSi (saqarTveloSi – XIX saukuneSi). am droidan moyolebuliiwyeba mokvdaobis faqtorebis SezRudva. izrdeba medicinis roli, TaviiCina axalma sanitarul-higienurma pirobebma, rac gamomdinareobdamrewvelobis ganviTarebidan da masTan dakavSirebuli mecnierul-teqnikuri da kulturuli progresidan.XIX saukunis Sua periodamde mokvdaoba ZiriTadad gamowveuli iyoegzogenuri faqtorebiT (tuberkulozi, pnevmonia, infeqciurida parazituli daavadebebi). XX saukunis mokvdaoba ZiriTadadgamowveulia endogenuri faqtorebiT (gul-sisxlZarRvTa da sxv.).Tanamedrove tipis dros tradiciulTan SedarebiT mniSvnelovnadgaizarda sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba. rac Seexeba Sobadobas,mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis Tanamedrove tipis dros, winamorbedisagangansxvavebiT, yuradRebas iqcevs raodenobrivi cvlilebebi.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis Tanamedrove tipisaTvis winasTan SedarebiTSobadobis dabali donea damaxasiaTebeli. Tvisebrivi TvalsazrisiTmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis Tanamedrove tipisaTvis arsebiTia bavSvTaSobis Sidaojaxuri regulireba, romelic ucxoa wina tipebisaTvis.swored am ukanasknelma ganapiroba Sobadobis doneebSi raodenobrivisxvaoba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tradiciul da Tanamedrove tipebsSoris.mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis Tanamedrove tipis farglebSi Sobadobisa damokvdaobis maCvenebelTa garkveuli pirobiTi safexurebi gamoiyofa,romlebsac mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis fazebs (stadiebs) uwodeben.gamoyofen ramdenime fazas:I fazis dros mokvdaoba ufro mniSvnelovnad klebulobs, vidreSobadoba, rac iwvevs mosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis swraf zrdas.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 263

II fazis dros mokvdaobis kleba grZeldeba da fazis bolosaTvismiiRweva dabali maCvenebeli. amave dros klebas iwyebs Sobadoba.Sobadobis kleba ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre mokvdaobisa, amitommosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba TandaTan neldeba.III fazis dros izrdeba mokvdaoba. es zrda gamowveulia asakobrivistruqturis cvlilebiT (demografiuli daberebiT). SobadobisSemcireba neldeba da fazis bolos aRwevs martivi aRwarmoebisaTvissaWiro dones. Tumca imave dros mokvdaoba mainc ufro naklebiaSobadobaze.IV fazis dros mokvdaoba izrdeba da aRwevs Sobadobis dones. amiTdemografiuli stabilizaciis procesi unda damTavrdes. amis Semdegmosaxleobis raodenobis zrda unda Sewydes da erT ucvlel donezedarCes. mocemuli sqema asaxavs demografiuli ganviTarebis mTavarmimarTulebas, magram ar gamoricxavs garkveul cvalebadobasa dagadaxras ZiriTadi tendenciebisagan.demografTa nawili ki aRniSnavs, rom IV fazis dasrulebis Semdegmosalodnelia Tvisebrivad axali mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipi,romlis ZiriTadi damaxasiaTebeli niSani iqneba depopulacia.8.3. saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikasaerTaSoriso migracia aris `...procesi, rodesac adamianebitoveben TavianT warmoSobis an Cveuli binadrobis qveyanas sxvaqveyanaSi mudmivi an droebiTi damkvidrebis mizniT. saerTaSorisomigraciis SemTxvevaSi migrantebi kveTen saerTaSoriso sazRvars~.15gadaadgilebis xangrZlivobis mixedviT gamoyofen mudmiv dadroebiT migracias. migraciis cneba Seicavs sezonur da qanqariseburmigracias. migraciis ZiriTadi mizezebi socialur-ekonomikurixasiaTisaa, Tumca arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs politikur da samxedromizezebsac, agreTve bunebriv pirobebs. migraciam mniSvnelovani damravalmxrivi roli iTamaSa kacobriobis ganviTarebaSi.16gaero saerTaSoriso migrantis gansazRvris Semdeg rekomendaciasiZleva: saerTaSoriso migranti aris piri, romelic tovebs im qveyanas,romelSic is mudmivad cxovrobs da droebiT gadis sazRvargareT15 migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisiis `migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi le- qsikoni~, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia da migraciis saerTaSoriso or- ganizacia, 2014, gv. 46.16 migraciis sxvadasxva tipis Sesaxeb damatebiTi informacia ixileT am saxelmZRvane- los me-3 TavSi.264 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dasasveneblad, ardadagebze, mkurnalobisaTvis an religiur dRe­saswaulebze dasaswrebad, rasac ar mohyveba Cveulebrivi sacxov­rebeli qveynis Secvla.17cneba – `qveyana, romelSic piri Cveulebriv cxovrobs~ gamoiyenebasaerTaSoriso vizitorTan mimarTebiT saerTaSoriso turizmisstatistikaSi. gaero gansazRvravs saerTaSoriso vizitors, rogorcnebismieri pirs, romelic mogzaurobs romelime qveyanaSi, romelicar warmoadgens qveyanas, romelSic is Cveulebriv cxovrobs da araRemateba gasvlisas 12 Tves. amasTan, mogzaurobis ZiriTad mizansar warmoadgens saqmianoba, dakavSirebuli fulad anazRaurebasTan;18aqedan gamomdinare, saerTaSoriso migranti gansxvavdebasaerTaSoriso vizitorisgan ara mxolod ucxoeTSi yofnis periodiT,aramed ucxoeTSi yofnis mizniT.ucxoeTSi yofnis piriodis mixedviT saerTaSoriso migrantebSigamoyofen or kategorias: grZelvadian da moklevadian migrantebs.• grZelvadiani migranti warmoadgens pirs, romelic imyofeba qveyan­aSi, sadac is Cveulebriv ar cxovrobs ara nakleb 1 wlis (12 Tvis) periodiT, ase rom es qveyana ganixileba, rogorc misi Cveulebrivi cxovrebis qveyana;19• moklevadiani migranti warmoadgens pirs, romelic imyofeba qveyanaSi, sadac is Cveulebriv ar cxovrobs, 3 Tvidan 1 wlamde vadiT. amasTan, gamonaklisad unda CaiTvalos dasveneba mimReb qveya­naSi, religiur dResaswaulebze daswreba, an samkurnalod gasvla.20migracia mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mosaxleobis demografiulstruqturaze. aseve didia migraciis gavlena mosaxleobis socialurda eTnikur struqturaze, mosaxleobis ganlagebasa da gansaxlebaze.mosaxleobis migracias, rogorc gansakuTrebul process, Seiswavlisdemografia, sociologia, ekonomika, istoria, geografia. am dargebisfarglebSi mosaxleobis migraciis Taobaze garkveuli Teoriuliwarmodgenebi gamomuSavda.mosaxleobis migraciis Sesaxeb monacemebis ZiriTadi wyarosaxelmwifo statistikaa, romelic migraciis mimdinare aRricxvasa damosaxleobis aRwerebis masalebs efuZneba. amis garda, mimdinareobsSerCeviTi kvlevebic, romelTa mizani, rogorc wesi, adamianTa17 Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Prevision 1. UN. N.Y.: 1998, gv. 9.18 iqve. gv. 9.19 iqve, gv. 18.20 iqve.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 265

gadaadgilebis motivebisa da sxva sakiTxebis garkvevaa. mosaxleobismigracias ikvleven maCvenebelTa sistemis meSveobiT, TiToeulimaTgani ki warmogviCens am zogadi movlenis ama Tu im upiratesmxares (migrantebis Semadgenloba, gadaadgilebaTa mimarTuleba,maTi intensivoba da sxv.).mosaxleobis migracia mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mosaxleobisdemografiul struqturaze. vinaidan migraciis procesSi ZiriTadadCarTulia Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba, gansakuTrebiT kiaxalgazrdoba. migrantebis mimReb regionebSi mosaxleoba izrdebaufro swrafi tempebiT da yalibdeba asakobrivi struqtura,romelic axalgazrda asakobrivi jgufebis ufro maRali wiliTaris warmodgenili. piriqiT, im regionebSi, saidanac mosaxleobismudmivi gadineba xdeba, arcTu iSviaTad mcirdeba mosaxleobisabsoluturi raodenoba, xolo mis struqturaSi izrdeba ufrosiasakis mosaxleobis wili. mamakacebisa da qalebis moZraobis doneTaSoris arsebuli sxvaoba ki SesaZloa gamovlindes mosaxleobissqesobrivi Semadgenlobis disproporciaSi rogorc migrantebisgamcem, ise mimReb regionebSi. mosaxleobis migracia axdens didgavlenas mosaxleobis socialur struqturaze, mis ganTavsebasada gansaxlebaze, agreTve mis eTnikur Semadgenlobaze. qvemoTmotanilia diagrama, romelic asaxavs saqarTvelodan 1989-2002wlebSi emigraciis intensivobas erovnebebis mixedviT. intensivobismaCveneblad gamoyenebulia fardobiTi maCvenebeli, rogoric arisgarkveuli erovnebis mosaxleobis wilisa da Sesabamisi erovnebisemigrantebis Sefardeba. diagrama 2: saqarTvelodan sxvadasxva erovnebis emigraciis intensivoba fardobiTi indeqsis mixedviT 2002 wels21 ebraeli 7.0 qurTi da iezidi 4.0 osi 4.3 rusi somexi 2.7 azerbaijaneli 1.9 qarTveli 1.2 0.721 giorgi wulaZe, emigracia saqarTvelodan 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monace- mebis mixedviT. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri, evraziis fondi, niu-iorkis karnegis korporacia, 2005.266 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

kazusi 1: emigraciis gavlena saqarTvelos mosaxleobis eTnikur Semadgenlobazerogorc cnobilia, mosaxleobis aRwerebiT miiReba mravalfe­rovani da zusti monacemebi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb, maT Sorismosaxleobis raodenobisa da asakobriv-sqesobrivi Semadgen­lobis Sesaxeb. mosaxleobis aRwerebis Sedegad miRebulmonacemebs didi mniSvneloba aqvs rogorc mosaxleobisa damasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mecnieruli analizis, iseqveynis socialuri, politikur-ekonomikuri da perspeqtiuliganvi­Tarebis gansazRvrisaTvis. mosaxleobis aRweris mizaniademografiuli, socialuri da sxva niSanTa mixedviT mosaxleobissaerTo raodenobis, eTnikuri Semadgenlobis, ganaTlebis donis,saqmianobisa da a.S. Sesaxeb cnobebis dadgena.1989 wels saqarTveloSi Catarebulma mosaxleobis aRweramaCvena, rom eTnikurad qarTvelebis wili mTel mosaxleobaSidaaxloebiT 70%-s Seadgenda, romelic 2002 wlis mosaxleobisaRweris monacemebiT gaizarda 84%-mde, xolo qveyanaSi Catare­bulma uaxlesma – 2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRweram aCvena, romeTnikurad qarTvelebis wilma mTel mosaxleobaSi Seadginadaax­loebiT 87%. aseTi cvlilebebi, 1989-2002 wlebSi ZiriTadadgamowveuli iyo gare migraciiT. 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRwerisSedegebis mixedviT, saqarTvelodan emigrirebul mosaxleobaSiWarbobda eTnikurad araqarTvelebis wili (ix. diagrama 2).davaleba studentebs:moiZieT statistikuri informacia da gamoTvaleT saqarTvelodansxvadasxva erovnebis emigraciis intensivoba fardobiTi indeqsismixedviT 2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris Sedegebis safuZvelze.gTxovT, gaanalizeT miRebuli Sedegi da SeadareT aRniSulimaCvenebeli 2002 wlis Sesabamis maCvenebels. miRebuli SedegigvaZlevs Tu ara saSualebas miviRoT an uarvyoT hipoTeza, rom2002-2014 wlebSi emigrirebul mosaxleobaSi Warbobda eTnikuradaraqarTveli mosaxleoba?8.3.1. saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikur monacemTa Segrovebis meTodebi da wyaroebisaer­TaSoriso migraciis Sesaxeb informaciis Segrovebis mravaliwyaros gamoyeneba SeiZleba: mosaxleobis registrebi; ucxoelTaსაერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 267

registrebi; qveyanaSi cxovrebis ufleba; vizebi; samuSao ufleba;oficialuri Canawerebi migranti samuSao Zalis Sesaxeb; TavSesafrismaZiebelTa Suamdgomlo­basTan dakavSirebuli dokumentacia; saxelm­wifo sazRvris monacemebi; mosaxleobis aRwerebi; SinameurneobaTagamokvlevebi da sxv.zemoT motanili yvela sistema SeiZleba ZiriTad­ ad oTx jgufadklasif­ icirdes. kerZod:1) administraciuli registrebi;2) sxva administraciuli wyaroebi;3) monacemTa mopoveba sazRvarze;4) SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevebis Sesabamisi Sedegebi.qvemoT mokled ganvixilavT maT:1. administraciuli registrebis kategoriaSi Sedis mosaxleobis registrebi, ucxoelTa registrebi da sxva saxis siebi, romlebic Seicaven monacemebs konkretul pirTa jgufebis Sesaxeb, magaliTad, im pirTa siebi, romlebmac mimarTes TavSesafaris misaRebad. gare migraciis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebis miRebis TvalsazrisiT is registrebia gamosadegi, romlebSic fiqsirdeba sacxovrebeli qveynis cvlileba.2. sxva administraciuli wyaroebis meSveobiT, monacemebi gare migraciis Sesaxeb, rogorc wesi, miiReba im administraciuli procedurebis gatarebisas, romlebic mowodebulia akontrolon gare migracia. amitom administraciuli wyaroebi Cveulebriv mxolod gare migrantebis konkretuli kontingentis Sesaxeb iZleva informacias. magaliTad, statistikuri monacemebi gacemul nebarTvebze mocemul qveyanaSi cxovrebis uflebis Sesaxeb mxolod ucxoelebs exeba. aseve, informacia deportaciis Sesaxeb miiReba mxolod aralegalur migrantebze.3. monacemTa mopoveba sazRvarze, tradiciulad, iTvleba saerTa­ Soriso migraciis Sesaxeb informaciis ZiriT­ ad wyarod. statis­ tikur monacemTa mopoveba sazRvarze SeiZleba mimdinareobdes administ­ raciuli an statistikuri mizniT. migrantTa statistikuri aRricxvisaTvis saWiro informacia moiTxovs iseT monacemebs, romlebic yovelTvis ar aris miTi­ Tebuli pirovnebis saidentifikacio dokumentSi (pasportSi), mag. qveyanaSi Camosvlis mizani da yofnis savaraudo xanZlivoba.268 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Sesabamisad, am informaciis mopoveba moiTxovs mgzavrebis mier dadgenili statistikuri formebis Sevsebas sazRvarze. sazRvarze Segrovebul statistikur monacemebs is upiratesoba aqvs, rom isini maRali sizustiT asaxaven adamianTa faqtobriv moZraobas da amdenad saerTaSoriso migraciis Sesaxeb sasargeblo informacias iZlevian. Tumca, informaciis sizustis upiratesoba axasiaTebs mxolod im monacemebs, romlebic dokumenturi saxiT aris xelmisawvdomi, samgzavro dokumentebidan. danarCeni monacemebis sizuste kargad kontrolirebadi sazRvrebis SemTxve­ vaSic ki damokidebulia mgzavris mier mowodebuli informaciis sinamdvileze.4. SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevebis Sesabamisi Sedegebi gare migra­ ciis Sesaxeb, SeiZleba mopovebul iqnes rogorc uSualod SinameurneobaTa gamokvlevebis, ise mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris safuZvelze. rogorc wesi, aseTi saxis gamokvlevebi (da aRwerebi) ar iZleva sando statistikur monacemebs gare migraciuli nakadebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdinare aRniSnuli gamokvlevebi ar moicaven im pirTa gadaadgilebas, romlebmac datoves qveyana gamokvlevis (aRweris) Catarebamde.miuxedavad amisa, mosaxleobis zogierTi aRwerisas (programidangamom­dinare) yvela aRwerili pirisagan grovdeboda informacia,aRwe­ramde erTi an bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi maTi sacxovrebeliadgilis Sesaxeb. es ki im gare migrantebis gansazRvris SesaZleblobasiZleva, romlebic Camovidnen gansaxilveli periodis ganmavlobaSi dagamokvlevis (aRweris) momentSi imyofebodnen qveyanaSi.saerTaSoriso migraciis gazomvisas warmoiqmneba sirTule – rogordavadginoT xangrZlivad, Tu mcire periodiT icvlis migrantiqveyanas, romelSic is Cveulebriv cxovrobs. pasuxi mocemul SekiT­xvaze xangrZlivobis Sesaxeb miiReba mxolod im informaciis safuZ­ ­velze, romelsac migranti TviTon iZleva da romelic, rogorc wesi,pirobiT xasiaTs atarebs.8.3.2. saerTaSoriso migraciis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebis Segrovebis mTavari principebimocemuli qveTavis daniSnulebaa warmogvidginos, rogor gansazR­vr­ aven saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikur aRricxvaSi mgzavrTasxvadasxva kategoriebs. warmodgenili gansazRvreba efuZneba gaerosსაერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 269

rekomendaciebs saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikis Sesaxeb22, rom­lebic emsaxureba qveynebis mier erTiani midgomebis SemuSavebasmigraciis Sesaxeb statistikis warmoebaSi. gaeros rekomendaciebisZiriT­ adi principebis gaTvaliswineba aucilebelia migraciis Sesaxebstatistikur monacemTa warmodgenisaTvis saerTaSoriso publi­kaciebSi da qveynebs Soris SedarebiTi statistikuri analizisaTvis.gare migarciis Sesaxeb sruli speqtrisa da yovelmxrivi warmodgenismisaRebad xSirad saWiroa sxvadasxva wyarodan miRebuli Sesabamisimonacemebis gaTvaliswineba da urTierTSedareba.mocemuli nawilis ZiriTadi daniSnulebaa gare migraciis Sesaxebsruli da naTeli suraTis misaRebad dajgufebebis mocema. ammizniT warmodgenilia gare migraciis SeswavlasTan dakavSirebulistatistikuri informaciis warmodgenis ZiriTadi principebi.pirvel rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom migrantebis ganzraxvebi, survilebida molodinebi klasifikaciis safuZvels ar unda warmoadgendes.sazRvarze gadaadgilebul pirebSi, romelTa Soris SeiZleba iyvnenqveynis moqalaqeebic da ucxoelebic, gamoyofen or ZiriTadadkategorias: migrantebs da aramigrantebs. aramigrantTa kategoriasmiekuTvnebian23:1. pirebi mcxovrebni sasazRvro raionSi - romlebmac miiRes nebarTva mimReb qveyanaSi mudmiv samsaxurze im pirobiT, rom isini SeZleben yoveldRiurad an yovelkvireulad gadakveTon sazRvari.242. tranzituli mgzavrebi, romlebic Semodian qveyanaSi sxva qveynidan, miemarTebian ra daniSnulebis (mesame) qveynisaken da mocemul qveyanaSi yofnis sruli periodis (Semosvlidan maqsimum 24 saaTis) ganmavlobaSi rCebian xomaldze, romliTac Semovidnen qveyanaSi, portSi, aeroportis dacul zonaSi an policiis meTvalyureobis qveS.253. turistebi (romlebic erT dReze met xans rCebian, magram maTi sazRvargareT yofna ar SeiZleba aRematebodes erT weliwads), agreTve, pirebi, romlebic qveyanaSi imyofebian dasvenebis, janmrTelobis ganmtkicebis an religiuri mizniT. aseve megobar- amxanagebis an naTesavebis mosanaxuleblad.22 UNDESA, Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Revision 1. UN. N.Y.: 1998, gv. 31-83.23 iqve, gv. 39.24 migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikonis Sesabamisad, sazRvrispira muSaki aris `SromiTi migranti, romelic inarCunebs mis Cveul (mudmiv) sacxovrebels me- zobel qveyanaSi, romelSic igi brundeba yoveldRe an sul mcire, kviraSi erTxel mainc~. nanaxia 17.05.2017 w. http://www.migration.commission.ge/files/glosaary.pdf.25 iqve.270 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

4. eqskursantebi (erTdRiani vizitorebi) – pirebi, romlebic imyofe­ bian mimReb qveyanaSi mxolod erT dRemde da romlebic ar aTeven Rames sastumros tipis sacxovrisSi. amave kategoriaSi Sedian: mgzavrebi, romlebic qveyanaSi moxvdnen kruiziT da romlebic Ramis gasaTevad ukanve brundebian gemze, an matarebelze agreTve, gemis an matareblis ekipaJis wevrebi, romlebic Rames ar aTeven mimReb qveyanaSi.5. pirebi, romlebic saqmiani vizitiT imyofebian – maT miekuTvnebian isini, romlebic mcire vadiani vizitiT arian qveyanaSi biznesis an profesiuli saqmianobis mizniT, romelic ar anazRaurdeba mimRebi qveynis saxsrebiT da maTi qveyanaSi yofnis xangrZlivoba ar SeiZleba aRematebodes erT weliwads.6. vizitorebi (qveynidan sazRvargareT gamsvleli) – pirebi, romelT­a Cveulebrivi cxovrebis qveyanaa is adgili, saidanc miemgzavrebian da romlebic sazRvargareT erT welze naklebi xangrZlivobiT iqnebian janmrTelobis ganmtkicebis, dasvenebis, amxanag-megobrebis an naTesavebis monaxulebis, religiuri da sxva mizniT.7. diplomatiuri da sakonsulo personali, agreTve maTi Tanmxlebi pirebi (ojaxis wevrebi, kmayofaze myofebi da Sinamosamsaxureebi) – pirebi, romlebic qveyanaSi imyofebian diplomatiuri/sakonsulo miznebiT an uflebebiT da diplomatiur warmomadgenlobaSi an sakonsulo dawesebulebaSi muSaobis nebarTviT.8. samxedro personali da maTi Tanmxlebi pirebi (kmayofaze myofebi da Sinamosamsaxureebi) – samxedro pirebi an mrCevlebi, romlebic qveyanaSi Sesabamisi misiiT imyofebian.9. momTabareebi – pirebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT stabiluri sacxov­ re­beli adgili da gadaadgildebian erTi adgilidan meoreSi. maTi aRricxva mxolod im SemTxvevaSi warmoebs, rodesac isini gadakveTen qveynis sazRvrebs.saerTaSoriso migrantebis kategorias miekuTvnebian26:1. ucxoelebi, romlebic Camovidnen qveyanaSi ganaTlebis misaRebad an profesiuli donis asamaRleblad (da maT kmayofaze myofebi) – pirebi, romlebic daSvebulni arian swavlebis garkveuli kursis gasavlelad mimRebi qveynis romelime saswavlo dawesebulebaSi an garkveuli codnis miRebisa da swavlebis mizniT samuSao adgilze.26 Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Prevision 1. UN. N.Y.: 1998, gv. 33-34.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 271

2. ucxoelebi, romlebic daSvebulni arian mimReb qveyanaSi dasaqmebis mizniT (agreTve maT kmayofaze myofebi da Sinamo­ samsaxureebi) – pirebi, romlebic daSvebulni arian sxva qveyanaSi ekonomikuri saqmianobis zustad miTiTebuli mizniT, romelic anazRaurdeba mimReb qveyanaSi arsebuli wyaroebidan. amave kategoriaSi Sedian migrantebi da maT kmayofaze myofi pirebi da Sinamosamsaxureebi, romlebic mimRebi qveynis saerTaSoriso organizaciebSi muSaoben.3. pirebi, romlebic apireben ojaxis Seqmnas, an axlo naTesavebTan gaerTianebas – pirebi, romlebic daiSvebian mimReb qveyanaSi im safuZvelze, rom arian axlo naTesavebi an saqmro-sapatarZlo/ sacole; agreTve, ucxoeli naSvilebi bavSvebi, romlebsac qveyanaSi Sesvlis ufleba aqvT.4. migrantebi, romlebsac Tavisufali cxovrebis an gadaadgilebis ufleba aqvT (agreTve maT kmayofaze myofebi) – pirebi, romlebsac mimReb qveyanaSi Tavisufali Semosvlis, yofnisa da SromiTi mowyobis ufleba aqvT gamomdinare iqidan, rom mimReb qveyanasa da sakuTari moqalaqeobis qveyanas Soris moqmedebs garkveuli SeTanxmeba.5. Casaxlebas daqvemdebarebuli migrantebi – ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebi, romlebmac miiRes xangrZlivi an ganusazRvreli droiT darCenis ufleba da romlebsac, faqtobrivad, SeuzRu­ davad SeuZliaT ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri uflebe­ bis ganxorcieleba (mag., daqiravebuli SromiTi migrantebi, ojaxis gaerTianebis mizniT migrirebulebi, migrantebi Tavisufali gansaxlebis uflebiT an ucxoeli pensionerebi).276. humanitaruli principebidan gamomdinare, qveyanaSi daSvebuli ucxoelebi.- ltolvilebi, romlebsac mieniWaT ltolvilis statusi qveyanaSi Camosvlamde an Camosvlis Semdeg;- TavSesafris maZiebeli pirebi, romlebmac TavSesafris miRebasTan dakavSirebuli Suamdgomloba iTxoves mSobliuri qveynis gareT.- droebiTi dacvis statusis mqone pirebi, romlebsac ufleba aqvT droebiT, amasTan SesaZlebelia gaurkveveli vadiT, imyofebodnen mimReb qveyanaSi, im garemoebebidan gamomdinare, rom maTi27 migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო272

moqalaqeobis qveyanaSi dabrunebisas maT sicocxles garkveuli saSiSroeba SeiZleba emuqrebodes. humanitaruli principebidan gamomdinare qveyanaSi daSvebuli migrantTa sxva kategoriebi – maT miekuTvnebian ucxoelebi, romlebmac ver miiRes devnilis statusi, magram amis miuxedavad daSvebulni arian mimReb qveyanaSi humanitaruli xasiaTis mizezebiT, vinaidan isini ltolvilebis msgavs mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndnen. am kategoriaSi Sedis humanitaruli TvalsazrisiT qveyanaSi daSvebuli yvela is SemTxveva, romelic ver xvdeba zemoT CamoTvlil kategoriebSi.7. ucxoelebi, romelTa statusi dazustebis stadiaSia – pirebi, romlebic qveyanaSi Sevidnen aralegalurad an cxovrobdnen iq samarTleblivi statusis gareSe, magram garkveuli periodis Semdeg oficialurad miiRes qveyanaSi cxovrebis ufleba.yvela zemoT CamoTvlili jgufis migranti qveyanaSi yofnis xangrZli­vobis mixedviT SeiZleba iyos:1. sami Tvidan erT wlamde;2. erTi da meti weli, magram SezRudviT;3. SeuzRudavi xangrZlivobiT.migrantebis Sesaxeb mizanSewonilia Semdegi informaciis mopoveba28:1. qveyana, romlis moqalaqeobac aqvs;2. sqesi;3. dabadebis TariRi;4. qveyanaSi Camosvlis TariRi;5. qveyanaSi yofnis savaraudo xangrZlivoba;6. wina Cveulebriv sacxovrebeli qveyana;7. qveyana, romelSic daibada;8. qorwinebiTi mdgomareoba;9. ganaTleba;10. sazRvargareT yofnis mizani.28 Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Prevision 1. UN. N.Y.: 1998, gv. 64-70.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 273

8.3.3. migraciis ZiriTadi maCveneblebimigraciis saldo aris yvelaze gavrcelebuli maCvenebeli, romelsaciyeneben migraciis analizis dros da is warmoadgens qveyanaSiemigrantTa da imigrantTa raodenobis sxvaobas. im SemTxvevaSi, TuqveyanaSi Semosul migrantTa (imigrantTa) raodenoba metia, vidregasuli mosaxleobis (emigrantebis) ricxvi, migraciis saldo da­debiTia. es niSnavs, rom migraciuli procesebis Sedegad qveynismosaxleoba izrdeba. xolo qveyanaSi intensiuri emigraciuliprocesebis SemTxvevaSi migraciis saldo uaryofiTia, radganemigrantTa raodenoba aWarbebs Semosul migrantTa ricxvs.migraciis koeficienti (M) axasiaTebs gansazRvrul teritoriazemigraciuli procesebis intensivobas garkveul kalendarulperiodSi. migraciis koeficienti uCvenebs migrantTa (migraciis)raodenobas mosaxleobis 1000 sulze gaangariSebiT. migraciis zogadikoeficienti (M) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac MI aris garkveul droSi migrantTa (emigrantTa da imigrantTa)saerTo raodenoba; P - mocemuli teritoriis mosaxleobis saSualoraodenoba mocemul periodSi.magaliTad29, saqarTveloSi 2014 wels mosaxleobis saSualo wliurmaraodenobam Seadgina 3, 727 aTasi, xolo emigrantebisa da imigrantebisraodenobam - 170865. Sesabamisad, 2014 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis1 000 sulze modioda daaxloebiT 46 migranti.emigracias aCvenebs mosaxleobis qveynidan gadinebis intensivobasda warmoadgens gasulTa raodenobas mosaxleobis 1000 sulzegaangariSebiT. migraciis koeficienti (Mi) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac (MIi) aris gasul migrantTa raodenoba garkveul periodSi;P – mocemuli teritoriis mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba amaveperiodSi.29 aq da qvemoT moyvanili magaliTebi dafuZnebulia saqarTvelos statis- tikis erovnuli samsaxuris oficialur monacemebze. nanaxia 13.08.2016 w. http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=151&lang=geo.274 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2014 wels mosaxleobis saSualo wliurmaraodenobam Seadgina 3, 727 aTasi, xolo emigrantebis raodenobam –88704. Sesabamisad, 2014 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis 1 000 sulzeqveynidan gavida daaxloebiT 24 emigranti.imigraciis zogadi koeficienti Semosvlis intensivobis mixedviTuCvenebs SemosulTa raodenobas mosaxleobis 1000 sulze. migraciiszogadi koeficienti Semosvlis intensivobis mixedviT (Mj) gamoian­gariSeba formuliT: ,sadac MIj Semosul migrantTa raodenobaa garkveul periodSi; P– mocemuli teritoriis mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba amaveperiodSi.magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2014 wels mosaxleobis saSualo wliurmaraodenobam Seadgina 3, 727 aTasi, xolo imigrantebis raodenobam –82161. Sesabamisad, 2014 wels saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis 1 000 sulzeqveyanaSi Semovida 22 imigranti.migraciis saldos koeficienti warmoadgens wminda migraciis (neto-migraciis anu migraciis saldos) Sefardebas mocemuli teritoriismosaxleobis raodenobasTan da axasiaTebs migraciis Sedegianobas.migraciis saldos koeficienti (Mn) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac MIj – Semosul migrantTa raodenoba; MIi – gasul migrantTaraodenoba; P – mocemuli teritoriis mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba.magaliTad, saqarTveloSi 2014 wels mosaxleobis saSualo wliurmaraodenobam Seadgina 3, 727 aTasi, emigrantebis raodenobam – 88704,xolo imigrantebisam - 82161. Sesabamisad, 2014 wels mosaxleobis 1000sulze sxvaobam SemosulTa da gasulTa Soris (saldos koeficientma)Seadgina -1.8.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 275

migraciuli kavSirebis intensivobis koeficienti gamoiangariSebamigrantebis gamosvlis raionis migraciuli SesaZleblobebisgamoricxvis mizniT, romelic damokidebulia rogorc gamosvlis, iseSesvlis raionebis (regionebis) mosaxleobis raodenobaze. migraciulikavSirebis intensivobis koeficienti (Mk) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac MIij aris migraciuli nakadi gamosvlis i raionidan Semosvlis jraionSi; Pi – gamosvlis raionis mosaxleobis raodenoba; Pj – Semosvlisraionis mosaxleobis raodenoba; P – mocemuli raionebis mosaxleobissaerTo raodenoba.mocemuli koeficienti Sedarebis karg saSualebas iZleva da maSin aqvsgansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba, rodesac koeficienti gaiangariSebayvela, an ramdenime raionisaTvis (regionisaTvis).migraciuli kavSirebis intensivobis modernizebuli koeficienti -efuZneba raionebs (regionebs) Soris wminda migraciis gansazRvras.migraciuli kavSirebis intensivobis modernizebuli koeficienti(Mm) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac MIij aris migraciuli nakadi i raionidan daniSnulebis raionSi;MIji – migraciuli nakadi j raionidan i raionSi; Pi – warmoSobis raionismosaxleobis raodenoba; Pj – daniSnulebis raionis mosaxleobisraodenoba; P – mTeli mosaxleoba.wina koeficientisagan gansxvavebiT mocemul SemTxvevaSi gaTvaliswi­nebulia rogorc Semosvla, ise gasvla, anu praqtikuladaa gaTvalis­winebuli migraciis saldo (neto migracia).migraciis specialuri koeficientebi gamoiyeneba garkveulimaxasiaTeblebis mqone P (sqesi, asaki, ganaTleba da a.S.) migrantebisanalizisaTvis. SedarebisaTvis gamoiyeneba amave maxasiaTeblebismqone mosaxleobis raodenoba (P). migraciis specialurikoeficientebi (MS) gamoiangariSeba formuliT: ,sadac S garkveuli maxasiaTeblis mqone migrantebia; PS - amave maxasia­Teblis mqone mosaxleobis raodenoba.276 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

magaliTad, 2014 wels migraciis specialurma koeficientma Sesabamisisqesis mosaxleobis 1000 sulze mamakacebisaTvis Seadgina (-1.6), xoloqalebisaTvis - (-1.9). rac imas niSnavs, rom qalebi meti intensivobiTgadian, vidre mamakacebi.migraciis fardobiTi intensivobis indeqsi migraciis zogadintensivobaSi SemTxveviT gansxvavebaTa gavlenis eliminirebissaSualebas iZleva. am mxriv, is ufro sandoa, vidre migraciisspecialuri koeficientebi. migraciis fardobiTi intensivobisindeqsi (IM) gaangariSebis erT-erTi xerxia: ,sadac Ms mocemuli jgufis migraciis specialuri koeficientia; M– migraciis zogadi koeficienti.8.4. saqarTvelos mosaxleobis saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikasaqarTveloSi saerTaSoriso migraciis statistikuri monacemebisSegrovebis meTodebi icvleboda wlebis ganmavlobaSi.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlamde, migracia am kavSirSi Semavali qveynebi­saTvis, da maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvis, ganixileboda rogorc erTkavSirSi Semavali qveynebis respublikaTaSorisi migracia da arasaerTaSoriso (gare) migracia miRebuli ganmartebiT. nebismierisaxis teritoriuli gadaadgileba (respublikis SigniT an gareT),mkacrad regulirdeboda maSindeli wesiT: gansazRvrul misamarTzepirovnebebis savaldebulo registraciiT, e.w. `propiskas sistemiT~.mosaxleobis gadaadgileba ZiriTadad ganpirobebuli iyo SromiTmigraciasTan, ganaTlebis miRebasTan, qorwinebasa da urbanizaciisprocesTan30. aRsaniSnavia, rom specifikuri samuSao adgilebisSevsebis mizniT, adgili hqonda axalgazrda profesionalebisa dakvalificiuri muSebis gadanawilebas erTi respublikidan meoreSi,e.w gegmiuri migracia.sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg warmoqmnilma damoukidebelmasaxelmwifoebma, axalma saerTaSoriso sazRvrebma da im realobam,rodesac aRar arsebobda sabWoTa xelisuflebis mier Tavisi moqala­30 Tishkov, V., Zayinchkovskaya, Z., & Vitkovskaya, G., Migration in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union. Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, 2005. gv. 1.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 277

qeebisaTvis Seqmnili xelovnuri `barierebi~ situacia radikaluradSecvala. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris nebismier moqalaqes SeeZloemogzaura sazRvargareT xelovnuri dabrkolebis gareSe da respub­lik­ aTaSorisi migracia Seicvala saerTaSoriso migraciiT.1990-ian wlebSi, saqarTveloSi arsebulma politikurma arastabi­lurobam, socialur-ekonomikurma krizisma gamoiwvia rogorcSromiTi migrantebis, ise eTnikuri umciresobebis gadinebamezobel axlad Seqmnil damoukidebel qveynebSi da industriuladganvi­Tarebul qveynebSi. am periodSi gare migraciuli nakadebisregistracia mkveTrad gauaresda.31 2004 wlamde periodSi migraciisstatist­ ikuri aRricxvis sistema saqarTveloSi Sinaarsobrivad arSecvlila sabWoTa kavSiris droindelTan SedarebiT: am periodisTvis(1990-iani wlebidan 2004 wlamde) gare migraciis Sesaxeb monacemebimoipoveboda e.w. Cawerisa da amoweris baraTebis safuZvelzemaSindeli `miliciis~ (policiis) ganyofilebebidan da naklebisandoobiT gamoirCeoda. magaliTad, aRniSnuli monacemebiT 1990-2001wlebSi gare migraciis saldom Seadgina -136.6 aTasi. maSin rodesac2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris Semdeg aRweraTaSorisi periodisgadaangariSebis Sedegad, imave (1990-2001 ww.) periodSi migraciissaldo -911 aTasad iqna miCneuli.2004-2011 wlebSi, saqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri(saqstati) saerTaSoriso migraciis SefasebisaTvis iyenebda SinagansaqmeTa saministros sazRvris dacvis departamentis monacemebsmgzavrebis mier saqarTvelos sazRvrebis gadakveTis Sesaxeb daganxilul periodSi oficialuri statistika saerTaSoriso migraciisSesaxeb Semoifargleboda mxolod Semosul da gasul mgzavrTaraodenobiT, sqesobriv-asakobrivi SemadgenlobiTa da moqalaqeobismixedviT da ver xerxdeboda maTi identificireba qveynidan gasvlisda qveyanaSi yofnis xangrZlivobis mixedviT. Sesabamisad, migraciissaldo ganisazRvreboda, rogorc kalendaruli wlis ganmavlobaSisaqarTveloSi Semosul da gasul mgzavrTa nakadebis sxvaoba.2012 wlidan, qveyanaSi gaumjobesda gare migraciuli nakadebisaRricxva da meTodologia; saqstati monacemebs iRebs Sinagan saqme­Tasaministrodan, da saerTaSoriso emigrantisa da imigrantis identifi­cireba xdeba gaeros rekomendaciebis32 Sesabamisad. miiCneva, rom31 Irina Badurashvili, Problems of Irregular Labour Migration of Georgian Population: Demography of Armenia in the threshold of millennium. Yerevan: UNFPA. 2001, gv. 5-9; aseve ix. wulaZe, emigracia saqarTvelodan 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT. Tbilisi: CRRC-Georgia, 2005. gv. 10-12 da Geraldine Duthé, Irina Badurashvili, Karine Kuyumiyan, France Meslé, and Jacque Vallin, Mortality in the Caucasus: An attempt to re-estimate recent6trer mortality trends in Armenia and Georgia. Demographic research, t. 22 , 2010; gv. 691-732.32 Unated Nations. Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, revision 2. 2008. (ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/67/Rev.2). New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division, gv. 83-95.278 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

saxelmwifo sazRvris kveTis monacemTa bazebi, sxva administraciuliwyaroebisagan gansxvavebiT iZleva migrantebis raodenobis gaangari­Sebis saSualebas, radgan migrantis identificirebis erT-erTiZiriTadi kriteriumia migraciis xangrZlivoba.meTodologiis mixedviT, romelsac saqstati iyenebs, imigrantadiTvleba piri, Tu man gadmokveTa saqarTvelos sazRvari da bolo 12TveSi sul mcire 183 dRe (SesaZlebelia es iyos kumulatiuri jamiramdenime Semosvlis) imyofeboda saqarTvelos teritoriaze dasaqarTvelo ar iyo misTvis mudmivi sacxovrebeli qveyana (e.i. massaqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT wina 12 TveSi gatarebuli aqvs sulmcire 183 dRe).Sesabamisad, emigrantad iTvleba piri, Tu man datova saqarTvelo dabolo 12 TveSi da sul mcire 183 dRe (SesaZlebelia es iyos kumulatiurijami ramdenime gasvlis) imyofeboda sxva saxelmwifos teritoriazeda saqarTvelo iyo misTvis mudmivi sacxovrebeli qveyana (e.i. masqveynidan gasvlamde wina 12 TveSi saqarTveloSi gatarebuli hqondasul mcire 183 dRe).garkveul informacias saqarTveloSi mimdinare migraciuliprocesebis Sesaxeb iZleva aseve mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRwerebic,romlebic saSualod 10-wliani periodiT tardeba. aRweris drosgrovdeba informacia yvela ojaxis wevris dabadebis adgilis, winasacxovrebeli adgilis Sesaxeb da aseve monacemebi im TariRze,rodesac pirma daiwyo cxovreba im dasaxlebaSi, sadac mudmivadcxovrobda aRweris kritikuli momentisaTvis.2002 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris dros saWiro gaxda aRwerisprogramaSi emigraciis modulis Cadeba, romelic iTvaliswinebdagare migraciasTan dakavSirebuli mTeli rigi sakiTxebis Seswavlas33,magram, rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, aRwera ver moicavs iseTojaxebs, romlis yvela wevri imyofeba emigraciaSi, rac intensiuriemigraciuli procesebis pirobebSi ar gvaZlevs zust raodenobrivinformacias migraciuli procesebis Sesaxeb.2014 wlis aRweraSic gaTvaliswinebuli iyo kiTxvari migraciis Sesa­xeb. gaeros rekomendaciebis gaTvaliswinebiT savele samuSaoebisperiodSi grovdeboda informacia saqarTveloSi mudmivad mcxovrebipirebis imigraciisa da Sida migraciis Sesaxeb34. calke forma35 iyogamoyofili maTTvis, vinc datova qveyana 2002 wlidan da amJamad33 http://geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/georgian/census/2002/Forma_em-2000shes.pdf, nanaxia 13.08.16 w.34 http://census.ge/files/pdf/Form%20%232.pdf, nanaxia 13.08.16 w.35 http://census.ge/files/pdf/Form%20%233.pdf, nanaxia 13.08.16 w.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 279

cxovrobs ucxo qveyanaSi, maT Sesaxeb informacia moipoveboda maTiojaxis wevrebis an, Tu mTeli Sinameurneoba iyo wasuli, mezoblebisgamokiTxvis gziT.2002 da 2014 wlebis aRweris programis mixedviT, demografiulda socialur-ekonomikur informaciasTan erTad grovdebodainformacia piris dabadebis adgilis, wina sacxovrebeli adgilisqveynis farglebSi da qveynis farglebs gareT, amasTan respondentebsekiTxebodnen im wlis Sesaxeb, rodesac man daiwyo cxovreba imdasaxlebaSi, sadac is mudmivad cxovrobda aRweris kritikuli momen­tisaTvis. am monacemebiT nawilobriv SesaZlebeli xdeba migraciisistoriis aRdgena kohortis WrilSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom kiTxvebidabadebis adgilis Sesaxeb gvaZlevs informacias mxolod erTi (bolo)gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb da ar moicavs informacias iseT SemTxvevebze,rodesac pirma aRweris Catarebamde ramdenjerme Seicvala mudmivisacxovrebeli adgili. aqedan gamomdinare, Sefasebebis drosaucilebelad gasaTvaliswinebelia migraciasTan dakavSirebuli sxvakiTxvebic da SemTxvevaTa dakvirvebis Secdomis riskic.2014 wlis mosaxleobis aRweram aCvena, rom 2002 wlis aRweris Semdegemigrantebis raodenobam Seadgina 88,541, maT Soris 40,182 mamakaci da48,359 qali. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, es monacemi ar asaxavs emigrantTazust raodenobas, rasac mimdinare statistika da sxvadasxvasaeqsperto Sefasebebic adasturebs.diagrama 3: emigrantebis ganawileba (%) asakisa da sqesis mixedviT mosaxleobis 2014 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT 80+ 70-74 mamakaci qali 60-64 50-54 40-44 30-34 20-24 10-14 0-4 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0wyaro: mosaxleobis 2014 wlis aRwera, saqstati.280 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

rogorc Cans, emigrantebis umravlesoba warmoadgens samuSao asakismosaxleobas, rogorc qalebis ise mamakacebis absoluturi umrav­lesoba (85.8% da 87% Sesabamisad) 20-dan 60 wlamdea, rac mniSvnelovangavlenas axdens mosaxleobis formirebaze.diagrama 4: emigrantebis ganawileba amJamindeli sacxovrebeli qveynisa da sqesis mixedviT mosaxleobis 2014 wlis aRweris Sedegebis mixedviT ruseTi 33.9 11.5 saberZneTi 5.9 8.1 24.1 TurqeTi 3.4 italia 7.0 13.8 6.1 17.0 germania 4.3 aSS 4.7 7.1 mamakaci 6.5 5.3 qali espaneTi 2.7 1.5 3.9safrangeTi 16.1 2.9 10.6 1.4 ukraina 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 45.0 50.0azerbaijanisxva qveyana 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0wyaro: mosaxleobis 2014 wlis aRwera, saqstati.rogorc Cans, 2002 wlis Semdeg wasuli emigrantebi amJamindelisacxovrebeli adgilis mixedviT Semdegnairad arian ganawilebulni:ruseTi – 21.7%, saberZneTi – 15.9%, TurqeTi – 11.2%, italia 10.9%,xolo emigrantebis daaxloebiT 40% sxva qveynebSia gadanawilebuli.amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom mamakaci emigrantebisaTvis ZiriTad daniS­nulebis qveyanas ruseTi warmoadgens (33.9%), xolo qali emigrantebiupiratesobas evropis qveynebs aniWeben, rac SesaZlebelia gamo­wveulia dasaqmebis perspeqtivebiT.aRsaniSnavia, rom gare migraciisa da mosaxleobis Sesaxeb saqstatismonacemebis garda gamoiyeneba samecniero Sefasebebic, romelic xSirSemTxvevaSi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan.qvemoT mokled iqneba ganxiluli gare migracia da misi gavlena mosax­leobis dinamikaze saqarTveloSi 1990-2001 wlebSi saldos safuZvelzesaqarTvelos statistikis erovnuli samsaxurisa da SefasebiTimonacemebis mixedviT.საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 281

milioni diagrama 5: saqarTvelos mosaxleobis dinamika sxvadasxva wyaros mixedviT 1990 wlidan 6.0 saqstati 5.5 Sefaseba 5.0 4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015* 2016* saqstatis SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli monacemi efuZneba 2014 wlis 5 noembrismosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris Sedegsa da 2014 wlis bolo 2 Tvis saerTomatebis (bunebriv matebas + migraciuli saldo) jams.aRweraTaSorisi periodis mosaxleobis ricxovnobis gadaangariSeba moxdeba2014 wlis mosaxleobis sayovelTao aRweris saboloo Sedegebis gamoqveynebisSemdeg.361990-iani wlebidan saqarTvelos mosaxleoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirdada mimdinareobs mosaxleobis demografiuli daberebis procesi.am periodSi, mosaxleobis kleba gamowveulia bunebrivi matebisSemcirebiT, magram ZiriTadi faqtori mosaxleobis klebis maincdakavSirebulia emigraciasTan.rogorc mocemuli diagramidan Cans, saqstatisa da SefasebiTimonacemebis mixedviT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba gansxvav­deba erTmaneTisagan.TiTqmis mTeli periodis ganmavlobaSi, adgilobrivi eqspertebisaqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenobas afaseben ufro naklebad, vidre– oficialuri statistika. 2000-iani wlebidan gansxvaveba oficialurstatistikisa da SefasebiT monacemebs Soris izrdeba mniSvnelovnad(10-15%-is farglebSi). es gansxvaveba SesaZlebelia gamowveuli iyos36 Gia Tsuladze, Demographic Yearbook of Georgia 2013. UNFPA. Tbilisi, 2014, gv. 317; aseve saqstatis monacemebi.282 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

dabadebulTa da gardacvlilTa arasruli registraciiT, TumcamniSvnelovnad mainc gare migraciasTan aris dakavSirebuli. boloperiodSi, oficialuri statistikis monacemebiT, gare migraciissaldo dadebiTia; xolo SefasebiTi monacemebiT, mTeli periodisganmavlobaSi gare migraciis saldo uaryofiTia.cxrili 1: gare migraciis saldo saqarTvelosaTvis 1990 wlidan37 raodenoba (aTasi) saqstati Sefaseba1990 -13.2 -15.81995 -127.2 -139.42000 -35.2 -38.62001 -31.2 -35.22005 76.3 -30.42010 18.1 -15.02011 20.2 -16.22012 -21.5 -21.52013 -16.6 -2.6rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, 2004-2011 wlebSi saqstatis mier gamoqvey­nebuli monacemebi ar asaxavs realur suraTs da mosaxleobis 2014wlis aRweris Sedegebma SesaZlebeli gaxada aRweraTa Soris periodisrogorc mosaxleobis, ise migraciis statistikuri monacemebisgadaxedva da gadaangariSeba, rac xelmisawvdomi iqneba 2017 wlisaTvis.kiTxvebi msjelobisaTvis1. ras swavlobs demografia?2. rogor gavlenas axdens migracia demografiul procesebze;3. axseniT ra kavSiria demografiuli da migraciuli gadasvlis Teoriebs Soris;4. ratom aris es ori Teoria migraciis sferos SeswavlisTvis mniSvnelovani?5. migraciasTan dakavSirebuli informaciis mopovebis ra ZiriTadi wyaroebi arsebobs?37 iqve. 283საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები

kazusebi da saSinao davalebakazusi 2. gare migraciis Sesaxeb statistikuri informaciis Segrovebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi saqarTveloSirogorc ukve aRiniSna saqarTveloSi wlebis ganmavlobaSiicvleboda gare migraciis Sesaxeb statistikuri monacemebisSegrovebis meTodebi da wyaroebi. amJamad, qveyanaSi garemigraciuli nakadebis SefasebisaTvis gamoiyeneba Sinagan saqmeTasaministros (sazRvris dacvis) monacemebi, romelic saSualebasiZleva moxdes imigrantTa da emigrantTa raodenobis gansazRvra,maTi sqesobriv-asakobrivi Semadgenlobisa da moqalaqeobisSesaxeb informaciis mogroveba.davaleba/SekiTxva studentebs:gTxovT, aRweroT amJamad arsebuli gare migraciis Sesaxebstatistikuri informaciis mopovebis wyaros Zlieri da sustimxareebi. Tqveni azriT, arsebobs Tu ara amJamad saqarTveloSialternatiuli wyaro gare migraciuli nakadebis SefasebisaTvis?gTxovT moiyvanoT, sxva qveynis magaliTi (moiZioT internetSiqveyana), romelic iyenebs sazRvris kveTis monacemebs garemigraciuli nakadebis SefasebisaTvis).1. koeficientebis gaangariSeba saqarTvelos magaliTze 2004 wlidan oficialuri statistikuri monacemebis safuZvelze.38 a. emigraciis maCvenebeli (Mi) b. imigraciis maCvenebeli (Mj) c. migraciis saldo (Mn)2. ra aris gare migraciis saldo? aageT xazovani diagrama gare migraciis saldoze39 saqarTvelos magaliTze 1990-iani wlebidan da gaakeTeT miRebuli Sedegis mokle analizi;3. CamoTvaleT saqarTveloSi gare migraciis Sesaxeb statistikuri informaciis mopovebis ZiriTadi wyaroebi da daaxasiaTeT TiToeuli.38 Tsuladze, Demographic Yearbook of Georgia, UNFPA. gv. 16-40 da 303; aseve ixileT saqarTve- los statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri (2015) – demografiuli viTareba saqarTve- loSi, nanaxia 13.08.16 w. http://bit.ly/1Xf59Rk.39 http://geostat.ge/?action=page&p_id=172&lang=geo, nanaxia 13.08.16 w.284 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

bibliografia da rekomendebuli literatura1. Eric Vilquin, The origin of demographic science, ix. krebulSi Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, ed. Graziella Caselli Jacques Vallin Guillaume Wunsch, tomi III. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier, 2006;2. Francesco C. Billari, Bridging the Gap between Micro-demography and Macro- demography, ix. krebulSi Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, ed. Graziella Caselli Jacques Vallin Guillaume Wunsch , tomi IV. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier. 2006;3. Geraldine Duthé, Irina Badurashvili, Karine Kuyumiyan, France Meslé, and Jacque Vallin, Mortality in the Caucasus: An attempt to re-estimate recent6trer mortality trends in Armenia and Georgia. Demographic research, t. 22, 2010;4. GiaTsuladze, Demographic Yearbook of Georgia 2013. UNFPA. Tbilisi, 2014;5. Graziella Caselli Jacques Vallin Guillaume Wunsch, Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, tomi I, Boston: Elsevier, 2006;6. Hania Zlotnik, International Migration 1965-96: An Overview, Population and Development Review, 1998, #24(3);7. Hania Zlotnik, Theories of International Migration, ix. krebulSi Demography: Analysis and Synthesis, ed. Graziella Caselli Jacques Vallin Guillaume Wunsch, tomi II. Amsterdam, Boston: Elsevier, 2006;8. Irina Badurashvili, Problems of Irregular Labour Migration of Georgian Population: Demography of Armenia in the threshold of millennium. Yerevan: UNFPA. 2001;9. Kirk Dudley, Demographic Transition Theory, Population Studies, 1996, #50;10. Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Prevision 1. UN. N.Y., 1998;11. Tishkov, V., Zayinchkovskaya, Z., & Vitkovskaya, G., Migration in the Countries of the Former Soviet Union. Policy Analysis and Research Programme of the Global Commission on International Migration, 2005;12. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division. Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. New York, 1998. ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/58/Rev.1;საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 285

13. Unated Nations. Principles and Recommendations for Population and Housing Censuses, revision 2. 2008. (ST/ESA/STAT/SER.M/67/Rev.2). New York: Department of Economic and Social Affairs Statistics Division;14. UNDESA, Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration. Revision 1. UN. N.Y., 1998;15. Yaukey D., Anderton D. L., Lundquist J. H. Demography, The Study of Human Population. 3rd edition. Long Grove: Waveland Press, Inc. 2007;16. giorgi gamyreliZe, demografiuli statistika. Tbilisi, 1955;17. Toma guguSvili, saqarTvelos gare migraciul-demografiuli problemebi. Tbilisi, 1998;18. g. wulaZe, n. maRlaferiZe, a. sulaberiZe, demografia. saxelmZRva­ nelo. me-2 gamocema. Tbilisi: 2009;19. Tamaz zubiaSvili, Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migracia, Tbilisi: 1999;20. giorgi wulaZe, emigracia saqarTvelodan 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT. CRRC. Tbilisi: 2005;21. merab xmalaZe, mosaxleobis statistika demografiis safuZvlebiT, Tbilisi: 1986;22. giorgi wulaZe, demografiis mokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. mesame gamocema gadamuSavebuli da damatebuli. UNFPA. Tbilisi: 2012;23. migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia migraciis terminTa ganmartebiTi leqsikoni, migraciis sakiTxTa samTavrobo komisia da migraciis saerTaSoriso organizacia, 2014;24. giorgi wulaZe, emigracia saqarTvelodan 2002 wlis mosaxleobis aRweris monacemebis mixedviT. kavkasiis kvleviTi resursebis centri, evraziis fondi, niu-iorkis karnegis korporacia, 2005;25. Демографический энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. Д. И. Валентей. Москва: 1985;26. Народонаселение. Энциклопедический словарь. Гл. ред. А. Я. Кваша. Москва: Издательство Большая Российская энциклопедия, 1994;286 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

27. Демографическая энциклопедия. Гл. ред. А.А. Ткаченко, Москва: 2013;28. Демографический энциклопедический словарь. Москва: 1985;29. Народонаселение. Энциклопедический словарь, Москва: 1994;30. Демографическая энциклопедия, Москва: 2013საერთაშორისო მიგრაციის სტატისტიკა და დემოგრაფიის საფუძვლები 287

9. migraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi aleqsi guguSvili politikuri da socialuri mecnierebebis doqtori, oqsfordis universiteti9.1. Sesavali 9.1.1. mizanies Tavi miznad isaxavs studentebsa da sxva dainteresebul mkiTxvelszogadi warmodgena Seuqmnas migraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebze.amasTan, ekonomikasa da migracias Soris urTierTkavSirSi gasar­kvevad, mkiTxvels daexmareba am saxelmZRvanelos sxva Tavebisgacnobac. magaliTad, migraciis neoklasikuri da ekonomikuri Teo­riebis mixedviT, saerTaSoriso migracia uSualod ukavSirdebaekonom­ikur ganviTarebaSi sxvaobas qveynebs Soris.1 Sesabamisad, amTavSi ZiriTadad SemovifarglebiT ara migraciis ganmapirobebeliekon­o­mikuri aspeqtebiT, aramed migraciiT damdgari ekonomikuriSedegebiT.saxelmZRvanelo migraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebze tradiciuladmoicavs ekonomikisa da migraciis urTierTkavSiris vrcel Teoriulda teqnikur aRweras maTematikuri formulebisa da modelirebisgamoyenebiT. winamdebare Tavis gacnoba ar moiTxovs teqnikur anmaTematikur codnas; garda amisa, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia Teoriasada praqtikas Soris swori balansis povnaze. sakiTxis mosamzadebladgamoyenebulia Sesabamis TematikasTan dakavSirebuli araerTisamecniero statia da angariSi. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos Sesaxebwarmodgenil empiriul monacemebs migraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebisTaobaze, miuxedavad imisa, rom 1990-iani wlebis Semdeg migraciulitendenciebis mkveTrad gaaqtiurebis Sedegad qarTveli ekonomistebisul ufro met yuradRebas uTmoben am procesis ekonomikuraspeqtebs, migraciis sferoSi mainc aRiniSneba saTanado mecnierulikvlevebis simcire, gansakuTrebiT imigraciis ekonomikur SedegebTandakavSirebiT. am Tavis erT-erTi mizani yvela xelmisawvdomi darelevanturi wyaros Tavmoyracaa.1 migraciis Teoriebis gasacnobad, ix: saxelmZRvanelos me-4 Tavi „migraciis ZiriTa- di Teoriebis mimoxilva“.288 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

Sesavlis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ekonomistebi, Cveulebriv,pozi­tiurad ganixilaven migraciis rols ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi.msoflios wamyvani ekonomistebis gamokiTxvaSi arc erTi maTganiar daeTanxma mosazrebas, rom imigracias mTlianobaSi uaryofiTizegavlena aqvs adamianTa cxovrebis doneze. amasTan, cnobilia, rombevri qveynis mosaxleoba, ekonomistebTan SedarebiT, gacilebiTnegatiurad aris ganwyobili migraciis, gansakuTrebiT, imigraciismimarT. amis dasturia saqarTveloSi Catarebuli socialurikvlevebis Sedegebic, romlebsac ganvixilavT am Tavis mesame nawilSi.rac Seexeba mosaxleobis qveynidan gadinebas, anu emigraciis zegav­lenas ekonomikur zrdasa da sxva ekonomikur maxasiaTeblebze, amSemTxvevaSi ekonomistebs SedarebiT araerTgvarovani mosazrebebiaqvT. emigracias SeuZlia Seamsubuqos dasaqmebis problemebi,Seamciros siRaribe da gazardos Semosavlebi qveyanaSi, ZiriTadad,fuladi gzavnilebis xarjze,2 magram amave dros, emigraciismTavari safrTxe maRalkvalificiuri samuSao Zalis gadinebaSia,rac, sabolood, SesaZloa negatiurad aisaxos qveynis grZelvadianekonomikur zrdaze.3 mTavari, rac SeiZleba davaskvnaT am TavSiwarmodgenili migraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebis mimoxilvissafuZvelze, aris is, rom migrantTa gavlena ekonomikur maCveneblebzedamokidebulia im konkretul drosa da adgilze, sadac migraciuliprocesebi mimdinareobs. amrigad, migracias SeiZleba hqondes rogorcdadebiTi, ise uaryofiTi gavlena qveynisa da misi mosaxleobisekonomikur keTildReobaze.49.1.2. ekonomika, rogorc socialuri mecnierebavidre mocemuli Tavis struqturas ganvixilavT, saWirod miviCnieT,mokled aRgvewera ekonomikis ramdenime fundamenturi principida misi kvlevis meTodebi, rac mkiTxvels gauadvilebs ekonomikursakiTxebSi garkvevas migraciasTan kavSirze saubrisas. terminiekonomika ZvelberZnuli warmoSobisaa da gulisxmobs saojaxomeurn­eobis karg marTvas.5 marTlac, drois nebismier monakveTSi2 Orn B. Bodvarsson and Hendrik van den Berg, The Economics of Immigation: Theory and Policy London, Springer. 2013.3 Pablo Acosta, Pablo Fajnzylber and J Humberto Lopez, The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Hu- man Capital: Evidence from Latin American Household Surveys. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank, 2007.4 Frédéric Docquier and Hillel Rapoport. Skilled Migration: The Perspective of Developing Countries Bonn, IZA, Institute for the Study of Labor, 2007.5 George J. Borjas, The Economics of Immigration. Journal of Economic Literature, 32(4), 1994, gv. 1667- 1717, doi:10.2307/2728791.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 289

yo­veli Sinameurneoba6 iseve, rogorc sazogadoeba mTlianobaSi,bevrnairi arCevanis winaSe dgas. gadasawyvetia, ra samuSaoebi undaSesruldes da vis mier. nebismieri aqtivoba ukavSirdeba aucilebeliresursebis arsebobas, am resursebis upirvelesi maxasiaTebeli kimaTi SezRudulobaa. ojaxs, sazogadoebasa da qveyanas, Cveulebriv,imaze naklebis SeTavazeba SeuZlia adamianebisaTvis, vidre maT surT.ekonomikuri mecniereba swored imas Seiswavlis, Tu rogor marTavssazogadoeba Tavis SezRudul resursebs adamianTa moTxovnilebebisdasakmayofileblad. Tavdapirvelad, ekonomikis disciplinamWidrod ukavSirdeboda politikur da socialur mecnierebebs, racaisaxeboda mis saxelwodebaSic `politikuri ekonomika~, Tumca, me-19 saukunis ekonomistebma daiwyes `ekonomikisa~ da `ekonomikurimecnierebis~ terminTa gamoyeneba, riTac is sabolood ganasxvaves,rogorc damoukidebeli disciplina.Tanamedrove ekonomistebi Seiswavlian ekonomikuri agentebisqmedebebsa da urTierTobebs, mTlianad ekonomikis funqcionirebasTanerTad. am TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben ekonomikis or mTavar qvedargs– mikro da makroekonomikas. mikroekonomika swavlobs ekonomikisSemadgeneli umciresi elementebis – maT Soris, individualuriagentebisa da bazrebis – qcevas, urTierTobebs da maT Sedegebs.individualuri agentebi SeiZleba iyvnen: Sinameurneobebi, kerZokompaniebi, myidvelebi da gamyidvelebi.Tavis mxriv, makroekonomika Seiswavlis ekonomikis saerTo mdgo­mareobas, mis maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa mTliani warmoebulipro­duqciisa da momsaxurebis moculoba, moxmareba, danazogebi,investiciebi, sawarmoo faqtorebi – romlebic gavlenas axdenenekonomikaze – samuSao Zala, kapitali, bunebrivi resursebi da teqno­logiuri progresi. garda amisa, ekonomikuri mecnierebis erT-erTiZiriTadi amocanaa ekonomikur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli sajaropolitikis – magaliTad, monetarulisa (fulis mimoqcevis) da fis­kaluris (sabiujeteo xarjebis) – Seswavla.ekonomika Tavisi Seswavlis obieqtebs – maT Soris, migracias da masTandakavSirebul movlenebs – mecnieruli obieqturobiT ganixilavs.ya­lib­deba Teoriebi, grovdeba monacemebi da, maTi Seswavlis Se­degad, an asabuTeben, an uaryofen am Teoriebs. sabunebismetyvelomecnierebebisgan gansxvavebiT, ekonomikaSi eqsperimentebis ganxor­cieleba gacilebiT rTulia. aqedan gamomdinare, ekonomistebi Zi­riTa­dad kmayofildebian arsebul movlenebze dakvirvebiT, maTzemona­cemebis SegrovebiT da Semdgom am monacemTa analiziT.76 ekonomikis SesavalSi ufro detalurad gasarkvevad, ix: qarTul enaze Targmnili gregori menqius `ekonomikis principebi~, gamocemloba diogene, 2007.7 saqarTvelos kanonmdeblobiT, Sinameurneoba aris adamianTa erToblioba, rome­ lic eqvemdebareba erT sacxovrebel erTeulze erToblivi cxovrebis saerTo we-290 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

SesaZloa, ekonomikis mTavari principi is iyos, rom drois nebismierper­ iodSi adamianebi alternativis winaSe dganan. gadawyvetilebismiReba erTi miznis sasargeblod, gulisxmobs meore mizanTandapirispirebas: magaliTad, emigraciaSi wasvla niSnavs arsebul anSesaZlo dasaqmebaze uaris Tqmas samSobloSi. alternativaTa SorisarCevani keTdeba gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebuli danaxarjebisa dasargeblis SedarebiT. qcevis uxilavi danaxarjebis gansazRvra marti­vi ar aris. magaliTad, migraciaSi myof adamianebs xSirad uCndebaTjanmrTelobis gauTvaliswinebeli problemebi, rac damatebiTxarjebs ukavSirdeba. vinaidan adamianebi gadawyvetilebebis miRebisasdanaxarjebsa da sargebels adareben, maTi qceva SeiZleba Seicvalos amerT-erTi komponentis cvlilebasTan erTad. magaliTad, Tu qveyanaSidarCenili adamianebi fulad daxmarebas miiReben emigrantebisagan,SesaZloa maT samsaxuris povnisa da Semosavlis damoukidebladmiRebis miswrafeba SeumcirdeT.da bolos, vaWrobas SeuZlia yvela monawile mxaris ekonomikurimdgomareobis gaumjobeseba, vinaidan adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs,dakavdnen im saqmianobiT – gayidon is saqoneli Tu momsaxureba –romelic surT, SeuZliaT da myidvelisTvisac sasurvelia. ekono­mikuri TvalTaxedviT, saerTaSoriso SromiTi migracia sxva araferia,Tu ara samuSao Zalis gayidva Sromis anazRaurebis sanacvlod.9.1.3. Tavis struqturaam Tavis struqturis mTavari Taviseburebaa emigraciisa daimigraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebis Sesaxeb msjelobaTa dayofaqveTavebad. ZiriTadi teqsti iwyeba emigraciisa da ekonomikisurTierTkavSiris aRweriT. am qveTavSi ganxiluli pirveli sakiTxiexeba emigraciis gavlenas warmoSobis qveynis ekonomikur zrdaze.es sakiTxi mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac ekonomikuri keTildReobisumTavresi ganmapirobebeli faqtoria ganviTarebis tempi, romliTacekonomika xasiaTdeba. ekonomikuri zrda, anu cvlileba saqonlisa damomsaxurebis warmoebis moculobaSi, qveynis fizikur kapitalTan,bunebriv resursebsa da teqnologiur codnasTan erTad, mWidrodukavSirdeba mis mosaxleobasa da adamianur kapitalsac. amukanasknelSi xSirad gulisxmoben mosaxleobis ganaTlebis dones,codnas, unar-Cvevebs, gamocdilebasa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas.vinaidan emigracia, sawarmoo faqtorebs Soris, upirveles yovlisa,sebs da erTmaneTTan dakavSirebulia saerTo biujetiT.ix. `oficialuri statis-tikis Sesaxeb~, saqarTelos kanonis muxli 3.i, ssm, 45, 21/12/2009, nanaxia 01.11.2016 w.http://bit.ly/2vK0Mch.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 291

gavlenas axdens qveynis adamianur kapitalze, Cvenc swored amTvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT emigraciisa da ekonomikuri zrdisurTierTkavSirs, maT Soris, saqarTvelos magaliTzec.Semdeg SevexebiT emigraciis SesaZlo gavlenas qveyanaSi arsebuliproduqciisa da momsaxurebis fasebis saerTo donis zrdaze, racekonomikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi makroekonomikuri maCvenebelia dainflaciis saxelwodebiT aris cnobili. inflaciis mTavari mizeziafuladi masis zrda qveyanaSi. vinaidan emigracias axlavs fuladigzavnilebis didi odenobiT Semodineba, aman SeiZleba xeli Seuwyosinflaciur procesebs, Tumca, aseve gasaTvaliswinebelia fuladigzavnilebiT ganpirobebuli erovnuli valutis gacvliTi kursiscvlileba. imis gasarkvevad, Tu rogor aisaxeba emigracia uSualodqveyanaSi darCenili mosaxleobis keTildReobaze, ganxiluliafuladi gzavnilebis gavlena siRaribis donesa da SemosavlebisuTanasworobaze.erT-erTi mTavari ekonomikuri efeqti, rac SeiZleba axldesemigracias, qveynis dasaqmebisa da umuSevrobis maCveneblebia. aseTurTierTkavSirs ganvixilavT saqarTvelos magaliTze. migrantebisfuladma gzavnilebma SeiZleba xeli Seuwyos qveyanaSi danazogebisada investiciebis8 zrdas da finansuri seqtoris ganviTarebas.migraciis ekonomikur aspeqtebze saubrisas aseve sainteresoa misiSesaZlo kavSiri qveynis socialuri uzrunvelyofis sistemasTan.emigraciis ekonomikuri efeqti SeiZleba momdinareobdes ucxoeTSimyofi diasporis warmomadgenlebisaganac. swored am sakiTxsSeexeba qveTavis erT-erTi nawili, ris Semdegac ganvixilavT TviTonemigrantTa ekonomikur mdgomareobas. aRniSnuli Tavis me-2 kazusicsaberZneTSi qarTvel emigrantTa yofas ukavSirdeba.miuxedavad imisa, rom am dromde saqarTveloSi migraciaze saubrisasZiriTadad gulisxmobdnen mosaxleobis qveynidan gadinebas, amJamaducxo qveynidan Semosuli adamianebis zrdasTan erTad, imigraciisTemac sul ufro aqtualuri xdeba. imigraciasTan mimarTebiTganxilulia ori mTavari sakiTxi: misi SesaZlo gavlena (1) mimRebiqveynis ekonomikur zrdasa da (2) adgilobriv mcxovrebTa dasaqmebisaTu umuSevrobis doneze. garda amisa, imigraciis Sesaxeb qveTavSimokled ganvixilavT am procesis efeqts mimRebi qveynis sajarofinansebze9. saqarTveloSi imigraciis ekonomikur Sedegebze mecnie­ruli kvlevebis simciris gamo, ZiriTadad, yuradRebas vamaxvilebTimaze, ras fiqrobs saqarTvelos mosaxleoba imigraciis ekonomikuraspeqtebze.8 gregori menqiu, ekonomikis principebi. .9 investicia gulisxmobs kapitalis dabandebas ekonomikur saqmianobaSi mogebis an/ da socialuri efeqtis miRebis mizniT.292 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

da bolos, am Tavis me-3 kazusi Seexeba saqarTveloSi ucxoelifermerebis Semodinebas da mis Tanmxleb procesebs.9.2. emigraciis ekonomikuri aspeqtebi 9.2.1. emigracia da ekonomikuri zrdamiCneulia, rom mosaxleobis im nawilis emigracia, romelsac maRaliganaTleba da adamianuri kapitalis sxva maxasiaTeblebi aqvs,SeiZleba qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis Semaferxebel faqtoradiqces. es procesi, romelic Sesabamis literaturaSi `inteleqtisgadinebiT~ aris cnobili, xdeba imis gamo, rom qveyanaSi darCenilidabalkvalificiuri mosaxleoba ver anacvlebs maRalkvalificiuremigrantebs Tavisi mwarmoeblobis doniT. arakvalificiuri mSro­melebis emigracia ki naklebad axdens gavlenas ekonomikis ganviTarebistempze. xSirad arakvalificiuri kadrebi Warbobs qveyanaSi, Sesa­bamisad, maTi dakargva did problemas ar warmoadgens sawarmooSesaZleblobaTa Semcirebis TvalsazrisiT. aseTi saxis emigrantTaekonomikur zrdaze pozitiuri gavlena SeiZleba momdinareobdesmaTi kvalifikaciis amaRlebidan. arakvalificiuri migrantebi,romlebic sxva qveynebidan brundebian, xSirad iZenen ekonomikuriganviTarebisaTvis saWiro unarebsa da gamocdilebas.rogorc aRvniSneT, ucxoeTSi SromiTi migraciisas emigrantebsTan miaqvT sakuTari samuSao potenciali da adamianuri kapitali.arsebuli mtkicebulebebi metyvelebs imaze, rom emigrantebi,Cveulebriv, ufro ganaTlebulebi arian, vidre warmoSobis qveynissaerTo mosaxleoba. es xSirad imitom xdeba, rom ufro ganaTlebuliindividebi SedarebiT iolad pouloben informacias daniSnulebisqveynebze da, Sesabamisad, ufro martivad integrirdebian adgilobrivsazogadoebaSi. msgavsi tendencia SeiniSneba saqarTveloSic, sadac,bolo SefasebebiT, migrantebis ganaTlebis saSualo xangrZlivoba12.7 welia, maSin, rodesac mTliani mosaxleobis ganaTlebis saSualoperiodi ori wliT naklebia.10ganviTarebadi qveynebidan umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebis –maT Soris, eqimebis, inJinrebisa da sxva profesionalebis – emi­gra­10 sajaro finansebi gulisxmobs saxelmwifo Semosavlebisa da xarjebis marTvas saja- ro moxeleebis mier.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 293

cia ganviTarebul qveynebSi Cveulebriv movlenad iqca. am SemTxve­vaSi, adamianuri kapitalis formirebisaTvis gaweuli xarjebi gam­gzavn qveyanaSi SeiZleba dakargulad CaiTvalos. ekonomikurizrdis modelis mixedviT, romelic teqnologiur cvlilebebs didmniSvnelobas aniWebs, gamgzavni qveynebis grZelvadiani ekono­mikuri zrdis tempi emigraciis Sedegad klebulobs. Tumca, TugaviTval­ iswinebT ekonomikur zrdaze moqmed sxva mraval faqtors,emigracias SeiZleba ar hqondes gamokveTili uaryofiTi Sedegi.11zemoT moyvanili msjeloba exeba emigraciis uSualo gavlenasekonomikur zrdaze, magram ekonomistebi aseve ganasxvaveben fuladigzavnilebis rols erT sulze warmoebuli mTliani Sida produqtiszrdaSi. arsebuli kvlevebi ar iZleva saSualebas, zustad gavarkvioTfuladi gzavnilebis gavlena ekonomikur zrdaze. zogierTi mkvlevarimiuTiTebs dadebiT gavlenaze, rac ZiriTadad ganpirobebuliaSinameurneobaTa Semosavlebis zrdiT. e.w. multiplikatoris efeq­ti12 zrdis erTobliv moTxovnas ekonomikaSi, rac, sabolood, aisa­xeba warmoebis moculobaze.13 fuladi gzavnilebis Semodinebaaseve exmareba qveyanas ucxouri valutis rezervTa SevsebaSi, racaucilebelia importirebuli saqonlis SesaZenad,14 ekonomistebi,romelTa azriTac fuladi gzavnilebi ar axdens pozitiurgavlenas ekonomikur zrdaze, miuTiTebs, rom es resursebi xSiradaraaucilebel moxmarebaze ixarjeba da ar banddeba produqtiulinvestirebaSi. kvlevebi aseve aCvenebs, rom fuladi gzavnilebiekonomikuri zrdisTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia naklebadganviTarebuli safinanso sistemis mqone qveynebSi, radgan dafinasebises meTodi gvevlineba investirebisa da likvidurobis erT-erT mTavarwyarod.152000-iani wlebis dasawyisidan ekonomikuri zrda saqarTveloSisakmaod maRali tempebiT xasiaTdeboda, Tumca, ruseT-saqarTvelosomma da msoflio finansurma krizisma uaryofiTi gavlena iqoniamasze 2008-09 wlebSi. ekonomikuri progresi am periodSi ZiriTadad11 Michaella Vanore and Melissa Siegel, The Evolution of Gendered Migration Trajectories from Moldova and Georgia, Comparative Migration Studies 3 (1). 2015, gv. 1–21, doi:10.1007/s40878-015-0001-z.12 multiplikatoris efeqti gulisxmobs arapirdapir zemoqmedebas qveynis ekonomi- kaze, romelic fuladi gzavnilebiT Semosuli Tanxis daxarjviT miiReba.13 Gyan Pradhan, Mukti Upadhyay and Kamal Upadhyaya, Remittances and Economic Growth in Developing Countries. The European Journal of Development Research 20 (3), 2008, gv. 497-506, doi:10.1080/09578810802246285.14 Abu Siddique, E A Selvanathan and Saroja Selvanathan, Remittances and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka, Journal of Development Studies 48 (8), 2012, gv. 1045- 62, doi:10.1080/00220388.2012.663904.15 Paola Giuliano and Marta Ruiz-Arranz. Remittances, Financial Development, and Growth. Journal of Development Economics 90 (1), 2009, gv. 144-52, doi:10.1016/j.jdeveco.2008.10.005.294 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ganpirobebuli iyo winsvliT ekonomikis iseT seqtorebSi, rogoricaavaWroba, mSenebloba, finansebi da mrewveloba.16 CamoTvlili seqto­rebidan fuladi gzavnilebis gavlena yvelaze mniSvnelovania vaWro­bis ganviTarebaze, rac, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia erTobl­ ivimoTxovnis17 stimulirebiT.18 zogierTi SefasebiT, mimReb Sinameur­neobebSi fuladi gzavnilebis udidesi nawili ixarjeba saqonliTa damomsaxurebiT sargeblobaze19. gamomdinare iqidan, rom saqarTveloSiimportze modis moxmarebis naxevarze meti, vaWrobis dargi mWidrodukavSirdeba sagareo ekonomikur urTierTobebs. misi wili mTliangamoSvebaSi 2014 wels 17.4% gaxldaT, rac aRemateba yvela sxva calkeaRebul dargSi gamoSvebis moculobas. ekonomikis es sfero iyogamoSvebis zrdis erT-erTi mTavari mamoZravebeli faqtoric, iseTseqtorebTan erTad, rogoricaa saxelmwifo mmarTveloba, safinansoSuamavloba, socialuri, saganmanaTleblo da janmrTelobis momsaxu­rebis sferoebi.20emigrantTa fuladi gzavnilebi pirdapir gavlenas axdens saqarTvelosekonomikaze, vinaidan ucxouri valutisa da erovnuli rezervebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi wyaroa21. 2010 wels saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebulipirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi daaxloebiT utoldeboda fuladgzavnilTa moculobas, Tumca 2013 wlisTvis investiciuri aqtiurobisSemcirebis Sedegad fuladi gzavnilebi ukve 1.6-jer aRematebodapirdapir ucxour investiciebs.22 ucxoeTidan Semosuli investiciebixSirad miCneulia ekonomikuri zrdis mniSvnelovan faqtorad,23 magramnaklebi yuradReba eqceva emigrantTa fulad gzavnilebs. rogorcaRvniSneT, ekonomikur zrdaze gavlena ZiriTadad gamomdinareobsdanaxarjebidan samomxmareblo produqtebze, radgan mimRebiSinameurneobebi miRebuli Tanxebis, daaxloebiT, 80%-s xarjavensakvebze, Casacmelze, wamlebsa da komunalur gadasaxadebze.24 fuladi16 miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis meurneobis dargSi dasaqmebulia mosaxleobis didi nawili, am seqtorSi mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri Zvrebi ar momxdara;17 erToblivi moTxovna moicavs im saqonlisa da momsaxurebis raodenobas, romlis Sesyidvac surT saojaxo meurneobebs, firmebsa da mTavrobas fasebis mocemul do- neze.18 World Bank, Georgia: Poverty Assessment, Human Development Sector Unit, South Caucasus Country Unit, Europe and Central Asia Region, 2009.19 Merab Kakulia, Labour Migrants’ Remittances to Georgia: Structure and Socio-Economic Effect Tbilisi: Georgian European Policy and Legal Advice Centre, 2007.20 statistikis erovnuli samsaxuri, mTliani Sida produqti 2014 wels, Tbilisi: 2015.21 EPRC, The Role of Remittances in Georgian Economy. Tbilisi: Economic Policy Research Center, 2011, http://www.osgf.ge/files/publications/2011/Georgian_Economic_Outlook_III,_Dec_2011.pdf.22 Mariam Chumburidze et al., The State of Migration in Georgia.Vienna: International Centre for Migration Policy Development, 2015. nanaxia 12.04.2017 w. http://bit.ly/2fuktyu.23 Faruk Gürsoy and Hüseyin Kalyoncu, Foreign Direct Investment and Growth Relationship in Georgia, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues 2 (3).2012. gv. 267–71.24 Kakulia, Labour Migrants’ Remittances to Georgia.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 295

gzavnilebi aseve xels uwyobs saqarTveloSi importis zrdas, vinaidanmoxmarebaSi importis wili Zalian maRalia.25rac Seexeba Raribebze orientirebul ekonomikur zrdas, fuladgzavnilebs SeiZleba upiratesoba mieniWos pirdapir ucxourinvesticiebTan SedarebiT, imis gamo, rom fuladi gzavnilebisdidi nawili ixarjeba pirveladi moxmarebis produqtebsa da momsa­xurebaze.26 pirveladi moxmareba iwvevs multiplikatoris efeqtsacim produqtebze, romlebic adgilobrivad iwarmoeba da, Sesabamisad,xels uwyobs mosaxleobis Raribi nawilisaTvis sasikeTo ekonomikurzrdas. maSin, rodesac ucxouri investiciebi ZiriTadad miedinebaiseT seqtorebSi, romlebic uSualo gavlenas ar axdenen yvelazegaWirvebuli mosaxleobis ekonomikur keTildReobaze.27 grafiki 1: mTliani Sida produqtisa28 da fuladi gzavnilebis wliuri zrdis tempi2940.020.0 0.0 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011-20.0-40.0-60.0 mTliani Sida produqtis zrda (% wina welTan SedarebiT) fuladi gzavnilebis zrda (% wina welTan SedarebiT)miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi ekonomikur zrdaze emigraciiszusti gavlenis gansazRvra metad rTuli amocanaa, am sakiTxTandakavSirebiT SesaZlebelia ori saxis mtkicebulebis warmodgena.25 Eduarda Castel Branco, ENPI 08-14 Black Sea Labour Market Reviews: Georgia Country Report. Torino: European Training Foundation, 2010.26 George Welton, Remittances versus Foreign Direct Investment.Tbilisi, 2009, nanaxia 14.04.2017. http://www.geowel.org/index.php?article_id=53&clang=0.27 garda amisa, safiqrebelia, rom fuladi gzavnilebi ufro stabiluri Semosavlis wyaroa qveynisaTvis, vidre pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebi. magaliTisTvis ix: Dilip Ratha, Workers’ Remittances: An Important and Stable Source of External Development Finance, Economics Seminar Series, 2005, nanaxia 19.10.2016 w. http://bit.ly/2waV3NA.28 mTliani Sida produqti (mSp) aris wlis ganmavlobaSi qveynis SigniT warmoebuli saboloo produqciis sabazro Rirebulebis maCvenebeli.29 Alexi Gugushvili, The Development and the Side Effects of Remittances in the CIS Countries and Georgia: The Case of Georgia. Florence: European University Institute, CARIM-East, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies. 2013.296 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

(1) aRmosavleT evropis socialuri da ekonomikuri kvlevebiscentris mier Catarebuli analizi iyenebs gamoTvladi saerTowonasworobis models. am kvlevis mixedviT, fuladi gzavnilebisgavlena yvelaze mniSvnelovania Sinameurneobebis moxmarebaze,magram ar aris ganmsazRvreli qveynis ekonomikur zrdaSi. aRniSnuligaTvlebiT, fuladi gzavnilebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi, kerZoseqtoris moxmareba saqarTveloSi Semcirdeboda 24.7%-iT, maSin,rodesac mSp-s zrda mxolod 13.3%-iT naklebi iqneboda. rac Seexebaekonomikis calkeul dargebs, mrewvelobis produqcia SeiZleba14.9%-iT Semcirebuliyo, xolo soflis meureneobaSi warmoebuliproduqti – 8.7%-iT. mTavari daskvna is aris, rom fulad gzavnilebsaxlavs makroekonomikuri efeqtic, romelic araerTgvarovnadaisaxeba ekonomikis sxvadasxva dargze.30(2) meore saxis mtkicebuleba, korelaciuri analizi kvartalurfulad gzavnilebsa da ekonomikur zrdas Soris, metyvelebs am oricvladis Zlier urTierTkavSirze, rasac kargad asaxavs grafiki 1.Tumca, warmodgenili asociacia sulac ar niSnavs pirdapiri mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris arsebobas fuladi gzavnilebis Semodinebasa daekonomikur zrdas Soris. vinaidan saqarTveloSi fuladi gzavnilebiZiriTadad mezobeli saxelmwifoebidan moemarTeba, savaraudoa, romrogorc ekonomikuri zrdis, ise fuladi gzavnilebis saerTo mizeziregionsa da msoflioSi arsebuli zogadi ekonomikuri mdgomareobaa.aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom 2009-2010 wlebis ekonomikuri da safinansokrizisisas fuladi gzavnilebis Semcireba ar iyo mosaxleobismTavari problema, ramdenadac sociologiur kvlevaSi gamokiTxulTamxolod 1%-ma daasaxela gzavnilebis Semcireba im faqtorTa Soris,romlebzec ekonomikurma krizisma didi zegavlena iqonia.319.2.2. emigracia da adamianuri kapitaliadamianuri kapitali ekonomikuri zrdis erT-erTi ZiriTadi ganma­pirobebeli faqtoria. aqedan gamomdinare, misi formireba ara martoindividualuri, aramed socialuri aqtivobaa. sakuTar adamianurkapitalSi investirebiT adamianebi zrdian TavianTi SemosavlebismiRebis potencials da xels uwyoben produqtiulobis zrdasmTlianad ekonomikaSic32. adamianuri kapitali mravalwax­nag­ovanicneb­ aa, Tumca, masSi xSirad gulisxmoben individTa ganaTlebas, unar-30 Aziz Atamanov et al., Income and Distribution Effects of Migration and Remittances: An Analysis Based on CGE Models for Selected CIS Countries; Warsaw: Center for Social and Economic Research, 2009.31 EBRD, Life in Transition Survey, London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2010.32 Robert E. Lucas, On the Mechanics of Economic Development, Journal of Monetary Economics 22 (1), 1988, gv. 3-42. doi:10.1016/0304-3932(88)90168-7.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 297

Cvevebsa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobas. misi formireba, Sesabamisad,gulisxmobs process, romliTac resursebi miemarTeba adamianTaganaTlebis donis amaRlebasa da janmrTelobis mdgomareobis Senar­Cuneba/gaumjobesebaze.gamoyofen ramdenime meqanizms, romlebiTac adamianuri kapitalisformireba SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes mosaxleobis qveynidangadinebas. upirvelesad unda aRiniSnos, rom emigraciam im qveynebSi,sadac individebi TavianTi ganaTlebisa da unar-Cvevebis sanacvlodufro maRal ukugebas iReben, vidre sakuTar samSobloSi, SeiZlebawaaxalisos investicia ganaTlebaSi.33 aqedan gamomdinare, adamianurikapitalis formirebis done gamgzavn qveyanaSi SesaZloa dadebiTadukavSirdebodes emigraciis SesaZleblobebs.emigraciis Semdeg mravali qveynis gamocdileba saSualebas iZleva,davaskvnaT, rom fuladi gzavnilebi xSirad gvevlineba adamianurkapitalSi investirebis erT-erT wyarod. rig SemTxvevebSi, maTigamoyeneba moulodneli krizisis dadgomisas, exmareba mimRebSinameurneobebs, rom SeinarCunon adamianur kapitalSi investirebisarsebuli done.34 SesaZloa fuladi gzavnilebi pozitiur gavlenasaxdens ganaTlebasa da janmrTelobaze, magram aseTi efeqtis arealixSirad Semoifargleba mosaxleobis specifikuri jgufebiTa daSinameurneobebis calkeuli wevrebiT35.miCneulia, rom mosaxleobis arasaTanado ganaTleba da konkurentulikvalifikaciisa Tu unarebis simwire saqarTveloSi maRaliumuSevrobis erT-erTi umTavresi mizezia.36 bavSvebisa da mozardebissaganmanaTleblo unarebis saerTaSoriso reitingSi qveyana xSiraderT-erT bolo safexurs ikavebs.37arsebuli kvlevebi, romlebicgviCveneben kavSirs fulad gzavnilebsa da adamianuri kapitalisganviTarebas Soris saqarTveloSi, calsaxa daskvnebis gakeTebissaSualebas ar iZleva.2000-iani wlebis dasawyisSi kavkasiis barometris monacemTa ba­zis analizi metyvelebs imaze, rom fuladi gzavnilebis miReba33 Jean-Pierre Vidal, The Effect of Emigration on Human Capital Formation, Journal of Population Economics 11 (4), 1998, gv. 589-600. doi:10.1007/s001480050086.34 ekvadorisa da filipinebis magaliTisaTvis ix: Carla Calero et al., Remittances, Liquidity Constraints and Human Capital Investments in Ecuador, World Development 37 (6), 2009, gv. 1143-54. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.10.006. filipinebis magaliTisaTvis ix: Dean Yang, International Migration, Remittances, and Household Investment: Evidence from Philippine Migrants’ Exchange Rate Shocks, The Economic Journal 118, April, 2008, gv. 591–630 (2008), doi:10.1111/j.1468-0297.2008.02134.x.35 Acosta, Fajnzylber, and Lopez, The Impact of Remittances on Poverty and Human Capital.36 Government of Georgia, Constraints Analysis, Tbilisi, 2011.37 Ia Kutaladze, The Role of International Surveys in the Reform of Education System, Tbilisi: Center for Social Sciences, Education and Development Programme, 2012.298 მიგრაციის სახელმძღვანელო

ar ukavSirdeboda met danaxarjebs ganaTlebaze emigrantTaSinameurneobebSi.38 meore mxriv, 2007 wels Catarebuli kvleva gvi­Cvenebs, rom aRniSnuli gzavnilebis mimRebi ojaxebis, daaxloebiT,meoTxedi iyenebda am resursebs ganaTlebisaTvis, TiTqmis mexuTediki janmrTelobis/sicocxlis dazRvevas axmarda.39 kidev erTi kvleva,romelic 2008 wels Catarda, gviCvenebs, rom fuladi gzavnilebismimRebi Sinameurneobebi wlis ganmavlobaSi 221 lariT mets xarjavdnenjanmrTelobis dacvaze, ganaTlebaze danaxarji ki 66 lariT meti iyo.40aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom fuladi gzavnilebi saqarTvelos urba­nul dasaxlebebSi ufro did gavlenas axdens ganaTlebasa dajanmrTelobaze, vidre soflad. es tendencia, savaraudod, imiTaixsneba, rom zogadad adamianur kapitalSi investireba naklebadSesaZlebelia soflad, Sesabamisi saganmanaTleblo da samkurnalodawesebulebebis ararsebobis gamo.41kazusi 1: fuladi gzavnilebi saqarTveloSiSeiZleba ganvasxvaoT qveyanaSi Semosuli fuladi gzavnilebisaRricxvis ramdenime meTodi. saqarTvelos erovnuli bank­isa damsoflio bankis monacemebi migraciisa da fuladi gzavnilebisSesaxeb saSualebas iZleva, SevafasoT fuladi nakad­ ebis mTlianimoculoba. Tavis mxriv, fuladi gzavnilebis mimReb Sina­meurneobebze ganawilebis Seswavla SesaZlebelia socio­logiurigamokiTxvebis safuZvelze.absolutur maCveneblebSi saqarTveloSi Semosuli fuladigzavnilebis moculoba 1995-2011 wlebSi 46.8 mln dolaridan 1,377.9mln dolaramde gaizarda. gzavnilebis zrda gansakuTrebiT 2004wels SeiniSneboda, axali mTavrobis xelisuflebaSi mosvlisSemdeg, da 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis dawyebamde. Tavismxriv, saqarTvelodan gadinebuli fuladi gzavnilebis saerToodenobam 2014 wels mxolod 19.6 milioni dolari Seadgina.miuxedavad imisa, rom fuladi gzavnilebis moculoba 2000-ianiwlebis dasawyisidan matulobda, izrdeboda saqarTvelos mTliani38 Zvezda Dermendzhieva, Emigration from the South Caucasus: Who Goes Abroad and What Are the Economic Implications? Post-Communist Economies 23 (3) (Routledge, 2011), gv. 377-98, doi:10.1080/14631377.2011.595135.39 EBRD, Georgia National Public Opinion Survey on Remittances, London: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 2007.40 Robert Tchaidze and Karine Torosyan, Development on the Move: Measuring and Optimising Migration’s Economic and Social Impacts in Georgia, Tbilisi: CRRC/ISET, 2010.41 Gerber, Theodore P., and Karine Torosyan, Remittances in the Republic of Georgia: Correlates, Economic Impact, and Social Capital Formation, Demography 50, 2013, gv. 1279–1301, doi:10.1007/s13524-013-0195-3.მიგრაციის ეკონომიკური ასპექტები 299