10th Tamil Guide by Surya Publications

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 343 ŒŒ fk;gd/; ghujp/ ghujpjhrd; Mfpnahu; brhyy; hj fUj;Jfisr; brhy;ypl Kaw;rpg;ngd;. vd;Dly; gf[ H;ej; hy; gy[ ;yupf;fhJ. ,fHe; ;jhy; vd; kdk; ,weJ; tplhJ. ŒŒ vd; ftpij thf;F@yk; mij itjJ; ,we;j gpwF jPu;gi; g vGJ=f; s;. fy;/ kuk;/ tpy=;fhf khw ehd; fhlL; tpy=;F fpilahJ. ŒŒ khww; k; vdJ khdplj; jjJ; tk.; khWk; cyfpd; kfj;Jtk; mwpntd.; edi; k/ jPik mwpeJ; VwF; k; vd; rhiy. ŒŒ jiytu; khWthu;fs;/ ju;ghu; khWk;/ jj;Jtk; klL; k; Fiwahj ml;rag; ghjj; puk; VwW; fb; fhsn; thu; Vw;Wf;bfhss; lL; k;. Fiugn; ghu; Fiuf;flL; k.; ŒŒ thar; b; rhwf; s; clk;gpidj; bjhlhJ. ehnd bjhlf;fk; ehnd Kot[. ehd; brhy;tJjhd; ehlo; d; rll; k;. fw;git fww; gpd; gff; k;: 190 1. ftpijfis xgg; plL; f; fUjJ; iuf;f. ftpr;rf;futu;j;jpak[ ; ftpauRk; ejpapd; gpiHad;W ejpbts;sk; fha;eJ; tpl;lhy; eWkg; [dypdi; k md;nw gjpapd; gpiHadW; ejpbraj; Fww; k; ,yi; y gaej; eki; kg; g[uej; hd; kjpapd; gpiHad;W tpjpbra;j Fww; k; ,d;wp kfd; gpiHad;W ike;j tpjpapd; gpiH eP ntW ? ahuk;kh- ,jw;bfdi; d btFzl; bjdw; d; ? fz;zjhrd; ? fkg; d; ejpapd; gpiHadW; : ŒŒ ,uhkd; fhdfk; bryy; ntz;Lk; vdw; tl[ d; ,yfF; td; rpdk; bfhzl; hd;. ,ay; 8 ŒŒ m z;zidf; fhdfk; nghfr; brhyy; ptpll; huf; ns/ tpjpf;F tpjp fhuzk; vd; tpyy; pdhy; midtiuak[ ; mHpg;ngd; vd;W Mntrgg; ll; ,yfF; tidj; jLj;J epWj;jp ,uhkd; TwpaJ ,J. ŒŒ ejpapd; gpiH vJt[k; myy; eyy; jzz; Pu; ,yy; hjJ. ŒŒ eWkg; d[ y; ,d;ik vdg; J/ ejpapy; ePu; ,Uff; pwJ. Mdhy; ey;yjhf ,y;iy. mJnghy ehd; fhdfk; bryt; J jrujd; gpiHa[k; mdW; . mdn; ghL ek;ik tsu;jj; ifnfapd; kjpapd; gpiHa[k; md;W. ŒŒ gujd; gpiHa[k; ,jpy; ,y;iy. tpjpapd; gpiH. eP Vd; ,jwf; hff; nfhggg; Lfpwha;. ``rpdKk; ntfKk; jtpu;~~ ŒŒ ,ijg; nghynt fzz; jhrdpd; ghlyhd ``ejpbtss; k; fhae; ;J tpll; hy;...~~ ghly; czuj; J; tJk; tpjpiaj; jhd.; ŒŒ jtW bra;ahj ehafd; kPJ gHp Rkjj; g;gLk; NHypy; ejpapd; ePui; kiag; nghy khDlu; cs;s=f; spy; ,UfF; k; ew;gzg; [fs;/ kdrhlr; p cz;ik/ bgha; mwpjy; tww; ptpLfpwJ. ŒŒ ejp tww; ptpl;lhy; mJ ejpapd; Fw;wk; myy; . tpjpapd; Fww; nk. ŒŒ m ijg;nghynt khDlu; gzg; f[ s; khw;wk; bgwW; ehafd; kPJ Rkjj; gg; ll; gHp ght=;fSk; tpjp bra;j gpiHnaadw; p ntW ahUkpy;iy vdg; ij fz;zjhrd; Twpa[ss; hu.;  www.tnpscjob.com

344 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ ,ay; mwk; tpupthdk; 8 ,uhkhDru; ? ehlfk; ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; beLtpdh ,ay; 8 1. Fwpg;gf[ isf; bfhzL; xU gf;f mstpy; ehlfk; vGJf. khztd; ? bfhfi; fg; nghy/ nfhHpiag; nghy ? cgi; gg; nghy ? ,Uff; ntzL; k; ? bfhf;F fhjj; pUeJ; fpilf;Fk; tha;g;igg; gad;gLjj; pfb; fhsS; k; ? Fg;igiaf; fpswpdhYk; jdJ czit kl;Lnk vLjJ; f;bfhsS; k; nfhHp ? fz;Qf;Fj; bjupahtpll; hYk; cg;gpd; Ritia czuKoak[ ; ? Mrpupau; tpsf;fk; ? khztd; kfpH;rr; p. fhlr; p ? 1 ,lk ; : tFgg; iw ghjj; pu=;fs ; : Ffd/; brHpad;/ jkpHhrpupau; kwW; k; khztuf; s.; Ffd; : brHpah- teJ; tpll; hah. brHpad ; : te;Jtpln; ld; Ffd;. ,dW; ek; jkpHhrpupau; mtuf; s; khztd; vg;go ,Uff; ntz;Lk; vdW; rpy Fwpgg; [fis tH=;Ffpnwd; vd;whnu- mtu; miwf;Fr; bryn; thkh> Ffd ; : bry;nthk; brHpad-; ,Jtiu ehd;ife;J Kiw brd;W ghuj; ;njhk.; Mrpupaiur; rej; pf;f Koatpyi; y... brHpad; : ,d;W fl;lhak; ek;ik rej; pg;ghu;. fhl;rp ? 2 ,lk; : tFg;giw ghjj; pu=;fs ; : Mrpupau;/ Ffd/; brHpad;. khztu;fs; ,UtUk; : tzf;fk; Iah- Mrpupau ; : tzff; k;- Ffd ; : Iah- csn; s tuyhkh> Mrpupau ; : thU=f; s;- te;jjd; fhuzk; TW=;fs;. brHpad; : Iah/ thH;tpy; Kd;ndw rpy Fwpg;gf[ isr; brhy;yp mwpti[ u TWfpnwd; vdw; Puf; ns... mjwf; hfj;jhd; ten; jhk;. Mrpupau; : ey;yJ. c=;fSfF; @dW; cjhuz=;fs; Twgn; ghfpnwd.; Kjypy; bfhfi; fg; nghy~ thag; ;g[ fpl;Lk; tiu bfhfi; fg; nghy fhjj; pUff; ntz;Lk.; tha;g;g[ fpl;oatl[ d; rupahfg; gad;gLjj; ntz;Lk;. mijjj; hd; tsS; tu;/ `bfhf;bfhf;f~ vdg; ghoa[s;shu;. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 345 Ffd ; : rup=f; Iah- ,dpnky; eh=f; s; mtrugg; l;L vija[k; rpe;jpf;fhJ brayg; l khl;nlhk.; Mrpupau ; : ,uzl; htjhf/ `nfhHpiag; nghy;-~ brHpad; : Mkh=;f Iah- mbjd;d nfhHpiag; nghy;...... Mrpupau ; : nfhHp/ Fgi; giaf; fpswpdhYk; Fgi; gfF; s; ,Uej; hYk; jdfF; j; njitahd `czit kl;Lnk~ bfhj;jpj; jpdD; k;. mJnghy ,ej; rKjhaj;jpy; c=;fisf; bfLf;Fk; Fgi; gfisg; nghy gy ,Ue;jhYk; ckfF; j; njitahd ed;kzpfis kl;Lk; nju;eb; jLjJ; thH ntzL; k;. ,UtUk ; : ed;whfg; g[upe;jJ Iah- Mrpupau; : @d;whtjhf/ cg;igg; nghy... Ffd ; : Mk.; Iah/ `cgi; gg;nghy~ vd;gjd; tpsff; k; jhU=f; s;. Mrpupau ; : TWfpnwd-; cgi; gf; fzz; hy; ghu;ff; yhk.; Ritia ehtpy; ,lL; czuyhk.; mJnghy xtb; thUtupd; btspj;njhww; k; vgg; oapUg;gpDk;/ c=;fisr; rhue; j; tupd; Fzeydf; is Muhae; J; czue; ;J mwpeJ; ele;J bfhss; ntz;Lk;. kpf beU=f; p ,Uej; hYk;/ kpf J}uk; ,Uej; hYk; Jd;ge;jhd;. cgg; [ FiwthdhYk; czz; KoahJ. mjpfkhdhYk; czz; KoahJ. msnthL ,Ue;jhyj; hd; Urpff; Koak[ ;. ehKk; msnthL ,Ugn; ghk.; ,UtUk; : kpff; kfpH;rr; p Iah- vk; mwptf[ ; fz;fisj; jpwe;J eh=;fs; vgg; o thH ntz;Lk; vdg; ijak[ ; bjspt[gLjj; p tplO; u;fs;. edw; p- Iah- TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyts[ ; bjupf ,ay; 8 1. Mz;Lf;F xUKiw kyu;tJ __________. m) gpuk;kfkyk; M) rz;gfk; ,) Fwp+;rp <) Kyi; y [tpil: m) gpukk; fkyk]; 2. jzL; bfhof;F ,izahdtuf; s; ahtu;> m) g{uzu; M) Tnuru; ,) Kjypahzl; hd;/ Tnuru; <) ,uhkhDru; [tpil: ,) Kjypahz;lhd;/ Tnuru]; 3. jiyKiwf;F xUKiw klL; nk kyut; J __________. m) @=f; py; M) Fwp+r; p ,) fkyk; <) brzg; fk ; [tpil: m) @=f; py]; 4. rupahd Tw;Wfisj; njue; b; jL. i) ,iwtdpd; jpUtUshy; ,dW; jpUke;jpuk; ckfF; f; fpiljj; J vdw; hu; g{uzu;. ii) Mrpupau; fll; isia kPwpdhy; jz;lidahf eufnk fpilfF; k.; iii) brskg; pa ehuhazid milf;fykhff; bfhLff; tpyi; y. www.tnpscjob.com

346 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ m) @d;W TwW; fSk; rupahdit M) M kl;Lk; rupahd TwW; ,) M/ , ,uzL; k; rupahdit. <) Tw;W m/ M ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.[tpil: <) TwW; m/ M ,uz;Lk; rupahdit.] 5. g{uzupd; kfd; bgau; __________. m) ehuhazd; M) brska; ehuhazd; ,) brska; uh$d ; <) Kjypahzl; hd; [tpil: M) brsk;a ehuhazd]; 6. ``ehd; klL; nk jzl; id bgw;W eufk; nru;ntd;. kf;fs; midtu;fF; k; eyk; fpl;Lk; ? vd;W Twpatu;> m) ,uhkhDru; M) g{uzu; ,) Tnuru; <) Kjypahzl; hd ; [tpil: m) ,uhkhDru]; 7. brska; ehuhazd; ahuplk; milff; yg;gLjj; gg; l;lhd>; m) Kjypahz;lhdplk ; M) g{uzuplk; ,) ,uhkhDruplk; <) Tnuruplk ; [tpil: ,) ,uhkhDruplk]; 8. gpwtpg; gpzpiaj; juP ;fF; k; mUkUe;J __________. m) jpUkej; puk; M) jpUePW ,) ke;jpuk ; <) Jwt[ [tpil: m) jpUkej; puk]; 9. ehuhazdpd; jpUgg; hj=;fisg; gf[ yplkhff; bfhsg; tu; __________. m) jpUkfs; M) kiykfs; ,) fiykfs ; <) miykfs ; [tpil: m) jpUkfs]; 10. ,isahH;thnu- vd;W g{uzu; ahiu miHjj; hu;> m) Tnuriu M) Kjypahzl; hid ,) ,uhkhDriu <) bgupatiu [tpil: ,) ,uhkhDriu] ,ay; 8 11. 12 Mz;LfSf;F xU Kiw klL; k; kyUk; kyu; m) brzg; fk; M) Fwp+;rp ,) Ky;iy <) gpuk;kfkyk ; [tpil: M) Fwp+;rp] 12. Tun; ty; Fit,a bkha;k;gpd; njut; z; ghupjz; gwk;g[ ehnl- ?,g;ghly; tup veE; }ypy; ,lk;bgw;Wss; J> m) mfehD}W M) g[wehD}W ,) ew;wpiz <) fypj;bjhif [tpil: M) g[wehD}W] 13. rptf=i; f khtl;lj;jpy; mike;Jss; kiy m) gHdp kiy M) gpuhd; kiy ,) bghjpif kiy <) ey;yp kiy [tpil: M) gpuhd; kiy] www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 347 beLtpdh 1. ,uhkhDru; ehlfk; @yk; ,uhkhDrupd; gzg; f[ isf; TWf. ,ay; 8 Fwpgg; [r; rll; k; KdD; iu bghWik cilatu; elg; [f;F kupahij jdd; ykw;w guej; css; k; Koti[ u Kd;Diu: gpwu;eyk; nghwW; tnj kdpj thHt; pd; rpwe;j epiy MFk.; jhd; klL; k; edw; hf ,Ue;jhy; nghJk; vd;W vz;Qnthu; kj;jpapy; midtUk; xd;whf ,Uff; ntzL; k; vd;W brhyy; p thH;eJ; fhlo; a ,uhkhDrupd; gzg; e[ yd;fs; gww; pf; fhzn; ghk;. bghWik cilatu:; ŒŒ jpUke;jpuj; jpUtUisf; fwW; f; bfhst; jw;fhf gjpbdl;L Kiw g{uziur; re;jpf;fr; brdw; hu.; ŒŒ ,d;whtJ ek; tpUgg; k; epiwntWkh- vdw; cld;te;jtuf; isa[k; bghWika[ld; tHp eljJ; fpwhu.; ŒŒ c =;fis klL; k;jhnd tur;brhd;ndd; vdw; g{uzuplKk; bghWika[ld; gjpy; TWfpwhu;. ŒŒ ,t;thW ,uhkhDru; bghWik vdD; k; gzg; py; rpwe;jpUj;jiy mwpayhk.; el;gf[ ;F kupahij: ŒŒ v gb; ghGJk; jdD; ld; ,Uf;Fk; Tnuriua[k/; Kjypahzl; hida[k; czi; kahd el;gl[ d; nerpf;fpwhu;. ŒŒ jpUke;jpu jpUtUisf; fwf; g; nghFk; bghGJTl/ g{uzu; jzL; bfhoa[ld; kl;Lk; thU=f; s; vdf; pwhu;. ŒŒ mgn; ghJk; ,tuf; s; ,UtUk; vd;Dld; ,UfF; k; jz;Lk; bfhoak[ ; nghdw; tu;fs;jhd; vdW; Twp elg; [ czu;it btspg;gLj;Jfpwhu;. jdd; ykw;w gue;j cs;sk:; ŒŒ gpwtpg; gpzp jPuf; ;Fk; mUkUe;jhd jpUkej; puj;ij fww; gpd; jdd; yk; fUjp mjidj; jdff; hf itj;Jfb; fhs;shky; kff; Sf;Fk; btspg;gLj;j ntz;Lk; vdW; tpUkg; patu;. ŒŒ FUtpd; fl;lisia kPwpdhy; eufk; te;J nrUk; vdW; bjupe;jnghJk; kf;fSf;Fj; jpUke;jpuji; j btspgg; LjJ; fpwhu.; ŒŒ jpUke;jpuj; jpUtUis btspapy; brhdd; hy; ehd; klL; nk eufk; bry;ntd.; ,jj; id kff; s; eufjj; py; ,Ue;J tpLgLthu;fs; my;yth- vd;w guej; vz;zk; bfhzo; Ue;jhu.; ŒŒ mjdhy; kf;fs; Tl;lji; j miHj;J gpwtpg; gpzpaWf;Fk; jpUke;jpuj;ijf; fwW; fb; fhLj;J kf;fis eufpy; ,UeJ; fhj;j kfpH;r;rpiag; bgww; hu;. ŒŒ guej; kdg;ghd;ik bgww; pUej; goahy; g{uzuhy; ``vk; bgUkhd~; ~ vd;W miHf;fg; bgww; hu;. ŒŒ mJ klL; kpdw; p g{uzu; jd; kfd; brsk;a ehuhazidak[ ; milff; ykhf mspjj; hu;. ŒŒ ,itna ,uhkhDru; ehlfk; @yk; ehk; czue; J; bfhs;Sk; jiyikg; ghj;jpukhd ``,uhkhDrupd; gzg; f[ s~; ~ MFk.; www.tnpscjob.com

348 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ Koti[ u: jdd; yk; mfww; p/ bghJeyk; nghwW; gtnu cz;ikahd kfhdf; shf Koak[ ; vdg; jw;F ,uhkhDrnu rhd;whf tps=F; fpwhu; vdyhk.; 2. `vd; kff; s; midtuf; F; k; eyk; fpl;Lk.; vyy; hUk; eyKld;~ vdw; ,uhkhDrupd; TwW; fF; Vw;g jdd; ykw;w gz;g[fisf; bfhzl; tuf; shf ehk; thH ntzL; k; vdg; jid e=P f; s; mwpej; vLjJ; f;fhlL; fSld; tpsfF; f. Fwpg;gr[ ; rl;lk; Kd;Diu mdi; d bjurh tpntfhdej; u; mg;Jy;fyhk; Kot[iu ,ay; 8 KdD; iu: ehSf;F xUKiw kyut; J brzg; fk.; Mz;LfF; xU Kiw kyut; J gpuk;k fkyk.; gd;dpuzL; MzL; f;F xUKiw kyu;tJ Fwp+;rp. jiyKiwf;F xUKiw kl;Lnk kyut; J @=f; py;. mijg;nghy; ek; jiyKiwfF; xUKiw gpwg;gtu;fs; +hdpfs;. mt;thW cjpj;jtu;jhd; ,uhkhDru;. mtu; jdf;F klL; nk tPLngW fpilf;f ntz;Lk; vdW; epidg;gtu; kjj; papy; vyy; hUfF; k; eyk; fpll; ntzL; k; vdW; vzz; p/ thH;eJ; fhlo; a mtuJ thH;fi; f nghwW; jj; w;FupaJ. mdi; d bjurh: maye; hlL; g; bgzk; zpahf ,Ue;jhYk/; ,e;jpa ehl;Lf; Fokfshfnt thHe; j; tu; mdi; d bjurh. mtu; neha;tha;gg; l;l kff; SfF; k;/ Mjutww; vspnahUfF; k; jdJ fs=;fkpy;yhj nritahy; bgUeb; jhzl; hw;wpdhu;. ``fhzf; pd;w kdpju;fsplj;jpy; mdg; [ Twhtpl;lhy; fhzhj ,iwtdplj;jpy; vgg; o mdg; [ TWtha~; ~ vd;w tptpypaj;jpd; thuj; i; jfisf; bfhsi; fahff; bfhz;L ``cjt[k; fu=f; s; b$gpfF; k; cjLfistpl nkyhdit~~ vd;W Twp jdd; ykw;w cjtpfis md;id bjurh bra;jikahy; xU ftp+u; jdJ ftpijapy/; ``eP fUtw[ w; pUej; hy; xU FHe;ijf;Fj; jhahfp ,Ugg; ha.; .. fUiza[ww; jhy; cyfjj; pw;nf jhahfptpll; ha~; ~ vdW; vGjpdhu.; tpntfhdej; u:; may;ehlo; Yk; Mfr;rpwej; Md;kPf ciuahy; ,ej; pag; gz;ghli; l cyfwpa braj; kfhd; tpntfhdej; u.; ``vtu; xUtUila be+;R ViH kf;fSf;fhfj; Jaujj; py; mGnkh/ mtiuna ehd; kfhjk; h vd;ngd`; vdW; Fwpgg; pLk; tpntfhdej; u;/ www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 349 ``Raeyk; vd;gij mwnt J}u vwpe;Jtpl;L ntiy bra;a[=;fs;~~ vdf; pwhu.; mgJ; y;fyhk;: jdd; ykww; jdpgb; gUk; jiytuhf thHe; ;J kiwe;jtu; mg;Jy; fyhk.; ``ek;ik midtUk; epidt[ TUk; tifapy; xU bgUk; bryt; ji; j ek; tU=;fhy rej; jpapdUf;F ehk; tplL; r; bry;Yk; cupika[k; bghWgg; k[ ; ek; midtUf;Fk; css; J~~ vdW; Fwpg;gpLk; fyhk/; `vdd; brat; ha;~ vd vjpu;ghuf; F; k; ,is+idj; jhd; gpwu;fF; vd;dbtyy; hk; braa; yhbkd khwW; k; fyt; p Kiwjhd; xU ehlo; d; vjpuf; hyj;jiytuf; is cUthf;Fk`; vd jdd; ykww; tuf; is cUthfF; tjwf; hd tHpfhlL; jiyak[ ; tH=F; fpwhu;. Koti[ u: jhd; klL; k; thH ntzL; k; vd;W epidgg; tu; kjj; papy; gpwiuak[ ; thH itgg; jwf; hd bewpKiwfis mspgg; jhf gyupd; Tw;Wfisa[k; rhd;whff; Twpl ,aYk;. `ahd; bgww; ,d;gk; bgWf ,t;itafk`; vdD; k; jpU@yupd; thff; pDf;nfwg; thHi; t mikj;Jf; bfhz;lhy; cyfpy; mdn; g epiyj;J epw;Fk.; gupjp Kd; gdp fhzhky; nghtijg; nghy; gif ,tt; [yiftpl;L eP=;fptpLk.; fwg; it fww; gpd; gff; k;: 194 1. fUjJ; fis ciueilahfg; gog;gjpYk; ehlfkhfg; gog;gjpYk; eP=f; s; czUk; ntWghLfs; ,ay; 8 Fwpj;Jf; fyeJ; iuahLf. fye;Jiuahly; fyeJ; iuahLgtu;fs:; kPdhl;rp/ fay;tpHp/ fzz; d;. kPdhlr; p : midtUfF; k; tzf;fk;- ,di; wa bghGjpy; midtUk; xdw; ha; csn; shk.; ,gb; ghGij eyy; Kiwapy; fHpf;f ntz;Lk;. fayt; pHp : ehk; ,d;W fyt; p bjhlug; hd braj; pfisf; fyeJ; iuahlyhkh> kdP hlr; p : ,uhkhDriug;gw;wp fyeJ; iuahlyhkh> fay;tpHp : X... fyeJ; iuahlyhnk- fz;zd; : ehk; ,d;W ehlfkhf ,uhkhDriug; gw;wpg; goj;njhk; my;yth... kPdhlr; p : Mk-; mjw;bfdd; ... fzz; d ; : ciueiliag; gogg; jw;Fk; ehlfj;ijg; gog;gjwF; k; css; ntWghL Fwpj;Jg; ngRnthkh... fay;tpHp : X jhuhskhf... ehnd bjhl=f; p itf;fpnwd.; ciueil ePz;l thf;fpa mikgg; [ cilajhf ,UfF; k.; vdnt gogg; jw;Fr; rypgg; hf ,Uf;Fk.; kPdhlr; p : rupahfr; brhdd; ha;. ehlfkhfg; gofF; kn; ghJ fijg;nghf;fpy; mike;J tpLfpwJ. www.tnpscjob.com

350 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ ,ay; 8 fz;zd; : fijgn; ghf;fpy; miktjhy; gogg; jw;F Mu;tji; j Vwg; Lj;JfpwJ. fay;tpHp : ciuahly; totpy; fUj;Jfs; ,Ug;gjhy; neupy; ngrpf; nflg; J nghy; cs;sJ. kdP hlr; p : fijkhe;juf; s; bgau; epidtf[ ;F tUkn; ghnj mtuf; s; TWk; fUjJ; k; epidtf[ ;F te;JtpLk.; fayt; pHp : Mk; kPdhlr; p. ciueilia ehkj; hd; brhyy; pr; brhyy; pg; ghuj; ;J epidt[f;Ff; bfhzL; tuntzL; k.; fzz; d ; : Mk; njhHpfns- ek; fye;Jiuahlypy; ,UeJ; xU fUji; j ciueilapy; gogg; ij tpl ehlf totpy; gog;gnj vspJ vdg; ij czue; ;J bfhzn; lhk; myy; th- 2. ,e;ehlfk; btspgg; LjJ; tJ nghd;W ,uhkhDru; thH;fi; f epfH;tf[ s; rpytw;iwj; bjhFj;J mit Fwpj;j c=f; spd; fUj;Jfis vLjJ; iuf;f. ŒŒ ,uhkhDru; jpdKk; Mw;wpy; Fspff; g; nghFKd; Kjypahz;lhd; vd;w mej; zr; rPlupd; fuk; gww; p ePuhlg; g[Fthu;. ŒŒ ePuho Kojj; gpd; mej; zu; my;yh ``cw=f; htpyy; p jhrupd~; ~ fuk; gw;wp vGthu.; ŒŒ , J tuz; hrpuk; jUkjJ; fF; vjpuhdJ vdW; k/; gpuhkzd; fPH;f; Fyj;njhidj; bjhLtJ jtwy;yth> ,J ePu; mwpahjjh> ,jw;fhd fhuzk; vdd; vd;wdu; gpw rPluf; s.; ,uhkhDru; gpdt; UkhW gjpy; Twpdhuhk;: ŒŒ vjj; id jhd; +hdk; bgw;whYk/; cauF; yjj; py; gpwe;njhk; vdw; vzz; k; vdfF; s; Mztkhf ,Ue;jhy; ,iwepiy mila Koahky; ngha;tpLk; myy; th> ŒŒ vdnt ,gg; pwtpapd; mf=;fhuji; jg; nghf;f mf=f; hunk rpwpJk; ,y;yhj ,ej; moatidj; jPz;o vd;idr; Rj;jk; braJ; bfhs;fpnwd; vdw; hu.; ŒŒ ``rhjpia xHpgn; ghk/; Md;kPfj;jhy; rkj;Jtk; tsug; ;nghk;/ cau;t[ jhHt; [ ePfF; nthk; vdW; btWk; tha;g;ngr;R ngrhjtuha;j; jd; brai; fahy; thHe; ;J fhl;oatu; ,uhkhDru.; mtu; tHpia ehKk; gpdg; w;Wnthk.;  www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 351 ,ay; mwk; fwf; z;L 8 gh?tif/ myfpLjy; ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. rpygg; jpfhujj; pYk; kzpnkfiyapYk; mikej; ghtpdk; __________. m) mftw;gh M) btz;gh ,) t+r; pgg; h <) fypg;gh [tpil: m) mftwg; h] FWtpdh 1. Fws; btzg; htpd; ,yf;fzji; j vGjp vLjJ; f;fhl;Lj; jUf. ŒŒ F ws; btzg; h vdg; J btzg; htpd; bghJ ,yf;fzk; mikag; bgwW; ,uz;L mofsha; tUk;. ŒŒ Kjyo ehdF; rPuhftk[ ;/ ,uzl; hk; mo @dW; rPuhft[k; tUk;. v.fh: fwf; frlw fw;git fw;wgpd; epwf; mjw;Fj; jf 2. t+;rp;g;ghtpwF; cupa Xir J}=f; y; Xir MFk.; Js;sy; Xir fypg;ghtf[ F; cupaJ. ,ay; 8 ,jb; jhlu;fis xnu bjhluhf ,izjJ; vGJf. t+;rpg;gh J}=f; y; Xiriaa[k;/ fypgg; h Js;sy; Xiriaak[ ; bgw;W tUk.; rpWtpdh 1. Mrpupag;ghtpd; bghJ ,yf;fzj;ij vGJf. ŒŒ mfty; Xir bgwW; tUk.; ŒŒ <uirr; rPu; kpFjpahftk[ ; fhar; r; Pu; Fiwthft[k; gapdW; tUk.; ŒŒ Mrpupajj; is kpFjpahf tUk.; ŒŒ btz;lis/ fypjj; is Mfpait tputp tUk;. ŒŒ @d;wo Kjy; vGJgtu; kdepiyfn; fw;g mika[k;. ŒŒ Vfhuj;jpy; Koa[k;. TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyts[ ; bjupf 1. ahgg; pd; cWgg; f[ s; __________. m) 3 M) 5 ,) 6 <) 7 [tpil: ,) 6] www.tnpscjob.com

352 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ 2. bghUjj; pf; fhlL; f. ghtif Xir m) btz;gh ? 1. Jss; y; Xir M) Mrpupagg; h ? 2. brgg; nyhir ,) fypgg; h ? 3. J}=f; y; Xir <) t+r; pg;gh ? 4. mftnyhir m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3 M) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 ,) 3/ 1/ 2/ 4 <) 1/ 4/ 2/ 3 [tpil: m) 2/ 4/ 1/ 3] 3. @d;W mo Kjy; vGJgtu; kdepiyfn; fw;g mo mika[k; ghtif __________. m) btzg; h M) Mrpupag;gh ,) fypgg; h <) t+;rpgg; h [tpil: M) Mrpupagg; h] 4. btzg; hf;fspd; tiffs; vjj; id> m) ehd;F M) MW ,) IeJ; <) VG [tpil: ,) Ie;J] 5. braa; s[ py; ,ilapilna caue; ;J tUk; Xir __________. m) mfty; M) Jss; y; ,) J}=;fy; <) brgg; y; [tpil: M) Jss; y]; 6. btzg; htpy; mikej; E}y;fs; __________. m) Fws;\" ehyoahu; M) ehyoahu\"; kzpnkfiy ,) Fws;\" rpyk;g[ <) Fws/; tisahgjp [tpil: m) Fws\"; ehyoahu]; 7. <ww; o Krr; Puhftk[ ; Vida mofs; ehwr; uP hft[k; tUk; gh __________. m) Mrpupagg; h M) btzg; h ,) fypgg; h <) t+r; pgg; h [tpil: M) btzg; h] ,ay; 8 8. ``bgU=;fij~~/ ``kzpnkfiy~~/ ``rpygg; jpfhuk~; ~ nghd;w fhgg; pajj; py; mike;j gh tif __________. m) mftwg; h M) btz;gh ,) fypg;gh <) t+;rpgg; h [tpil: m) mftwg; h] 9. gjpd;@dW; mof;F nkw;gl;L tUk; gh tif __________. m) fypbtz;gh M) t+r; pg;gh ,) neupir Mrpupag;gh <) ,d;dpir btzg; h [tpil: M) t+;rpgg; h] 10. ruP n; jhWe; Js;shJ jhH;en; j tUtJ __________. m) J}=f; nyhir M) Js;snyhir ,) brgg; nyhir <) mftnyhir [tpil: m) J}=f; nyhir] 11. ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;w Xir __________. m) brg;gnyhir M) mftnyhir ,) Jss; nyhir <) J}=f; nyhir [tpil: m) brgg; nyhir] 12. Mrpupag;ghtpd; tiffs; __________. m) @dW; M) ehdF; ,) IeJ; <) MW [tpil: M) ehdF; ] www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 353 13. ``Vfhujj; py~; ~ Koa[k; rpwgg; i[ la gh tif __________. m) btzg; h M) Mrpupag;gh ,) fypg;gh <) t+r; pgg; h [tpil: M) Mrpupagg; h] [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 14. bghUj;Jf. [tpil: <) ehyoahu]; [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,] 1. ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;wJ ? m) mftnyhir [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 2. brhwb; ghHpthwW; tJ nghdw; J ? M) brg;gnyhir [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 3. jhHe; ;J caue; J; tUtJ ? ,) J}=f; nyhir 4. jhH;en; j tUtJ ? <) Js;snshir m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< 15. mftwg; htl[ d; bjhlug; py;yhj xd;W __________. m) rpygg; jpfhuk ; M) kzpnkfiy ,) bgU=;fij <) ehyoahu; 16. bghUj;Jf. 1. neu ; ? m) kyu; M) fhR 2. epiu ? ,) gpwgg; [ <) ehs; 3. neug; [ ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. epiug[ ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< 17. bghUjJ; f. 1. neu; neu; ? m) g[spkh M) njkh 2. epiu neu; ? ,) fUtpsk; <) Ttpsk; 3. neu; epiu ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. epiu epiu ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< ,ay; 8 m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< 18. bghUjJ; f. 1. neu; neu; neu; ? m) gs[ pkh=;fha; 2. epiu neu; neu ; ? M) njkh=;fha; 3. neu; epiu neu; ? ,) fUtps=;fha; 4. epiu epiu neu; ? <) Ttps=f; ha; m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< 19. bghUjJ; f. 1. neu; neu; epiu ? m) gs[ pkh=;fdp 2. epiu neu; epiu ? M) njkh=f; dp 3. neu; epiu epiu ? ,) fUtps=f; dp 4. epiu epiu epiu ? <) Ttps=;fdp m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< www.tnpscjob.com

354 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 20. g[ytu; FHei; j ,aww; pa ahgg; [ E}y; __________. m) ahgg; jpfhuk; M) ahg;gU=;fyk; ,) ahgg; U=f; y=;fhupif <) ed;D}y ; [tpil: m) ahgg; jpfhuk]; FWtpdh 1. ahg;gpd; cWg;g[fs; ahit> vGj;J/ mir/ rPu/; mo/ bjhil/ jis Mfpait MFk.; 2. gh vj;jid tifg;gLk>; mit ahit> gh ehdF; tifgg; Lk;. mitahtd: btzg; h/ Mrpupag;gh/ fypgg; h/ t+r; pg;gh. 3. btzg; htpd; tiffs; ahit> btz;gh IeJ; tifgg; Lk;: mitahtd: Fws; btz;gh/ rpej; pay; btzg; h/ neupir btzg; h/ ,dd; pir btz;gh/ gBbwhil btz;gh MfpaitahFk;. 4. Mrpupagg; htpd; tiffs; vjj; id> mit ahit> Mrpupagg; htpd; tiffs; ehd;F tifg;gLk.; mit: neupir Mrpupag;gh/ ,izf;Fws; Mrpupagg; h/ epiykzo; y Mrpupagg; h/ mokwp kz;oy Mrpupagg; h. 5. jpUfF; wSk; ehyoahUk; vt;tifg; ghtpy; mikeJ; ss; J vdr; Rlo; / mjd; Xirfisa[k; Fwpgg; pLf. ŒŒ jpUf;FwSk; ehyoahUk; btzg; htpy; mikeJ; s;sJ. ŒŒ mjd; Xir : brg;gnyhir. ,ay; 8 6. r=;f ,yff; pa=f; s; vtt; ifg; ghtpy; mike;Js;sJ vdr; Rlo; / mjd; Xirfisa[k; Fwpg;gpLf. ŒŒ r=f; ,yf;fpa=;fs; mftw;ghtpy; mikeJ; s;sJ. ŒŒ mjd; Xir :mfty; Xir 7. mftnyhirapy; mike;j E}yf; s; rpytww; pd; bgauf; is vGJf. r=f; ,yf;fpak;/ rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=f; ij. 8. gjpd;@d;W mofF; nky; tUk; btzg; h vJ> fypbtzg; h. 9. fypjj; isak[ ; btz;lisa[k; tputptUk; gh vJ> Mrpupagg; h (mftwg; h). 10. Xuirr; rPuf; s; ahit> neu; ? ehs; \" epiu ? kyu; neu;g[ ? fhR \" epiug[ ? gpwgg; [ 11. <uirr; rPuf; s; ahit> neu; neu; ? njkh \" epiu neu; ? g[spkh epiu epiu ? fUtpsk; \" neu; epiu ? Ttpsk; www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 355 12. @tirr; ruP f; s; ahit> fdprr; Pu; fhar; r; Pu; neu; neu; epiu ? njkh=f; dp epiu neu; epiu ? g[spkh=;fdp neu; neu; neu; ? njkh=f; ha; epiu epiu epiu ? fUtps=f; dp epiu neu; neu; ? gs[ pkh=f; ha; neu; epiu epiu ? Ttps=f; dp epiu epiu neu; ? fUtps=f; ha; neu; epiu neu; ? Ttps=f; ha; rpWtpdh 1. btzg; htpd; bghJ ,yff; zji; j tpsf;Ff. ŒŒ btzg; h brg;gy; Xir bgw;W tUk.; ŒŒ <w;wo Krr; Puhftk[ ; Vida mofs; ehwr; Puhft[k; tUk.; ,aw;rPu/; btzr; Pu; klL; nk gapdW; tUk;. ŒŒ , uzl; o Kjy; gdd; puz;L mo tiu mika[k.; ŒŒ <wW; r;rPu; ehs/; kyu;/ fhR/ gpwg;g[ vdD; k; tha;ghl;oy; Koa[k.; 2. mftwg; hit tpsf;fp/ rhdW; jUf. ŒŒ mfty; Xir Mrpupagg; htf[ ;F cupaJ. ŒŒ ,yff; zf; flL; f; nfhgg; [ Fiwthftk[ ;/ ftpij btspaPl;LfF; vspjhftk[ ; ,Ugg; J mftw;gh. rhdW; : r=f; ,yf;fpa=f; s/; rpygg; jpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=;fij ? MfpaitahFk.; 3. myfplL; tha;ghL vGJf. Fws:; cyfjn; jh blhll; bthGfy; gyfw;Wk; fyy; hu; mwptpyh jhu;. t.vz; rPu; mir thag; hL 1 cy ' fj; ' njh epiu neu; neu; gs[ pkh=f; ha; 2 blhl; ' l neu; neu; njkh ,ay; 8 3 bthG ' fy; epiu neu; g[spkh 4 gy ' fw; ' Wk; epiu neu; neu; g[spkh=;fha; 5 fy; ' yhu; neu; neu; njkh 6 mwp ' tpyh epiu epiu fUtpsk; 7 jhu; neu; ehs; fw;git fw;wgpd; gff; k;: 196 1. ghlE}ypy; ,lk;bgwW; s;s ftpijfisa[k; mtww; pd; ghtiffisa[k; tifg;gLj;jp gl;oay; ,Lf. 1. Fwsb; tz;gh : jpUfF; ws; 2. btz;gh : ePjp btzg; h/ jpUtpisahlw;g[uhzk;/ njkg; htzp/ 3. fypbtz;gh : Kyi; yg;ghlL; / gupghly; 4. Mrpupagg; h : md;idbkhHpna/ kiygLflhk;/ jpUkhy; jpUbkhHp/ Kj;Jf;Fkhurhkp gps;isj;jkpH/; bka;f;fPu;jj; p/ rpyg;gjpfhuk/; +hdk;/ fhyf;fzpjk;/ Vu; g[jpjh> www.tnpscjob.com

356 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ 5. ,izf;Fws; Mrpupag;gh : fhw;nw th/ g{j;bjhLjj; y/; rpjj; hS. 6. fypgg; h : fk;guhkhazk; 2. btzg; htpy; mikej; E}yf; s;/ Mrpupagg; htpy; mikej; ,yf;fpa=f; s; gww; p tFgg; py; fyeJ; iuahLf. btzg; htpy; mikej; E}y;fs; : jpUf;Fws;/ ehyoahu;. Mrpupag;ghtpy; mike;j ,yff; pa=;fs; : rpyg;gjpfhuk;/ kzpnkfiy/ bgU=f; ij. fyeJ; iuahly; fyeJ; iuahLgtuf; s;: ,uF/ kJ/ rhej; p. ,ay; 8 ,uF : ezg; h- ,uF braa; [s; E}y;fs; gy vGjg;gl;lhYk; ehk; ,gn; ghJ btzg; htpYk;/ Mrpupag;ghtpYk; vGjg;gll; E}yf; s; gww; p ciuahLnthk.; kJ : eyy; bra;jp jhd;/ btzg; htpy; xdW; k; Mrpupagg; htpy; xdW; k; vLj;Jf;bfhs;syhkh> rhe;jp : kJ mz;zh- btzg; htpy; jpUfF; wSk;/ Mrpupagg; htpy; rpyg;gjpfhuKk; gww; p ngryhkh-. ,uF : ngryhnk- Kjypy; btzg; htpy; jpUfF; wisg; gw;wp ngryhk.; kJ : cyfg; bghJkiw vdg; nghww; gg; Lk; jpUf;Fws; mwk;/ bghUs/; ,dg; k; vd @d;iw jiyikahff; bfhz;L 133 mjpfhuj;ija[k; 1330 ghff; s; bfhz;L Fws; btz;ghthy; ghlgg; ll; E}y.; rhej; p : ,ej; E}YfF; gj;J ngu; ciu vGjp css; hu;fshk;. ,uF : ,dW; Vuhskhdtu; vGjp cs;sdu;. gupnkyHfu; ciujhd; rpwe;j ciu. rhe;jp : ehk; jpUfF; wisg; gogg; njhL ,y;yhky; jpUfF; wnshL Fws; Twpas[ ;sJ nghy; thH;nthk.; kJ : rup/ btzg; htpdhy; mikej; E}iyg; ghu;j;njhk.; rhej; p : Mrpupag;ghthy; mike;j E}y;/ jkpHpy; Kjd; Kjypy; njhdw; pa fhg;gpak; vJ vd;WbrhyY; =f; s>; kJ : rpyg;gjpfhuk; rhe;jp-. ,uF : ,e;E}y; nfhtyd;/ fzz; fp/ khjtp vd @d;W @d;whf ghodhYk; Fokff; isgg; w;wp ghoa E}y;. rhej; p : 1. murpay; gpiHjn; jhu;f;F mwk; Tww; hFk;. 2. ciurhy; gj;jpdpia cau;e;njhu; Vj;Jtu; 3. CHt; pid cUj;JteJ; ClL; k; vdD; k; @dW; czi; kfisf; TWfpwJ. ,uF : xtb; thU E}iyak[ ; gww; p ehk; ngrpfb; fhzn; l nghfyhk.; neuk; nghaf; ; bfhz;nl ,Uf;fpwJ. tPl;oy; njLthuf; s.; gw[ gg; Lnthkh- @tUk; : eyy; J. gw[ g;gLnthk;. 3. ahg;nghir jUk; ghnthirfs; vitbadg; g[ytu; FHe;ij Fwpgg; pLfpwhu;> ahg;nghir jUk; ghnthir 1. brg;gnyhir : ,Utu; ciuahLtJ nghd;w Xir. 2. mftnyhir : xUtu; ngRjy; nghd;w ? brhw;bghHpthwW; tJ nghdw; Xir www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 357 3. Js;snyhir : fd;W Jss; pdhw;nghyr; rPun; jhWe; Js;sptUk; Xir. mjhtJ jhHe; J; cau;eJ; tUtJ 4. J}=;fnyhir : rPu;njhWe; Jss; hJ J}=;fptUk; Xir/ jhHe; n; j tUtJ ? ahg;gjpfhuk/; gy[ tu; FHe;ij bkhHpia Msn; thk; gf;fk;: 199 bkhHpbgau;g;g[: ,ay; 8  Once upon a time there were two beggars in Rome. The first beggar used to cry in the streets of the city, “He is helped whom God helps”. The Second beggar used to cry, “He is helped who the king helps”. This was repeated by them everyday. The Emperor of Rome heard it so often that he decided to help the beggar who popularized him in the streets of Rome. He ordered a loaf of bread to be baked and filled with pieces of gold. When the beggar felt the heavy weight of the bread, he sold it to his friend as soon as he met him. The latter carried it home. When he cut the loaf of bread he found sparkling pieces of gold. Thanking God, he stopped begging from that day. But the other continued to beg through the city. Puzzled by the beggar’s behaviour, the Emperor summoned him to his presence and asked him, “What have you done with the loaf of bread that I had sent you lately?” The man replied, “I sold it to my friend, because it was heavy and did not seem well baked” Then the Emperor said, “Truly he whom God helps is helped indeed,” and turned the beggar out of his palace. jkpHhff; k;: ŒŒ K db; ghUehs; nuhk; efupy; ,uz;L gpr;irf;fhuuf; s; ,Ue;jdu;. Kjy; gpr;irf;fhud; flt[s; vg;goahtJ ahu; @ykhtJ vdf;F cjt[thu; vd;W fzz; Pu; tpll; hd;. ,uzl; hk; gpri; rff; hud; kdd; idg; gf[ He; ;J ghodhy; kdd; d; fhg;ghd; vdw; hd.; jpdKk; ,UtUk; ,gg; ona brhy;ypfb; fhz;L ,Uej; hu;fs.; ŒŒ nuhk; muru; jd;idg; gww; pg; ngrpg; gf[ He; ;J vgg; oahtJ jhd; ghJfhg;ngd; vd;W ek;gf[ pw gpri; rff; huDf;F cjt tpUkg; pdhu.; ŒŒ ePskhd buhlo; g; bghll; yj;jpy;/ buhlo; j; JzL; fs; eLnt rpy bghw;fhRfis itj;Jf; bfhLjj; hd;. ŒŒ , uzl; hk; gpr;irf;fhud; buhlo; j; Jz;L bghl;lyk; fdkhf ,Uf;fpwJ\" tpw;why; gzk; rk;ghjpff; yhk; vd;W Kjy; gpr;irff; hudhd ezg; dplk; tpwW; tpLfpwhd.; ŒŒ ,gg; ona buhlo; j; Jz;il jpdKk; tpw;fpwhd.; mjid th=;Fk; Kjyhk; gpr;irff; hud; buhlo; j;Jz;il btl;og;ghuj; j; hy; jpdKk; bghw;fhRfs; kpdd; pd. ŒŒ j pdKk; flt[SfF; ed;wp brhy;yp bghwf; hRfis vLjJ; itjJ; nru;j;J itjj; hd.; gpri; r vLg;gij epWjj; p tpLfpwhd;. ŒŒ , uzl; hk; gpri; rf;fhud; bjhlu;e;J tPjpfspy; gpr;ir vLj;Jf;bfhzn; l ,Uf;fpwhd.; kdd; d; mtid miHjJ; ehd; bfhLj;j buhlo; g; bghll; y=f; is vd;d bra;jha; vd;W nfll; hu;. ŒŒ mJ vLjJ; r;bry;y fdkhf ,Ue;jgoahy; vd; gpr;irff; hu ezg; dplk; mjid tpw;Wtpln; ld; vd;whd.; ŒŒ k dd; u; jdfF; s; epidjJ; fb; fhz;lhu;. ``flts[ ; jdi; dj; njLgtu;fSfF; czi; kapny ahu; @ykhtJ cjtf[ pwhu;~~ ,uz;lhk; gpri; rff; hudplk; jpUkg; p/ `rup eP nghfyhk~; vd;W muz;kidapy; ,Ue;J btspnawr; brhdd; hu;. www.tnpscjob.com

358 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ ,ay; 8 k ug[j; bjhlUf;fhd bghUswpe;J bjhlupy; mikj;J vGJf. kdfn; fhl;il: goff; hknynju;tpy;btw;wpbgw;Wtplyhk;vdW; rpykhztu;fs;kdfn; fhli; l fl;Lfpwhu;fs.; fz;Qk; fUjJ; k:; fzQ; k; fUj;jha; ftdKld; goj;jhy; Kjy; kjpg;bgz; bgwyhk.; mss; p ,iwj;jy;: gzji; jf; fzf;Fg; ghuf; ;fhky; ms;sp ,iwj;jhy; tpiutpy; tWikepiy miltha.; Mwg;nghLjy:; gpur;rpidfisg; bgupJgLjj; hJ Mwgn; ghLjy; mnef jPatpistf[ isj; jLfF; k;. g pd;tUk; ciuahlypy; cs;s ngr;R tHf;fpid vGj;J tHf;fhf khw;Wf. ngrR; tHf;F: ``jkg; P> v=f; epf;fpnw>~~ ``eP=;f brhd;d vljJ; yjhzn; z- vjpuj; j; hg;g[y xU O !;lhy; ,Uf;FJ.~~ ``m=;=df;Fs;sna O rhgL; l;L/ ngg;gug; gorr; plL; ,U.. eh bturh teJ; Untd~; ~ ``mz;nz- rkK; tji; jak[ ; Tl;off; pl;L th=;fz;nz- mtbda; ghj;nj buhk;g ehshrR; -~~ ``mtkg; hl;onahl btspa{u; nghapUff; hd;. c=T; Ufn; f mtndf; Tl;off; plL; tun; wd;.~~ ``buhkg; r; rpdd; taRy ghu;j;jJzn; z- mgg; mtDf;F @Q taR ,UfF; k;-~~ ``,gg; xrukh tseJ; l;lhd;- xdf;F milahsnk bjupahJ- CUf;F v=;Tl tUthk; ghnud-; rup/ nghid itap. eh= bfsk;gpn; ld.; ..~~ ``rup=f; z;nz~~ vGj;J tHfF; : ``jk;gp v=n; f epwf; pwha>; ~~ ``eP=;fs; brhdd; ,lj;jpy;jhd; mzz; h- vjpu;gg; w[ jj; py; xU njePu; fil ,Uff; pwJ.~~ ``m=;nfna njePu; rhgg; pl;LtplL; / bra;jpj;jhs; gojJ; fb; fhzo; U. ehd; tpiuthf te;J tpLfpnwd.; ~~ ``mz;zh- rz;Kfj;ijak[ ; Tlo; fb; fhz;L thU=;fs; mz;zh- mtidg; ghu;j;J mjpf ehl;fshfptpll; d.~~ ``mtd; ghl;oa[ld; btspa{u; brdw; pUff; pwhd.; c=f; s; CUfn; f mtidf; Tlo; f;bfhzL; tUfpnwd.; ~~ ``epiwa ehSf;F Kd;dhy; rpd;d tajpy; ghuj; j; J mz;zh. mg;nghJ mtDfF; @dW; taJ ,Uf;Fk;~~ ``,gn; ghJ caukhf tsu;eJ; tpll; hd.; cdf;F milahsnk bjupahJ. CUf;F vd;Dld; tUthd;. ghuj; ;Jfb; fhs.; rup. bjhiyngrpia itj;JtpL. ehd; g[wgg; Lfpnwd.; ~~ ``rup mz;zh-~~ fojk; vGJf. c=f; s; bjUtpy; kpd; tpsf;Ffs; gGjileJ; cs;sd. mjdhy; ,utpy; rhiyapy; eleJ; bryn; thUfF; Vwg; Lk; ,ila{Wfis vGjp Mtd braa; k[ ;go kpdt; hupa mYtyUfF; f; fojk; vGJf. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 359 mDg;g[eu; v!.; r=;fud/; 23/ ts;syhu; rhiy/ ghujpjhrd; efu;/ jpUrr; p. bgWeu; cauj; pU. kpd;thupa braw;bghwpahsu; mtu;fs;/ brawb; ghwpahsu; mYtyfk/; jpUr;rp. bghUs:; bjUtpsfF; fs; gGJ ePf;Fjy; ? bjhlug; hf. kjpgg; pw;Fupa Iah/ tzf;fk;. ehd; ghujpjhrd; efu; tss; yhu; rhiyiar; rhue; j; td;. flej; thuk; tPrpa jhnd g[ayhy; v=f; s; bjUtpy; css; kpdtpsf;F fk;g=;fs; midjJ; k; rhae; J; tpl;ld. ,jdhy; ,utpy; btspna bryn; thu;fF; kpftk[ ; Jdg; khf ,Uf;fpwJ. bjUtpsf;F ,y;yhjijg; gadg; Ljj; p r@f tpnuhjpfspd; brayf; Sk; mjpfkhfp tpll; J. mjdhy; jatb[ raJ; neupy; ghu;itaplL; gGjile;j kpd;tpsfF; f; fk;g=;fisr; rupbra;J jUkhW jhH;ikal[ d; nfl;Lfb; fhsf; pnwd.; edw; p- ,gg; ofF; / 21.03.2020 bjUkf;fs; rhug; hf/ ghujpjhrd; efu.;  v!.; r=;fud.; ciwnky; Kftup: bgWeu; ,ay; 8 cauj; pU. kpd;thupa brawb; ghwpahsu; mtu;fs;/ braw;bghwpahsu; mYtyfk/; jpUr;rp. eak; ghuhl;Lf. nfhilapny ,isgg; hww; pf; bfhs;Sk;tif fpilj;j Fspu;jUnt jUepHny epHyf; dpej; fdpna Xilapny CWfpd;w jP+;Ritjj; z; zPnu cfe;jjz;zPu; ,ilkyue; j; Rfe;jkz kynu nkilapny tRP fpdw; bkyy; pag{=; fhw;nw bkdf; hww; py; tpisRfnk Rfj;jpy;cWk; gand Milapny vidkze;j kzthsh bghJtpy; MLfpd;w munrvd; my=f; ym; zpe; jUns. ? ts;syhu; jpuzl; fUjJ; : nfhilapy; ,isgg; hWk; tifapy; fpilj;j Fspu;r;rp bghUe;jpa jU Mdtd;. kuk; (jU) jUk; epHyhft[k;/ epHypd; Fspu;rr; pahftk[ ;/ epHy;jUk; fdpahftk[ ; ,Ug;gtd.; Xilapny www.tnpscjob.com

360 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ CWfpdw; ,d;Rit ePuhft[k/; ePupd; ,ilapy; kyu;eJ; Rfej; k; jUk; thrkyuhft[k; jpfH;gtd;. nkilapny tPRfpd;w bkd;g{=;fhww; hft[k;/ bkdf; hw;W jUk; Rfkhft[k; Rfjj; pd; gadhft[k; ,Uf;Fk; ,iwth. ,t;ty[ f thH;tpy; Mofb; fhzo; UfF; k; vdi; da[k; VwW; f;bfhzl; (kdej; ) jiytnd (kzthsnd) bghJtpny MLfpdw; / MlL; tpff; pd;w vk; munr ehd; jUk; ghkhiyia (my=;fy); mzpeJ; vdf;F mUs; bra;thahf. nkhid eak;: FatDfF; ghid bra;a[Sf;F nkhid bra;as[ py; moapnyh rPupnyh Kjy; vGjJ; xd;wptuj; bjhLgg; J nkhid MFk.; nkilapny bkd;fhwW; ... Milapny... MLfpdw; ... vdW; nkhid eaKk; kpFe;J tUfpd;wJ. vJif eak:; kJiuf;F itif bra;a[SfF; vJif Kjy; vGj;J msbthj;jpUff; moapnyh rPupnyh ,uz;lhtJ vGj;J xdw; ptuj; bjhLg;gJ vJifahFk;. ,g;ghlypy;/ nfhilapny Xilapny nkilapny Milapny vd;W vJif eak; mike;Js;sJ. ,iag[ eak;: ,ay; 8 braa; s[ py; monjhWk; ,Wjp vGjn; jh brhy;nyh ,iaeJ; tuj; bjhLgg; J ,iag[j; bjhil MFk.; jz;zPnu kynu vd ,iag[ eaKk; css; J. mzp eak:; mzp vd;why; mHF. ,g;ghlypd; mHFfF; mHF bra;ak[ ; tifapy;/ ``Fspu; jUnt... epHy; fdpej; fdpna...~~ ,iwtid cUtfgg; LjJ; k; ``cUtf mzpa[k~; ~ ,iwtid nkdi; kg;gLjj; p cauj; ;jpg; gf[ H;eJ; ghoapUgg; jhy; ``cau;t[ etpw;rp mzpa[k;~~ mike;J ghlYfF; eak; Tlo; as[ ;sJ. re;j eak:; ,g;ghly; ,dpa Xira[ld;/ ,ira[ld; ghLk; tifapy;/ xGfpa Xiraha; `vzr; Pu; fHpbeoyo Mrpupa tpUjj; k~; bgw;W mftnyhiral[ d; rej; eaKk; kpf;Fs;sJ. ŒŒ , gg; hly; midjJ; ,yff; pa ea=f; SKilajhag; ; gogn; ghu; kdjpy; ,iwgfj; piaak[ ;/ ,yf;fpa Mut; j;ijak[ ; ClL; k; tifapy; mike;Js;sJ. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 361 bkhHpnahL tpisahL gff; k;: 200 fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf. xdW; / ,uz;L/ @dW; / ehd;F/ Ie;J/ MW/ VG/ vl;L/ xdg; J/ gj;J Mfpa vz;Qg; bgau;fs; ,lk;bgWk; jpUf;Fwisf; fz;Lgpoj;J vGJf. vz;Qg;bgauf; s; ,lk;bgWk; jpUf;Fws; ghf;fs;: xd;W : bfhd;wdd; ,dd; h brapDk; mtub; raj; xd;Wed;W cs;sf; bfLk;. ,uz;L : jhdk; jtkpuz;Lk; j=;fh tpaDyfk; thdk; tH=f; hJ vdpd.; @dW; : fhkk; btFsp kaf;fk; ,it@d;wd; ehkk; bflfb; fLk; neha.; mGf;fhW mthbtFsp ,dd; hr;brhy; ehdF; k; ehdF; : ,Gf;fhW ,adw; J mwk.; bghwpthapy; Ie;jtpj;jhd; bghaj; Pu; xGff; bewpepd;whu; ePL thH;thu.; Ie;J : MW : gilFo THm; ikr;R elg; ud; MWk; cilahd; murUs; VW. VG : vGgpwg;g[k; jPait jPz;lh gHpgpw=;fhg; gz;g[il kf;fl; bgwpd;. vl;L : nfhapy; bghwpapy; Fzkpynt vz; Fzj;jhd; jhis tz=f; hj; jiy. ,ay; 8 xd;gJ : xdg; J vd;w vzi; z jpUts;Stu; jk; E}ypy; v=;Fk; gad;gLjj; tpy;iy gjJ; : eiftifa uhfpa elg; pd; giftuhy; gjj; Ljj; nfho cWk.; brhw;fisg; gpupj;Jg; bghUs; jUf. 1. fhdil : fhd; mil ? fhli; lr; nru; fhd; eil ? fhl;LfF; elj;jy; fhy; eil ? fhyhy; eljj; y; 2. tUej; hkiu: tUk; jhkiu ? jhkiu kyu; tUk; jh kiu ? jhtk[ ; khd; tUfpwJ. tUe;jh kiu ? Jdg; w[ hj khd; 3. gpz;zhf;F : gpz;zhf;F ? vs/; fliy Ml;Lkn; ghJ fpilg;gJ. gps; ehf;F ? gpstg[ ll; ehfF; 4. gyifbahyp : gyif xyp ? gyifahy; Vw;gLk; xyp gy if xyp ? gy iffs; jl;Lk; xyp. www.tnpscjob.com

362 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ mfuhjpapy; fhz;f. MRftp – bfhLj;jg; bghUis clnd ghLk; ghlL; . mg;ghliyg; ghLk; gy[ td.; kJuftp – ,dpik bgUfg; ghLk; ftp. brhw;Rit/ bghUl;Rit epuk;gpa ghlL; . rpjj; puftp – rpjj; pujj; py; mikj;jjwF; Vwg; ghLk; ,iwff; tp/ 21 ea=f; spy; ftpij ,aw;Wgtu; tpjj; huftp – tpupj;Jg; ghlg; bgWk; ghlL; . tpupthfg; ghLk; E}y;. fiyr;brhy; mwpnthk; Renaissance ? kWkyu;r;rp Belief ? ekg; pf;if Revivalism ? kPl;LUthff; k; Philosopher ? bka;apayhsu ; fhl;rpiaf; fz;L ftpDw vGJf. ``kdk; behe;J kWfp nfl;ft[k; eh vHhJ thHt[k; tif awpahJ ,uj;jny tHp vdg; ij ,Wjp Kot[ Mf;fp ``<bad~~ ,uj;jy; bfhoJ ,uff; jJ; ld; <thiuj; jLj;jy; mjdpDk; bfhojdn; wh~~ ,ay; 8 epw;f mjw;Fj; jf ehk; vgn; ghJk; xnu kdepiyapy; ,Ugg; jpyi; y/ eki; kr; Rw;wp epfGk; brayf; shy; ehk; miyf;fHpff; gg; Lfpnwhk.; cld; gapyg; tUlndh/ cldg; pwej; tUlndh vjpug; huhky; rr;rut[ Vwg; LfpwJ..... ,e;jr; rkaj;jpy; rpdk;bfhss; j; jf;f brhwf; isg; ngRfpnwhk\"; nflf; pnwhk;\" iffyg;gpy; <LgLfpnwhk;\" ,JfhWk; fw;w mw=f; s; ekfF; f; ifbfhLf;f ntzl; hkh> khzt epiyapy; ehk; gpdg; w;w ntzo; a mw=;fSk; mjdhy; Vwg; LfSk; ed;ikfSk.; .. ehk; braa; ntzL; td (mw=f; s;) mw=;fs; jUk; ed;ikfs; ŒŒ ey;y brhwf; isna njue; ;bjLj;Jg; ŒŒ e yy; ezg; u;fisg; bgwyhk.; vjpupfisak[ ; ngRjy.; ezg; uhff; yhk.; ŒŒ x Utiug; gww; p ,db; dhUtuplk; ŒŒ njitaww; rz;iliag; gifia jtpuj; J; / khw;wpg; ngrhjpUjj; y;. midtUlDk; mdg; ha; thHyhk;. ŒŒ g Hpth=;Fk; vzz; j;ijf; iftply;. ŒŒ kd mikjp bgwyhk;. ezg; upljJ; k/; ŒŒ bgha;jtpuj; J; czi; k ngRjy.; cwtpdupljJ; k; ew;bgau; bgwyhk;. ŒŒ cz;ik ek; thH;it cau;jJ; k; mrr; kpdw; p thHyhk.;  www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 363 ,ay; kdpjk; ciueil cyfk; 9 b$afhe;jk; ? epidt[ ,jH; ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfj;jhd rhjida[k; rthYkhf b$afhej; d; fUJtJ __________. m) murpd; eyj;jpl;l=;fisr; bray;gLjJ; jy; M) bgww; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngzpf; fhjj; y; ,) mwptpay; Kd;ndww; k; <) btspehlL; KjyPLfs; [tpil: M) bgww; Rje;jpuj;ijg; ngzpf; fhjj; y]; 2. fiyapd; fztdhftk[ ; rKjhaj;jpd; gj[ yt; dhft[k; ,UeJ; vGJfpnwd; ? ,fT; ww; pypUeJ; ehk; gu[ peJ; bfhs;tJ> m) jk; thH;fi; fapy; bgww; tpistf[ isf; fiyahff; pdhu;. M) r@fg; ghui; tnahL fiygg; zp gu[ pant vGjpdhu;. ,) mwji; jf; TWtjwf; hf vGjpdhu;. <) mHfpaYld; ,yf;fpak; giljj; hu;.  [tpil: M) r@fg; ghui; tnahL fiygg; zp g[upant vGjpdhu;.] FWtpdh 1. ehd; vGJtjw;F xU J}zL; jYk; mjw;Fupa fhuzKk; czL; ? ,j;bjhliu ,U ,ay; 9 bjhluf; shfF; f. ŒŒ ehd; vGJtjw;Fj; J}zL; jy; xd;WzL; . ŒŒ ehd; vGJtjwF; j; J}zL; jYf;Fupa fhuzKk; xdW; zL; . rpWtpdh 1. b$afhej; d; jk; fij khej; uf; spd; rpwej; TWfisf; Fwpgg; plj; jtWtjpyi; y vdW; mnrhfkpjj; pud; TWfpwhu.; ? ,fT; wi; w bkag; g; pfF; k; bray; xdi; wj; ``juf; f; jj; pwF; mgg; hy~; ~ fij khej; u; thapyhf tpsfF; f. ``ju;ff; jj; pw;F mg;ghy;~~ fij khej; u;: fz;zpy;yhj gpr;irf;fhud;/ juk; k; bra;jtd; khej; u;fspd; rpwg;gf[ ; Twp bkag; ;gpf;Fk; bray;: ,uapy; epiyajj; pwF; btspna ,Uej; fz;zpyy; hj gpri; rff; huDfF; ,uz;lzhit mtu; nghl;lhu;. mijg; bgw;Wfb; fhz;ltu; iffs; FtpjJ; / `rhkp/ eP=;fnghw tHpfb; fyy; hk; g[zz; pak; czL; / vdW; thH;jj; pdhd;. mej; g; gpri; rff; huDf;Fj; juk; k; braa; hky; www.tnpscjob.com

364 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ ,Ue;jpUe;jhnyh myy; J juk; k; bra;j Xuzhit vLjJ; r; brdw; pUe;jhnyh> tpgj;Jf;Fss; hd ,uapypy;jhd; brdw; pUg;ghd.; ju;kk; jiyfhf;Fk; vdg; ijj; juk; k; braj; td; czu;e;jhd;. ju;kk; jej; tDk; mijgb; gw;wtDk; kdjhu thH;jJ; k; ed; khe;juf; spd; rpwgg; [f; TWfshFk.; beLtpdh  1. b$afhej; d; epidt[r; rpwg;gpjiH thu ,jH; xdW; btspapl ,Uf;fpwJ. mjwf; hd xU Rtbuhl;oia totikjJ; mspff; . Rtbuhl;o f=;fh thu ,jH; btspapLk; b$afhej; d; epidt[r; rpwg;gpjH; ? 2020 btspaPl;L ehs; csn; s..... 100 29.03.2020  thH;f;if tuyhW  gilg;gpd; mDgtk; gf;f=;fs; ``Kjypy; vGJfpwtd; vd;w Kiwapy;/ vij  fhe;jk; b$afhe;jd;: fl;Liu  g[fH; ftpijfs; vGJtJ vdW; juP ;khdpg;gtd; ehnd~~  jpiungRk; fhe;jk; ? JQf;Ffs; tpiy ? b$afhe;jd;  rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ mDgtk; ` 30 Kdg; jptf[ ;F: _ f=f; h gjpgg; fk;/ jpUbeyn; typ?1. ,ay; 9 bjhiyngrp: 0462?2338899 fw;git fw;wgpd; 1. tFgg; [ khztu;fspd; gilgg; [fisj; jpulo; f; FGthf ,izeJ; ifbaGj;J ,jH; xdi; w cUthf;Ff. (khztu; brayg; hL) TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. kdpjk; njha;e;j vGj;jhSik kpff; tu; __________. m) b$afhe;jd; M) b$ankhfd; ,) gJ[ ikg;gpjj; d; <) R$hjh [tpil: m) b$afhe;jd]; 2. rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJbgww; b$afhej; dpd; gj[ pdk; __________. m) f=i; f v=n; f nghfpwhs; M) ahUf;fhf mGjhs; www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 365 ,) rpy neu=;fspy; rpy kdpju;fs; [tpil: ,) rpy neu=;fspy; rpy kdpjuf; s]; <) ,kajJ; f;F mgg; hy; 3. ju;khuj; ;j=;fis cgnjrpff; nt __________ ghujji; j vGjpatu.; m) tpahru ; M) fk;gu; ,) tpy;ypg[jJ; }uhu; <) ghujpahu; [tpil: m) tpahru]; 4. ``ehwb; ghUl; gajj; byhL~~ ? ,jpy; `ehwb; ghUl;~ vd;gJ __________. m) mwk;/ khdk/; fyt; p/ g[fH; M) mwk;/ bghUs/; ,dg; k/; tPL ,) mwk;/ kwk/; khdk;/ g[fH; <) gf[ H;/ fy;tp/ tPuk/; bgUik  [tpil: M) mwk;/ bghUs/; ,d;gk;/ tPL] 5. fiygg; zp vd;whny mjDs; ml=;FtJ __________. m) khDlk; M) r@fgg; hu;it ,) ed;bdwp <) ehl;Lgg; wW; [tpil: M) r@fgg; hui; t] 6. b$afhe;jd; thH;ej; fhyk; __________. m) 1934?2015 M) 1936?2016 ,) 1939?2017 <) 1940?2018 [tpil: m) 1934?2015] 7. gpbu+R; bkhHpapy; tej; ``fhe;jp thH;fi; f tuyhww; pd~; ~ jkpHhf;f E}y; vJ> m) czi; k RLk ; M) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij ,) thHt; pf;f tej; fhe;jp <) njtd; tUthu; [tpil: ,) thHt; pf;f tej; fhej; p] 8. Kdr; p gpnukr; e;jpd; thHf; i; f tuyhW __________. m) xU fjhrpupadpd; fij M) gpusak; ,) ,dpg;g[k; fupgg; [k; <) a[fre;jp [tpil: m) xU fjhrpupadpd; fij] 9. ``ju;f;fj;jpwF; mgg; hy;~~ rpWfij mike;j bjhFgg; [ __________. m) up&p@yk; M) af[ re;jp ,ay; 9 ,) FUgPlk ; <) xU gpo nrhW [tpil: M) af[ re;jp] 10. jd;Dila gilgg; f[ SfF; j; jhnd Kd;Diu vGJk; gHf;fk; cilatu; __________. m) nkj;jh M) R$hjh ,) b$ankhfd ; <) b$afhe;jd ; [tpil: <) b$afhe;jd]; 11. b$afhej; d; ahiug; gw;wp ftpij vGjpa[s;shu>; m) fzz; jhrd; M) glL; fn; fhl;il fya; hzRej; uk; ,) g[yikg;gpjj; d; <) thyp [tpil: M) glL; fn; fhli; l fya; hzRej; uk]; 12. nrhtpaj; ehl;od; tpUJ bgw;w b$afhe;jdpd; E}y; __________. m) cd;idgn; ghy; xUtd ; M) ,kaj;Jf;F mg;ghy; ,) gj[ pa thug; ;g[fs ; <) xU kdpjd; xUtPL xU cyfk;  [tpil: M) ,kajJ; f;F mgg; hy]; 13. fUj;jhHKk; thrfr; Ritgg; k[ ; fye;J ,yf;fpa=;fs; gilj;jtu; __________. m) mfpyd ; M) b$afhej; d; ,) g[Jikg;gpjj; d; <) fy;fp [tpil: M) b$afhe;jd]; www.tnpscjob.com

366 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 14. rkfhyf; fUjJ; fisa[k; epfH;t[fisak[ ; rkfhy bkhHpapy; rkfhy czu;tpy; je;jtu; m) mfpyd ; M) b$afhej; d; ,) gJ[ ikg;gpj;jd ; <) fy;fp [tpil: M) b$afhej; d] 15. cdi; dg;nghy; xUtd; ? jpiugg; ljj; pwf; hf b$afhej; d; bgw;w tpUJ __________. m) FoauRjj; iytu; tpUJ M) rhfpja; mfhbjkp tpUJ ,) +hdgPl tpUJ <) jhkiuj; jpU tpUJ [tpil: m) FoauRj;jiytu; tpUJ] 16. khWgll; FGtpidj; nju;t[ bra;f. [tpil: <) gpusak/; iftpy=F; ] m) FUgPlk/; af[ re;jp M) xUgpo nrhW/ czi; k RLk; ,) ,dpg;gk[ ; fupgg; k[ ;/ njtd; tUthuh <) gpusak/; iftpy=;F  17. fHP f; ;fz;ltw;Ws; b$afhej; d; rpWfijj; bjhFgg; pidf; fz;lwpf. m) FUgPlk ; M) gpusak; ,) ghhPRf;Fgn; gh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij [tpil: m) FUgPlk]; 18. fHP ;ff; z;ltwW; s; b$afhej; dpd; FWk;g[jpdji; jf; fzl; wpf. m) FUgPlk; M) gpusak; ,) ghhPRfF; g; ngh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij [tpil: M) gpusak]; 19. fHP ;f;fz;ltw;Ws; b$afhe;jd; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ E}ypidf; fz;lwpf. m) FUgPlk; M) gpusak; ,) ghhPRfF; g;ngh <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij[tpil: <) xU fjhrpupaupd; fij] 20. bghUj;Jf. 1. njtd; tUthuh ? m) FWkg; j[ pdk; ,ay; 9 2. rpdpkht[fF; g; nghd rpj;jjhS ? M) rpWfijj; bjhFg;g[ 3. Rej; u fhzl; k ; ? ,) bkhHpbgaug; ;g[ 4. thH;tpf;f tej; fhej; p ? <) gj[ pdk; m) 1., 2.m 3.< 4.M M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: ,) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 21. b$afhej; dpd; jpiugg; lk; Mfhj gilgg; [ xdW; __________. m) cd;idg; nghy; xUtd; M) xU eoif ehlfk; ghu;ff; pdw; hs; ,) xUgpo nrhW <) CUfF; E}W ngu ; [tpil: ,) xUgpo nrhW] 22. rpWfij kd;dd; vdW; rpwg;gpf;ff;Toatu; __________. m) mfpyd; M) b$afhej; d; ,) g[Jikgg; pj;jd ; <) fyf; p [tpil: M) b$afhej; d]; 23. goff; hj nkij vdW; fh.bry;yg;gd; Fwpgg; pLk; vGjj; hsu; __________. m) mfpyd; M) b$afhe;jd; ,) g[Jikgg; pjj; d ; <) fy;fp [tpil: M) b$afhej; d]; www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 367 24. jpiugg; lkhd b$afhe;jdpd; FWk;gj[ pdk; vJ> [tpil: M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd]; m) cdi; dg; nghy; xUtd ; M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd; ,) rpyneu=;fspy; rpy kdpjuf; s ; <) CUfF; E}W ngu; 25. b$afhe;jdpd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w gj[ pdk; __________. m) cd;idg; nghy; xUtd; M) ahUf;fhf mGjhd; ,) rpyneu=f; spy; rpy kdpjuf; s ; <) CUf;F E}W ngu;  [tpil: ,) rpyneu=f; spy; rpy kdpjuf; s]; 26. b$afhe;jd; rhfpj;jpa mfhbjkp tpUJ bgw;w MzL; __________. m) 1972 M) 1971 ,) 1975 <) 1978 [tpil: m) 1972] FWtpdh 1. b$afhej; d; bgw;w tpUJfs; ahit> ŒŒ FoauRj; jiytu; tpUJ  rhfpjj; pa mfhbjkp tpUJ ŒŒ nrhtpaj; ehl;L tpUJ  +hdgPl tpUJ ŒŒ jhkiuj;jpU tpUJ ? MfpaitahFk;. 2. b$afhe;jd; vdw; jkpHdpd; rpwe;j milahs=f; s; vdW; fh. bryy; gg; d; Fwpg;gpLtJ ahJ> neub; fhzl; Mdhy; tpj;jpahrkhd ghui; t/ epyjj; py; ahu;f;Fk; m+r; hj bewpKiwfs;/ jpkpu;ej; +hdr; brUf;F/ fkg; Pukhd Fuy/; tskhd/ gJ[ ikahd thHf; ;ifr; rpj;jpu=f; s; ,itna b$afhej; dpd; rpwe;j milahs=;fs;. 3. b$afhej; d; ,aw;wpa FWkg; j[ pd=f; Ss; VnjDk; ehdf; pidf; Fwpg;gpLf. ŒŒ iftpy=;F  up&p @yk; ŒŒ fUizapdhy; myy;  rpdpkhtf[ ;Fg; nghd rpj;jhS 4. b$afhe;jdpd; ,db; dhU Kfk; ftp+d; ? vd;gjw;Fr; rhdW; jUf. ,ay; 9 glL; f;nfhli; l fy;ahz Re;juk; gw;wp ftpij vGjpanj/ b$afhej; d; xU ftp+u; vdg; jwF; r; rhd;whFk;. ``vz;zKk; vGjJ; k; cau;ej; pUf;Fk; ? ViH fzz; PUk; ghlypny fye;jpUf;Fk; gzb; zhL rej; Kk; gha;e;J tUk; ? giHa kzz; pd; thila[k; nru;eJ; tUk;.~~ 5. b$afhej; dpd; rhjidahf jPgk; ,jH; thrfu;fs; TwpaJ ahJ> rpWfijfspy; gyjpwgg; ll; NHe; piyfisak[ ; gj[ pa fUjJ; fisa[k; btw;wpfukhf rpj;jupg;gJ b$afhej; dpd; mupa rhjid vdW; ghuhlL; fpd;wdu;. 6. jpiug;glkhd b$afhej; dpd; gilgg; f[ s; ahit> ŒŒ rpy neu=f; spy; rpy kdpjuf; s.; ŒŒ xU eoif ehlfk; ghuf; ;fpwhs;. ŒŒ cdi; dgn; ghy; xUtd/; CUf;F E}W ngu;. ŒŒ ahUff; hf mGjhd; ? MfpaitahFk.; 7. `ghapue; njhd;wp Kki; k apbdhd;wha;~ ? ,t;tofspy; cs;s `Kki; k~ vit> 1. ,wgg; [ 2. epfHt; [ 3. vjput; [ www.tnpscjob.com

368 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 8. b$afhej; dpd; rpWfijj; bjhFgg; [ E}yf; s; rpytw;iw vGJf. ŒŒ FUgPlk ;  ,dpgg; k[ ; fupg;g[k; ŒŒ a[frej; p  njtd; tUthuh ŒŒ xUgpo nrhW  g[jpa thug; g; [fs; ŒŒ cz;ik RLk; 9. b$afhej; dpd; bkhHpbgaug; g; [ E}y;fs; ahit> thH;tpff; tej; fhe;jp/ xU fjhrpupadpd; fij. 10. `gz;bzhL re;jKk; ghae; J; tUk; ? ViH kz;zpd; thila[k; nrue; J; tUk~; ? vd;w ghlyoiag; ghoatu; ahu>; vtiug; gww; pa ghly; ,J> ŒŒ b$afhej; d; ŒŒ gl;Lfn; fhli; l fya; hz Rej; uk; gw;wpaJ ,g;ghly;. 11. `vzQ; k; vGj;Jk; caue; ;jpUf;Fk; ? ViH fzz; PUk; ghlypny fyej; pUf;Fk;~ vd;w ghlyoiag; ghoatu; ahu;> vtiug; gw;wpa ghly; ,J> ŒŒ b$afhej; d;. ŒŒ gl;Lf;nfhl;il fya; hz Re;juk; gww; paJ ,g;ghly; ghodhu.; 12. b$afhej; d; ghu;itapy; Rje;jpu ,e;jpahtpd; kfjj; hd rhjid vJ> kpfg;bgupa rthy; vJ> ŒŒ kfjj; hd rhjid: bgw;w Rjej; puji; jg; ngzpf;fhj;jy;/ ŒŒ mJnt kpfgb; gupa rthy; vdf; pwhu; b$afhe;jd;. 13. ,e;j tajpy/; njrk; bryY; k; ghij/ vGj;Jyfj;jpd; nghfF; ,twi; w vy;yhk; ghu;f;Fkn; ghJ vg;go ,Uf;fpwJ> vd;w thrfupd; nfst; pfF; b$afhej; d; mspj;j gjpy; ahJ> ,ay; 9 fhye;njhWk; khw;w=f; is ehk; ghu;f;fpnwhk;/ ehKk; khwpf;bfhzn; l ,Uf;fpnwhk;. rpWtpdh 1. b$afhej; dpd; g[fHb; gw;w g[jpd=;fs; ahit> ŒŒ ghhPRfF; g; ngh-  Rej; ufhz;lk; ŒŒ cd;idg;nghy; xUtd;  xU eoif ehlfk; ghuf; ;fpwhs; ŒŒ f=i; f v=;nf nghfpwhs;  xU kdpjd; xU tPL xU cyfk; ŒŒ ,d;Dk; xU bgz;zpd; fij 2. ``vjwf; hf vGJfpnwd;~~ vd;W b$afhej; d; tpsff; kspf;fpwhu>; ŒŒ ehd; vGJtjw;F xU J}zL; jYk; mjwF; upa fhuzKk; cz;L. ŒŒ KGff; KGf;f thHf; ;ifapy; ,UeJ; ehd; bgWk; fy;tpapd/; Kaw;rpapd; gaid btspg;gLjj; vGJfpnwd;. ŒŒ r@fg; ghui; tnahL fiygg; zp gu[ pat[k; vGJfpnwd.; ŒŒ fyhnjtpapd; (fiy) fhjy; fztdhf ,Ug;gjhYk/; rKjhaj; jhapd; mdg; g[ ; g[jyt; dhf ,Ug;gjhYk; vGJfpnwd.; ? vdW; b$afhe;jd; tpsff; k; mspf;fpwhu;. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 369 3. E}ypd; ,ayg; hfj; jkpH; ,yff; zk; TWtJ ahJ> ,ay; 9 ``E}ypdpay;ng Etypd; XupU ghapue; njhww; p Kk;ik apbdhd;wha; ehw;bghUl; gaj;jbyhL vGkje; jGtp~~ vdW; E}ypd; ,ayg; hfj; jkpH; ,yf;fzk; TWfpwJ. 4. ehw;bghUs; gaj;jy; ? vdg; J vtwi; wf; Fwpgg; pLfpwJ> ŒŒ E}y; vdg; J ehwb; ghUs; jUtjha/; gaDilajha; ,Ujj; y; ntzL; k;. ŒŒ mwk/; bghUs;/ ,dg; k/; tPL vdg; nj ehwb; ghUs; MFk;. 5. KdD; iuapy; Kfk; fhlL; k; b$afhej; d; FwpjJ; vGJf. ŒŒ vGjj; hsu/; xUtUila gilg;g[ nehff; j;ija[k; gilgg; [ gh=i; fak[ ; thH;fi; fr; rpff; yf; s; Fwpjj; fzn; zhl;lj;ijak[ ; czuj; J; tJjhd; Kd;Diu. ŒŒ jd;Dila gilgg; f[ Sf;Fj; jhnd Kd;Diufs; vGjpfb; fhs;Sk; b$afhej; d;/ gpdd; u; tutpUfF; k; nfs;tpfSfF; j; jUk; gjpy;fshf mtwi; w Mf;fptpLthu.; ŒŒ ``xU njrj;jpd; xU ehfupfjj; pd; xU fhyjj; pd; xU tsur; r; papd; xU thH;f;ifapd; ciufy; ,yff; pak.; Xu; vGjj; hsd; Mj;k rf;jpnahL vGJfpwhnd mJ nftyk; gpiHgn; gh myy; J xU bjhHpnyh myy; . mJ xU jtk;. eP=;fs; fij vdW; epidjJ; f; bfhz;oUff; pwPuf; ns mJ fhyj;jpd;/ xU thHf; ;ifapd; rhrdk;~~ (1966) vdW; ghhPRfF; g; ngh vdD; k; gj[ pdj;jpd; KdD; iuapy; b$afhe;jd; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu.; 6. rpWfijfisg; gilgg; jpy; j=;fSila jdpj;jd;ik thae; ;j jpwikia thrfu;fs; bfhz;lhLfpwhuf; ns/ ,j;Jiwapy; jh=f; s; filgg; pofF; k; EQf;f=;fs; ahit vdw; thrfupd; nfst; pfF; b$afhe;jd; mspjj; gjpy; ahJ> EQff; kh> mg;goj; jdpahf ehd; vijak[ ; ifahStjhf vzz; pr; brat; jpyi; y. vd; kdj;jhy;/ gj[ ;jpahy;/ czut; ha; ehd; mwpeJ; mDgtgg; lhj vijg;gww; pak[ ; ehd; vGjpdjpyi; y. vdi; dg; bgupJk; ghjpgg; it kdpj thH;tpd; gpur;ridfns. vd;idg; bghWjj; tiuapy; vGj;jhsDf;F mtDila gilg;gf[ Sf;F mog;gilahfp mika ntzo; aJ kdpj thHt; pd; gpur;ridfns. beLtpdh 1. ``vjw;fhf vGJfpnwd;~~ vdW; b$afhej; d; vGJtjwf; hd fhuzji; j vt;thW tpsff; kspf;fpwhu>; Fwpg;gr[ ; rll; k; KdD; iu jdpKawr; papd; gad; ehw;gad; fztd?; g[jyt; d; rKjhag; ghu;it Koti[ u KdD; iu: jd;idawpjy; vdg; jpYk; jd;id czu;jJ; jy; vdg; jpYk; Kidgg; hf ,Ue;jtu; b$afhej; d; kl;Lnk- mtu; vGj;Jyfpy; vGJtjwf; hd fhuz=f; isf; fhz;nghk;. www.tnpscjob.com

370 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ jdpKaw;rpapd; gad;: ehd; vGJtjwF; xU J}z;LjYk; mjwF; upa fhuzKk; czL; / vd; vGjJ; fF; xU ,ylr; paKk; czL; . ehd; vGJtJ/ KGff; KGff; thH;fi; fapypUeJ; ehd; bgWk; fy;tpapd; tpist[k; vdJ jdp Kaw;rpapd; gaDkhFk.; ehw;gad:; tpahrd; Kjy; ghujp tiu jh=f; s; vjwf; hf vGJfpnwhk>; vdg; ija[k; fiyiaj; jh=;fpg;gpoff; r; brhy;yt[k; ,yi; y. Mdhy; ,tuf; istpl fiyiaj; jh=f; patu;fs; ahUk; ,y;iy. mwbewpia cgnjrpff; ghujji; j tpahru; vGjpdhu;. jkpH; ,yf;fzk; ehwg; aidna E}ypd; gadhfr; RlL; fpwJ. fztd;?g[jy;td;: fiyj;jdi; kf;F vt;tpjf; Fiwtk[ ; thuhky/; fyhnjtpapd; fhjw; fztdhft[k; rKjhaj; jhapd; mdg; [g; gj[ yt; dhftk[ ; ,Ue;Jjhd;/ ehd; vGJfpnwd;. rKjhag; ghu;it: muj; j; nk totj;ij tskhf;Fk.; btWk; totk; kug;bghk;ikjhd.; mjdhy; mijgg; pojJ; Jd;ggg; Ljj; hky/; r@fg; ghui; tnahL fiyg;gzp gu[ pant ehd; vGJfpnwd.; fiyg;gzpapy; r@fgg; hui; t mlff; k;. Kot[iu: `vjw;fhf vGJfpnwd;>` vd;W ehd; brhdd; fhuz=;fSf;F vjpuhf ele;jhy; ehd; fzo; f;fg;glt[k/; jpUj;jg;gltk[ ; cl;gl;L ,Uf;fpnwd; vd;fpwhu; b$afhej; d.;  ,ay; 9 www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 371 ,ay; kdpjk; ftpijg; ngiH 9 rpj;jhS ? ehTu; qkp ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. `,ts; jiyapy; vGjpanjh fw;fhyk; jhd; vgn; ghJk;~ ? ,tt; ofspy; fwf; hyk; vdg; J __________. m) jiytpjp M) giHafhyk; ,) VH;ik <) jiyapy; fy; Rkgg; J  [tpil: <) jiyapy; fy; Rkgg; J] FWtpdh 1. `thH;tpy; jiyf;fdk;~/ `jiyff; dnk thH;t[~ vdW; ehTu; qkp ahUila thHi; tf; FwpjJ; f; ,ay; 9 TWfpwhu;> ``thHt; py; jiyf;fdk; (mfei; j) gpojj; tu; ,ilapy; VH;ik fhuzkhfpj; jiyapy; fy; Rke;J jiyf;fdkhfnt thHf; pwhs; rpjj; hs.; rpWtpdh 1. rpjj; hspd; kdrR; ikfs; br=f; w;fs; mwpahJ ? ,l+R; lo; g; bghUs; TWf. ,lk; Rl;ly;: ``rpjj; hS~~ vd;Dk; jiygg; py; ehTu; qkp vGjpa[ss; ftpijapy; ,t;to ,lk;bgw;Wss; J. bghUs; : rpjj; hspd; Jdg; =f; isr; br=;fwf; s; mwptJ ,yi; y. tpsff; k; : mLj;j ntis cztf[ f; hf Rikfis ,wff; hky; RkfF; k; ,tuf; spd; kuzkT; l rpwpjsnt rydj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. gy ,dd; y;fspd; eLnt jd; thHi; tj; bjhiyf;fhjpUf;f Rik Rkf;Fk; rpjj; hsf; spd; kdrR; ikiar; br=f; wf; Sk;/ fwf; Sk; mwpahJ. TLjy; tpdhf;fs; ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[ fwf; hyk ; ? ,Ubgabuhl;Lg; gzg; j[ b; jhif gy[ k;g[thu; ? tpidahyizak[ ; bgau; br=;fw;fs; ? gz;g[j;bjhif www.tnpscjob.com

372 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;. g[yk;g[thu ; ? g[yk;g[ + t; + Mu; gy[ kg; [ ? gFjp t; ? vjpu;fhy ,ilepiy Mu; ? glu;fi; f tpidKw;W tpFjp gyt[s; bjupf 1. ehTu; qkpapd; ,aw;bgau; ahJ> m) Kfkk; JuBgp M) Kfkk; J kPuhd; ,) Kfkk; J ,!;khapy; <) Kfk;kJ [tpil: m) Kfk;kJuBgp] 2. ehTu; qkp gpwej; khtll; k; M) beyi; y [tpil: ,) j+i; r] m) kJiu <) jpUr;rp ,) j+;ir 3. ehTu; qkp Kjd; Kjypy; vGjpa ,jH; __________. m) F=;Fkk; M) fizahHp ,) bjdw; y; <) gj[ pa ghu;it [tpil: M) fizahHp] 4. ehTu; qkp vGjpa gj[ pdk; (ehty); __________. m) brhyy; hj brhy; M) VHhtJ Rit ,) fg;gYfF; g; nghd kr;rhd ; <) Rgk=f; sh [tpil: ,) fg;gYf;Fg; nghd krr; hd]; 5. rpwpjsnt rydj;ij Vw;gLj;JtJ __________. m) jiyf;fdk; M) mLjj; tu; fdt[ ,) rpjj; hspd; kuzk ; <) rpj;jhspd; gy[ kg; y; [tpil: ,) rpj;jhspd; kuzk]; ,ay; 9 6. bjhHpyhsuf; spd; kdr; Rikia mwpahjJ __________. m) fl;llk; M) br=f; w;fs; ,) fk;gpfs ; <) kzy; [tpil: M) br=f; wf; s]; 7. jd; thHt; [ bjhiyff; hky; fhff; jiyapy; if itgg; tu; __________. m) rpjj; hS M) bghwpahsu; ,) cHtu ; <) fhtyu ; [tpil: m) rpjj; hS] 8. ehTu; qkpapd; ftpijj; bjhFg;g[fspy; xdW; __________. m) fg;gYfF; g; nghd kr;rhd ; M) bfhy;ypg;ghit ,) ejpapd; fhyf; s; <) kPl;rp [tpil: ,) ejpapd; fhyf; s]; 9. ,dd; ypy; ,UfF; k; bjhHpyhsu; epiyia epidgg; tuf; s; __________. m) Kjyhspfs ; M) ftp+u;fs; ,) kf;fs ; <) mikr;ruf; s ; [tpil: M) ftp+u;fs]; 10. jd; thHt; [ bjhiyff; hky; jwf; hj;J itgg; jwf; ha; ? ,jb; jhlupy; cs;s eak;> m) nkhid eak ; M) vJif eak; ,) ,iag[ <) ctik mzp [tpil: m) nkhid eak]; www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 373 11. `rpjj; hspd; kdrR; ikfs; br=;fwf; s; mwpahJ~ vdf; Fwpgg; pLk; ftp+u>; m) ehTu; qkp M) fzz; jhrd; ,) b$afhe;jd; <) ghujpahu ; [tpil: m) ehTu; qkp] 12. khWgl;l xdw; pidf; fzl; wpf. m) kPlr; p M) Rgk=f; sh ,) VHhtJ Rit <) g[jpaghui; t [tpil: ,) VHhtJ Rit] 13. ejpapd; fhyf; s; vd;gJ ehTu; qkpapd; __________. m) ftpijj; bjhFjp M) gilg;g[fs; btspahd ,jH; ,) ehty; <) rpWfijj; bjhFjp [tpil: m) ftpijj; bjhFjp] 14. `fg;gYfF; g; nghd kr;rhd~; vd;gJ ehTu; qkpapd; __________. m) ftpijj; bjhFjp M) gilgg; [fs; btspahd ,jH; ,) ehty ; <) rpWfijj; bjhFjp [tpil: ,) ehty]; FWtpdh 1. ehTu; qkpapd; gilg;gf[ s; btspahd ,jH;fisg; glo; aypLf. ŒŒ kPl;rp  bfhy;ypg;ghit ŒŒ Rgk=f; sh  FKjk; ŒŒ g[jpa ghu;it  ,yff; pa btsptl;lk; ŒŒ F=F; kk; 2. ehTu; qkpapd; ftpijj; bjhFgg; [fs; ahit> ,ay; 9 ŒŒ ejpapd; fhy;fs; ŒŒ VHhtJ Rit ŒŒ brhy;yhj brhy; MfpaitahFk;. 3. rpj;jhs; fw;fs; Rkff; f; fhuzk; ahJ> ŒŒ thH;itj; bjhiyf;fhky; jdi; df; fhff; t[k/; ŒŒ mLjj; ntis cztf[ f; hftk[ ; rpjj; hs; fwf; isr; Rkff; pwhs;. 4. `jiyf;fdnk thH;thf Mfpg;nghdJ ,tSf;F~ ? Vd;> ahUf;F> br=;fwf; isr; Rke;J / rpjj; hSf;Fj; jiyf;fdnk thH;thfpgn; ghdJ. 5. `rpj;jhspd; kdr;Rikfs; br=;fwf; s; mwpahJ~ vd;W ftp+u; ehTu; qkp TWtjd; csn; ehff; k; ahJ> ŒŒ rpjj; hs; jiyapy; RkfF; k; br=f; wf; s; Rikfistpl/ ŒŒ mtsJ kdjpy; Rkf;Fk; tWik css; pll; Rikfs; Vuhsk; MFk;. 6. `ejpapd; fhyf; s;~ vd;w ftpijj; bjhFjpia vGjpatu; ahu>; mtu; ,aw;bgau; ahJ> ŒŒ `ejpapd; fhy;fs~; vd;w ftpijj; bjhFjpia vGjpatu; : ehTu; qkp ŒŒ mtupd; ,aw;bgau; : Kfk;kJ uBgp www.tnpscjob.com

374 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ rpWtpdh ,ay; 9 1. ehTu; qkp Fwpg;g[ tiuf. ŒŒ ehTu; qkp j+;ir khtll; j;jpy; gpwej; tu;. ŒŒ ,tuJ ,aw;bgau; Kfk;kJ uBgp. ŒŒ ,tu; 1980fspy; ``fizahHp~~ ,jHpy; vGjj; bjhl=;fpdhu;. ŒŒ FWehty/; ftpij/ rpWfij/ bkhHpbgau;gg; [ vdg; gy js=;fspy; ,a=f; p tUgtu;. ŒŒ fgg; Yf;Fg; nghd krr; hd; vdw; gj[ pdji; ja[k; giljJ; ss; hu;. 2. rpjj; hspd; ,dd; yf; is tpsf;Ff (my;yJ) ehTu; qkpapd; `rpj;jhS` ftpijf; fUji; j vGJf. ŒŒ bghw;fhykhf ,Uej; hYk; rpjj; hs; jiyapy; vGjgg; l;lnjh fwf; hyk.; ŒŒ jd; thH;it bjhiyj;Jtplhky; fhjJ; f;bfhst; jw;fhf jiyapy; if itgg; ts;. ŒŒ t hH;tpy; jiyf;fdk; (,Wkhgg; [) bfhzl; tu; czL; . Mdhy;/ fy; Rke;J jiyff; dkhdJ ,tSfF; . ŒŒ mLj;jtu; fdtf[ f; hf mYf;fhky; Rkf;Fk; fwf; bsy;yhk; ,tspd; mLjj; ntis czt[f;Fjhd.; ,ts; ,we;jhy;Tl rydk; rpwpjst[jhd.; ŒŒ ,ej; r; rpjj; hspd; kdrR; ikia mts; Rkf;Fk; br=f; w;fs; mwpahJ. 3. `mYf;fhky; ,ts; RkfF; k; fwf; bsy;yhk; mLj;jntis cztf[ f; hf~ ? ,l+R; l;og; bghUs; tpsf;fk; jUf. ,lk; Rl;Ljy:; ehTu; qkpapd; `rpjj; hS~ vd;Dk; jiyg;gpy; mikej; ftpijapy; rpjj; hs; xUtu; TWtjhf ,t;tupfs; ,lkb; gwW; s;sd. bghUs; tpsff; k;: mLfF; kho tPlhfnth my;yJ mYtyfkhfnth/ vJthf ,Ugg; pDk; mLj;jtu; fl;Lk; flo; lj;jpd; fdt[f;F mYg;gpyy; hky; fw;fisr; Rke;J ciHgg; J vyy; hk;/ rpj;jhspd; mLjj; ntis czt[f;fhfj; jhd;. fw;git fww; gpd; gf;fk:; 211 1. kdpjneaj;ij btspgg; Lj;Jk; gJ[ ff; tpijfisj; bjhFj;J tFg;giwapy; gojJ; f; fhlL; f. thdk; ghu;j;j g{kpaha; cly; vdg; jpy; twz;L bfhz;oUf;fpdw; J ntw;Wik ,Ugg; pDk; kdpj neak.; capu; vd;gjpy; xw;Wik bfhzL; kdpjh/ Jauk; fz;lJk; cd;ida[k; tpy=i; fa[k; fzz; Pu; tpLj;J ntWgLj;JtJ kdpjneakj; hd; ,&l; gg; lL; ,dpnj cjt[tnj Mjyhy; kdpjneak; tsu;gn; ghk; ,iwtd; tpUkg; k[ ; kdpjneak.; .. gj[ panjhu; cyfk; gilgn; ghk.;  www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 375 ,ay; kdpjk; ftpijg; ngiH 9 njk;ghtzp ? tPukhKdptu; ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; gyts[ ; bjupf 1. g{fi; fiaf; FtpjJ; g; g{nt gu[ pnthL fhf;f vdW; __________/ __________ ntzo; dhu;. m) fUizad/; vyprbgj;Jf;fhf M) vyprbgj;/ jkf;fhf ,) fUizad/; g{f;fSf;fhf <) vyprbgj;/ g{kpff; hf [tpil: m) fUizad/; vyprbgj;Jf;fhf] FWtpdh 1. fha;kzp ahF Kdd; uf; ; ,ay; 9 fhae; b; jdf; fhae; n; jd; ? ctik czu;jJ; k; fUjJ; ahJ> ctik: ,skg; apu; bey;kzp fhQk; Kd;nd kiHapd;wp thHf; fhaj; y; ctik czuj; J; k; fUjJ; : fUizadhfpa ehd; vd; jhahu; vyprbgj; mtu;fis ,He;J thLfpd;nwd.; rpWtpdh 1. vitbayy; hk; mwpnad; vdW; fUizad; TWfpwhu;> ŒŒ fUizadhfpa ehd; capu; gpiHfF; k; tHp mwpnad;. ŒŒ mwpnthL bghUe;jpa cWg;g[fs; ,a=;fhj ,ej; clypd; jdi; kia mwpnad;. ŒŒ clYfF; ntzo; a czitj; njof; bfhzL; tUk; tHptiffis mwpnad;. ŒŒ fhl;oy; bryt; jwf; hd tHpfisa[k; mwpnad; vd;W TWfpwhu;. ``braK; iw mwpnad;\" fhdpy; bryt; Hp mwpnad;~~ www.tnpscjob.com

376 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ beLtpdh 1. fUizadpd; jha; kiwtf[ ;F/ tuP khKdptu; jk; g{f;fs; nghd;w ctikfshYk; cUtf kyu;fshYk; epfH;jj; pa ftpjh+;rypia tptup. Fwpg;gr[ ; rll; k; KdD; iu tPukhKdptupd; ctik cUtf ftpjh+r; yp Kot[iu Kd;Diu:  jhapd; mdi; g vGj cyf bkhHpfs; nghjhJ. jhia ,Hej; Jauk; brhy;ypy; brhy;y ,ayhJ. jhia ,Hej; fUizadpd; fzz; Pu; brhwf; is mwpnthk.; tuP khKdptupd; ctik cUtf ftpjh+;ryp : 1) kyug; ;gLfi; f: fUizadpd; jha; kiwe;Jtpl;lhs.; fUizad; jd; ifiaf; FtpjJ; g; `g{kpj;jhna- vd; md;idapd; cliyf; fhg;ghahf vd;W Twp/ FHpapny kyu;g;gLf;ifia gugg; pdhd;. mdi; dapd; cliy kzz; plL; @o kyu;fisa[k; jd; fzz; Piua[k; bghHpej; hd.; 2) ,sk;gapu; thll; k;: vd; jhapd; khu;gpy; kzpkhiybad mireJ; thH;e;njnd- ,gb; ghGJ. ,sk;gapu; tsu;e;J Kjpu;e;J fha;eJ; kzpahF Kd;ng/ J}a kzp nghd;w kiHj;Jsp ,dw; p thof; fhae; J; tpl;lJ nghy ehDk; thLfpnwd;. vd; kdk; kuff; pisapy; ,UeJ; gwpf;fg;gll; kyu;nghy; thLfpwJ. ,ay; 9 3) mkg; [ Jisj;j ntjid: jPiaa[k; e+i; rak[ ; jd; Kidapy; bfhzl; mk;g[ Jisj;jjhy; Vw;gLk; gz[ z; pd; tupiag; nghy vd; Jauk; ntjid jUfpwJ. Jiziag; gpupej; xU gwitiag; nghy ehd; ,f;fhlo; y; mGJ thLfpnwd.;  4) jtpgg; [: rupej; tGf;F epygg; Fjpapny jdpna tplgg; lL; r; bry;Yk; tHp bjupahky; jtpgg; td; nghy; Mndd.; etkzpfs; gjpj;j kzpkhiyfis ,izj;jJ nghdW; ey;y mwd;fs; vy;yhk; xU nfhitahf ,izj;j jtj;ijna mzpej; khu;gdhfpa fUizad; g[yk;gpdhd;. 5) capuf; s; mGjy:; gy[ kg; iyf; nfl;L gy;ntW ,irfis ,af;fpaJ nghy; njd; kyu;fs;njhWk; kzk; tPRk; kyu;fSk;/ kyu;ej; Rid njhWk; cs;s gwitfSk/; tz;LfSk; mf;fhlo; dpny mGtd nghy Trr; ypll; d. Koti[ u: tPukhKdptu; ctik/ cUtf kyu;fshy; jd; ftpij @yk; vyprbgj;JfF; m+;ryp brYjj; pa[ss; hu.; www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 377 ,yf;fzf; Fwpg;g.[ fhf;bfdW; ? fhff; btdW; vd;gjd; bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk; fzPu ; ? fzz; Pu; vdg; jd; ,ilf;Fiw fha; kzp ? tpidjb; jhif caK; iw ? tpidj;bjhif bra;Kiw ? tpidjb; jhif bkaK; iw ? ntw;Wikjb; jhif ifKiw ? @d;whk; ntwW; ik cUgk[ ; gaDk; cld;bjhf;f bjhif xypjJ; ? tpidbar;rk; thH;e;njd; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W gugg; p ? tpidbarr; k; tP ? XbuGjb; jhUbkhHp jltpyh ? <Wbfll; vjpuk; iwg; bgaburr; k; eyy; wk ; ? gz;gj[ ;bjhif ,s=;TH; ? gzg; j[ b; jhif gFgj cWg;gpyf;fzk;. mwpnad ; ? mwp + a; + M + Vd; gug;gp ? gug;g[ + , mwp ? gFjp gug;g [ ? gFjp a; ? re;jp , ? tpidbarr; tpFjp M ? vjpuk; iw ,ilepiy g[zu;eJ; bfll; J Vd ; ? jd;ik xUik tpidKwW; tpFjp xypjJ; ? xyp + j; + j; + c ,ay; 9 xyp ? gFjp j; ? rej; p j; ? ,we;jfhy ,ilepiy c ? tpidbarr; tpFjp TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. fpwp!;Jtf[ F; Kd; njhdw; patu; __________. m) ngJU M) Mgpufhk; ,) jpUKGf;F nahthd; <) Nir [tpil: ,) jpUKGfF; nahthd]; 2. jpUKGf;F nahthDf;F tPukhKdptu; jd; fhg;gpajj; py; ,l;l bgau; __________. m) fUzhfud; M) fUizad; ,) fUzh@u;j;jp <) typd ; [tpil: M) fUizad]; 3. fUizadpd; jhahu; ahu>; M) kupahs; [tpil: m) vyprbgj]; m) vyprbgj ; <) mzz; hs ; ,) rhuh www.tnpscjob.com

378 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 4. brhyi; ya[k; bghUisa[k; bghUjJ; f. brhy; bghUs; m) nrf;if ? 1. epyk; M) mRk;g[ ? 2. ,skg; apu; ,) ,s=T; H; ? 3. khiy <) gliy ? 4. gLfi; f m) 3/ 2/ 1/ 4 M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3 ,) 2/ 1/ 3/ 4 <) 2/ 1/ 4/ 3 [tpil: M) 4/ 1/ 2/ 3] 5. njk;gh + mzp vdg; jd; bghUs; __________. m) thlhj khiy M) Nlhj khiy ,) ghlhj khiy <) njd;khiy [tpil: m) thlhj khiy] 6. fpwpjJ; tpd; tsu;g;gj[ ; jei; j __________. m) fUizad; M) Niragg; u; ,) jhtPJ <) <rhfF; [tpil: M) Niragg; u]; 7. njkg; htzp E}ypy; css; fhzl; =f; s; __________. m) ,uzL; M) @dW; ,) IeJ; <) VG [tpil: M) @dW; ] 8. njkg; htzp gilff; gg; l;l fhyk; __________. m) 7Mk; E}ww; hzL; M) 12Mk; E}ww; hz;L ,) 17Mk; E}ww; hzL; <) 19Mk; E}ww; hz;L [tpil: ,) 17Mk; E}w;whz;L] 9. njk;ghtzpapy; css; ghly;fspd; vz;zpfi; f __________. m) 3656 M) 3565 ,) 3613 <) 3615 [tpil: <) 3615] ,ay; 9 10. njkg; htzpapd; gly=;fspd; vzz; pfi; f __________. m) 33 M) 35 ,) 36 <) 39 [tpil: ,) 36] 11. njk;ghtzp xU __________ E}y; MFk;. m) bgU=;fhg;gpa M) gj[ pd ,) ehlf E}y ; <) tuyhw;W [tpil: m) bgU=;fhg;gpa] 12. njkg; htzpia ,aww; patu; ahu>; m) fgpyu ; M) fhyL; bty; ,) tPukhKdptu ; <) $p.a.[ nghg ; [tpil: ,) tuP khKdptu]; 13. jkpH; Kjy; mfuhjp vJ> M) jkpH; mfuhjp [tpil: m) rJufuhjp] m) rJufuhjp <) giHa mfuhjp ,) bjhdi; k mfuhjp 14. tuP khKdptupd; ,awb; gau; __________ MFk;. m) fhdR; lhdR; n$hrg; bgRfp M) jhk!; bg!;fp ,) ,!k; j; <) fhyL; bty; [tpil: m) fhd;Rlhd;R n$hrg; bgRfp] www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 379 15. re;jh rhfpg; tuP khKdptUf;F mspjj; gll; k; ahJ> [tpil: ,) ,!;kj; rdd; pahrp] [tpil: <) J}aJwtp] m) rhfpg; M) ,!;kj; [tpil: m) ghurPf] [tpil: M) fUizad; Tw;W] ,) ,!k; j; rd;dpahrp <) rd;dpahrp [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 16. ,!;kj; rdd; pahrp vdg; jd; bghUs; __________. [tpil: <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.<] m) J}atd ; M) gd[ pjd; [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] ,) bgupnahd ; <) J}aJwtp [tpil: <) vyprbgj]; [tpil: <) ,naR] 17. ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gJ __________ bkhHpr; brhy;. m) ghurPf M) ,yj;jPd; ,) vgpnua <) cUJ 18. fhdpy; bryt; Hp mwpnad; ? ahu; Tw;W> m) vyprbgj; Tw;W M) fUizad; Tw;W ,) Nirag;gu; TwW; <) jhtPJ TwW;  19. bghUjJ; f. 1. TH; ? m) fpis M) gapu; 2. bfhkg; [ ? ,) fhL <) Jis 3. gi[ H ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. fhd; ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< 20. bghUj;Jf. 1. foeJ; ? m) tpyff; p M) khiy 2. ctkzp ? ,) kzkyu; <) kyu;fs; 3. gliy ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. Jzu ; ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< ,ay; 9 m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< 21. bghUjJ; f. 1. fhfb; fdW; ? m) ,ilfF; iw M) bjhFj;jy; tpfhuk; 2. fzPu; ? ,) ntwW; ikjb; jhif <) tpidjb; jhif 3. fha;kzp ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. bka;Kiw ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< 22. ntWgll; xd;wpidj; nju;t[ braf; . m) jpUKGf;F nahthd; M) mUsgg; d; ,) fUizad; <) vyprbgj; 23. ntWgll; xd;wpidj; njut; [ braf; . m) Niragg; u; M) nahthd; ,) tsd; <) ,naR www.tnpscjob.com

380 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 24. `rupe;jd mRk;gpy; bry;Yk~; ,tt; ofspy; `mRk;g~[ vdg; jd; bghUs; __________. m) thdk ; M) epyk; ,) fhL <) fpis [tpil: M) epyk]; 25. etkzp vdg; jpy; `etk;~ vd;w brhy; Fwpg;gJ __________. m) MW M) xdg; J ,) gjJ; <) IeJ; [tpil: M) xd;gJ] 26. `eyy; wg; gliyg; g{l;Lk~; ,tt; ofspy; `gliy~ vdD; k; bghUs; jUk; brhy; __________. m) khiy M) kzkyu; ,) kyu;fs; <) epyk; [tpil: m) khiy] 27. fpwpj;Jtpd; tUifia mwptpjj; Kd;ndho __________. m) Nirag;gu; M) nahthd; ,) tsd; <) ,naR [tpil: M) nahthd]; 28. fUizad; vd;gtu; __________. m) tPukhKdptu; M) nahnrg;g[ ,) mUsgg; d; <) rhej; hrhfpg; [tpil: ,) mUsg;gd]; FWtpdh 1. njk;ghtzp gpupj;Jg; bghUs; TWf. ŒŒ n jk;ghtzp ? njk;gh + mzp vd;Wk; njd; + gh + mzp vd;Wk; gpupf;fyhk;. ŒŒ njkg; h + mzp vdg; jwF; thlhj khiy vd;W bghUs.; ŒŒ n jd; + gh + mzp vd;gjw;F njd; nghdw; ,dpa ghlyf; spd; bjhFgg; [ vdW; bghUs.; 2. tuP khKdptu; gilj;j ,yf;fpa=;fs; ahit> ,ay; 9 ŒŒ rJufuhjp  bjhdD; }y; tpsf;fk; (,yf;fz E}y;) ŒŒ rpww; pyff; pa=;fs;  ciueil E}y;fs; ŒŒ gukhuj; ;jf; FU fijfs;  bkhHpbgau;gg; [ E}yf; s; Mfpatw;iwg; gilj;Js;shu.; 3. vjid klL; k; jhd; mwpe;jjhff; fUizad; TWfpwhu>; jd; jhahfpa vyprbgj; jd; ifahy; fhl;oa Kiwfis klL; k; mwpntd;. ntbwhdW; k; mwpnad; vdW; TWfpwhu.; 4. njk;ghtzp Fwpgg; [ tiuf. ŒŒ njkg; htzp bgU=f; hg;gpa tif E}y;. ŒŒ ,eE; }y; @d;W fhzl; =;fis cilaJ. ŒŒ 36 gly=;fisa[k; 3615 ghly;fisak[ ; cilaJ. ŒŒ , e;E}y; ,naRtpd; tsu;gg; [j; jei; jahfpa Niragg; u; vdD; k; nahnrg;igg; ghlL; ilj; jiytdhff; bfhzl; E}yhFk.; ŒŒ ,e;E}ypd; Mrpupau; tPukhKdptu; Mthu.; 5. fUizad; css; k; thoaJ vjwF; xgg; hfj; njk;ghtzp TWfpd;wJ> fUizad; cs;sk; /kuf;fpisapy; ,UeJ; gwpff; gg; l;l kyu; thLjYfF; xgg; hfj; njk;ghtzp TWfpd;wJ. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 381 6. fUizad;/ `,Ukg; i[ Hg; g[z;nghy;~ nehff; fhuzk; ahJ> fUizadpd; jha; ,we;J tpl;lhu;. jhia ,HeJ; thLk; mtu/; jPiaa[k; e+i; rak[ ; Kidapy; bfhzl; mkg; pdhy; Jisf;fg;gll; jhy; czl; hd/ gz[ z; pd; typahy; tUe;JtJ nghdW; tUeJ; fpdw; hu;. 7. `etkzp tlf;f apy;nghy;~ ? ,t;tofs; Rl;Lk; etkzpfs; ahit> ŒŒ nfhnkjfk;  KjJ; ŒŒ ePyk;  g[Uluhfk; (g&[ g; uhfk); ŒŒ gtsk ;  it#upak; ŒŒ kufjk;  ituk; ŒŒ khzpff; k; 8. jpUKGf;F nahthd; vd;gtu; ahu>; ŒŒ fpwpjJ; tpwF; Kd; njhd;wpatu; jpUKGf;F nahthd.; ŒŒ ,tiu mUsg;gd; vdW; k; Fwpg;gpLtu.; ŒŒ ,tnu fpwpjJ; tpd; tUifia mwptpjj; Kdn; dho. ŒŒ jd; jhahu; vyprbgj; mk;ikahUld; fhlo; dpy; thHe; ;jhu;. ŒŒ tPukhKdptu; fUizad; vdW; ,tiu miHff; pd;whu;. 9. `mG=;fzPu; bghHpe;jhd~; ahu>; Vd>; ŒŒ mG=;fzPu; bghHpej; tu; :jpUKGfF; nahthd;(fUizad); ŒŒ f Uizad; jd; md;idapd; cliy kz;Qs; mlf;fk; braJ; / mjd; nky; kyu;fisak[ ; fzz; Piua[k; xd;whfg; bghHpe;jhd.; 10. fUizad; gy[ k;gpaijf; nflL; / mGtd nghdW; Tr;rypll; d vit> fUizad; g[yk;gpaijf; nfl;L/ njd;kyuf; s; g{j;j kzk; tPRk; kyuf; Sk;/ rpWFl;ilfs; ,ay; 9 njhWk; cs;s gwitfSk/; tzL; fSk; mff; hlo; y; mGtd nghd;W Trr; ypl;ld. rpWtpdh 1. fUizadplk; ,awi; f bfhz;l gupt[ ahJ> ŒŒ e y; mw=;fisbayy; hk; xU nfhitahf ,izj;j mwkhiyia mzpej; khug; dhfpa fUizad; bfhzl; Jaiuf; fz;L ,awi; fa[k; gupt[ bfhz;lJ. ŒŒ g yn; tW ,irfis ,af;fpaJ nghd;W/ njdk; yu;fs; g{j;j ku=;fs; njhWk; cs;s kzk; tPRk; kyuf; Sk;/ Rid njhWk; j=f; pas[ ;s gwitfSk; tzL; fSk; fUizad; cld; ,ize;J mGtd nghy Tr;rypll; d. 2. ,!k; j; rd;dpahrp ? tpsfF; f. ŒŒ t PukhKdptupd; vspikiaak[ ; Jwita[k; fz;L tpaej; / jpUrr; pia Mzl; re;jhrhfpg; vdD; k; kdd; u; ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vdD; k; gll; k; tH=f; pdhu.; ŒŒ ,!;kj; rd;dpahrp vd;gjw;Fj; J}aJwtp vd;W bghUs;. ŒŒ ,!;kj; rdd; pahrp vd;gJ ghurPfr; brhy; MFk;. www.tnpscjob.com

382 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFg;g[ 3. tuP khKdptu; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf. bgau; : tPukhKdptu; ,aw;bgau; : fhd;RlhdR; (bfhd!; ;lhd;) n$hrg; bg!;fp gi[ dbgau ; : ijupa ehj Rthkp ,yff; pag; gzp : ,yff; z E}y/; bkhHpbgau;gg; /[ rpw;wpyff; pak;/ ciueil. ,aw;wpa E}yf; s ; : rJufuhjp/ bjhdD; }y; tpsff; k;/ gukhu;j;jf; FUfijfs;/ ntjpau; xGff; k;/ bre;jkpH; ,yff; zk/; bfhLej; kpH; ,yff; zk.; fhyk; : fp.gp. 1680?1747. gpwbkhHpg; gy[ ik : ,yj;jPd/; fphPf;F/ vgpnuak;/ M=;fpyk/; bjY=F; . kiwe;j Cu; : mkg; yf;fhL 4. `J}a;kzp ahfj; J}t[k; JspapyJ ,s=T; H; tho~ vdw; ctikia tpsff; pg; bghUbshL bghUjJ; f. ctik : ,sk;gapu; tsu;e;J Kjpu;e;J beyk; zpfisf; fhQk; Kd;du; kiHj;Jsp ,y;yhky; thof; fhaj; y;. bghUs; : fUizad; jhia ,He;J thLjy;. bghUj;jk; : ,skg; apu; tsue; J; Kjpue; ;J beyk; zpfisf; fhQk; Kdd; u; kiHj;Jsp ,y;yhky; thof; fhaj; y; nghd;W fUizad; jd; jhia ,He;J thLfpd;whu.; ,ay; 9 5. fUizadpd; JaUfF; f; Twg;gll; xg;g[ikfs; (ctikfs;) ahit> ŒŒ , skg; apu; tsue; J; Kjpu;eJ; beyk; zpfisf; fhQk; Kd;du; kiHjJ; sp ,yy; hky; thof; fhaj; y; ŒŒ kuf;fpisapy; ,UeJ; gwpf;fgg; ll; kyu; ŒŒ jPiaa[k; e+;irak[ ; Kidapy; bfhzl; mkg; pdhy; Jisf;fg;gll; jhy; cz;lhd/ g[z;zpd; typahy; tUjj; k.; ŒŒ Jiziag; gpupej; gwit ŒŒ rupe;j tGfF; epyjj; py; jdpna tplgg; lL; tHp bjupahky; jtpg;gtd.; ? Mfpad fUizadpd; JaUfF; f; Twg;gll; xg;g[ikfs; (ctikfs); MFk;. 6. `jha[k; foe;bjidj; jdpjJ; g; nghdhs~; vd;W fUizad; tUe;jf; fhuzk; ahJ> ŒŒ ehd; capug; ;gpiHf;Fk; tHp mwpnad.; ŒŒ epidjj; ijf; fzl; mwpt[fF; g; bghUe;jpathW cWg;gf[ s; ,a=;fhj ,ej; clypd; jd;ikia mwpnad;. ŒŒ clYf;F ntzo; a czitj; njof; bfhs;Sk; tHpfisak[ ; mwpahjtd;. ŒŒ vd; jha; ifahy; fhl;oa mwpti[ uia klL; nk ehd; mwpntd;. ŒŒ ,g;go vd;idj; jtpf;f tplL; tplL; vd; jha; klL; k; jdpahfg; ngha;tpl;lhns- ? vdi; dak[ ; vd; jha; Tl;or; brdW; ,Uf;fyhk;/ vJtk[ ; bjupahj ehd; vg;go thHn; tndh> www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 383 fwg; it fww; gpd; gff; k;: 215 1. tPukhKdptu; jkpHfj;jpy; j=f; pg; gzp braj; ,l=f; isg; gw;wpa[k; m=F; mtu; Mw;wpa jkpHg; ; ,ay; 9 gzpfisg; gw;wpa[k; E}yfjj; pwF; r; brd;W bra;jpfisj; jpul;Lf. ŒŒ tPukhKdptu; 1710 Kjy; 1747 tiu jkpHfj;jpy; ,UeJ; jkpH;gg; zp Mw;wpdhu.; ŒŒ Rg;gpujPgf; ftpuhauplk; jkpH; fww; hu;. ŒŒ ,yf;fpar; Rtofisj; njo vLj;jjhy; ``Rto njLk; rhkpahu~; ~ vdgg; l;lhu.; ŒŒ jpUf;Fws/; njthuk/; jpUg;g[fH; nghd;w E}y;fisg; gpw Inuhgg; pa bkhHpfspy; bkhHpbgau;jj; hu.; ŒŒ jkpH?; yj;jPd; mfuhjpia cUthf;fpdhu.; mjpy; 1000 jkpH;r; brhw;fSf;F ,yj;jPdpy; tpsff; k; mspj;J cs;shu;. ŒŒ jpUfF; ws; mwjJ; g;ghiyak[ ; bghUl;ghiyak[ ; ,yjj; Pdpy; bkhHpbgauj; ;jhu.; ŒŒ 1728,y; gJ[ itapy; ,tupd; gukhu;jj; f; FUtpd; fij E}y; Kjy; Kiwahf mrr; plL; btspaplg;gll; J. ŒŒ ntW vej; f; fhgg; pag; gy[ tUk; rpw;wpyf;fpak/; mfuhjp ,yf;fzk;/ ciueil vd gpw ,yff; pa tiffspy; E}yf; s; gilf;ftpy;iy. ŒŒ ,jj; kpH;g; gzpfis ,tu; jkpH;ehl;oy; kJiu/ jpUrr; p/ fd;dpahFkup/ Mwf; hL ntY}u/; rptf=i; f/ ,uhkehjg[uk; Mfpa gy;ntW ,l=f; spy; j=;fpg; gzpahw;wpdhu;. 2. fz;zjhrdpd; ,naR fhtpaj;jpy; kiyg; bghHptg[ ; gFjpiag; goj;J mjpy; tUk; mwf; fUjJ; fis vGJf. kiyg; bghHptpd; mwf;fUj;Jfs:; ŒŒ vspa kdjn; jhu; ngW bgwn; whu;. ŒŒ t+r; kpyy; hj be+r; jJ; ld/; gpwiug; gHp brhy;yhJ thHg; tu; tpz;zuR va;Jthu;. ŒŒ Jauk; milnthu; ngW bgw;nwhu; mtu;fs; MWjy; bgWthu;fs;. ŒŒ rhe;jk; cilatu; ngW bgw;wtuf; s;\" juzp (cyfk); KGtJk; mtuf; SfF; cupaJ. ŒŒ ePjpapd;nky; gwW; fb; fhz;L thH;gtuf; s; ghff; pak; bgww; tu;fs;. ŒŒ ,uf;f rpe;ij cilatu;fs; ghff; pathd;fs\"; mtu;fSf;nf ,uf;fk; fpilfF; k;. ŒŒ J }a kdijai[ latu;fs; rpwg;gg[ ; bgww; tuf; s\"; njhdW; k; flti[ s mtuf; s; neupy; fhzg; u.; ŒŒ gpwu; ntjid jPu;ff; / jk;ik tUjJ; k; +hdpfs; vtnuh/ mtuf; s; tpzz; f muir mile;nj jPut; u.; ŒŒ kdpjuf; s; ghy; gif bfhzL; / ko epiwa fhzpf;ifia ,iwtDfF; klL; k; brYjJ; tjhy; gad; vd;d> ``CUfF; j; jiP kfs; braJ; ? cd; cs;sk; kfpH;tJ ghtk; ahUfF; k; jPikapyy; hky; ? eP mHpe;J tpLtnj yhgk;~~ ,itnghd;w ,dD; k; gy mwf;fUjJ; fs; ``kiyg;bghHptpy~; ~ ,lkb; gwW; cs;sd.  www.tnpscjob.com

384 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ ,ay; kdpjk; tpupthdk; 9 xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; ? F. mHfpuprhkp ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; beLtpdh ,ay; 9 1. mHfpuprhkpapd; `xUtd; ,Uff; pwhd;~ rpWfijapy; kdpjj;ij btspgg; Lj;Jk; fijkhe;ju; Fwpj;J vGJf.  kdpj neak; bfhz;l fijkhe;ju; ? tuP g;gd; Fwpgg; r[ ; rll; k; Kd;Diu md;ghsu; bfhilahsu; gzg; hsu; Kot[iu KdD; iu: F.mHfpuprhkpapd; `xUtd; ,Uff; pwhd`; rpWfijapy; kdpjji; j btspgg; LjJ; k; fij khe;ju; tPug;gd.; mtu; jhd; tWikg;gll; nghJk; jd; md;igak[ ; mUisak[ ; bfhz;L el;igg; nghww; pdhu.; mdg; hsu;: tPug;gd; fh+r; pgu[ jj; py; tpwFfilapy; ntiy bra;J te;jhu;. mtu; ViHahf ,Uej; hYk;ezg; d;Fg;gr[ hkpkPJkpFej; mdg; [itjj; pUej; hu;.mdhijahdFgg; r[ hkpf;Fmtd; cwtpdu;fSk; cjt Kd;tutpy;iy. Mdhy; jd;Dila tWikiaa[k; bghUl;gLj;jhky; tPugg; d;/ Fg;gr[ hkpal[ d; kdpj neaj;Jld; ,Uf;fpd;whu;. bfhilahsu;: Fgg; r[ hkp nehat; hag; ;glL; ntiy ,He;jnghJ tPugg; d; mtiu jd; tPl;owF; miHj;J te;J czt[ bfhLg;ghu.; nkYk/; jhd; fld; th=;fp mjidf; Fg;gr[ hkpf;Ff; bfhLg;ghu;. brd;idfF; r; bry;Yk; MWKfj;jplk; fojk; xd;iwa[k; @d;W qghiaak[ ; Fg;g[rhkpaplk; bfhLj;J mDgg; pdhu; tPug;gd; . gzg; hsu:; tPug;gd; Fgg; [rhkp Fzkila ehs;njhWk; nfhapYf;Fr; brd;W ntz;Lfpwhu.; mtUf;F ntiy ,yy; hjnghJk; ezg; d; Fg;g[rhkpf;Ff; bfhLf;f xUtuplk; @dW; qgha; fld; th=f; p brdi; dfF; r; bry;Yk; MWKfjj; plk; bfhLj;J mDgg; [fpwhu.; Fgg; r[ hkpiag; ghu;ff; tuyhk; vd;why/; ,ej; @dW; qgha; ngUe;JfF; brythfptpLk; vdg; jhy;jhd; bfhLj;jDg;g[fpnwd.; ,db; dhU ,ljj; pYk; gzk; nflo; Ugg; jhftk[ ; fpilj;jtl[ d; Fg;g[rhkpiag; ghu;ff; tpiuthf tUtjhftk[ ; tPug;gd; bjuptpjj; hu;. www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFg;g[ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 385 Koti[ u: VHi; kapYk; el;igg; ghuhl;o cjt[k; tPugg; d/; kdpj neaj;jpd; khkFlkhfj; jpfH;fpd;whu.; mtupd; brayg; hLfs; fy; kdija[k; fiuj;J kdpjneaji; jr; Ruf;f itff; pdw; J. xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;/ kdpj neaj;jpw;Fr; rhdw; hf mtd; ,Uff; pd;whd;. TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. ``xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd;~~ fijapd; Mrpupau; __________ Mthu.; m) mHfur; hkp M) mHfpuprhkp ,) mz;zhJiu <) R$hjh [tpil: M) mHfpuprhkp] 2. muRg; gzpia cjwptplL; KGjhf vGjJ; g;gzpia nkw;bfhz;ltu; __________. m) mHfpuprhkp M) gJ[ ikg;gpjj; d; ,) b$afhe;jd; <) R$hjh [tpil: m) mHfpuprhkp] 3. __________ tupirapy; @jj; tu; mHfpuprhkp Mthu.; m) thdk;gho M) kzpfb; fho ,) fupry; vGjj; hsu;fs ; <) fizahHpapy; vGjpatu;  [tpil: ,) fupry; vGjj; hsuf; s]; 4. mHfpuprhkp vee; hlo; y; gilgg; hsuf; Sff; hd gilg;g[g; gapw;rp mspj;jhu; __________. m) jhay; heJ; M) ,e;jpah ,) ,y=i; f <) knyrpah [tpil: <) knyrpah] 5. rupahd Tw;Wfisj; nju;f. i) jkpH; ,yff; paj;jpy; Mut; k; bfhzL; mHfpuprhkp jpwdha;t[ E}yf; isg; gilff; tpyi; y. ii) F. mHfpuprhkp gy ,jH;fspy; gzpahww; patu;. ,ay; 9 iii) tPug;gDk; Fgg; [rhkpa[k; buhkg; rpnefk.; m) @dW; TwW; fSk; rupahdit M) TwW; (ii), (iii) rupahdit ,) TwW; (iii) kl;Lk; rup <) @d;W Tw;WfSk; jtwhdit. [tpil: M) Tw;W (ii), (iii) rupahdit] 6. xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd; fij btspahd ,jH; __________. m) fiykfs; M) fizahHp ,) FKjk; <) Mdej; tpfld ; [tpil: m) fiykfs]; 7. ``xUtd; ,Uf;fpwhd~; ~ fij btspahd Mz;L __________. m) 1956 M) 1966 ,) 1976 <) 1979 [tpil: M) 1966] 8. tPugg; d; Fgg; r[ hkpf;F bfhLjJ; tpll; gzk; __________. m) xU qgha ; M) @dW; qgha; ,) ehdF; qgha; <) Ie;J qgha; [tpil: M) @dW; qgha]; www.tnpscjob.com

386 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ fw;git fw;wgpd; gf;fk;: 220 ,ay; 9 1. r@fj; bjhzL; bra;J caue; ;j tpUJfisg; bgww; MSikfisg; glo; ayplL; mtu;fs; bra;j r@fg;gzp Fwpj;Jf; fye;JiuahLf. fyeJ; iuahly; fyeJ; iuahLgtuf; s:; kjpaHfd/; g[dpjh kjpaHfd ; : g[dpjh- j=f; k;kh vdw; r@fr; nritahsu; v=F; vgn; ghJ gpwe;jhu; vdW; cdf;Fj; bjupak[ h> g[dpjh : bjupahJ kjpaHfh... eP brhy; bjupe;Jbfhs;fpnwd;. kjpaHfd ; : ,tu; rdtup 7Mk; ehs; 1925,y; ahH;g;ghzk; mUfpy; cs;s Xu; Cupy; gpwej; tu;. irt rpjj; hej; jjJ; t=f; spy; <LghLilatu;. gd[ pjh : mtuJ r@fg; gzpfs; gww; p brhyf; pwhah> kjpaHfd ; : X-... brhyf; pnwd;. 1977,y; Xu; Mya epu;thfg; gjtpia KGikahf vLjJ; fb; fhz;L Md;kPfj;jpd; thapyhf mwr;rhiyfs/; ee;jtdk/; jPu;jj; jlhfk; cUthff; pdhu.; Mjutww; rpWkpfSfF; j; ``Juf; ;fhgu[ k; kfspu; ,y;yk~; ~ epWtpdhu;. mdd; g{uzp mdd; jhd kz;lgk; mikj;jhu;. tnahjpfuf; Sf;F milff; yk; bfhLjj; hu.; mdi; dau; ,yy; k;/ Juf; f; hnjtp kzpkz;lgk; vd;gdtw;iw Muk;gpj;J r@fj; bjhzl; hww; pdhu.; g[dpjh : X-... ,tt; st[ nritfs; braj; pUf;fpwhuf; sh... mjdhy;jhd; mj;jid tpUJfSk;/ gll; =f; Sk; bgw;whnuh. kjpaHfd ; : Mk; g[dpjh. ,dD; k; ,Jnghdw; MSikfspd; rpwgg; [fis kPzL; k; ehk; re;jpf;Fk; nghJ ngryhkh> gd[ pjh : X-... ngryhk.; ,gn; ghJ g[wgg; Lfpnwd.; edw; p lh... 2. ``mfef elg; nj elg; [~~ ? vdw; jiygg; py; ezg; uf; SfF; cjtpa NHy;fisr; Ritgl vGJf. ``mfef elg; nj elg; ~[ ~ vdfF; xU ez;gd; ,Uej; hd;. mtd; vdfF; ez;gd; vdW; g[wjn; j ghu;g;gtu;fSfF; j; bjupahJ. ez;guf; s; vd;W ahUk; fz;Lgpoj;jJk; ,y;iy. ``Kfef el;gJ elg; dW; ~~ vd;gij eh=f; s; ,UtUk; czue; ;J ,Uen; jhk;. xUehs; tFg;giwfF; mwptpgg; [ xd;W tej; J. xU Fwpg;gpl;l gj[ j; fk; th=f; gzk; bfhLgg; J bjhlug; hd mwptpgg; [ mJ. v=f; s; tFgg; py; midtUk; bfhLjJ; tpl;nlhk.; vd; ez;gidj; jtpu... mtd; vdi; dg; ghuj; j; hd;... md;W ehd; kjpa czt[ vLjJ; tutpyi; y. filapy; rhgg; pLtjwf; hf itj;jpUej; gzji; j mtDf;fhff; bfhLj;Jtpl;nld;. mtd; bfhzL; te;jpUe;j czitg; gfpu;eJ; cz;nlhk;. vy;nyhUk; tpaej; du;. vgg; olh eP=;f ,uzL; ngUk.; .. vdW; nfl;ltuf; SfF; ,UtUk; xnu khjpup gjpy; brhdn; dhk;. ``Kfef elg; J elg; dW; be+;rjJ; mfef elg; nj el;g~[ ~  www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 387 ,ay; kdpjk; fw;fz;L 9 mzpfs; ghlE}y; tpdhf;fs; gyt[s; bjupf 1. tha;ikna kiHeuP hfp ? ,jb; jhlupy; btspgg; Lk; mzp> m) ctik M) jw;Fwpgn; gw;wk; ,) cUtfk; <) jPtfk ; [tpil: ,) cUtfk]; FWtpdh 1. jtP f mzpapd; tiffs; ahit> ,ay; 9 jPtf mzp @tifg;gLk.; mit: ŒŒ Kjy; epiyj; jPtfk; ŒŒ ,ilepiyj; jPtfk; ŒŒ filepiyj; jPtfk; vdg;gLk;. 2. mdg; [k; mwDk; cilj;jhapd; ,y;thHf; i; f gzg; [k; gaDk; mJ. ? ,fF; wspy; gapdW; te;Js;s mzpapd; ,yff; zk; ahJ> ŒŒ ,f;Fwl;ghtpy; mike;Jss; mzp epuye; piwazpahFk;. ŒŒ ,yff; zk:; epuy; ? tupir: epiw ? epWjJ; jy; ŒŒ brhy;iya[k; bghUisak[ ; tupirahf epWj;jp/ mt;tupirg;gona ,izjJ; g; bghUs; bfhs;tJ epuy; epiw mzp vdg;gLk.; rpWtpdh 1. ftp+u; jhk; TwtpUkg; k[ ; fUjj; pw;F Vw;wthW jw;Fwpg;ngww; mzp miktij vLjJ; f; fhlL; f. mzp ,yf;fzk;: , ay;gha; epfGk; epfHr; r; papd; kPJ ftp+d; jd; Fwpg;ig (fUji; j) Vww; pfT; WtJ jwF; wpg;ngw;w mzp vdgg; Lk;. v.fh: ``nghUHe; bjLj;j Mbuapy; beL=b; fho `thuy;~ vdg; dnghy; kwpjJ; fi; f fhll; ~~ ghly; bghUs:;  nfhl;il kjpy;nky; ,Ue;j bfhoahdJ tuntzl; hk; vdj; jLgg; Jnghy/ iffhl;oaJ vdg; J bghUs;. tpsf;fk;: ŒŒ n fhtyDk;/ fzz; fpa[k; kJiu khefUf;Fs; brdw; nghJ kjpypd; nky; ,Ue;j bfhofs; fhw;wpy; ,aw;ifahf mire;jd. www.tnpscjob.com

388 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ ŒŒ Mdhy; ,s=n; fhtofs/; kJiuapy; nfhtyd; bfhiy braa; g;gLthd; vdf; fUjp mfb; fhofs;/ ifia mirjJ; `,k; kJiufF; s; tuntzl; h~ vd;W bjuptpgg; J nghyf; fhw;wpy; mirtjhf jd; fUji; jf; bfhoapd; nky; Vw;wpf; TWfpwhu.; vdnt ,gg; hly; jw;Fwpgn; gw;w mzpfF; r; rhd;whfpaJ. TLjy; tpdhf;fs; gyts[ ; bjupf 1. kf;fSf;F mHF nrug; g; d __________ MFk;. m) mzpfydf; s ; M) fiy ,) fy;tp <) ngrR; jj; pwd; [tpil: m) mzpfydf; s]; 2. jtP fk; vd;w brhyy; pd; bghUs; __________. m) tpsf;fk; M) rhd;W ,) tpsf;F <) btsprr; k; [tpil: ,) tpsf;F] 3. nfhtyDk; fz;zfpak[ ; __________ efUf;Fs; brd;wnghJ bfhofs; mirej; d. m) j+i; r M) gf[ hu; ,) kJiu <) t+r; p [tpil: ,) kJiu] 4. jPtf mzp __________ tifg;gLk.; m) @dW; M) IeJ; ,) MW <) vl;L [tpil: m) @dW; ] 5. epuy; epiwazp ? ,jpy; `epiu~ vdg; jd; bghUs; __________. m) epWj;Jjy ; M) tupir ,) vil <) Tl;lk ; [tpil: M) tupir] ,ay; 9 6. ,ay;ghf cupar; brhw;fspd; @yk; TWtJ __________ mzp MFk.; m) jw;Fwpgn; gww; zp M) epuye; piw mzp ,) caut; [ etpw;rp mzp <) jdi; kazp [tpil: <) jdi; kazp] 7. jdi; k mzpapd; tiffs; __________ MFk;. m) @dW; M) ehd;F ,) IeJ; <) VG [tpil: M) ehdF; ] 8. jdi; k mzpia __________ vdW; k; TWtu.; m) jPtf mzp M) ctik mzp ,) jdi; k etpwr; p mzp <) jw;Fwpg;ngw;w mzp [tpil: ,) jdi; k etpwr; p mzp] 9. itif ejp ghak[ ; efuk; __________. m) bey;iy M) kJiu ,) j+i; r <) flY}u ; [tpil: M) kJiu] 10. `nrej; d ntej; d; jpU beL=;fd~; vDk; ghlypy; mikej; mzp> m) jPtf mzp M) jdi; k mzp ,) jw;Fwpgn; gw;w mzp <) ctik mzp [tpil: m) jPtf mzp] www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 389 11. bghUjJ; f. 1. nrej; d; ? m) gif M) rptej; d 2. bjt ; ? ,) gwit <) tpy; 3. rpiy ? M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., 4. gs[ ; ? <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< [tpil: m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4.,] 12. bghUj;Jf. ? m) xU brhy; gy ,l=f; spy; cs;s brhwf; nshL bghUs; 1. jw;Fwpg;ngww; zp bfhs;sy; 2. jPtf mzp ? M) brhyi; ya[k; bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jpg; bghUs; bfhss; y; 3. epuy; epiw mzp ? ,) czi; kahd ,ay;g[j; jdi; k 4. jdi; kazp m) 1.M 2.m 3.< 4., ? <) ftp+dpd; Fwpgn; gw;wy; ,) 1.M 2.m 3., 4.< M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4., <) 1.m 2., 3.M 4.< [tpil: M) 1.< 2.m 3.M 4.,] FWtpdh 1. jdi; kazpapd; tiffis vGJf. jdi; kazp ehd;F tifg;gLk.; mit: ŒŒ bghUs; jdi; kazp  rhjpj; jdi; kazp ŒŒ Fzj; jd;ikazp  bjhHpw; jdi; kazp Mfpait MFk.; 2. jd;ikazpia tpsf;Ff. vt;tifg;gll; bghUshf ,Ue;jhYk;/ mjd; czi; kahd ,ay;gj[ ; jd;ikapidf; ,ay; 9 nflg; tuf; spd; kdk; kfpGkhW cupar; brhwf; s; mikjJ; g; ghLtJ jd;ikazp MFk;. ,jidj; jdi; k etpw;rpmzp vd;Wk; TWtu.; rpWtpdh 1. epuy;epiw mzpia rhdW; ld; tpsfF; f. mzp ,yf;fzk;: epuy; ? tupir epiw ? epWjJ; y;. brhy;iya[k;/ bghUisa[k; tupirahf epWj;jp mt;tupirg;gona ,izj;Jg; bghUs; bfhst; J epuye; piw mzp vdg;gLk;. rhd;W: md;g[k; mwDk; ciljj; hapd; ,yt; hHf; i; f gz;g[k; gaDk; mJ. mzpg; bghUj;jk:; ,fF; wspy; ``md;gk[ ; mwDk~; ~ vd;w brhwf; is tupirahf epWj;jp ``gz;g[k; gaDk~; ~ vdw; brhw;fis Kiwglf; Twpa[s;sikahy; ,J epuye; piw mzpfF; r; rpwe;j rhdw; hFk;. www.tnpscjob.com

390 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ 11. jPtf mzpia tpsff; p/ rhd;W TWf. mzp ,yff; zk;: j Ptfk; vdD; k; brhy;YfF; tpsfF; vd;W bghUs;. bra;a[spy; Xupljj; py; epd;w xU brhy; bra;as[ pd; gy ,l=;fspYk; css; brhwf; nshL brdW; bghUe;jpg; bghUis tpsfF; tJ jPtf mzp vdg; u.; rhd;W: ``nrej; d ntej; d; jpUbeL=;fz;/ bjtn; te;ju; VeJ; jlen; jhs/; ,HpFUjp ? gha;eJ; jpirmidjJ; k;/ tPur; rpiybghHpe;j mk;gk[ ;/ kpirmidj;Jk; gs[ F; yKk; tPHe; ;J~~ ghlypd; bghUs:; m urDila fzf; s; nfhgj;jhy; rptej; d. fzf; s; rpte;j mstpy; gif kd;du;fspd; njhs;fs; rpte;jd. ,uj;jk; gha;e;j jpirfs; midj;Jk; rpte;jd\" mk;g[fs; rpte;jd. ,ujj; k; nkny tPHt; jhy; gwitfs; rpte;jd. mzpgb; ghUjj; k;: K jypy; css; nrej; d (rptej; d) vd;w brhy; ghlypy; fzf; s;/ njhsf; s;/ jpirfs/; mkg; [fs/; gwitfs; midjn; jhLk; bghUej; pg; bghUs; jUfpwJ. 12. `vt;tifg; bghUSk; bkat; if tpsf;Fk;~ mzp vJ> rhd;Wld; tpsfF; f. (my;yJ) jdi; k etpwr; p mzpiar; rhdW; ld; tpsfF; . mzp ,yf;fzk;: vt;tifg;gll; bghUshf ,Ue;jhYk; ,aw;ifapy; mikej; mjd; cz;ikahd ,ayg; [j; jdi; kiaf; nfl;gtu;fspd; kdk; kfpGkhW cupa brhwf; is mikjJ; g; ghLtJ jdi; kazp MFk.; ,jid jdi; k etpwr; pazp vd;Wk; TWtu.; ,ay; 9 rhd;W: ``bkaa; pw; bghoak[ ; tpupj;j fU=F; HYk; ifapy; jdprr; pykg; k[ ; fzz; PUk; ? itiaf; nfhd; fz;lsnt njhww; hd/; mff; hupifjd; czl; snt njhww; hd; capu;.~~ ghlypd; bghUs;: clk;g[ KGff; j; J}rpak[ ; tpupjj; fUikahd jiyKoa[k; ifapy; xwi; wr; rpykn; ghL te;j njhww; Kk; mtsJ fz;zPUk; fz;l mstpnyna itia ghak[ ; efujJ; murd; ghz;oad; njhww; hd;. mtsJ brhy; nfl;L capu; ePj;jhd.; mzpg;bghUjj; k;: fz;zfpapd; Jau; epiwej; njhw;wjj; pid ,ay;ghL cupa brhwf; spd; @yk; Twpaikahy; jd;ik etpw;rpazp vdg;gLk;. fw;git fw;wgpd; gff; k;: 222 1. K d; tFg;gf[ spy; fw;w mzpfis vLjJ; f;fhlL; fSld; bjhFjJ; xgg; ilt[ xd;iw cUthfF; f. ctikazp: ``mfHt; hiuj; jh=F; k; epyk;nghyj; jki; k ,fH;thug; ; bghWjj; y; jiy~~ www.tnpscjob.com

Mk; tFgg; [ Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH 391 gpwpJ bkhHpjyzp: gf;fk:; 225 ``gPypbga; rhfhLk; mr;rpWk; mgg; zl; +; rhy kpFjJ; g; bgapd~; ~ ntwW; ikazp: ``jPapdhw; Rl;lgz[ ; cs;shWk; Mwhnj ehtpdhw; Rl;l tL.~~ brhwb; ghUl;gpdt; U epiyazp: ``cjtp tiuj;jd; Wjtp cjtp brag;gll; hu; rhyg; pd; tiujJ; .~~ bkhHpia Ms;nthk; bkhHpbgau;g;g[ ,ay; 9 1. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in School. – Albert Einstein. xU gss; papy; fw;Wfb; fhz;lij kweJ; tpll; hy/; gs;spapy; fw;w fy;tpapdhy; gad; vd;nd- 2. Tomorrow is often the busiest day of the week. – Spanish Proverb ,tt; hujj; py; ehis xUehs; klL; nk mjpf ntiyg;gS css; J. 3. It is during our darkest moments that we must focus to see the light. – Aristotle ek; ,Uzl; jUz=;fspYk; xspiag; ghug; g; ijna nehf;fkhff; bfhs;s ntz;Lk;. 4. S uccess is not final, failure is not fatal. It is the courage to continue that counts. – Winston Churchill. btw;wp vdg; J Koty;y/ njhy;tp vdg; Jk; tpjpayy; . ,uzL; ff; hftk[ ; bjhlu;e;J Kawr; pa[lDk; Cf;fj;JlDk; bray;gLtnj vzz; g;gLk;. c tikiag; gad;gLj;jpr; brhw;bwhlu; cUthf;Ff. 1. jhkiu ,iy ePu; nghy vd; ezg; d; jhkiu ,iyePu; nghyg; gl;Lk; glhkYk; gHFthd.; 2. kiHKfk; fhzhg; gapu;nghy jhia ,He;j fUizad; kiH Kfk; fhzhg; gapun; ghy thodhd.; 3. fz;zpidf; fhfF; k; ,iknghy , iwtd; mDjpdKk; eki; kf; fzz; pidf; fhfF; k; ,iknghyf; fhj;Jf; bfhzL; ,Uff; pwhu;. 4. rpiy nky; vGj;J nghy rpWtajpy; fw;Fk; mwf;fUj;Jfs; rpiynky; vGjJ; nghy; kdjpny epiyj;J epdW; ek; thH;it tHp elj;Jk.; b ghUj;jkhd epWj;jw; FwpapLf. nrudpd; gl;lg;bgau;fspy; bfhy;yp btwg; d; kiyakhd; nghd;wit Fwpgg; pljj; ff; it bfhyy; p kiyia btd;wtd; bfhy;yp btwg; d; vdt[k; gpw kiygg; Fjpfis btdw; tu;fs; kiyakhd; vdt[k; bgau; Nlo; f;bfhzl; du; ,jwF; r; r=f; ,yf;fpajj; py; rhdW; fs; css; d tpil: nrudpd;gl;lg;bgau;fspy;`bfhy;ypbtwg; d~; /`kiyakhd~; nghdw; itFwpgg; plj;jf;fit. `bfhyy; pkiy~ia btd;wtd; `bfhyy; p btw;gd~; vdt[k;/ gpw kiygg; Fjpfis btd;wtuf; s; `kiyakhd;~ vdt[k; bgau; Nlo; fb; fhz;ldu;. ,jwF; r; r=f; ,yf;fpajj; py; rhdW; fs; css; d. www.tnpscjob.com

392 Nh;ah ,sikj;jkpnH Mk; tFgg; [ t hH;j;Jiu vGJf. ck; gss; papy; eilbgWk; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpll; Kfhkpd; bjhlff; tpHhtpy; khztuf; Sf;F thH;j;Jiu tH=f; ciu xdi; w cUthfF; f. ~~ ,di; wa khztuf; s; ehisa jiytu;fs;~~ Mk-; md;ghu;ej; khztu;fns- ehisa jiytuf; shd c=f; is ,ej; ehl;L eyg;gzpj;jpll; Kfhk; @yk; thHj; ;Jtjpy; bgUkpjk; bfhs;fpnwd.; etdP ghujji; j cauj; ;Jgtu;fns- ``E}W ,is+u;fisf; bfhL=;fs:; ,ej; ehl;ilna khww; pf; fhl;Lfpd;nwd~; ~ vdw; hu; Rthkp tpntfhde;ju; mdW; . mtu; ,dW; ,Ue;jpUej; hy;/ ,e;j KfhkpYss; c=;fis itj;J etPd ghujji; jna totikj;jpUgg; hu.; etPd ghujji; j cau;jJ; k; cdd; j J}z;fs; eP=f; s;jhd;. nritr; brk;ky;fns- kf;fs; bjhzn; l- ,iwtd; bjhzL; vd;ghu;fs;. mijg;nghynt ehlL; eygg; zpjj; pl;lk; @yk; kff; SfF; r; nrit braa; fhj;jpUfF; k; nritr; brkk; y;fns- md;id bju!htpd; css; =f; ns- nrit bra;a gzk; njit ,yi; y. eyy; kdk; ,Ue;jhy; nghJk; vd;gij mwpeJ; brayg; Lk; bry;t=f; ns- c=f; is kdk; befpH;e;J thHj; ;Jfpd;nwd.; ehisa fyhk;fns- ``J}ff; j;jpy; tUtJ fdtdW; c=f; isj; J}=f; tplhky; bra;tnj fdt~[ ~ ,ay; 9 vd;whu; lhf;lu.; mgJ; y; fyhk;. ehli; lj; J}a;ikahf;FtjpYk; ehli; lg; gRikahfF; tjpYk; eP=f; s; J}=f; hky; fdt[ fzL; edthfF; =;fs;. c=f; s; iffshy; itf;fgg; Lk; ,e;j ku=f; sj; hd; eP=;fs; ehisa fyhk; vd;gijg; giwrhwW; k.; ,di; wa ,isa fyhkf; Sf;F thHj; ;Jff; s;. ehl;L eyjj; pl;lg; gzpgu[ pak[ ; ts;syf; is kPz;Lk; thH;jj; p/ vdD; iuia epiwt[ bra;fpnwd.; edw; p- tzff; k-; FWf;bfGj;Jg; nghl;o. 1 iy jp 2 kh L s; H; 3 zp fh j; nj w kp F t u; iu u; t 4 l; F j W gh fh fP fP ne @ 5 f; j; e; k; y =; f; a =; U is bjh 6 k; 8 a; g; fp v 9 s; if nj br 13 gh y; 7 jp 17 bjh 10 bk th yp gp j; 12 rp a t z ah jp id if =; f t u; 16 =; 15 f; U 11 xs 18 fp 14 c f tp is f s; k; it www.tnpscjob.com