Practise_Your_Grammar_With_Answer_Key

PRACTICE YOUR GRAMMAR 1 compiled,produced andeditedby ipek Ekmekqi & QigdemOnat Ankara2003 Middle EastTechnicalUniversity Departmenot f BasicEnglish

TABLE,OF CONTENTS 1. VERB TENSES PAGE 1 . 1 S i m p l ep r e s e natn dc o n t i n u o u. .s. . . . . . . . . . 1 ll 1.2 Simplepastandcontinuous 17 25 1.3 Future 41 1.4 Presenpterfecst impleandcontinuou.s........... 1.5 Pastperfectsimpleandcontinuous............ 2. PRONOUNS 59 2.1 PersonaDl ronouns 4. 4Q.U1 ESYTeTs/OnNoS. 'wh-', subjec/t objectandinformationquestions B8 l0t 5. ADJECTIVESAND ADVERBS 5.1 Adjectivesandadverbs 104 5.2 Adjectivesendingin-ing and-ed 105 5.3 Adjectivesandprepositions 105 5.4 Numbersusedasadjectives 108 5.5 Adjectiveorder 108 5.6 Comparativesand superlatives 109 5 . 1 D o u b l ec o m p a r a t i v e. .s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t20 5.8 Adverbsmodifying adjectivesand otheradverbs 121 lil

6. N,IODALS 6 . 1 A b i l i t y( C a n/ C o a l d/ B ea b l et o ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .2. 3 6 . 2 P e r m i s s i o(nM a y/ C o u l d/ C a n1 . . . ). . . . . . . ...... . . . . . . .1. 2 5 6.3 Request(sWould/ Will/ Could/ Canyou...)..... ....... 126 6.4 Suggestion(sLet's/ why don't/ shall we/ could / How-whatabout)..... r2i 6.5 Offers(ShallI /I'll / Wouldyou like).......... . ......128 6.6 Obligationandnecessity(Must/ Haveto / Should/ Oughtto / 6.1 6.8 Lack of necessity (Don't have to / Needn't / Don't needto / Didn't haveto / Didn't needto ) ................ I -1-1 6 . 9 Advisability ( Should / Ought to / Had better) ... .. ...... 134 6 . 1 0 Expectations(Should) ............... r35 6 . 11 Criticismandregret ( Shouldhave/ Ought to have) . .. ............ . ........ 136 6 . 1 2Degreesof certainty ( Must / May / Might / Could / Can't / Couldn't / May not / Might not / Must have/ May-Might have/ Could have / Can't-Couldn'thave/ May-Might not have) ................ . . . . . . . . . . .1 3 6 6 .l 3 P r e f e r e n c e( W o u l dr a t h e r) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .l.4. .l. 6 . 1 4P r o g r e s s i vfeo r m so f m o d a l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .4.3 6 . 1 5R e v i e wo f m o d a l s . . . . . . . . . . . .t.4. .3 7. THE PASSIVE 7.1 Simplepresenatndcontinuou.s........... ...157 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .5. .8 7 . 2 S i m p l ep a s ta n dc o n t i n u o u s . . . . . . . .1 6 0 7.3 Presenpterfecst imple ........... I 6I . . . . ... . . . 1 6 3 7.4 Pastperfecst imple .............164 . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .6.5 7.5 Future 7- 7..76 Modals R e v i e wo f a c t i v ea n dp a s s i vveo i c e. . . . . . . . . 8. CONDITIONAL SENTENCESAND WISHBS . . . . . . . . . .t.6. .7 8 . 1 T y p e0 . . . . . . . . . .1. .6.1 8 . 2 T y p e1 8.3 Conditionalws ithunless ... 169 8 . 4 P o s s i b i l iwt yi t hi n c a s e. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .6. 9 8.5 Conditionawlsithprovidedandaslongas .............. 8.6 Type2 l7l 8 . 7 T y p e3 . . . .. . . . . . 1. 7 2 8 . 8 M i x e dc o n d i t i o n a l s ..............114 8.9 Wishes ....... ..176 8 . 1 0 R e v i e wo f c o n d i t i o n a l s .............1'76 . . . . . .1. 7 9 9. NOUN CLAUSES ............ 184 9 . 1 R e p o r t e ds p e e c h . . . . . . . . . . . .1. .9.0 9.2 Indirectquestions .........1. 92 9.3 Noun clausesbeginningwith questionwords 9 . 4 N o u n c l a u s ebs e g i n n i n gw i t h t h a t . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ....... 193 9 . 5 U s i n g- e v e r w o r d s . . . . . . . . . . .1. .9. 6 9 . 6 U s i n gt h es u b j u n c t i vien n o u nc l a u s e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..196 1V

IO. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES l0.l Non-defining................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' .1. .9.8. . . 10.2 Defining . . . . . '2 0 0 10.3 Omission . . . . .2 0 6 10.4 Reduction ....207 10.5 Usingexpressionosf quantity . . . . . . . . .2. .0 8 10.6 Noun+o;fwhich.......... ....209 10.7 Pronounus sedastheobjectof theprepositions ..-.209 1 0 . 8 R e v i e wo f a d i e c t i vcel a u s e s ......--......210 11. PARTICIPLES.......... 217 12. GERUNDSAND INFINITIVES ............'....221 1 2 . 1 A l l o w ,m a k e, l e t. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..............222 1 2 . 2 E n o u g ha n d t o o( . . . t o.). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2.2. .6- 1 2 . 3 F o r m so f u s e dt o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .....228 1 2 . 4 C a u s a t i vvee r b s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2. .2 9 ........2. 30 1 2 . 5 V e r b so f p e r c e p t i o. .n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 Reviewof gerundasndinfinitive.s............. 13. CONNECTIVES 13.1 Expressincgauseandeffecut singso/ such...tha.t............2..3. 8 13.2 Expressinpgurposeusingsothat,in orderto andbecaus.e...239 14. EMPHATIC STRUCTURES ..........-..........243 l 4 . l C l e f ts e n t e n c.e.s. . . . . . . . . . . ....245 14.2 Inversions 15. GENERAL REVISION ........--.250 15.1 Clozetests........... ........---...265 1 5 . 2 M u l t i p l ec h o i c et e s t s. . . . . . . . . . . A N S W E RK E Y \" \" \" \" ' \"\"' 306

1.VERB TENSES 1.1SIMPLE PRESENTAND CONTINUOUS A. Fill in the blankswith suitableverbsin their correct forms. BridgetDamon is a housewife.She doesn'twork so she has a lot of free time. Bridget (l) getting up early so she gets up at 6:30 every morning. Then, she (2) breakfast. After breakfast, she (3) the dishes. Bridget (4) for a walk in the park every day. In the afternoons. she (s) physicalexercisesbecauseshewantsto (6) weight. On weekendsBridget sometimes(7) solf with herfriends. *** YolandaSmithis from Oxford,London.Sheis a studentandsheis l7 yearsold. Yolanda goesto schoolby br\"rsS.heusually(8) out of the window when sheis on the bus. She (e) a sandwich for lunch or she sometimes (l0) to the cafeteria. When she is at the dormitory, she (lt) televisionor (12\\ to music. Sometimesshe (l3) cardswith her friendsor (14) a book. B. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs given in brackets. Bob and Cindy (l) (be) married. They live in London but they (2) (be) from England. They are from Australia. They (3) (have) a son. His name (4) (be) Peter. He (s) (have) blue eyes and black hair. Peter (6) (be).r student.He is just two yearsold. Jaya Rajah is fifteen, but he (7) (go) to high school.He studies medicine at New York University. His class-mates(8) (be) in their twenties.Jayawas born in Madras,India, but his family moved to the U.S.A. when he was two He (9) (live) in a housein New York with his parentsand his younser brother.His fatheris a doctor.Jaya(10) (havegot) any friends. He never (1I ) (go) out in the evenings, but he sometimes (12) (watch) TV. He says, \"I live for one thing - I

(13) (want) to be a doctor beforeI'm seventeenO. ther childrenof my age are not lnterestlng They(14) (understand)me. so I don't usuallytalk to them.\" Mike Parrish (l5) (be) a modern cowboy. He (16) (live) in a small caravan in the rnountains. He (t7) (get up/ always)with the sun -- about hall' pastfour in the summerand half pastsevenin thewinter.For breakfasht e (18) ( e a t ) t]O('q \"D5\". sausagesand potatoes. His dog. Lance. is always by his side. At the momel.)r, he (le) (make)coffeefor himself.Therearebirds (20) 1f1y) i n t h es k y .a n dL a n c e( 2 l ) ( w a t c h )t h e m . DearSir, I (22) (write) because (23) ( s e e m) t o l n c that far too manychanges(24) (take)placein my countrythese days and consequently, we (25) (lose) our identity. I but even this town (26) (live) in a small town, (21) (change) before my eyes. For instance. they ( 2 8) ( b u i l d )a burger bar in the place of my favouriterestaurant.Our c u l t u r e( 2 9 ) (belong)to everyone,and I (30) ( u n d e r s t a n)d why the authorities(31) tdol anythingto prescrveit. In I'uct.I (321 (think) of startingan action group. I (33) lappear)on TV 4's \"You Talk\" programmeon Friday night to make peopleawareof the importance of this issue. It's time for us to start doine somethins before it (34) (get)too late. Y o u r ss i n c e r e l y . And Archer

Rupert Hi Nigel! How areyou? Nigel Fine.fine. It's beena long time,hasn'tit? So tell me aboutyourself. Rupert Well, for the time beingI (35) (work) in a languageschool in Cairo but I want to change my job as soon as I (161 (find) a better-paidone. Nigel I see.What (37) (do/you)herein London? Rupert I (38) (have)a holiday. Nigel Thats lovely.And what(39) ( t h i n k / y o u )o f Cairo'l Rupert Actually. I like it very much.It is a very excitingplace. Nigel And what aboutyourjob? Is it difficult? Rupert Not really.I (40) (teach/ usually)from I I a.m. to I p.-. and then later againfrom 6.30 to 9.30. In the evenrngs.my friends and I (41) (go) into town very often.We nreferto cometosetherat eachother'shousesand chat. Nigel You (42) (seem) to enjoy your days in Cairo.So whenareyou goingback? Rupert Next week on Friday.My plane(43) ( l e a v )e early,at about7.00a.m. Nigel : By theway, how is your brother? Rupert : Chris...oh. he's OK. He is marriedwith two children and as usual he (44) (stop) telling me that I should settle down and get married.Thesedayshe (45) ( p l a y )a lot of football.I (46) (guess)he wantsto getfir! 41. Alice is an annoyingguest;she (constantly/ complain)that thehouseis cold. (understande) verythingI say. 48. My dog is very intelligent.It (belong)to a famous 49. The white building oppositethe street (expect)a baby. pop-singebr ut sheis planningto sellit. 50. You shouldn'tlift that heavybox. You ***

A: Why(51) you (wear)a suitanda tie? (want)to look good. B: I havea iob interviewthis afternoon.I (52) *** 53. A: you (remember)your first day at school? B: Yes.What aboutyou? 54. A: What'sall thatnoise? (have)a party. B: Ourneishbours *** A: Where is Jane this morning? (55) she (bath)the baby? B: No. She(56) (bath)him in theevenings. x** A: why (57) (Bill/try) to finish thereportsoquickly? (give) his reports to his boss to be B: It's Tuesday.He (58) checkedon Tuesdays. A: Where is your fiance?I haven'tseenhim recently. B: He (59) (work) as a receptionistat a hotel in Leeds for the summer. A: Ohl (60) he (come) back for our classreunion in July? B : N o . b u t h e ' l lb e b a c ka s s o o na s h e ( 6 1 ) (earn)enough money to get married becausehe isn't very happy there.He (62) ( s e e m )t o geton with themanager. 63. A: Barbara!Can't you hear?Someone (ring) the doorbell! My handsaregreasy.Could you pleaseopenthe door for me? B: Sure.mum....Oh, it'sUncleHarry!

October 1997 Hi. Teresa! I (64) (write) this letterfrom Berlin. It's a very big city Therearea lot of interestingpeoplehere.Schoolis greatl Our classes (65) (finish) ar 1 p.m. We (66) (usually/have)lunch in the restaurantopposite the school.The food very good and quite cheap there. In the afternoonwe (61) (often/visit) a museum, but this afternoon we (68) (go) swimming in the big swimming pool H e i d e l b e r gP a r k . Hopeto hearfrom you soon. Love,Hugo It's Saturday night, and I'm at home. That's very unusual. I (691 (often/stay)at home on a Saturdaynight, but today I (70) (have)a terrible headacheI. (71) (slt) in my balcony to get somefreshair now. It's a warm night and the streetsarecrowded.ln front of the cinema.thereis an old woman (72) (sell)flowers. S h e( 7 3 ) (wear;a long colourfulskirt. >k>kt We (14) (like) spending time at home and we (7s) (never/go)out in the evenings,but at the moment our friend from the States(76) (visit)us andwe (77) (take) him to restaurantst,heatresand many otherinterestingplacesin the evenings. ***

C. Ask questions. Linda and Mark Nelson are from Canada.They have two children - a girl and a boy. Their daughterS, ue,is 3 yearsold. She doesn'tgo to school.Their son, Tom. is 12. He goesto secondaryschool.The Nelsonslive in a beautifulhousein Toronto.Their housers big. There are five bedrooms,three bathrooms,a living room, a dining room and a hrig kitchen.Thereis alsoa garagebehindthe house. l. ? No, shedoesn'tS. heis onlv 3 vearsold. 2. It'sin Toronto. 3. Five. Y e s .t h e r ei s .I t ' sb e h i n dt h eh o u s e . Completethe questions. Clarissa ndRobertaretalking: Robert (5) Clarissa? Clarissa I'm an accountant. Robert (6) in a bank? Clarissa Yes.I do. In CentralBank Robert (7) C e n t r a lB a n k ? Clarissa It's in High Streetoppositethe SportsCentre. Robert S e l t o nS p o r t sC e n t r e ? Clarissa Yes. Jackand I go swimrningat the Centreeveryday. Robert (8) Jack? Clarissa Jack'smy husband.We'vegot two daughters. Robert (e) theri ? Clarissa Janeis five andMary is sevenyearsold

10. A lunch? B Mv husband?At the restaurannt ext to his office. ll. A B One.It'sanoldVolkswagenI.boughtit tenyearsago. 12. A in thrscity? B No. Theylivein Cambridge. 13. A afterdinner ? B Well, we usually watch TV. And when the weatheris good, we go out for a walk. Alice andMarco meetat a partyfor thefirst time. Alice Hello.My nameis Alice.What'syours? Marco It'sMarco. Alice (14) Marco Italian.I cameto London in 1992. Alice Marco (15) . Marco ? In the Italianrestauranitn Maple Street.I'm a cook there. (16) Italianfood? Alice Yes,I have.I think it's delicious.Are you married? Marco Yes.i am at home? Alice (17) Marco My wife does.Sheis a very good cook *** Alberto Hello.I'm Alberto. cill? Brenda Oh,hi.I'm Brenda. Alberto (1B) friend? Brenda I'm from theUSA. Alberto Really!I'm from Italy.(19) Brenda T h a t ' sL i s a . Alberto (20) Brenda No, sheisn't.Sheis my sister.

Alberto : (21) Brenda : She'sseventeen. Alberto : (22) Brenda : No. I'm not a student.Actuallv. I'm a teacher. Mary is talkingto her mother abouther new friend,Linda. Mary Linda is a new studentin our class.Sheis stayingat the schooldormrtory. Her mother I see(. 23) Mary Her parents?Well, they live in North Carolina. Her mother t)4t to North Carolina at weekends? Mary No, she doesn't.She has a part-timejob in a restauranton Saturdaysand Her mother Sundays.Shewantsto savesomemoney. (2s) to savemoney? Mary Becausesheis planningto buy herselfa new computer. Her mother I see.Why don'tyou invite Linda over for dinner?I really want to meether. Mary That'sa good idea. Martin is talkingto Sallyon thephone. Martin I want to go to the library tomorrow morning. I needto get some information aboutnew computerprograms. Sally Let's go theretogetherafter school. Martin OK but my lessonfinishesat 5 o'clock.(26) ,| Sally Martin It closesat 7 o'clock. That'sgood.Let'sgo togetherafterschoolthen.

D. SIMPLE OR CONTINUOUS? Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form: the 'present simple' or 'present continuous'. A : Oh, thehouse( 1) ( s m e l 1 )w o n d e r f u l . B : I'vejust bakeda chocolatecake. A : Whereis John? B : He is in his room. Pleasedon'tdisturbhim. He (2) (study) A : Haveyou finally found a goodjob? B : No, not yet. I've got a part-time job at a club downtown. I ( 3 ) (serve)drinks at the bar. A : Tell me whatyou (4) (rhink)of ir. B : It5t (like) working at latehours.It's very tiring. The album I bought fbr Jenny (6) (hold) more than 100 photographsS. hecanput all her holidayphotographsin it. *** A : Do you like it herein Cambridge? (have)a wonderful time. There B : Yes,verymuch.I (7) is somuchto see. x>F>r A : Don't forgetto tell Paulaboutthe meeting. ( a r r iv e) . B : Don't worry.I'll do thatassoonashe (8) *>k* 9. On my deskI havean old mug that (hold)thingslike pens. pencilsor paperclips. I 0. When you aretravellingby undergroundy, ou haveto be quick and get off as soonas ll (stop). 11. Tell me what you (think) aboutin front of thatfire place. 12. Now I (see)what to do in caseof emersencv.Thanks fbr t e a c h i n gm e .

13.Why (clean/ you) your car?Look at the dark cloudsin the sky. It'sgoingto rain. 14. I (see)somecustomersso I can'tdeal with thesepeopleat the moment. 15. The new pub hasbeendecoratedin sucha way that it ( l o o k )l i k e an ancientcastle. I6. Why (still / think / you) aboutwhat hashappened?Let's forget all aboutit and try to cheerup. 17. John (go) to the cinematwice a month. 18. Shelooksvery thoughtful. Do you know what she t t h i n k )a b o u tl 19. ShespeaksFrench,but she (come)from France. 2 0 .r (feel)depressedeverytimeI hearthat song. 21.Tom (meet)the companydirectorin a few minutes 22. TheSmiths (have)a cottagein the mountains. 23. Charlieand Janearein the laboratory.They (do)anexperiment. 24. My secretaryis awayfor a fortnight,so I (type)my own letters. 25.Oir (float) on water. 26.We (give) a party tonightto celebrateour first wedding anniversary. 27. A: Are you stilllivingwith yourparents? B : Y e s ,b u t I (think)of movinginto a flat of my own soon. A: How will you affordto paytherentthen? B: I'm not sure.PerhapsI'll get a part-timejob. 28. Look at the liquid in the testtubein my hand.It ( b o i l )a t 1 0 9 ' C . (finish)the 29. He'll sendme an e-mail messaseas soon as he exoerimentso I'll meethim to talk aboutthe resultshe obtained. l0

30. She hasn't decidedwhich bar of soapto buy yet; she lsmelll the nink one. 31. How often (they/hold)a committeemeeting?I'd like to know aboutthe regulareventsin their firm. 'k I wonderaboutthe bowl which you (32) (hold).How much s u g a (r 3 3 ) (it/contain)? **r. 'o Listento thatl I (34) (hear)somelovely piano music. I 1-3)5 (think) it's from the next-doorneighbour 36.You (always/find)excusesfor being late. I am beginningto losemy patiencewith you. 37. David (write)a new book called\"Up in the Mountains\"while hiswife is on vac;rtion. - 1 8 .J e f f r e y (feel)that his life asan athletewill soonbe over. 39. Don'tdisturbme,please.I (have)my dinner 1.2SIMPLE PASTAND CONTINUOUS A. Mark the bestchoice. Mrs Betwee5n:55p.m.and7:30p.m.on Decembe2r0th,somebod(yl) Haan'soreciousdiamond necklacefrom her room in the Excelsior Hotel. At the time. Mrs. Haanwas in her room.She(2) a bath.The police think Sandy,the chambermiiidi,s the thief. I. a) stole 2. a) had b) is stolen b) hasbeenhaving c) hasstolen c) hashad d) stealing d) washaving 3. She herbackwhile she somefurniture c) is hurting...h. ascarried a) hurt....wacsarrying d ) h u r t s . . . . icsa r r y i n g b) washurtrng....carried ll

B. Completethe sentenceussingeitherthe 'pastsimple'or 'pastcontinuous'. 1. Theyhaven'gt ota caranymore. it lastmonth (sell) 2.A (watch)TV at 9 o clock? B: No, I wasn't.I washavingdinnerwith Tom 3. A: (he/buy)this car? B: Threemonthsago. 4. Shewas injured in the accidentbecauseshe (werr)a setthelt 5. Jane : Richardis in hospitalwith a brokenleg. (break)his leg'? Anne : Jane : During his trip to theAlps. 6. OliviaBates (live) in Brighton between1982 and 1992. l. A: (do) whenyou hurt your back? B: I wascarryinga big box of bookswhen it happened. Bruno and his family arrivedin the United Stateson March 1, 1999.In the beginning,they stayedat their relatives'house becausetheir money was not enough to rent a house.Two monthslater,Brunos fatherfound a well-paidjob. Today, he earns$2000 a month and the family is very happybut theysaytheymissItaly a lot. 8 when they arrivedin the United States'l No, they didn't.That'swhy they stayedat their relativesh' ouse. 9. $2000. 1 0 .A : (go) to Jane'sweddinglastmonth? B: BecauseI was on a businesstrip in France.How was it? 11. Look at the sun!Can you believethatthistime yesterdaywe (make) a snowman? 12. LastyearSusan (seek)a well-paidjob but shecouldn'rfind one so shesetup her own business. 13. When his father (swear)at the other drivers,the little boy told his fatherthat swearinswas a bad habit 1 4 .I (ust / begin)to studywhen the lightswent off. 12

C. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. I. What (l) (do/you) when you Detective (2) (hear)the shotlastnight? Andy Detective I wasin theIiving room (3) (watch)TV. Andy I see.What (4) (do/ you) then? Detective Andy I immediately(5) (run) to the window to look out There were two men (6) (run) towardsa car Detective andoneof them(7) (hold) a gun in his hand. Was thereanyonein the car? Yes,a young woman (8) (sit) in the driving seat.The two men (9) (get) in the car and she (10) (drive) away While the car (11) (drive)away,I (12) (write) down the car'sregistrationnumber.Here it is. Thank you very much for your cooperationI. will let you know as soon asI learnsomething. hate travelling. It makes me very nervous. Yesterday. I (t3) (fly) from London to New York. When the plane landedat the airport,that strangefeeling( 14) ( s t a r t )a g a i n - a feeling of fear in my stomach.Was my passportstill in my briefcase?Had I forgotten the visa? Had someoneput diamondsin my bag? I turned to look at the other people aroundme. None of them seemedto be worried.Thev (15) (walt) patientlyin the queue.My heart (16) (continue)beating hard until I went through the customs. When everything was over, I (11) (take)a deepbreath. ***: D e a rA n n a . I'M sorry about taking so long to write my first letter. As you know. I (18) (move) to Long Beachtwo months ago. At the moment, I (1 e ) (stay) with my cousin Jeffersonuntil I find a flat at a t3

reasonableprice. Jeffersonand I (20) (attend)English classesat a communitycollegethesedays.In Long Beach,it usually(21) (raln) in Septemberbut todayit is quite hot and the sun (22) ( s h i n e )N. o w I ' m in Audubon Park. There are a lot of studentsaround (23) (enjoy)the sunnyday in Long Beach. Every weekend my cousin Jefferson (24) (take) me sightseeine aroundLong Beach . Last weekendwe (25) (visit) CatalinaIsland.It (26) (be)fun! This is all for now. Pleasewrite me soon.I want to hearthe latestgossipl Love,Blanca At 10:30 last Saturdaynight, there was a power failure in the city. Ian Jones,a barman,i s describinghis experience: \"At l0:30 last Saturdav nieht the pub was full of customers. All the people (21\\ (talk) at the sametime. Some students (28) ( s i n g ) a. n d therewere somecustomers(29) ( n lay) darts.I (30) (pour.1 out a drink for someone when the lights (31) (go) out. I (32) (drop) the glass, and t 1 1 l (break) it. While I (3+; ( c u t )m y h a n d . ' (try) to pick up the glass,r ( 3 s ) t *>k It was a beautifulSundaymorning. While Mark and Paul (36) (walk) along the beachcarrying their surfboards,they (37) (come) to a sign which read \"No Swimming- Sharks\". They (38) (pay) attentionto the sign and (3e) (go) into water. They (40) lsurf-;when u shurk (4t) (appear)a few metersaway. \"Mark! Jump onto my board and push yourstowardsthe shark,\"Paul shoutedand Mark did so. When they t 4 ) r ( b e) safe on the beach, they (43) (look) at each other. Both of them G4) (know) thattheywerelucky to be alive. A : Mum, do you rememberthe blue hat thatLaurengaveme for my birthday? B : Yes. your favouriteone. A Well, the wind (45) (blow) it away while Jack and I (46) (try) out his new speedboat. We returnedto look for it, butwith no luck 14

: I'm sorrvto hearthat. >k** A : Did you manageto talk to her lastnight? B: 'ortunately not. She (47) (be) out when Unf (48) ( p h o n e )h e r . TI. T h e d e t e c t i v e s( l ) (wait) for flight SA 140 from Johannesburg, South Afiica. The plane was late and with every passing minute they (2) (get) more and more impatient.They (3) (e x p e c )t a valuableparcelof diamonds.A few hoursearlier,someonehad told the oolice that some thieves would try to steal the diamonds.When the plane (4) (arrive/finally), some of the detectives(5) (sit) inside the main building while others (6) (stand) on the airfield. T'\"vo men (1) (take)the parceloff the plane.After they (8) ( c a r r y )l t to the CustomsHouse,theY( e ) (open) it. To their surprise,the precious parcelwasfull of stonesand sandI I'd like to describeascenel(10) (w i t n e s s) s e l ' c r l l yearsago.At the time of theincidenceI, ( 11) (live)in Hawaii. One morning, returning from a nearby building to my office' I (12) (come) upon three or four dozen mynah birds. As they (13) (make) an incredible amount of noise. I (14) (decide)to investigateT. he mynah birds were in a large circle in the shade of a kiawe tree. In the center of this circle, two birds (ts) (fight) while the others( l6) (have)a great time watching the fieht. After a few minutes, one of the mynah birds (t7) (drop)to the ground.The otherbird (18) (walk) oroudlv for a few secondsand then (19) (fly) away. I have no icleaaboutthe reasonfor the fight betweenthe two mynah birds,but the behaviourof the other birds clearly proved that human beingsare not the only membersof the animal kingdomthatenjoya goodfight. t -)

Lindais talkingabouthow shestartedherjob at the 'Your House' magazine. Well, | (20) (see) the advertisement in the paper and (21) (decide)to apply immediately.r (22) (call)for an interview a week \\ater. I (23) (arrive) there half an hou:l before the interview. One other person, a middle-aged man with hi o briefcase. r)4t (wait) in the secretary'sroom.I (25) (be)a very sociableperson and I normally (26) (like) talking to strangers,so we (21) (sit) there in silence.waiting for our turn to go in. More than an hourpassedlike that.I (28) (get) rather angry when the interviewer finally (29) ( i n v i t e )m e i n . I ( 3 0 ) (have)much hope of getting the job, but to my surprise,I (31) (tell) to start the following Monday. That was five years ago. I am the editor of the magazine now. It (32) (publish) every two weeks. More and fitore people | 111 (become) interested in their homes these days so we (work) on a big advertisingcampaignto increaseour circulation. (3+1 We hopewe will be more successfuiln the future. Last night, Cheryl (3s) (feel) the ground (36; (shake)for a second She(37) (lie)in herbed and (38) (read) a book at the time. She (39) fopti fiightened and (40) (sit) up in her bed, wondering whether it was an earthquakeor not. This time yesterdayI 1 4 1 . 1 (give) blood in a hospital.I wanr to tell you aboutthe experiencethat I had as I believeeveryoneshouldgive blood at leastonce in his or her lif-etime.The idea of donatingblood didn't come to me suddenly.I had had the intention ever sinceI (42) (receive) someoneelse'sblood to savemy life. I was just waitingfor theright timeto do it. t6

Lasr night, while I (43) (drive) home from work, I (44) (hear) an announcementon the radio. The doctors at St. Mary'sHospita(l 45) (look) for blood type AB Rh(-) to be given to a patientwho had beenseriouslyinjuredin a car accident. As the blood tvpe mentioned was the same as mine, I drove to the hospital immediately.When I (46) (arrive) there,the nursesfirst made certainthat my blood wasn'tcontaminatedand thatI was healthy. After everythingwas over,I (47) (give) a big glassof orange iuice andhad to restfor a while. When I (48) (get)home,I was a little tired,but it was worth it sinceI (49) (feel)very happy. D. Rewrite the sentenceussingthe clues. lastmonth 1. Theyarenotmarriedanymore. the experiment. (get divorced) 2. I was making a saladwhen my motherarrived. (while) 3. He starteddoing the experimentat 6.00 and finishedat 8.00. (take) 4. Our teachersaw the mouseunderthe table. Shescreamed. (when) 5. On my way to school,I found a purse. While (gol 1.3FUTURE A. Complete the sentences.Use be going to. I . I f-eetl errible.I havea toothacheI. 2. Therearedirty disheseverywhereS. he 3. It's warm and sunnyoutside.They 4. I'm writing an article.I don't know how to spella word. I t'7

5. Larry is thirsty.He 6. Mr. andMrs. Brown aregoing to the swimmingpool. They -1. It's lateat night.I feel tired and sleepy.I 8. It's freezinsoutside.He 9. Our TV doesn'twork properly.My father [0. I haven'tgot enougheggsto makea cake.I B. Completethe sentencewsith your own predictions.IJswe ill. l. In the year2100 there (be)enoughfood to eat. 2. Ir (be)snowynextweek 3. Brazil (win) thenextfootballWorld Cup. 4. The weather (get)muchcolderin thenextfew years. 5. Buses (disappearb) eforethe year2100. C. Complete the sentencesusing will or be going to and the verbs in brackets. 1. Look at that presnantwoman over there.I think she ( h a v e )u b u b v very soon. 2. I expectshe (lend)us somemoney. 3. Oh, no! Look at thatboyl He (drop)andbreakthatvase. 4. Look at her facel Shelooks terrible.I think she (faint) 5. A: Why don't you cometo thepartytonight? B: O.K.I (come)at 9:30. D. Look at Barbara'sdiary. Write downwhat sheis doingnextMonday. June,12th Monday 9:30 p l a yt e n n i s I l:00 meeDt avid 13:15 h a v el u n c hw i t hS a l l y 15:00 goto aparty 19:30 meethusbanidn hisoffice t8

Next Monday at 9:30 I am E . Complete the sentencesusing the 'presentcontinuous','presentsimple'or going to. l. Be careful!You (fall) into the lake. 2. A: What'sthe weatherreport? B: It ( r a r n )t o m o r r o w . 3. The lecture (start)at B:40and (finish) at9:30. 4 . Hurryup! We (miss)the train. 5. I've bought some cheeseand eggs. Tonight we (eat) ln omelette. 6. The plane to New York (take offl at\" 9 o'clock atnd (arrive)thereat 12 o'clock. 1 . I've bought the ticketsand packedmy suitcasesI. ( l e a v e )f o r Antalyatonight. F. Mark the bestchoice. We usually_( 1)- to Spainon holiday,but next yearwe _(2)_ to Florida. 1. a) havebeen 2. a) 're flying b) go b) 'veflown c) aregoing c) 'd like d) havegone d) like flying Galatasarayis 3-2 ahead,and there is only five minutes left. Milan -(3)- the 19 game.In that case,they_(1)_ attendthe UEFA championship. 3. a) loses 4. a) won't be ableto b) goingto lose b) don't haveto c) lost c) mustn't d) will probablylose d) oughtnot to

The new tunnelwill -(5)- by a Japanesefirm. In 5 years'time, they _(6)_ it and thousandsof drivers-(1)- it duringtherushhours. 5. a) construct 6. a) arefinished 7. a) will beusing b) be constructing b) will be finished b) will beused c) haveconstructed c) will havefinished c) areused d) be constructed d) aregoingto finish d) will haveused Pat is a salesrepresentativewith excellentskills and qualifications.She's definitely going to get a promotion.You'll see,in aboutthreemonths' time she-(8)- the salesmanager. And this time next year,she-(9)- our firm in Paris. B. a) becomes 9. a) will berepresenting b) hasbecome b) will represent c) will havebecome c) will haverepresented dt will bebecoming d) will be represented We are writing to confirm your travel arrangementsfrom London to Ankara. The plane _(10)_ the Heathrowairportat 10 a.m.so you haveto checkin at 9 a.m.When you get to istanbul,you _(11)_ changeplanesbecausethere is no direct flight to Ankara. Your journey to Ankara is on flight OA 512at 4 p.m. local time if there -(12)- no delay.We exDectvou ( 13) in Ankara at about5 o'clock. One of your guides _( 14)_ for you when you get there.It is a good ideato confirm your return flight before you leave the airport becauseby the time you get to the city centre,the t r a v e la g e n c y_ ( 1 5 ) - . 10. a) will be left | 1. a) won'tbe ableto 12. a) will be b) leaves b) will haveto b) isn't c) goingto leave c) won'thaveto c) hasn'tbeen d) will havebeenleaving d) will be ableto d) is 13. a) will arrive 14. a) will wait 15. a) is closed b) can arrive b) is waiting b) will beclosing c) must arrive c) will be waiting c) will close d) arearriving d) will havewaited d) will haveclosed 16. I'll havefinisheduniversity c) in 1996 a ) s i n c e1 9 9 4 d) by nextJune b) 3 yearsago 20

17. I've found ajob in Italy. I've alreadyrenteda flat there. I on the22nd. a) 'vemoved c) goingto move b) ammoving d) wasmoving 18. A : Janetand I aregoing to studyat the library this afternoon. B A : Is it all right if I comeat 5 o'clock? : Five is fine. We -- our studiesby then. a) havefinished c) will be finished b) arefinishing d) will havefinished G. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. l. Alice (probably/go) to universityaftershefinisheshigh school.Shewantsto get marriedand becomea housewife. 2. Don't tell dad aboutmy bad gradesor I (lend)you my car next weekend. 3. A: I told you not to stayout aftermidnightwithout my permission. B: I know, and I promiseI (do)it again. 4. If we keep to our schedule,we (rest)in our hotel at this time tomorrow. If nothing goeswrong, we (5) (construct)this bridge by the end of May and the tourist coaches(6) (haveto / use)the rocky road into thevillageanylonger. 1. A: I didn'tknow thatyou weret*itJlo lessons! B : W e l l , Ia m .I (learn)judo for a yearby next June. 8. He's going into surgeryat I :30 this afternoonI. expecthe (be) tired after the operation,so let'swait until tomorrow to visit him. At this time tomorrow,Mr. Higgins (9) (have) a press conferences,o you (10) (be ableto / see)him then.However,he will be free after the conference. A : Haveyou got anyideawhat You(11) (do) this time nextyear? (move) to New York B : Who knows?However,I know thatI (12) by nextmonth. 21

: Really?I didn'tknow thatyou wereplanningto move. A (13; (you / ableto / support)yourselfin New York? It is difficult ro find a good position over rhere. I cloubt if you (t4) (find) a job as good as the one you have now. B I don'tworry aboutfinding a job. We talkedthis over with my uncle.Fred.He is the owuer of a softwarecompanythere.I ( I 5) (work)in hiscompany. A That soundsgreat.So you haveplannedeverything. B Oh, yes.However, I (16) (miss/ probably)my friendsvery much. 1 7 .W e've waited long enough.Pay us our wagesor we (go)on a strike! 1 8 .A What areyou doing? I'm preparingthe guestroom. I expectRogerandHelen (he) tired afterthe longjourney.They may wanrto restright away. 1 9 \"A Do you think you canget awaywith what you havedone? B I'm sorry.I know that I shouldn't have cheated during the exatn. I promise, I (do / never)it again.Please,don't sendme to rhe principal. It's8 o'clockin the morning.Joeis phoningnO \"*, O\"\"r neighbourBill. Joe Good morning,Bill. I know it'searlybut my car brokedown and I havean imporranr meetingthis morning (20) (can/ borrow) your car? B i l l Yes.of courseyou can. Joe Oh, great!Is it OK with you if I comeand get the car keys? Bill : Don't come now. I haveto take the childrento schoolbut it won't take lons. Whv don'tyou comeroundat about8:30?I (21) (drive)the childrenro schoolby then. Joe : B:30! But that'stoo late. The meeting startsat 8:30. If I don't get there on time. I \\221 (look for) anotherjob pretty soon. 23. A : I don'tknow Londonvery well. I mightgerlost. B : Don't worry! I (wait) for you at the station when your trarn arrives. 22

24. Pleaseh, urryup. By thetimeyoufinishgerringready,we ( m l s s) t h et r a i n . My husbancils an ambulancemanI .wish * r.r\"\"', I want him to be fit and well when he (25) (retire) but he (26) (probably/ be) so, becausethe pressureof doing sucha stressfujlob may ruin his health. 21. A I havelostthecarkey. B I (help)you look for it. 28.A Why areyou carryingthat ladder? B I (change)a brokenbulb downstairs. Cindy Why haveyou spentso much moneyon that strangedress,Sally? Sally Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and I (29) (intend)to (30) (give) a fancy dress partyin my flat.I (31) (wear)this dressat the party. 32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say they (publish)it by the end of this month. 33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we (give) anotherchanceto completethe project. 34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine to tentomorrow evening,so pleasecall rnebeforethat. ktr* A : Mr. Preston(35) (probably/ get) the most votesin the elecrion tomorrow. B : Who'sMr. Preston? A : He'sthe presidenot f the companyI.n fact,he (36) ( r u n) t h i s c o m p a n ye v e rs i n c eh e t 3 7 ; (elect)presidentin 1987,and he's sucha successfual dministratorthat the staff (38) (certainly/vote) for the othercandidatew, ho they know almostnothingabout. H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. Sharoncallsherfiiend Judy. Sharon: Judy,I havesomethingimportant o tell you. Can we meetat 12:30in your office? L-1

24. Please,hurry up. By the time you finish gettingready,we (miss) thetrain. My husbandis an ambulancemanI .wish he weren't.I want him to be fit and well when he (25) (retire)but he (26) (probably/ be) so, becausethe pressureof doing sucha stressfujlob may ruin his health. x** 27. A I havelostthecarkev. B (help)you look for it. 28.A Why areyou carryingthat ladder? B I (change)a brokenbulb downstairs. Cindy Why haveyou spentso much moneyon that strangedress,Sally? Sally Well, you know, next Saturday is my birthday and t (2e) (intend)to (30) (give) a fancy dress partyin my flat.I (31) (wear)this dressat the party. 32. I'm looking forward to reading his new book. people say they (publish)it by the end of this month. 33. It looks like everyoneis againstus. I doubt if we (give) anotherchanceto completethe project. 34. I (watch) my favourite TV programmefrom nine ro ten tomorrow evening,so pleasecall me befbrethat. >lt<* A : Mr. Preston(35) (probably/ get) the most votesin the elecrion tomorrow. B : Who'sMr. Preston? A : He'sthe presidenot f the companyI.n fact,he (36) (run)this companyever sincehe (37) (elect)presidentin 1987,and he's sucha successfual dministratorthat the staff (38) (certainly/vote) for the othercandidatew, ho they know almostnothingabout. H. Fill in the blanks with the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. 1. Sharoncallsherfiiend Judy. Sharon: Judy,I havesomethingimportant o tell you. Can we meetat 12:30in your office? 23

Judy : Well, I (have)lunch with a group of businessmenfrom Turkey then,but I don't have anythingelseto do after 2 o'clock.Is it all right if we meetsometime after2 o'clock? Sharon : Sure.I'll cometo your office around2:30. 2. I (repair)that chairfor you, if you like. 3. I'm gettingold. I ( b e )5 6 n e x tM o n d a y . 4. Jenny : Johnhasn'tphonedme yet. Mary : Don't worry. I'm surehe (call) soon. 5. I wonderif he (still/ love)me whenI'm 64. 6. A: Is it all right if I comeand seeyou at 5 tomorrow? B: Sure.I (cook) the dinner then but you can sit in the kitchen, chatwith me andthenwe caneattogether. i. Sam and Linda are at Mr. Brown, J;:\" talking about the yearly budget of the company. Sam : Linda, look at Mr. Brown. He looks awfully pale. I think he (faint). Linda: Well, I guessyou areright. Sorry,Mr. Brown, areyou feeling OK? 8. Helgais talking to her son'sEnglishteacherM, s. Gold. Helga : Do you think my sonwill be readyto takethe TOEFL examthis spring? Ms. Gold : Sure.The testis in June.By that time, he (study)for theexamfor morethansix months. 9. Bill is talking to his father,Frank. Frank : How did yourjob interviewgo today? Bill : Well. I doubtif I (get) the job. I guessthey are looking for someonewith more job experiencethan I have. but knowing Spanishmight be an advantage. 10. Bob is talkingto his girlfriend,Liz, on the phone. Bob: I've madea reservationat a nice ItalianRestauranftor 7 o'clocktonight. Liz : That'ssreatbut I (have)an importantmeetingwith the sales representativesof the company at the time. Can you change the reservationto 9 o'clock?I'll be free then. Bob: Sure. 4,4

I. Rewrite the following. I . The planetakesoff in forty minutesand it'll takeus an hour to set to the airnort. By thetime we getto theairport, 2. I will finish the decorationbeforeyou comehome. By thetime 3. We movedto this flat on December1't this year. for exactlya year. By December1\" nextyear. 4. Would you like me to helpyou with your homework? I ' lI 5. This reportwill takeme threehoursto type. In threehours'time.I I.4 PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS A. Usethe list and write down what you have done or what you haven't done so far today. Havea shower Do homework Eat breakfast Comb hair Drink teaor coffee Brushteeth R e a dn e w s p a p e r Havea pop quiz Watch TV Make bed Make a phonecall Washthe dishes eg. I hove eotenbreokfost. I hoven'thod o shower. 25

B. You have come across an old school friend. Read the information given in the bubblesand tell her the latestnewsby using the 'present perfect simple' tense. I/gotothe Far East. E9.My sister hos got morried. l. 2. 4. 5. 6. C. Tom is a doctor in Los Angeles.His life was different 2 years ago. Study the table and write about the changesin his life. 2 vearsa Now I livedin New York. I live in Los Angeles. I was a rnedicalstudent. I am a doctor. My eyesighwt asgood. My eyesightis poor. I wassingle. I amengaged. I wasverythin. I am a bit overweight I usedto play video games I don't haveanyfr\". ti,o.. I didn't havea beard. I havea beard. Eg.He hos movedto Los Angeles. I ) /o

3. 4. 5. 6. D. Completetheseconversations. eg. A: ever/gotolcircus? Hove you eve? been to o circus? B: yes. Yes,I hove. A: when? When did you go there? B: 11 yearsold. I went there whenI wos llyeors old. A: ever/eat/sushi? B: yes. A: where? B: Tokyo. A: ever/do/rockclimbing? B: yes. A: what/be/like? B: exciting. 3. A: ever/write/story? B: yes. A: when? B: 2 yearsago. 1. A: ever/plant/tree? B: yes. A: when? B: lastspring. B. There will be a party at Mary's flat at the weekend.Today is Friday and she is at home. She is making the preparations. Look at her list and make sentences using jusf, yet and,already. Decoratethe flat-yet CIeanthe flaralready Make sandwiches-already Tidy up theliving room-yet Buy drinks-just Blow theballoons-just lnvite thesuest-alread Lav thetable- )-l

Eg. She hosn'tdecorotedthe flot yet. 1 2. J. 1. 5. 6. 1. F. Fill in the gaps using gone or been. l. Tom isn't at homenow. He's to school. 2. Oh, hello Jim! I was looking for you. Wherehaveyou _? 3. I'm sorryI'm late.I've _ to thehairdresser's. 4. Thereisn't anybodyat home.I think they've awayfor themeeting. 5.PeterknowsalotaboutLosAngeles.He'S-theremanytimes. 6. 'Haveyou ever to Miami?' 'No, never.' 7. Thereis a very good caf6in Elm street.Have you there? B. Alice is on holidaynow. She's to Madrid. G. Read the dialogue and complete the sentencesusing the given information and the clues.Usejrsf, yet or already. Jim hasinvrtedhis girlfriend to meethis parents.They aregoing to havedinner at Jim'shouse. J i m Where are my trousers,Mum? Mum I took them to the dry cleaner'stwo days ago. I calledhim today and he said, \"You can Jirn -qetyour trousersT. hey areready.\"But I didn't haveenoughtirneto go and get them. O h . w e l l . I h a r el . ow e a rm y j e a n s . Mum I ironedthem this morning.I put them on your bed. Jim Thanks.Mum. Mum Can you makethe salad,Jim? Jim Of courseI, czrnI.'ll makeit in a few minutesD. on't worry.Where'sDad?He is late. Mum I think he is still at work. Oh, wait! ListenlI think thatis your father'scar. Jim Yes.I think that'shim. 28

l. Jim'sparents (meet ) 2. The dry cleaner's (clean) 3. Jim'smum 4. Jim (iron) 5. Jim'sfather (make) (arrive) H. Rewrite/Complete the sentencesbelow using the clues where given. l. He died two yearsago. two years. He 2. This will be our third holidayabroad. two tlmes. We this year^ (be/ already) 3. Thisis my fourthjob thisyear. (change) 4. They arestill lookingfor theburglar. yet. (find) 5. Tom is going to Englandfor the first time. (never.) 6. Thisis Alex,my husband. marriedfor only a week. We (be) 1. Samis hungry dinneryet. Sam 8. Amy boughta cartwo monthsago. (for) I paintedmy first picturefour yearsago.I've justfinishedmy l00thone. [00 picturessincethen. 10. We settleddown in Chicagothreeyearsago. three yezrrs. We (live) 2L)

I l. He hasstoppedplayingcards anymore. 12. Shehasn'tfound a flat yet. a flat. She (lookfor / still) 13. She'sstill in her office. herotfice yet. 14. He'sstillworkingfor Mrs.Robbins. J. .. (getthe sack) 15.A: the reportyet, haveyou? B: (wnte) Y ou're right. I haven't.But don'tworry, I'm going to write it this afternoon. 1 6 .M o l l ys' kitchenis still very dirty. Molly (yet) 17. Jacklastwatcheda play at the Royal Theatrelastyear. (slnce) 18. He becamefamousafterhe oublishedhis book on scandals. hisbookon scandals (eversince) 19. Shehasn'thada check-upfbr a long time. a check-up It's 20. They haven'tvisitedtheir grandparentfsor ages. It's t:*,< 2l . The lasttime I rode a horsewas fifteenyearsago a horse. It's at university. 22. The lasttime we sawthemwasat university. We (since) 23. The lasttime I went to the theatrewas yearsago. It's 30

24. Shehasn'tridden a bike sinceshewas at high school. The lasttime 25. He hasn'tseenan operasincehe was25. The lasttime l. Complete the conversational exchangesusing the given words. l. A: Is Peterstill lookinefor a iob? (find/one/yet). B: Yes.Unfortunatelv 2. A: Wouldyoulike somethintgo drink? (ust / have/ sometea). B: No. thanks. 3. A: What's the matterwith Joanne? (break/ leg). B: 4. A: I'm waitingfor Ann. (leave/ already). B: Oh, 5. A: Canyou lendmef 10? (not/be /bank/today) B: Sorry, 6. A: Why don't you askPaulto helpyou? B : (already/ ask)but he's busy. 1. A: Be carefuM (paint/ door /1ust). B: Oh dear.Why didn't you tell me whenI camein? 8. A: Would you like a pieceof cake? (ust/have/one). B: No. thanks. 9. A: Don't forget to Postthe letter (already/ post). B: 10. A: Is Janestill writingthereport? (finish/ yet). B: Yes J. Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets. l . I n t h el a s ts i x m o n t h s , I (complete)two English courses. 2. Work on thenew buildine (begin). 3. Fred (serve)in NorthernIrelandand in Cyprus. 4. Flisht707fromAmsterdam (land) 5. How long (you/ know) him? 6 . I (knock)five times.I don't think anybodyis in. 1. TheBrowns (find) a flat yet.They (still/ look for) one 3l

K. Completethe sentencewsith the 'presentperfect'or 'simplepast'. L More than ten students (send)abroadby our university overthe lasttwo years. 2. I (have)troublesleepingall last week 3. He (be) unemployed ever since he (finish) university. 4. I feel sorry for Jane.She (have)troubleall her life. 5. We (not/learn)much in that course 6. The children (feel) ill before the New Year, but they 7. She (be) bettersincethen. (not/ work) hardwhen she (be)at high school 8. Jenny (want)to be a pilot until she (be) fifteen 9. In thosedayswe (often/ visit) our grandparents. 10. ElvisPresley (be)a famousrock slnger. His albums (be)popularsincehis death. 1 1 .W e (live) in Lisbon for two yearsbeforewe sot married. 12. How manyletters (you/ typettoday'/ 13. Joeand I (play) a lot of basketballthis rnonth 1 4 .I (neveri try) cooking Chinesefood before. 15. How manytimes (you/ be)in love? (never/ enjoy) a Christmasasmuch as this one. r 6 .I 17.A : Canyouice-skate? B : I usedto whenI wasa child.but I'm not sureif I can now.It'sagessinceI last (skate). 32

L. Read the situation and ask a question. I . Mary boughta winter housein the Alps in 1981. JackasksHelen aboutit. Jack : ..) H e l e n : S i n c e1 9 8 1 . 2. Jackis in a FrenchrestaurantH. e is not surewhetherto order snailsor not; he doesn't know how they taste.You askEric aboutJack. You : Eric : No. never. 3. You areat a cafd with your friend.He wantsto go to Spainand he asksyou aboutit. Tom ? You : Yes. I have.I was therelastsummer. 1. Nicky and Victor aretalking abouttheir old classmateJohn.Nicky asksVictor trbout John. Nicky : Victor : Yes,I have.I phonedhim yesterday. A. Completethe conversationsusingthe cluesin brackets. ' (paintthe ceiling) l. A 'You look tired.' .' (eatall day) .' (Ann/ study) B .' (wash/ clothes) 2. A : 'Areyouhungry?' .'(cry) ' (play/ tennis) B : 'No, 3. A : 'Why istheroomsountidy?' B :' 4. A : 'Mary seemsexhausted.' B: 5. A : 'Why areher eyesred?' B :' 6.A : 'You lookhot.' B -) l)

B. Rewrite or complete the following using the clues if given. 1. He startedstudying3 hoursago.He is still studying. He (for) 2. I startedwatchingTV at 9 o'clockand I am still watching. (since) 3. A : Is Tommy still in front of thecomputer? B : I'm afraidhe is. He (play)thatsilly computegr amefor hours. A : I thinkheshouldturnit off andso to bednow. 4. Tom : It's5 o'clockW. hy isn'tJanegoinghome?Shelookstired. Bill : Yes, I think she is very tired. ( t y p e) the boss'letterssince9 o'clockthis mornins. 5. A: TV? B:No (watch) t for very long.JackandTturnedit on only 10 minutesago. 6. A: on that report? (work) B : Since9 this morning,and I haven'tfinishedyet. 7. I startedreadingthis book two hoursago.I'm still readingit. two hours. 8. A : You look exhausted. (go) to bedlaterecently. B:I 9. Alex seesTom waitine in the rain in front of the cinema. Alex : Tom, you're wet all over. You're going to catch a cold. (wait) herein therain'J Tom : For half an hour.Janetis late.I hopeshecomessoon. 10. The studentsat the D.B.E. startedlearningEnglishtwo monthsago. two months. 34

C. Write what thesepeople have been doing using since. eg. The workers got a pay rise a month ago. l . Janestarteduniversitythreemonthsago. 2 . Stevehad a car accidentlastmonth. J , Grahamcameout of prisona yearago. 4. The Baileyswon a largeamountof moneyon the football pools six monthsago. 5 . Tony had a nervousbreakdownsometime ago. D. Write two sentencesfor each situation using the 'present perfect simple' and 'continuous'. eg. Thesecretarystartedtyping an hour ago.Five lettersare readynow. 5he's been typing for an hour. 5he's typed five letters so far. l . Bill is a fashionphotographeHr.e cameinto the studioat ten this morningand is leavinsin a minutewith sixusedrollsof film. 2. Hay Campbell,the famous heart- surgeon,becamea doctor 40 years ago. A lot of natientsrememberhim with his successfuol perations. 3. Andy smokesa lot when he is working. He openeda packetof cigarettesand lit the first one a few hours ago and now thereis an empty packetin front of him. 35

4. The room was in a terrible mess when Bill startedcleaning an hour ago. He hasn't finishedyet but now at leastthe floor is cleanand the bookcaseis tidv. E. Ask and answer questions using the given words. eg. learn English / September start English classes/ severalmonths How long have you been learning English? Since Sepfember. Several months ago. l. moveto this house/ lastyear live in thishouse/ lastyear 2. know your friendBill / tenyears meetyour friend Bill I tenyears 3. John,break,leg / October Walk on crutches/ severalweeks 36

4. beill / a longtime becomeill / a long time 5. buy thiscar/ lastAugust havethis car/ lastAusust F. Ask two questionsfor each situation, in the 'present perfect' and 'simple past' and give short answers as in the example. eg. Dan Riley was born in India and lived there until he was twenty. Then he went to England. He k thirty now and is still living there. How long did he live in India? For twenty years. How long has he been living in England? For ten years. 1. It startedraining early this morning and hasn't stoppedyet. It also rained yesterday. but only for half anhour. ? 2. Mary got a job as a translator5 yearsago.She left thejob only last week and started teachingin a school. 3'7

3. John Grainetravelledall over the world as a pilot for 40 years.He retiredtwo yearsago and boughta housein the country.Now he enjoysliving there. III. REVIEW OF THE PRESENTPERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS A. Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsin brackets. Nancy Hi, Kathy.It'sNancy. Kathy Oh, hi, Nancyl Where are you? I (1) (phone) you or.) Tuesday,Wednesdayand last night, but you (2) (be)at home. Nancy You'reright.I (3) (be) at home.I'm not in London. I'm in Turkey!I (4) (call) vou from Istanbulnow. Kathy Istanbul?Oh, my god! What (5) (you/ do) there? Nancy Visiting somefriendswith my brother,Tom. We're hereon holiday. Kathy That'sgreat.How long (6) (vou/ be)in Istanbul'l Nancy For 5 days.We (7) (arrive)on Tuesday. Kathy (8) (you / visit) the TopkaprPalaceand the Blue Mosque yet? Nancy We (9) (already/ be) to the Blue Mosque. but we (t0) (see) the Topkapr Palace yet. We (l l) (go) there tomorrow. Two daiys a-qo we (12) (go) on a city tour by bus.Istanbulis a wonderful c i t y .( 13 ) (you/ ever/ eat)kebabs? Kathy No, what arethey like? Nancy They're small pieces of meat. They're delicious. Yesterday we (14) (drink)someTurkishcoffee.too. 38

Kathy (1 s ) (you/ like)it? Nancy Yes.very much.I hadtwo cups! Kathy (16) (Tom / be) with you now? I'd like to talk to him. too. Nancy Oh, yes.Tom, comehere!Nancy wantsto talk to you. B. CharlesringsPeterat J a . m . (go) fishing now, Peter.Would you like Charles : r (l) to comewith me? Peter But it's so early.I (2) (have) breakfastyet. Whv didn'tvou tell me lastnisht? C h a r l e s : A c t u a l l y ,I ( 3 ) (call) you severaltimes but you (4) (be) home Anyway, we can go tosethernext week then. C. In spiteof the forty yearsshe has spenton stage,the 58-year-oldactressRaga Woods (lt (affect)bv time so far. Althoush sheis in her fifties. she (2) (look) about 35. \"Oh yes,\" she says. \"Some people ( 3 ) (think) it is genetic,but it may be the vegetarianismI. (4) (eat)any red meatsinceI had a heartattack.\"Right now M r s .W o o d s( 5 ) (appear)in a new play by SamuelDawson. S h e( 6 ) (expect)this play to continuefor a long time D. (get) married next month. They Mike and Anna (l) (already / buy) a fridge. a sofa, a bed and some (2) armchairs but they (3) (find) a flar yet. They (4) (look) at the newspaper a d v e r t i s e m e n tnso w . Mike (5) street,but they don't mind (6) (ust / read)abouta flat in Elm Street.It s in a busy (live) in thecity center. 39

E. Dear Peter, Hello from Hotel Talya in Antalyal What is the weatherlike in London? It is hot and sunnyhere.Our hotel(1) (be)nearthe beach, but it hasgor a big swimming pool. There are also three tennis courts. We (2) (play/usually)tennisin the morning. There are a lot of interestingplaces to see. We (3) (see/already)Manavgat and Side. The food here is excellent. Last nieht. we (4) (eat) fish at a beautiful restaurant. We (5) (be) to Alanya yet. We (6) (drive) there tomorrow. My parentswant to go to the discotonightbut I want to stayat the hotel.You know, I (7) (hateidance). Seeyou soon. Love Jud F. My parents( 1) (have) a beautiful house in the country. They (2) (buy) it whenI was 8. It (3) (be)verybig-only l r oomsand a living room, but my parentslike it. They (4) ( l i v e )t h e r ef o r 20 years.My father (5) (spend)all his time in the garden and my mother ( 6 ) (go) for long walksin the beautifucl ountryside.I always tell them to cometo London and live with me, but they sayrhey(7) (want)to leave theirquiethome. G. M r s .S i m m s1 l ) (do) her shopping with her husband.Mr.Simms, on Saturdaymornings. They go to the bazaar.Mr. Simms never enjoys these visits, but Mrs. Simms comesto the bazaarto buy fresh fruit and vegetablesT. he fruit and vegetablesin the bazaarare very fresh becausethey (2) (grow) by the farmersin the area. Last Saturdaythe bazaar(3) (be)very crowdedso Mr. Simmssaid.\"I don't 40

want (4) (come)with you. I (5) (wait) for you here\". Mrs. S i m m s( 6 ) (leave)Mr. Simms in front of the bazaar.Two hours later,M r . S i m m s( 7 ) (wait I still) for his wife when a man ( B ) (come)up to him. He said,\"Excuseme. Is your nameSimms?Your wife (9) (finish / just) shopping,but her bagsare very heavy.She is asking you to carry them home for her.\" Mr. Simms was very angry. He said. \"I (l0) (stand)herefor two hoursand I am very tired. Shecan carry the bagsalone.I am goinghome!\" H. successful 3O-year-old journalist from London. He Andrew Pollard IS (arrive) in New York a year ago and since then he (l) (work) for the New York Times. In addition to this. he (2) (3) (study) graphic design part time at Hunter College, but he ( 4 ) (pass)his final exams yet. His boss at the newspaperis very happywrth his work and Andrew (5) (ust/give) a promotion. He will startworking as an editor soon.However,Andrew still finds time to do other things.He likes the night life in New York and (6) (go) out to barsquite ofien recently.He alsotravelsat weekendswith his new friends.He (7) (visit) severaldifferent cities, including Los Angeles, Boston and Denver. Last summer' he ( 8 ) (spend)a weekendin San Franciscoand he wants to go there a g a i na s s o o n a s p o s s i b l e . 1 . 5PASTPERFECTSIMPLE AND CONTINUOUS A. Fill in the blankswith the correctforms of the verbsgivenin brackets. I. SandyStewartis an American.Shewas fifteen when this happened: ''I (l) (go) to the supermarkewt ith my mother one day, and over the car radio came Want To Hold Your Hand. They were the Beatles and I (2) (hear/not)them before. I went, Wowl What a strangesoundl I (3) (affect) deeply by the tune of the song. No tune (4) (impress) me so much until that moment. Later. I (s) (find) that a lot of girls at school (6) (hear/also)it and felt the same.I (7) (remember)walking down the streetwith two of my friendsand discussingthem.We all saidthey (8) (look)ugly in their photographs, especially with no collars on their jackets. The music (e) (be)great,we (10) lthinkl.but theydid look ugly.\" *** ,11

II. l . W h e nw e (enter)the hotel lobby, we realizedthat the curtains (change)to match the furniture. 2' Before boardingthe plane, I wantedto buy a magazineto read during the flight. I didn't I came out, it want to carry my heavy luggageinto the store,so I left it outside.When wasn'tthereany more.Someone_ _ ( s t e a l )i t . 3. She (lay) the table long before the guestsarrived but she forgot the salt andpepper +. The strikersweregettingrestlessbecausethey.._.-=_- (stand)in front of thecompanydirector'osfficefor five hours,waitingfor a response. **>k Thirty yearsago,Suzy Szabowas the greatestfilm starin the world. Sheusedto live in a big housein Hollywood where she (5) (have)twelve servants.When we asked people about her, many thought that she (6) (already I dte). Thar's becauseMs Szabo(7) (give) any interviewsto the press since 1972. Whereis shenow? Ms Szabo(8) (still/be)a very rich woman but she(9) (live) in Hollywood any more. Twenty yearsago, she moved to a small villase in the south of France, where the sun (l0) (always/shine). These days, she ( l l ) (have) a wonderful time with her husbandon a cruise in the Greek Islands. Last month one of our reportersaskedpermissionto publish Ms Szabo'smemories.At the momentshe (12) (think) about whether it's a good idea to have her biographypublishedor not. She is a little worried abouthaving her recentpicturesrakenand p r i n t e di n l h e n e w s p a p e rasss h et l 3 ) (believe)that shehaschanseda lor. There was nobody at home when I cameback from work. Jrm'swardrobe was empty. his clotheswere gone. However, he (14) (leave)me a note on the kitchen table.After readingit, I realizedt h a th e ( 1 5 ) (want)to see me any more. *x* A motoristsaw two men who 116) (carry) heavy ha qs along a lonely country road. Earlier that day he (17) (read) rn the 42

newspapear bouttwo thieveswho (18) (stop)a train and stolen mail-bagscontaininga lot of money,so he (19) (infonn) thepolice immediately.The police soon arrivedon the scene.They questionedthe men but neitherof them was ableto speakEnglish.The men tried hard to resistthe arrest.When they arrived at thepolice station,the bags(20) (open)at once.A terriblemistake (21) (make)!The men were Frenchonion-sellersand their basswere full of onionsl The first man to jump out of an aeroplanewhen travellingat a speedgreaterthan soundwas Arthur Ray Hawk. Up to that time,jumps of this sort (22) (regard)as impossiblebut this outstandingUnited StatesNavy pilot proved the world that s u c hj u m p s( 2 3 ) (be)possible. Duringan air show over Mississippiin 1954,Hawk (24) (fly) an entirely new, type of plane when, at 40,000 feet, the nose of the plane (2s) (dip) sharplyA. s Hawk (26) (try) to pulltheplaneout of the dive, he noticedthe speedomete(r27) (go) up very fast. A few minutes later it reached a speed faster than sound. (28) (trap) in his seat, and hanging upside-down, the pilor I 2gl (be able / press) the button that would put the plane on aulomaticpilot. Near him. however,therewas anotherbutton which was to be usedonly in timesof greatdanger.Hawk pressedit, the glassshell abovehis headopenedup and he was thrown up into the air. Then he went down with great speed, (3 0 ) (try) to pull the ribbon which would open his parachute.He failed in his attempt.He was fortunate becauseif his parachutehad opened, at that rate of s p e e di,t ( 3 1 ) (tear)to piecesby such a strong wind. At about 29,000 feet, Hawk managedto open his parachuteS. oon afterwards,he landed safely in a field of cotton.

Last week I (32) (have) the strangestexperience when I r33) (take) my poodle, Suzettefor a walk on the 5th Avenue. We (34) (geVjust) to the corner when r15t (notice) a man a few houses behind me. He (3 6 ) (walk) with his large Dobermanpinscher.so I quickly (37) (move) to the other side of the street to let them (38) (pass)S. uzene(39) (have) a fight and she (40) (bite) by another dog the week before so I (41) (want) her to get into trouble. I (42) (start)walking really fast in orderto keepfar aheadof them.Suddenly,the man calledout and askedme to stop.He said that his dog really (43) (like)poodles. He also added that he was hopine our doss could meet! I told him that I (44) (allow/never)my dog to make friends with strangerstill that time and that I (45) (be) glad if he left us alone.Without savins anything,the man walkedaway with his dog. *** Yesterdayduring the final exam, Lata (46) (daydream)at her desk in the examinationr o o m w h i l e t h e o t h e r s t u d e n t s ( 4 7 ) - - ( a n s w e r ) t h e questionsL. ata (48) (attend)all the lecturesthroughoutthe year.and on the day of the final exam, she was really determinedto do well. However. she couldn't help thinking about the boy she (49) (start) going out the week before the finals. When the invigilator announcedthe time left, Lata (50) ( r e a l i s e )t h a t she (5| )_ (answer) even a single question and imrnediatell' (begin) to answerthe questions.L e a v i n gt h e e x a m i n a t i o nr t r o m . r5?\\ Lata was upsetas she was sureshe(53) (do) badly in the exambut when shesawher boyfriendwho (54) (wait) for her for two hours outside,shestoppedworrying aboutthe exam. Let tell you what happened today at the store where I work. It (551 (be) the end of the day about 7.00 pm. We (s6) (sefYe) customers for more than eight hours. t (s7) (think) of going home and taking a nice hot shower when I noticedJulie,one of the cashiers(,58) (put) a bundle of hundred- dollarnotesin herpurse.She(59) (take)thebills from theopentill 44