tech-2022_10(103)

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. connected to the interface should not lead to a complete 1) Data previously transmitted via analog signals rejection of the interface; (images, sound, data from sensors) began to be transmitted in digital form.  delays in the transmission of important data should be detectable and small; 2) The structure of on-board devices has changed, there has been a division into primary information  operation in adverse external conditions - devices systems and primary data processing and data mixing that ensure the operation of the interface must withstand systems from different sources, resulting in a large flow the effects of temperature, vibration, shock and other of data from primary information systems to processing external factors occurring on board the aircraft; systems.  ability to control the situation; 3) New tasks have emerged that require large data  simplicity of maintenance; flows and real-time transmission - digital signal  ease of changing the composition and processing, token separation, and more. configuration of devices - the addition or removal of transmitters and receivers should not lead to significant All this required an increase in the transfer rate from changes in other transmitters and receivers using this the current 0.125-2 Mbit / s to 100 Mbit / s - 1 Gbit / s, interface. so timely transmission of data with a delay of less than Depending on these specific features, special 1 ms should be guaranteed. The latest types of aircraft interfaces installed in aviation standards are used to are introducing high-speed interfaces that meet these customize on-board systems. The two main standards requirements. Fiber Channel, Ethernet / AFDX are developed in the 1980s and still widely used today are widely used in aviation. the ARINC-429 standard for civil aircraft and the MIL- STD-1553B standard for military aircraft. Thus, aircraft use several different interfaces Naturally, over the last 40 years, the interfaces they simultaneously: parallel busbars within electronic blocks, define have become obsolete and do not meet modern simple serial interfaces for communication with sensors, requirements, primarily in terms of bandwidth. multiplex channels or networks for the interaction of The military tried to use the backup created for the onboard systems. This diversity leads to large tool, MlL-STD-1553V and at the same time increased the effort, and time costs in designing and then modernizing data transfer rate, resulting in the STANAG 39l0 the device. If it were possible to combine all on-board standard, which is widely used. Civil aviation did not devices using a single interface, this would have follow the path of modernizing the ARlNC-429 provided significant technical and economic benefits. standard, instead a new ARlNC-629 for trunk aircrafts and ASCB interfaces for light aircrafts appeared. In conclusion, the efforts of aircraft device However, the bandwidth requirements of the on- designers in recent years have been focused on creating board interface continue to grow. The amount of data such a universal interface, and to meet the requirements transmitted has increased dramatically, which is due to of different device groups, this interface must be the following changes: flexible, its characteristics must change widely while maintaining common exchange principles. Such interfaces are scalable. This will of course be convenient for both the crew and the diagnostic staff. References: 1. Skrypnik O.N., \"Aircraft radio navigation systems\". Moscow, 2018. [in Russian]. 2. Leeexplore.ieee.org/document/635042 – Description of the remote diagnostic system Boeing – Aircraft information management system (AIMS) 3. Konstantinov V.D., Technical maintenance of aviation equipment. - M.: MSTU GA, 2000. [in Russian]. 4. http:www.aircraft.airbus.com/support-services/ services – Description of the remote diagnostic system Airbus-AiRTHM. 5. Pavlov N.M. \"Atmospheric optical communication lines, their proper-ties\". 2007. [in Russian]. 6. Koptev A.N., \"Aviation and radio-electronic equipment of aircraft\". Samara, 2011. [in Russian]. 7. Nikolskiy B.A., \"Onboard electronic systems\". Samara, 2013. [in Russian]. 8. Abdukayumov A., & Maturazov I.S. (2021). Improvement of radio electronic equipment diagnostic system. 9. ABDUKAYUMOV, A. and MATURAZOV, I.S., 2020. Remote di-agnostic capability of aircraft special equipment, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2020. 62

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. ENGINEERING GEOMETRY AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10.14321 RGB AND YCbCr COLOR SPACES, STANDARDS AND CONVERSIONS FOR FPGA ENGINEERS Peter Safir Bachelor of Science, The Azrieli College of Engineering in Jerusalem (JCE) Israel, Jerusalem E-mail: [email protected] ЦВЕТОВЫЕ МОДЕЛИ RGB И YCBCR ИХ СТАНДАРТЫ И КОНВЕРСАЦИЯ ДЛЯ ПЛИС ИНЖЕНЕРОВ Сафир Петр Павлович бакалавр наук, Академический инженерный колледж Азриэли Израиль, Иерусалим ABSTRACT This paper analyzes, from an FPGA engineer's point of view, the conversion of color spaces from RGB to YCbCr and back again. The standards of color spaces are considered as well as the transformation in the FPGA environment. Consideration needs to be given to when it is better or worse to use a particular standard; and also it is a good idea to consider the mathematical rules of conversion in general. Conclusions should also be made about what instances prevent conversion and how it affects the speed of the process and the quality of the video signal in the example of RGB24bit[888] and RGB16bit[565] the conversion standards. Why convert from RGB16bit[565] to RGB24bit[888] using the YCbCr color space? Consider, for example, some sampling formats for the YCbCr color space. All of the following are suitable for working with languages such as VHDL[1] and Verilog[2]. АННОТАЦИЯ В этой статье анализируется с точки зрения FPGA инженера преобразование цветовых пространств из RGB в YCbCr и обратно. Рассмотрены стандарты цветовых пространств, а также преобразования в среде FPGA. Делаются выводы, в каком случае не допускать преобразование и как это влияет на быстродействие всего процесса и качества видео сигнала на примере преобразования стандарта RGB24bit[888] и RGB16bit[565]. Почему при конвертации из цветового пространства RGB16bit[565] переходить в цветовое пространство RGB24bit[888] через цветовое пространство YCbCr. Рассмотрим некоторые форматы отбора проб для цветового пространства YCbCr. Все нижеописанное подходит для работы с такими языками как VHDL[1] и Verilog[2]. Keywords: RGB, YCbCr, color space, FPGA. Ключевые слова: RGB, YCbCr, цветовая модель, ПЛИС. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction With different transformations, and further usage, it is possible to save significantly on the processing time of FPGA development has progressed considerably re- video signals and on the physical area of the FPGA chip cently. We see a significant improvement in the perfor- itself. mance of the FPGA systems themselves and also on the market a lot of FPGA-based embedded systems are Basic color space standards available. Firms such as Xilinx and Intel produce their own FPGA with SoC (system on chip). Integration of RGB color model SoC (more precisely ARM processor architecture) to- gether with the FPGA allows us to combine the power RGB is a color model. What does this mean? There of a software processor with the power of a programma- are three colors in the RGB color space, namely RED ble hardware processor on a chip that definitely in- GREEN BLUE. When we add these colors in certain creases the productivity and scalability of the entire proportions to black, we get new shades of color. In the system. For the systems needed to work in real time decimal system, we can get 256 different shades of color mode the speed of data processing is very important. for each of the three channels. In the binary system we use 8 bits which means [00000000] to [11111111] for __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Safir P. RGB AND YCbCr COLOR SPACES, STANDARDS AND CONVERSIONS FOR FPGA ENGINEERS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14321

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. each channel. To define black in each of the three channels we need to work with a video signal, e.g. for using dif- we have to define R=[00000000] G=[00000000] ferent filters, this type of information is not acceptable B=[00000000] and to define white we have to define in our system. It is therefore necessary to convert R=[1111111111] G=[11111111] B=[11111111] and RGB[888] into RGB[565]. This will significantly re- this is the maximum color value for an 8 bit RGB color duce the amount of memory needed to process stream- space. Changing the parameters within 8 bits in any of ing video on our system. It is also much faster to process the three channels will change the overall color that the 2 bytes than 3 bytes. human eye perceives. There are RGB32bit and RGB64bit standards, but they require large memory RGB16bit[565] sizes and are not usually used in FPGA systems. Two RGB color model standards are primarily used for video in In this color model we use only 5 bytes per RED and FPGAs. These are the RGB24bit [888] and RGB16bit BLUE color and 6 bytes for the GREEN color. Why do [656] models. we leave six bytes for the GREEN color? It is a basic fact of human evolution that our eyes are more sensitive RGB24bit[888] and RGB16bit[656] color models to green than to other colors. So, changes in the RED and BLUE channels will not affect our pictures as much Ready-made video modules (video cameras) that as changes in the BLUE channel. Therefore, we include are used in embedded systems or in systems based on an additional bit for the green channel [4]. FPGA have built-in video codec. However, where the output, which is formed by a digital video signal in RGB Color model conversion: format or module creates an analogy signal we need to RGB24bit[888] to RGB16bit[656]: add an additional video codec, such as this ADV7844[3]. At the output from the codec, we have In this conversion method, we remove the low bits created a RGB signal in 12 bit. This video signal format leaving only the high bits. Unfortunately, we lose the is intended only for displaying on a VGA display. But if low-order bits and cannot recover them. 24ibt RGB888 to 16bit RGB656 [R7 R6 R5 R4 R3] [R7 R6 R5 R4 R3 R2 R1 R0] [G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2] [B7 B6 B5 B4 B3] [G7 G6 G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0] [B7 B6 B5 B4 B3 B2 B1 B0] RGB16bit[656] to RGB24bit[888]: In this method we add the low bits: 16bit RGB656 to 24ibt RGB888 [R4 R3 R2 R1 R0] [R4 R3 R2 R1 R0 R2 R1 R0] [G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0] [G5 G4 G3 G2 G1 G0 G1 G0] [B4 B3 B2 B1 B0] [B4 B3 B2 B1 B0 B2 B1 B0] YCbCr color model cannot pass the entire signal sequence in one cycle of the clock and will, as a consequence, work much more effi- The YCbCr color model where Y is luminance, Cb ciently if we convert this format to YCbCr4:4:4 which is Chrominance-blue, Cr is Chrominance-red. We per- we can pass in one cycle of the clock. ceive the luminance component (Y-component) much more strongly than the color, so we can separate it into YCbCr formats a different component and also separate it from the color. The intensity of the Y-component can be changed YCbCr 4:4:4 without affecting the color. Unlike the RGB color The most obvious format without compression. model, where all colors are mixed in equal proportions, There is a Cb and Cr chromatic component for each part in the YCbCr model there is a rigid distinction between of the Y component. In this format we bi-pass the chro- the brightness Y channel and density of the Cb and Cr matic components completely. Each component is 8 channels. Therefore, by sub-sampling, we can signifi- bits, so each pixel in this format without compression is cantly reduce the amount of transmitted information that 3 bytes. In this format, it is more convenient to transmit will reduce the memory needed to store information and data to FPGA because we can transmit a pixel in one the video stream processing speed. At the same time, the cycle of the clock. brightness component Y stays in high resolution. The entire specification of the color model is described in the Four pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr0] [Y1 Cb1 Cr1] [Y2 Cb2 Cr2] standard organization ITU-T[5] standard number Rec. [Y3 Cb3 Cr3] ITU-R BT.601-6 [6]. Many video modules have embed- ded video codecs which output video in YCbCr color Pixels location in memory: Y0 Cb0 Cr0 Y1 Cb1 Cr1 Y2 model. For example, such a video codec ADV7181B Cb2 Cr2 Y3 Cb3 Cr3 generates YCbCr in YCbCr 4:2:2 format, which is not convenient for further work in the FPGA, because we 64

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. YCbCr Cr=R-Y (1.3) In this format, for each luminance Y channel report, we get half of the chromatic component of the 4:4:4 hor- Cg=G-Y (1.4) izontal scan. Each component is 1byte (8 bit). To display the first two pixels in this format we need only four com- We now have a fourth component, which did not ponents, namely Y0, Y1, Cb0, Cr1 and that 4 bytes. exist before, namely Cg, although there are three of them in RGB space. The sum of Cb+Cr+Cg is constant, so Four pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr0] [Y1 Cb1 Cr1] [Y2 Cb2 Cr2] knowing only two of the three components, Cb and Cr, [Y3 Cb3 Cr3] we can easily calculate the third component. But to display the image it is better to convert from YCbCr Pixels location in memory: Y0 Cb0 Y1 Cr1 Y2 Cb2 Y3 Cr3 to RGB. The sum of constants K does not exceed 1. Output 4 pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr1] [Y1 Cb0 Cr1] [Y2 Cb2 ������g + ������r + ������b = 1 (1.5) Cr3] [Y3 Cb2 Cr3] Direct transformation: YCbCr 4:1:1 This is not the best compression format, but is ac- Y = ������������r + ������(1 − ������r − ������b) + ������������b (1.6) ceptable where high video quality is not needed. For four adjacent pixels, it will take six bytes, assuming that each Cb = 1 0.5 (������ − ������) (1.7) component is 1 byte. To display the first four pixels we − ������b need Y0 Y1 Y2 Y3 Cb0 Cr3 and that's 6 bytes. Cr = 0.5 (������ − ������) (1.8) Four pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr0] [Y1 Cb1 Cr1] [Y2 Cb2 Cr2] 1 − ������r [Y3 Cb3 Cr3] Inverse transformation: Pixels location in memory: Y0 Cb0 Y1 Y2 Cr3 Y3 R = Y + 1 − ������r ������������ (1.9) Output 4 pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr3] [Y1 Cb0 Cr3] [Y2 Cb0 Cr3] 0.5 [Y3 Cb0 Cr3] G = Y − 2������b(1 − ������b) ������������ − 2������r(1 − ������r) ������������ (1.10) YCbCr 4:2:0 1 − ������b − ������r 1 − ������b − ������r This is probably the most popular format. The Y component Cb and Cr has one count per four reports. R = Y + 1 − ������b ������������ (1.11) There are two kinds of counts. The first takes the 4 closest 0.5 Cb and Cr components and forms one count; and the second takes the 2 vertical Cb and Cr components Standard Rec. ITU-R BT.601-6 [6] recommends the and forms another count. following coefficients: Eight pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr0] [Y1 Cb1 Cr1] [Y2 Cb2 Cr2] ������b = 0.114 ������r = 0.229 [Y3 Cb3 Cr3] [Y5 Cb5 Cr5] [Y6 Cb6 Cr6] [Y7 Cb7 Cr7] [Y8 Cb8 Cr8] As a result, we get formulas for forward and reverse conversion: Pixels location in memory: Y0 Cb0 Y1 Y2 Cb2 Y3 Y5 Cr5 Y6 Y7 Cr7 Y8 Output 4 pixels: [Y0 Cb0 Cr5] [Y1 Cb0 Cr5] [Y2 Cb2 Cr7] [Y3 Cb2 Cr7] [Y5 Cb0 Cr5] [Y6 Cb0 Cr5] [Y7 Cb2 Cr7] [Y8 Cb2 Cr7] YCbCr and RGB conversions YCbCr: RGB: Conversion between YCbCr and RGB formats is Y=0.229R+0.587G+0.114B R=Y+1.402Cr very simple. They are interchangeable formats, so the transition from one format to another can be easily im- Cb=0.564(B-Y) G=Y-0.344Cb-0.714Cr plemented in VHDL or Verilog quite simply. The Y lu- minance component can be calculated as an averaging Cr=0.713(R-Y) B=Y+1.722Cb of components such as RGB: Conclusion Y = ������������r + ������������g + ������������b (1.1) The RGB color space can be easily converted to any k-color multiplier for each component. YCbCr format, which will save us a lot of memory and Each component is the difference between the color processing speed. But it is also necessary to ensure the component R, G, B and the brightness component Y: data packet fits in one clock cycle if necessary. Fortu- nately, in YCbCr format the information can be com- pressed significantly and then returned to RGB format without significant losses. Cb=B-Y (1.2) 65

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. References: 1. Orhan Gazi, A Tutorial Introduction to VHDL Programming 1st ed. 2019 Edition, Publisher Springer, ISBN-10 9811323089, PP 30-44. 2. Samir Palnitkar, Verilog HDL: A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis 2nd Edition, Publisher Prentice Hall, ISBN-10 9780132599702, pp 28-45. 3. Iain Richardson, Video Codec Design: Developing Image and Video Compression Systems 1st Edition, Publisher Wiley, ISBN-10 0471485535, pp 120-132. 4. Ellen J. Gerl, Molly R. Morris, The Causes and Consequences of Color Vision, Evolution: Education and Outreach volume 1, pages476–486 (2008) 5. Jamal Shahin, The International Telecommunication Union, JAARGANG 34, NR. 154, 2010/2, pp 3-5. 6. International Telecommunication Union. Rec. ITU-R BT.601-6 1, RECOMMENDATION ITU-R BT.601-6, Studio encoding parameters of digital television for standard 4:3 and wide-screen 16:9 aspect ratios. pp 7-8. 7. Peter Marwedel, Embedded System Design: Embedded Systems Foundations of Cyber-Physical Systems 2nd ed. 2011 Edition, Springer Verlag, pp 78-90. 8. E. Prathibha, Dr.A.Manjunath, Likitha.R, RGB to YCbCr Color Conversion using VHDL approach, International Journal of Engineering Research and Development, Volume 1, Issue 3 (June 2012), PP.15-22. 66

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УДК 62/64+66/69 ББК 3 U55 Главный редактор: Ахметов Сайранбек Махсутович, д-р техн. наук; Заместитель главного редактора: Ахмеднабиев Расул Магомедович, канд. техн. наук; Члены редакционной коллегии: Горбачевский Евгений Викторович, канд. техн. наук; Демин Анатолий Владимирович, д-р техн. наук; Звездина Марина Юрьевна, д-р. физ.-мат. наук; Ким Алексей Юрьевич, д-р техн. наук; Козьминых Владислав Олегович, д-р хим. наук; Ларионов Максим Викторович, д-р биол. наук; Манасян Сергей Керопович, д-р техн. наук; Мажидов Кахрамон Халимович, д-р наук, проф; Мартышкин Алексей Иванович, канд.техн. наук; Мерганов Аваз Мирсултанович, канд.техн. наук; Пайзуллаханов Мухаммад-Султанхан Саидвалиханович, д-р техн. наук; Радкевич Мария Викторовна, д-р техн наук; Серегин Андрей Алексеевич, канд. техн. наук; Старченко Ирина Борисовна, д-р техн. наук; Усманов Хайрулла Сайдуллаевич, д-р техн. наук; Юденков Алексей Витальевич, д-р физ.-мат. наук; Tengiz Magradze, PhD in Power Engineering and Electrical Engineering. U55 Universum: технические науки: научный журнал. – № 10(103). Часть 6. М., Изд. «МЦНО», 2022. – 68 с. – Электрон. версия печ. публ. – http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/10103 ISSN : 2311-5122 DOI: 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10 Учредитель и издатель: ООО «МЦНО» ББК 3 © ООО «МЦНО», 2022 г.

Содержание 5 5 Papers in english 5 Mechanical engineering and machine science 10 PRINCIPLES OF MAKING PILE OF COTTON CLEANING MACHINES FROM ELASTIC MATERIAL 19 Rustam Muradov Khamroz Ulugmuradov 19 Elmira Mukhametshina Azamat Kushimov 23 IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS TO DRYING PROCESS 28 Rasuljon Tojiyev Nargizaxon Rajabova 28 Metallurgy and materials science 33 TRANSFER OF COPPER CATIONS IN IRON VACANCIES OF NON-STOICHIOMETRIC 33 WUSTITE IN THE MAGNETITE PHASE Abdirashid Khasanov 36 Kakhramon Ochildiev Shokhrukh Khojiev 36 Akhrorjon Mashokirov 43 THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF SEPARATION OF THE SLAG AND MATTE PHASES BY THEIR DENSITY: A GENERAL OVERVIEW 48 Abdirashid Khasanov Shokhrukh Khojiev Kakhramon Ochildiev Khusnobod Abjalova Instrumentation, precision and accuracy, data measurement tools and systems FEATURES OF METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF AUTOMATIC DEVICES LINE SPEED AND DIMENSION CONTROL Kerimzade Gulschen Sanan Processes and machines of agroengineering systems THE THEORY OF CREATING AUTOMATIC AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR GROWING PLANTS Peter Safir Transport ALGORITHM AND METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF TRACTION CALCULATION FOR DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES AND ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES AT THE RAILWAY SECTION Oleg Ablyalimov Jasurbek Yakubov Anna Avdeyeva Khusan Kosimov Utkir Safarov ABOUT OF TRANSPORTATION WORK OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES 3VL80S ON THE HILLY - MOUNTAINОUS SECTION OF THE RAILWAY Oleg Ablyalimov Jasurbek Yakubov Anna Avdeyeva Khusan Kosimov Utkir Safarov TO THE EFFICIENCY OF USING ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES 3VL80S ON THE HILLY - MOUNTAINOUS SECTION OF THE RAILWAY Oleg Ablyalimov Jasurbek Yakubov Anna Avdeyeva Khusan Kosimov Utkir Safarov

EVALUATION OF INDICATORS OF TRANSPORTATION WORK OF THE DIESEL 53 LOCOMOTIVES ON THE MAROKAND - KATTAKURGAN DISTRICT OF UZBEK RAILWAY Oleg Ablyalimov 58 Anna Avdeyeva Otabek KHamidov 63 KHusan Kosimov Obidjan Кasimov 63 Jasurbek Yakubov Utkir Safarov EVALUATION OF THE TRACTION QUALITY OF THE PATH PROFILE ON SECTION MAROKAND - KATTAKURGAN WITH DIESEL TRACTION Oleg Ablyalimov Anna Avdeyeva Otabek Khamidov Khusan Kosimov Obidjan Кasimov Jasurbek Yakubov Utkir Safarov Transport, mining and construction engineering SUBSTANTIATION THE EFFICIENT WAGONS OF TRACTOR TRAIN IN TRANSPORTATION OF AGRICULTURAL CARGOES Makhamad Toshboltayev Bakhtiyor Kambarov Bakhtiyor Kholikov

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. PAPERS IN ENGLISH MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MACHINE SCIENCE DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10.14412 PRINCIPLES OF MAKING PILE OF COTTON CLEANING MACHINES FROM ELASTIC MATERIAL Rustam Muradov Doctor of technical science, professor, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] Khamroz Ulugmuradov PhD student, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] Elmira Mukhametshina PhD student, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] Azamat Kushimov Assistant, Jizzakh Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Jizzakh E-mail: [email protected] ПРИНЦИПЫ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ВОЛОХОПОЧИСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ МАШИН ИЗ ЭЛАСТИЧНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА Мурадов Рустам Мурадович д-р техн. наук, проф., Джизакский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Джизак Улуғмурадов Хамроз Юсуф ўғли докторант, Джизакский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Джизак Мухаметшина Эльмира Талгатовна докторант, Джизакский политехнический институт Республика Узбекистан, г. Джизак Кушимов Азамат Абдураззакович ассистент, Джизакский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Джизак __________________________ Библиографическое описание: PRINCIPLES OF MAKING PILE OF COTTON CLEANING MACHINES FROM ELASTIC MATERIAL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Muradov R.M. [и др.]. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14412

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. ABSTRACT The article examines the machine for cleaning cotton from small contaminants and its main elements. Elastic materials used in the manufacture pile drums in the cleaning of cotton were analysis. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассматривается хлопкоочистительная машина и ее основные элементы. Проанализированы эла- стичные материалы, используемые при изготовлении ворсовых барабанов хлопкоочистительных машин. Кeywords: cotton, clean, fiber, mesh surface, pile drums, efficiency, small contaminants. Ключевые слова: хлопок, очистка, волокно, сетчатая поверхность, ворсовый барабан, эффективность, мелкая грязь. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2021 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan processed raw materials are constantly working to No. PF-14 of November 16 \"On measures to regulate the increase the volume of harvesting, increase the quality activities of cotton textile clusters\" [1], the development of storage, and ensure the preservation of natural strategy of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021 properties [3]. \"...increasing the competitiveness of the national economy, reducing the consumption of energy and resources, Today, due to the serious attention paid to cotton energy-saving widespread adoption of technologies.\" cleaning in the world, it is shown that attention should determines the tasks. [2]. be paid to prevent the quality fiber, seed and fibrous material from it going to waste. Unfortunately, effective Currently, in order to meet the demand of the textile solutions for cotton cleaning have not been found in the industry for high-quality fiber, which is competitive in scientific research carried out in this regard. the world market, cotton processing enterprises from Table 1. The main parameters of cotton cleaning equipment used in our country and abroad Brand of cleaning Pile diameter Pile height The distance between The distance between machine piles in a row the piles along the circle 14 70 150 <<ХChЕ>> 8 37 60 68 ОХB-10М 8 37 60 56 ChХ-3М-2 12 50 70 56 <<SCH, 1ХК>> 12 37 55 63 <<Мurrey>> 13 37 45 154 8 35 50 83 <<Lyummus>> 104 <<Hardvik-Etter>> In this table, the interaction of the pile-plate drum Figure 1. Pile drum for cleaning existing cotton with the mesh surface has been studied, as well as the from small impurities law of the impact process according to the zones of the mesh surface. The authors believe that the pile drum will 1- peg-board drum, 2- piles, 3- mesh surface, have a much higher cleaning efficiency if the extended 4- a piece of cotton mesh is used. Relatively low cleaning efficiency is explained by the fact that the coverage angle of the mesh Р- the impact of the pile drum on cotton; Г- centrifugal surface under the pile-plate drums was 110°. force; Фтр- friction force In order to separate small impurities in cotton, cotton gins use equipment for cleaning small impurities such as 1XK and 6A-12M [4]. The cleaning efficiency of such cleaners reaches 45-50% [5]. It has been proven that seed damage is around 2.0% as a result of cotton raw material being hit and dragged along the mesh surface by piles. This damage creates various defects in the fiber. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a new technology that ensures the efficiency of cleaning from small impurities while keeping the natural quality indicators of cotton as much as possible. Therefore, the issue of selecting an impact surface with high cleaning efficiency was directly studied. Experiments show that a drum cleaner with a higher impact surface coverage has the highest cleaning efficiency [6]. 6

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. The scientific novelty of the research is that cotton It consists in maintaining the natural properties of is separated from small impurities using a new cotton while ensuring its good drying during the cleaning technology. In the process of cleaning cotton, it is carried of small impurities under the influence of a drum with out with the help of mesh surfaces mounted on an elastic an elastic pile [10]. base and piles made of elastic material mounted on a drum [7]. In addition, the profile of elastic piles is made conical. Conical elastic piles reduce the risk of cotton Figure 2. Suggested elastic finger cleaner drum getting tangled and entangled. 1- peg-board drum, 2- elastic piles, 3- mesh surface, 4- a piece of cotton As a result, it becomes possible to sell the fiber in Р- the impact of the pile drum on cotton; Г- centrifugal higher grades due to the reduction of various defects in force; Фтр- friction force; α- bending of the elastic pile the composition of the fiber. As a result, it will be It has a positive effect on the removal of small possible to increase the economic efficiency of cotton impurities from the cotton content of the drum piles ginning enterprises while cleaning cotton using the new from the elastic material, and the crawling movement technology while preserving its natural properties. along the mesh surface [8]. Making the profiles of mesh surface holes in Rubber products are widely used in all sectors of the different sizes increases the efficiency of extracting economy, especially in the tractor and automobile small impurities from the content of cotton [9]. industry, because rubber, which is the main component of rubber, is very elastic. Rubber can be deformed very strongly (up to 100 percent), but after the load is removed, the rubber will almost completely return to its original state. In addition, the rubber has high chemical resistance, resistance to erosion, good electrical insulating properties, and low density. Today's cars have several hundred different rubber parts. A large part of the produced rubber (about 60 percent) is used for the production of tires for auto tractors.. The reasons for the wide use of rubber in technology are as follows:  high elasticity of the material (for high-quality rubbers, the relative elongation reaches 1000 percent);  sufficient strength (the tensile strength of the best types of rubber reaches 40 MPa);  very little gas permeability and complete water impermeability;  high dielectric properties. Table 2. The main characteristics of rubbers and the field of use Rubber Main features Usage field Natural (NR) It has high tensile strength and elasticity. Suitable for use in temperatures 3, 6, 8, 10, 12 from 60°C to 100°C 11, 12, 13 Butadiene It has high tensile strength and wear resistance. Suitable for use at temperatures styrene(СКС)ъ up to 100C. Resistant to high temperature cold (up to -75°C) 3,6, 10, 12,14 2, 6, 8, 12, 14 Butadienemethyl - styrene (CКМC) 6,8 Isoprene (СКИ) 1,4, 5, 7, 9, 11 Butadiene It has very high mechanical independence, is resistant to corrosion and cold 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 (СКД) 3 Chloroprene (nitrite) High elasticity, wear resistance. It is suitable for use in the environment of oil 4, 5 products at a temperature of 120-130°C. It is vulcanized without raw materials. 1 Butadiene nitrile Similar to nitrite. Improved heat resistance (CКҲ) With Heat resistant, can be used for a long time at temperatures from 60°C to 300°C. dimethylsiloxane(CКТ) It has high dielectric properties. Quickly dissolves in petroleum products Fluoro rubber (СКФ) Similar to With dimethylsiloxane, but insoluble in petroleum products Ethylene propylene Suitable for use at temperatures from 50°C to 130°C, has high electrical (СКЕП) insulation properties 7

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Explanation. The numbers in the third column indi- 11) used in the preparation of protective details cate the field of use of the rubber: suitable for use in the environment of petroleum products; 1) It is used to seal cabin windows and other details; 12) used in the preparation of auxiliary parts 2) It is used to seal cabin doors and other details; for general purposes suitable for use in the environment 3) used in the preparation of seals (rings, gaskets, of air, water, weak acid and alkali solutions; cuffs, etc.) suitable for use in the environment of air, wa- ter, acid and weak alkali solutions; 13) used in making tires. 4) used in the preparation of thickeners suitable for The use of pure natural and synthetic rubber is lim- use in petroleum products environment; ited (it is used in the preparation of adhesives, insulating 5) used in the preparation of valve details suitable tapes, sealing gaskets). Because they have a number of for use in petroleum products environment; disadvantages, including insufficient strength. The strength 6) used in the preparation of air, water, shock ab- of natural rubbers is 1-1.5 MPa, for styrene artificial sorbers; rubbers it does not exceed 0.5 MPa. One of the effective 7) used in the preparation of shock absorbers suita- ways to increase the strength of rubbers is vulcanization ble for use in the environment of oil products; [11]. 8) used in the preparation of power transmission In addition, in the industry, rubbers are selected parts (disks, bushings, blocks) suitable for use in an air based on their hardness and abrasion resistance [12]. environment; The following table (Table 3) shows the properties of the 9) used in the preparation of power transmission rubbers, and the piles must be able to withstand factors parts suitable for use in oil products environment; in various conditions for their reliable operation. To ensure 10) it is used in the preparation of protective details this, they were prepared in a vulcanization process at a (overlays, couplings, etc.) suitable for use in the envi- temperature of 145º-150º under a pressure of 100 ronment of air, water, weak acid and alkali solutions; atmospheres for 45 minutes [13]. Table 3. Technological characteristics of the selected rubber № Rubber brand Relative elongation Coefficient of elasticity Shore A hardness at break, percent of an elastic element, N/m 1 7317 400 0,25·105 55-75 2 10-220 120 0,38·105 80-95 3 В-14-1 120 0,51·105 65-80 According to the American scientists who are the minute and 25 percent after two minutes. The higher the leaders in the cultivation of cotton raw materials, the moisture content of the cotton, the lower the cleaning rate more times we clean the cotton, for example, up to 3 times, of the cotton. If the moisture content of the cotton is 11%, then the length of the staple mass of the fiber decreases after 3 minutes of cleaning, the cleaning rate of the by 0.25 mm, the amount of short fibers increases from 7.1 cotton is 52.7%, and at 14.5% moisture, the cleaning to 9.8 percent, the amount of long fibers It will decrease rate is 25.9%. If the moisture content of cotton increases from 60.4 percent to 52.2 percent. by 3.4%, then the level of cleaning of cotton is reduced by two times. Machine picked cotton had 3.2 percent minor defects, and its cleaning rate increased to 18 percent after one References: 1. Decree No. PF-14 of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 16, 2021 \"On measures to regulate the activities of cotton textile clusters\". 2. Jabbarov G'.J. etc. \"Technology of seed cotton processing\". Textbook. (Tashkent - \"Teacher\" 1987). 3. H. Akhmadkhodjaev, R. Muradov, Sh. Ergashev. Fiber material separator. № СУ1541313 А. С 07.02.90. Бюл № 5. 4. Ulug’muradov, Kh Y., I.Z. Abbazov, and E.T. Mukhametshina. \"Analysis of cleaning machines in cotton plant.\" Zbiór artykułów naukowych recenzowanych. (2020): 13. 5. Аббасов, Илхом Запирович, and Рустам Мурадович Мурадов. \"Пахта таркибидан майда ифлосликларни ажратиб олувчи янги ускуна конструксиясини таҳлили.\" Журнал Технических исследований 3.3 (2020). 6. A.Kh. Bobamatov. Создание эффективной конструкции и совершенствование научных основ методов расчёта очистителя хлопка от мелкого сора. Dissertation prepared for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Technical Sciences. (Tashkent. 2017). 7. I. Abbazov, Kh. Ulug'muradov, S. Hudoyberdieva \"Analysis of cleaning machines in cotton ginning enterprises\". Collection of materials of the republican scientific-practical conference on the topic \"Innovative ideas in the improvement of chemistry, food and chemical technologies\". (Namangan, 2019). pp. 303-306. 8

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. 8. Kh. Ulug'muradov, B. Najmiddinov, R. Muradov \"Creation of a new design of the device for cleaning cotton from small impurities\" Innovative approaches to the further development of the textile and sewing-knitting industry and personnel training. Republican online scientific-practical conference. A collection of scientific articles. Namangan-2020. - B. 75-79. 9. Korabelnikov R.V., Ibragimov Kh.I. Development of a comprehensive indicator of the effect of the cotton cleaner on raw cotton during the cleaning process. Molodyx uchenyx-2007, No. 5. P.19...23/ 10. Kh. Ulug'muradov, B. Sharopov, O'. Bohodirov, R. Muradov \"Analysis of materials used in the preparation of elastic piles\" International conference on the topic of economic innovative-technological problems and international expe- rience of increasing the efficiency of product production based on deep processing of raw materials in cotton textile clusters. Namangan-2022. - P. 555-558. 11. Baltabaev S.D. Preliminary cleaning of machine-picked raw cotton from weeds. Candidate of Science Diss.- Tashkent. 1949. 12. Мурадов Р.М., Мухаметшина Э.Т. Анализ исследования по совершенствованию элементов пневмотранспортных установок в целях снижения поврежденности хлопковых семян // Universum: технические науки: электрон. научн. журн. 2020. № 6 (75). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/9735. 13. Мурадов Р.М., Аббазов И.З., Мухаметшина Э.Т. АНАЛИЗ СТЕПЕНИ ПОВРЕЖДЁННОСТИ СЕМЯН В ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ ПРОЦЕССЕ ПЕРВИЧНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ХЛОПКА-СЫРЦА // Инновационные подходы в современной науке. – 2020. – С. 81-88. 9

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS TO DRYING PROCESS Rasuljon Tojiyev Doctor of Science, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana E-mail: [email protected] Nargizaxon Rajabova Graduate Student, Fergana Polytechnic Institute, Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana ВЛИЯНИЕ ВНУТРЕННЕЙ СТРУКТУРЫ МАТЕРИАЛОВ НА ПРОЦЕСС СУШКИ Тожиев Расулжон Жумабоевич д-р техн. наук, проф., Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана Ражабова Наргизахон Рахмоналиевна соискатель ученой степени доктора философии, Ферганский политехнический институт, Республика Узбекистан, г. Фергана E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT So far, drying processes have been studied mainly by macro-processes and sectors, the individual phases were treated as continuous models, represented as a continuously distributed medium, and body size and, accordingly, the analysis of the transfer processes in them is based on phenomenological ideas. Molecular physics related to the significant progress achieved at the atomic-molecular level, as well as the wide use of new physics, deeper penetration into the essence of micro-processes in the building processes and the consideration of corpuscular models depending on the atomic-molecular structure, molecules that form wet materials, atoms, it is recom- mended to take into account the interaction forces between ions and bodies. Such an approach to the study of drying processes is said to give positive results in the analysis of the processes developing inside the material. It has been written about the interaction of moisture with the dry skeleton of the body, the effect of surfactants on the wet material, and also led to the introduction of special methods of delivery of various energies to the drying areas. АННОТАЦИЯ До сих пор процессы сушки изучались в основном по макропроцессам и секторам, отдельные фазы рассмат- ривались как непрерывные модели, представленные в виде непрерывно распределенной среды, размера тела и, соответственно, анализ процессов переноса в них основан на феноменологических идеях. Молекулярная физика связана со значительным прогрессом, достигнутым на атомно-молекулярном уровне, а также широким использованием новой физики, более глубоким проникновением в суть микропроцессов в строи- тельных процессах и рассмотрением корпускулярных моделей в зависимости от атомно-молекулярной структуры, молекул, образующих влажные материалы, атомов, рекомендуется учитывать силы взаимодействия между ионами и телами. Говорят, что такой подход к изучению процессов сушки дает положительные результаты при анализе про- цессов, развивающихся внутри материала. Было написано о взаимодействии влаги с сухим скелетом тела, влия- нии поверхностно-активных веществ на влажный материал, а также привело к внедрению специальных методов доставки различных энергий в зоны сушки. Keywords: molecule, atom, ions, body, process, energy, momentum, glassy, micro, macro, polycrystalline surface, plastic deformation, dislocation, metal, lattice, adsorption, oxygen, thermal expansion, chemical corrosion, defects, elec- tron, particle, crystal, vacancy, block, grain, microscope, evaporation zone, drying. Ключевые слова: молекула, атом, ионы, тело, процесс, энергия, импульс, стекловидность, микро, макро, поликристаллическая поверхность, пластическая деформация, дислокация, металл, решетка, адсорбция, кислород, тепловое расширение, химическая коррозия, дефекты, электрон, частица, кристалл, вакансия, блок, зерно, микроскоп, зона испарения, сушка. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Tojiyev R.J., Rajabova N. IMPACT ON THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS TO DRYING PROCESS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14458

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Introduction The concept of \"impulse\" is taken from mechanics, and in developing this analogy, it is also recommended Drying is an energy-intensive process involving a to use the concept of \"impulse force\", which represents complex combination of heat and mass transfer processes. the time of the initial impact on the drying object, during its impact with the driving force of the drying process. The drying process depends on the strength, shape, properties, hardness or softness of the materials, the That is, it takes into account the duration of the ap- number of defects and the design and types of drying plication of the initial active force of the drying process. devices, and has a significant impact on the formation of the product structure, its final properties, the possibilities According to Le Chatelier - Brown's universal phys- of further technological processing and storage stability. ical principle, the stronger the external influence on the initial drying area, the stronger the internal processes For a systematic analysis of drying processes, five tend to return the system to the equilibrium state [1]. levels of the hierarchy of physicochemical effects and events can be distinguished, these processes develop in- Thus, in the design of drying devices, it is necessary terdependence and are studied by their level [1]. to create conditions that provide a perfect environment, external heat and mass exchange in the drying chamber, I-atom - research at the molecular level; and efficient flow of heat and mass transfer inside the II-research of supramolecular and globular structures; devices. III-analysis of physical and physicochemical pro- cesses occurring in drying devices, in particular, phases The main part in the field of energy and mass transfer; Study of the processes that occur between the The structure of materials means the distribution IV-drying chamber and the boundary layer areas; and interconnection of gaseous, vitreous (amorphous) Analysis of the set of processes that determine and crystalline phases, their physicochemical nature and the macro-hydrodynamic and macro-energetic state quantitative relations, the form of structure, and its micro of the V-device on a general scale. The first three levels and macrostructure. The microstructure is determined of the hierarchy relate to internal heat and mass transfer, by the nature of the crystalline phase, the glassy phase and and IV and V to external exchange. the combination with pores and their structural character. Currently, the calculation of drying processes and The macrostructure determines the size, structure, shape, drying devices are mainly at the macroscopic level and and mutual arrangement of pores in materials. are carried out at the III and IV hierarchy levels. However, clear data and future forecasts show that it is time to The drying of materials is determined by the number move to the atomic-molecular level, i.e., the 1st level of microcracks in them depending on the surface. It is hierarchy, and demand that research is conducted at this impossible to immediately determine the reasons for level. their formation. Until recently, drying processes were mainly studied in terms of macro processes and drying areas, while in- Their main reasons are: dividual phases were considered as continuous models a) Mechanical damage to the surface of the material represented as a continuous closed environment, the in the process of obtaining the finished material; body volume and, accordingly, the analysis of transfer b) Thermal expansion of polycrystalline materials processes in them was based on phenomenological ideas. at different coefficients in individual phases; Molecular physics related to the significant progress c) Chemical corrosion of the surface during the pro- achieved at the atomic-molecular level, as well as the wide duction of the material; use of new physics, conditions of exposure to external d) Connection of dislocation in the process of material fields, deeper penetration into the essence of micro- plastic deformation [2]. processes in drying processes and consideration of cor- The process of obtaining the finished material is al- puscular models depending on the atomic-molecular ways related to its primary mechanical processing. For structure of wet materials are recommended. the forces raw materials, this is the process of mining, subsequent of interaction between forming molecules, atoms, ions, grinding and sorting, and for moulded materials, this is and bodies are taken into account. the process of mixing the initial compounds. At all these This approach to the study of drying processes gives boundaries on the surface, the initial joints have a partial positive results in the analysis of the processes developing mechanical effect, which leads to the formation of not inside the material. It can be seen that the interaction only micro cracks but also macro cracks. Here we are of moisture with the dry skeleton of the body, the effect not talking about technological cracks in products, but of surfactants on the wet material, as well as the intro- about defects on the surface of individual compounds. duction of special methods of supplying different en- Often, the material is directed to heat treatment during ergies to the drying areas. the preparation process. The difference in the coefficient At the current modern stage of development, drying of thermal expansion is the reason for the formation of the material should be considered as a process of phase of surface microcracks. Here we are talking not about separation in heterogeneous systems under the conditions technological thermal micro-cracks, but micro-cracks of the interaction of its external and internal parts, with a multi-phase structure formed between fireclay the initial stage of this movement has a decisive effect and clay particles. and is called the initial impulse. It is known that the freshly exposed surface of many minerals has high chemical activity. Adsorption of this surface by foreign ions or mole- cules leads to chemical corrosion and partial destruction of the surface layer. For example, the failure of quartz 11

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. with Si-O bonds occurs with the formation of mi- Electron microscope studies show that the structure crocracks on the surface of the structure of the crystal of the materials, that is, the structure of the internal crys- itself. In this case, in cracks on the surface, Si and O ions tal particles of metals, is not properly formed. A solid are formed with unsaturated valence bonds. Such a sur- metal crystal lattice contains various defects that disrupt face has high energy and is characterized by a very re- the bonding of atoms and affect the properties of the active effect, on which oxygen atoms from the ambient metal. These defects in the lattice are the result of the air are immediately adsorbed, which leads to a decrease incorrect arrangement of atoms in the lattice [3-7]. in surface energy. Structures whose location is not completely perfect Metals and alloys obtained in a normal environment differ from each other as follows: are composed of a large number of crystals oriented in different directions in space, that is, they are formed in Lattice defect ������ ≈ 3 ∙ 10−8 ������������, which is small in all a polycrystalline state. These crystals are called particles three dimensions; linear which is smaller in both dimen- and their shape is irregular. Each particle in the crystal sions; plane (two-dimensional, surface) is small in one lattice has its orientation, which is different from the ori- dimension. entation of the neighbouring particle. Figure 1. Atomic defects in the crystal lattice a) vacant; b) atomic shift to an intermediate node; c) introduction of a foreign atom or ion into the lattice Figure 1 shows three types of atomic defects. It is in the crystal lattice, and naturally, they are less different shown that they appear in the form of vacant nodes, from other defects. Dislocation is a special arrangement atomic displacement to the interstitial node, and the in- of individual atoms. Figure 2 shows a micrograph of troduction of a foreign atom or ion into the lattice. dislocation traces. At present, the direct presence of the A dislocation is a special form of imperfection located dislocation has been proved. Figure 2. Microphotography of dislocation traces 12

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. For the first time about dislocation in 1934, physicists A dislocation is a one-dimensional (linear) type of Orovan, Polyana and Taylor used the phenomenon of defect. There are shear and screw types of simple dislo- dislocation to prove that there is a big difference in the cation. (Fig. 3, a) shows an ideal crystal structure of theoretical and practical strength of metals when it atomic formations parallel to each other. comes to the displacement of atoms under the influence of plastic deformation. Figure 3. Location scheme a) ideal crystal structure; b) edge location; c) screw location If one of them is broken in the crystal, a shear For many crystals -Ev =1 eV. At room temperature, dislocation is formed in place of the broken place. RT= 0.025 eV, from which At maximum close-up, lattice distortion is rapidly ab- sorbed by the size of its loss (Fig. 3b). ������������ ������ −1/0,025 ≈ 10−14 ������ In the case of a screw dislocation, there is no discontinuity in the atomic planes within the crystal, but With increasing temperature, the relative the atomic planes themselves reflect a spiral staircase-like concentration of vacancy increases rapidly and reaches system. In practice, this single atom is twisted into a plane 10-5 at T=600K and 10-2 at T=900K. screw line. Disorientation blocks in a screw dislocation can be represented in the form of (Fig. 3, c). The area Applying similar considerations to relative adjacent to the location axis is represented by two concentration, the energy of Frenkel defects is 3+ -5 eV. blocks, one of which moves forward one step about the neighbouring block. Distortion of a large portion of Even if the relative concentration of atomic defects the lattice is known as nucleation. Any exact location is is not very large, it can become large with changes in the provided in the form of a screw and screw location. physical properties of the crystal. Two-dimensional (planar) defects include the boundary between the crystal grains of linear arrangement paths. Even if the relative concentration of atomic defects The surface of a crystal can be considered a two-dimen- is not very large, it can become large with changes in the sional defect. physical properties of the crystal. Vacancy-type point defects are present in each lat- A dislocation is a displacement of crystal points, tice, which disappear under the influence of thermal involving much larger knots than atomic defects. fluctuations and appear continuously. The equilibrium Dislocation energy is estimated as 4∙10-19 Dj per concentration of vacancy nv in the lattice at the temper- dislocation length of 1 m. Such large energy to create ature denoted by the letter T is determined according to dislocations puts them in an athermal state, practically the Boltzmann formula as follows: independent of temperature. For the entire range of the substance in the crystalline state, the occurrence of ������������ = ������������−������в(������������) (1) dislocations from thermal fluctuations is less lost than in vacancies. where n is the number of atoms per crystal volume unit; -ЕV – energy that creates vacancies; R- Boltzmann con- A dislocation in a real crystal is formed by its growth in a mixture or solution. From the study of the stant. structure of real crystals, it can be seen that their structure is different from the structure of ideal crystals. Real crystals are made up of regular blocks that are closely parallel to each other. It should be said that real 13

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. crystals have a mosaic structure. The size of the blocks different orientation against the plane. Therefore, a ranges from 10-4 to 10-6. Figure 4 shows two blocks that transition layer occurs, in which a lattice source from are spread out at an angle φ to each other and grow one direction in a block leads to the accumulation of opposite each other. In addition, the crystal lattice has a vacancies (Fig. 4). Figure 4. A dislocation in a real crystal a-blocks growing opposite each other; φ - the angle between them; b- dislocation resulting from the displacement of blocks Figure 5. The formation of displacement in the crystal а- accumulation of vacancies in the crystal; b- the vacancies resulting from this accumulation The formation of displacement in the crystal impact of another dislocation on it, which ensures that develops under the influence of external force, shows the dislocations move closer together or tend to each the effect of sliding on the formation and releases it to other. If the dislocation is located in one plane, then the surface of the crystal. If the displacement occurs only dislocations of the same direction repel each other, and due to the release of dislocations, the plastic deformation those of different directions attract each other. will decrease and the crystal will turn into a perfect state. According to the degree of dislocation filling in a given slip plane, the shear resistance increases and the crystal It can be seen from the experiment that with the is strengthened. The difference between the theoretical increase of the deformation, the disorder of the lattice and actual strength of solid bodies is caused by the increases, and the dislocation density also increases. For formation of small cracks in them, resulting in strong example, the dislocation density in well-burnt metals is concentrated stress. 107...108 cm-2. After cold treatment, the dislocation density increases to 1011...1012 cm-2. In this dislocation, In polycrystalline materials, grain sizes range from plastic deformation concentrates all the energy absorbed 1 to 1000 μm, more often 100 μm. The grains are by the metal. directed in all directions relative to each other and are turned by 10°. Grain boundaries are considered the main Currently, a dislocation appears in the process of defects in materials and are very complex and still not creating a shift under the influence of external forces. fully understood. At grain boundaries, atoms are On the other hand, it is known that according to the size misaligned. Here there is such a passage, the width of of the development of plastic deformation, the amount which is equal to the diameter of several atoms, and the of growth of crystal defects is strengthened. The essence lattice of one grain crosses the lattice of another grain of this strength is the interaction of dislocations in the differently. (Fig. 6). lattice crystal with each other and with other lattice defects. A dislocation breaks the lattice tension, creates a force field around itself, and exhibits net stress and normal stress at each point. Forces are created from the 14

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Figure 6. Scheme of the polycrystalline structure Accumulation of the layer at the boundary causes of the metal the dislocation to pile up because neither can keep the slip field unchanged when crossing the boundary along the Burchere vector. When studying the composition of grain using an electron microscope, it was found that the structure of crystals inside the grain is incorrect. The action of a shear force on a crystal with a dislocation creates a linear gap between the top two rows of the plane. In the lower plane, there will be a row of redundant atoms at the boundary falling into the block section. There is an incredible amount of compression between two atoms packed into this space. (Figure 7) At some initial moment, the space between atoms 4 and 5 and atoms 41 and 51 are compressed. Under the influence of force F, rows 5 and 6 are moved into space. Figure 7. Displacement scheme of an ideal crystal A crystal with a) and dislocation b) All dislocations move to the right, and their dislocations. The presence of such barriers leads to the movement continues in the same order until the strengthening of the crystal lattice and the formation of dislocation leaves the boundary of the crystal. As a surface cracks. The distribution of such restrictions in result, the displacement of an ideal crystal is the the entire crystal leads to the distribution of dislocations, displacement of atoms along a series. In the second case, which are aligned with the direction of the dislocation it is not necessary to prove that the shear force will be lines. Thus, the initial mechanical damage to the surface, partially less. In the first case, it is necessary to prevent the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion in the interaction of the entire series, and in the second the structure of separate solid phases, chemical corrosion case, only the atoms. The movement of several and dislocation are the reasons for the formation of cracks. dislocations in one plane, and their joining, leads to the formation of crack states. The distribution of all such All solids have external and internal defects. constraints in the crystal leads to the distribution of the Existing defects develop and new ones are formed when dislocations themselves. the body is loaded, causing tension and plastic deformation. The pattern of small cracks on the surface We will explain this with the following example. of the material can be considered a pinhole. Both sides We assume that the crystal has several dislocations in of the slit mouth will have all the surface properties of the shear plane, and with the inclusion of a foreign atom the surface energy α. At the end of the free surface to the in the plane, the bond strength between neighbouring depth of the micro-notch, the surface energy is lost [8,9,10] atoms in the crystal lattice becomes sufficiently large compared to the atomic bond in the crystal itself. In this The presence of microcracks ensures the penetration case, the movement of the first dislocation is stopped by of the external environment into the surface layer of the its exit from the crystal, and the movement of atoms is material. If the external medium is liquid, it forms a thin stopped by the attraction of a foreign atom. The layer in the cracks with sufficient excess free energy. In displacement of the atoms of the second and third this case, the free energy increases due to the decrease dislocations leads to the densification of the atoms on in the thickness of the layer. The cracks in the layer can the left side of the crystal and the concentration of the be shallow or deep, and the cracks are short and long. voids on the right. Such restrictions in a real crystal are not only foreign atoms but also defects at the crystal To reduce the free energy, the liquid layer tries to boundary, which greatly hinder the free movement of thicken in the microcracks and exerts pressure on the walls of the cracks. This pressure is maximum at the end of the crack, where it can penetrate the liquid. The impact 15

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. of the liquid is important and is determined by the heat energy of the liquid surface of the given body. Capillary pressure Rk is characterized by swelling force as follows: Рк = 2������жс������������������/ч Here: θ is the shear angle; ч is the width of the slot (crack). Together with the kinetics, the shrinkage η depends on the viscosity of the liquid material: ������������ = ������2������ [������������������������ − ������������������������������] ������������ [ ������ℎ ] Here: l-the column length of the liquid in the capillary; Figure 8. Scheme of movement of moisture t-breathing time; ������-liquid density; a ������- angle of inclination from the solid zone to the gas zone of the capillary to the horizon. In the evaporation zone, the adsorbent is dominated In order to enhance this effect, it is necessary not to by moisture, and in the wet zone, the capillary liquid, hold back the effect of impact and the absorption of where evaporation occurs on the surface of the liquid. liquid into narrow micro-cracks should not be complete, On the surface of the wet zone (������ = ������ − ������) the gas is it should be removed quickly. 2 Point defects can interact with each other and other fully saturated; and in the evaporation zone, the moist foreign defects as a result of their intra-crystal migration. Dislocations are formed as a result of the gas is in the same equilibrium with the material. interaction of the mixture of atoms with vacancies, point defects and line defects. Dehumidifying the material changes its energy Removal of moisture from defects (capillaries, state. Academician P.A. Rebinder, taking into account micro- and macro-cracks and dislocations) located in the internal structure of the material discussed and analyzed the change in the energy state, proposed the method of above is a somewhat complicated process. energy description technology, which represents the Therefore, when choosing a drying method and construction for the drying process, it is appropriate to form of moisture connection with the material. Based on take into account the state of defects in it, in addition to the properties of the material. It is also important to this description, he mentioned that there are three types minimize drying time and energy consumption. of bonds between moisture and material [3]. Drying is a mass transfer process, when the moisture accumulated in the material being dried is more than the The first is the chemical bonding method, in which equilibrium one, the evaporating moisture flows from the solid phase to the gas phase according to the equilibrium the moisture penetrates into the crystal lattice of the law, Figure 8 shows the movement of moisture from the solid phase to the gas phase [11,12, 13,14]. material. At the initial time ������о, the moisture in the body of the It takes a lot of energy to get the moisture out. material is uniform and it is equal to Со. The second is that the material is physically and At moments ������1, ������2 … ������������, as a result of the evaporation of moisture in the material, evaporation on chemically connected with moisture, that is, the material its surface decreases and gradient moisture is formed in the body of the material, as a result of which moisture is connected with moisture through adsorption and osmotic moves from the centre of the material to the surface of the upper surface, evaporates, and in the centre of the forces. material, a nucleus of the gas phase is formed in the form of vapour. The adsorbent is the force of the field of molecules According to the theory of evaporation zone lying in a certain plane, which binds to the outer surface inwardness developed by A.V. Lykov, during the drying process of a wet body, changing evaporation and of the material and occupies it. The osmotic wet colloid moisture zones are formed over time [2]. penetrates into the capillary pore areas of the body due Evaporation occurs not only on the surface of the material (������ = ������ − ������) but also on the full layer to the osmotic pressure in the form of diffusion through 2 their walls. Although the physicochemical bond is more thickness ������ of the material. Evaporation of liquid occurs strongly bound to the wet material, it does not take much more on the surface of the wet zone, (������ = ������ ) energy to separate them. 2 The third is a physical-mechanical connection that evaporation slowly decreases as it approaches the surface of the body. fills the macro- and micro-capillaries of the wet material. Macrocapillary - capillaries with a radius of 10-5cm are filled with moisture only after contact with water, but cannot absorb moisture from the air. 16

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. The relationship between the material and the moisture the moist layer, that is, the surface of the layer expands is that due to the binding of water vapour at a partial to a gel state, and the layer hardens as a result of pressure higher than the partial pressure of the moisture absorbing moisture from the inner layer. in the outside air, the material transmits the moisture contained in it to the air. If the water vapour on the The increase in the size of the particle causes surface of the product is lower than the humidity of the the narrowing of the capillaries in it and, in turn, the outside air at a partial pressure, it will absorb moisture redistribution of moisture. from the air. There is always a redistribution of moisture in the The physical model of wet material is presented in material, capillary radii are reduced, and moisture, air Figure 9. The material is presented in the form of a solid and gases move. This means that in any material there is body 1, the micro 2 and macro 3 capillaries located in it a phase change in solid, liquid and gaseous states, which are filled with moisture. 4 air bubbles are trapped inside changes every minute in terms of quantity. the capillaries. The pores inside the drying material are freed from In order to study the mechanism of moisture moisture, and an agent consisting of heated air and water movement in the material during the drying process, we vapour takes its place, moving against the flow of moisture will take a piece of the material from the surface of the moving inside the material in the form of bubbles. The capillary surface. relative humidity ������ of the agent is much lower than the condition entering the material. Bubbles in the capillaries During drying, there is more evaporation on the of the material are trapped with moisture, and the relative surface of the material, and after a while, evaporation humidity ������ of its surface is 100%. on its surface decreases and gradient moisture is formed on its body. The gradient causes a new formation in Figure 9. Physical model of wet material Figure 10. Schematic of high-pressure gas-water bubbles 1-solid body; 2-micro capillary; formed inside the material 3-macro capillary; 4-air bubbles 1- the skeleton of the material (solid phase); 2-gas bubble; 3-considered gas bubble; 4- moisture; the directions of evaporating moisture are indicated by arrows To find out the mechanism of the formation of excess By time ������1, the moisture around the air bubbles be- pressure in the material, let's look at the bubbles of the gins to evaporate. Moisture will continue to evaporate aggregate that have penetrated into the material (Fig. 10). until the relative humidity ������ reaches 100%. At one time, Let the temperature of the agent bubble in the material the amount of moisture evaporation is ∆���������1���������. at the initial state ������0 be ������������, the relative humidity φ < 100% and the pressure of the atmosphere 0.1 MPa, the ������������(������1) = ���������1��� + ���������1������1��� + ∆���������1��������� ≈ 0,1������������������ + ∆���������1��������� accumulated pressure from the partial pressure ���������1��� and the partial pressure of water vapour ���������1���������. The bubbles in As a result, it exceeds the atmospheric pressure by the material cool down a lot, its temperature Tm, relative ���������1���������, the material continues to heat up during drying, its humidity ������ increases, but its value is not 100%. temperature rises in places where there are bubbles, and the bubbles also heat up. The moisture in the bubbles We write down ������0in the case where the pressure evaporates and the relative humidity reaches 100% ������������ does not reach the atmospheric pressure as follows. again. ������������(������0) = ���������1��� + ���������1��������� ≈ 0,1������������������ 17

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. This process can be written as follows. Because the air bubbles and agents in the material are at different distances from the surface of the mate- ������������ (������2) = ���������1��� + ���������1��������� + ∆���������1��������� + ∆���������1������1��� rial, they are at different temperatures. As a result, the pressure inside the material drops. As the process continues, the high pressure in the bubble increases even more. As the temperature in the As a result of repeated exchanges and repetitions of material increases, the pressure in the bubbles increases such situations, moisture in the body of the material and again and becomes much higher than the atmospheric in the capillaries continuously evaporates, the material pressure [3]. becomes dehydrated, and as a result of drying (shrinkage) deposition, it hardens and becomes stronger. References: 1. Ахунбaев А., Ражабова Н., Сиддиков М. Математическая модель сушки дисперсных материалов с учётом температуры материала //Збірник наукових праць SCIENTIA. – 2021. 2. Ахунбаев А.А., Ражабова Н.Р. Высушивание дисперсных материалов в аппарате с быстро вращающимся ротором //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 7-1 (88). – С. 49-52. 3. Ахунбаев А.А., Ражабова Н.Р. Высушивание дисперсных материалов в аппарате с быстро вращающимся ротором //Universum: технические науки. – 2021. – №. 7-1 (88). – С. 49-52. 4. Ахунбаев А.А., Ражабова Н.Р., Вохидова Н.Х. Исследование гидродинамики роторной сушилки с быстро- вращающимся ротором //Экономика и социум. – 2020. – №. 12-1. – С. 392-396. 5. Гинзбург А.С. Расчет и проектирование сушильных установок пищевой промышленности //М.: Агропромиздат. – 1985. – Т. 336. – С. 15. 6. Кнорозов Б.В. и др. Технология металлов и материаловедение //М.: Металлургия. – 1987. 7. Лыков М.В. Сушка в химической промышленности., Москва. – Строй. издат., – 1990. 8. Муштаев В.И., Ульянов В.М. Сушка дисперсных материалов. – Издательство Химия, 1988. 9. Перегудов В.В. Теплотехника и теплотехническое оборудование: учеб //ВВ Перегудов.− М.: Стройиздат. – 1990. 10. Ращупкина М.А., Дерябин П.П. Процессы и аппараты в технологии строительных материалов. – 2019. 11. Тожиев Р.Ж., Ахунбаев А.А., Миршарипов Р.Х. Сушка тонкодисперсных материалов в безуносной роторно- барабанном аппарате //Научно-технический журнал ФерПИ,-Фергана,(2). – 2018. – С. 116-119. 12. Тожиев Р.Ж., Миршарипов Р.Х., Ражабова Н.Р. Гидродинамические Режимы В Процессе Сушки Минеральных Удобрений //Central Asian Journal of Theoretical & Applied Sciences. – 2022. – Т. 3. – №. 5. – С. 352-357. 13. Тожиев Р.Ж., Садуллаев Х.М., Миршарипов Р.Х, Ражабова Н.Р. Аэрофонтан усулида фосфор кукунини пуркаш орқали ўғит доналар сиртини қоплаш ва қуритиш технологияси. ФарПИ ИТЖ. ФерПИ (STJ FerPI), 2018, №4. – С. 36-41. 14. Тожиев Р.Ж., Садуллаев Х.М., Миршарипов Р.Х, Ражабова Н.Р. Суюқланма материалнинг кристалланиши ва қуритиш жараёнларининг ўзига хослиги //ФарПИ ИТЖ(STJ FerPI), – 2019, – 24 № 1. – С. 46-58. 18

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. METALLURGY AND MATERIALS SCIENCE TRANSFER OF COPPER CATIONS IN IRON VACANCIES OF NON-STOICHIOMETRIC WUSTITE IN THE MAGNETITE PHASE Abdirashid Khasanov Doctor of technical Science, Professor, Deputy Chief Engineer for Science at “Almalyk MMC” JSC, Republic of Uzbekistan, Almalyk E-mail: [email protected] Kakhramon Ochildiev Senior teacher of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Shokhrukh Khojiev Associate professor of department of Metallurgy, PhD, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Akhrorjon Mashokirov Student of master course of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] ПЕРЕНОС КАТИОНОВ МЕДИ В ВАКАНСИЯХ ЖЕЛЕЗА НЕСТЕХИОМЕТРИЧЕСКОГО ВЮСТИТА В МАГНЕТИТОВОЙ ФАЗЕ Хасанов Абдирашид Салиевич д-р техн. наук, проф., зам. гл. инженера по науке АО «Алмалыкский ГМК», Республика Узбекистан, г. Алмалык Очилдиев Кахрамон Тоштемирович ст. преподаватель кафедры Металлургия, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Хожиев Шохрух Тошпулатович и.о. доц. кафедры Металлургия, PhD, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Машокиров Ахрорджон Абдукодирович магистрант кафедры Металлургии, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: TRANSFER OF COPPER CATIONS IN IRON VACANCIES OF NON-STOICHIO- METRIC WUSTITE IN THE MAGNETITE PHASE // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khasanov A.S. [и др.]. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14406

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. ABSTRACT The main reasons for the disappearance of copper with waste slag, one of the actual problems of copper production, are considered in the article. The results of the research showed that the main factor influencing the chemical loss of copper during the converting process is the settling of copper oxides in the iron vacancies in magnetite. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены основные причины потери меди с отвальными шлаками, одной из актуальных проблем медного производства. Результаты исследований показали, что основным фактором, влияющим на химические потери меди в процессе конвертирования, является осаждение оксидов меди в вакансиях железа в магнетите. Keywords: magnetite, copper, wustite, iron, vacancy, non-stoichiometric structure, metal-loss, slag phase. Ключевые слова: магнетит, медь, вюстит, железо, вакансия, нестехиометрическая структура, потеря металла, шлаковая фаза. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ As a result of the diffusion of oxygen in the three- between such non-stoichiometric compounds can be component Fe-Cu-S system during the conversion of conventionally written as follows: copper steins, the oxidation process begins to take place at a high temperature. In this case, due to the higher ten- Fe0,84O + 0,08 Cu2O = Cu0,16Fe0,84O1,08 (1) dency of iron to oxygen among the three components, initially the iron in the system and the sulfur attached to Cu1,56O + 0,44 FeO = Cu1,56Fe0,44O1,44 (2) it are oxidized. When iron is oxidized, divalent iron ox- ide is formed in the 1st stage of the reaction mechanism The indices of the substances involved in the reac- [1-5]. However, its chemical formula is Fe0.84O to tion equation (1) were written in accordance with the Fe0.95O due to its non-stoichiometric crystal lattice struc- law of multiple ratios and were made to look like this: ture. In it, there is a deficiency of iron atoms in the amount of 0.16 mol to 0.05 mol. When the partial pres- Fe21O25 + 2Cu2O = Cu4Fe21O27 (3) sure of oxygen increases, magnetite is formed in step 2 according to the reaction mechanism [6]. At the same According to the reaction equation (3), every 25 time, copper sulfides are oxidized and monovalent cop- molecules of non-stoichiometric free wustite absorbed 2 per oxide is formed in the system. Its chemical for- molecules of cuprite. In this process, the loss of copper mula is non-stoichiometric and corresponds to Cu1.56O chemically to the slag composition was 16.24% com- composition [7]. A deficiency of 0.44 mol of copper pared to the initial non-stoichiometric mass of free wust- atoms was also observed in this compound. It has been ite [9-11]. found in practice that when the amount of magnetite in the converter slag increases, the chemical wastage of Cu35O23 + 10 FeO = Cu35Fe10O33 (4) copper also increases. The main reason for this is that oxidized copper cations occupy iron vacancies in wustite According to reaction equation (4), every 23 mole- (Fe1-xO) crystals in magnetite [8]. The chemical reaction cules of non-stoichiometric free cuprite absorbed 10 wustite molecules. In this process, the oxidized copper compound dissolves 27.6% of wustite. Table 1. Effect of different amounts of magnetite on other components of slag № Fe3O4 Cu2O Cu2S Cuoxide FeO FeS 1 33,45 3,46 1,98 3,77 10,17 8,35 2 31,06 3,21 2,27 3,49 12,59 8,21 3 28,65 2,96 2,56 3,21 15,03 8,07 4 26,24 2,71 2,84 2,94 17,47 7,92 5 23,82 2,46 3,13 2,67 19,93 7,78 6 21,39 2,21 3,42 2,39 22,39 7,64 7 18,96 1,96 3,71 2,11 24,85 7,50 8 16,51 1,70 4,00 1,83 27,33 7,35 9 14,06 1,45 4,29 1,56 29,82 7,21 10 11,6 1,2 4,59 1,28 32,31 7,06 11 9,13 0,94 4,88 1,01 34,81 6,92 12 7,47 0,77 5,08 0,82 36,49 6,82 13 5,82 0,60 5,27 0,64 38,16 6,72 14 4,16 0,43 5,47 0,45 39,84 6,63 15 2,50 0,25 5,67 0,27 41,53 6,53 20

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. It follows that the chemical loss of copper with slag with the decrease in the amount of magnetite in the slag increases with the increase in the amount of non-stoichi- phase. ometric free wustite in the slag phase. Since non-stoichi- ometric free wustite molecules are mainly found in The reduction of oxidized copper compounds also magnetite, increasing the amount of magnetite in the leads to a reduction of the amount of copper that has slag phase increases the solubility of copper in the con- been forced (chemically) in the slag phase. As the amount verter slag. This can also be seen from the values pre- of oxidized copper compounds in the system increases, the sented in Table 1. Table 1 presents the statistical values amount of lower copper sulfide increases proportionally. obtained from the influence of the decrease in the amount of magnetite in the converter slag on the con- As a result of reduction of magnetite in the slag centration of other copper and iron compounds in the phase by recovery, the concentration of non-stoichiometric slag. In this case, the decrease in the amount of magnetite free wustite (that is, FeO in magnetite) decreases in the in the slag also led to a decrease in the chemical wastage system, binds with quartz in the slag and forms a fayalite of copper. compound: According to the data in Table 1 and the diagram in 2FeO + SiO2 = Fe2SiO4 (5) Figure 1, the amount of copper (I)-oxide also decreased Amount of other components, % 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Amount of magnetite in slag, % Cu2O Cu2S Cu (oksid) FeO FeS Figure 1. Changes in the concentration of other components with the increase in the amount of magnetite in the converter slag The addition of divalent metal oxides (FeO, MgO, increases the viscosity of the slag. As a result, the overall CaO, etc.) to the slag phase causes the breaking of the viscosity of the slag decreases. chemical bonds connecting silicon and oxygen, which References: 1. Khojiev Sh.T. Pyrometallurgical Processing of Copper Slags into the Metallurgical Ladle // International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. – India, February 2019. – Vol.6, Issue 2. – P. 8094 – 8099. 2. Khojiev Sh.T., Yusupkhodjaev A.A., Rakhmonaliev M., Imomnazarov O.O’. Research for Reduction of Magnetite after Converting // Kompozitsion materiallar. – Toshkent, 2019. – № 4. – C. 54 – 55. 3. Matkarimov S.T., Yusupkhodjaev A.A., Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Matkarimov Z.T. Technology for the Complex Recycling Slags of Copper Production // Journal of Critical Reviews. – Malaysia, April 2020. – Vol.7, Issue 5. – P. 214 – 220. 4. Khojiev Sh., Berdiyarov B., Mirsaotov S. Reduction of Copper and Iron Oxide Mixture with Local Reducing Gases // Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent. – Tashkent, 2020. – Vol.10, Issue 4. – P. 7–17. 5. Khojiev Sh.T., Nuraliev O.U., Berdiyarov B.T., Matkarimov S.T., Akramov O‘.A. Some thermodynamic aspects of the reduction of magnetite in the presence of carbon // Universum: технические науки. – Москва, 2021. – № 3. – C. 60-64. 21

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. 6. Юсупходжаев А.А., Хожиев Ш.Т., Акрамов У.А. Использование нетрадиционных восстановителей для расширения ресурсной базы ОАО «Узметкомбинат» // Черные металлы. – Москва, 2021. – № 4. – С. 4 – 8. 7. Berdiyarov B.T., Khojiev Sh.T. Thermodynamic analysis of reduction of oxidized copper compounds in a slag phase // Kompozitsion materiallar. –Toshkent, 2021. – № 4. – С. 39 – 43. 8. Хожиев Ш.Т., Бердияров Б.Т., Мухаметджанова Ш.А., Нематиллаев А.И. Некоторые термодинамические аспекты карботермических реакций в системе Fe-Cu-O-C // O‘zbekiston kimyo jurnali. – Toshkent, 2021, – №6. – C. 3 – 13. 9. Khojiev Sh.T., Matkarimov S.T., Narkulova E.T., Matkarimov Z.T., Yuldasheva N.S. The Technology for the Reduction of Metal Oxides Using Waste Polyethylene Materials // Conference proceedings of “Metal 2020 29th International Conference on Metallurgy and Materials”, Czech, May 20 – 22, 2020. P. 971-978. 10. Alamova G.K., Khojiev Sh.T., Okhunova R.K. Current State Of Copper Smelting Slags And Their Processing: A Review // Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture. – Spain, 2021. – Vol.2, Issue 2. – P. 49-55. 11. Alamova G.Kh., Khojiev Sh.T., Okhunova R.Kh. Comparative Estimation of the Efficiency of Various Materials in the Reduction of Magnetite in Slag Melt // International Journal for Innovative Engineering and Management Rese- arch. – India, 2021. – Vol.10, Issue 3. – P. 191-196. 22

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF SEPARATION OF THE SLAG AND MATTE PHASES BY THEIR DENSITY: A GENERAL OVERVIEW Abdirashid Khasanov Professor, doctor of technical Science, deputy Chief Engineer for Science at “Almalyk MMC” JSC, Republic of Uzbekistan, Almalyk Shokhrukh Khojiev Associate professor of department of Metallurgy, PhD, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Kakhramon Ochildiev Senior teacher of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent Khusnobod Abjalova Student of master course of department of Metallurgy, Tashkent State Technical University, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent ОСНОВНЫЕ ФАКТОРЫ, ВЛИЯЮЩИЕ НА СКОРОСТЬ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ ШЛАКОВОЙ И ШТЕЙНОВОЙ ФАЗ ПО ИХ ПЛОТНОСТИ: ОБЩИЙ ОБЗОР Хасанов Абдирашид Салиевич профессор, д-р техн. наук, зам. гл. инженера по науке АО «Алмалыкский ГМК», Республика Узбекистан, г. Алмалык Хожиев Шохрух Тошпулатович и.о. доц. кафедры Металлургия, PhD, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Очилдиев Кахрамон Тоштемирович ст. преподаватель кафедры Металлургия, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Абжалова Хуснобод Турсунали кизи магистрант кафедры Металлургии, Ташкентский государственный технический университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT The article discusses the main factors affecting the rate of separation of the slag and matte phases by their density, one of the urgent problems of copper production. The results of the analysis showed that during the processing of sulfide copper concentrates in melting furnaces, due to the high partial pressure of oxygen, a large amount of magnetite compound appears in the system, which increases the density of the slag. An increase in slag density slows down the separation of the slag and matte phases. As a result, the loss of copper with slag increases, which leads to a decrease in the productivity of the furnace for copper. __________________________ Библиографическое описание: THE MAIN FACTORS AFFECTING THE RATE OF SEPARATION OF THE SLAG AND MATTE PHASES BY THEIR DENSITY: A GENERAL OVERVIEW // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Khasanov A.S. [и др.]. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14459

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. АННОТАЦИЯ В статье рассмотрены основные факторы, влияющие на скорость разделения шлаковой и штейновой фаз по их плотности, одной из актуальных проблем медного производства. Результаты анализа показали, что при пере- работке сульфидных медных концентратов в плавильных печах из-за высокого парциального давления кислорода в системе появляется большое количество соединения магнетита, что увеличивает плотность шлака. Увеличение плотности шлака замедляет разделение шлаковой и штейновой фаз. В результате увеличиваются потери меди со шлаком, что приводит к снижению производительности печи по меди. Keywords: magnetite, copper, density, slag, matte, phase separation, copper loss, matte droplets. Ключевые слова: магнетит, медь, плотность, шлак, штейн, разделение фаз, потери меди, штейновые капельки. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ One of the main reasons why copper remains in the the specific density of the converter slag selected for converter slag in large quantities is the increased density the study, its mineralogical composition was first deter- of the slag [1]. The substance that increases the density mined [3]. The material composition of the converter of converter slag is magnetite [2]. In order to determine slag selected for the study is presented in Table 1 [4]. Table 1. Mineralogical composition of the converter slag of “Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine” selected for the experiment, % Fe3O4 Fe2SiO4 Al2O3 MgSiO3 CaSiO3 TiO2 K2SiO3 FeS 19,70 33,66 8,75 4,39 2,83 0,30 3,72 7,49 Na2SiO3 ZnSiO3 PbSiO3 Cu2S Cu2O others 6,11 2,76 1,18 BaSiO3 Ca3(PO4)2 3,58 2,03 1,08 0,35 1,99 Based on the material composition presented in using the specific densities of each substance listed in Table 1, the density of the converter slag was determined Table 2 [5]. Table 2. Densities of the main components in converter slag of “Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine” selected for the experiment, g/cm3 Fe3O4 Fe2SiO4 Al2O3 MgSiO3 CaSiO3 TiO2 K2SiO3 FeS 5,2 4,0 3,23 2,9 2,9 4,23 2,47 4,84 PbSiO3 Cu2S Cu2O others Na2SiO3 ZnSiO3 6,49 BaSiO3 Ca3(PO4)2 5,81 6,1 2,3 2,4 3,89 4,39 2,81 Using the individual densities of each component Here: ω1, ω2, and ωn are the respective mass fractions given in Table 2, the average densities of converter slags of each component that makes up the slag, %; and ρ1, ρ2, selected as research objects were determined by the fol- and ρn are their respective individual densities, g/cm3. lowing formula [6]: Using the formula (1), average densities of converter ρslag = (ω1·ρ1 + ω2·ρ2 +… + ωn·ρn)/100 (1) slags with different magnetite content obtained for the study were determined and these values are listed in Ta- ble 3 [7]. Table 3. Changes in the densities and the amount of copper compounds in the order of increasing magnetite content in the converter slag of “Almalyk Mining and Metallurgical Combine” selected for the experiment № Amount of magnetite, % Density of slag, g/cm3 Amount of Cu2S, % Amount of Cu2O, % Amount of FeS, % 3,58 2,03 7,49 1 19,70 4,09 3,36 2,27 7,68 3,20 2,43 7,81 2 21,98 4,11 3,04 2,61 7,95 2,85 2,81 8,11 3 23,58 4,13 2,76 2,90 8,19 2,68 3,00 8,27 4 25,29 4,15 2,50 3,19 8,42 2,32 3,39 8,58 5 27,20 4,18 2,13 3,58 8,74 6 28,11 4,19 7 29,04 4,20 8 30,90 4,22 9 32,78 4,25 10 34,68 4,27 24

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. The values in Table 3 indicate that an increase shown in Figure 1 that increasing the amount of magnet- in the amount of magnetite in the slag causes an increase ite leads to a linear increase in the density of the slag [9]. in its overall density [8]. It can be seen from the graph 4,3 4,25 Slag density, g/cm3 4,2 4,15 4,1 4,05 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Amount of magnetite, % Figure 1. Dependence of slag density on the amount of magnetite in converter slag An overabundance of magnetite in the slag causes but close to the density of matte, so they sink to the bottom several magnetite crystals to coalesce to form a larger of the slag layer and accumulate at the boundary of the magnetite crystal [10]. In this case, the density of large slag and matte phase separation (Fig. 2). magnetite particles is higher than the density of slag, Figure 2. Scheme of formation of magnetite layer between the contact boundary of slag and matte As shown in Figure 2, the magnetite layer formed at of copper oxide increases. This causes an increase in the the interface between the slag and matte prevents the chemical loss of copper. Because the surface tension of small matte droplets in the slag phase from passing into oxidized copper compounds is very different from the the main matte phase below. This increases the mechanical surface tension of matte, it is similar to the surface loss of copper with slag [11]. tension of slag and therefore remains in the slag phase. In the diagram in Figure 3, it can be seen that The relative density of matte droplets suspended as the amount of magnetite in the slag phase increases, in the slag phase and the corresponding concentrations the amount of copper sulfide decreases and the amount are presented in Table 4. 25

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Percentage of components, % 10 1 9 2 8 3 7 6 24 29 34 5 Amount of magnetite in slag, % 4 3 2 1 0 19 Figure 3. The dependence of the percentage of the main components affecting the density of the converter slag on the amount of magnetite: 1-Cu2S, 2-Cu2O and 3-FeS Table 4. Value of density of matte droplets with different composition Composition of Composition of The correspond- № matte droplets, % The corresponding matte density, g/cm3 № matte droplets, % ing matte den- Cu2S FeS Cu2S FeS sity, g/cm3 1 19,167 80,833 5,02592 9 37,304 62,696 5,201849 2 21,66 78,34 5,050102 10 39,399 60,601 5,22217 3 24,083 75,917 5,073605 11 41,356 58,644 5,241153 4 26,394 73,606 5,096022 12 42,689 57,311 5,254083 5 28,689 71,311 5,118283 13 43,953 56,047 5,266344 6 30,922 69,078 5,139943 14 45,207 54,793 5,278508 7 33,095 66,905 5,161022 15 46,475 53,525 5,290808 8 35,242 64,758 5,181847 Cu2S, % 60 50 40 5,05 5,1 5,15 5,2 5,25 5,3 30 20 Matte density, g/cm3 10 0 5 Figure 4. Changes in the density of the matte with increasing copper content in the matte 26

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. From the values in Table 4 and the graph in Figure 4, of copper in matte reached 37.18%, its density reached it can be seen that the more copper content the matte has, a maximum of 5.29 g/cm3. the higher its density. For example, when the content References: 1. Khojiev Sh.T., Matkarimov S.T., Narkulova E.T., Matkarimov Z.T., Yuldasheva N.S. The Technology for the Re- duction of Metal Oxides Using Waste Polyethylene Materials // Conference proceedings of “Metal 2020 29th Inter- national Conference on Metallurgy and Materials”, Czech, May 20 – 22, 2020. – P. 971-978. 2. Alamova G.K., Khojiev Sh.T., Okhunova R.K. Current State Of Copper Smelting Slags And Their Processing: A Review // Central Asian Journal of Literature, Philosophy and Culture. – Spain, 2021. – Vol.2, Issue 2. – P. 49-55. 3. Alamova G.Kh., Khojiev Sh.T., Okhunova R.Kh. Comparative Estimation of the Efficiency of Various Materials in the Reduction of Magnetite in Slag Melt // International Journal for Innovative Engineering and Management Rese- arch. – India, 2021. – Vol.10, Issue 3. – P. 191-196. 4. Khojiev Sh.T. Pyrometallurgical Processing of Copper Slags into the Metallurgical Ladle // International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology. – India, February 2019. – Vol.6, Issue 2. – P. 8094 – 8099. 5. Khojiev Sh.T., Yusupkhodjaev A.A., Rakhmonaliev M., Imomnazarov O.O’. Research for Reduction of Magnetite after Converting // Kompozitsion materiallar. – Toshkent, 2019. – № 4. – C. 54 – 55. 6. Matkarimov S.T., Yusupkhodjaev A.A., Khojiev Sh.T., Berdiyarov B.T., Matkarimov Z.T. Technology for the Complex Recycling Slags of Copper Production // Journal of Critical Reviews. – Malaysia, April 2020. – Vol.7, Issue 5. – P. 214 – 220. 7. Khojiev Sh., Berdiyarov B., Mirsaotov S. Reduction of Copper and Iron Oxide Mixture with Local Reducing Gases // Acta of Turin Polytechnic University in Tashkent. – Tashkent, 2020. – Vol.10, Issue 4. – P. 7–17. 8. Khojiev Sh.T., Nuraliev O.U., Berdiyarov B.T., Matkarimov S.T., Akramov O‘.A. Some thermodynamic aspects of the reduction of magnetite in the presence of carbon // Universum: технические науки. – Москва, 2021. – № 3. – C. 60-64. 9. Юсупходжаев А.А., Хожиев Ш.Т., Акрамов У.А. Использование нетрадиционных восстановителей для расширения ресурсной базы ОАО «Узметкомбинат» // Черные металлы. – Москва, 2021. – № 4. – С. 4 – 8. 10. Berdiyarov B.T., Khojiev Sh.T. Thermodynamic analysis of reduction of oxidized copper compounds in a slag phase // Kompozitsion materiallar. –Toshkent, 2021. – № 4. – С. 39 – 43. 11. Хожиев Ш.Т., Бердияров Б.Т., Мухаметджанова Ш.А., Нематиллаев А.И. Некоторые термодинамические аспекты карботермических реакций в системе Fe-Cu-O-C // O‘zbekiston kimyo jurnali. – Toshkent, 2021, – №6. – C. 3 – 13. 27

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. INSTRUMENTATION, PRECISION AND ACCURACY, DATA MEASUREMENT TOOLS AND SYSTEMS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10.14453 FEATURES OF METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF AUTOMATIC DEVICES LINE SPEED AND DIMENSION CONTROL Kerimzade Gulschen Sanan Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Azerbaijan, Baku E-mail: [email protected] ОСОБЕННОСТИ МЕТОДОВ РАСЧЕТА АВТОМАТИЧЕСКИХ УСТРОЙСТВ КОНТРОЛЯ ЛИНЕЙНОЙ СКОРОСТИ И РАЗМЕРОВ Керимзаде Гюльшен Санан канд. техн. наук, доц., Азербайджанский Государственный Университет Нефти и Промышленности, Азербайджан, г. Баку ABSTRACT The use of various types of complex systems based on various control principles ensures fast, and at the same time reliable and accurate performance of the task. One of the important factors influencing the correct obtaining of the con- veyor speed, as well as the geometric linear dimensions of the parts, is the correct preparation, programming, efficient power supply of the entire system and the introduction of correlations when certain malfunctions are detected. The creation of flexible, quick-adjustable active control systems is associated with the introduction of automation into production. At the same time, the use of active control systems and self-adjusting circuits in automation provides a great advantage. This method has great potential to increase the level of production and industry. The aim of the work is to analyze modern automatic devices for controlling the speed and geometric dimensions of parts. Automatic control devices, automatic control is an important component of production at this point in time, providing reliability, accuracy, speed, improvement of technical and economic indicators in the management of technological processes in general. АННОТАЦИЯ Применение различных видов сложных систем, основанных на различных принципах управления обеспечи- вает быстрое, и в тоже время надежное и точное выполнение поставленной задачи. Одним из важных факторов, влияющих на правильное получение скорости конвейера, а также геометрических линейных размеров деталей, является верная подготовка, программирование, эффективное питание всей системы и внесение корреляций при обнаружении тех или иных неисправностей. Создание гибких, быстропереналаживаемых систем активного кон- троля связано с внедрением автоматизации в производство. При этом большое преимущество дает применение в автоматике систем активного контроля и самонастраивающихся схем. Данный способ имеет большой потенциал к повышению уровня производства и промышленности. Целью работы является анализ современных автомати- ческих устройств контроля скорости и геометрических размеров деталей. Автоматические приборы контроля, автоуправление является важной составляющей производства на данный момент времени, обеспечивающие надежность, точность, быстродействие, улучшение технико-экономических показателей при управлении техно- логическими процессами в целом. Keywords: control device, linear speed, size, characteristic, control system, steepness, non-linearity, sensor. Ключевые слова: устройство контроля, линейная скорость, размер, характеристика, система управления, крутизна, нелинейность, датчик. _________________________________________________________________________________ _______________ Introduction a complex of elements, obtaining information about its quality. The main direction and essence of automatic or One of the types of control of a certain technological automated control is to minimize the participation of process is automatic control, carried out by evaluating each working personnel during the measurement and analysis individual element of the control object or evaluating of the part during its processing, which includes both __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Kerimzade G.S. FEATURES OF METHODS FOR CALCULATION OF AUTOMATIC DEVICES LINE SPEED AND DIMENSION CONTROL // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14453

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. the calculation and change of geometric dimensions. automatic control are: speed, discrete control, the sen- In turn, this leads to the partial elimination of subjective sors work for switching contacts, as a result of which measurement errors; due to compensation, the techno- there are no metrological characteristics, the tightness of logical accuracy of the equipment increases, caused by the sensors is ensured. Automatic size control devices the deterioration or wear of the state of the equipment, are usually divided according to the following three thermal and power distortions of the technological sys- main features: depending on the measurement method, tem [4-8]. devices operating on the direct or indirect control prin- ciple (the size of the part or parameter is controlled); de- Automatic control devices pending on the impact of the active and postoperative control device; according to the automated degree, the Automatic control devices are special installations devices are fully automatic and with incomplete auto- that monitor the production process, the operation of mation. various types of mechanisms and machines, and also no- tify of an unacceptable change in the controlled value. The data for determining the nonlinearity of the sensor The control of the size of parts and speed can be consid- characteristics are the values given in Table 1, according ered a real engine of progress, since with the help of pro- to which we determine the dependence Uout. sensor from cessing it is possible to achieve an improvement in any moving. The non-linearity of the characteristic (fig.1) complex shape of the part, thanks to the different speeds is taken into account by the formula: of the movement of the machine mechanism. The basis of the action of these types of systems is the use of the Ui  l1 necessary types of sensors, various types of converters, K automata [1-3]. Their choice determines the accuracy of n  100% , subsequent operations to control the size, shape of parts lk and the right choice of speed for performing this type of work. In addition, the importance of software should be here Ui – voltage measured in points; lk – displacement taken into account, since the main parameters of speed points, mm.; K- slope Uout at the end point of the operating and size must be chosen in it. The main features of active range. Table 1. Values Movement 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 Uout., V. 1.25 2.50 4 5.50 6.50 7.50 nonlinearity % 7.50 6.50 5.250 3.50 2.250 1 0.50 83.3 66.70 50 33.30 16.70 0 К,V/mm. 0.00 0.10 0.10 0.20 0.20 0.30 0 16.70 33.30 50 66.70 83.30 100 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.00 0.00 This coefficient K is determined both positively and The dependence Uout =f(li) is the output characteristic negatively using the formula: of the sensor, the dependence of the output voltage on the position of the moving part of the sensor (fig.2). К  U out , lk The dependence of the coefficient of steepness on the position of the moving part is graphically presented K=lk=30.0 mm. – total stroke, operating range. in fig.3. The need for a load characteristic (fig.4) is to deter- mine the limits in which, by changing the load, the volt- age will change very little or not significant. It is described by the expression Uout = f(Rload) (table 2). load Rload, kOm. Values 6.0 Table 2. voltage Uout.,V. 2.0 6.60 6.50 10.0 6.750 29

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Figure 1. Non-linearity of the characteristic when changing the position of the sensor Figure 2. Sensor output characteristic 30

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Figure 3. Slope curve Figure 4. Load characteristic According to the given requirements of the electro- non-linearity and steepness of the characteristics are de- magnetic calculation, the parameters obtained during the termined, the dependency graphs are given (according study are acceptable for this type of sensor. From the to the EXCEL program) 9-10. characteristics obtained, it can be argued that the nonlin- earity decreases as the sensor rod approaches the zero Conclusion position, and the output characteristic is non-linear and its minimum is transferred and shifted from the zero po- For the system of automatic control of the dimen- sition of the sensor rod. When the load changes from 2 sions of parts, the calculation of the induction transducer to 10 kOm, the output voltage will change slightly and was carried out, and graphs of the steepness, non-linear- is non-linear, which is explained by the presence of sig- ity of the characteristic, load and output characteristics nificant currents at low loads, as shown in the load char- were derived using the EXCEL program. acteristic. These results are characterized by inconsistent electromagnetic coupling between the windings, one of The types of elements, primary converters of auto- the reasons for which may be the uneven distribution of matic systems for controlling the size of parts, mathe- the working winding section above the excitation wind- matical models of the information channel for various ing and the proportion of turns under the core. The states, methods for calculating the error are considered. The current state of automatic systems for controlling sizes and speeds are analyzed. 31

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. References: 1. Abdullyev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V. \" Non-contact electric automatic devices\" Textbook. Baku. ASOIU.2010.305 p. 2. Abdullayev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V. \" Electrical controls for automation\" . Textbook.Baku. ASOIU. 2012. 260 p. 3. Abdullayev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V.\"Electrical devices of switchgears \". Textbook. ASOIU. 2013. 203 p. 4. Abdullayev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V. \"Electrical and electronic apparatus\". Textbook. Baku. ASOIU. 2015. 351 p. 5. Abdullayev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S. Design of EA with induction levitation elements. //Elektrotexnika.-2015.- № 5.- p. 16-22. 6. Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V. Modes of operation in the design of EA with levitation elements. // News of Azerbaijan High Technical Edicational Institutions.– Baku. 2015. № 1 (17). 7. Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V. Analysis of EA parameters with LE. // Priborostroeniye.-Sankt Peterburq, 2018. № 12 (61). 8. Abdullayev Ya.R., Kerimzade G.S., Mamedova G.V.\" Electrical and electronic apparatus \" .Textbook. Baku. ASOIU. 2019. 170p. 9. Кerimzade G.S. Indicators of parametrs when designing electrical apparatus with levitation elements. // News of Azerbaijan High Technical Edicational Institutions. Volume 24. ISSUE 1 (135).2022. ISSN: 1609-1620. p. 39 – 43. 10. Кerimzade G.S. Analysis of calculation methods for automatic linear speed and size control devices. // “Energy Prob- lems”. № 4. 2022. Baku. 32

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. PROCESSES AND MACHINES OF AGROENGINEERING SYSTEMS DOI - 10.32743/UniTech.2022.103.10.14343 THE THEORY OF CREATING AUTOMATIC AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR GROWING PLANTS Peter Safir Bachelor of Science, The Azrieli College of Engineering in Jerusalem (JCE) Israel, Jerusalem E-mail: [email protected] ТЕОРИЯ СОЗДАНИЯ АВТОМАТИЧЕСКОЙ АЭРОПОННОЙ СИСТЕМЫ ДЛЯ ВЫРАЩИВАНИЯ РАСТЕНИЙ Сафир Петр Павлович бакалавр наук, Академический инженерный колледж Азриэли Израиль, г. Иерусалим ABSTRACT In this article we attempt to explain how to build a fully automatic aeroponic [1] system. We will discuss what em- bedded systems we can use and. We will also consider some principles of connecting sensors to the system for controlling the quality of the plant nutrient solution. Also described are the main sensors for complete control inside the greenhouse and some essential safety systems. Many of the problems associated with such systems can easily be solved with good coding applications and the right sensors. The purpose of this article is the creation of a fully controlled aeroponic system and to define the main ways in which software algorithms are used to manage the complete system. АННОТАЦИЯ Эта статья описывает, как построить полностью автоматическую аэропонную систему [1]. Какие встроенные системы мы можем использовать. Мы также рассмотрим некоторые принципы подключения датчиков к системе для контроля качества удобрений. Также будут описаны основные датчики для полного контроля теплицы и не- которые важные системы безопасности. Целью данной статьи является создание полностью контролируемой аэропонной системы. Keywords: hydroponic, aeroponic, embedded system, sensors. Ключевые слова: гидропоника, аэропоника, встраиваемые системы, сенсоры. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Introduction completely or partially dipped into a plant nutrient solu- tion. There are two principles to grow plants. By using soil, in the traditional manner, or by using a hydroponics In this article we are going to discuss an aeroponic system. Hydroponic systems are technological and re- system. We will talk about the sensors and equipment quire a certain amount of knowledge not only about necessary to build a fully automatic aeroponic system. growing plants, but also about maintaining the system An aeroponic system is one where the plants are grown itself. In hydroponic systems, no soil is used. Hydro- in tanks and the plant nutrient solution is sprayed under ponic [2] systems can also be subdivided into separate great pressure onto the roots. This forms a fine mist after subsystems known as substrate and non-substrate sys- which the nutrient rich solution is pumped back into a tems. In hydroponic systems, use mineral wool or coco- common tank in a cyclical process again and again. The nut coir. The main point to note is it should be a porous main difference between a hydroponic system and an storage material that is well ventilated, allows moisture aeropinic system is that the roots of the plant are not all to pass through, is totally inert to chemical processes and the time immersed in the plant nutrient solution, but only does not change the PH balance or change the chemical at certain times when they pressure sprayed. This is es- composition of the fertilizers that are added to this sub- pecially true in a growing tent and not in open ground strate. Such systems are similar to conventional planting because it is easier to control everything in a growing in soil. The second type of hydroponic systems however tent than outside. are systems where there is no substrate. The plant is __________________________ Библиографическое описание: Safir P. THE THEORY OF CREATING AUTOMATIC AEROPONICS SYSTEM FOR GROWING PLANTS // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14343

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Description of the concept we use another type of compressor. This is a water booster pump. If this compressor develops an air lock In this article I would like to tell you about the tech- during operation it will continue to function, which is nical and software solutions for building a fully auto- very important for the smooth operation of our system. matic aeroponic system for growing plants [1]. But first, Approximately once a week we need to drain all the I want to emphasize here that the main point of aeropon- plant nutrient solution from the big common tank, pour ics is to spray an ultra-fine mist that will settle on the in fresh filtered water from the second big tank and make roots of every plant. Aeroponics is about creating a fine a new plant nutrient solution. The pipes we use in our mist. It is not just spraying and irrigating plants as is the system have solenoid valves which are electronic fau- case when, for example, watering a lawn. I will not in cets that can be opened and closed using our software. this article discuss which method of growing is better, Using the same pipes we are able to drain our entire tank and which is worse, I will just stick to the main technical of the used fertilizer mix and switch to pouring in clean details. The system I wish to discuss consists of two filtered water into the tank and to begin the preparing a large tanks of 50 liters each, four tanks of 20 liters each new plant nutrient solution. About every few days we with a reverse osmosis filter without mineralization, full should drain all the old mixture from the common tank spectrum LED lamps, a filter with an extractor and a fan and pour in fresh filtered water from the ‘filtered water’ to draw in air. I can manage and control the whole sys- tank. There are scales under the common tank that are tem by using the Arduino developing board. This is connected to our controller. In this way we can monitor more than adequate to control my type of system. Most how much filtered water we need, and also the daily liq- sensors can be found and purchased from robotics web- uid consumption of our plants. The data on how much sites. Usually, the most popular sensors have ready- liquid the plants are using allows us to adjust the ferti- made code libraries which can easily be modified for lizer in our plant nutrient solution. Perhaps the most your own purposes. You can also obtain the tubes and challenging part to implement is the coding and tech- adapters needed for the pneumatic systems process. nical requirements for the unit that controls and mixes They hold pressure very well and can be easily modified. the nutrient solution in the tank. For the sensors control- ling the humidity or the temperature we can use a ready- The plant nutrient solution made code from the manufacturer. With the PH and EC sensors we have to write the code ourselves. We also This is the most complicated part of the project and have to make the dispenser mechanism. it consists of two stages. The first stage is to inject the plant nutrient solution into small tanks. This is done at The PH sensor, EC sensor and temperature sensor regular intervals from a large tank and when the plant controls are used in the tank mixture. A PH sensor is nutrient solution reaches a certain level in these tanks, needed to control the acidity of the plant nutrient solu- usually not more than 10% of the total tank volume, tion. An EC sensor shows us the amount of the plant nu- the plant nutrient solution must be pumped back into trient solution added or consumed by the plants. This the larger tank. For injecting the plant nutrient solution allows us to monitor in real time all the plant nutrient into small containers, you need to use a High Pressure solution in the system. In this project, I am using GHE Diaphragm Pump. A (160 PSI) will be sufficient for fertilizers, which is a set of three separate ingredients 12 spraying nozzles; that is two nozzles per container. bought in bottles. I also use two bottles for PHUP and A single compressor can serve 6 small containers. PHDOWN and one bottle for CalMag. Because our wa- To control the injection, you will need an adjustable pro- ter is derived from a reverse osmosis filter, the water grammable code that will allow you to turn the injection does not contain any naturally dissolved minerals. In this on and off at different intervals. The injection time de- case we need to add calcium and magnesium using six pends on the specific growth period of the plant and cer- peristaltic pumps with very fine gauges to control accu- tain other factors such as time of day, lighting conditions rately the dosage of added substances to the main tank. etc. It is very important to add a keypad to the control We need to adjust and control the PH and EC levels system to be able to control all changes during the plant daily, not just during the creation of new nutrient solution. growth phase. The second stage is to pump the plant The code required for doing this is quite complicated and nutrient solution from the small containers into a com- requires some experience in and knowledge of growing mon big tank. plans. Common sensors for controlling the whole green- house are best done using the I2C [3] protocol. We use Liquid level sensors are mounted in the control a lot of different sensors and in that case, our embedded small tank where our plants are grown. Liquid level sen- system will not have enough pins for connection. Also, sors control the maximum and minimum filling of the by using I2C [3] protocol we can build our system logi- tank, in our case it is no more than 10% of the total vol- cally and correctly. ume of the tank. We can leave the ends of the roots in the plant nutrient solution in case something fails in our Sensors for general control of the greenhouse system – and this will give us time to fix the problem. When the liquid gets close to the top level sensor, a sec- Let us begin with the humidity sensor. The level of ond compressor is turned on and all the liquid is pumped humidity inside a greenhouse is a very important indica- back into the large tank. The compressor will turn itself off tor of the health and promulgation of plants. If you do when the liquid gets close to the lower level sensor read- not control the humidity, there will be problems with ing. To pump out the liquid from the small tanks and mold and mildew and you may have to destroy the crop also to change the plant nutrient solution in the big tank or, the moldy atmosphere will significantly impair the 34

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. final flavor. In an aeroponics system all the liquid is in a I get an instant message from the sensor and this enables closed system and evaporation of water from the surface me to fix the leak. of leaves only. Of course, it goes without saying, a situ- ation where there is not enough humidity is also bad. We know that the plants smell very strongly especially Thus, we have to monitor the humidity at all times and during the flowering stage. We have therefore put char- especially in the different growth stages of the plants. coal filters inside the greenhouse to neutralize the smell. I am using an SHT40 sensor. It is a very accurate sensor However, the filters occasionally stop working for one that is perfect for the greenhouse and can accurately reason or another. As a result, I recommend installing measure temperature. This sensor controls two further the CCS811 sensor on the exterior of the greenhouse. devices connected to an Arduino: a humidifier and a de- This is a volatile organics odor sensor. We have to set humidifier. When we have too much humidity we switch the odor level to normal. If for some reason the odor on the dehumidifier, and when we have too little we level goes up, that is a signal to us that something has switch on the humidifier. happened to our filters in the greenhouse. The temperature sensor shows us the temperature Not all of the sensors in the greenhouse are wired to and it is also connected to the Arduino which also con- the Arduino and some are connected wirelessly. For this trols a supplementary back-up fan. We always have at purpose I use 433MHZ Wireless Transmitter Receiver least two fans running simultaneously as well as the ex- modules. The batteries that power the transmitter and tra back-up in case the temperature rises too high. the sensor are very good and can last for several years Mounting a cooling system is not always applicable be- of continuous operation. cause of installation difficulties and high electricity prices. To Arduino, we can connect display with buttons for correcting and adjusting all the sensors. Also, the Ar- Some growers also use inside their greenhouses var- duino board has a Wi-Fi module. This has made it pos- ious homemade CO2 dispensers or buy in additional gas sible to insert a software server and to transmit and bottles. In all cases, CO2 needs to be carefully monitored receive data over the internet. On the basis of any free and controlled. CO2 in high doses and especially in a service where you can open your site, you can build a closed space like a greenhouse, can be toxic to humans. database from any sensor which you use in the green- I use the sense air s8 for CO2 control. It is a reliable and house and visualize it. You can also if necessary retrieve accurate sensor that is easy to install and comes with a the data in real time and customize it to your needs. By ready made code supplied by the manufacturer. The sensor taking advantage of the NodeJS [4] framework we can get efficiently controls the extra extraction fan to ensure the data in real time and implement it in easy to read the correct amount of CO2 in the greenhouse. When the graphs. CO2 level is above the required level the Arduino turns on the relay and equalizes the CO2 level. Conclusion Since this is an aeroponic system (also applies to As we can see in this article, to create a fully auto- any hydroponic system), we have to keep track of any mated greenhouse requires a lot of experience not only leaks inside the greenhouse because the liquid in the in electronics and programming, but also you will need tanks is pressurized and there is a small risk of a pipe to understand what plants need at every stage of the bursting. I have put a mh-rd raindrop sensor on the floor growth cycle. However, the good news is that compo- of the greenhouse. As soon as the liquid falls onto it nents, sensors and solutions are available from many companies, and you can find relatively easily everything you need to automate your greenhouse. References: 1. Paolo Sambo, Carlo Nicoletto, Andrea Giro, Youry Pii, Fabio Valentinuzzi, Tanja Mimmo, Paolo Lugli, Guido Orzes, Fabrizio Mazzetto, Stefania Astolfi, Roberto Terzano, Stefano Cesco, Hydroponic Solutions for Soilless Production Systems: Issues and Opportunities in a Smart Agriculture Perspective, Front. Plant Sci., 24 July 2019 Sec. Plant Nutrition, pp 3-8. 2. Bethany M. Eldridge, Lillian R. Manzoni, Calum A. Graham, Billy Rodgers, Jack R. Farmer,Antony N. Dodd, Getting to the roots of aeroponic indoor farming, New Phytologist, Volume2 28, Issue 4, Pages1 183-1192. 3. Randall Hyde, The Book of I²C: A Guide for Adventurers, Publisher No Starch Press, ISBN-10 171850246X, pp 10-32. 4. Jim R. Wilson, Node.js the Right Way, Publisher The Pragmatic Programmers, ISBN10 1937785734, pp 15-65. 5. Peter Marwedel, Embedded System Design: Embedded Systems Foundations of Cyber-Physical Systems 2nd ed. 2011 Edition, Springer Verlag, pp 55-90. 6. Dogan Ibrahim, Designing Embedded Systems with 32-Bit PIC Microcontrollers and MikroC 1st Edition - August 22, 2013, Newnes, DOI https://doi.org/10.1016/C2011-0-06919-3, pp 106-122. 35

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. TRANSPORT ALGORITHM AND METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF TRACTION CALCULATION FOR DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES AND ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES AT THE RAILWAY SECTION Oleg Ablyalimov Candidate of Technical Sciences, professor, professor of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive economy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jasurbek Yakubov Master, аssistant of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Anna Avdeyeva Candidate of Technical Sciences,, associate professor of the chair «Materials science and mechanical engineering» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Khusan Kosimov Senior lecturer of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Utkir Safarov Master, аssistant of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] АЛГОРИТМ И МЕТОДИКА РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ТЯГОВОГО РАСЧЁТА ДЛЯ ЛОКОМОТИВОВ ДИЗЕЛЬНОЙ И ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ТЯГИ НА УЧАСТКЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ Аблялимов Олег Сергеевич канд. техн. наук, проф., проф. кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Якубов Жасурбек Камолиддинович магистр, ассистент кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ALGORITHM AND METHOD FOR IMPLEMENTATION OF TRACTION CALCULA- TION FOR DIESEL LOCOMOTIVES AND ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES AT THE RAILWAY SECTION // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Ablyalimov O.S. [и др.]. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7univer- sum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14355

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Авдеева Анна Николаевна канд. техн. наук, доцент кафедры «Материаловедение и машиностроение» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Косимов Хусан Рахматуллаевич ст. преподаватель кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Сафаров Уткир Истамович магистр, ассистент кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент ABSTRACT An algorithm and methodology for performing traction calculation of electric and diesel locomotives on a given virtual or real section of the railway is proposed, based on the characteristics of the material and technical base and various conditions for organizing the transportation of goods in operation. It is recommended to justify the efficiency of electric and diesel locomotives on a virtual and, identical to it, real section of the railway, based on the kinematic parameters of the movement of a freight train and the magnitude of the energy efficiency indicators of the transportation work of these locomotives under operating conditions. АННОТАЦИЯ Предложен алгоритм и методика выполнения тягового расчета локомотивов электрической и дизельной тяги на заданном виртуальном или реальном участке железной дороги, исходя из особенностей материально-технической базы и различных условий организации перевозки грузов в эксплуатации. Эффективность электровозов и тепловозов рекомендуется обосновывать на виртуальном и идентичном ему реальном участке железной дороги, исходя из кинематических параметров движения грузового поезда и величины показателей энергетической эффективности перевозочной работы этих локомотивов в условиях эксплуатации. Keywords: analysis, algorithm, freight train, rail transportation, diesel locomotive, electric locomotive, railway, section, method, transportation work, cargo. Ключевые слова: анализ, алгоритм, грузовой поезд, железнодорожные перевозки, тепловоз, электровоз, железная дорога, участок, методика, перевозочная работа, груз. ________________________________________________________________________________________________ Today, the main traction electric and diesel rolling methods [1,5,6] of the theory of locomotive traction and stock - these are freight electric locomotives VL80S and various conditions for organizing rail transportation of diesel locomotives of the TE10M, UzTE16M series in goods, taking into account railway sections of different various sectional designs, make up approximately ninety degrees of difficulty and complexity. percent of the entire operating locomotive fleet of \"O'zbekiston temir yo'llari\" JSC. Below we present the algorithm and initial infor- mation for performing traction calculation on a given Studying the conditions and determining the param- section of the account. eters of the main operating indicators of three-section mainline (train) freight locomotives 3VL80S, 3TE10M In the general case, traction calculations are performed and UzTE16M3 on a given virtual or real section of the according to the recommendations [1,5,6] and the fol- railway with the development of recommendations and lowing algorithm for their implementation [2]: measures aimed at finding ways and reserves to improve the efficiency of using the locomotive fleet is a primary  choose the parameters (characteristics) of the and urgent task railway industry of Uzbekistan. factors of the state of the material and technical base and the conditions for organizing the transportation work of The solution of this important task for various con- locomotives in a given (accepted) section of the account; ditions of organizing operational activities on sections of the Uzbek railways of different degrees of difficulty  develop models for driving a freight train of var- and complexity will make it possible to use the transpor- ious masses, organized by locomotives without stops tation potential of railway transport and its locomotive and with stops at intermediate stations, sidings and separate fleet, in particular, even more efficiently. points; The above can be implemented with great success  to solve differential equations of movement of a by performing a traction calculation for electric and die- freight train by one of the widely known methods, using, sel traction locomotives, based on the methods and for example, a graphical method to determine the speed 37

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. and time of movement of a train on a given (accepted)  perform \"construction\" of regression equations section of the railway; (analytical dependencies) designed to determine the nu- merical values of the kinematic and energy parameters of  perform traction calculations on a given section the main indicators of the fuel and energy efficiency of of the railway and the results are processed by known the use of locomotives for any mass of a freight train using methods of mathematical statistics with their subsequent the spreadsheet Microsoft Office Excel. analysis; A virtual section of the railway A - C is given, con-  determine the values of the kinematic parameters sisting of two hauls A - B and B - C, the straightened of the movement of a freight train and the parameters track profile of which is presented in Table. 1. of the main fuel and energy indicators of the efficiency of the use of locomotives in quantitative and monetary Table 1. terms; Straightened track profile of a virtual section A–C of a railway Item number. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Element steepness, ‰ -1,5 -1,42 +1,76 +6,5 +0,99 -10,0 -1,33 +1,0 +4,8 0 -3,0 -2,28 0 +1,5 +3,5 +0,9 0 - Element length 1700 4800 2800 7000 2100 1400 1800 1600 1500 S, m 1500 7200 2500 2500 1600 900 3200 1800 - The straightened profile of the link track of the rail- The movement of freight trains on a given virtual flat section of the railway is organized by three-section way section with a length of 45.9 kilometers is presented mainline (train) freight locomotives - 3VL80S electric locomotives and 3TE10M, UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives in Table. 1, consisting of two sections A-B and B-C, with and without stops at an intermediate station. contains 17 elements. Thirteen of these elements with Below is a methodology for performing traction cal- steepness of rises (slopes) in the range from +3.0‰ culations for locomotives diesel traction and electric to -3.0‰, including sites i = 0, make up approximately traction. 76.47 percent of the total length of the section under To implement this technique, mathematical models for driving a freight train by 3VL80S electric locomotives, consideration, which, according to the nature of the track 3TE10M and UzTE16M3 diesel locomotives are com- piled, tables are calculated and diagrams of the specific profile, classifies it as \"plain\" [3] and refers to the first resultant forces of the train are plotted, and, based on the above recommendations [5,6], current curves are plotted type. (electric traction locomotives) , the speed of movement and the time of the train in a given section of the account. Based on the analysis of the path profile, it can be In table. 2 - table. 5 shows the numerical values of seen that the most \"heavy\" element is 4, which is taken the specific resultant (accelerating and compensating) forces of a freight train of various train masses as the calculated ascent with a length of Sр = 7000m and (Q = 2500t ... 3500t) and the same number of axles m = a steepness of iр = +6.5‰, and element 6, which has a slope 200 axles in traction, idling and braking modes. of iсп = -10.0‰ and a length of Sсп = 1400m - guiding descent. Freight trains plying on this section of the railway consist of fifty four-axle cars on rolling bearings (rollers) with train mass differentiation by ΔQ = 500t in the range from Q1 = 2500t to Q3 = 3500t. There are no permanent or temporary slowdown warnings. Cast iron brake pads - υр = 0.33 kN/kN, and the length of the receiving-departure path lпоп = 1050 m. Table 2. Specific resultant forces of the train for the traction mode, electric locomotive 3VL80S v Fк w‫׳‬0 Q1 = 2500 t Q2 = 3000 t Q3 = 3500 t w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 km/h N N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN 1 2 3 10 11 12 0 931950 456 789 0,87 0,95 24,13 4,5 931950 1,90 0,94 1,04 33,03 0,90 0,99 27,90 0,90 0,98 24,10 10 877014 1,95 0,98 1,08 32,99 0,93 1,02 27,87 0,65 1,03 22,57 20 824040 2,03 1,04 1,14 30,93 0,99 1,08 26,11 1,05 1,14 21,04 30 788724 2,22 1,18 1,29 28,84 1,10 1,20 24,35 1,18 1,28 19,94 40 759294 2,47 1,36 1,47 27,37 1,25 1,36 23,09 1,34 1,45 18,98 2,78 1,58 1,70 26,18 1,43 1,55 21,99 38

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. v Fк w‫׳‬0 Q1 = 2500 t Q2 = 3000 t Q3 = 3500 t w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 km/h N N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN 43,5 753408 2,90 1,66 1,79 25,76 1,50 1,62 21,73 1,39 1,50 18,77 50 735750 3,15 1,85 1,98 24,92 1,65 1,78 21,03 1,52 1,64 18,16 56,5 723978 3,42 2,03 2,17 24,30 1,81 1,95 20,50 1,65 1,78 17,70 60 635688 3,58 2,14 2,29 20,95 1,90 2,05 17,66 1,74 1,88 15,23 70 444393 4,07 2,48 2,64 13,61 2,19 2,35 11,43 1,98 2,14 9,92 80 326673 4,62 2,87 3,05 8,89 2,50 2,69 7,44 2,25 2,43 6,36 90 254570 5,23 3,28 3,48 5,83 2,86 3,07 4,82 2,54 2,74 4,11 100 201596 5,90 3,74 3,96 3,41 3,24 3,47 2,78 2,88 3,11 2,32 Table 3. Specific resultant forces of the train for the idling mode and braking, electric locomotive 3VL80S v wх φкp bт wох Q1 = 2500 t wох Q2 = 3000 t wох Q3 = 3500 t N/kN wох+0,5bт wох+bт N/kN wох+0,5bт wох+bт N/kN wох+0,5bт wох+bт km/h Н/кН – N/kN 1 234 5 N/kN N/kN 8 N/kN N/kN 11 N/kN N/kN 0 2,40 0,270 89,10 1,09 67 1,03 9 10 0,99 12 13 10 2,54 1,198 65,34 1,19 1,13 1,07 20 2,76 0,162 53,46 1,34 45,64 90,19 1,25 45,58 90,13 1,18 45,54 90,09 30 3,05 0,140 46,20 1,53 33,86 65,53 1,41 33,80 66,47 1,32 33,74 66,41 40 3,40 0,126 41,58 1,77 28,07 54,80 1,60 27,98 54,71 1,50 27,91 54,64 50 3,83 0,116 38,28 2,05 24,63 47,73 1,84 24,51 47,61 1,70 24,42 47,52 60 4,32 0,108 35,64 2,37 22,56 43,35 2,11 22,39 43,18 1,94 22,29 43,08 70 4,89 0,102 33,66 2,73 21,19 40,33 2,43 20,98 40,12 2,20 20,84 39,98 80 5,52 0,097 32,01 3,14 20,19 38,01 2,76 19,93 37,75 2,50 19,76 37,58 90 6,23 0,093 30,69 3,58 19,56 36,39 3,16 19,26 36,09 2,82 19,03 35,86 4,07 19,14 35,15 3,57 18,76 34,77 3,19 18,51 34,51 100 7,00 0,090 29,70 18,93 34,27 18,51 33,85 18,17 33,51 18,92 33,77 18,42 33,27 18,04 32,89 Table 4. The specific resultant forces of the train for the traction mode, diesel traction locomotives v Fк w‫׳‬0 Q1 = 2500 t Q1 = 3000 t Q1 = 3500 t w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 w\"0 w0 fк -w0 km/h N N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN 1 2 3 10 11 12 0 1360000 456 789 0,87 0,95 34,44 10 1168000 1,90 0,94 1,04 46,50 0,87 0,99 39,65 0,94 0,98 29,36 13 1125000 2,03 1,04 1,08 39,68 0,95 1,02 33,86 0,97 0,98 29,21 20 839000 2,08 1,08 1,14 38,13 0,97 1,02 32,51 1,04 1,14 20,68 30 600000 2,22 1,18 1,29 28,02 1,05 1,20 23,89 1,17 1,28 14,32 40 470000 2,47 1,36 1,47 19,47 1,18 1,36 16,60 1,33 1,45 10,76 50 375000 2,78 1,58 1,70 14,69 1,34 1,55 12,54 1,51 1,64 8,06 60 312000 3,15 1,84 1,79 11,02 1,53 1,78 9,49 1,73 1,88 6,20 70 273000 3,58 2,14 1,98 8,57 1,74 2,05 7,36 1,97 2,14 4,92 80 235000 4,07 2,48 2,17 6,84 1,99 2,35 5,92 2,24 2,43 3,62 90 21400 4,62 2,86 2,29 5,11 2,26 2,69 4,47 2,54 2,74 2,75 100 194000 5,23 3,28 2,64 3,93 2,57 3,50 4,82 2,87 3,11 1,86 5,90 3,74 3,05 2,74 2,90 2,53 2,78 39

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Table 5. Specific resultant forces of the train for idling and braking, diesel traction locomotives v wх φкp bт Q1 = 2500 t Q2 = 3000 t wох Q3 = 3500 t wох wох+0,5bт wох+bт wох wох+0,5bт wох+bт N/kN wох+0,5bт wох+bт km/h N/kN – N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN N/kN 12 3 4 567 8 9 10 11 N/kN N/kN 0 2,40 0,270 1,15 45,69 90,25 1,06 45,61 90,16 1,03 12 13 10 2,54 1,198 89,10 1,25 33,92 66,59 1,13 33,80 66,47 1,11 20 2,76 0,162 65,34 1,40 28,13 54,86 1,23 27,96 54,69 1,22 45,58 90,13 30 3,05 0,140 53,46 1,60 24,70 47,80 1,37 24,54 47,70 1,37 33,70 66,45 40 3,40 0,126 46,20 1,84 22,63 43,42 1,54 23,33 43,12 1,55 27,76 54,68 50 3,83 0,116 41,58 2,12 21,26 40,40 1,74 20,84 39,93 1,76 24,13 47,57 60 4,32 0,108 38,28 2,45 20,27 38,09 1,98 19,80 37,62 2,00 21,82 43,13 70 4,89 0,102 35,64 2,82 19,65 36,48 2,26 19,09 35,92 2,28 20,17 40,04 80 5,52 0,097 33,66 3,24 19,24 35,25 2,56 18,60 34,64 2,59 18,85 37,64 90 6,23 0,093 32,01 3,70 19,04 34,39 2,90 18,29 33,68 2,93 17,86 35,94 30,69 4,20 19,01 33,90 3,28 18,13 32,98 3,31 17,04 34,60 100 7,00 0,090 29,70 16,38 33,61 15,88 33,01 According to table. 2 - table. 5 diagrams of the men- On fig. 1 and fig. 2 shows fragments of dependencies tioned resultant forces are constructed for the studied V(S), t(S) and Ida(S), built by us taking into account the three-section mainline (train) freight locomotives. given characteristics of the material and technical base and the conditions for organizing the transport operation All of the above constructions are carried out on graph of diesel locomotives 3TE10M, UzTE16M3 and electric paper, while strictly selected and verified scales of graphic locomotives 3VL80S on one of the given virtual flat construction are observed, based on the recommenda- sections of the railway. tions [7] (Rules for traction calculations for train work). Figure 1. Fragment of traction calculation for diesel traction locomotives at an intermediate station On fig. 1 and fig. 2 marked: A, B, C - respectively, through station B; SBзам and ∆tBзам are the deceleration path and time when braking at intermediate station B; the station of departure, intermediate and arrival (terminal); SBразг and ∆tBразг are the path and acceleration time in the V=f(S) and t=f(S) – curves of the speed and travel time process of starting the train from its place at the interme- diate station B; t1 and t2 are, respectively, the time for of the train per passage, without stopping at the inter- the train to pass through intermediate station B before the transition without stopping (t1) and after stopping mediate station B; V''=f(S) and t''=f(S) are the curves (t2); TD and TO - respectively, the brakes are pressed and the brakes are released. of the speed and travel time of the train during the period of its acceleration when starting off at the intermediate station B; t'=f(S) and t2=f(S) – respectively, the time curves of the train when stopping and accelerating 40

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. Figure. 2. Fragment of traction calculation of traction diesel locomotives at the end station Braking path SBзам, SСзам - the distance that the train curves of the movement of a freight train, as shown in travels from the start of braking (transfer of the driver's Fig. 1 and fig. 2 - for the train deceleration time or as crane handle to the braking position) to the complete indicated in [4] and in fig. 2 - during the acceleration of the train. stop of the train. The path of acceleration SBразг is the distance trav- To analyze the result of the above studies, as a jus- tification criterion, the kinematic parameters of the eled by the train from the beginning of the launch at the movement of freight trains and energy indicators of the efficiency of the use of the locomotive fleet under vari- intermediate station to the moment of \"surge\" of the ous modes of movement of locomotives were used in the organization of railway transportation of various goods non-stop movement of the train. with and without stops at intermediate stations, separate Deceleration time ∆tBзам, ∆tCзам when the train brakes points and sidings were taken. before stopping at the intermediate and arrival stations - Thus, the use of the above methods, taking into ac- count the analysis of the initial data and the algorithm the time of the train during which it stops (stops). for performing traction calculations, will allow us to fur- The acceleration time ∆tB acceleration in the process ther implement theoretical studies related to solving problems of driving freight trains by three-section main- of starting the train from its place at the intermediate line (train) freight electric locomotives 3VL80S and die- sel locomotives 3TE10M, UzTE16M3 on a given, station is the time of the train's movement, during which virtual or real, section of the railway. it will \"catch up\" with the non-stop movement. Freight train movement time for deceleration - ac- celeration can be determined analytically, according to a simple formula (see Fig. 1 - ∆tBразг = t2 - t1) - that is, by subtracting the time of non-stop train movement from the time of train movement with stops. Or, thanks to the graphical method, based on the already constructed time Reference: 1. Ablyalimov O.S. Fundamentals of locomotive management [Text] / O.S. Ablyalimov, E.S. Ushakov // Textbook for professional colleges of railway transport. - Tashkent: \"Davr\", 2012. - 392 p. 2. Ablyalimov O.S. To the operation of 3VL80S electric locomotives on the flat section of the railway [Text] / O.S. Ablyalimov // Scientific journal \"Bulletin of ISTU\" / Irkutsk state. tech. un-t. - Irkutsk, 2019. V. 22. No. 6. - P. 50 - 67. 3. Ablyalimov O.S. Evaluation of the efficiency of the transportation work of electric locomotives 3VL80 S on the section Kattakurgan - Navoi of the Uzbek railway [Text] / O.S. Ablyalimov // International information and analytical journal \"Crede experto: transport, society, education, language\" / Branch of the Moscow State tech. University of Civil Aviation. - Irkutsk, 2018. No. 3 - S. 54 - 62. 41

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. 4. Ablyalimov O.S. Graphical method for calculating the travel time of a train for acceleration - deceleration [Text] / O.S. Ablyalimov, I.O. Tashbekov, O.B. Nigmatov // Republic of Ilmiy - AmaliyAnzhumani “Oliyvaurtamahsus , kasb - khunarta'liminingўzaroҳamkorlikalokalari: yutukvamuammolar\". / Tashkent state. UniversityofEconomics. - Tashkent: TDIU, 2017. - P. 66 - 68. 5. Deev V.V. Traction of trains [Text] / V.V. Deev, G.A. Ilyin, G.S. Afonin // Textbook for universities. - M.: Transport, 1987. - 264 p. 6. Kuzmich V.D. Theory of locomotive traction [Text] / V. D Kuzmich, V.S. Rudnev, S. Ya. Frenkel // Textbook for universities of railway transport. - M .: Route, 2005. - 448 p. 7. Rules for traction calculations for train work. - M .: Transport, 1985. - 287 p. 42

№ 10 (103) октябрь, 2022 г. ABOUT OF TRANSPORTATION WORK OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES 3VL80S ON THE HILLY - MOUNTAINОUS SECTION OF THE RAILWAY Oleg Ablyalimov Candidate of Technical Sciences, professor, professor of the chair «Loсomotives and locomotive economy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Jasurbek Yakubov Master, аssistant of the chair«Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Anna Avdeyeva Candidate of Technical Sciences,, associate professor of the chair «Materials science and mechanical engineering» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Khusan Kosimov Senior lecturer of the chair«Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] Utkir Safarov Master, аssistant of the chair«Loсomotives and locomotive еconomy» Tashkent state transpоrt university, Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent E-mail: [email protected] О ПЕРЕВОЗОЧНОЙ РАБОТЕ ЭЛЕКТРОВОЗОВ 3VL80S НА ХОЛМИСТО-ГОРНОМ УЧАСТКЕ ЖЕЛЕЗНОЙ ДОРОГИ Аблялимов Олег Сергеевич канд. техн. наук, проф., проф. кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент Якубов Жасурбек Камолиддинович магистр, ассистент кафедры «Локомотивы и локомотивное хозяйство» Ташкентский государственный транспортный университет, Республика Узбекистан, г. Ташкент __________________________ Библиографическое описание: ABOUT OF TRANSPORTATION WORK OF ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES 3VL80S ON THE HILLY - MOUNTAINОUS SECTION OF THE RAILWAY // Universum: технические науки : электрон. научн. журн. Ablyalimov O.S. [и др.]. 2022. 10(103). URL: https://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/item/14356