YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

["\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE \u2713 Form \u2713 En S\u0131k Kullan\u0131lan Belirte\u00e7ler \u2713 Kullan\u0131m \u2713 Passive \u2713 A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 Soru \u00d6rnekleri \u2713 Metin \u0130\u00e7inde Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u2713 Al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar AFFIRMATIVE FORM QUESTION I will come \u2026 Will I come \u2026? You will come \u2026 NEGATIVE Will you come \u2026? She* will come \u2026 I won\u2019t come \u2026 Will she come \u2026? We will come \u2026 You won\u2019t come \u2026 Will we come \u2026? You will come \u2026 She won\u2019t come \u2026 Will you come \u2026? They will come \u2026 We won\u2019t come \u2026 Will they come \u2026? You won\u2019t come \u2026 They won\u2019t come \u2026 * He, It, Richard, my father gibi 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. EN SIK KULLANILAN BEL\u0130RTE\u00c7LER* soon, before long, shortly tonight, tomorrow, tomorrow morning, etc. this evening, this friday, next week, next year, in three months, in two days, in 2050 after, before, when, as soon as, until, once \u00d6rnek: I think I will do my military service after graduation. PAST \t\t\t\t PRESENT \t\t\t FUTURE Grammar For All 89","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN KULLANIM (USE) \u2022 Gelecek zaman belirten eylemler \u00e7o\u011funlukla \u2018will\u2019, veya \u2018be going to\u2019 ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. \u2018be going to\u2019 i\u00e7in kullan\u0131m tablosu \u00fcnite i\u00e7erisinde ayr\u0131ca verilmi\u015ftir. \u2022 Ayr\u0131ca daha \u00e7ok eski dilde, birinci tekil (I) ve birinci \u00e7o\u011ful (we) \u015fah\u0131slarla, will yerine \u2018shall\u2019 kullan\u0131m\u0131yla da kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131labilir. S\u0131nav mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla bak\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda \u2018Shall\u2019in kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za ancak tag question\u2019larda \u00e7\u0131kma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6z konusudur. \u2022 Bilinmesi gereken en \u00f6nemli konu, will, be going to, shall, would \u015feklinde future tense (simple future ya da future in the past) anlatan bu yap\u0131lar\u0131n hi\u00e7bir \u015fekilde zaman belirten yan c\u00fcmlecik (time clause) i\u00e7erisinde kullan\u0131lamayaca\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. \u015eimdi ba\u015fl\u0131ca kullan\u0131mlar\u0131na g\u00f6z atal\u0131m: 1. Gelecekte meydana gelecek durum ve eylemleri ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 Whatever decision they give, the public will always consider him to be innocent. \t\t Ne karar verirlerse versinler, halk onu daima masum olarak kabul edecek. \t \u2013 In less than ten years, global warming will be the biggest problem facing us. \t\t On y\u0131ldan daha k\u0131sa s\u00fcrede k\u00fcresel \u0131s\u0131nma bizi bekleyen en b\u00fcy\u00fck sorun olacak. 2. Anl\u0131k karar s\u00f6z konusu ise will kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu durum daha \u00e7ok i\u015fin gelecekteki zaman\u0131n\u0131 de\u011fil, o i\u015fteki kararl\u0131k, isteklilik veya niyeti vurgular ve T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019ye \u2018yapaca\u011f\u0131m, yapar\u0131m, yapay\u0131m\u2019 \u015feklinde de \u00e7evrilebilir. B\u00f6yle durumlar i\u00e7in be going to kullan\u0131m\u0131 uygun de\u011fildir. \t \u2013 Gosh, we\u2019re running out of oil! I\u2019ll pull over. \t\t Yak\u0131t\u0131m\u0131z bitiyor, hay aksi! Kenara \u00e7ekece\u011fim. (veya Kenara \u00e7ekeyim.) \t \u2013 When we get to the picnic area, I\u2019ll set a fire to cook the meat and you can set the table. \t\t Piknik alan\u0131na var\u0131nca ben etleri pi\u015firmek i\u00e7in ate\u015f yakar\u0131m, sen de masay\u0131 kurars\u0131n. 3. Gelece\u011fe y\u00f6nelik beklenti, tahmin ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnce durumlar\u0131nda will kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 I\u2019m not sure that the new secretary will be able to answer all the questions concerning the official visit to be paid this week. \t\t Yeni sekreterin, bu hafta yap\u0131lacak resmi ziyaretle ilgili t\u00fcm sorulara cevap \t\t \t verebilece\u011finden emin de\u011filim. \t \u2013 It seems likely that the recession in the wool textile industry will continue throughout the year and many mills may be permanently closed. \t\t Y\u00fcnl\u00fc dokuma sanayiinde durgunlu\u011fun y\u0131l boyunca s\u00fcrece\u011fi ve pek \u00e7ok fabrikan\u0131n \t \t s\u00fcresiz kapanabilece\u011fi muhtemel g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyor. 4. Zaman c\u00fcmleciklerinde anlamsal olarak future, gramer olarak present kullan\u0131m\u0131: \t \u2013 I will go around in the forest to find something to eat while you prepare the salad. \t\t Sen salata haz\u0131rlarken ben de bir \u015feyler bulmak i\u00e7in ormanda dola\u015faca\u011f\u0131m. 90 Grammar For All","A\u00c7IKLAMA\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 5. \u2018assume, be afraid, be sure, believe, doubt, expect, hope, suppose, think,\u2019 gibi yap\u0131larla ba\u015flayan c\u00fcmleler devam\u0131nda \u00e7o\u011funlukla gelecek zaman modallar\u0131 gerektirirler. Ayn\u0131 durum past tense i\u00e7in de s\u00f6z konusudur. \t \u2013 I hope she\u2019ll get the job she has applied for. \t \u2013 I hope she gets the job she has applied for. \t \u2013 I hoped she would get the job she had applied for. Future Tense bilgisi her soru t\u00fcr\u00fcyle s\u0131nanabilir. Sadece gramer ve cloze test'lerle s\u0131n\u0131rlamak do\u011fru olmaz. Daha \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemlerde \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f soru \u00f6rneklerini inceleyiniz. \u00d6rnek: (Diyalog Sorusu) Alan: I\u2019ll take you to the station. Peter: ___________ Alan: None at all. It\u2019s more or less on my route. A) Well I can\u2019t find a taxi anywhere. B) Is there time? The train leaves at 7:40. C) Thanks, but I\u2019m not going till tomorrow. D) Will you really? Are you sure it\u2019s no trouble? E) Haven\u2019t you got anything better to do? DO\u011eRU YANIT: D \u00d6rnek: (Yak\u0131n Anlam Sorusu) If Mr. Drake doesn\u2019t hand in his resignation, then Paul will. A) Apparently, both Paul and Mr. Drake are planning to resign. B) Either Mr. Drake resigns or Paul does. C) Mr. Drake gave in his resignation before Paul. D) Paul would have resigned if Mr. Drake had. E) Paul won\u2019t resign unless Mr. Drake does. DO\u011eRU YANIT: B Grammar For All 91","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN \u00d6rnek: (Tense Sorusu) Rosa believes she _______ the train for the evening concert, but I\u2019m pretty sure she _______ it, as usual. A) is catching\/is missing B) has caught\/misses C) will have caught\/has missed D) is going to catch\/will miss E) was catching\/missed DO\u011eRU YANIT: D \u00d6rnek C\u00fcmleler \u2713 We believe a decision will be made by the majority sooner than we expect. \u2713 If the birth rate is not adequately controlled, especially in the poorer countries, the resources of the world will soon be used up. \u2713 For me, it is too early to know whether the new president will actually be able to fulfill the promises he has made. \u2713 The next earthquake will destroy the city. \u2713 The police are going to investigate the case. \u2713 Disneyland is going to give us a big discount. \u2713 I am going to be given a second chance by the programme manager. PASSIVE Something had been being done by someone before sometime in the past. \t\t Affirmative\t Object + will + be + V3 \t\t Question\t will + Object + be + V3 Active : The board will make a decision till tomorrow. Passive : A decision will be made by the board till tomorrow. Active : Are they going to finish their dissertation next week? Passive : Is their dissertation going to be finished next week? 92 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN BE GOING TO FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION I\u2019m going to come \u2026 You\u2019re going to come \u2026 I\u2019m not going to come \u2026 Am I going to come \u2026? She\u2019s* going to come \u2026 We \u2018re going to come \u2026 You\u2019re not going to come \u2026 Are you going to come \u2026? You \u2018re going to come \u2026 They \u2018re going to come \u2026 She\u2019s not going to come \u2026 Is she going to come \u2026? We\u2019re not going to come \u2026 Are we going to come \u2026? You\u2019re not going to come \u2026 Are you going to come \u2026? They\u2019re not going to come \u2026 Are they going to come \u2026? *He, It, Richard, my father gibi 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kullan\u0131m\u0131: 1. Zaman tablosunda will ile ayn\u0131 yerde kullan\u0131lan be going to, daha \u00f6nceden yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f planlar\u0131 ve al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f kararlar\u0131 ifade etmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 We\u2019re not going to take a holiday this year. \t\t Bu y\u0131l tatil yapmayaca\u011f\u0131z. 2. Gelecekte bir i\u015fin olaca\u011f\u0131na dair o anda bir kan\u0131t ya da belirti varsa kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 The sky is getting dark. It\u2019s is going to rain. \t\t Hava karar\u0131yor. Ya\u011fmur ya\u011facak. 3. Daha \u00e7ok konu\u015fma dilinde \u2018I\u2019m gonna, You\u2019re gonna\u2019 \u015feklinde telaffuz edilir ve olduk\u00e7a s\u0131k kullan\u0131l\u0131r. GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eTEK\u0130 GELECEK (FUTURE IN THE PAST) Ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman ifadelerinde gelece\u011fe dair anlat\u0131mlarda ya would ya da was \/ were going to kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Was \/ were going to t\u0131pk\u0131 future\u2019da oldu\u011fu gibi yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 ge\u00e7mi\u015fte planlanan, kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan veya niyetlenen durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak anlam\u0131 olumsuzdur. \t \u2013 The surgeon was going to operate her last week, but he changed his mind. \t\t Cerrah onu ge\u00e7en hafta ameliyat edecekti, fakat karar de\u011fi\u015ftirdi. \t \u2013 We hoped it was going to be the last, but one more bombing took place in Ankara within \t \t a month. \t\t Bunun sonuncusu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 umuyorduk, fakat bir ay i\u00e7inde Ankara\u2019da ikinci patlama \t \toldu. Grammar For All 93","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN Would ise ge\u00e7mi\u015fte, gelece\u011fe dair anlat\u0131mlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Be going to gibi sonucunun olumsuz olaca\u011f\u0131na dair bir durum would i\u00e7in s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir. \t \u2013 I knew you would apologize to her. \t\t Ondan \u00f6z\u00fcr dileyece\u011fini biliyordum. Zaman c\u00fcmlelerinde would, shall veya be going to ifadeleri t\u0131pk\u0131 will gibi yan c\u00fcmlecik i\u00e7erisinde yer almazlar. \t \u2013 When he would look at his watch, I noticed he had a red spot on his wrist. \t \u2013 When he looked at his watch, I noticed he had a red spot on his wrist. Would\u2019un di\u011fer kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 MODALS ve CONDITIONALS \u00fcnitelerinde detayl\u0131 olarak verilmi\u015ftir. A\u00c7IKLAMALI SORU \u00d6RNEKLER\u0130 \u00d6rnek: William _______ far in art since he has a remarkable talent for _______ even the most unimaginable emotions. A) will go illustrating\t\t\t\t\t B) goes to illustrate C) has gone\/being ullustrated \t\t\t D) was going\/illustrating \t\t\t\t E) is going to go\/ having been illustrated \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Sebebe dayal\u0131 durum i\u00e7in bo\u015flu\u011fa gelecek zaman ifadesi olarak A ve E d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Ancak burada \u201cPREPOSITION +V-ing\u201d kural\u0131 gere\u011fi ikinci bo\u015fluk i\u00e7in ihtiyac\u0131m\u0131z olan gerund yap\u0131s\u0131 A se\u00e7ene\u011finde verilmi\u015ftir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: A 94 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN \u00d6rnek: One feels that there ______ any noticeable improvement in the human rights problem in Africa until all the African countries ______ their economic difficulties. A) cannot be \/ will overcome\t\t\t B) hasn\u2019t been had overcome C) won\u2019t be \/ overcome\t\t\t D) wouldn\u2019t be would be overcome \t\t\t\t E) wasn\u2019t have overcome \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u201c\u2026one feels \u015feklinde present ba\u015flayan bu soruda eylemlerin olu\u015f s\u0131ras\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karsak, ikinci bo\u015flu\u011fun zaman\u0131 daha sonra olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen time clause olarak \u201c kullan\u0131m\u0131nda future tense kullanam\u0131yoruz: \t Zaman ba\u011flac\u0131 + will would \/ be going to shall, S+ will +V+O Onun yerine vermek istedi\u011fimiz Future anlam ya Simple Present ya da Present Perfect ile yap\u0131labiliyordu: \t Zaman ba\u011flac\u0131 + V1, S+ will +V+ O. Ya da, \t Zaman ba\u011flac\u0131 + have\/has V3, S+ will +V+O. \u0130kinci bo\u015fluk i\u00e7in C ve E se\u00e7enekleri kural\u0131m\u0131za uymaktad\u0131r. Birinci bo\u015fluk i\u00e7in ise E se\u00e7ene\u011findeki past ifade uygunsuzdur. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C \u00d6rnek: As soon as I _______ paid, I ________ you all out for a meal. A) have got\/would take \t B) got\/have taken\t C) will get\/will take \t\t\t D) get\/will take \t E) am getting\/was taking \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: As soon as tense uyumu gerektirir. Zaman ba\u011flac\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu yan c\u00fcmleciklerde future ve t\u00fcrevleri yer alamayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu t\u00fcr sorularda ilk yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekenin bunlar\u0131 elemek oldu\u011funu tekrar hat\u0131rlatal\u0131m; dolay\u0131s\u0131yla C elenir. Di\u011ferleri aras\u0131ndan zaman uyumunu do\u011fru kar\u015f\u0131layan tek se\u00e7enek oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in, DO\u011eRU YANIT: D Grammar For All 95","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI ROBOTS When will we have robots? We already have many kinds of robots! Industries use a variety of robots and now robots are becoming more common in the home. The Husqvarna company makes a lawn mowing robot called the Auto Mower. The robot has sensors that detect where objects are in the yard and it maneuvers around them. The robot can cut the grass while you relax on the patio with a glass of lemonade! Also, Eureka now makes a robotic vacuum cleaner. Like the robot lawn mower, the vacuum cleaner automatically detects where the furniture is and vacuums around it. Cars are becoming robots now that many cars have GPS (Global Positioning Systems) on them. A car with a GPS system can give you directions on how to go somewhere, tell you where the closest gas station is, and, some day in the future, will drive itself. You will take a nap or read while the car drives itself to your destination. We even have robotic pets now. The Sony company makes a robotic dog named Aibo that can sit, stand, and walk like a regular dog but can also communicate and take pictures! Aibo understands certain commands, like a dog does, such as \u201cSit down\u201d, \u201cStand up\u201d, \u201cTurn right\u201d, etc. If you ask Aibo a question such as \u201cHow old are you?\u201d, its eyes will flash the number of years old it is. Aibo is also a great guard dog. He can patrol the yard and take pictures with a built-in camera of anything suspicious. * Al\u0131nt\u0131: http:\/\/www.really-learn-english.com\/support-files\/past-perfect-progressive-story-1.pdf Topic \t\t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Main idea \t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly\t: _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY close yak\u0131n lawn mower \u00e7im kesme makinas\u0131 command komut maneuver manevra common ortak patio veranda, teras communicate ileti\u015fim kurmak patrol devriye destination hedef, var\u0131\u015f notktas\u0131 regular d\u00fczenli detect belirlemek suspicious \u015f\u00fcpheli direction y\u00f6n take a nap kestirmek, flash fla\u015f, \u00e7akmak uyuklamak furniture mobilya vacuum cleaner elektrikli s\u00fcp\u00fcrge guard bek\u00e7i, koruma variety \u00e7e\u015fitlilik industry sanayi yard bah\u00e7e 96 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN ALI\u015eTIRMALAR-(FUTURE TENSE) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bo\u015fluklara, verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin uygun hallerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z. 1. Martin _________ medical school next year. (begin) 2. When you arrive tonight, we _________ out for dinner. (go) 3. After thirty days, the trial version of software _________ working until you update it. (stop) 4. I a new car this weekend, but I\u2019m a little worried because I _________ really _________ much about cars. (buy\/ not know) 5. Deforestation _________ a controversial issue as the trees are cut. (remain) 6. The information _________ confidential and can be reached solely by authorized members of the company. (keep) 7. As soon as the weather _________ up, we _________ down to the beach and go swimming. (clear\/walk) 8. A new password _________ to your email address as soon as you the link. (send\/ confirm) 9. After Sam graduates, he _________ medical school and become a doctor. He _________ to be a doctor all his life. (attend\/ want) 10. We hope you _________ this information helpful in better understanding this important issue. (find) Grammar For All 97","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE \u2713 Form \u2713 En S\u0131k Kullan\u0131lan Belirte\u00e7ler \u2713 Kullan\u0131m \u2713 Metin i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u2713 Al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar AFFIRMATIVE FORM QUESTION I will be making\u2026 Will I be making\u2026? You will be making\u2026 NEGATIVE Will you be making\u2026? She* will be making\u2026 I won\u2019t be making\u2026 Will she be making\u2026? We will be making\u2026 You won\u2019t be making\u2026 Will we be making\u2026? You will be making\u2026 She won\u2019t be making\u2026 Will you be making\u2026? They will be making\u2026 We won\u2019t be making\u2026 Will they be making\u2026? You won\u2019t be making\u2026 They won\u2019t be making\u2026 * He, It, Richard, my father gibi 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Not: Future Continuous ifadelerinde will + be V-ing yerine be going to + be V-ing de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. EN SIK KULLANILAN BEL\u0130RTE\u00c7LER* while, when, tonight, this time tomorrow, this time next week, next \u2026, in the afternoon still \u00d6rnek: They will be discussng the issue in the next meeting. PAST \t\t\t\t PRESENT \t\t\t FUTURE 98 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN KULLANIM 1. Gelecekte yap\u0131lacak bir i\u015fin daha k\u0131sa bir eylem taraf\u0131ndan kesilmesi durumlar\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. E\u015f zamanl\u0131 iki eylem de ayn\u0131 tense ile kullan\u0131labilir. \t \u2013 Her mom will be cleaning the house when she arrives this afternoon. \t\t Eve vard\u0131\u011f\u0131nda annnesi evi temizliyor olacak. \t \u2013 He\u2019s going to be reading a newspaper and his dad is going to be watching TV. \t\t O gazete okuyor, babas\u0131 da televizyon izliyor olacaklar. 2. Olayla kesi\u015fen ikinci bir eylem olmaks\u0131z\u0131n da gelecekte belli bir anda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen olaylar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 This time tomorrow, I will be having breakfast with my friends beside the beach. \t\t Yar\u0131n bu zamanlar sahil kenar\u0131nda arkada\u015flar\u0131mla kahvalt\u0131 yap\u0131yor olaca\u011f\u0131m. 3. O anki de\u011fil de gelecekte yap\u0131lacak i\u015fler i\u00e7in izin ve rica ifadelerinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 Will you be giving me a ride home? \t \u2013 Will she be coming to the organisation? \t \u2013 Will I be using your calculator? 4. E\u011fer olay \u00f6nceden planlanm\u0131\u015f veya kesinlik kazanm\u0131\u015fsa bunu vurgulamak i\u00e7in will be V-ing yerine be going to be V-ing kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 This time tomorrow, we are going to be celebrating our first wedding anniversary. 5. Zaman c\u00fcmlelerinde Future Continuous Tense yan c\u00fcmlecik i\u00e7erisinde kullan\u0131lmaz, ama bunun yerine gelecek zaman anlam\u0131 verecek \u015fekilde Present Continuous Tense kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 While I am shopping, Sally is going to do the dishes. (While I am going to shop, ...) \t\t Ben al\u0131\u015fveri\u015f yap\u0131yorken Sally bula\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 y\u0131kayacak. \u00d6rnek C\u00fcmleler \u2713 This time next month, I\u2019ll be having a good time with my family on holiday. \u2713 Are you still going to be sitting outside to protest the management? \u2713 When my boss arrives this afternoon, I\u2019ll be typing the letters. \u2713 While she\u2019s cleaning the house, I\u2019ll be going for a walk. \u2713 At 22:00 tonight, I will be sleeping, since I have worked late today. \u2713 Dan is going to be working as a tour guide. If anything happens, you need to contact him. \u2713 This evening at 06:00, I\u2019ll be watching that amazing documentary on \u2018National Geographic.' Grammar For All 99","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI TACO TUESDAY I am so excited for Taco Tuesday. You MUST come! I went last week and I had such a great time. We will have to take a taxi down to PB: even though it is Tuesday, everyone will be walking around wearing nice clothes and will be looking for a good time. We might have to wait in line a little bit before we get in, then when we enter, everyone will be drinking beers and dancing. The bartenders are going to be throwing drinks and tacos around, and everyone will be laughing and dancing. The best part is that it is super cheap: you won\u2019t be wasting money there, like you would at a fancier club that charges exorbitant prices. It\u2019s awesome! * Taco Tuesday is a tradition in San Diego: many restaurants serve tacos at a discounted price and also have drink specials. It is the unofficial day to eat Mexican food in SD . . . although every day in San Diego is unofficially a day to eat Mexican food! *Al\u0131nt\u0131: http:\/\/cisl.edu\/ 100 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN Topic \t\t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Main idea \t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly\t: _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY awesome m\u00fcthi\u015f serve servis bartender barmen special \u00f6zel, spesiyal charge \u00fccret kesmek taco taco, Meksika d\u00fcr\u00fcm\u00fc discounted indirimli throw atmak exorbitant fahi\u015f unofficial gayri resmi fancy \u015fa\u015fal\u0131, pahal\u0131 waste bo\u015fa harcamak ALI\u015eTIRMALAR-(FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bo\u015fluklara, verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin uygun hallerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z. 1. Jake _______ at the library tonight, so he _______ Sarah when she arrives. (study\/not see) 2. While Peter is reading the magazine, Tina _______ the house. (clean) 3. At : 30 PM this evening, Chris _______ the TV. (repair) 4. They _______ technical expertise and _______ the lecturers a chance to test the projector before the conference. (demand\/ give) 5. Because of its rapid economic growth, India _______ over 20 nuclear reactors for clean energy over the next 10 years. (require) 6. There are a number of countries that _______ for admission to join the European Union. (apply) 7. In two weeks time, we _______ the project already started with respect to these needs. (complete) 8. When you get home this afternoon, that mountain _______ and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes _______ in the cabinets. (go\/ sit) 9. If you need to contact me next Monday, I _______ at the Peninsula Hotel. (stay) 10. Soon you _______ information on the conference and we _______ out a call for abstracts and presenters. (receive\/ send) Grammar For All 101","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN FUTURE PERFECT TENSE \u2713 Form \u2713 En S\u0131k Kullan\u0131lan Belirte\u00e7ler \u2713 Kullan\u0131m \u2713 \u2018by\u2019 kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u2713 Passive \u2713 A\u00e7\u0131klamal\u0131 Soru \u00d6rnekleri \u2713 Metin \u0130\u00e7inde Kullan\u0131m\u0131 \u2713 Al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION I will have finished\u2026 I won\u2019t** have finished\u2026 Will I have finished\u2026? You will have finished\u2026 You won\u2019t have finished\u2026 Will you have finished\u2026? She* will have finished\u2026 She won\u2019t have finished\u2026 Will she have finished\u2026? We will have finished\u2026 We won\u2019t have finished\u2026 Will we have finished\u2026? You will have finished\u2026 You won\u2019t have finished\u2026 Will you have finished\u2026? They will have finished\u2026 They won\u2019t have finished\u2026 Will they have finished\u2026? * He, It, Richard, my father gibi 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. * *won\u2019t = will not EN SIK KULLANILAN BEL\u0130RTE\u00c7LER* tomorrow by the time ..., by ..., by now before, soon, when, at the time, until in a fortnight\u2019s time from now, in\/ within15 years\u2019 time \u00d6rnek: The farmers will have harvested the crops by the end of this month. PAST \t\t\t\t PRESENT \t\t\t FUTURE 102 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN KULLANIM (USE) 1. Gelecekte belirli bir zamanda tamamlanm\u0131\u015f olaylar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu anlat\u0131mda zaman c\u00fcmlecikleri veya saat kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Genellikle by kelimesinden yararlan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 I hope all of the people will have left the ship before it sinks into the deep waters. \t\t Gemi sulara g\u00f6m\u00fclmeden \u00f6nce umar\u0131m insanlar\u0131n t\u00fcm\u00fc gemiyi terk etmi\u015f olurlar. \t \u2013 I won\u2019t have finished my assignment by this Friday as I have to finish other projects. \t\t Bitirmem gereken ba\u015fka projeler oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in g\u00f6revi Cumaya kadar bitiremeyece\u011fim. \t \u2013 Although they are now too angry to forgive me, I\u2019m sure they will soon have forgotten \t \t what they told me. \t\t \u015eimdi beni affedemeyecek kadar k\u0131zg\u0131n olmalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen eminim ki yak\u0131nda bana \t \t s\u00f6ylediklerini unutmu\u015f olacaklar. \t \u2013 We will have returned home by five o\u2019clock. \t\t Saat 5\u2019e kadar eve d\u00f6nm\u00fc\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131z. 2. Bu tense by now ile y\u00fcksek olas\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131 tahmin i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 He will have arrived home by now. \t\t \u015eu an itibariyle eve varm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 3. Gelecekte belirli bir s\u00fcre i\u00e7inde bitmi\u015f olacak i\u015fleri anlat\u0131rken kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu anlat\u0131mda genellikle in, within kelimelerinin kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131na s\u0131kl\u0131kla rastlan\u0131r. \t \u2013 It\u2019s 11:00 and the plane will have landed in 5 minutes. (\u2026 u\u00e7ak 5 dk i\u00e7inde inmi\u015f olacak.) 4. Hareketli fiillerin yan\u0131nda stative fiiller de ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde ifade edilebilir. \t \u2013 This Sunday, we will have been married for 20 years. \t \u2013 In September, I will have lived in Ankara for ten years. \t \u2013 Her mom will have been sick for two weeks tomorrow. \t \u2013 Next week, you will have had this car for twenty-five years! 5. Gelecekteki herhangi bir olayla ilgili olan \u015fimdiki tahminimizi anlat\u0131rken kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 At 20.00, the referee won\u2019t have finished the match yet. (Hakem ma\u00e7\u0131 daha bitirmemi\u015f olacak.) \t \u2013 Pretty soon another Turk will have received a Nobel Prize after Prof. Aziz Sancar. \t \u2013 Tomorrow is the big day and there is little time left. If you get a low grade, this will show that you won\u2019t have tried enough. Grammar For All 103","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN \u2018BY\u2019 KULLANIMI a) \u2013 e kadar anlam\u0131nda by, kendisinden sonra isim veya isim \u00f6be\u011fi al\u0131rken, by the time c\u00fcmle al\u0131r. \t\t by + N ya da NP \t\t\t - by next year, \t\t\t - by this Monday, \t\t\t - by 1945, by then. \t\t by the time + SVO: \t\t\t - By the time you arrive home, I will have watched two films on television. b) By veya by the time ifadeleri zaman belirteci veya geni\u015f zaman alarak GELECEK ZAMANA i\u015faret ediyorsa ana c\u00fcmle Future Perfect, GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015eE i\u015faret ediyorsa Past Perfect gerektirir. \u00d6rnekleri inceleyiniz. GELECEK: \t\t by the time + present (perfect) + Future perfect (continuous) \t \u2013 By the time you get home, I will have finished cooking. Sen eve varana kadar, yeme\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m. GE\u00c7M\u0130\u015e: \t\t by the time + simple past + Past perfect (continuous) \t \u2013 By the time you got home, I had finished cooking. Sen eve varana kadar, yeme\u011fi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131m. c) By the time\u2019\u0131n future anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda zaman kural\u0131 gere\u011fi \u2018will\u2019 kullan\u0131lmaz, bunun yerine \u2018simple present\u2019 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t\t By the time they will arrive home, the robbers will have taken all the money. \t \u2013 By the time they arrive home, the robbers will have taken all the money. PASSIVE Something had been being done by someone before sometime in the past. \t\t Affirmative\t Object + will have been + V3 \t\t Question\t Will+ object+ have been V3 ? Active: When you return, we will have typed all the letters. Passive: All the letters will have been typed when you return. Active: By next week, he will have sold his car. Passive: His car will have been sold by next week. 104 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN \u00d6rnek C\u00fcmleler \u2713 In twenty years\u2019 time, the population of the world will have risen to 10 billion. \u2713 We will have received the email within three hours. \u2713 He will have opened the new bookstore by next week. \u2713 Will she have moved to Ankara by this weekend? \u2713 I\u2019ll have done my project by tomorrow evening. \u2713 By this time next year, they will have painted their house. A\u00c7IKLAMALI SORU \u00d6RNEKLER\u0130 \u00d6rnek: It seems likely that by the end of the week, the costs involved in the construction of the bridge ____ by the Ministry. A) would have been announced \t\t\t B) would be announced C) are being announced\t\t\t\t D) will have been announced \t\t\t\t\t E) have been announced \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: C\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131ndaki seems ve zaman ifadesindeki by \u2018dan c\u00fcmlenin gelece\u011fe i\u015faret etti\u011fini ve Future Perfect gerektirdi\u011fini tespit etmemiz yeterlidir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: D Grammar For All 105","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI Humanity will change more in the next 20 years than in all of human history. By 2030 the average person in the U.S. will have 4.5 packages a week delivered with flying drones. They will travel 40% of the time in a driverless car, use a 3D printer to print hyper- individualized meals, and will spend most of their leisure time on an activity that hasn\u2019t been invented yet. The world will have seen over 2 billion jobs disappear, with most coming back in different forms in different industries, with over 50% structured as freelance projects rather than full-time jobs. Over 50% of today\u2019s Fortune 500 companies will have disappeared, over 50% of traditional colleges will have collapsed, and India will have overtaken China as the most populous country in the world. Most people will have stopped taking pills in favor of a new device that causes the body to manufacture its own cures. Space colonies, personal privacy, and flying cars will all be hot topics of discussion, but not a reality yet. * *Al\u0131nt\u0131: http:\/\/www.futuristspeaker.com\/2013\/12\/33-dramatic-predictions-for-2030\/ Topic \t\t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Main idea \t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly\t: _______________________________________________ 106 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN VOCABULARY cure tedavi etmek leisure time bo\u015f zaman deliver teslim etmek manufacture \u00fcretim device cihaz overtake ge\u00e7mek, sollamak disappear kaybolmak pill hap drone model u\u00e7ak populous kalabal\u0131k freelance serbest privacy gizlilik humanity insanl\u0131k reality ger\u00e7eklik hyper- hiper- space colony uzay kolonisi individualized bireyselle\u015ftirilmi\u015f structure yap\u0131 invent icat etmek ALI\u015eTIRMALAR-(FUTURE PERFECT TENSE) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bo\u015fluklara, verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin uygun hallerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z. 1. All thirty-five technicians _______ their training by the beginning of June 2017. (finish) 2. Within two years, all school teachers _______ specialized training to use technology in their lessons. (receive) 3. Any product that the original packaging has been damaged _______, returned or exchanged. (not refund) 4. All of the coming innovations in science and technology that _______ in the next few decades _______ new challenges for the human race. (happen\/ certainly pose) 5. There\u2019s no point in phoning them now. They _______ by now. (leave) 6. By this time next year, Martin _______ English better than now. (speak) 7. By the beginning of 2023, we _______ the largest and most open banking market in the world. (create) 8. By then, seven new faculty buildings _______ on the Campus, which _______ attractive and innovative new workplaces for almost 2,000 associates. (construct\/ offer) 9. As for housing, by 2026, all the new buildings built in France _______ with the standards of \u2018lower energy use\u2019 and the number of old buildings renovated each year _______. (comply\/ double) 10. When women achieve real financial independence through their work, then they _______ truly free and all other inequalities _______. (be\/ disappear) Grammar For All 107","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE \u2713 Form \u2713 En S\u0131k Kullan\u0131lan Belirte\u00e7ler \u2713 Kullan\u0131m \u2713 Passive \u2713 Metin \u0130\u00e7inde Kullan\u0131m \u2713 Al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmalar FORM AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTION I will have been living\u2026 You will have been living\u2026 I won\u2019t** have been living\u2026 Will I have been living\u2026\u2026? She* will have been living\u2026 We will have been living\u2026 You won\u2019t have been living\u2026 Will you have been living\u2026? You will have been living\u2026 They will have been living\u2026 She won\u2019t have been living\u2026 Will she have been living\u2026? We won\u2019t have been living\u2026 Will we have been living\u2026? You won\u2019t have been living\u2026 Will you have been living\u2026? They won\u2019t have been living\u2026 Will they have been living\u2026? * He, It, Richard, my father gibi 3\u2019\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slar da ayn\u0131 \u015fekilde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. **won\u2019t =will not EN SIK KULLANILAN BEL\u0130RTE\u00c7LER* by the time ..., by ..., by now, for..., all ... before, when this year\/ month\/ week, next year\/ month\/ week since, for,\u2026 \u00d6rnek: We will have been cleaning the house since morning. PAST \t\t\t\t PRESENT \t\t\t FUTURE 108 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN KULLANIM (USE) Ba\u015flam\u0131\u015f veya ba\u015flayacak bir eylemin gelecekte belirli bir zamanda bir m\u00fcddet davam etmekte veya bitmi\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 anlat\u0131rken kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 On Saturday, we will have been living in this house for a year. \t\t Cumartesi g\u00fcn\u00fc bu evde bir y\u0131ld\u0131r oturuyor olaca\u011f\u0131z. \t \t \u2013 Next year, I will have been working in the company for 30 years. \t \t \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki y\u0131l bu \u015firkette 30 y\u0131ld\u0131r \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor olaca\u011f\u0131m. NOT: Bu tense\u2019te kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z fiiller, di\u011fer continuous\u2019larda oldu\u011fu gibi s\u00fcrekli i\u015fleri anlatan fiiller olmal\u0131d\u0131r, (\u00f6\u011frenmek, uyumak, ara\u015ft\u0131rmak, gibi). State verbs dedi\u011fimiz fiiller i\u00e7in PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne bak\u0131n\u0131z. \t\t \u2013 Next month, I will have known Derek for 20 years. (not\u2026will have been knowing...) \t\t\t \u00d6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki ay Derek\u2019le 20 y\u0131ld\u0131r tan\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olaca\u011f\u0131m. PASSIVE PERFECT CONTINUOUS VE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE\u2019LER\u0130N PAS\u0130FLER\u0130 YOKTUR! Active : George will have been repairing his motorcycle. Passive : His motorcycle will have been being repaired by George. \u00d6rnek C\u00fcmleler \u2713 By next summer, I\u2019ll have been studying English for three years. \u2713 Lisa will have been living at a dorm for five months when she returns home. \u2713 Adam will have been reading that novel for ten days by next week. \u2713 Linda will have been teaching English at the university for three years by next month. \u2713 The children will have been playing computer games for an hour when their mother comes back from work. MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI Everyone is at church. They are listening to the minister. By the time the minister finishes his sermon, the people will have been listening to him preach for over an hour. They will have been sitting in the hard pews for over an hour. Now, the minister is giving the sermon. It is a long sermon. He will have been talking for over an hour by the time he finishes. He will have been standing behind the pulpit for over an hour. * *Al\u0131nt\u0131: http:\/\/www.really-learn-english.com\/ Grammar For All 109","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN Topic \t\t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Main idea \t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly\t: _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY papaz, bakan kilise s\u0131ras\u0131 minister vaaz vermek pew minber preach vaaz pulpit sermon ALI\u015eTIRMALAR-(FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE) A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki bo\u015fluklara, verilen s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerin uygun hallerini yaz\u0131n\u0131z. 1. If I don\u2019t stop before noon, I _________ this magazine for two hours. (read) 2. In November 2018, the International Space Station _________ Earth for 20 years. (orbit) 3. By the end of 2020, the Rolling Stones _________ for 53 years. (play) 4. By next Tuesday you _________ this machine for four weeks, but you still don\u2019t understand how it works! (operate) 5. Come over to my office around 7 o\u2019clock to drive me home. By then, I _________ on the project for twelve hours and I\u2019ll be pretty tired. (work) 6. The famous muralist _________ the mural for over three months by the time it is finished. (paint) 7. Sarah _________ for over five hours by the time the guests arrive for dinner this evening. Hopefully, she _________ everything by then. (cook\/ finish) 8. When we pick up the people injured in the earthquake, they _________ camping food for days, and I am sure they will be starving. (eat) 9. Adam _________ the report by 09:30, but he _________ on it for more than nine hours, and I don\u2019t think he\u2019s going to feel like going to the cinema. (complete\/ probably, work) 10. The construction company _________ the new building in the city centre for over one year by the time it is finished. (build) 110 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN PRACTICE TEST (TENSE) TEST 1 1. When I last talked to Chris, he 6. Last Friday, they _____ out of the _______Economics. office where they ____ for six years. A) studies A) had moved \/ worked B) study B) have moved \/ had worked C) was studying C) moved \/ would work D) studied D) will move \/ have worked E) had studied E) moved \/ had worked 2. I met Sara at a party last week, but I 7. They _____ married last year, but in ______ her by sight for years before the end they changed their mind. that. A) were going to get B) will have got A) had known C) are going to get B) have known D) had got C) will have known E) got D) had been known E) knows 8. As soon as she ____ out of bed, she gets dressed. 3. By the year 2025, scientists _______ A) had got a cure for cancer. B) gets C) has got A) are discovering D) would get B) have been discovered E) get C) will have discovered D) had discovered 9. The board _____ to dismiss the E) have been discovering employee, but the manager gave him a second chance. 4. Since the day Mike _____ us, he A) have decided _____ a lot for our gathering. B) decides C) deciding A) joined \/ had done D) decided B) joins \/ has done E) was deciding C) joined \/ has done D) is joining \/ has been done E) will join \/ is doing 5. Jason ______ in the library every night for the last two months. A) would be studying B) will have studied C) has been studied D) has been studying E) is studying Grammar For All 111","10. Over the last century, technological \u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN growth ________ a rapid rate of improvement. 14. After I _____ for him for five years, I ____ who he really was. A) has achieved A) was working \/ have discovered B) had achieved B) had worked \/ discovered C) might achieve C) worked \/ had discovered D) is achieving D) work \/ will discover E) would achieve E) have worked \/ have discovered 11. By 23:00 tonight, Linda ______ for 15. Some _____ that in the future, 12 hours on the project launched by some of the people _____ in Mars. R&D. A) will have believed \/ are living A) will work B) have believed \/ would be living B) had worked C) believe \/ had lived C) has been working D) will believe \/ will have lived D) will have been working E) believe \/ will be living E) will be working 12. The agent at the airport who _____ 16. Simon _____ a lot of research to the passengers _____ us that articles and now he ______ on a new we might not catch the plane if we project, which is his term paper. don\u2019t hurry. A) wrote \/ had worked A) has talked \/ will have warned B) will work \/ would work B) was talking \/ would warn C) has written \/ is working C) is talking \/ has warned D) were writing \/ works D) talked \/ will warn E) would write \/ are going to work E) had talked \/ warns 13. I ______ up with the news magazine 17. The guests _____ at about 19:00, when my mother ______ me to help just as I _____ to watch that comedy her with the chores. movie. A) will curl \/ have asked A) arrived \/ was starting B) was curling \/ will ask B) have arrived \/ started C) was curling \/ asked C) would arrive \/ have started D) would be curling \/ was asking D) are arriving \/ would be starting E) had curled \/ had asked E) were arriving \/ will start E) had improved 112 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 22. By the time my mother ______, I ______ the dishes. 18. The number of tourists coming to A) arrives \/ was doing Istanbul _____ fast during the last B) arrived \/ had done seven years. C) is arriving \/ does A) had been increasing D) had arrived \/ did B) was increasing E) arrives \/ have done C) had increases D) has increased 23. Rescue team ______ to be confident E) is increasing that they _______ the missing climbers before the nightfall. 19. I hope that, by next summer, I _____ A) appear \/ will have found my German upto the necessary B) are appearing \/ find level to register for the Erasmus C) were appearing \/ are finding program to be an exchange student D) will appear \/ had found in Germany. E) had appeared \/ would find A) would have improved B) will have improved 24. Internet ______ the greatest means C) would improve of communication for people from D) have improved every walk of life ever since it came into existence. 20. Since every student _____ different, A) is it ______ a good idea for the teacher B) has been to draw up a lesson plan based on C) would be their learning style. D) was A) was \/ has been E) had been B) had been \/ would be C) is \/ would be 25. Solar panels _____ our dependence D) can be \/ had been on fossil fuels and they ______ a E) was \/ will be bigger role in our energy need than many think. 21. This excursion _______ a great deal A) reduced \/ are playing of information about the history of B) have reduced \/ could have played T\u00fcrkiye and there _____ a need for C) will reduce \/ have played such a plan for students for a long D) reduce \/ will play time now. E) would reduce \/ had played A) would give \/ had been B) is giving \/ was C) has given \/ was D) had given \/ is E) gives \/ has been Grammar For All 113","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN PRACTICE TEST (TENSE) TEST 2 1. Technology ______ to progress and 5. Recent changes in equipment we ______ forward to a century ______ a large impact on the way of even greater creativity and farmers _____ food. innovation. A) made \/ had grown A) has continued \/ will be looking B) make \/ grew B) has continued \/ will look C) made \/ has grown C) will continue \/ had looked D) is making \/ will grow D) continues \/ have looked E) have made \/ grow E) continues \/ are looking 6. A big earthquake _____ the Eastern 2. People _______ that the health part of T\u00fcrkiye, which ______ a system should help them maintain disastrous fire as well. their health, not just help them when they _______ ill. A) hits \/ sparks B) had hit \/ had sparked A) are believed \/ to be C) hit \/ sparked B) believe \/ are D) has hit \/ sparks C) believe \/ were E) hit \/ has sparked D) had believed \/ were E) believed \/ will be 7. She ______ bad about selling the house because they _____ it for 3. Because we _____ tired from the trip, more than forty years. we ____ to bed right after dinner. A) had felt \/ owned A) were \/ went B) has felt \/ have owned B) are \/ went C) felt \/ had owned C) will be \/ go D) feels \/ had owned D) have been \/ are going E) was feeling \/ would own E) are being \/ will go 8. Mostly it _______ only when a 4. While the students ______ in the politician ______ to attend the campus, their teacher _____ them election that he gives some to the classroom. promises that never come true. A) are playing \/ will call A) was \/ wanted B) play \/ called B) has been \/ wants C) were playing \/ called C) is \/ wanted D) will play \/ called D) will be \/ has wanted E) played \/ were calling E) is \/ wants 114 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 9. A devastating tsunami _____ along 13. Initially, his condition _____ stable, the coasts of Indian Ocean and but over the last few weeks it _____. _____ to waves up to 30 metres high. A) is remaining \/ deteriorates B) remained \/ has deteriorated A) has occurred \/ was to led C) was remaining \/ deteriorates B) would occur \/ led D) has reminded \/ has been deteriorated C) had occurred \/ has led E) remains \/ deteriorated D) occurred \/ led E) occurred \/ may have led 14. I __ any plans yet, but presumably you ___ me to show her around London. 10. I _____ on this report since eight o\u2019clock this morning but A) didn\u2019t made \/ ask unfortunately, I ______ even half of B) hadn\u2019t made \/ asked it yet. C) haven\u2019t made \/ will ask D) am not making \/ ask A) have been working \/ haven\u2019t done E) won\u2019t making \/ will ask B) was working \/ am not doing C) worked \/ didn\u2019t do 15. They ____ peacefully at their home D) have worked \/ didn\u2019t do when the earthquake _____. E) had ben working \/ won\u2019t do A) are sleeping \/ strikes 11. Tina _____ to several specialists B) slept \/ will strike about her problem, but nobody C) slept \/ was striking _____ what exactly her problem is. D) were sleeping \/ struck E) sleep \/ struck A) talks \/ has known B) talked \/ has known 16. As the winters in the North East _____ C) will talk \/ knows quite harsh, we _____ to move to the D) has talked \/ knows South West. E) was talking \/ knew A) will be \/ will decide 12. Technology _____ many aspects of B) were \/ decide business and so, it ____ many new C) have been \/ had decided business opportunities. D) had been \/ decided E) were \/ decided A) is evolving \/ creates B) evolves \/ created 17. While greeting, he ___ my hand firmly C) has evolved \/ created as though he ___ me for years. D) was evolving \/ has created E) has been evolved \/ will be creating A) shakes \/ will know B) shook \/ had known C) is shaking \/ has known D) was shaking \/ knew E) shakes \/ knew Grammar For All 115","18. The dean of the faculty ____ the \u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN students that the drama department _____ close; hence, they rushed to 22. Last weekend, Sarah noticed that get their certificates. she ____ a lot of weight, so now she ___ a healthy diet. A) warned \/ was going to B) warns \/ will A) gains \/ started C) has warned \/ is B) is gaining \/ starts D) was warning \/ has been C) had gained \/ is starting E) warned \/ had been D) was gaining \/ started E) has gained \/ is starting 19. Because he was late, Peter ran to the train station but when he ____ 23. Most often, Arthur and his there he realised he______ his train roommate _____ tennis in the park ticket at home. but this afternoon they ____ to the tennis court; thus, they are so A) had got \/ left happy. B) got \/ had left C) have got \/ leaves A) are playing \/ go D) will get \/ is going to leave B) have played \/ will go E) was getting \/ left C) played \/ were going D) were playing \/ went 20. We _____ by three, so that we ____ E) play \/ are going to go stuck in the rush-hour traffic. 24. Last summer, Rick ____ his children A) have left \/ didn\u2019t get to school every day, but recently B) will leave \/ aren\u2019t going to get they ____ the school bus because C) leave \/ didn\u2019t get of his frequent business trips. D) are to leave \/ won\u2019t get E) had left \/ won\u2019t get A) drove \/ are taking B) was driving \/ took 21. Nancy _____ a nap in the afternoon C) drives \/ were taking so that she _____asleep at the D) drove \/ have been taking concert later. E) has driven \/ will take A) took \/ wouldn\u2019t fall 25. Unemployment ______ worse B) takes \/ won\u2019t fall in our country so much so that C) takes \/ hasn\u2019t fallen just recently I _____ most young D) took \/ isn\u2019t falling educated people looking for jobs. E) will take \/ wasn\u2019t falling A) is getting \/ have noticed B) got \/ noticed C) has gotten \/ noticed D) was getting \/ will notice E) got \/ will notice 116 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN PRACTICE TEST (TENSE) TEST 3 1. Social security _____ for about a third 5. Over two hundred people _____ of total public spending, reflecting a the museum when they ______ a trend that ____ in the late 90s along horrifying noise from a car outside. with technology progress. A) visited \/ heard A) accounts \/ started B) were visiting \/ heard B) accounted \/ starts C) visit \/ hear C) has accounted \/ had started D) will visit \/ are hearing D) is accounting \/ is starting E) are visiting \/ will hear E) was accounting \/ started 6. Normally, people ____ from cancer, 2. In fact, more energy from the sun and so far this year many people ____ the earth in one hour than the ____ as a result of it. entire world ____ in one year. A) don\u2019t recover \/ have died A) hit \/ will use B) didn\u2019t recover \/ will die B) hits \/ uses C) won\u2019t recover \/ died C) will hit \/ uses D) aren\u2019t recovering \/ are dying D) is hitting \/ will use E) weren\u2019t recovering \/ have died E) hits \/ used 7. Jessie _____ in New York for two 3. Solar power ______ the main source years by April, so she _____ her to generate electricity over the last English and speak like a native century; however, even ancient speaker. civilizations _____ the sun\u2019s energy to keep their houses warm. A) has lived \/ will have improved B) will have been living \/ will improve A) will become \/ used C) has been living \/ has improved B) became \/ would use D) lived \/ had improved C) is becoming \/ will use E) is living \/ improved D) had become \/ are using E) has become \/ were using 8. Throughout her career, Madonna _____ and most of her songs, 4. It ______ until the 1950s when with many of them _____ reaching technology _____ to convert the number one on the record charts. sun\u2019s energy into electricity using solar panels. A) wrote \/ produced B) has written \/ was producing A) isn\u2019t \/ will progress C) writes \/ will produce B) hadn\u2019t been \/ has progressesed D) has written \/ produced C) wasn\u2019t \/ progressed E) has been writing \/ produces D) isn\u2019t \/ progresses E) hasn\u2019t been \/ will progress Grammar For All 117","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 9. The Beatles ______ popularity in the 13. In the past 30 years, technological UK after their first hit and by early changes ______ a rapid evolutionary 194 they ______ international stars. pattern and other breakthrough innovations _____ by the next few A) gained \/ become years. B) gained \/ became C) will gain \/ become A) followed \/ had occured D) have gained \/ had become B) have followed \/ will have occured E) had gained \/ have become C) had followed \/ occured D) are following \/ will occur 10. Although the increase of E) have been following \/ had occured temperature _____ the measure of global warming, most of the 14. In recent centuries, entertainment additional energy stored in the _______ a progressive spread climate system since 1990 ____ into across the global population, most ocean warming. of which ______ a continuous decline of traditional media. A) is \/ has gone A) has undergone \/ caused B) was \/ went B) underwent \/ has caused C) will be \/ goes C) had undergone \/ causes D) has been \/ went D) is undergoing \/ causes E) was \/ had gone E) will undergo \/ cause 11. Recognizing an impending hazard 15. Over recent years, electronic _____ you take effective steps cigarette use ______ among middle to prepare beforehand and ____ school students, which _____ recovery after a natural disaster. due to increase in marketing and availability of these products. A) is helped \/ to aid B) helped \/ had aided A) rose \/ was C) will help \/ aids B) had risen \/ was D) has helped \/ will aid C) has been rising \/ will be E) is helping \/ aid D) will rise \/ has been E) has risen \/ is 12. Nuclear weapons _____ the most 16. Against the backdrop of health destructive weapons known, which care reform, medical technology _____ their destructive force from companies ____ more than ever on nuclear reactions. products that ____ an affordable A) will be \/ has derived patient care. B) has been \/ derived A) focus \/ will deliver C) was \/ had derived B) focused \/ had delivered D) are\/ derive C) have focused \/ delivered E) had been \/ derived D) will focus \/ has delivered E) are focusing \/ deliver 118 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 17. We _____ the biggest environmental 22. Watch out! The children _____ in challenge our generation _____ the garden but the workers _____ before: the climate change. the construction yet. A) face \/ are seeing A) play \/ didn\u2019t finish B) are facing \/ hasn't seen B) are playing \/ haven\u2019t finished C) have faced \/ will see C) were playing \/ didn\u2019t finish D) face \/ saw D) play \/ haven\u2019t finished E) faced \/ don't see E) have been playing \/ won\u2019t have 18. Globally, people _____ about 25% finished more natural resources than the planet _____. 23. When I _____ the receptionist, I realised that she _____ to give A) use \/ replaced those foreign tourists directions to B) will use \/ replaces the shopping mall. C) are using \/ can replace D) used \/ had replaced A) saw \/ was trying E) has used \/ replaces B) saw \/ tried C) see \/ has tried 19. When we _____ home, we _____ for D) have seen \/ will try seven hours without stopping. E) was seeing \/ tried A) arrive \/ will have been driving 24. Acupuncture ______ at least 2000 B) are arriving \/ will drive years in China and it _____ one of C) will have arrived \/ have driven the oldest and most long- standing D) arrived \/ are driving health care systems in the world up E) arrive \/ have been driving to now. 20. Sophie ran into the postman in A) traces back \/ became excitement because finally she B) traced back \/ will become _____ the parcel which she _____ C) is traced back \/ has become for weeks. D) traced back \/ has been becoming E) traces back \/ becomes A) recieved \/ would wait B) will recieve \/ has been waiting 25. Many tobacco products _____ C) recieves \/ has waited popularity among youth quickly D) recieved \/ had been waiting and _____ since 2009. E) is recieving \/ waited 21. I hope you ______ a job at a bank A) gain \/ will gain by June and ______some money to B) were gaining \/ doubled go on a vacation. C) have gained \/ had doubled D) gained \/ double A) will find \/ are going to save E) are gaining \/ have doubled B) are going to find \/ will save C) have found \/ save 119 D) had found \/ saved E) will have found \/ save Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN PRACTICE TEST (TENSE) TEST 4 1. Recent data _____ that Arctic 5. It is inevitable that technology _____ summer sea ice _____ faster than every aspect of our life from its birth predicted. and we _____ it to accommodate the fast-paced, technologically A) showed \/ will melt enhanced world we live in. B) shows \/ melted C) showed \/ is melting A) will be affecting \/ will need D) have shown \/ is melting B) has been affecting \/ need E) had shown \/ melted C) will affect \/ have needed D) affects \/ need 2. After she ______ to attend the E) had affected \/ needed seminar lesson for so many times, the professor ______ to punish 6. I _____ an incredibly expensive her by giving an extra assignment dress last week which _____ me to compensate for the missing perfectly but John says it\u2019s too tight. lessons. A) have bought \/ will fit A) had failed \/ decided B) bought \/ fits B) failes \/ decided C) bought \/ has fitted C) failed \/ will decide D) will buy \/ fitted D) failed \/ had decided E) was buying \/ fitted E) has failed \/ decides 7. To our knowledge, the Eath is the 3. I ____ so much time for gardening only body in the solar system that now since I ____ working full-time. currently ______ life, although several other bodies _______ under investigation. A) haven\u2019t had \/ started A) was sustaining \/ were B) won\u2019t have \/ have started B) sustains \/ are C) don\u2019t have \/ started C) will sustain \/ had been D) didn\u2019t have \/ have started D) has sustained \/ will be E) don\u2019t have \/ had started E) sustained \/ have been 4. I ____ into an old friend of mine as I 8. Since Nancy was good at singing, _____ work the other day. she ______ a member of the music club at school, which she often A) bump \/ left ______ in her free time. B) will bump \/ am leaving C) have bumped \/ left A) becomes \/ will attend D) bumped \/ have left B) became \/ attended E) bumped \/ was leaving C) is becoming \/ has attended D) has become \/ attends E) will become \/ attended 120 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN 9. When introduced for the first time, 13. Technology ____ rapidly over the only a few number of people ______ past decade and has changed the the computer, while only a decade way that we ____ our lives. later this number ______. A) had advanced \/ lived A) used \/ would triple B) will advance \/ are living B) are using \/ will triple C) has advanced \/ live C) were using \/ tripled D) advanced \/ will live D) use \/ triples E) advances \/ have been living E) used \/ triples 14. When the major rainforests of the 10. She _____ by the window, looking world _____, the animals in the out at the children who _____ in the forest _____ their habitat. garden. A) will disappear \/ lost A) was standing \/ were playing B) disappeared \/ lose B) stood \/ are playing C) disappear \/ have lost C) is standing \/ played D) are disappearing \/ lost D) has been standing \/ played E) have disappeared \/ will lose E) is standing \/ will be playing 15. The scientists created vaccines 11. Technology _____ another form of that could bring pandemic under communication and exchange of control but if only the virus _____ information which _____ available mutations that are harmful to us. before, neither good nor bad. A) isn\u2019t developing A) will give \/ hadn\u2019t been B) hadn\u2019t developed B) gave \/ won\u2019t be C) develops C) has given \/ isn\u2019t D) will develop D) is giving \/ hasn\u2019t been E) will have developed E) gives \/ wasn\u2019t 16. She _____ at that company for 12. For millennia, astronomers _____ three years when it _____ out of points of light that ____ to move business. among the stars. A) was working \/ has gone A) followed \/ seem B) worked \/ will go B) have followed \/ seem C) has worked \/ went C) had followed \/ would seem D) had been working \/ went D) have been following \/ will seem E) will work \/ goes E) would follow \/ seemed 17. By the time the boss returns from the business trip, we ____ the project, but I _____ to get it done soon. A) hadn\u2019t finished \/ tried B) won\u2019t have finished \/ will try C) won\u2019t finish \/ have tried D) didn\u2019t finish \/ tried E) don\u2019t finish \/ was trying Grammar For All 121","18. The construction workers ____ \u25ba \u00dcnite: 2 | ZAMAN in the cold since seven o\u2019clock in the morning that day, and all _____ 22. It is the \u2018technology period\u2019, and the exhausted. people _____ it so enthusiastically that they ______ forward to the A) has been working \/ were feeling cutting-edge innovations. B) have worked \/ felt C) will be working \/ felt A) have used \/ will look D) are working \/ will feel B) used \/ look E) were working \/ have felt C) are using \/ will be looking D) have been using \/ are looking 19. l hope the weather _____ better by E) had used \/ are going to look the weekend, so we can go hiking when my nephews _____ to visit us. 23. It ____ all day since yesterday afternoon, so l hope that it ____ A) will get \/ come soon for us to go for a walk. B) gets \/ came C) is going to get \/ will come A) has been raining \/ will stop D) will get \/ are coming B) will rain \/ stopped E) had got \/ came C) is raining \/ has stopped D) is going to rain \/ stops 20. Experts said that any likely benefits E) had rained \/ will stop of technology on human life ______ the threats. 24. Because of the recent tough days in the company, Abraham ____ his A) outweighs motivation to work and it seems B) will outweigh that he ____ his job. C) will have outweighed D) has been outweighed A) has lost \/ will change E) had outweighed B) lost \/ changes C) had lost \/ changed 21. Some people think that the D) loses \/ is going to change internet, which _____ an important E) had lost \/ changes role in workplace, ____ most of our paperwork easier for us soon. 25. No sooner ____ the company ____ its new product than it went A) has played \/ will have made bankrupt. B) has played \/ makes C) is playing \/ will be making A) will \/ launch D) had played \/ made B) did \/ launch E) will play \/ has been making C) do \/ launch D) had \/ launched E) was \/ launched 122 Grammar For All","\u00dcN\u0130TE 3 MODALS","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS MODALS \u2713 MODAL G\u0130R\u0130\u015e \u2713 \u0130\u015eLEVLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE MODALLAR \u2713 MODAL PERFECT \u2713 MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI \u2713 MODAL \u00d6ZET TABLOSU \u2713 PRACTICE TESTS MODAL G\u0130R\u0130\u015e Tan\u0131m: Normal fiil yap\u0131lar\u0131yla kat\u0131lamayan yetenek, zorunluluk, rica gibi baz\u0131 \u00f6zel anlamlar c\u00fcmleye modal denilen yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerle kat\u0131l\u0131r. Modal\u2019lar c\u00fcmlede y\u00fcklemden \u00f6nce kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve bir bak\u0131ma y\u00fcklemi modifiye eden yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerdir. Ayn\u0131 modal birden fazla anlam ve i\u015fleve sahip olabilir. Hangi anlamda kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 c\u00fcmlenin genelinden anla\u015f\u0131labilir. Modal\u2019lar have, be, do gibi di\u011fer yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiillerden iki ana konuda farkl\u0131l\u0131k g\u00f6sterirler: Birincisi bu yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiiller c\u00fcmlede ana fiil (y\u00fcklem) olarak g\u00f6rev yapabilirler, halbuki modal\u2019lar\u0131n kesinlikle ana fiil olma gibi bir g\u00f6revi yoktur. \u0130kincisi ise di\u011fer yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiiller \u00f6zneye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015fiklik g\u00f6sterebilirken modal\u2019lar sabittir. T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131: T\u00fcrk\u00e7e\u2019de kip dedi\u011fimiz (dilek, istek, emir, gereklilik, \u015fart kipleri, vb) ve fiilin sonuna ekleyerek yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ifadeler \u0130ngilizce\u2019de modal dedi\u011fimiz ayr\u0131 ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerle ifade edilir. Her bir kipin birebir kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aramak yerine \u0130ngilizce dil bilgisi kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7inde \u00f6\u011frenmek daha mant\u0131kl\u0131 olacakt\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda verilen basitle\u015ftirilmi\u015f \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: T\u00dcRK\u00c7E ANLATIM \u0130NG\u0130L\u0130ZCE KAR\u015eILI\u0160I Gereklilik kipi: -meli, -Bu kitab\u0131 Obligation: must, -You must read this mal\u0131 okumal\u0131s\u0131n. have to book. Gelecek zaman kipi: -Unutacaks\u0131n\u0131z. -cek, -cak Future: will -You will forget. 124 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS Modal T\u00fcrleri MODAL'LAR : can, could, may, might, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to, SEMI MODALS (yar\u0131 modal\u2019lar) : dare, need, have to, used to OTHERS ( modal benzerleri) : had better, be to, be able to, be supposed to, be used to, be accustomed to, vb. NOT: Anlat\u0131m kolayl\u0131\u011f\u0131 sa\u011flanmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131dan yar\u0131 modal ve modal benzeri di\u011fer ifadeler de kitap boyunca modal \u015feklinde belirtilebilecektir. Modal \u00d6zellikleri ve Kurallar\u0131 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da izah edilen modal \u00f6zelikleri ve kurallar\u0131 modal t\u00fcrleri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli olup, semi modals, ya da di\u011fer modal t\u00fcrlerine tam olarak uygulanmaz. Bu ortak \u00f6zelliklerin d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda her bir modal\u2019\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc anlamsal ve yap\u0131sal \u00f6zellikleri oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in bunlar her bir modal ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ayr\u0131 ayr\u0131 anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. 1. Modal fiiller \u00f6zneye g\u00f6re tekil \u00e7o\u011ful \u015feklinde fakl\u0131 bi\u00e7im almazlar. Yani he, she, it gibi \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tekil \u015fah\u0131slarda \u2013 s eki almazlar. \u2018She cans\u2026\u2019, \u2018He musts \u2026\u2019 (need hari\u00e7) 2. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u2013 ing, -d, -ed gibi ekler de almazlar. Ancak zaman zaman continuous bi\u00e7imini alabilirler. \u2013 They musted go to the cinema. \u2013 You must be kidding. \u2013 The dog might be sleeping. 3. Soru yaparken modal, di\u011fer yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiiller gibi \u00f6znenin \u00f6n\u00fcne gelerek c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131nda yer al\u0131r. Negatif yaparken de \u2018not\u2019 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130laveten does, do, did gibi yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiiller kullan\u0131lmaz. \u2013 Lisa can write poetry very well. (olumlu) \u2013 Can Lisa write poetry very well? (soru) \u2013 Lisa cannot write poetry very well. (olumsuz) 4. Modal\u2019lardan sonra fiilin mutlaka yal\u0131n hali gelir. \u2013 The company may get the order if the customer pays deposit. \t E\u011fer m\u00fc\u015fteri depozitoyu yat\u0131r\u0131rsa \u015firket sipari\u015fi alabilir. \u2013 You may as well come inside and have some watermelon! \t (may as well, might as well bir b\u00fct\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmelidir.) 5. Modal\u2019lar kullan\u0131ld\u0131klar\u0131 c\u00fcmlelerde farkl\u0131 anlam i\u00e7erebilirler. \u2013 Can you read that traffic sign? I cannot see it properly. (ability\/ physical capacity) \u2013 Can you read goodnight stories to me, mom? (request) \u2013 Could you give me some advice? (request) \u2013 She could swim when she was only three. (ability) \u2013 Can you come to me for dinner this evening? (possibility) Grammar For All 125","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS 6. \u0130ki modal yan yana kullan\u0131lamaz. Ama semi modal ve di\u011fer yap\u0131larla kullan\u0131labilirler. I will may go to the dispensary. (ya will, ya da may olmal\u0131d\u0131r) \u2013 I will be able to be a doctor, eventually! \t\tNihayet doktor olabilece\u011fim. \u0130\u015eLEVLER\u0130NE G\u00d6RE MODAL\u2019LAR \u0130\u015eLEV MODAL, SEMI-MODAL ve D\u0130\u011eER YAPILAR Yetenek Olas\u0131l\u0131k can, could, be able to Rica may, might, can, could, be likely that, be likely to, be bound to \u0130zin can, could, will, would Tavsiye may, might, can, could, be allowed to Zorunluluk had better, should, ought to, should Yasaklama should, have to, must, need, need to, ought to, be to, be obliged to be to, can\u2019t, may not, must not, be not allowed to, be not supposed to, be Tercih forbidden to, be banned to, be prohibited to Al\u0131\u015fkanl\u0131k would rather, would sooner, would prefer, prefer Teklif used to, will, would, be used to, be accustomed to, get used to, get accustomed to can, could, may, shall, would NOT: Modallar\u0131n alfabetik s\u0131raya g\u00f6re detayland\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f tablosu \u00fcnite sonundad\u0131r. A) YETENEK (Ability\/ Physical capacity\/Possiblity): \t\t Can, could, be able to 1. \u2018yapabilmek\u2019 anlam\u0131 verirler. Daha \u00e7ok fiziksel yetenek ve g\u00fc\u00e7 ile ilgili kullan\u0131l\u0131rlar. Olumsuz ifadelerde can, can\u2019t \u015fekline, be able to\u2018da be not able to ya da be unable to \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrler. \u2013 I can ride a horse. \t\t\t Ata binebilirim (genel yetenek) \u2013 Can you speak Chinese? \t\t \u00c7ince konu\u015fablir misin? (genel yetenek) \u2013 I can\u2019t sing a song and play an instrument. \u015eark\u0131 s\u00f6yleyemem, enstr\u00fcman \u00e7alamam. \t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t (\u00f6zel yetenek) \u2013 She cannot breathe, help! \t\t Nefes alam\u0131yor, yard\u0131m edin! (o anki yetenek) \u2013 I\u2019m able to \/ can play the guitar. \t\t Gitar \u00e7alabilirim. \u2013 I\u2019m not able to fix your problem. \t\t Sorununu \u00e7\u00f6zemem. (o anki yetenek) 2. Be able to tam modal olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00e7ekimleri farkl\u0131d\u0131r. \u2013 She is able to play the guitar. \t\t\t (present \u2013 Gitar \u00e7alabilir.) \u2013 She was able to play the guitar. \t\t\t (past \u2013 Gitar \u00e7alabiliyordu.) \u2013 She will be able to play the guitar in three months. (future- 3 ay i\u00e7inde gitar \u00e7alabilecek.) 126 Grammar For All","\u00d6NEML\u0130 A\u00c7IKLAMA\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS 3. Gelecek zamanda will ve shall yap\u0131lar\u0131 ile be able to kullan\u0131l\u0131r, \u2018can kullan\u0131lmaz\u2019. \u2013 I hope she will be able to respond to your comments. Umar\u0131m yorumlar\u0131na cevap verebilecektir. 4. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f yetenekten bahsederken ise could ve was\/ were able to kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u2013 He could\/was able to speak five languages when he was only 10. (\u2026 be\u015f dil konu\u015fabiliyordu. genel yetenek) Could ve past be able to aras\u0131nda anlam fark\u0131 vard\u0131r. \u015e\u00f6yle ki; ge\u00e7mi\u015fte genel yetenek ifadelerinde \u201ccould\u201d veya \u201cwas\/were able to\u201d her ikisi de kullan\u0131labiliyorken, tek bir durum s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda (specific success in the past) o durumun \u00fcstesinden gelmek anlam\u0131nda sadece was\/were able to kullan\u0131l\u0131r. - Since the history exam was difficult, only a few students could were able to pass it. (spesifik olay) \t Tarih s\u0131nav\u0131 zor oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in birka\u00e7 \u00f6\u011frenci ge\u00e7ebildi. - We could \/ were able to reach to the top of the hill before it got dark yesterday. \t (spesifik olaydaki ba\u015far\u0131) \t D\u00fcn hava kararmadan tepenin zirvesine varmay\u0131 ba\u015fard\u0131k. - Chopin could \/ was able to compose little pieces of music even when he was \t five. (genel yetenek) \t Chopin, hen\u00fcz be\u015f ya\u015f\u0131ndayken bile k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck par\u00e7alar\u0131 besteleyebilmi\u015fti. - Chopin could \/ was able to play the piano succesfully in his first concert. \t (spesifik olaydaki ba\u015far\u0131) \t Chopin, ilk konserinde piyanoyu ba\u015far\u0131yla \u00e7alabildi. Grammar For All 127","A\u00c7IKLAMA \u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS Successfully, fortunately, happily, merrily, luckily, in good time gibi ifadeler \u00e7o\u011funlukla eylemin spesifik bir ba\u015far\u0131 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret eder, dolay\u0131s\u0131yla was were able to ile devam eder. - She was quite merrily able to write the last part of the letter \t Olduk\u00e7a mutlu bir \u015fekilde mektubun son b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc yazabildi. - Luckily Sam was able to take control of the factory as soon as the strike was over. \t \u015eans eseri Sam grev biter bitmez fabrikay\u0131 kontrol alt\u0131na alabildi. \u0130ST\u0130SNALAR: 1) \u201cGe\u00e7mi\u015fteki tek bir spesifik ba\u015far\u0131 ifadelerinde could kullan\u0131lmaz, yerine was\/ were able to kullan\u0131l\u0131r\u201d kural\u0131 olumlu c\u00fcmleler i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erlidir. Olumsuz c\u00fcmleler ve ba\u015far\u0131s\u0131zl\u0131k ifadeleri i\u00e7in ge\u00e7erli de\u011fildir, yani bu durumlarda hem couldn\u2019t hem de was\/ were unable to hi\u00e7bir fark g\u00f6zetmeksizin birbirlerinin yerine kullan\u0131labilirler. \t\t - It was freezing this morning, I was unable to start my car. \t\t = It was freezing this morning, I couldn\u2019t start my car. (spesifik negatif) \t\t Hava dondurucuydu, arabay\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ramad\u0131m. 2) Sensation verbs dedi\u011fimiz duyu fiilleri (see, hear, smell, taste, feel, vb) ve perception verbs dedi\u011fimiz alg\u0131 fiilleri (remember, understand, vb) ile ge\u00e7mi\u015f spesifik olaylar\u0131 anlat\u0131rken was\/were able to de\u011fil could kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Duyu \/alg\u0131 de\u011fil de yetenek \u00f6zellikle vurgulanmak istenirse her ikisi de kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t\t - The dogs could smell something behind the wall. (k\u00f6pekler koku ald\u0131. \t\t \t duyu) \t\t I could see someone trying to get into the next door. (birini g\u00f6rd\u00fcm. duyu) \t\t - She could clearly remember locking the door. ( alg\u0131) \t\t - I could was able to see the door of the house from where I was sitting. ( \t \t ability) \t\t - She could \/ was able to remember every card that had been played. \t\t (hat\u0131rlayabildi. ability) \u00d6rnek Soru 1: Just as my daughter was about to leave the house on her wedding day, my son spilt some tea on her bridal dress. Fortunately, we ____ the stain with some special soap before the wedding took place. A) were able to remove\t\t\t B) must have removed D) could remove C) might be removing\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t E) used to remove 128 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS ALI\u015eTIRMA - 1 Bo\u015fluklara can veya be able to modal'lar\u0131ndan uygun olan\u0131, tense\u2019i de dikkate alarak, uygun bi\u00e7imde yerle\u015ftiriniz. 1. Why don\u2019t you go ask Joseph, he should _____ help you. 2. I _____ hardly believe what you\u2019re saying. 3. I\u2019m sorry we won\u2019t _____ join you. 4. Do you want to own everything money _____ buy? 5. I\u2019ve not _____ sleep very well recently. 6. Stop it and don\u2019t shout, I _____ hear you very well. 7. How _____ you possibly imagine that? 8. Will he _____ continue his journey? 9. I\u2019m locked in! I _____ get out! 10. Once I\u2019ve passed my test I _____ hire a car. 11. My mother _____ play the piano very well when she was young. 12. Fortunately, he _____ open the door before the car fell into the sea. 13. She was an excellent player. She _____ beat anybody. 14. They had a spare key so they _____ start the car. 15. At five she _____ read very well. 16. I was near the stage. I _____ see and hear very well. 17. I had forgotten my keys. Fortunately, my son was awake so I _____ get in. 18. The police were very suspicious but he _____ convince them that he was not guilty. B) OLASILIK - TAHM\u0130N (possibility): \t\t must, may, might, can, could, can\u2019t, couldn\u2019t %100 kesin olmayan ifadeler i\u00e7in olas\u0131l\u0131k modal\u2019lar\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Kesinlik derecesinde g\u00f6re s\u0131ralan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda \u00f6rneklerle g\u00f6relim ve \u2018What a strange thing is that! What is it?\u2019 sorusuna cevap bulmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fal\u0131m. CERTAINTY MODAL EXAMPLE 100% no modal It is an old coin. It must be a ring from medieval ages. (= It can\u2019t be Strong must a coin.) weak may, might, can, could It may\/ might\/can\/could be a stone. 0% no modal It\u2019s not a metal or stone. Grammar For All 129","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS 1. G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tahminlerde must kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu modal zorunluluk ve gereklilikten bahsedilirken de kullan\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. \u2013 Why is she here for three days, doing nothing? (Neden \u00fc\u00e7 g\u00fcnd\u00fcr hi\u00e7bir \u015fey yapmadan burada?) \u2013 She must be homeless. (Evsiz olmal\u0131. - kuvvetle muhtemel) \u2013 He must know everything about English literature and history. \t \u0130ngiliz edabiyat\u0131 ve tarihine dair her \u015feyi biliyor olmal\u0131. \u2013 Judging from his accent, he must be English. \t Aksan\u0131na bak\u0131l\u0131rsa \u0130ngiliz olmal\u0131. - You must stop when the traffic light is red. \t Trafik \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 k\u0131rm\u0131z\u0131 oldu\u011funda beklemelisin. (Yasa gere\u011fi zorunluluk) Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2013 That must be Maria on the phone - She\u2019s the only person with my new number. \u2013 That will be Maria on the phone - She said she\u2019d call. (bu durumda, daha \u00e7ok informal olarak will de kullan\u0131l\u0131r) 2. \u0130htimali d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck olan tahminlerde may, might ya da could kullan\u0131labilir. Future ifade eden durumlarda ayn\u0131 modal\u2019lar kullan\u0131l\u0131r; anlam\u0131 c\u00fcmleden \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r: \u2013 Don\u2019t drink it! - It could\/may\/might be poisonous. (= present time; I\u2019m not sure about poison) \u2013 They might come later. (= Perhaps\/Maybe they will come later.) \u2013 They may come by car. (= Perhaps\/Maybe they will come by car.) \u2013 If we don\u2019t hurry we could be late. (= Perhaps\/Maybe we will be late) \u2013 The virus might mutate. (Vir\u00fcs d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015febilir \u2013 not: ama d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015fmeyebilir) \u2013 I may go to the cinema this Friday. (Bu Cuma sinemaya gidebilirim \u2013 ama gitmeyebilirim de) May, might ve could yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n arkas\u0131nda well kullanilabilmektedir. Anlamda bir de\u011fi\u015fiklik olmaz. \u2013 It may well be his first report, but I think he did a very thorough job of it. \t Bu onun ilk raporu olabilir, fakat san\u0131r\u0131m olduk\u00e7a kapsaml\u0131 bir i\u015f \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131. May ve might yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan sonra gelen as well ise \u2018-de\/da olur\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelir. \u2013 \u2018We might as well delete the word European if T\u00fcrkiye becomes an EU Member.\u2019 \t T\u00fcrkiye AB \u00fcyesi olursa, \u2018Avrupa\u2019 kelimesini silsek de olur. 3. Negatif durumlarda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tahmin i\u00e7in olamaz, imkans\u0131z anlam\u0131nda can\u2019t \/couldn\u2019t, di\u011fer olas\u0131l\u0131klarda ise may not\/can not kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Could olumsuz c\u00fcmlelerde kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda olas\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 vermez, ge\u00e7mi\u015f zamanda \u2018-emedi\u2019 anlam\u0131na gelir. \t \u2013 She couldn\u2019t adapt to her new school for years. 130 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS 4. Past durumlar i\u00e7in; G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olas\u0131l\u0131klarda \t\t\t : \t must have V3, G\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc olmayan tahminlerde \t : \t may\/could\/might have V3 \u0130mkans\u0131zl\u0131k vurgusunda \t\t : \t can\u2019t\/couldn\u2019t have V3 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u2013 They hadn\u2019t eaten all day, they must have been hungry. \t T\u00fcm g\u00fcn bir\u015fey yememi\u015flerdi, a\u00e7 olmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. \u2013 You look happy. You must have heard some good news. \t Mutlu g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fcyorsun. \u0130yi haber alm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131s\u0131n. A\u00c7IKLAMA \u201ccan have V3\\\" diye bir kullan\u0131m yoktur. Sadece negatif formu vard\u0131r. \u201cmust have V3\u201d yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n present kullan\u0131mdaki must ile hi\u00e7bir ilgisi yoktur. Present (must) hem zorunluluk, hem de g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tahmin olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n past (must have V3) sadece g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc tahmin anlam\u0131 vard\u0131r. Past zorunluluk should have V3 ile yap\u0131l\u0131r. Bu kon u daha kapsaml\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \u00fcnite sonunda izah edilecektir. \u2013 He might have brought the cake. \t\t Keki o getirmi\u015f olmal\u0131. \u2013 She may have gone home early. \t\t Eve erken gitmi\u015f olmal\u0131. \u2013 They could have worked late. \t\t Ge\u00e7 saate kadar \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131. \u2013 Who would have phoned so late? \t\t Bu ge\u00e7 saatte kim arayacakt\u0131 ki? 5. Olas\u0131l\u0131k ifade eden ama \u2018modal\u2019 saymad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z di\u011fer yap\u0131lar \u015funlard\u0131r: be bound to + V: If we do not devote any attention to that group, things are bound to go wrong. (Kuvvetle muhtemeldir) be likely to + V: The price or cost of the goods is likely to fluctuate substantially. (muhtemeldir) be unlikely to + V: The high unemployment rate is unlikely to be reversed in the short run. (muhtemel de\u011fildir) \u00d6rnek Soru 2: According to the weather report, it _______ tomorrow, and if it does, we _______ the hike I\u2019ve been looking forward to. A) ought to rain\/cancelled B) must rain\/were able to cancel C) may rain\/will have to cancel D) would be raining\/had to cancel E) has been raining\/must cancel Grammar For All 131","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS C) R\u0130CA (polite request): \t\t can, could, will, would 1. Birinden bir \u015feyi yapmas\u0131 ricas\u0131nda bulunurken kullan\u0131labilecek modal\u2019lard\u0131r. Birinden bir \u015feyi yapmas\u0131n\u0131 rica ederken kibarl\u0131k derecesi kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ifadeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir. Would You ...? Would you pass the salt (please)? Yes, I\u2019d (I would) be happy to. (formal) Could you...? Could you pass the salt (please)? Yes, I\u2019d (I would) be glad to. (formal) Can you ...? Can I borrow your pen? Certainly (informal) Will you...? Will you (please) pass the salt? Sure. (informal) 2. \u2018May\u2019 ricalarda yaln\u0131zca I ve me zamirleri ile kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u2013 May I ask for your phone number? 3. Would modal yap\u0131s\u0131 arkas\u0131na you mind alarak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u015fekillerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r: Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdakinden bir i\u015f yapmas\u0131n\u0131 rica etmek i\u00e7in Would you mind + Ving \u2013 Would you mind opening the windows? (Pencereleri a\u00e7ar m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z? = you do it) \u2013 Would you mind filling the ice trays and putting them in the freezer? (= you do it, R\u0130CA) \t Buzluklar\u0131 doldurup buzlu\u011fa koyar m\u0131s\u0131n\u0131z, sak\u0131ncas\u0131 yoksa? Ancak, Would you mind ifadesinden sonra gelen bir ki\u015fi ya da zamir, her zaman eylemi onun yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 g\u00f6sterir. \u2013 Would you mind me\/my filling the ice trays and putting them in the freezer? (= I\u2019ll do it, \u00d6NER\u0130) \t \t Buzluklar\u0131 doldurup buzlu\u011fa koymam\u0131n sizin i\u00e7in bir sak\u0131ncas\u0131 var m\u0131? Kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131zdakinden m\u00fcsade alarak bizim bir i\u015f yapmam\u0131z i\u00e7in Would you mind if + S + V2 \u2013 Would you mind if I put off talking to the manager until tomorrow? (\u2026 g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015fmemi yar\u0131na ertelememin mahsuru var m\u0131?) \u2013 Would you mind if I opened the windows? (Pencereleri a\u00e7sam rahats\u0131z olur musunuz \u2013 a\u00e7abilir miyim?) Would you mind... \u015feklindeki bir ricaya cevap verirken de; \u2013 Olumsuz cevap: \u2018- YES, \u2026\u2019 (Evet sak\u0131ncas\u0131 var, anlam\u0131nda) \u2013 Olumlu cevap ise: \u2018- NO, \u2026\u2019 Hay\u0131r bir sak\u0131ncas\u0131 yok, anlam\u0131nda olmakla birlikte \u00f6zellikle olumsuz cevapta olumsuzluk nedeninin nazik bir \u015fekilde izah edilmesi icap eder. 132 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS \u2013 Would you mind if I borrowed your car tomorrow? \u2013 No, of course not. But please, come earlier. \u2013 Well, actually I\u2019d rather you didn\u2019t. I need it. Ayn\u0131 m\u00fcsaade ayr\u0131ca would yerine do ile de yap\u0131labilir. O zaman V1 kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t Do you mind if + S + V1 \u2013 Do you mind if I borrow your car tomorrow? Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2713 Would you please return the books to the library today as they are needed by another borrower? \u2713 Could you join us on Sunday? Rick\u2019s back from Osaka and we\u2019re having a barbecue. \u2713 Would you like to join us on Sunday? We\u2019re having a barbecue in the back garden. \u2713 Would you care to join us on Sunday? We\u2019re celebrating Rick\u2019s return from Osaka. \u2713 Do you want to join us on Sunday? We\u2019re having a bash in the garden. (informal kullan\u0131m) Cevab\u0131n \u2018hay\u0131r\u2019 olma ihtimaline kar\u015f\u0131 daha da kibar, nazik bir \u00fcslup kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde hep \u2018Would you object to\u2026? - bir mahsuru olur mu?\u2019 \u015feklinde anlam \u00e7\u0131kar. \u2713 Would you mind locking the door when you leave? (- No, not at all!) \u2713 Could you please lock the door as you leave? (- Yes, certainly!) \u2713 If you\u2019re not too busy now, would you mind helping me with my homework? \u2713 If you\u2019re not too busy now, could you give me a hand with my homework? \u00d6rnek Soru 3: Would you mind _________ your music so loudly? I\u2019m trying to study. A) not play\t B) not playing\t C) didn\u2019t play\t D) playing\t E) haven\u2019t played \u00d6rnek Soru 4: Would you mind if I _______ early this afternoon? I have a dentist appointment at 4:30. A) to leave\t B) had left\t C) leaving\t D) left\t E) have left Grammar For All 133","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS D) \u0130Z\u0130N (permission): \t\t may, can, could Birinden izin isterken kullan\u0131labilecek modal\u2019lard\u0131r. Birinden izin istemenin kibarl\u0131k derecesi kullanaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z ifadeye g\u00f6re de\u011fi\u015febilir. May I\u2026? May I (please) borrow your pen? Certainly. Could I ...? Yes, certainly. Can I ...? Could I borrow your pen (please)? Of course. Yes, of course. Can I borrow your pen? Sure. (informal) May I ve Could I daha kibar ricalard\u0131r. Can I ise daha samimi (informal) kullan\u0131md\u0131r. Cevap verirken ayn\u0131 modal kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekir diye bir \u015fart yoktur, ama cevap verenin niyetini do\u011fru belirtmesi \u00f6nemlidir. May I\u2026? \u015feklinde ba\u015flayan bir soruya olumlu cevap veren birisi Yes, you can. diyebilir. \u2013 Can I ask a favour of you? \t\t - Sizden bir yard\u0131m isteyebilir miyim? \u2013 Of course, you can. \t\t\t - Tabii ki, buyurun. \u2013 Could I ask you to collect Egemen from school tomorrow? -... okuldan alman\u0131 rica edebilir miyim? \u2013 Of course, you can. - Tabii ki \u2013 edersiniz. \u2013 Could I possibly have another cup of coffee? - ... bir kahve daha alabilir miyim? \u2013 I don\u2019t think you should. You won\u2019t sleep tonight if you do so. - Bence almamaml\u0131s\u0131n, yoksa gece uyuyamazs\u0131n. \u2013 If you\u2019ve finished with the computer, may I turn it off? - Bilgisayarla i\u015fin bittiyse kapatabilir miyim? \u2013 Yes, please do. - Tabii ki, l\u00fctfen \u2013kapat. \u2013 Might I leave work a bit earlier today? I\u2019ve got a dentist appointment at 6. \t Bug\u00fcn biraz erken ayr\u0131labilir miyim? Saat 6\u2019te di\u015f\u00e7ide randevum var. \u2013 I wonder if I might leave work a bit earlier today? I\u2019ve got a dentist appointment at 6. \u2013 Would I be able to leave work a bit earlier today? I\u2019ve got a dentist appointment at 6. \u2013 Would it be OK if I left work a bit earlier today? I\u2019ve got to take our cat to the vet. 134 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS ALI\u015eTIRMA - 2 A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki ricalar\u0131 kimin yapm\u0131\u015f olabilece\u011fini belirleyin. 1. Could you tell me if the price includes the sales tax? \t a) A hotel receptionist to a visitor \t b) A customer to a sales person 2. Could you please speak more slowly? I didn\u2019t understand. \t a) A visitor to a company \t b) Somebody whose English is not perfect 3. Would you mind telling me who your present supplier is? \t a) A customer to a sales person \t b) A sales person to a customer 4. Would you mind working late tonight? \t a) A boss to a secretary \t b) A customer to a sales person E) TAVS\u0130YE (Advice): \t\t must, should, ought to, had better Ba\u015fka birine yap\u0131lacak tavsiyelerde, -mal\u0131s\u0131n, -sen\/-san iyi olur anlam\u0131nda kullanabilece\u011fimiz modal\u2019lard\u0131r. 1. Must: Tavsiye ifadesinde should, ought to ve had better \u2018a g\u00f6re daha vurgulu ve g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir anlam i\u00e7erir. Must\u2019l\u0131 ifadede tavsiye gerek\u00e7esi tamamen s\u00f6yleyen ki\u015finin kendi duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncelerinden gelir. Di\u011ferlerinde, tavsiye yine s\u00f6yleyen ki\u015finin ifadesidir ama uyulmamas\u0131 halinde ba\u015f\u0131na gelebilecek riskler s\u00f6yleyene de\u011fil ba\u015fka bir kayna\u011fa (kanun, y\u00f6netmelik, toplumsal-ahlaki-dini kurallar, vb.) dayan\u0131r. Bu fark must ile have to aras\u0131nda da ge\u00e7erli olup zorunluluk konusunda tekrar anlat\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \t\t \u2013 If you go to Barcelona, you must see the cathedral. \t\t Barselona\u2019ya gidersen katedrali g\u00f6rmelisin. \t\t \u2013 We get on well, but can\u2019t see each other. We must meet up for lunch sometime. \t\t \u0130yi ge\u00e7iniyoruz, fakat birbirimizi g\u00f6remiyoruz. Bir ara \u00f6\u011fle yeme\u011finde bulu\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131z. \t\t \u2013 I must get back to work. \t\t \u0130\u015fe geri d\u00f6nmeliyim. (Ki\u015fi kendine de telkinde bulunabilir.) Grammar For All 135","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS 2. Should \/ Ought to: \u0130kisi de ayn\u0131 anlama gelir, -yapsan iyi olur anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. Tavsiye kayna\u011f\u0131, s\u00f6yleyen ki\u015finin kendi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr. Must ve had better\u2019a g\u00f6re daha bir esneklik vard\u0131r, hatta ertelenebilir. \t \u2013 I told Kathy she should try to get some rest. \t Kathy\u2019ye biraz dinlenmesi gerekti\u011fini s\u00f6yledim. \t \u2013 Can you recommend any exercises, or should I see a doctor? \t \u2026., yoksa bir doktora m\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcneyim? \t \u2013 If you haven\u2019t read the book, then you ought to see the movie. \t Kitab\u0131 okumad\u0131ysan filmini g\u00f6rmelisin. \t \u2013 What ought to be done to improve things? \u0130\u015fleri ilerletmek i\u00e7in ne yapmal\u0131? 3. Had better: \u2018Had better\u2019 yaln\u0131zca \u015fimdiki zamanda kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve \u015fu an ile ya da gelecek ile ilgili bir tavsiye verir. Ge\u00e7mi\u015f zaman ile bir alakas\u0131 yoktur. \u2713 He had better study hard. \t\t\t\t - S\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsa iyi olur. \u2713 He had better drive carefully. \t\t\t - Arabay\u0131 dikkatli kullansa iyi olur. \u2713 You should read a lot to improve yourself. \t\t - Kendini geli\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in \u00e7ok okumal\u0131s\u0131n. \u2713 You should treat other people politely. \t\t - Di\u011ferlerine kibar davranmal\u0131s\u0131n. \u2713 A student ought to study regularly in order to be successful. \t - \u2026 d\u00fczenli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131. \u2713 You ought to stay in bed until you feel better. \t - \u0130yile\u015fene kadar yatakta kalmal\u0131s\u0131n. \u2713 We had better go to bed early in order to wake up early. - Erken kalkmak i\u00e7in erken yatsak \t \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tiyi olur Negatif Kullan\u0131m\u0131: mustn\u2019t, shouldn\u2019t, ought not to, had better not \t \u2013 You had better not watch TV too much. \t Gere\u011finden fazla TV izlemezsen iyi olur. \t \u2013 You shouldn\u2019t go out late. There are so many dangerous people around at night. \t D\u0131\u015far\u0131 ge\u00e7 saatte \u00e7\u0131kmasan iyi olur. Gece etrafta bir \u00e7ok tehlikeli insan var. \t \u2013 She ought not to treat him so unkindly. \t Ona o kadar kaba davranmamal\u0131. \t \u2013 You mustn\u2019t smoke here, or you will be given a fine. (i\u00e7memelisin, yasak) \t Burada sigara i\u00e7memelisin, yoksa cezaland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131rs\u0131n. \t \u2013 You shouldn't smoke, or you will get another heart attack. (i\u00e7memelisin, sa\u011fl\u0131k riski) \t Sigara i\u00e7memelisin, yoksa tekrar kalp krizi ge\u00e7irirsin. Soru Bi\u00e7imi: Olumlu soru bi\u00e7imi yoktur, teklif, \u00f6neri anlam\u0131nda olumsuz soru \u015fekli kullan\u0131labilir. \t \u2013 Hadn\u2019t you better ask for help? (Had you better ...?) or Don\u2019t you think you had better\u2026? 136 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS Tavsiye Modallar\u0131n\u0131n Anlamsal Kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131: \t If you have a mole that starts to bleed, you must see a doctor. \t\t (Hayati derecede \u00f6nemli, \u00f6rne\u011fin kanser olabilir.) \t The fat content of the cheese must not exceed 44%. \t\t (Sa\u011fl\u0131k mevzuat\u0131na uygunluk) \t The object of the exercise was to prevent the public from seeing what they ought to see. \t \t (toplum normlar\u0131na g\u00f6re hareket) \t I ought to eat more fruit and vegetables. \t\t (\u0130yi fikir, bu beni daha sa\u011fl\u0131kl\u0131 yapar.) \tYou should see the size of the crowds he plays in front of! \t\t (Benim duygu ve d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncem bu. Kalabal\u0131\u011f\u0131 gidip g\u00f6rme zorunlulu\u011fun yok) \t I think I should go home. \t\t (Eve gitmemin iyi fikir oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcyorum.) \t You\u2019d better not be late again or he will fire you. \t\t (Olay\u0131n tavsiyeden daha \u00f6te bir durumu var: urgency. Bunun yerine should olmaz.) Past Kullan\u0131m: should have V3, ought to have V3 \t \u2013 They should have done more research. \t\t (Daha fazla ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmal\u0131yd\u0131lar. Ama yapmad\u0131lar.) \t \u2013 I ought to have left here by 3.30. \t\t (3:30 dan \u00f6nce buradan ayr\u0131lmal\u0131yd\u0131m. Ama ayr\u0131lmad\u0131m.) \t \u2013 Surely, they should have got home by midnight. \t\t (Tabii ki gece yar\u0131s\u0131na kadar eve varm\u0131\u015f olmal\u0131d\u0131rlar.) Should have V3 \u015feklindeki past bir ifade, present should\u2019daki tavsiyeden uzakla\u015f\u0131r ve yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi halde yap\u0131lmayan bir i\u015fin sorgulanmas\u0131 \u015fekline d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. Bu y\u00fczden asl\u0131nda tavsiye ya da gereklilikten ziyade su\u00e7lama (accusation) i\u015flevine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcr. \u00d6rnek Soru 5: I\u2019ve heard that Mr. Benner is the toughest teacher for this course. You ____ to get another teacher, or you can\u2019t get a good mark. A) had better try B) must have tried C) have tried D) would try E) might have tried Grammar For All 137","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 3 | MODALS F) ZORUNLULUK, GEREKL\u0130L\u0130K (obligation, necessity) \t\t should, had better, ought to, need to, be supposed to, have to, have got to, must 1. Gereklilik Bildiren ifadeler: should, had better, ought to, need to, be supposed to \u2013 You need to prepare a presentation. \t - Bir sunum haz\u0131rlaman gerekiyor. \u2013 We ought to clean the house. \t\t - Evi temizlememiz gerekiyor. \u2013 You are supposed to wait here. \t\t - Burada beklemeniz gerekiyor. \u2013 He should (had better) smoke outside. \t - D\u0131\u015far\u0131da sigara i\u00e7mesi gerekiyor. needn\u2019t = don\u2019t\/doesn\u2019t need to = You don\u2019t\/doesn\u2019t have to = gerekli de\u011fil \t \u2013 You needn\u2019t \/ don\u2019t need to \/ don\u2019t have to finish the report before the weekend. \t Raporu hafta sonundan \u00f6nce bitirmen gerekmiyor \/ bitirmek zorunda de\u011filsin. Be to V kal\u0131b\u0131 da necessity ya da future anlam\u0131n\u0131 verir. \t \u2013 These precautions are to stop terrorist attacks. \t Bu \u00f6nlemler ter\u00f6rist sald\u0131r\u0131lar\u0131 \u00f6nleyecek \/ \u00f6nlemesi gerekiyor. 2. Zorunluluk Bildiren ifadeler: have to, have got to, must Have to T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u2018zorunda olmak\u2019 olarak \u00e7evrilebilirken must T\u00fcrk\u00e7eye \u2018-meli, -mal\u0131\u2019 olarak \u00e7evrilebilir. \t \u2013 In this company, everybody has to start work at 8:00 o\u2019clock, but you must come earlier if you want to be successful. \t Bu \u015firkette, herkes i\u015fe 8:00\u2019de ba\u015flamak zorunda, ama e\u011fer ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olmak istiyorsan daha erken gelmelisin. Past kullan\u0131m: Have to, have got to ve must ge\u00e7mi\u015fte \u2018yapmak zorundal\u0131k\u2019 anlam\u0131nda past ifade edilir ve had to kullan\u0131l\u0131r. A\u00c7IKLAMA (Have to ile must\u2019\u0131n fark\u0131): \u201cHave to\u201d d\u0131\u015far\u0131dan gelen bir zorunlulu\u011fu (kanunlar, \u015firket\/okul kurallar\u0131, y\u00f6netimin ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kararlar, trafik kurallar\u0131 vb.) anlat\u0131r. \u201cMust\u201d ise daha \u00e7ok bizim kendimizin yapmak zorunda hissetti\u011fimiz durumlarda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Bu fark \u201cmust\u201d\u0131n ba\u015fka bir i\u015flevinin ge\u00e7erli oldu\u011fu tavsiye konusunda da dile getirilmi\u015f idi. Yaln\u0131z tavsiyede must, should ve ought to\u2019dan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. Zorunlulukta ise have to\u2019nun must\u2019tan daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc oldu\u011fu durumlar oldu\u011fu gibi baz\u0131 durumlarda birbirlerinin yerinde de kullan\u0131labilirler. 3. Soru\/Olumsuz C\u00fcmlelerde Zorunluluk: Must ya da have to ile yap\u0131lsa da Do you have to\u2026? \u015feklinde kullan\u0131m Must you \u2026? \u015feklinde kullan\u0131ma g\u00f6re \u00e7ok daha yayg\u0131nd\u0131r. Have got to da have to ile ayn\u0131 anlamda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. 138 Grammar For All"]