YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE REGRET+V-ing: pişman olmak REGRET+ to V: üzülmek, esef duymak – I regret being late for the job. – I regret to notify you that you have İşe geç kaldığım için pişmanım. breast cancer. Üzülerek söylemeliyim ki meme ✓ He regrets that he didn’t attend university. kanserisiniz. ✓ He regrets not attending/not having attended university. ✓ l regret to say that I can’t join your ✓ She regretted that she hadn’t listened to birthday. (I’m sorry to tell you that) her mother’s advice. ✓ I regret to inform you that you ✓ She regretted not listening/not having couldn’t get apassing grade. listened to her mother’s advice. Go on Go on doing aynı şeye devam etmek anlamındadır. Go on to do yeni, farklı bir şeye devam etmek anlamındadır. Go on+V-ing: (aynı işe) devam etmek Go on + to V: (yeni bir şeyle) devam etmek – Go on reading the paragraph. – Go on to read the next page. Metni okumaya (kaldığın yerden) devam et. (şimdi de) Bir sonraki sayfayı okumaya başla ✓ Although I asked him to stop, he went on ✓ After the interval, Fazıl SAY went on to tapping his fork on the table. play an aria with piano from Mozart. Hangi eylem önce, hangisi sonra? Yukarıdaki örneklerde özellikle forget ve remember’da eylemlerin öncelik sonralık sıralamalarıdır aslında farkı vurgulayan. En pratik şekliyle to V şeklindeki ifadeleri ekmek alacağımı (unuttum), ziyaret edeceğimi hatırladım şeklinde gelecek zaman çekimli yapmamız, V-ing şeklindekileri ise ekmek alışımı, ziyaret edişimi gibi çevirmemiz öncelik sonralık bakımından anlam farkını aklımızda tutmamızı kolaylaştıracaktır. V-ing to V (Past) (Future) Grammar For All 239

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE SOYUT İSİMLERDEN SONRA INFINITIVE Na + To V Aşağıdaki bir takım soyut isimler (Abstract Nouns) infinitive ile birlikte kullanılarak çoğunlukla bir bütünlük oluştururlar ve bu şekilde de cümle içerisinde bütünüyle özne ya da nesne yerini alabilirler. Bu tür yapılarda asıl vurgulanan noun’dur, to V yapısı o ismi niteleyerek tamamlar. Bu isimler şunlardır: ability, ambition, advice, appeal, attempt, command, decision, desire, fact, instruction, motivation, opportunity, order, permission, plan, possibility, preparation, proposal, recommendation, refusal, reminder, request, requirement, right, suggestion, tendency, wish, vb. – Take this a kind reminder to do your own business! Bunu, kendi işini kurman için nazik bir tavsiye olarak kabul et. ✓ Do you have the permission to leave an hour earlier? ✓ Not everyone has the ability to play an instument. ✓ Their desire to play in the championship game was our biggest motivation. ✓ She needs a motivation to get the highest score on university exam. SUPERLATIVE’den sonra INFINITIVE ‘The first, the last, the next, the best, the only’ gibi ifadeler devamında fiil alırlarsa infinitive (to V) şeklinde fiil olmalıdır. The first ......... to V ........ to V The last+ N The best vb. – He is the last person to criticize me. O beni eleştirecek en son kişi. ✓ Armstrong was the first person to land on the Moon. ✓ The last person to leave the work should check the security rules. ✓ My best time to talk to you is tomorrow evening. ✓ You are the only one to help me. ✓ Yours is the last answer sheet to be marked. Ancak bu ifadeler devamında bir fiil değil de cümle alarak da devam edebilir. Ayrıntılı açıklamalar adjective clause ünitesinde verilecektir. – This is the worst food I have ever eaten. Bu yediğim en kötü yemek. – This is the most interesting book I have ever read. Bu okuduğum en ilginç kitaptı. 240 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE SIFATLARDAN SONRA INFINITIVE Adj + To V Bazı sıfatlar kendilerinden sonra infinitive alarak sıfatı anlamsal olarak tamamlamış olurlar. Bu sıfatlar: amazed, anxious, apt, ashamed, bound, careful, certain, content, delighted, determined, disappointed, eager, eligible, fortunate, glad, happy, hesitant, liable, likely, lucky, pleased, proud, ready, reluctant, sad, shocked, sorry, surprised, upset. – He is a little bit hesitant to ask her out. Ona çıkma teklifi etmede biraz tereddütlü. ✓ I’m feeling surprised to take part in the school basketball team. ✓ She was reluctant to leave her parents behind. ✓ Why are you dissatisfied to be a part of our union? Bazı durumlarda to V sıfat için bir sebep açıklar. Bu tür sıfatlar: disappointed, glad, sad, happy, anxious, pleased, surprised, proud, unhappy. – We feel sad to hear that the teacher has been sick for a while. (=We feel sad because we heard that ) Öğretmenin bir süredür hasta olduğunu duyduğumuza üzüldük. – Are you happy to see me again? Beni tekrar gördüğün için mutlu musun? Çoğunlukla bazı sıfatlar hakkında düşünce, fikir bildirmek için to V kullanılır. Bu sıfatlar: difficult, easy, possible, impossible, hard, right, wrong, kind, nice, clever, silly, foolish. – It’s possible to get a driver’s license, yet it is not easy to use a car in Istanbul. Ehliyet almak mümkün, ancak İstanbul’da araba kullanmak kolay değil. – He behaved so well that it would be wrong to think he was a suspect. O kadar iyi davrandı ki suçlu olduğunu düşünmek yanlış olurdu. Sıfatı ilgilendiren kişi belirtilecekse; bazı sıfatlardan (difficult, easy, possible, impossible, hard vb.) sonra ‘for’, diğerlerinden sonra ise 'of' kullanılır. Anlamsal olarak aralarında fark vardır. Şöyle ki; for + SB kullanıldığında, eylemin yapılması o kişi için zor, kolay, imkansız, vb demektir. ‘of + SB’de ise o kişi o eylemi yaptığı için nazik, kaba, düşüncesiz vb. demektir. – It’s difficult for me to fly to İzmir, so I’ll buy a bus ticket. İzmir’e uçmak benim için zor, bu yüzden otobüs bileti alacağım. – It’s foolish of you to blame him for the accident. Kazadan dolayı onu suçlaman aptalca. (senin aptallığın) Grammar For All 241

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Ayrıca for‘lu ifadede kişi özellikle vurgulanmak isteniyorsa cümle başına da getirilebilir: – For an experienced doctor, it is easy to decide if a patient needs an operation or a drug treatment. Deneyimli bir doctor için, hastaya ameliyat mı, yoksa ilaç tedavisi mi yapılacağına karar vermek kolaydır. ✓ It will be impossible for him to convince her to move into another house.AÇIKLAMA ✓ It was generous of him to help me. ✓ It would be advisable for you to have a full medical check-up ✓ It was very rude of him to treat you like that. ✓ It was careless of you to leave car keys in the car. Sıfatlardan sonra daima to V şeklinde mastar gelir. Bir sıfat, edat (preposition) almaksızın gerund da alamaz. - I’m pleased to meet you. - I’m pleased meeting you. too + adjective/adverb + infinitive Bu tür ifadelerde too aşırılık ifade eder ve olumlu cümleye negatif bir anlam yükler. – The box is too heavy to carry. Bu kutu taşınamayacak kadar ağır. ✓ The television is not too expensive to buy. ✓ Albert ran too slowly to win the race. ✓ We arrived too late to see the beginning of the movie. ✓ His offer is too complicated to be put into practice. adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive ‘enough’ ise cümleye yeterlilik anlamında olumlu bir yükleme yapar. – His salary is high enough to buy a tablet computer. Onun maaşı tablet bilgisayar alacak kadar yüksek. ✓ Brian was smart enough to enter the college at the age of 12. ✓ Linda runs quickly enough to win the race. Ancak, olumsuz yapılarda enough ve too’ nun cümleye kattığı anlama dikkat ediniz. – The pool isn’t deep enough for you to dive into. Havuz dalabileceğin kadar derin değil. ✓ You’re not tall enough to reach the book on the shelf. ✓ Tea is too hot to drink. 242 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE enough + noun(s) + infinitive ✓ He has enough money to buy his own car. ✓ Cheryl owns enough books to start her own library! ✓ Diane needs enough time to finish writing her book. METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI Here below you’ll enjoy reading some comments about Harry Potter. Here we go. ‘I think Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is brilliant. Once you start reading you can’t stop. My mum kept telling me off because every night I was using up the electricity very late. I didn’t want to stop until I’d reached the very end.’ ‘I love Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone. Before I read this book my parents had to force me to read anything. I preferred watching TV or playing computer games. Now I want to read all of the Harry Potter books.’ ‘Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone is a spectacular book. The story goes straight into your head. It’s very funny. It made me wish I was a wisard. I’d love to make up magic spells.’ *Alıntı: https://www.commonsensemedia.org/blog/harry-potter-age-by-age-guide Metinde geçen ve kendilerinden sonra gerund ya da infinitive alan fiilleri uygun kutucuğa yerleştiriniz: Verb + to V Verb + Object + to V Verb + V-ing Verb + Object + V-ing Grammar For All 243

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE INFINITIVE ÖZET 1. Kendisinden sonra ‘to V’ alan fiiller V + to V afford endeavour prove agree fail recall aim forget refuse appear happen seem arrange hesitate struggle attempt hope swear claim learn threaten decide manage volunteer demand offer wait deserve plan would hate dread prepare would like dread to think pretend would love to imagine proceed would prefer encourage promise 2. Nesne pozisyonunda noun ya da pronoun (his/ her, ...) alıp devamında infinitive alan fiiller V + (Object) + ‘to V’ V + Noun / Pro. + to V advise encourage persuade allow appoint forbid remind convince cause force request caution challenge hire require compel command implore show...how direct enable instruct teach 3. Causatives invite tell motivate tempt oblige urge order warn permit have (so) do get (so) to do make (so) do (sth) (sth) (sth) be made to do have (sth/so) get (sth) done (sth) done 244 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 4. İnsan durumunu bildirip ‘to V’ alan sıfatlar afraid Adj. / to V ready amazed eager relieved anxious fortunate reluctant ashamed glad ridiculous astonished happy sad careful hard shocked certain hesitant sorry content likely stunned delighted lucky surprised determined motivated upset disappointed necessary willing disgusted pleased disturbed proud prepared make 5. Bare ‘yalın’ infitive alan fiiller (V + V) refusal see help request let hear right scheme 6. Devamında ‘to V’ alan isimler willingness wish ability / inability Noun + to V ambition eagerness anxiety effort attempt failure decision offer demand opportunity determination permission promise 7. Hem nesneli hem de nesnesiz ‘to V’ alan fiiller ask V + to V V + nesne + to V want beg expect wish choose need would like dare prefer promise Grammar For All 245

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 8. Perfect infinitive alabilenler Aktif Nesne varsa V-ing Pasif Nesne yoksa to V to V 9. Perfect infinitive ‘to have V3’ alabilen fiiller be alleged be known fortunate be claimed be said happy be estimated be supposed lucky be expected appear seem 10. Hem gerund hem infinitive alıp anlam değişikliği olanlar devam etmek V-ing başka bir eyleme go on geçmek to V Demek istemek, niyet mean etmek özne insan Anlamına gelmek to V regret Pişman olmak (geçmişte yapılan bir V-ing özne cansız, it remember şey) recall Üzgün olmak doing (V-ing) eylemin önce yapılmış olması recollect (Yapacağı bir şeyden) having done vurgulanıyor forget Yaptığını hatırlamak / unutmak to V1 say, tell, announce, inform, declare stop gibi sözel eylemler kullanılır Yapmayı hatırlamak / try unutmak Doing (V-ing) Verb (sonra), verbal (önce) ise Bir şeyi yapmayı Having done bırakmak to V1 Verb (önce), verbal (sonra) ise Bir şeyi yapmak için durmak V-ing sth drinking / smoking / talking / to V1 sth laughing Denemek to smoke / to have lunch Çabalamak V-ing Olay daha olmamış olabilir Yardım etmek to V1 so + to V1 / Aynı anlamdadırlar. can’t/couldn’t help Kendini alamamak V1 sth help s/o to do olabilir V-ing can’t help doing (kendimi alamıyorum) couldn’t help doing (kendimi alamadım) 246 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 11. Hem Gerund Hem Infinitive Alıp Anlamı Değişmeyenler advise V-ing / to V1 need allow dread neglect attempt encourage permit begin forbid prefer can’t bear hate recommend continue intend start dislike like love 12. Nesnesiz Gerund Nesneyle Infinitive Alanlar advise V + V-ingV + Obj.Pronoun + to V1 permit allow consider recommend assume encourage forbid Gerund ve Infinitive Kullanımında Tense Özet Tablosu Gerund ve infinitive’lerin tense olarak simple kullanımlarının dışında progressive, passive ve perfect kullanımlarının da bilinmesinde fayda var. Özetle progressive eylemin şu an devam ediyor olduğunu, passive cümlede özne pozisyonundakinin eylemi yapan değil maruz kalan olduğunu, perfect ise eylemin yüklemden daha önce gerçekleştiğini vurgulamak gerekir. TIME ASPECT GERUND FORMS INFINITIVE FORMS SIMPLE The teacher enjoys teaching. The teacher wants to teach. CONTINUOUS PASSIVE Mr. Smith is thinking about going Mr. Smith would like to be PERFECT on a holiday. teaching his class. PASSIVE + CONTINUOUS The students enjoy being taught. The students want to be taught. PASSIVE + The retired teacher recalled having The teacher was expecting to PERFECT taught. have taught that already. The students are thinking about being taught by such a wonderful The students would like to be teacher. (Looks the same as the passive being taught by Mr. Smith. form above.) The older students recalled having The students were expecting to been taught that already. have been taught that by now. Grammar For All 247

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE PRACTICE TEST (GERUND and INFINITIVE) TEST 1 1. The luggage is ___ for you ___. Let 5. In summer time in Antalya, you’d me give you a hand. better make reservations in advance, which means ___ a travel A) too heavy / to carry agent _____ it for you. B) very heavy / carrying C) heavy enough / carry A) to ask / having done D) heavy / to be carrying B) asking / to do E) so heavy / having carried C) being asked / doing D) having asked / done 2. Tim was caught ___ in the English E) to ask / do exam and the teacher said she was going to punish him for ___ that. 6. Her great talent ___ the violin has started from her interest in music in A) to cheat / having done childhood. B) cheating / doing C) cheat / to do A) play D) to be cheating / being done B) playing E) to have cheated / doing C) played D) to play 3. Jake is lucky ___ after the fire, E) to be playing because he was stuck in the office and the firemen could hardly hear 7. David never seems ___ enough him ____. money ___ on a holiday he has planned since 2014. A) not having survived / to shout B) being survived / shouting A) having / going C) not to have survived / having B) to have / to go C) to be having / gone shouted D) have / to be going D) not having been survived / shout E) to have had / go E) to have survived / shouting 4. The Empire State Building is 8. Since the new secretary failed ___ considered ___ one of the most early this morning, the boss made popular tourist attractions in New him ___ the floor all over. York. A) coming / cleaning A) be B) to have come / cleaned B) having been C) having come / to clean C) to be D) come / having cleaned D) being E) to come / clean E) to have been 248 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 9. When he was a child, he believed 13. Sam would like to get to the concert the life of an actor ___ quite easy, hall early ___ enough time ___ up but when he started ___, he found the sound system. the work quite stressful. A) for having / setting A) being / having worked B) to have / to set B) to have been / work C) having / being set C) be / to be working D) have / to have set D) having been / to work E) to have had / having set E) to be / working 10. Painfully, the residents in 14. I think Mat is capable ___ Afghanistan watched their families conducting the new project, and he ___ by enemy soldiers during the has proved himself ___ reliable. war. A) for / being A) to be killed B) with / for to be B) having killed C) of / to be C) killing D) from / is D) being killed E) about / will be E) to be killing 11. The government’s scheme ___ 15. Clare is standing beside the window the families in the flooded area ___ at the children ___ in the park. never really got started, although some people had offered ___ part A) to stare / having played voluntarily. B) having stared / play C) to be staring / to play A) helped / to have taken D) staring / playing B) to help / to take E) to have stared / to be playing C) helping / having taken D) having helped / taking 16. According to the publishing rules, E) help / to be taking it is illegal for a person _______ the language & thoughts of the other 12. GPS has been set up in the public author. transportation ___ the position of the vehicle at a certain time. A) to use B) to have used A) determining C) used B) to determine D) using C) to be determined E) having used D) having determine E) to have determined Grammar For All 249

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 17. The boss would like ___ his 21. Dave’s lifelong wish ___ a pilot colleagues who encourage him ___ came true when he ___ the exam the project. after a hard work. A) have thanked / completing A) having been / can pass B) thanking / to have completed B) be / passed C) to thank / to complete C) was / might pass D) having thanked / being completed D) to be / could pass E) to be thanked / having completed E) being / was able to 18. They have been discussing ___ 22. David was proud ___ winning the the system for ages, but they never first place in the competition. actually do anything. A) for A) to improve B) of B) improve C) with C) improving D) from D) being improve E) over E) to be improving 23. Some of the TV programmes aren’t 19. We should take full advantage of appropriate ___ children ___ since ___ a member of the sports club they are pretty violent. and ___ there more often. A) in / watching A) to be / going B) from / watched B) being / go C) with / to watch C) be / to go D) about / will watch D) to have been / have gone E) for / to watch E) having been / having gone 24. I think we need ___ the roof ___ 20. The opposition referred to the before there comes rainy days. government’s ___ of the current situation. A) to have gotton / to repair B) getting / being repaired A) mishandle C) to get / repaired B) to mishandle D) getting / repairing C) being mishandled E) got / having repaired D) to be mishandled E) mishandling 25. Sam was delighted ___ being chosen to act in a movie ___ by S. Spielberg. A) in / directing B) on / has directed C) at / directed D) for / directs E) of / was directed 250 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE PRACTICE TEST (GERUND and INFINITIVE) TEST 2 1. She didn’t mind ___ one more 5. Whenever Kim travels to Izmir, she week to make a reservation from enjoys ___ a bicycle tour at the a nice hotel. seaside. A) waiting A) to take B) in waiting B) taking C) for waiting C) take D) to wait D) having taken E) to have waited E) to have taken 2. They’d like ___ our project when 6. We never encourage our customers we’ve finished ___ it. ___the products ___ their quality. A) to be reported / to write A) to buy / without testing B) reporting / to be written B) to be buying / by not testing C) having reported/ to have written C) having bought / not testing D) report / having written D) to have bought / not to test E) to report / writing E) buying / of not testing 3. Most people look for the cheapest 7. When he decided ___ the university hotel without ___ how important the abroad, his advisor recommended hygiene is. him ___ his language first. A) to realise A) to apply / improving B) realising B) apply / improve C) being realised C) being applied / improving D) to have realised D) applying / to improve E) haing been realised E) to apply/ to improve 4. The officials are planning ____ trees 8. With his great qualifications, Dick all around the airport ____ noise could choose ___ at any business, pollution for the residents living and he is known ___ dedicated at nearby. work. A) to have planted / for reducing A) to be working / being B) to be planted / to be reduced B) having worked / having C) planting / to have reduced C) work / having been D) to plant / to reduce D) to work / to be E) having planted / reducing E) working / to have Grammar For All 251

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 9. For a lot of tourists, ___ able to 13. Sophie regretted ___ so late for the speak Turkish is one of the hardest job interview as she had tried ___ things about ___ here. her best to prepare for it. A) not being / staying A) to be / have done B) not to be / having stayed B) having been / to do C) not being / to stay C) not being / doing D) being / to have stayed D) not to have been / to do E) being / stay E) not been / doing 10. If she is concerned ___ that job, 14. Sarah asked if there was anybody she should be willing ___ voluntary present who could help her _____ activities. up after the party. A) to get / having joined A) having cleared B) about getting / to join B) clear C) for getting / join C) being cleared D) to be getting / joining D) clearing E) to have got / being joined E) having been cleared 11. The company would be happy 15. Since I’m crazy about fish, I can’t _____ you with an e-brochure of the help ____ at that seafood restaurant products if you require one. every weekend. A) provide A) to eat B) to provide B) eat C) provided C) to have eaten D) providing D) having eaten E) having provided E) eating 12. In order ___ his language, Ali not 16. Upon seeing the patient after the only listened to English music but surgery, we felt relieved ___ a more also he stopped ___ Turkish in the serious health problem. class. A) to be avoided A) to listen / to speak B) being avoided B) for listening / to be speaking C) to be avoiding C) to improve / speaking D) avoiding D) to be listening / having spoken E) to have avoided E) having listened / to have spoken 252 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 17. I wish I hadn’t kept ___ when I saw 22. We’re fond ___ playing tennis in the other driver ___ his lights. the park in the summer. A) speed / to be flashing A) with B) having sped / to flash B) at C) to be speeding / flash C) about D) speeding / flashing D) from E) to speed / to have flash E) of 18. I would lend you my car, but it 23. Jack used to be lazy ___ getting up needs ___. early and ___ some exercise. A) fixing A) about / doing B) to fix B) for / to do C) fixed C) of / do D) to be fixing D) on / doing E) having fixed E) from / to do 19. The driver had to come out of his 24. I am very grateful ___ Sophie ___ car after the terrible accident he had lending me her car when I needed it for fear ___. last week. A) to have injured A) to/with B) having injured B) with/on C) from injured C) in/about D) to be injured D) to/ for E) of being injured E) at/from 20. Jim can’t stand ___ bumped from 25. Instead of trying ___ punctual, a flight. That’s why he tries to book Suzie uses any excuse ___ being the flight early. late every time. A) to be getting A) to be /for B) get B) being/of C) having got C) to be/about D) to have got D) to being /to E) getting E) for being/by 21. When I was child I was very excited ___ collecting stamps. A) with B) on C) for D) about E) from Grammar For All 253

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE PRACTICE TEST (GERUND and INFINITIVE) TEST 3 1. The teacher didn’t mean _____ that 5. I hope the company doesn’t delay she will fail the exam, but she needs ___ the meeting any longer now to study hard enough. that we’ve completed ___ all for the project. A) being implied B) to imply A) having / arranging C) imply B) to have/ to arrange D) to be implying C) being had / having arranged E) having implied D) to be having / to have arranged E) to be had / being arranged 2. I disapprove of her ___ so much 6. During her apprenticeship as a money ___ flashy clothes. teacher, she learnt ___ the material for students based on their needs. A) to spend / to buy B) spending / buying A) preparing C) to have spent / having bought B) to have prepared D) having spent / buy C) having prepared E) to be spending / bought D) to prepare E) to be preparing 3. I doubt that Diana’s father will let her _____ a driving license because 7. Just let me ___ the deadline for that he thinks she is too young _____ assignment and I’ll be glad ___ you alone. with it. A) take / to drive A) to know / to be helping B) to take / to be driving B) know / to help C) taking / having driven C) known / to have helped D) having taken / driving D) knowing / helping E) to be taking / drive E) have known / having helped 4. In spite of practicing intensively, we 8. We had problem ___ the direction on got the person in charge ___ the our way back to the hotel in Paris. competition until next Sunday. A) postponing A) to find B) to postpone B) find C) postpone C) found D) postponed D) finding E) having postponed E) to be finding 254 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 9. I asked my friend ___ me a hand my 14. Despite strong opposition to the ___ homework since I missed some acupuncture, some people are now of the lessons. beginning ___ advantages of this type of treatment. A) to give / doing B) giving / to do A) realising C) give / doing B) to have realised D) to have given / to do C) to realise E) to be given / do D) realise E) having realised 10. Jack practiced pretty hard for the competition. He is quite anxious 15. Our house is next to the school, so about ___ the third place. every day I can hear the bell ___ at the break time. A) winning B) having been won A) to ring C) win B) to be ringing D) to win C) rang E) won D) being rang E) ringing 11. The chief thanked Sarah ___/___ out the project successfully. A) with / carry 16. It’s difficult ___ the way to that B) of / carried hotel, so it would be better ___ you C) in / carried how to get there on your navigation D) on / being carried system. E) for / carrying A) being found / to be showing 12. It’s typical of my mother ___ plenty B) finding / showing of time than usual ___ whenever C) to find / to show she has a special guest. D) to be found / showing E) find / to have shown A) being spent / tidied up B) to be spending / tidy up 17. If the soldiers hadn’t devoted C) spend / to tidy up themselves ____ defending the D) spending / having tidied up country, there would be no such E) to spend / tidying up thing as peace. 13. The car needs ___ before we go on A) to holiday. It sometimes makes some B) on funny noise. C) in D) about A) to be fixed E) for B) to fix C) fix D) having fixed E) fixed Grammar For All 255

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 18. If you had remembered ___ your 22. It is such a nice hotel, but the digital camera, we could have gone trouble is that, if you stay there for ___ in the nature to take some a long time, it means ___ a lot of photos. money. A) bringing / to hike A) having spent B) to have brought /hike B) spent C) having brought / hiked C) to be spending D) to bring / hiking D) spending E) to be bringing / having hiked E) to spend 19. It’s worth ___ the waterfall if we can 23. It took me so long ___ the house spend most of our time ___ over the that I was too tired ___ steady on hills. my feet after that. A) being seen / to be A) cleaning / standing B) to see / to be B) to clean / to stand C) seeing / being C) to have cleaned / stand D) having seen/ being D) clean / to have stood E) saw / having been E) having cleaned / stood 20. The well-known Microsoft 24. The media warned factories against company’s partners are believed __ their chemical waste into river. ___ up after a bitter argument. A) to throw A) being split B) throwing B) splitting C) threw C) having split D) having thrown D) to be split E) throw E) to have split 25. When I was a child, I would often 21. If you chose ___ that new project, dream of ___ my own plane to fly you can only blame yourself for ___ everywhere. disaster. A) have A) do / to have invited B) having B) to do / having invited C) to have C) doing / to be invited D) having been D) did / to invite E) has E) having done / invite 256 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE PRACTICE TEST (GERUND and INFINITIVE) TEST 4 1. Before my father started a diet, he 5. I saw Peter ___ hard in his office ___/___ tea without sugar in it, but yesterday and he didn’t mention now he quite likes it. anything about ____the job. A) didn’t get accustomed / to drink A) working / quitting B) had been accustomed / to have B) having worked / quit C) to be working / to quit drunk D) work / to have quitted C) was accustomed / drinking E) to work / having quitted D) wasn’t accustomed / to drinking E) didn’t accustom / drink 2. A talented artist like Tom shouldn’t 6. Sarah doesn’t know if she’s fit be wasting his talent ____ as an art enough ___ a model. It might be too teacher. difficult for her ___ up with the diet. A) working A) being / keeping B) to work B) to be / keeping C) works C) to be / to keep D) worked D) being / to keep E) to be worked E) to be / keep 3. Getting good marks motivates most 7. Sam was about ___ his thesis when students ___ hard, even though it his advisor asked him ____his may cause them ___ late at night. research method. A) studying / sleeping A) finishing / to have changed B) to be studying / sleep B) to be finishing / changing C) to study/ to sleep C) to finish / to change D) study / to have slept D) to have finished/ change E) studied / having slept E) having finished / changed 4. David Beckham has decided ___ 8. I think we should consider ___ a four- month break, but he won’t the central heating ___ before the have any financial problem. He has winter comes. already made enough money ___ a life time. A) take / to be lasting A) to be getting / to install B) taking / lasting B) to have got / install C) to take / to last C) having got / installing D) taken / to have lasted D) to get / being installed E) having taken / lasted E) getting / installed Grammar For All 257

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 9. In an emergency situation, people 14. The boss is so bad tempered that I should know what to do ___ the don’t know how she tolerates ____ injured ones. around by him, but she appears ____ with him quite well. A) to help B) helping A) to be ordered / coping C) being helped B) having ordered / to be coping D) have helped C) to order / to have coped E) having helped D) being ordered / to cope E) ordering / coped 10. Psychological knowledge helps a teacher ___ properly ___ students motivation. A) to behave / having kept 15. Remember ______the electronic B) behaving / keeping devices whenever electricity cut off. C) behaved / kept D) behave / to keep A) unplugging E) having behaved /keep B) to have unplugged C) having unplugged 11. John tried ___ sensitive about his D) to unplug girlfriend and ___ her feelings. E) unplug A) being / not hurting 16. I think both parties seem ___ on to B) to be / not to hurt their determination ___ a peaceful C) to have been / don’t hurt solution. D) having been / didn’t hurt E) be / not to have hurt A) to be held / finding B) to be holding / to find 12. ___ the details of the famous artists’ C) holding / to be finding works, we can see their ability ___ D) having held / found feeling through their rhetoric words. E) held / having found A) To examine / being conveyed B) To be examining / conveying C) Having examined / convey D) By examining / to convey E) Being examined / to be conveying 13. Beyoğlu is considered ___ the 17. It is sometimes difficult for teachers most beautiful street in Istanbul. Do ____ whether _____ their students you fancy ___ there for sightseeing for not doing their assignments. this weekend? A) to decide / to punish A) being / to go B) deciding / to be punishing B) will be / go C) being decided / punish C) being / go D) decided / having punished D) be / to go E) having decided / punishing E) to be / going Grammar For All 258

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 18. A: Did you have difficulty ___ the 22. The boss insists on ___ all this university abroad? done. How does he expect me ___ B: No, it was quite easy ___. The any time with customers then? staff were pretty helpful. A) to have / spending A) to apply/ to have done B) having / to spend B) having applied/ doing C) have / spent C) applying / to do D) having / spend D) to be applying / do E) have / for spending E) apply / having done 23. The advisor wants us to concentrate 19. The teacher caught Tony ___ to ____ collecting data and says that music when he was supposed ___ he will take care ____ the statistics. himself for the English exam. A) in / for A) to listen/ to be prepared B) to / in B) listening / to be preparing C) on / of C) listen / having prepared D) about / with D) to be listening / preparing E) of / from E) listened / to prepare 24. The teacher objects to ____ Turkish 20. Sam was against his wife’s ___ in English class. that ridiculous dress, but finally she could convince him because she A) speak really knows how _____ people. B) spoke C) speaking A) to buy / to be persuading D) having spoke B) bought / persuading E) being speak C) buy / to have persuaded D) buying / to persuade 25. Funds must be provided so that E) to be buying / persuade our psychologists and psychiatrists can afford ___ training abroad and 21. Sam forgot all _____ his lonely ___ back. mother whom he left behind when he moved to city with his family. A) getting / coming B) to get / come A) for C) getting / to come B) about D) to get / coming C) of E) got / come D) in E) with Grammar For All 259

ÜNİTE 6 ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ✓ GİRİŞ ✓ RESTRICTIVE ve NON-RESTRICTIVE ✓ ÖZNE KONUMUNDAKİ BAĞLAÇLAR ✓ NESNE KONUMUNDAKİ BAĞLAÇLAR ✓ EDATLA KULLANILAN BAĞLAÇLAR ✓ WHOSE / OF WHICH ✓ RELATIVE ADVERBS (WHERE, WHEN, WHY, WHEREBY) ✓ MİKTAR BELİRTEÇLERİ İLE KULLANIM ✓ İSİMDEN HEMEN SONRA BAŞLAMAYAN SIFAT CÜMLELERİ ✓ BELİRSİZ ZAMİRLERLE KULLANIMI ✓ ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ÖZET ✓ SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİNİ YOK SAYARAK OKUMA ✓ METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI ✓ PRACTICE TESTS GİRİŞ Sıfat Cümleciği Nedir? Bağlı cümle (Complex Sentence) türlerinden biri olan ve adjective clause ya da relative clause olarak da isimlendirilen sıfat cümlecikleri bir bağlaç (RP) ve bir de cümlecikten (svo) oluşur. Bu bağlaçlar who, which, that, whose, in which gibi ilgi zamirleri (Relative Pronoun) veya where, when, why gibi ilgi zarflarından (Relative Adverb) meydana gelir. RP svo: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sıfatlar isim hakkında bilgi veren sözcükler idi. Sıfat cümlecikleri de isim hakkında bilgi veren cümleciklerdir, yani temel görevleri özne ya da nesneyi nitelemektir. Ayrıca yer, zaman ve sebep ifadelerini de nitelerler. Sıfat isimden önce gelirken, sıfat cümleciği genellikle isimden ya da bunların yerine kullanılan zamirden hemen sonra gelir. \"The argumentative customer\" (kavgacı müşteri) Adj. N \"He is the custumer who made an argument with me.’ (O, benimle kavga eden müşteridir.) N Adj.Clause Grammar For All 261

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sıfat Cümleleri Nasıl Oluşur? Bir ana cümlecik ile bir sıfat cümleciğinin birleşmesinden oluşan sıfat cümleleri aslında aynı ismi barındıran iki ayrı cümlelerdir. – The film was good. (Film güzeldi. Asıl anlatılan ifade budur; ana cümle) 1.nci cümle – I watched the film. (Ben (o) filmi izledim. İlave bilgi içerir; yan cümle) 2.nci cümle Aynı filmden bahsedildiğine göre ikinci cümlecikte tekrar film değil, onun yerine which (veya that) getirilmelidir. Bu durumda birleştirme kuralı gereği, which ana cümlecikteki aynı anlama gelen isimden sonra, yan cümleciğin önüne gelmelidir. – The film which I watched was good. Oluşturulan sıfat cümleciğinin kendi içerisinde de özne yüklem uyumuna bakılır. Nitelenen isim ile yan cümleciğin öznesini oluşturan ilgi zamiri arasında tekil / çoğul kuralı uygulanır. – A 13-year-old attacked the police who were waiting in front of the headquarter. 13 yaşında biri karargahın önünde bekleyen polislere saldırdı. – The police officer who has been in charge of your security will remain outside the meeting room. Sizin güvenliğinizden sorumlu olan polis memuru toplantı odasının dışında kalacak. Sıfat cümlecikleri de tıpkı sıfatlar gibi nitelenen isme sorulan hangi (which) sorusunu cevaplarlar: – The man who was wearing dark glasses looked at us. (Which man looked at us?) Koyu renk gözlük takmış olan adam bize baktı. – He was given a book whose cover was worn out. (Which book was given to him?) Ona kapağı yıpranmış bir kitap verildi. Aşağıda görüldüğü üzere, isimden sonra kutu içerisinde verilmiş olan bağlaç ve hemen devamındaki ifadelerden oluşan sıfat cümleciklerinin passive halleri de aynı şekildedir. - S RP + v o + V O . ya da . - S + V + O RP + s v o Active : - A player who spits at an opponent or any other person deserves the red card. Rakibine veya başka bir kişiye tüküren oyuncu kırmızı kartı hak eder. Passive : - A player who has been shown the red card and sent off must leave the vicinity of the field. Kırmızı kart gösterilen ve ihraç edilen bir oyuncu oyun alanının sınırlarını terk etmelidir. 262 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sıfat Cümleciklerinde Zaman Uyumu Gerekir mi? Sıfat cümleciklerinin bulunduğu ana cümlecik ile yan cümlecik arasında zaman uyumu aranmaz, mantık uyumu aranır. – I paid a visit to the doctor, who is considered to be the best in this city. – I paid a visit to the doctor, who was considered to be the best in this city, de denilebilir. – They gave the medal to the athletes who won the competition. Ama, – They gave the medal to the athletes who will win the competition, denilemez. Adjective Clause Türleri Sıfat cümlecikleri ismi niteleme biçimleriyle cümleyi sınırlayıp sınırlamama durumuna göre restrictive veya non-restrictive olarak ikiye ayrılırlar.Ayrıca sıfat cümleciğinde kullanılan ilgi zamiri (RP) sıfat cümleciğinin öznesi veya nesnesi olma durumuna göre de iki farklı grupta incelenir. Önce anlam bakımından tüm sıfat cümleciğinin gerekli olup olmadığını gösteren restrictive / non-restrictive yapılarını, sonra da ilgi zamirinin rolüne göre özne/nesne gruplandırmalarını ayrıntılı olarak inceleyelim: RESTRICTIVE (DEFINING) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sıfat cümleciği nitelediği ismin, dolayısıyla ana cümlenin ayrılmaz bir parçası konumundaysa, bu tür cümleler restrictive ya da defining (sınırlayan) adjective clause olarak isimlendirilirler. Adından anlaşılacağı üzere cümlenin anlamını varlıklarıyla sınırlarlar. Çıkarılmaları durumunda anlam bozukluğuna yol açacağı için bu tür sıfat cümlecikleri cümleden atılamazlar. – The car which was left in the garage (Tamirhaneye bırakılmış olan araba, - diğer arabalar değil) – The man who is sitting alone (Tek başına oturan adam, - diğer adamlar değil) Bu örneklerdeki sıfat cümlecikleri bahsedilen isimleri sınırlar; tek bir arabaya, tek bir adama indirger. Dolayısıyla, çıkartıldıklarında geriye kalan the car veya the man bahsedilen varlıklar olmaktan çıkar. Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz: ✓ The student who gave flowers to the teacher is very hardworking. ✓ The umbrellas which/that I bought in Europe and the US are all lost. ✓ Can I have a look at the tablet computer which / that costs $00? ✓ The man who stole my towel when I was taking a shower wasn’t seen on the gym cameras. ✓ The weather that we had this summer was beautiful. ✓ No one wants to be governed by those who trade their sovereignty. ✓ My brother met a woman who/that I used to work with. Grammar For All 263

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NON- RESTRICTIVE (NON-DEFINING) ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Sıfat cümleciği nitelediği ismin ya da ana cümlenin ayrılmaz bir parçası değilse, bu tür cümleler non-restrictive yada non- defining (sınırlamayan) adjective clause olarak isimlendirilirler. İfade edilen asıl bilginin dışında ilave bilgi verirler, detay anlatırlar. Bu yapılar cümlenin anlamını hiçbir şekilde sınırlamazlar, yani cümleden çıkartılmaları halinde cümlenin anlamında her hangi bir kayıp olmaz. Diğer restrictive adjective clause’lardan ayırt edici özelliği, virgülle kullanılmalarıdır. – My boss, who is very nice … (Tek bir patronum var ki hoş biridir ilave bilgi atılabilir) – The bicycle, which I’ve had for more than ten years, … (Tek bir bisikletim var. İlave bilgi kısmı atılabilir.) Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz; cümleden atılabilecek kısımları parantez içerisine alınız. ✓ Her mother, who will be 60 tomorrow, has six grandchildren. ✓ Her grandfather, who passed away last year, was from Kütahya. ✓ Real Kangals, which are large, strong and smart dogs, cannot be found everwhere easily, but in Sivas. ✓ My friend Peter, who worked in the language school last year, is a good teacher. ✓ My bicycle, which I’ve had for more than ten years, is falling apart. ✓ She gave me the money, which was in a small envelope. ✓ We stopped at the national park, which we had never visited before. ✓ I want to see Paris, where many love stories have been written. ✓ My mother’s house, which I grew up in, is very small. ✓ Have you heard about the new employee, whose wife was a governor? ✓ There were a lot of people around the table, many of whom I hadn’t seen before. ✓ The protesters, who numbered around 10,000, called for the government to resign. Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Karşılaştırılması RESTRICTIVE NON- RESTRICTIVE who who which which that that Gerekli bilgi verir - atılamaz Önemli olmayan detay verir - atılabilir Virgül yok Virgül var - His friend who runs a bakery is very His friend Tom, who runs a bakery, is very friendly. friendly. Pastane işleten arkadaşı candan biri. Pastane işleten arkadaşı Tom candan biri. (Birden fazla arkadaşı var ama ben (Tom dışında kimseden bahsetmiyorum.) diğerlerini değil, pastane işleteni samimi buluyorum.) 264 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Restrictive / Non-Restrictive Karşılaştırılması RESTRICTIVE NON- RESTRICTIVE - My sister whom I live with hates cats. - My sister, who I live with, hates cats. Beraber yaşadığım kız kardeşim Kız kardeşim, ki beraber yaşarız, kedilerden nefret eder. kedilerden nefret eder. (Diğer kardeşlerim de var.) (Başka kardeşim yok.) - I really love the new Chinese restaurant - I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which we went to last night. which we went to last night. Dün gittiğimiz Çin lokantasına gerçekten (Dün gittiğimiz) Çin lokantasına gerçekten bayıldım. (Başka Çin lokantalarına da bayıldım. (Belki de başka Çin lokantasına gittik ama dünküne bayıldım.) hiç gitmedik.) AÇIKLAMA (Tam Cümle - Yarım Cümle) SV ve VO şeklinde Özne ya da Nesneden birinin eksik olması durumuna yarım cümle denilmektedir. Tam cümle deyince de SVO şeklinde içinde Özne ve Nesne barındıran yapılar anlaşılmalıdır. Ancak SVO’nun dışında, bazı passive yapıların da tam cümle olabileceği bilinmelidir. Yarım cümleler Relative Pronoun (who, whom, that, which, whose Ø), tam cümleler ise Relative Adverb (when, why ya da Prep + which) alırlar. - She knows a language which is spoken only in South Peru. be V3 (yarım cümle) - She knows a language whose sounds are similar to Arabic. V(O) (yarım cümle) - She speaks English at work where everyone id from different countries. SVO (tam cümle) - She spoke English that day when she met him. SVO (tam cümle) - She knows a languag e in which some consonants are not stressed S+ be V3 (tam cümle) She knows a language which I want to learn this year SV (yarım cümle) She knows a language which sounds difficult to learn. V(O) (yarım cümle) She knows a language in which they call tree “ SVO (tam cümle) Grammar For All 265

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ÖZNE KONUMUNDAKİ BAŠLAÇLAR RP + VO Özne konumundaki sıfat cümleciklerinden bahsederken ana cümlenin öznesinden değil, yan cümleciğin öznesinden bahsedildiği anlaşılmalıdır. Özneden kasıt, ilgi zamirinin sıfat cümlesi içerisinde özne konumunda olmasıdır. Bu şekilde nitelenen isim, ana cümlenin öznesi de olabilir nesnesi de. – The girl who is standing there is an activist. (Orada duran kız bir aktivist.) Özne konumundaki who: ana cümleciğin öznesini tanımlıyor. – I don’t know the girl who is standing there. (Orada duran kızı tanımıyorum.) Özne konumundaki who: ana cümleciğin nesnesini tanımlıyor. Özne durumundaki sıfat cümleciklerini hem restrictive hem de non-restrictive’ler için ayrıntılı inceleyelim: a) Restrictive Adjective Clause (defining): İlgi zamiri (RP), sıfat cümleciğinin öznesi (agent) ise yani kendisinden hemen sonra fiil geliyorsa (RP + VO) kullanılabilecek bağlaçlar, insanlar (human) için who veya that, insan harici varlıklar (non-human) için (bitkiler, hayvanlar, cansız varlıklar vb.) which veya that’tir. Which insanlarda, Who insan haricinde kullanılmaz. Özne konumundaki sıfat cümlecikleri bağlaç olmaksızın doğrudan yüklemle başlamaz (Ø + VO), whom da kullanılamaz (whom + VO ). Human who +VO The man who phoned you is my brother. Non-human that +VO The man that phoned you is my brother. which The printer which costs $600 is over there. that The printer that costs $600 is over there. b) Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause (non-defining): Niteledikleri isimden virgül ile ayrılan non-restrictive’lerde, insanlar (human) için who, insan harici varlıklar (non-human) için which kullanılır. Bunun dışında that, whom ile veya bağlaç olmadan (Ø), özne konumunda sıfat cümleciği kurulamaz. Human , who +VO - Elvis Presley, who was a famous singer, +VO died of an overdose. Non-human , which -The company, which sells hardware, is moving from Berlin to İzmir. 266 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ALIŞTIRMA - 1 İlgi zamirlerinden (who, which, that, Ø) uygun olanı/olanları boşluklara yazınız. 1. The people _____ live in this town are very friendly. 2. A seaman is someone _____ works on a ship. 3. The heavy rain, _____ was unusual for the time of year here, destroyed most of the plants. 4. The people, _____ organised the party, are very tired. 5. The house _____ belongs to him is in Luxembourg. 6. What’s the name of the girl _____ won the tennis tournament? 7. The boys _____ skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening. 8. My ESL teacher, _____ came to Türkiye in 2015, likes to ride horses. 9. Einstein, _____ was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity. 10. Brian said goodnight to his roommate Justin, _____ continued to play video games until his eyes were blurry with fatigue. NESNE KONUMUNDAKİ BAŠLAÇLAR (RP) + SV Nesne konumundaki sıfat cümleciklerinden bahsederken ana cümlenin öznesinden değil, yan cümleciğin öznesinden bahsedildiği anlaşılmalıdır. Yani, ilgi zamirinin sıfat cümlesi içerisinde nesne konumunda olmasıdır. Bu şekilde nitelenen isim yine ana cümlenin öznesi de olabilir nesnesi de. – The letter (which/that) I wrote last night is important. (Dün gece yazdığım mektup önemli.) Nesne konumundaki which veya that: ana cümleciğin öznesini tanımlıyor. – Did you read the letter (which/that) I wrote last night . (Dün gece yazdığım mektubu okudun mu?) Nesne konumundaki which veya that: ana cümleciğin nesnesini tanımlıyor. a) Restrictive Adjective Clause (defining): Nitelenen isim, sıfat cümleciğinin nesnesi konumunda ise, yüklemden önce başka bir isim varsa kullanılabilecek bağlaçlar insanlar için who, whom veya that, İnsan harici varlıklar (non- human) için ise which veya that olabilir. Tüm bu bağlaçlar hiç kullanılmayabilir de, yani nesne konumundaki bağlaç opsiyoneldir (Ø + SV ). Dolayısıyla aynı cümleyi bir çok şekilde kurabilmek mümkündür. Grammar For All 267

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Human who +SV The doctor who you’ve visited is the best whom dermatologist. that The doctor whom you’ve visited is the best dermatologist. Ø The doctor that you’ve visited is the best dermatologist. Non-human which +SV The doctor you’ve visited is the best that dermatologist. - The food which your mother cooked was Ø delicious. - The food that your mother cooked was delicious. - The food your mother cooked was delicious. b) Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause (non-defining): Virgül ile başlayan bu tür sıfat cümleciklerinde, insanlar için who veya whom olabilir. İnsan harici varlıklar (non-human) için ise which olabilir. Resrictive’den en önemli farkı virgülden dolayı that’in kullanılamaz olmasıdır. Human ,who +SV I ran into an old friend, who I hadn’t seen ,whom for years. I ran into an old friend, whom I hadn’t seen Non-human ,which +SV for years. - The book, which I borrowed from the library, is amazing. ALIŞTIRMA - 2 İlgi zamirlerinden (who, which, that, Ø) uygun olanı/olanları boşluklara yazınız. 1. Did you find the money _____ you lost? 2. The bicycle, _____ my son loved, was stolen. 3. I haven’t read any of the books _____ I got for Christmas. 4. She loves the chocolate _____ I bought. 5. The woman, _____ my brother met, is from Poland. 6. The doctor, _____ my grandmother trusts, lives in New York. 7. We went to the village _____ Lucy recommended. 8. Where’s the pencil _____ I gave you yesterday? 9. Last week I bought a new computer, _____ I don’t like now. 10. To calm them down, the police chief offered an apology, _____angry people did not accept. 268 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE EDATLA KULLANILAN BAŠLAÇLAR Prep + RP + S Edatlar (prepositions) sıfat cümleciklerinde bağlacın önünde ve yan cümleciğin sonunda olmak üzere iki farklı yerde kullanılabilirler. Bu farklılıkları restrictive ve non-restrictive’lerde ayrı ayrı ele alalım: a) Restrictive Adjective Clause (defining) İnsanlar için who …. prep, whom …. prep veya that …. prep, insan harici varlıklar (non- human) için ise which …. prep veya that …. prep olabilir. Bu bağlaçlar, hiç kullanılmayabilir de (Ø …. prep). who +SV+ …prep The people who I shared my bread with whom betrayed me. Human that The people whom I shared my bread with Ø betrayed me. The people that I shared my bread with betrayed me. The people I shared my bread with betrayed me. Prep whom + SVO - The people with whom I shared my bread betrayed me. Non- which +SV+ …prep -The music which I listened to was so beautiful. human that +SV - The music that I listened to was so beautiful. Ø - The music I listened to was so beautiful. Prep + - The music to which I listened was so beautiful. whom b) Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause (non-defining) Aynı kullanımlar burada da geçerli olup sadece virgülden dolayı that kullanılamaz. ,who / whom +SV…prep, -The woman, who this guy is married to, is a designer. Human , prep whom +SV -The woman, whom this guy is married to, Non-human is a designer. , which, +SV ... prep, -The woman, to whom this guy is married, is a designer. , prep which +SV - This is the river, which we swam in when we were young. - This is the river, in which we swam when we were young. Grammar For All 269

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ALIŞTIRMA - 3 İlgi zamirlerinden (who, which, that, Ø) uygun olanı/olanları boşluklara yazınız. 1. Do you know the girl ____ he’s talking to? 2. All of you ____ have come from remote distances to pay your last respects to my dad, I appreciate your devotion to him. 3. Josh met a woman, with ____ I had been to school. 4. The university, ____ she studies in, is located in the core center of the capitol. 5. My old boyfriend Sam, to ____ I haven’t spoken for many years, called me to ask if I’d like to come his wedding next week. 6. The police arrested a man ____ we were sceptical with. 7. My advisor is a professor ____ I consult with every day. 8. The big fire at the store, for ____ no one has taken responsibility, must be the result of negligence. 9. The car in ____ she arrived belongs to a rental agency, ____ also supplis a chauffeur. 10. My house, ____ the real estate agents propose 250.000 TL for, is worth much more. WHOSE / OF WHICH Nitelenen isim iyelik bildiriyorsa ‘-sı … olan’ ya da ‘-ki onun’ anlamında hem insan, hem de insan harici varlıklar için whose kullanılır. An animal whose skull is like human (kafatası insan gibi olan hayvan), an acrobat whose job is dangerous (mesleği tehlikeli olan akrobat), a child whose future is bright (bir çocuk ki (onun) istikbali parlaktır) vb. Of which nesneler için whose yerine de kullanılabilir, insanlar için kullanılmaz. – This is the game whose rules I explained before. (= the game the rules of which de denilebilir.) Bu, kurallarını daha önce anlattığım oyundur. – This is the goalkeeper whose ankle was broken. (the goalkeeper the ankle of which denilemez.) Bu ayak bileği kırılan kalecidir. Nitelenen isme ait bir edat (prep.) varsa, bu whose’dan önce veya sıfat cümleciğinin sonunda kullanılabilir. – The player on whose skills Barcelona most depend, was Lionel Messi. – The player whose skills Barcelona most depend on, was Lionel Messi. Barcelona’nın yeteneğine en fazla güvendiği oyuncu Lionel Messi’di. WHOSE hem özne konumunda hem de nesne konumunda kullanılabilir. 270 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Özne konumunda: whose N+ VO – The guide dog whose owner is a blind man was attacked by two pitbulls. (or, the dog the owner of which) Sahibi görme engelli olan köpek, iki pitbul tarafından saldırıya uğradı. – The book, the sentences of which were long and meaningless, made me sleepy. (or, thebook, whose words) Cümleleri uzun ve anlamsız olan kitap uykumu getirdi. Nesne konumunda: whose N+ SV – The man whose car I want to buy is actually a close friend of yours. Arabasının satın almak istediğim kişi aslında senin yakın arkadaşlarından biri – This monument is for the veterans whose services we will never forget. Bu anıt, hizmetlerini hiçbir zaman unutmayacağımız gaziler anısınadır. Özetle who, whom ve whose farkını birer cümleyle gösterecek olursak: – I like the actor who starred in the movie. Özne konumunda – They hired the girl whom they interviewed last week. Nesne konumunda – You know the man whose car I bought. Nitelenen ismin sahip olduğu anlamında ALIŞTIRMA - 4 Aşağıdaki boşluklara whose, that, who, which, that yada whom ilgi zamirlerinden uygun olanı yerleştiriniz. 1. About 140 years ago, there lived in Saloniki a little boy ____ name was Mustafa. 2. What did you do with the money ____ your mother lent you? 3. The house ____ roof is leaking needs immediate repair. 4. The children, ____ shouted in the street, are not from our school. 5. They hired the young man ____ they interviewed last month. 6. The child ____ the teacher selected had done the homework. 7. Thank you very much for your e-mail ____ was very interesting. 8. I talked to the girl ____ car had broken down in front of the shop. 9. Mr Richards, ____ is a taxi driver, has had no traffic ticked and given a medal. 10. In some nations ____ economies rest mostly on agriculture, the biggest problem is irrigation. Grammar For All 271

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE RELATIVE ADVERBS - İLGİ ZARFLARI Ana cümlede özne ve nesnenin zaten belli olduğu, ama yer, zaman ve nedenin nitelenmesi gerektiği durumlarda kullanılır. İlgi zarfı olarak kullanılan bu bağlaçlar dört adettir: where, when, why ve whereby. Relative Pronoun’lar devamına yarım cümle (SV ya da VO) alıyor iken, Relative Adverb’ler TAM CÜMLE (SVO) alırlar. RA ANLAMI İŞLEVİ ÖRNEK where the place where we met him prep+ which Yere işaret eder when prep+ which Zamana işaret eder the day when we met him why for which Nedene işaret eder the reason why we met him whereby by which Gerekçeye işaret eder the idea whereby we get together WHERE Yer belirten isimi nitelemek için P + where SVO kullanılır. Nitelenen bu ismin yan cümlecik içerisinde where sorusunun cevabı olarak yer alması gerekir. Soru daima yan cümleciğin yüklemine sorulur. – That is the building where I will meet your friend. Bu, arkadaşınızla buluşacağım binadır. (Nerede buluşacağım: the building) – The course where we go to learn English is in Kızılay. İngilizce öğrenmek için gittiğimiz kurs Kızılay’dadır. (Nereye gidiyoruz: the course) Ancak nitelenen yer ismi where sorusunu değil de what sorusunu cevaplıyorsa o zaman bağlaç olarak which kullanılır. – This is the house which I want to buy. (Ne satın almak istiyorum: the house) – This is the house where they live. (Nerede yaşarlar: (in) the house) Restrictive Adjective Clause’lareda ‘where‘ yerine ‘prep which SVO’, ‘which SVO prep’, ‘that SVO prep’ veyahut da bağlaç olmaksızın sadece edatla ‘SVO prep’ şeklinde anlam farkı olmaksızın kullanılabilir. Disneyland is the amusement park where you can have a lot of fun. where SVO. Disneyland is the amusement park in which you can have a lot of fun. prep which SVO. Disneyland is the amusement park which you can have a lot of fun in. Place which SVO prep. Disneyland is the amusement park that you can have a lot of fun in. that SVO prep. Disneyland is the amusement park you can have a lot of fun in. Ø SV 272 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause’larda ise virgül kuralı devreye gireği için ‘where’ yerine ‘,prep which SVO’, ‘,which SVO prep’, veya bağlaç olmaksızın sadece edatla ‘,SVO prep’ şeklinde anlam farkı olmaksızın kullanılabilir. ‘,that SVO prep’ kullanılamaz. Istanbul, where I was born and lived until 20’s, is a beautiful city. ,where SVO,… Istanbul, in which I was born and lived until 20’s, is a beautiful city. Place , prep which SVO,… , which SVO prep…, … Istanbul, which I was born and lived in until 20’s, is a beautiful city. Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz: ✓ Icon Academy is the place where people can learn foreign languages including Turkish. ✓ This course has many classrooms in which people are allowed to speak only English. ✓ Foreign students regard Icon Academy as a place where they can learn Turkish language and culture. ✓ Across from Icon Academy used to be a pedestrian suspension bridge on which people rarely pass. ✓ There are many places around where you can go dancing and have fun. ✓ The other buildings are also places where you can take various courses. WHEN Zaman belirten isimi nitelemek için T + when SVO kullanılır. Nitelenen bu isim yan cümlecik içerisinde when, what time, what year gibi soruların cevabı olarak yer alır. – For some, 1945 is the year when the war ended and normality returned. Bazıları için 1945, savaşın bittiği ve normalleşmenin döndüğü bir yıldır. – It is 17 August 1999, when a terrible earthquake hit Marmara Region and claimed thousands of lives. Korkunç depremin Marmara bölgesini vurup binlerce can aldığı zaman, 17 Ağustos 1999’tur. ‘when’ yerine ‘prep which SVO’, ‘that SVO’, veya bağlaç olmaksızın sadece edatla ‘SVO’ şeklinde anlam farkı olmaksızın kullanılabilir. Görüldüğü üzere edat (preposition), sadece which’in önünde kullanılabilir. Bu durumda kullanılabilecek edat, normalde hangi şekilde kullanılıyorsa aynen kullanılır. (on Sunday için on which, in 2021 için in which, at three o’clock için at which, until tomorrow için until which gibi.) – I still remember the day when I first saw her. Time when SVO prep which SVO – I still remember the day on which I first saw her. that SVO – I still remember the day that I first saw her. Ø SVO – I still remember the day I first saw her. Onu ilk gördüğüm günü hala hatırlıyorum Grammar For All 273

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Non-Restrictive Adjective Clause’larda ise virgül kuralı devreye gireği için ‘when’ yerine ‘,prep which SVO’ kullanılabilir. ‘,that SVO prep’ kullanılamaz. ‘,which SVO’ kullanımı ise nitelenen ismin zaman değil, özne veya nesne olduğunu işaret eder. – For all, 9/11, when Al-Qaida attacked World Trade Center, is a nightmare. , when SVO Time – For all, 9/11, on which Al-Qaida attacked World Trade Center, is a nightmare. , prep which SVO Herkes için El Kaide’nin Dünya Ticaret Merkezine saldırdığı 11 Eylül günü bir kabustur. – 9/11 is a nightmare, which al-Qaida attacked World Trade Center. Nesne konumunda 11 Eylül, El-Kaidenin Dünya Ticaret Merkezine saldırdığı bir kabustur. – 9/11 is a day, which reminds us a nightmare. Özne konumunda 11 Eylül bize kabusu hatırlatan bir gündür. Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz: ✓ Are you sure about the day when the concert is going to take place? ✓ The day when Turkish Republic was declared is celebrated evey year. ✓ The time at which I eat lunch is not noon actually. ✓ April is the month, in which the spring makes us feel itself with lovely colors. WHY The reason, the explanation gibi sözcükleri nitelemek için …-nın nedeni anlamında R + why SVO kullanılır. Why yerine yerine that, for which kullanılabilir, ya da hiçbir bağlaç kullanmadan da gerekçe izah edilebilir. – I don’t know the reason why she rejected such a lucrative offer. why SVO – I don’t know the reason for which she rejected such a lucrative offer. Reason for which SVO – I don’t know the reason that she rejected such a lucrative offer. that SVO Ø SVO – I don’t know the reason she rejected such a lucrative offer. Böylesine karlı bir teklifi geri çevirmesinin nedenini bilmiyorum. Ancak bu sözcükler ‘-nın nedeni’ şeklinde değil de, ‘yaptığı açıklama’, ‘öne sürdüğü neden’ anlamında kullanılmışsa why ve for which kullanılamaz. Yani nitelenen reason veya explanation neden değil de özne ya da nesne konumunda ise why ve for which yerine which, that kullanılır, veya bağlaçsız niteleme yapılır. – The explanation which she made didn’t persuade us. – The explanation that she made didn’t persuade us. – The explanation she made didn’t persuade us. Yaptığı açıklama bizi ikna etmedi. (Nesne odaklı) 274 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE WHEREBY ‘Vasıtasıyla, yoluyla, ki bu sayede ‘ anlamlarında kullanılan whereby, N + whereby + SVO şeklinde TAM cümle alır. Whereby zaman zaman by which ya da by means of which olarak da görülebilir. Bu bağlaçtan sonra kullanılan sıfat cümleciğinin yüklemi genellikle ana cümleciğin yükleminden sonra gelir ve anlamsal olarak sebep sonuç cümleleri gibidir. – The cabinet brings a new retirement plan whereby the elderlies get more pensions. – The cabinet brings a new retirement plan by means of which the elderlies get more pensions. Kabine yeni bir plan getiriyor, ki bu sayede yaşlılar daha fazla emekli aylığı alacaklar. – He developed a project whereby we could finish the job earlier. – He developed a project by means of which we could finish the job earlier. Bir proje geliştirdi ki bu vasıtayla işi daha erken bitirebildik. MİKTAR BELİRTEÇLERİ İLE KULLANIM Nitelenen isim a lot, many, none, all, some, three gibi miktar (Quantity) içeriyorsa bunlardan sonra insanlar için Q + of whom , insan harici varlıklar için Q + of which , sahiplik durumları için ise Q + of whose yapıları kullanılır. – Ankara has a lot of visitors, most of whom visit Anıtkabir. Ankara’nın, çoğu Anıtkabir’i ziyaret eden bir çok misafiri var. - There are dormitories around here, some of which are run by labor unions. Bu çevrede, bazıları işçi sendikaları tarafından işletilen yurtlar var. – We need an engineer, all of whose projects will serve us. Tüm projeleri bize çalışacak bir mühendise ihtiyacımız var. İSİMDEN HEMEN SONRA BAŞLAMAYAN SIFAT CÜMLELERİ Sıfat cümleleri niteledikleri isimden hemen sonra yer alırlar. Ancak bazı durumlarda nitelenen isme ait başka sözcükler varsa ve ayrılmaları anlam kaybına yol açacaksa, bunu isim grubu şeklinde bir bütün olarak ele almak gerekir. Bu durumda sıfat cümleciği isim grubundan sonra başlar. – There is a foreigner outside who needs your help. Dışarıda, senden yardım isteyen bir yabancı var. – There is a foreigner who needs your help outside. Senden dışarıda yardım etmeni isteyen bir yabancı var. (Anlam değişir.) Bütün cümleyi niteleyen ‘which’ li sıfat cümleciklerinde de isimden hemen sonra gelmeyebilir veya kendilerinden önce gelen isimle bir alakası olmayabilir. Bu durumlarda nitelen cümlenin tamamı olduğu için insan /insan harici ayrımı yapılmaz, restrictive de olsa, non-restrictive de olsa which yerine that ya da who kullanılamaz. – I have to apologize to my friend, which is disappointing. (My friend’i değil tüm cümleyi niteler.) – I have to apologize to my friend that is disappointing. (Anlam değişir; my friend’i niteler.) Grammar For All 275

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE BELİRSİZ ZAMİRLERLE KULLANIMI Nitelenen isim everyone, everybody, somebody, anybody gibi insana ait belirsiz zamirden oluşuyorsa özne için who/that, nesne için who/whom/that kullanılır. – Everyone who participated in the meeting was eager to speak. Toplantıya katılan herkes konuşmaya hevesliydi. anything, everything, something, nothing, şeklinde insan harici varlıkları kastediyorsa genellikle that kullanılır, which pek tercih edilmez. – You can bring anything that could contribute to the organisation. Organizasyona katkı sağlayacak her şeyi getirebilirsiniz. Nitelenen sözcük insanları kasteden those ise who, insan harici varlıları kastediyorsa those ise which kullanılır. Tekil insan veya nesne için those yerine one kullanılır. – I hate those who are dedicated to luxury. Lükse kendini kaptıranlardan nefret ediyorum. – I want to read those which are written clearly. Sadece temiz yazılmış olanları okumak isterim. – I am the only one who can help you. Sana yardım edebilecek tek kişi benim. Sıfat Cümle Kısaltmaları Sıfat cümlelerinin kısaltılmasında (reduction) ortak özellikler şunlardır: – Kısaltmalarda bağlaçlar (RP veya RA) görülmez. – Sıfat cümleciğinin fiili değişebilir. – Kısaltma ancak özne konumundaki bağlaçlarda geçerlidir. Nesne konumundakilere uygulanmaz. The man who(m) you don’t want to see is my friend. (Böyle bir cümlenin kısaltması olamaz.) – Kısaltma yapıldığı zaman cümlenin anlamında herhangi bir değişiklik olmaz. Bu ön bilgiler ışığında; – active /passive yapılarda, – to be fiilinde, – toV halinde kısaltmaları inceleyelim: active /passive yapılarda 1. Active cümlenin tense’i ne olursa olsun bağlaç atılır; fiil V-ing haline dönüştürülür. Non- restrictive için de aynı yöntem izlenir ve kısaltılan yapı nitelenen ismin devamında veya önünde yer alabilir. – They stood on the border which connects the two halves of the country. (present) = They stood on the border connecting the two halves of the country. Ülkenin iki yarısını bağlayan sınırda durdular. 276 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE – The men that were fighting in the park scared everyone. (past cont.) = The men fighting in the park scared everyone. Parkta kavga eden adamlar herkesi korkuttu. – The people who visited the museum returned happily. (simple past) = The people visiting the museum returned happily. Müzeyi ziyaret eden insanlar mutlu bir şekilde döndüler. – The ambulance, which was taking the patient to the hospital, bumped into a car. (non-restrictive) = The ambulance, taking the patient to the hospital, bumped into a car. = Taking the patient to the hospital, the ambulance bumped into a car. Hastayı hastaneye götüren ambulans bir araca çarptı. 2. Passive yapılarda bağlac ve to be atılır, devamındaki fiil yapısı aynen V3 ya da being V3 halde bırakılır. – The little boy who was attacked by a dog was taken to hospital. = The little boy attacked by a dog was taken to hospital. Bir köpek tarafından saldırılan küçük çocuk hastaneye kaldırıldı. – The idea that is being introduced at the conference now belongs to me. = The idea being introduced at the conference now belongs to me. Konferansta şu an gündeme getirilen fikir bana ait. 3. Ana ve yan cümlecik yüklemleri arasında zaman farkı varsa, bunu vurgulamak için bağlaç atılır ve yüklem aktif ise having V3, pasif ise having been V3 ‘e dönüştürülür. – The party members who made objections to the leader will protest him today. = The party members having made objections to the leader will protest him today. Liderine itiraz eden parti üyeleri bugün lideri proteso edecekler. to be fiilinde ‘to be’ fiili önündeki bağlaçla birlikte atılır ( RP + be ). Kalan yapı V-ing, V3, adj, noun veya prep ‘le birlikte aynen devam eder. – The person who is late for work will be given a punishment. = The person late for work will be given a punishment. (adj.) İşe geç kalan kişi cezalandırılacak. – The two guys who are in the bank are armed with guns. = The two guys in the bank are armed with guns. (prep) Bankadaki iki adam silahlı. – Washington, D.C., which is the capital of the USA, has a population less than 1 million. = Washington, D.C., the capital of the USA, has a population less than 1 million. (noun) ABD’nin başkenti Washington’un 1 milyondan az nüfusu var. Grammar For All 277

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE to V şekline dönüşen kısaltmalar Superlative ve modal içeren cümleleri kısaltırken to V şeklinde infinitive yapılırlar. 1. Superlative: the first, the best, the most, the least gibi ifadeler ve kendilerinden sonra gelen bağlaçlar atılır, fiil to V haline getirilerek kısaltılır. Buradaki to’dan, fiile gelecek zaman gibi bir anlam yüklememek gerekir, tek kullanım nedeni öncesindeki superlative yapıdır. – Who was the last person who left the office and kept the lights on? = Who was the last person to leave the office and keep the lights on? Ofisi en son terk edip ışıkları açık bırakan kimdi? – Türkiye is the first muslim country which established secularism and democracy. = Türkiye is the first muslim country to establish secularism and democracy. Türkiye laik ve demokrasiyi tesis eden ilk Müslüman ülkedir. – This is the biggest UAV which was produced last year in the world. = This is the biggest UAV to be produced last year in the world. = This is the biggest UAV produced last year in the world. Bu geçen yıl dünyada üretilen en büyük İHA’dır. (passive’de hem to be V3, hem de V3 mümkündür) 2. Modal: Modal içeren cümleler de to V şeklinde kısaltılır. – In case of an alarm, you need something which can protect you from danger. = In case of an alarm, you need something to protect you from danger. Alarm durumunda seni tehlikeden koruyacak bir şeye ihtiyacın olacak. – There are millions of things which you should learn in life. = There are millions of things to learn in life. Hayatta öğreneceğin çok şey var. ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ÖZET 1. Adjective clause ismi niteler ve nitelediği isimden sonra gelir. – I like the woman who lives next door. 2. Adjective clause içerisinde nitelediği isim veya zamir kesinlikle tekrar yer alamaz, onun yerine ilgi zamiri (RP) kullanılır. – The man I met yesterday was a famous singer. (The man I met him yesterday was a famous singer.) – The girl whose hair is long is a university student. (The girl her hair is long is a university student.) 278 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 3. which, who ve that ilgi zamirleri (RP), kendisinden hemen sonra fiil varsa atılamaz, ama isim varsa atılabilir. – I‘m looking for an assistant that is self motivated. (THAT+ V: fiil geldiği için that atılamaz) – I want to employ the assistant that you advised to me. (THAT +S+V: özne geldiği için that atılabilir) = I want to employ the assistant you advised to me. 4. Restrictive adjective clause cümleden çıkarılamaz. Ama non-restrictive adjective clause ayrıntı bilgisi verir, ana cümlecikten virgülle ayrılır ve cümleden çıkarılabilir. 5. Whose’dan sonra isim gelir ve nitelenen yani solundaki isim ile sağındaki isim arasında iyelik-sahiplik ilişkisi vardır. Whose yerine of which de kullanılabilir. Whose’un başına prep de gelebilir. – The book whose pages are bright white belongs to me. – The book, the pages of which are bright white, belongs to me. – The house, in whose kitchen you can cook anything, is not that expensive. İlgi zamirinin bulunması gereken yerin devamında görülen ‘isim+fiil’ yapısı, her zaman o ilgi zamirinin opsiyonel olduğu, atılabileceği anlamına gelmez. İlgi zamirinin sağındaki ve solundaki isimler arasında iyelik durumu söz konusuysa whose kullanılır ve cümleden atılamaz. Whose sadece insanla ilgili değil insan dışındaki varlıklarla ilgili sahiplik durumlarında da kullanılır. – I’m satisfied with the assistant whose skills are beyond my expectations. (WHOSE + N + V: assistant’s skills şeklinde iyelik var) 6. Non-restrictive adjective clause cümleden çıkarılabilir ve cümlenin anlamında önemli bir değişiklik olmaz. Ama restrictive adjective clause’un çıkarılması halinde cümlenin anlamı değişebilir. (Uzun cümlelerde ana fiilin belirlenmesi ve hızlı okuma pratiklerinde restrictive adjective clauseların geçici olarak çıkarması cümleden atıldığı anlamına gelmez.) – My boss, who is very handsome, lives in Çankaya. (adj. clause atılabilir) Burada anlatılan patronumun Çankaya’da yaşadığı. Tek bir patronum var ki o da yakışıklı. – My boss who is very handsome lives in Çankaya. (adj. clause atılamaz) Burada anlatılan ise yakışıklı olan patronumun Çankaya’da yaşadığı’dır. Diğer patronlarım da var ama yakışıklı değiller. 7. Preposition’lardan sonra which, whom veya whose gelir; who ve that gelmez. Prep + which Prep + that Prep + whom Prep + who Prep + whose 8. Miktar belirteçlerinin olduğu yapıların devamında of which (insan harici), of whom (insan) ya da of whose (iyelik) yapıları gelebilir. – I have three brothers, all of whom are married. Grammar For All 279

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Adjective Clause Yapılarında Kullanılan Terimler Sıfat Cümlesi S + V + O RP + s v o görünümündeki, bir ana, bir yan cümlecik ve bir de bağlaçtan oluşan cümlelerdir. Sıfat Cümleciği RP + (s) v o görünümünde ifade edilen tam/yarım cümle ve bağlaçla her- hangi bir ismi nitelendiren, tek başına bir anlam bütünlüğü oluşturmayan yapılardır. Relative Pro- RP şeklinde ifade edilen ve who, which, that, whose, prep+which, noun (ilgi zam- prep+whom sözcüklerinden oluşan ve devamında yarım cümle alan iri) bağlaçlardır. Relative Adverb RA şeklinde ifade edilen ve where, when, why, whereby sözcüklerinden (ilgi zarfı) oluşan ve devamında tam cümle alan bağlaçlardır. Tam Cümle SVO şeklindeki sıfat yan cümlecikleridir. İlgi zamirlerinden sonra gelirler. Yarım Cümle SV ya da VO şeklindeki sıfat yan cümlecikleridir. İlgi zarflarından sonra gelirler. Restrictive S + V + O RP + s v o görünümünde virgülsüz cümlelerdir ve gereklidir. (Defining) Adj. Clause S + V + O, RP + s v o görünümünde virgüllü cümlelerdir ve çok gerekli Non-Restrictive değillerdir. (Non-Defining) Adj.Clause Sıfat Cümleciğinin Ana Cümle İçerisindeki Rolü ‘SVOPMFTR’ diziliminde yer alan ögeler için kullanılabilecek bağlaçlar aşağıdaki tabloda özetlenmiştir. SUBJECT OBJECT QUANTITY (POSSESSIVE) PLACE TIME REASON RESULT who who Q+ of which whose+N where* when* why for whereby which whom Q+ of whom N+of which which that which Q+ of whose that (*) where ve when ilgi zamirleri yerine prepositionla birlikte which kullanmak da mümkündür. Bu durum, Place ve Time konularında izah edilmiştir. 280 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Bir ilgi zamirinin (RP) nitelediği ismin arkasından aldığı yeri ve sıfat cümleciği içindeki rolünü inceleyelim: Subj. of Sent. : My brother, who is an engineer , sold his car last year. (who: adj clause’ın öznesi = my brother) Obj. of Sent. : My brother sold his car which was 9 years old . (which: adj clause’ın öznesi = his car) Possesive : My brother whose car was 9 years old called me. (whose: sahiplik = ki onun arabası) Place : My brother sold his car in Istanbul, where he visited last year . (where: adj. clause’ın yeri) Time : My brother sold his car last year when we met the last time . (when: adj. clause’ın zamanı) Reason : I don’t know the reason why my brother sold his car . (why: adj. clause’ın zamanı) ‘that’ Kullanmak Zorunlu Mudur? Sadece that değil, who ve which ilgi zamirlerinin cümleden atılıp atılamayacağı, sıfat cümleciğinin öznesi veya nesnesi olma durumuna göre değişir. – I need a map which describes the route to Atakule clearly. sv o – ‘There are three things that are certain in life: death, taxes, and Michelle is not running for president’, says Obama. Yukarıdaki cümlelerde ‘which’ ve ‘that’ sıfat cümleciklerinin ÖZNESİ konumundadırlar ve cümleden ATILAMAZLAR. – I need the map which you gave me last week. sv o Bu cümlede ise ‘which’ sıfat cümleciğinin NESNESİ konumundadır ve cümleden ATILABİLİR. Çünkü give fiilinin öznesi ‘you’ zamiridir. Which ise yine map anlamındadır, normal cümlede give’den sonra (nesne pozisyonunda) gelmesi gerekmektedir. Ama iki cümlenin birleşerek adjective clause oluşturduğu için yan cümlecikte özne veya nesne pozisyonunda tekrar edilmez, yerine which, that ya da who kullanılır. – I need the map (which) you gave me last week. (which+ SV) = I need the map you gave me last week. – I need a map which describes the route to Atakule clearly. (which+V) I need a map describes the route to Atakule clearly. YANLIŞ: which kaldırılamaz. Grammar For All 281

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE NOT: Hangi durumda bağlaç atılır, hangi durumlarda atılamaz? Bunun en pratik yolu devamındaki dizilime bakmaktır. • ilgi zamirinden (which, who, that) sonra bir SUBJECT+ VERB varsa atılabilir. (RP) + SV • ilgi zamirinden (which, who, that) sonra bir VERB varsa atılamaz. RP + V İlgi Zamiri Özet Tablosu İLGİ KULLANIMI ÖRNEK ZAMİRİ - Did I tell you about the man who who İnsanlar için özne yada nesne konumunda started job this week? - You didn’t see the dog which is İnsan harici varlıklar için özne ya da nesne lying behind the fence. which konumunda - She didn’t notice him which surprised me. which Tüm cümleyi niteleyen - I’ve made a friend whose father is a pilot? İnsan veya insan harici varlıklar için iyelik whose rolünde whom Özellikle non-restrictive’lerde nesne - I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference. konumunda (restrictive’lerde bunun yerine who da mümkündür) Özellikle restrictive’lerde özne veya nesne that konumunda İnsan veya insan harici - I don’t like the table that stands in varlıklar için (that yerine who veya which de the kitchen. mümkündür) SIFAT CÜMLECİKLERİNİ YOK SAYARAK OKUMA Cümleye edebi güzellik katan adjective clause’lar, bazen cümleyi gereğinden fazla uzatması nedeniyle kafa karışıklığına ve okuma motivasyonunun bozulmasına neden olabilirler. Bu nedenle YDS, TOEFL, IELTS, Proficiency gibi akademik sınavların uzun soluklu ve dikkate dayalı okuma bölümlerinde sadeleştirme yöntemini kullanmanız önerilir. Gerek cümle gerekse paragraf bazlı sorularda bir cümle içerisinde, adjective clause olarak belirlediğiniz kısmın üzerini çizip, yok sayınız, okumayınız. Sacede geriye kalan ana cümleciği okuyunuz. Anlatılmak istenen ifadenin daha sade ve net hale geldiğini göreceksiniz. Okuma sınavlarında cümleleri uzun ve karmaşık hale getirmek için en fazla kullanılan yöntem sıfat cümlecikleri kullanmaktır. Halbuki bu yapılarda yer alan bilgiler, detay bilgileri olup ikinci derecede önemlidir. Bu durum non-restrictive adjective clause’lar için tereddütsüz uygulanabilir. Restrictive clauselar (virgülsüz) normalde cümleden atılamazlar ama burada sadece okuma-anlama pratiği bakımından geçici olarak yok sayılacaktır. Aşağıdaki metni inceleyelim: 282 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE Karşımıza çıkan metin: Robin Arthur is the owner of the F&J group which supplies fashion and jewellery and also women accessories. He studied for a degree in financial services at the University of Birmingham, which is still ranked one of the best universities in the USA. With the great support from his father, who was a well-known merchant and decendent of a Hispanic who had immigrated to America after Korean war, he decided to run his own business as soon as he graduated from the university. He opened the first jewellery shop less than 2 years ago, now he has 23 shops, all of which make good profit. He has some valuable advice to teenagers who plan to set up their own companies on their own. Verilen metnin görmemiz gereken hali: Robin Arthur is the owner of the F&J group which supplies fashion and jewellery and also women accessories. He studied for a degree in financial services at the University of Birmingham, which is still ranked one of the best universities in the USA. With the great support from his father, who was a well-known merchant and decendent of a Hispanic who had immigrated to America after Korean war, he decided to run his own business as soon as he graduated from the university. He opened the first jewellery shop less than 2 years ago, now he has 23 shops, all of which make good profit. He has some valuable advice to teenagers who plan to set up their own companies on their own. Aynı durum kısaltılmış sıfat cümlecikleri için de geçerlidir. Relative Pronoun ile başlamayan, kısaltılmış bir sıfat cümleciğini ayırt etmek bazen zor gelebilir. Cümle içinde ana cümle/cümleleri belirlediğimiz zaman bunun dışında kalan aşağıdaki formattaki yapılar sıfat cümleciğine işaret ederler. Bunları da yukarıda izah edildiği gibi yok sayarak okuyabiliriz: – Albert, having watched TV for more than two and a half hours, went to bed. = Albert, having watched TV for more than two and a half hours, went to bed. – Being a mother, Veronika forgave her student and warned him not to do one more time. = Being a mother, Veronika forgave her student and warned him not to do one more time. Yukarıda basitçe anlatıldığı üzere cümleler içerisinde yer alan relative clause bölümlerini atlayarak cümleleri bu hale getirmiş olmamız gerekiyor. Hem okuma hızınınızın arttığını, hem de anlamından pek de bir şey kaçırmadığınızı görmüş olacaksınız. Grammar For All 283

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI The Galata Bridge The Galata Bridge in Istanbul is a unique location in the world. It spans the Golden Horn at a site in which a natural harbor form. It is the exact place in which the Bosphorus flows into the sea of Marmara. It is also the place at which the old Istanbul meets the new. This is the fifth bridge in this location. The last bridge was destroyed in 1992 the year in which a fire badly damaged it. The bridge has three car lanes and one lane on which trams go. In the evening, the time in which fisherman come to catch their evening meals, the bridge becomes a bustling place. Sunset is also the time at which the faithful are called to prayer. Tourists and locals walk along the first deck on which there are a number of restaurants and shops. Fisherman stand side by side at the railing at which they cast their lines into the water. Never is there a time at which the bridge is not completely occupied and bustling with people. * *Alıntı: wikipedia.org Topic : _______________________________________________ Main idea : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly : _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY bustling hareketli occupy meşgul cast (olta) atmak deck güverte pray dua etmek, namaz kılmak harbor liman lane şerit railing demir korkuluk line misina locals yöre halkı span sürmek, kapsamak the faithful inançlı insanlar tram tramvay unique benzersiz 284 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) TEST 1 1. Shakespeare is an outstanding 5. Türkiye has over 200,000 children author, _____ skills include both ages to 14 working in services, one poetry and drama. in six of ____ lack good health care conditions. A) who B) whom A) where C) whose B) whose D) what C) whom E) that D) which E) when 2. Yunus Emre Institute, ____ is named after the greatest poet in 6. Renowned Turkish scientist Turkish literature, is considered Aziz Sancar, one of those ____ as a Turkish culture and language achievements is the Nobel Prize in teaching centre. chemistry, awarded for his work on human DNA. A) when A) who B) why B) that C) that C) which D) where D) whose E) which E) when 3. FC Barcelona, one of ____ members 7. In Ankara, _____ there are many could not play due to injury in outstanding universities, most previous match, have decided to of the international students are replace Jordie instead. funded by the Turkish government, resulting in multicultural education. A) which B) where A) whose C) whose B) who D) that C) which E) whom D) when E) where 4. The Iceman, ____ was our first ancestor living at Medieval Age, is 8. I’m looking for a computer on display at the South Museum of programmer _____ can help me Archeology in Italy. with my project. A) that A) when B) where B) whose C) who C) who D) when D) whom E) whose E) where Grammar For All 285

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 9. His project partner, not _____ of the 13. The little boy ____ in the park was recent developments in advance, found after a police inquiry. wanted to know the reason for one- week delay. A) losing B) to have lost A) having informed C) lost B) to be informed D) to lose C) to inform E) having lost D) being informed E) having been informed 14. Every blood ____ to the blood banks saves lives of people who 10. Van Gogh, the famous Dutch painter need a blood transfusion. ___ had far-reaching influence on 20th century art, created great A) donated pieces of work. B) donating C) to be donating A) who D) to donate B) where E) having donated C) when D) why 15. Jack, ___ by his wife that it was a E) which good idea, bought an expensive car last summer. 11. Climbers found the wrecks of Malaysia Airlines flight ___ crashed A) to be convinced in rebel-held eastern Ukraine. B) having been convinced C) having convinced D) convincing E) to convince A) when 16. The best advisor ____ us useful B) which information about research C) where methods is Mr. Miller because he D) who has written many research articles. E) whose A) to give 12. Martin was looking forward to B) given telling Sam, ___ he had helped with C) being given his studies, that he could pass the D) have given exam. E) to be given A) that 17. The two students _____ to represent B) what the country during the International C) where Mathematical Olympiad were D) whom funded by the goverment. E) whose A) to choose B) having chosen C) choosing D) to be choosing E) chosen 286 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 22. Apple has developed a smart watch ____ allows you to download every 18. The best way ____ fluency in a iPhone notification. foreign language is to practice talking to a native speaker. A) where B) when A) to achieve C) which B) being achieved D) what C) achieved E) how D) be achieved E) to have achieved 23. The wallpaper ____ we chose to install our living room looks good 19. We have to find a place ____ our with the furniture. performance for the play tonight. A) of which A) having practiced B) what B) to be practised C) where C) to practice D) when D) practising E) Ø E) practiced 24. The American movie star, ____the 20. Once terribly sick, the English pop people praised all over the world, star, ____ in hospital for about six had a terrible accident on his way months, now sings to raise money to home last night. for the charity. A) whom A) having confined B) whose B) confining C) where C) to be confining D) which D) confined E) when E) to confine 25. Ergonomics is the practice of 21. Marcus, _____ his law degree a designing products, systems, few weeks ago, is now thinking of or processes _____ take proper specializing in criminal law. account of the interaction between them and the people who use them. A) having obtained B) being obtained A) who C) to be obtained B) that D) obtaining C) when E) obtained D) where E) whose Grammar For All 287

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) TEST 2 1. The recent technological 5. 11 September 2001 was the time improvements are evolved from ____ the World Trade Centre, ____ the acts of the people ____ lived featured landmark twin towers, was hundreds of years ago. attacked by Taliban. A) who A) when/ which B) when B) where/ which C) which C) whose/ why D) where D) which/ which E) whose E) why/ that 2. Industrial Revolution, in ____ the 6. Bob’s brother, on ____ directions we transition to new manufacturing were relying, hadn’t drawn a very processes occurred, included going good map, so it took us two hours from hand production methods to to find the conference hall. machines. A) which A) that B) whose B) who C) who C) when D) whom D) which E) where E) where 7. There was a time ____ people wrote 3. No longer will I go back to that letters to each other, but now they supermarket because the last time send emails and messages. I went there I bought a packet of sausage, some ____ were rotten. A) whose B) what A) from what C) how B) of whom D) which C) of which E) when D) whose E) that 8. Football is like a fast moving game of chess, in ____ you’re required to 4. The tour guide will take us to the think two or three steps ahead. Eiffel Tower, ____ we will have a snack and take some photos. A) which B) whom A) when C) where B) who D) that C) which E) what D) whose E) where 288 Grammar For All