YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE – The player resents being excluded from the team. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı Oyuncu kadro dışı bırakılmasına içerleniyor. – I am so tired of being lectured to by my boss. Patronum tarafından bana nutuk atılmasından bıktım. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı Bu tür cümlelerde ana fiil ile gerund şeklinde kullanılan fiil arasında zaman farkı varsa: V+ having been+ V3 şeklinde kullanılırlar. - She’s not happy having been asked to work on the weekend. Daha önce hafta sonu çalışması ondan istendi ve şu an bu durumdan hiç mutlu değil. – I appreciate having been given a chance to meet her. Bana onunla tanışma şansı vermiştiniz, o nedenle müteşekkirim. Gerund, infinitive ve modal biçimdeki fiillerin zaman durumlarını ve active / passive ilişkilerini aşağıdaki şekilde özetleyebiliriz: FORM FUNCTION STATUS / TIME to V INFINITIVE active / present to be V-ing INFINITIVE active / present to have V3 INFINITIVE active / past to have been V-ing INFINITIVE active / past to be V3 INFINITIVE passive / present to have been V3 INFINITIVE passive / past modal+be V3 MODAL passive / present modal +V MODAL active / present-past modal+have V3 MODAL active / past modal+have been V3 MODAL passive / past V-ing GERUND active / present Having V3 GERUND active / past Being V3 GERUND passive / present Having been V3 GERUND passive / past INDEFINITE PRONOUNS – BELİRSİZ ZAMİRLER Anyone, anybody, anything ve no one, nobody, nothing gibi olumsuzluk ifade eden belirsiz zamirler (indefinite pronouns) ile yapılan active - passive dönüşümlerinde gramer olarak değil anlamsal olarak bütünlüğü sağlamak gerekmektedir. – No one can translate this text. (active) Kimse bu metni çeviremez. Grammar For All 189

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE – This text can not be translated by anyone. (passive) Bu metin kimse tarafından çevrilemez. – They couldn’t find out anything about the victims. (active) Kurbanlar hakkında hiç bir şey öğrenemediler. – Nothing could be found out about the victims. (passive) Kurbanlar hakkında hiç bir şey öğrenilemedi. PASSIVE in ‘THAT’ CLAUSES Öznesi, everybody, people, they, one gibi olumlu anlam içeren zamirlerle başlayan isim cümleleri (Noun Clauses), acknowledge, allege, admit, assume, believe, claim, consider, declare, estimate, expect, feel, fear, find, know, mean, report, say, suspect, state, suppose, project, prove, think, understand gibi fiillerle kullanıldığında, iki şekilde passive yapılara dönüştürülebilirler. Her iki cümlede de anlam kaybı olmayacağı için aynı şekilde Türkçe’ye çevrilirler. – People believe that car industry needs to produce smaller models to solve parking problem. İnsanlar, park sorunu için otomotiv sanayinin daha küçük modeller üretmesi gerektiğine inanırlar. a) It’s V3 + THAT SVO Ana cümlecik boş özne de denilen It’s+ V3 ile passive dönüştürülür ve yan cümlecik that ile birlikte aynen muhafaza edilir. – It’s believed that car industry needs to produce smaller models to solve parking problem. Otomotiv sanayinin park sorununun çözümü için daha küçük modeller üretmesi gerektiğine inanılır. b) S + V3 + to That Noun Clause’daki özne ile ana cümleciğin yüklemi (ana fiil) passive hale getirilerek başlar. THAT atılır ve yan cümleciğin yüklemi (yan fiil), to V şekline sokularak mastar (infinitive) haline getirilir. – The car industry is believed to need to produce smaller models to solve parking problem. Otomotiv sanayinin park sorununun çözümü için daha küçük modeller üretmesi gerektiğine inanılır. 190 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Passive Noun Clause’larda Dönüşüm ve Ana/ Yan Fiillerin Zaman İlişkisi Active cümlelerden türeyecek passive yapıları, ana fiil ve yan fiilin zaman ilişkisine göre inceleyelim. That cümlecikleri yerine to V mastar kullanımları aşağıdaki tabloda koyu zemin üzerinde belirtilmiştir. 1. Ana fiil ve yan fiil EŞ ZAMANLI ise: Active (Present - Present) Passives -People say (that) she is a murderer. It is said that she is a murderer. -They assume (that) she lives in a cave. She is said to be a murderer. It is assumed that she lives in a cave. She is assumed to live in a cave. Active (Past - Past) Passives -People said (that) she was a murderer. It was said that she was a murderer. She was said to be a murderer. -They assumed (that) she lived in a cave. It was assumed that she lived in a cave. She was assumed to live in a cave. Active (Present – Future/ Modal) Passives -They expect (that) she will leave It is expected that she will leave the country. the country. She is expected to leave the country. -They assume (that) she may have It is assumed that she may have an abettor. an abettor. She is assumed to have an abettor. 2. Yan fiil CONTINUOUS ise: Passives Active (Present – Present Cont.) -Some suppose (that) she is It is supposed that she is living alone. living alone. She is supposed to be living alone. -They consider (that) she is It is considered that she is working for the working for the Mossad. Mossad. She is considered to be working for the Mossad. Grammar For All 191

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Active (Past – Past Cont.) Passives -Some supposed (that) she was It was supposed that she was living alone. living alone. -They considered (that) she She was supposed to be living alone. was working for the Mossad. It was considered that she was working for the Mossad. She was considered to be working for the Mossad. 3. Yan fiil farklı zamanlı ise: Passives Active (Present – Past) -They acknowledge (that) she It’s acknowledged that she threw the knife into the threw the knife into the lake. lake. She is acknowledged to have thrown the knife into the lake. 4. Yan fiil PERFECT ise: Passives Active (Prs. – Prs.Perf. / Past - Past Perf.) -They claim (that) she has done It is claimed that she has done it for money. it for money. -Some alleged (that) she had She is claimed to have done it for money. been tortured by police. It was alleged (that) she had been tortured by police. She was alleged to have been tortured by police. 5. Yan fiil PERFECT CONTINUOUS ise: Passives Active (Prs. – Prs.Perf. Con. / Past - Past Perf. Con.) -They state (that) she has been It is stated that she has been sleeping behind the sleeping behind the bars. bars. She is stated to have been sleeping behind the bars. -They reported (that) she had It was reported (that) she had been planning another been planning another murder. murder. She was reported to have been planning another murder. 192 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE ALIŞTIRMALAR-2 (THAT NOUN CLAUSE'LARDA PASSIVE DÖNÜŞÜ) Aşağıda verilen cümleleri, isim cümleciğinin öznesi ile başlayacak şekilde tekrar yazınız. Anlam ve zaman değişikliği olmayacak şekilde passive yapıları muhafaza ediniz. 1. It is said that the risk is much bigger than people think. _____________________________________________ 2. It is claimed that security forces used excessive force. _____________________________________________ 3. It is reported that the explosion in the nuclear plant took place due to negligence. _____________________________________________ 4. It was declared that the test had been successful. _____________________________________________ 5. It was said that the driver had been killed by a truck. _____________________________________________ 6. It is expected that tuition fee will be abolished at universities. _____________________________________________ 7. His family alleges that the famous businessman was kidnapped for ransom. _____________________________________________ PASSIVE in ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Burada geçen adjective clause konusu kısa hatırlatmalar yapıldıktan sonra daha ziyade ‘passive voice’ ve kısaltmaları (reduction) yönünden ele alınacaktır. Normal sıfat cümleciklerinde (adjective yada relative clauses) yer alan passive yapılar da tıpkı active yapılar gibi kısaltılabilirler. Kısaltma (reduction) kuralları iki şekilde uygulanır. 1. ‘Relative Pronoun + be’ içeren cümleler: Sıfat cümleciğinde yer alan relative pronoun dediğimiz who, which, that bağlaçlarından sonra to be fiili (am/is/are/was/were şeklinde) varsa devamı ne olursa olsun hem bağlaç hem to be atılır. – The school which was visited…. – He is the clerk who is using…. – The old lady, who is around 75, is looking for her grandson, who is in the back yard. 2. ‘Relative Pronoun + V’ içeren cümleler: Yardımcı bağlaç atılır. Fiil, gerund (V-ing) hale getirilir. Eğer fiil, have/ has + V3 şeklinde perfect yapı içeriyor ise yine bunun gerund hali olan having + V3 şekline getirilir. Grammar For All 193

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE ÖNEMLİÖrnekleri inceleyelim: AÇIKLAMASıfat Cümleciklerinde ACTIVE cümle örnekleri: – I know the student who studies at Icon Academy. = I know the student studying at Icon Academy. (reduction) – I remember the student who has studied at Icon Academy before. = I remember the student having studied at Icon Academy before. (reduction) Sıfat Cümleciklerinde PASSIVE cümle örnekleri: – All the students found the questions that were asked on make-up test quite difficult. = All the students found the questions asked on make-up test quite difficult. – Can’t you see the girl who is being robbed right there. = Can’t you see the girl being robbed right there. – The students who have already been enrolled in our course are highly motivated. = The students having already been enrolled in our course are highly motivated. Cümle içinde yer alan birden fazla fiilden hangisinin yüklem olduğunun değerlendirilmemesi nedeniyle hata yapma, en fazla karşılaşılan durumlardan biridir. Bu kitabın başında yer alan cümle ( konusunu dikkatlice okumanız önerilir. Bu tür yapıların yer aldığı gramer sorularında ilk yapılması gereken ise ana fiilin, yani ana cümleciğin yükleminin tespit edilmesidir. Sonra active-passive ayrımı, daha sonra da tense uygunluğu değerlendirilmelidir. METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI SOLVING THE MYSTERY OF HIEROGlYPHICS For almost two thousand years, the symbols and inscriptions which people had carved on to the great monuments of ancient Egypt were a complete mystery. They were obviously a kind of writing, but nobody knew what they meant. Then, in 1799, a French officer discovered a strange stone in the small Egyption town of Rosetta. It had three types of writing carved into its surface. One of the languages was Greek but the other two were unknown. A year later, the British captured the stone and the British moved it to the British Museum in London. For Twenty years, the stone lay gathering dust in the museum. Then in 1822, somebody asked a French scientist, named Jean François Champollion to look at the stone. He immediately recognized that some of the symbols matched those he had seen on monuments in Egypt. By comparing the Greek words with Egyptian symbols, he was able to work out their meaning. The Egyptian symbols were hieroglyphs, a type of writing in which pictures represent sounds and meanings. Once somebody had solved the puzzle of their written language, it became possible for scholars to decipher the inspections on the all great mouments. Thus, people finally unlocked the mysteries of Egypt’s fabulous history and culture. * *Alıntı: Advanced Learners’ Grammar, Mark Foley & D. Hall 194 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE VOCABULARY capture yakalamak mystery gizem carve oymak puzzle bulmaca compare karşılaştırmak recognize tanımak decipher deşifre etmek represent göstermek hieroglyphics hiyeroglif yazılar scholar bilgin inscription yazıt scientist bilim adamı match eşleştirmek unlock kilidini açmak monument anıt ALIŞTIRMA - 3 Passive yapıya dönüşebilecek ifadelerin altını çizerek belirleyiniz ve passive halini boşluklara yazınız. 1. inscriptions which had been carved 2. _________________________________________________________________ 3. _________________________________________________________________ 4. _________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________ 6. _________________________________________________________________ 7. _________________________________________________________________ Grammar For All 195

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE CAUSATIVE Causative yapılarda eylem özne tarafından yapılmaz, başka birine yaptırılır, bu yüzden ettirgen denilir. Causative tanımı, birinin başka bir şey yapmasına neden olma anlamındaki ‘cause’ fiilinden türemiştir. Türkçede -ir/ır, -tir/dır ya da -t sonekleriyle kurulan bu cümleler, İngilizcede make, get, have şeklinde özel kalıplarla aktarılır. Kullanılan bu fiillere göre o işin zorla mı, ricayla mı, ısrarla mı yaptırıldığı anlaşılır. Halbuki Türkçe’de kullandığımız bu soneklerden böyle bir anlam farkı çıkarmamıza imkan yoktur. HAVE: Daha çok mesleği gereği veya doğal sorumluluğu nedeniyle birine iş yaptırmak anlamındadır. MAKE: Dolaylı ya da dolaysız zorlama ile iş yaptırmak anlamındadır. (force, oblige, compell, necessitate) GET: Birini ikna ederek, iş yaptırmak anlamında kullanılır. Bu üç fiilin dışında yine aynı vurguyu yaptığı için anlamsal olarak bu gruba dahil edebileceğimiz let, ask, help, allow gibi fiiller de vardır. Causative kalıplarında kullanılacak semboller: SB : biri anlamında (someone, ya da somebody) DO : yapılacak eylem, fiilin 1 nci hali (V1) anlamında, To DO : yapılacak eylem, fiilin infinitive hali (to V) anlamında ST : fiilden etkilenen şey (something) anlamında. DONE : yapılmış eylem, fiilin past participle hali (V3) anlamında, A) İŞİN YAPAN KİŞİNİN (SB) VURGULANMASI: ‘Birine bir şey yaptırmak’ şeklinde de ifade edilir. Bu bağlamda kullanacağımız fiillerden have ve make fiilleri ‘V’, get fiili ise ‘to V’ alır. have SB DO ST make SB to DO ST get have SB DO sth – I had the mechanic repair my car. Tamirciye aracımı tamir ettirdim. (tamircinin görevi) – He had his father buy his school uniform. Babasına okul forması aldırdı. (doğal sorumluluğu) – The doctors had the badly-injured patient walk. Doktorlar ağır yaralı hastayı yürüttüler. – The employer had us fill out a form. Patron bize bir form doldurttu. – My father had my mom prepare dinner. Babam anneme yemek yaptırdı. (annemin rutin görevi) 196 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE make SB DO sth – The police made him tell everything. Polisler ona herşeyi (silay zoruyla) anlattırdı. – You should make your children behave well at the table. (… öğretici zorlama) – If you don’t do your job, l’ll make you do it. İşini yapmazsan, ben yaptırırım. (tehdit, şantaj) – If you don’t want to work, no one can make you work. Çalışmak istemezsen kimse seni çalıştıramaz. – No one can make me tell my father is a killer. Bana kimse babam için katil dedirtemez. – The general made all the officers join the deployment. General tüm subayları intikale katttı. (emirle) – He can’t make his wife serve himself. Karısına hizmet ettiremiyor. (otorite kullanımı) Ayrıca zorlama anlamında değil de ilgi ve alaka sonucu birinin hislerinde olumlu yada olumsuz değişime neden olmak anlamında da kullanılır. – You make me feel perfect. Bana kendimi harika hissettiriyorsun. – His lectures make me sleep. Onun konferansları beni uyutuyor. – You made me want to die. Beni ölmek istemeye zorladın. – I’ll make you feel like you are home. Seni kendi evinde hissettireceğim. – He’s made her cry. Onu ağlattı. get SB to DO sth – The police got him to tell everything. Polisler ona herşeyi (ikna ederek) anlattırdı. – Sandy got her boyfriend to help her. Sandy erkek arkadaşını kendisine yardım ettirdi. (ikna) – He finally got his friend to start driving lessons. Nihayet arkadaşını ehliyet kursuna başlamaya ikna etti. – Get everyone to come here. Herkesi buraya getir. (gelmelerini sağla) – He can’t get his wife to serve himself. Karısına hizmet ettiremiyor. (ikna edemiyor) – The teacher got the class to contribute the charity. Herkesi katkıda bulunmaya ikna etti. – We somehow got the boss to agree on a payrise. Bir şekilde maaş zammını patrona kabul ettirdik. – She got her classmate to write her dissertation. Sınıf arkadaşına tezini yazdırdı. B) YAPILAN İŞİN (ST) VURGULANMASI: Burada işi yapan değil de o işin yapılmış olması önemli olduğu için fiilin past participle (V3) hali kullanılır. Tıpkı passive anlamındadır. Yine işi yapan kişi de ayrıca belirtmek istenirse ‘by’ ile ifade edilebilir. ‘Bir işi yaptırmış olmak’ anlamını cümleye have ve get fiilleri katar. ‘have’ yine mesleki zorunluluk ve doğal sorumluluk; ‘get’ ise zorlama, baskı anlamları yüklese de zaman zaman birbirlerinin yerine aynı anlamda kullanılabilirler. have ST DONE get ST DONE Grammar For All 197

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE have ST DONE – Have your car fixed. Arabanı tamir ettir. (parayla) – She had her room painted pink. Odasını pembeye boyattı. (boyacıya para ödedi.) – We had our house cleaned. Evimizi temizlettik. (temizlikçiye) – Why don’t you have your shoes polished? Neden ayakkabılarını parlattırmıyorsun? – Did you have your shirt ironed? Gömleğini ütülettin mi? – I need to have my hair cut today. Saçımı bugün kestirmem gerekiyor. – I had my blood and urine tested. Kan ve idrar testi yaptırdım. – I’ll have my mother operated on the knee. Annemi dizinden ameliyat ettireceğim. Kişinin iradesi dışında gerçekleşen olayların anlatımında da aynı şekilde kullanılabilir. – I had all my money stolen. Tüm paramı çaldırdım. – We had our house broken into last night. Evimiz dün gece soyuldu. get ST DONE – Get the job done. İşini (birine) yaptır. – Get your hair cut. ‘Have your hair cut’ ve ‘Get a hair-cut’ aynı anlam. – You should have got your tyres inflated. Lastikleri şişirtmeliydin. (tamirciye) – I’ll get your cat rescued. Kedini kurtaracağım. (Itfaiyeyi, polisi arayarak…) – We have no time to have market survey done. Piyasa araştırması yaptırmak için hiç zamanımız yok. C) İZİN VERMEK, GÖZ YUMMAK ANLAMIDAKİ YAPILAR: ‘Birinin bir işi yapmasına izin vermek yada göz yummak’ anlamında kullanacağımız fiiller allow, permit, let olup, bunlardan allow ve permit ‘to V’ şeklinde mastar fiiller ile, let ise to almaksızın ‘V’ bare infinitive ile kullanılır. – Let him do his job. let SB DO ST Bırak işini yapsın. allow SB to DO ST permit – Let me go. (Bırak) gideyim. – He was so angry, so he didn’t let me speak. Çok sinirliydi, beni konuşturmadı. – Don’t let any one go in without pass card. Giriş kartı olmadan kimseyi içeri alma. – My father never allows me to drive his car. Babam arabayı kullanmama kesinlikle izin vermiyor. – They don’t allow us to move. Kıpırdamamıza izin vermiyorlar. 198 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE – The law permits anyone who is above 18 to vote. Kanun 18’in üstündekilere oy kullanma izni veriyor. Bu yapılar passivede de ilgeç kuralını muhafaza ederler: – We were not permitted to enter the area during the investigation. İnceleme sırasında bölgeye girmemize izin verilmedi. ‘Make SB DO ST’ ile kurulan cümleler passive hale gelince, diğer fiiller gibi ‘to BE V3’ haline dönüşürler. ‘Let SB DO ST’ ise passive kullanımı yoktur. – They made him use his identity. = He was made to use his identity. (passive) – The rule doesn’t allow you to smoke = You are not allowed to smoke. D) BİRİNİ BİR EYLEM YAPARKEN/YAPTIŠINI GÖRMEK (DO / DOING) Başka birinin yapmış olduğu eylemin bir kısmını görmüşsek, fark etmişsek, vs (ki bunlara perception/ sense verbs denmektedir: see, notice, observe, discover, find, catch, watch, hear, listen, feel, smell, …) fiilin gerund (V-ing), tamamını görmüşsek bare infinitive (V) halini kullanmamız gerekir. Hem DO, hem de DOING hali Türkçe’ye aynı çevrilir. Perception Verb SB DO ST (eylemin tamamını görmek) (see, hear, vb) SB DOING ST (eylemin bir anını görmek) – We saw a fox run across the road in front of us. = We saw a fox as it ran across the road in front of us. Tilkiyi önümüzden geçerken gördük. (geçişinin tamamı) – We saw a fox running across the road in front of us. = We saw a fox as it was running across the road in front of us. Tilkiyi önümüzden geçerken gördük. (geçişini kısmen) – I heard him sing in the bathroom. = I heard him as he sang in the bathroom. Onu banyoda şarkı söylerken duydum. (şarkının tamamını) – I heard him singing in the bathroom. = I heard that he was singing in the bathroom. Onu banyoda şarkı söylerken duydum. (şarkının bir kısmını) Grammar For All 199

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PRACTICE TEST (PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE) TEST 1 1. I don’t know if my boss will let me 5. A quarter of the world’s arable land ____ the day off this weekend. ____ due to deforestation since 194. A) to take A) lost B) to be taken B) has been lost C) being taken C) will lose D) taking D) is being lost E) take E) should be lost 2. Carbon isn’t the only greenhouse 6. The homeless man ____ for handing gas that _____ by deforestation. in all the money to the police. A) will affect A) has rewarded B) had to be affected B) might reward C) can affect C) had been rewarded D) has affected D) ought to be rewarded E) could been affected E) has to reward 3. Fossils are evidence of ancient life 7. Energy demand _____ to rise with forms or ancient habitats which increased prosperity and higher ____ by natural processes. consumption. A) preserved A) is expected B) are being preserved B) expects C) will have been preserved C) is going to expect D) have been preserved D) has expected E) had preserved E) will expect 4. The road over the mountains _____ 8. _____ a new scyscraper, over two if this rain turns to snow. thousand people _____ by the construction company in Istanbul A) will close last year. B) might be closed C) is being closed A) Building / employed D) had been closed B) To have built / had been employed E) may close C) Being built / should be employed D) To have been built / will have been employed E) To build / were employed 200 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 9. Don _____ for some psychological 13. I don’t know who _____ to the Talk problems when he went on holiday. Show tonight. A) is treated A) should invite B) will be treated B) had invited C) was being treated C) will have been invited D) has been treated D) is going to be invited E) should treat E) could invite 10. In the next session of parliament, 14. The subway system _____ for over somenew laws ______ aimed at eight years. stopping domestic violence. A) must be built A) will be introduced B) might be built B) have been introduced C) was built C) had introduced D) has to be building D) were introduced E) has been built E) might introduce 11. All the Beatles’ records ____ from 15. An international seminar on the National Library as long as an marketing ____ by the university of ID ___. Miami next month. A) had been borrowed / was submitted A) will have held B) have been borrowed / has been B) will be held C) has been held submitted D) would have been held C) will have been borrowed / submiting E) will be holding D) are borrowed / be submitted E) can be borrowed / is submitted 12. Exams ____ almost every semester 16. The new software project ___ to evaluate student progress. before deadline. A) had to take A) could have been completed B) have to be taken B) were being completed C) must have been taken C) has been completing D) are going to take D) will have been completed E) have been taking E) will have to complete Grammar For All 201

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 17. The visitor _______ to feed the 22. The Louvre first ___ as a fortress in animals in the zoo. 1190, but ___ in the 16th century to serve as a royal palace. A) aren’t permitted B) don’t permit A) was built / was reconstructed C) not to permit B) had been built / has been D) not permitting E) not permitted reconstructed C) was being built / was reconstructed 18. Your cat ____ here together with D) was built / had been reconstructed mine if you had left it with me. E) has built / was being reconstructed A) can be kept 23. The Colosseum ____ just east of B) has been keeping the Roman Forum and _____ to a C) would have been kept practical design, with its 80 arched D) had been kept entrances. E) could be keeping A) was located / was built 19. The budgerigar, ____ in a cage for B) had been located / has built so long, ____ not survive in the wild. C) has been located / is built D) is located / was built A) being kept / would E) could have located / must have B) kept / should C) having been kept / might been built D) being kept / had better E) keeping / could 24. The contract _____ by the time _____ the manager the conditions 20. Unlike his neighbours, Brian didn’t in it. have his house ____ right after the tornado last year. A) might have signed / confirming B) has to be signed / confirmes A) to repair C) will have been signed / confirmed B) to be repair D) had been signed / was confirmed C) repair E) would be signed / to be confirmed D) to be repairing E) repaired 25. People ___ that there are wild animals in the area. 21. He will have a deck _____ next summer by the contractors who A) could have been warned remodeled his living room. B) must be warned C) would be warned A) built D) had been warned B) is being built E) will have to warn C) should be built D) to build E) will be building 202 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PRACTICE TEST (PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE) TEST 2 1. Her work ___ by tomorrow, or she’ll 5. My professor _____ me that I _____ get into trouble with her boss. to give the opening speech at the conference this year. A) could be done B) has to be done A) has told / may be invited C) would be done B) told / will be inviting D) might be done C) was told / should have been invited E) will have been done D) had told / could be invited E) has told / have to invite 2. Something ______ about global warming or else some species of 6. If you’re all keen to make an early animals _____ from the earth. start, the class ____ forward to seven o’ clock. A) should be done/ will perish B) might have been done/ can perish A) had been brought C) would have done/ are perished B) could be brought D) had been done/ will be perished C) is brought E) was done/ were perished D) must bring E) has been brought 3. Variety of plants _____ on fertile and productive farmlands of Australia 7. You can’t expect her to work when today, even if it was a dream some she’s not feeling well. That is why, years ago. she ____ time off. A) has to be grown A) had to give B) might grow B) must have given C) must have been grown C) is being given D) are being grown D) has been given E) might be grown E) must be given 4. Until Sertap Erener ____ to be the 8. It’s the first time we have had the best in 2003 Eurovision Song living room ____ . Contest, previous participants went home empty handed. A) wallpapered B) being wallpapered A) was being selected C) is wallpapered B) had been selected D) have wallpapered C) was selected E) had been wallpapered D) had selected E) selected Grammar For All 203

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 9. The car they offered us for the 14. Although the virus particles ___, holiday is terribly defective and the virus capsid proteins are intact should never ___ out. enough ___ by the immune system. A) be able to rent A) being destroyed / are recognized B) have been rented B) are destroyed / to be recognized C) have rented C) to be destroyed / were recognized D) be rented D) had been destroyed / will be E) have been renting recognized 10. That necklace I like is no longer in E) were destroyed / to be recognized the shop window, so it ___ sold out. 15. Some economists argue that many A) could have recessions ____ in large part by B) has been financial crises. C) must have been D) has to be A) had caused E) should have been B) could cause C) have been caused 11. The prisoners ____ to ____ today. D) will be caused E) are being caused A) had been expected / have released B) should be expected / release 16. Camera footage shows that illegal C) were expected / be released goods ___ into the warehouse last D) had to be expected / be releasing month. E) are expected / be released A) are being smuggled 12. A hundred years ago, up to 1.5 B) can be smuggled million children died each year C) were smuggled due to diseases which _____ by D) to be smuggled vaccination. E) had been smuggled A) will have been prevented 17. The taste of the coffee ____ by how B) had been prevented and where the coffee bean ____. C) could have been prevented D) should have been prevented A) being affected / grows E) must have been prevented B) can be affected / is grown C) should have affected / can grow 13. I resented not ____ about the dinner D) could affect / was grown party last night. E) has to be affected / to be grown A) having informed B) has been informed C) have to inform D) being informed E) to be informed 204 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 18. New methods of dating ancient 22. Open-source software is free to footprints show that the first use to everyone and ___ by a non- Americans ____ there at least profit community. 25,000 years earlier than thought. A) will be developed A) must have settled B) is developed B) were settled C) will have been developing C) may have settled D) to be developed D) should be settled E) could have developed E) have been settled 23. After being late for work every day 19. Confidentiality considerations ___ for two weeks, Peter had his pay carefully evaluated for all of these ____. storage, transcribing and recording methods. A) be reduced B) to be reduced A) ought to have C) reduced B) should have been D) to reduce C) will have E) reduce D) must be E) had been 24. Next week I´ll ask my accountant ____ my annual accounts ____. 20. Damage from MS is believed ____, at least in part, by an attack on the A) to have / had recorded nervous system by a person’s own B) to have / be recorded immune system. C) to make / to recorded D) have / be recorded A) being caused E) to get / recorded B) be caused C) to be caused 25. You ____ to talk on the phone in the D) to have been causing library. It ____ allowed. E) having been caused A) didn’t have / can’t be 21. The software programme we’ll use B) are not supposed / shouldn’t be for the new project ____ properly to C) don’t need / hasn’t prevent security vulnerabilities. D) had better not / mustn’t E) aren’t being / won’t be A) should have licensed B) has been licensed C) can have been licensed D) is being licensed E) must be licensed Grammar For All 205

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PRACTICE TEST (PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE) TEST 3 1. Some purchase papers and other 5. The best thing that you can do to products _____ with post-consumer extend the life of your car is to have recycled content and packaged in your car ____ on a routine basis. recyclable materials. A) being serviced A) have made B) to be serviced B) will make C) to service C) are made D) serviced D) had been made E) service E) were being made 6. Students ____/____ in the same 2. The coach made me _____ for what activities, schedule and itinerary as I had done to my opponent during the Language School plans for the the match yesterday. summer camp. A) apologized A) expect / to involve B) apologize B) are expected / to be involved C) to apologize C) were expected / get involved D) get apologized D) can expect / to be involved E) be apologize E) have been expected / will be 3. An updated forecast ____ recently involved by the Met Office that ____ three hurricanes - two of them with winds 7. The animal abuse includes very exceeding 95 miles. young animals ____ from their mothers and beaten during training A) may be released / predicted to make them ____ rides or perform B) had released / is predicted tricks for tourists. C) is released / will be predicted D) has been released / predicts A) are being taken / to give E) is being released / were predicted B) to be taken / given C) be taken / giving 4. Although not a requirement to D) are taken / to be given participate on a World Vets project, E) being taken / give it ____ that volunteers ____ for rabies. 8. Nanomechanical computers ____, using the principles first put A) was recommended / be vaccinated forward in 17th century by Pascal B) is recommended / must be and others, but at the nano level. vaccinated A) could have built C) recommends / vaccinated B) may have been built D) has been recommended / to be C) had been built D) must have built vaccinated E) will have been built E) is recommended / will be vaccinated 206 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 9. There are many factors behind the 13. Mr. Prinston had his secretary ____ sharp increase in the oil price, Mr.Thomson and reconfirm their which ___ most of the time. meeting on Friday. A) are overlooking A) to call B) will overlook B) being called C) had been overlooked C) calling D) will have overlooked D) to be called E) have been overlooked E) call 10. Nancy ____ a copy of that monthly 14. The interview with the little boy expense report, so I had the courier who lost his family in the recent ____ one over to her last week. tornado made everyone ____. A) requested / to take A) cried B) was requested / to be taken B) to cry C) requested / take C) cry D) was requesting / can take D) being cried E) could request / must take E) crying 11. Microhand is a microscopic 15. Nanotechnology refers to the manipulator that ____ for surgical projected ability to construct items, operations. using techniques and tools ___ today to make high performance A) must have used products. B) was used C) is going to use A) being developed D) can be used B) to develop E) will have used C) will have developed D) are being developed 12. ‘The DMIC Project’ is an E) is going to be developed infrastructure megaproject in India that currently ___ to develop 16. Some infectious diseases ___ from Industrial zones spanning across person to person and some ___ six states. by ingesting contaminated food or water or ___ to organisms in the A) is progressed environment. B) is being progressed C) would have been progressed A) are being passed / are acquired / be D) must be progressed exposed E) to be progressed B) will pass / acquire / to be exposed C) can be passed / are acquired / being exposed D) pass / were acquired / can be exposed E) to be passed / to be acquired / will be exposed Grammar For All 207

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 17. Further research needs ___ to 22. If the material ____ does not change bring nano- tuned solar cells to the very much, this can be an effective market with an affordable price and method of delivering consistent better quality. training material to a wide audience. A) being done A) to teach B) to have done B) having taught C) have been done C) to have taught D) to be done D) being taught E) to be going do E) are being taught 18. Maria expects most of his work ___ 23. They have chosen Linda to play before the weekend to go for a walk the role of queen in the theatre and with friends. she’s really excited about ____. A) to have finished A) being chosen B) can be finished B) to have been chosen C) is going to be finished C) choosing D) finish D) to choose E) to be finished E) be able to choose 19. Professor Johnson let her students ___ a dictionary while they ___ the test. A) to use / took 24. ____ or scratched by an infected B) to have used / are taking animal - even a pet - can make you C) use / were taking sick and, in extreme circumstances, D) being used / were taking can be fatal. E) using / were taken A) Being bitten 20. Until recently the car spares B) To bit ___ from France which made the C) Have been bitten production of cars very expensive. D) Will be bitten E) Bit A) should be imported B) being imported 25. The government TV commercials C) will have been imported are trying to get people ___ smoking. D) had to be imported E) has been imported A) stopped B) stopping 21. Drugs that _____ as standard C) to stop treatments for bacterial infections D) being stopped are now less effective or don’t work E) to be stopped at all. A) used to be taken B) would take C) have been taking D) were taken E) are being taken 208 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PRACTICE TEST (PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE) TEST 4 1. The little boy saw his father ___ 5. A serious problem ___ for resolution by some people, but couldn’t do would most likely be drug abuse, anything. which the youth all over the world ___ since hundred years ago. A) was captured B) be capturing A) to be targeted / has been affected C) has captured B) being targeted / had affected D) being captured C) has been targeted / being affected E) to be captured D) will be targeted / can affect E) is being targeted / to be affected 2. He talked a lot about his personal life but I didn’t like ___ questions 6. Reference books can only ___ in about my private life. the library and to use them outside, special permission by the library __. A) having asked B) being asked A) be consulted / must be obtained C) can be asked B) consult / might be obtained D) to have been asked C) have to be consulted / to be obtained E) asked D) to be consulted / being obtained E) having been consulted / can have 3. They didn’t invite us to their wedding ceremony and it was so strange not obtained ___. 7. Some people ___ in the recent A) having been invited explosion and ___ to hospital B) to invite right away but luckily they didn’t C) need to invite seriously get hurt. D) must be invited E) to be invited A) get injured / is going to be taken B) may injure / can be taken 4. I think they’ve promoted Sam, but C) got injured / had to be taken he didn’t mention ___ when we ___ D) being injured / will have been taken at the hotel for the conference last E) to be injured / being taken week. 8. A hangover is the unpleasant A) to be promoted / were meeting physical feeling which ___ the day B) having been promoted / met after drinking too much alcohol. C) being promoted /were met D) have been promoted / have met A) should have experienced E) will be promoted / meet B) has experienced C) to be experienced D) having been experienced E) may be experienced Grammar For All 209

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 9. The chance of ___ in a commercial 14. Business information which airline crash is only one in eight a submitter desires ___ as million, and travelling by car is 100 confidential ___ clearly labelled times more deadly. when submitted, and segregated from other material. A) to be killed B) killing A) to treat / can have C) being killed B) being treated / will be D) were killing C) treating / should have E) having been killed D) to be treated / must be E) to have treated / have to 10. The room ___ by the maid when I got home the day before yesterday. 15. As ‘smart’ electronics get smaller and softer, scientists are developing A) had cleaned new medical devices that to our B) will have been cleaned bodies. C) should have cleaned D) was being cleaned A) should have applied E) has to be cleaned B) could be applied C) will have been applied 11. ____ to live in solitary confinement D) can be applying was really difficult. E) were applied A) Being forced 16. All books should ___ to the library B) Having forced on time or a fine will ___. C) Forcing D) To force A) have returned / be able to pay E) Forced B) be returned / have to be paid C) return / be paid 12. Over 4000 people are reported ___ D) be returning / have paid in Ukraine after Russia’s invasion. E) be able to return / be paying A) to kill 17. Microscale 3-D Printing ___ to B) being killed make complex shapes, but most C) to have been killed commonly only out of plastics. D) killing E) to be killed A) used to be used B) will have used 13. Covid-19 vaccines _____ to prevent C) had been used people from severe illness are really D) can be used effective and life-saving. E) would have used A) to be developed B) having been developed C) be developed D) being developed E) developing 210 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE 18. The neuromorphic chips, ___ by 22. The task ___ manually as well, but companies such as Qualcomm, it would ___ a lot more work on the ___ to perceive beyond just their part of everyone involved. programming. A) might be done / be required A) developing / have designed B) to have been done / been required B) being developed / are designed C) being done / require C) is developed / can be designed D) having been done / have been D) developed / designing E) to be developed / being designed required E) could have been done / have 19. Space exploration has often ___ as a proxy competition for geopolitical required rivalries such as the Cold War. 23. The police reportedly conducted A) been using large-scale indiscriminate raids B) to be used among all suspicious people who C) will have used ___ in the protest. D) being used E) been used A) should have involved B) might have been involved 20. Some loans ___ in the area for the C) having been involved people whose crops ___ away by D) to have been involved the flood waters. E) will have involved A) were assigned / had been swept 24. A particular computer system ___ B) are assigned / should be swept to track financial data but a system C) being assigned / had swept ____ to support the implementation D) had been assigned / were sweeping of MIS reporting standards. E) should be assigned / can sweep A) is used / is being developed 21. The greater part of what has rightly B) to be used / should be developed ___ here today will already ___ with C) might be used / will have to develop the cooperation of those attentive D) will be used / is developed staff in charge. E) used to use / can be developed A) demanded / complete 25. Inks ___ from different types of B) been demanding / have completed materials are greatly expanding the C) been demanded / have been kind of things that ___ printed. completed A) to be made / had D) to be demanded / be able to B) making / must be C) to be made / will be complete D) made / can be E) to demand / have to be completed E) being made / is Grammar For All 211

ÜNİTE 5 GERUND and INFINITIVE

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE GERUND GERUND GİRİŞ ÖZNE POZİSYONUNDA GERUND NESNE POZİSYONUNDA GERUND ÖZNE TAMAMLAYICI POZİSYONUNDA GERUND EDATLARDAN SONRA GERUND (VERB, NOUN and ADJECTIVE PHRASES) NESNEDEN SONRA GERUND DİĞER YAPILARLA GERUND ✓ With some expressions ✓ Yer filleri ile ✓ go, need, require, want fiilleri ile ✓ Perfect ve Passive GERUND KULLANIM ÖZETİ PRACTICE TESTS GERUND GİRİŞ Gerund Nedir? Fiilin sonuna –ing ekleyerek oluşturulan V-ing şeklindeki ‘isim fiil’lere gerund denir. Örnek: writing, reading, going, scanning, flying, remembering, vb. Gerund’lar cümle içinde isim görevi görür ve dolayısıyla cümle içerisinde özne, nesne veya özne tamamlayıcısı (subject complement) olarak karşımıza çıkarlar. – Learning is regarded as the first step in personal development. (subject) Öğrenme kişisel gelişimde ilk adım olarak görülür. – I like reading. (object) Okumayı severim. – My goal is getting a second degree from any American university. (subject complement) Benim hedefim herhangi bir Amerikan üniversitesinden ikinci kez diploma almaktır. Her ‘V-ing’ görünümündeki yapı gerund değildir. Present Participle şeklindeki yapılar da ‘V-ing’ şeklindedir ama cümle içerisindeki rolleri bir isim gibi değil, yüklem çekimi şeklindedir. – We like eating fish. (GERUND - cümlenin nesnesi konumunda bir isim fiil) – We are eating fish. (PRESENT PARTICIPLE - cümlenin yüklemi) – His favorite pastime is reading. (GERUND) – His favorite friend is reading. (PRESENT PARTICIPLE) Grammar For All 213

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE ÖZNE POZİSYONUNDA GERUND V-ing + V + O Gerund’lar bir cümle ya da cümleciğin öznesi pozisyonunda kullanılabilirler. Özne pozisyonundaki gerund bir veya birkaç sözcük grubundan oluşabilir. – Dancing is a compulsory requirement to be a professional singer. Dans etmek, profesyonel bir şarkıcı olmak için zorunlu gereksinimdir. – Getting up early is not for me. Erken kalkmak bana göre değil. – His coming late to work everyday caused him an arm and a leg. İşe her gün geç gelmesi ona çok pahalıya mal oldu. – He soon understood that assuming the responsibility of his team was not that bad. (yan cümle) Kısa sürede anladı ki, takımın sorumluluğunu almak o kadar da kötü değilmiş. Özne- Yüklem Uyumu: Özne pozisyonunda kullanılan bir gerund, tekil yüklem gerektirir; ‘and’ ile bağlanan birden fazla gerund ise çoğul yüklem gerektirir. But ya da or ile bağlananlar tekil özelliklerini korurlar. – Jogging is a lot of fun that helps you lose weight and strengthen muscles. Jogging, kilo vermene ve kaslarını güçlendirmene yardım edecek bir keyiftir. – Running and walking are different activities for different age groups. Koşma ve yürüme farklı yaş grupları için farklı aktivitelerdir. Olumsuz Hali: Başına ‘not’ getirilerek özne ya da nesne posizyonundaki bir gerund olumsuz yapılabilir. – Not being honest will cause you to lose your job and honour. Dürüst olmamak sana işini ve onurunu kaybettirecektir. – Not sleeping but taking a nap for an hour is allowed at noon. Öğlenleri uyumaya değil, fakat bir saat kestirmeye izin verilmiştir. – Your not wanting to join the army will surprise your parents. Orduya katılmak istememen anneni ve babanı şaşırtacak. 214 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE ALIŞTIRMA - 1 Sol bölümde verilen gerund özneleri sağ taraftaki kısımlarla anlamsal bütünlük kuracak şekilde eşleştiriniz. 1. I think that eating a balanced diet __ A. will make you exhausted. 2. 2. Working day and night __ B. is the biggest honour in your life. 3. Reading books __ C. is cruel. 4. Serving to your country __ D. will help you to slim down healthily. 5. Having to finish that job in just 2 days __ E. can harm your professional reputation. 6. Accepting such an offer __ F. is my favourite pastime habit. NESNE POZİSYONUNDA GERUND S + V + V-ing Gerund cümlede bazı fiillerden sonra gelerek nesne görevi alırlar. Aşağıdaki cümlelerde kendisinden sonra gerund alan yani V+V-ing formatında en fazla karşımıza çıkacak olan ‘enjoy’ ve ‘keep’ fiillerinin kendisinden sonra filleri nasıl isim-fiile (gerund) dönüştürdüğü görülmektedir. – I enjoy listening to jazz music. (Jazz müzik dinlemekten hoşlanırım.) – He kept searching his love all his lifelong. (Hayatı boyunca aşkını aramayı sürdürdü.) Kendisinden sonra gerund alan fiiller: Başlama, bitirme anlamındakiler (initiation, completion): avoid, begin, cease, complete, delay, finish, get through, give up, postpone, quit, risk, start, stop, try İletişim (communication): admit, advise, describe, deny, discuss, encourage, mention, recommend, report, suggest, urge Devam eden anlamındakiler (Continuing action): continue, can’t help, carry on, include, involve, practice, keep (on) Hisler (emotion): adore, appreciate, detest, dislike, enjoy, feel, hate, hear, like, love, (don’t) mind, miss, notice, perceive, prefer, regret, resent, resist, sense, tolerate Akli süreç (mental process): anticipate, consider, contemplate, fancy, imagine, observe, recall, remember, see, watch Grammar For All 215

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Anlamsal Gruplandırma ve Zaman Vurgusu: Cümle içinde yüklemden sonra (nesne yerine) geldiklerinde GERUND gerektiren fiillerle INFINITIVE gerektirenler sıklıkla karıştırılır ve ezberlenmeye çalışılır. Bunları kavrarken iki kritere odaklanmakta fayda var: *1- Yukarıdaki gibi ‘V-ing’ alan fiillerin anlamsal olarak aynı kategorilerde toplanabilir. *2- ‘V-ing’ alan fiillerin daha çok genel veya geçmiş ifadeleri çağrıştırıyorken, ‘to V’ alanların ise geleceği vurgularlar. (Infinitive alan fiil grupları bu ünitenin devamında verilecektir.) – He denied knowing anything about their plans. (Planlarını bildiğini inkâr etti.) – I suggested going home. (Eve gitmeyi önerdim.) – I have finished reading the book. (Kitabı okumayı bitirdim.) – The manager admitted having done wrong. (Müdür yanlış yaptığını kabul etti.) Aşağıdaki cümleleri, kendisinden sonra gerund alan fiilleri yuvarlak içine alarak, gerund’ların ise altını çizerek inceleyiniz. ✓ I appreciate your helping me. ✓ The council ceased providing credit for young entrepreneurs. ✓ We should urge recycling bottles and paper. ✓ I don’t understand his quitting. ✓ He denied committing the crime. ✓ He postponed returning to his country. ✓ She practiced singing the song. ✓ Tim recalled using his credit card at the restaurant. ✓ My certificate requires completing a 10-hour-course. ✓ I remember telling her the address yesterday. ✓ I proposed having lunch at Aldo’s. ✓ Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes? ✓ She never neglects doing her responsibilities. Hem Gerund Hem That Noun Clause İle Kullanılanlar: Yukarıdaki fiillerin tamamı kendilerinden sonra gerund (V-ing) veya isim (N) alabilirler. Bunlardan bazıları ise devamına gerund, noun ya da That Noun Clause alabilirler. That Noun Clause alabilecek fiiller şunlardır: acknowledge, admit, anticipate, appreciate, deny, imagine, mean, mention, propose, recall, recollect, report, suggest, understand. – You must admit that you’ve made a big mistake. Kabul etmelisin ki büyük bir hata yaptın. – He mentioned that obesity cannot be reduced just by reducing calorie intake. Obezitenin sadece kalori alımını kısaltarak azaltılamayacağından bahsetti. – She acknowledges that we should invest more in the business. İşe daha fazla yatırım yapmamız gerektiğini kabul ediyor. 216 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE ÖZNE TAMAMLAYICI POZİSYONUNDA GERUND (after BE) S + be + V-ing Bir gerund, ‘be’ fiilinden sonra gelerek özneyi tanımlayan bir sözcük ya da sözcük grubu olarak kullanılabilir. – My favorite hobby was painting while listening to music. Benim hobim, müzik dinlerken resim yapmaktı. – Our major problem is having to compete with too many companies. Ana sorunumuz, çok sayıda şirketle rekabet etmek zorunda olmamız. Diğer örnekleri ‘gerund’ ve ‘to be’ ilişkisi yönünden inceleyiniz. ✓ Her only talent is singing in the kitchen. ✓ My greatest achievement in my life has been being the top student at university. ✓ Your favorite pastime is gardening. ✓ In learning English, the biggest problem for students is memorizing vocabulary. ✓ What comes to my mind is making a plane reservation for Hawaii. ✓ Her biggest dream is meeting a true gentleman. ✓ The main requirement needed in this job is being hardworking. ✓ My favourite way to relax in winter is having barbecue on the surface of snow. ✓ The worst side of living in big cities is being caught in traffic for hours every day. ✓ The worst thing about being a very famous author is having to sign your books for your fans. EDATLARDAN (PP) SONRA GERUND PP + V-ing Edatlardan sonra ya isim (noun) gelir ya da aynı işleve sahip olan isim fiil (gerund) gelir. Bu şekilde gerund kullanımını dört başlık altında incelemek konuyu daha anlaşılır kılacaktır: 1. Verbal Phrase (I believe in working hard.) 2. Adjective Phrase (I’m interested in writing academic English materials.) 3. Noun Phrase ( He has no interest in learning.) 4. ‘to’ phrase (I’m accustomed to eating venison.) ÖNEMLİ Takip eden sayfalardaki yapıları tek tek ezberlemeye gerek yoktur. “ dışındaki tüm AÇIKLAMA edatlar ( about, with, for, vs) arkasından hep GERUND alırlar. “to” ile biten yapılar ise, bu ünitenin devamında bulacağınız be accustomed to gibi birkaç istisnanın dışında daima INFINITIVE alırlar. Grammar For All 217

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 1. Gerund After Verbal Phrase accuse of ✓ He was accused of breaking into a house. admit to ✓ When police stopped, my father didn’t admit to having drunk two pints of beer. agree with ✓ I agree with playing basketball. apologize for ✓ He apologized for being rude. believe in ✓ She doesn’t believe in setting up a new factory. blame for ✓ The reporter is blamed for writing fake stories. boast about ✓ He is always boasting about having been a senator. complain about ✓ She complains about bullying. concentrate on ✓ Do you concentrate on diving into 50 meter-depth? congratulate sb. on ✓ I wanted to congratulate you on giving such a persuasive talk. confess to ✓ The lawyer told the suspect not to confess to killing his wife. cope with ✓ She is not sure how to cope with getting fat. decide against ✓ They decided against stealing the car. depend on ✓ Failure depends mostly on becoming impatient. dream about/of ✓ Joe dreams of being a pop star. end up (with) ✓ He ended up buying a car when he started a job. feel like ✓ They feel like going to bed. give up ✓ You should give up drinking alcohol. insist on ✓ She insisted on calling the police to the crime scene. laugh about ✓ We laughed about paying the rent with fake money. object to ✓ I objected to him bringing his wife to work. prevent sb. prevent from sth. ✓ How can you prevent me from working for him? put off ✓ Don’t put off going to the dentist. rely on sth. ✓ He doesn’t rely on winning in the cash flow business. succeed in ✓ How can I succeed in studying algebra? specialize in ✓ The firm specialized in designing websites for big companies. stop sb. from ✓ I stopped my friend from smoking. talk about/of ✓ They often talk about travelling to Europe. think about/of ✓ Margaret thinks of taking up a wind instrument. warn sb. warn against sb. ✓ We warned them against using his toolbox. worry about ✓ All patients worry about having the check-up. 218 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 2. Gerund After Noun Phrase: addiction to ✓ Your addiction to using Facebook caused you to lose the job, you know. advantage of ✓ He has the advantage of speaking four languages. anxiety about ✓ Her anxiety about singing in public made her performance unsatisfactory. belief in ✓ His belief in helping animals is a heritage from his parents. credit for ✓ She took credit for improving the filing system. dedication to ✓ His dedication to teaching was impressive. delay in ✓ The delay in processing the visa caused problems. devotion to ✓ His devotion to doing his job allowed him to get a promotion. disadvantage of ✓ The disadvantage of on-line shopping is that you can’t touch and try experience in the products. ✓ A judge needs to have a good experience in making a quick decision. fear of ✓ His fear of losing the competition made him feel anxious. fondness for ✓ His fondness for listening to music led to his career as a musician. habit of ✓ The habit of eating junk food causes obesity everywhere. interest in ✓ His career as an engineer evolved out of his interest in fixing electronics. knowledge of ✓ Her knowledge of speaking English helped her during the trip. love of ✓ Her love of dancing developed when she was a child. memory of ✓ Their memories of trying Turkish food will stay with them forever. preference for ✓ I think his preference for reading book is admirable. process of ✓ The process of getting a driving license is so complicated. reaction to ✓ His reaction to winning the competition was unexpected. reason for ✓ Her main reason for attending university is to get a good job. regret for ✓ Ali’s regret for cheating in the exam did not convince the teacher. report on ✓ The report on doing laser surgery is well researched. reputation for ✓ Her reputation for writing is admirable. responsibility for ✓ His responsibility for managing the project was a demanding task. story about ✓ I don’t know if I believe his story about meeting Nicolas Cage. talent for ✓ His talent for learning languages was impressive. Grammar For All 219

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 3. Gerund After Adjective Phrase afraid of ✓ She is afraid of going out alone. anxious about ✓ Rosa is anxious about failing the final exam. bored of ✓ I am bored of doing a lot of homework every day. capable of ✓ He is capable of playing guitar well enough. concerned about ✓ Emily was concerned about not finding a job. content with ✓ Peter is content with sharing his room with his little brother. disappointed with ✓ Brian was disappointed with not completing the project. discouraged by ✓ Tina was discouraged by losing the competition. excited about ✓ I was excited about dating with my girlfriend. famous for ✓ Calvin is famous for being extremely good-looking. fond of ✓ Sarah is fond of wearing fashionable clothes. frightened of ✓ She is frightened of driving a car at night. guilty of ✓ The pharmacist was guilty of selling illegal drugs. happy about / with ✓ He was happy about having a week off. interested in ✓ She is interested in being a great artist. involved in ✓ The architect was involved in planning a project. known for ✓ She was known for dressing up. proud of ✓ They are proud of having a good business company. remembered for ✓ Aziz Sancar will be remembered for winning the Nobel Prize. responsible for ✓ Police is responsible for providing people with security. scared of ✓ Samanta is scared of travelling by plane. terrified of ✓ The acrobat is terrified of losing his balance on the rope. tired from ✓ Sam is tired from going to school every day. tired of ✓ Sophie is tired of doing chores. worried about ✓ The scientists are worried about not having enough resources. delighted at/ in ✓ Dave was delighted at receiving post cards from home. 220 Grammar For All

ÖNEMLİ► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE AÇIKLAMA NESNEDEN SONRA GERUND Nesneden sonra gerund kullanımı, özellikle duyu ve algı fiillerinden oluşan aşağıdaki istisnaların dışında pek yaygın değildir. Nesneden sonra kullanım söz konusu olunca aklımıza ilk gelmesi gereken yapı gerund değil infinitive olmalıdır. Infinitive gereketiren kelime listesi için ünitenin devamındaki infinitiv e bölümüne bakınız. Duyu Filleri İle (with Sense Verb) Vsense + O + V-ing Algı ve duyularımızı ifade eden fiiler gerund aldıklarında eylemin bir kısmını kapsadığı anlamına gelir. Bu fiiler şunlardır: catch, discover, feel, hear, leave, notice, observe, see, spot, watch, find, overhear. Bu fiiller V-ing değil de bare infinitive (V1) alırsa eylemin tamamına tanıklık edimiş demektir. – The police found the man breaking into the bank. Polis adamı bankaya giriyorken yakaladı. – She overheard them talking about the closure of the factory. Onlar fabrikanın kapanması hakkında konuşuyorken kulak misafiri oldu. Ancak fiil passive olarak kullanıldığında doğal olarak nesne almazlar. – The man was found breaking into the bank. Adam bankaya giriyorken yakalandı. – Your heart is felt pumping faster than normal. – He was watched jumping on the bed. Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz. ✓ Can you smell the potato baking in the grill? ✓ Did you hear their dogs barking last night? ✓ They heard a boy shouting for help. ✓ I noticed him throwing something on the floor, so I asked him to pick it up. ✓ The doctor noticed the patient biting all his nails. ✓ I saw the old man losing his composure. ✓ I overheard our landlady discussing a rent increase. Nesne ile birlikte gerund gerektiren fiillerden bazıları nesnesiz olarak da kullanılabilirler. Bu fiiller şunlardır: detest, dislike, dread, envisage, hate, imagine, like, love, mind (in questions and negatives), miss, recall, regret, resent, risk, start, stop, constant, remember. Grammar For All 221

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE S V + (0) + V-ing – They can’t stand him driving too fast. Onun hızlı araba kullanmasından hoşlanmıyorlar. – They can’t stand driving too fast. Hızlı araba kullanılmasından hoşlanmıyorlar. – I remember her parking the car for the first time. İlk kez arabayı park edişini hatırlıyorum. – I remember parking the car for the first time. İlk kez araba park edişi(mi) hatırlıyorum. İyelik (Possesive): Gerund öncesine gelecek yapının iyelik mi (possessive), yoksa işaret sıfatı mı (demonstrative) olacağı, anlamına göre değişmektedir. – I can’t stand him wearing old jeans. Eski jeans giyen o adama tahammül edemiyorum. (İtirazım o kişiye.) – I can’t stand his wearing old jeans. Onun eski jeans giymesine tahammül edemiyorum. (İtirazım onun giyimine.) Ancak, – I noticed you drinking coffee with Mary. Seni Mary ile kahve içerken fark ettim, gördüm. – I noticed your drinking coffee with Mary. Senin Mary ile kahve içişini fark ettim, gördüm, anlamsız olacaktır. DİĞER YAPILARLA GERUND 1. With Some Expressions Aşağıdaki yapılar devamında genellikle gerund alırlar. have a difficult time Rosa had a difficult time snorkeling. have a/ no good time They had a good time hiking up the mountain. have a hard time She had a hard time explaining the problem in Spanish. have a problem I have a problem understanding your accent. have an easy time She had an easy time selling the delicious cookies. have difficulty I’m having difficulty finding a parking place. have fun They had fun singing and dancing all day. have no difficulty They had no difficulty finding a discount flight to London. have no problem Once you learn English, you’ll have no problem finding a job. have (some) problems He had some problems reading without his glasses. waste one’s time She always wastes her time playing video games. spend one’s time/ day He spent whole day practicing in the gym. 222 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE there’s no point (in) There’s no point in arguing. It’s no use It’s no use crying over spilt milk. It is worth It would be worth giving it a try. be busy He is busy reading the newspaper. what/how about What about visiting Anıtkabir monument today? by … You can only catch the plane by taking a taxi. without … He came in without saying hello. Edatı ‘to’ olup da gerund alan yapılar: Devamına gerund alan yapıların aynı zamanda normal isimlerle de kullanımına örnekler aşağıda verilmiştir. Tabii ki benzer örnekler diğer phrasal verb, noun phrase ya da adjective phrase’ler için de verilebilir. be accustomed to ✓ I’m accustomed to drinking Turkish coffee. ✓ I’m accustomed to Turkish coffee. be addicted to ✓ She is addicted to playing computer games. ✓ She is addicted to computer games be committed to ✓ She is committed to being on time. ✓ She committed a big crime. be dedicated to ✓ The minister is dedicated to improving health system. ✓ The minister is dedicated himself to his country. be devoted to ✓ The money will be devoted to helping poor countries. ✓ The money will be devoted to the poor countries. be opposed to ✓ I’m opposed to excessive spending on cosmetics ✓ I’m opposed to spending excessively on cosmetics. be used to ✓ I’m not used to wearing heavy clothes. ✓ I’m not used to heavy clothes. get used to ✓ You must get used to working long hours. ✓ You must get used to your new job. in addition to ✓ In addition to buying jeans, she bought lots of other things. insist on ✓ In addition to jeans, she bought lots of other things. look forward to ✓ If you insist on going, this is the route you can follow. ✓ I look forward to receiving a letter from you. ✓ I look forward to your letter. object to ✓ I don’t object to carrying out the plan in this way. have an objection to ✓ I have an objection to the plan. Grammar For All 223

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE 2. Yer Fiilleri ile (after location verbs): S + VP + P + V-ing Bazı yer durumu ifade etmek için kullandığımz fiillerinden sonra (Vp), gerund gelebilir. Bu durumda kullanılabilecek yer fiilleri şunlardır: stand, sit, lie, cling, cower, crouch, hang, lean. – The begger stood at the corner smoking a cigarette. – My father sits on his chair reading his newspaper. – Jessica lay in bed thinking about her future. – The child clung to her mother looking down her toy. – They cowered in their basement hoping snakes wouldn’t go in. – The cat crouched in grass watching the giant rat pass by. – The monkey hung in the tree chewing a banana. – The old man leaned against the wall resting five minutes. 3. ‘go, need, require, want’ Fiilleri ile: Genellikle sportif faaliyetlerle hobi amaçlı aktiveitelerden bahsederken go devamına gerund alır. Türkçe’ye hem sörf yapmaya gittim, hem de sörf yaptım şeklinde çevrilebilir. Ama asıl vurgu gitmek değil o faaliyeti icra etmek, yapmaktır. go + V-ing go boating go dancing go spearfishing go sailing go skiing go mountain climbing go bowling go fishing go surfing go scuba diving go hiking go paragliding go bungee jumping go skydiving go trekking go shopping go horseback riding go parasailing go camping go sledding go water skiing go sightseeing go hunting go rollerblading go canoeing go snorkeling go window shopping go skateboarding go jogging go running go climbing go snowboarding go windsurfing go skating go kayaking – I’d like to go swimming every day this summer. Bu yaz her gün yüzmek istiyorum. – Shall we go skydiving? Serbest paraşüt atlayışı yapalım mı? Ancak ‘go on + V-ing’ hali hazırda yapılan bir şeye devam etmek anlamındadır. – Regardless of the protests, she went on speaking for 10 more minutes. Protestolara aldırış etmeksizin konuşmasına 10 dakika daha devam etti. 224 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE need + V-ing require want Genellikle need, require ve want fiillerinden sonra gerund kullanıldıklarında passive bir anlam ifade eder. – My car needs washing. Arabamın yıkanması gerekiyor. = My car needs to be washed. Arabamın yıkanması gerekiyor. – The form you’ve filled out requires signing today. Doldurduğun formun bugün imzalanması gerekiyor. = The form you’ve filled out needs to be signed today. Doldurduğun formun bugün imzalanması gerekiyor. – Most of the buildings here want painting. Buradaki binaların çoğu boya ister. = Most of the buildings here need to be painted. Buradaki binaların çoğunun boyanması gerekiyor. 4. Perfect ve Passive: GERUND FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE Simple V-ing Being V3 (eş zamanlı) He regrets lying to her. I appreciate being included in the team. Perfect Having V3 Having been V3 (farklı zamanlı) He regrets having lied to her. She hated having been lied to. Simple gerund (V-ing) veya being V3, ana cümleciğin yüklemi ile aynı zamanda veya daha önce gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade eder. – My friend suggested going back to hotel. (eş zamanlı, aktif) Arkadaşım otele dönmeyi önerdi. – She hates being lied to. (eş zamanlı, pasif) Kendisine yalan söylenmesinden nefret eder. – I can’t remember meeting her parents. (farklı zamanlı aktif) Anne ve babasıyla tanıştığımı hatırlamıyorum. (Önce tanışma sonra hatırlamama) Grammar For All 225

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Perfect Gerund (V-ing): Ana cümleciğin yüklemi ile farklı zamanda (daha önce) gerçekleşen eylemleri ifade eder. – He denied having killed his wife. (farklı zamanlı aktif) Karısını öldürdüğünü inkar etti. (önce öldürme, sonra inkar etme) – He complained of having been accused of murder. (farklı zamanlı pasif) Cinayetle suçlanmaktan yakındı. (önce suçlanma sonra yakınma) – He regretted not having worked harder and making more money. (farklı zamanlı aktif) Daha çok çalışıp, daha çok kazanmadığı için pişman oldu. (çalışmadı, sonra pişman oldu.) ÖNEMLİ Özellikle boşluk doldurma şeklindeki gramer soruları, cloze test, cümle tamamlamada AÇIKLAMA ve eş anlam sorularında karşımıza çıkacak bu şekildeki fiil çekimleri hem zaman hem de aktif/pasif bilgimizi ölçmektedir. Bu durumlarda öncelikle aktif pasif ayrımını yapınız, sonra da zaman durumu inceleyiniz. GERUND KULLANIM ÖZETİ GERUND ALAN FİİLLER: (Başlama-bitirme, İletişim, devam, duyular- algılar) S + V + V-ing admit discuss practise adore dislike quit anticipate enjoy recollect appreciate excuse recall avoid finish recommend busy forgive remember can’t help fancy resent can’t stand imagine resist complete involve risk consider keep stop contemplate mean suggest defer mention tolerate delay mind understand deny miss detest postpone 226 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Preposition’undan Sonra ‘V-ing’ Alan FİİLLER S + V + PP + V-ing accuse of cope with from sth. admit to decide against put off agree with depend on rely on sth. apologize for dream about/of succeed in believe in end up specialize in blame for feel like stop sb. from boast about give up talk about/of complain about İnsist on think about/of concentrate on c laugh about warn sb. against ongratulate sb. on object to worry about confess to prevent sb. Preposition’undan sonra ‘V-ing’ alan İSİMLER S + N + PP + V-ing addiction to experience in process of advantage of fear of reaction to anxiety about fondness for reason for belief in habit of regret for credit for interest in report on dedication to knowledge of reputation for delay in love of responsibility for devotion to memory of sorry about disadvantage of preference for talent for Preposition’undan sonra ‘V-ing’ alan SIFATLAR S + Adj + PP + V-ing afraid of excited about proud of anxious about famous for remembered for bored of fond of frightened of responsible for capable of guilty of scared of concerned about happy about / I with terrified of content with interested in tired from disappointed with involved in tired of discouraged by known for worried about Grammar For All 227

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE ‘to’ dan sonra ‘V-ing’ alan fiiller addict to to + V-ing get used to admit to in addition to be accustomed to be used to insist on be obliged to commit to look forward to be opposed to contest to object to dedicate to devote to ‘go’ dan sonra ‘V-ing’ alan sportif aktiviteler go boating go + V-ing go windsurfing go sailing go snorkeling go bowling go dancing go jogging go scuba diving go skiing go snowboarding go bungee jumping go horseback riding go fishing go shopping go sledding go skinny-dipping go camping go hunting go hiking go sightseeing go paragliding go skydiving go canoeing go trekking go kayaking go skateboarding go parasailing go spearfishing go climbing go water skiing go mountain climbing go skating go rollerblading go surfing go window shopping go running Özel deyimlerden sonra ‘V-ing’ have no problem what about have fun have (some)problems have (some)problems have no difficulty waste one’s time have a difficult time how about spend one’s time have a good time by there’s no point have a hard time without It’s no use have a problem don’t mind It is worth have an easy time be busy have difficulty 228 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE INFINITIVE INFINITIVE GİRİŞ ÖZNE POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE ÖZNE TAMAMLAYICI POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE NESNE POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE NESNEDEN SONRA INFINITIVE HEM GERUND HEM INFINITIVE ALABİLEN FİİLLER SOYUT İSİMLERDEN SONRA INFINITIVE SIFATLARDAN SONRA INFINITIVE ✓ too + adjective/adverb + infinitive ✓ adjective/adverb + enough + infinitive ✓ enough + noun(s) + infinitive METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI INFINITIVE ÖZET PRACTICE TEST INFINITIVE GİRİŞ Infinitive Nedir? Fiilin başına ‘to’ getirerek oluşturulan ‘to V’ şeklindeki mastar yapılara infinitive denir. Örnek: to write, to read, to go, to scan, to fly, to remember, vb. Infinitive’ler de tıpkı gerund’lar gibi cümle içinde isim görevi görür ve cümle içerisinde amaç, özne, nesne veya özne tamamlayıcısı (subject complement) olarak karşımıza çıkarlar. – To learn a new language, you must start a well qualified course. (purpose) Yeni bir dil öğrenmek için iyi bir kursa başlamalısın. – To learn a new language is regarded as the first step in personal development. (subject) Yeni bir dil öğrenmek kişisel gelişimde ilk adım olarak görülür. – We all plan to move to another city. (object) Hepimiz başka bir şehre taşınmayı planlıyoruz. – My first goal is to finish the university. (object complement) İlk hedefim üniversiteyi bitirmek. Grammar For All 229

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE ÖZNE POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE to V + V + O Fiilin to V şeklindeki mastar hali (Infinitive) cümlede özne (subject) olarak görev yapabilir. Ancak bu durum çok yaygın olmayıp onun yerine It cleft yapılar (It is … to V) ya da gerund kullanımları daha çok tercih edilir. Anlamsal olarak aralarında bir fark yoktur. To V şeklindeki infinitive yapıları yukarıda açıklandığı üzere cümle başında, daha çok amaç vurgusu için kullanılır. – To write without a pencil is impossible. Bunun yerine, Kalem olmadan yazmak imkansızdır. – It is impossible to write without a pencil. Ya da – ‘Writing without a pencil is impossible’ kullanılır. – To watch a film on the internet is enjoyable. Bunun yerine, İnternette film izlemek zevklidir. – It is enjoyable to watch a film on the internet. Veya – ‘Watching a film on the internet is enjoyable’ kullanılır. AÇIKLAMA Cümle başında kullanılan bir to V yapısının amaç mı yoksa özne mi olduğunun ayrımını yapmak için tek bir şeye bakınız: To V yapısınından sonra virgülle devam eden, SVO şeklinde bir cümle varsa kesinlikle AMAÇ ifade eder. Ancak devamında, SVO değil de VO şeklinde bir yapı varsa amaç değil ÖZNE demektir. To V + SVO = purpose - To get the promotion he didn’t deserve, he sucked up to the boss. Haketmediği terfiyi almak için patrona yalaklık yaptı. To V + VO = infinitive - To get a promotion requires hardwork. Terfi etmek sıkı çalışma gerektirir. 230 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Örnek: To have a few days off next week ____. A) I decided to buy a bunch of flowers and visit the department manager. B) is my biggest desire these days. C) he filled out a form to take his annual leave. D) , can be a good motivation for you. Çözüm: Yukarıdaki açıklamaya uyan tek seçenek B’dir. A ve C’de virgül eksiktir. D’de ise virgül kullanımı yanlıştır. DOĞRU YANIT: B ÖZNE TAMAMLAYICI POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE (after BE) S + be + to V Bir infinitive ‘be’ fiilinden sonra gelerek özneyi tanımlayan bir sözcük ya da sözcük grubu olarak kullanılabilir. Bu kullanım daha çok özel durumlar için geçerlidir. Genel ifadelerde infinitive değil, gerund tercih edilir. – What I am going to do today is to paint a picture and listen to the music at home. Bugün yapacağım şey evde resim yapmak ve müzik dinlemek. – After work, my intention is to meet my friends before going home. İş çıkışında niyetim, eve gitmeden önce arkadaşlarımla buluşmak. ALIŞTIRMA - 2 Örnekleri inceleyiniz; boşluklara geneli ifade etmeleri halinde fiilin gerund, özeli ifade etmeleri durumunda ise infitinive hallerini yazınız. 1. My plan is ____ my girlfriend and take a walk around the lake. a) meeting b) to meet 2. My childhood dream was ____ a dentist and fix my mom’s teeth. a) being b) to be 3. Now all around the world, the biggest pastime is ____ the internet on the mobile phone. a) surfing b) to surf 4. What came to my mind is ___ a piece of paper and write down the possible risks of the plan. a) picking up b) to pick up 5. Her favorite pastime is ____ television. a) watching b) to watch Grammar For All 231

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE NESNE POZİSYONUNDA INFINITIVE S + V + to V Infinitive, cümlede bazı fiillerden sonra gelerek nesne görevi alırlar. Kendisinden sonra infinitive alan yani V+ to V formatındaki fiilleri anlamsal olarak beş grupta toplamak mümkündür. Kendinden sonra infinitive alan fiiller İletişim (communication): advise, agree, ask, beg, challenge, command, convince, forbid, invite, order, permit, persuade, promise, remind, require, tell, warn, urge, … talimat (instruction): encourage, help, instruct, teach, train, … sebep olma (causing): allow, cause, choose, force, get, hire, need, would like, attempt, intend, try, … diğerleri (others): dare, expect, trust, prepare, want, start, begin, continue, stop, like, mean, dislike, love, neglect, note, forget, remember “can’t” grubu: can’t afford, can’t beat, can’t stand, can’t wait, … – I hope to see you soon. Umarım yakında görüşürüz. (… yakında görmeyi umarım.) – I can not dare to speak to him. Onunla konuşmaya cesaret edemiyorum. – Would you like to go hunting with us? Bizimle ava gelmek ister misin? Diğer örnekleri inceleyiniz: ✓ May I offer to take you home? ✓ We agreed to meet in Kızılay Square to protest the terror attacks in Ankara. ✓ I demand to learn what happened to my father. ✓ Nida attempted to break a new national record for the 200 metres in swimming in Rio Olympics. ✓ She decided to set out at once. ✓ Why did you choose to study arts? ✓ Jack has failed to show up at work on time. ✓ The students promised to change their behaviours in classroom. ✓ The brave soldier refused to fight under such unfair conditions. ✓ Can you guess what he threatened to sue us for? ✓ I can’t wait to be with you again. ✓ We can’t afford to rent a three-bedroom apartment. 232 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Gerund’lar çoğunlukla geçmişe ya da genele göndermede bulunuyorlardı. Bu gruptaki fiilleri gerund alan fiillerden ayıran en önemli özellik; infinitive (to V) şeklindeki mastar AÇIKLAMA fiilin, hep daha sonraki bir zamana, ya da nadiren aynı zamana işaret etmesidir. Yani daha sonra yapılacak bir işi tavsiye etmek, kabul etmek, öğretmek, istemek, ummak gibi. Infinitive durumundaki eylemin zamanının, yüklemin zamanından daha önce olduğunu göstermek için gerund değil, perfect yapı kullanılır: I want to buy the red backpack. Kırmızı sırt çantasını ( satın almak istiyorum I want buying the red backpack Kırmızı sırt çantasını alışımı istiyorum ANLAMSIZ!) He claims to be a doctor. (Şimdi) Doktor olduğunu iddia ediyor. He claims to have been a doctor. (Eskiden) Doktor olduğunu iddia ediyor. More and more female workers claimed to have been harassed at work. Giderek daha fazla kadın işçi işyerinde tacize uğradığını iddia etti. NESNEDEN SONRA INFINITIVE S + V + O + to V Nesneden sonra bir infinitive alarak kullanılan fiillerdir. Bu listedeki her bir fiili bu kalıba uygulayarak ‘birinden bir şey yapmasını istemek, emretmek, rica etmek, tavsiye etmek, zorlamak vb.’ şeklinde yorumlamak mümkündür. Bu gruba giren, yani nesneden sonra infinitive alan fiiller şunlardır: advise, allow, ask, beg, cause, challenge, command, compel, convince, direct, enable, encourage, expect, forbid, force, hire, instruct, invite, motivate, need, prepare, offer, woul like, order, permit, persuade, prefer, promise, recommend, remind, prone, request, require, show, teach, tell, urge, want, warn, ... – They taught the children to swim. Çocuklara yüzmeyi öğrettiler. – The teacher convinced his students to try harder. Öğretmen öğrencilerini daha çok çalışmaya ikna etti. – The program manager advised him to see a doctor. Program müdürü ona doktora götürmesini tavsiye etti. Bu fiillerden ask, beg, promise, need, would like, want, expect, prepare, nesne almadan da kullanılması mümkündür. – He wanted the intruder to leave. (Yabancıdan gitmesini istedi.) – He wanted to leave. (Kendisi ayrılmak istedi.) – He promised us not to reveal the secret. (Sırrı ifşa etmeyeceğine dair bize söz verdi.) Grammar For All 233

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE – He promised not to reveal the secret. (Sırrı ifşa etmeyeceğine dair söz verdi.) – I need you to report the accident to insurance agent. (Kazayı sigortaya senin rapor etmen gerekiyor.) – I need to report the accident to insurance agent. (Kazayı sigortaya rapor etmem gerekiyor.) Aslında bu fiiller dolaylı anlatım reported speech dediğimiz, birisinin başkasına emir cümlesi şeklinde söylemiş olduğu ifadeyi üçüncü kişinin aktarmasıdır. Aktarmalarda sadece infinitive değil; kişi, yer ve zaman ifadelerinde de değişiklik gerekebilmektedir. Devamında gerund olan nesneler Sense verb’lerle kullanılır. Örnekleri inceleyiniz: – Customs officer: (Please) show your passport, madam. The officer asked the woman to show her passport. – Doctor to patient: (You must) exercise at least 2 hours a day. The doctor instructed the patient to exercise at least 2 hours a day. – Professor: (You mustn’t) use a dictionary during the test. The professor did not allow us to use a dictionary during the test. ✓ I’ve told you a million times not to exaggerate! ✓ David encouraged me to take up ice-skating. ✓ She begged her husband to tell her what had happened. ✓ The sergeant commanded the firing squad to shoot. ✓ Dorothy reminded him to buy some milk. ✓ Visitors are requested not to give anything to animals to eat. ✓ The police chief ordered the journalists not to take any pictures of the accident scene. ✓ The rules don’t permit teachers to beat students. ✓ The tour guide recommended us to look at the city map before starting the tour. ✓ The mother warned her child not to tease the dog. ✓ Green activists urged the government to shut down the nuclear plant. HEM GERUND HEM INFINITIVE ALABİLEN FİİLLER V + V-ing/ to V Bazı fiillerden sonra duruma göre gerund ya da infinitive gelebilir. Bu durumlarda anlam olarak değişen fiil grupları ile değişmeyen fiil grupları farklıdır. a. Anlamı Değişmeyenler: Şu fiilerden sonra gerund ya da infinitive gelmesi önemli bir anlam değişikliğine neden olmaz: advise, allow, attempt, begin, can’t bear, continue, dislike, encourage, forbid, hate, intend, like, love, need, neglect, permit, prefer, recommend, start. – I like to walk under the rain. (Yağmurda yürümekten hoşlanırım.) = I like walking under the rain. (Yağmurda yürümekten hoşlanırım.) 234 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE – Jack attempted to close the fence gate in the dark. (… kapıyı kapatma girişiminde bulundu.) = Jack attempted closing the fence gate in the dark. (… kapıyı kapatma girişiminde bulundu.) Ancak, bu fiiller CONTINUOUS (be+V-ing) tense’lerle kullanıldıklarında infinitive ‘to V’ alırlar, tekrar V-ing şeklinde gerund almazlar. – He was beginning to develop good sense of humor. He was beginning developing good sense of humor – You are always neglecting to hang out with your children. You are always neglecting hanging out with your children. Yine bu fiiller içerisinden, kendisinden sonra nesne alabilenler (izin ve tavsiye grubundakiler: advise, allow, encourage, forbid, permit ve recommend) nesne alırlarsa to V, almazlarsa V-ing ile devam ederler. – I advise you not to eat or drink anything in the classroom. – I advise not eating or drinking anything in the classroom. – The woman didn’t allow her children to go to the amusement park. (=...didn’t allow them to go) – The woman didn’t allow going to the amusement park. (=...didn’t allow (their) going) – They forbade him to leave the country. – They forbade leaving the country. ‘need, want ve require’ fiileri infinitive alırsa active, gerund alırsa passive anlam ifade ederler. Passive anlam, gerund dışında passive infinitive (to be V3) ile de verilebilir. – I need to get a haircut. (active: Traş olmam gerekiyor.) – I need you to get a haircut. (active: Bence senin traş olman gerekiyor.) – My hair needs cutting. (passive: Saçımın kesilmesi gerekiyor.) – My hair needs to be cut. (passive: Saçımın kesilmesi gerekiyor.) ‘prefer’ fiili kendinden sonra isim, gerund ya da infinitive alabilir. Gerund genel tercihleri, infinitive ise özel, spesifik tercihleri ifade eder. – The children prefer to eat vegetables today. (spesifik; bugüne özel tercih) – The children prefer eating vegetables. (genel = The children prefer vegetables.) – I prefer reading a book than watching TV. (genel tercihim) – I prefer to study math as I have a quiz tomorrow. (spesifik; o ana özel tercihim) Grammar For All 235

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Ama tercih ifadesinde durum farklıdır. Tercih to, than ya da rather than ile yapılabilir ve paralellikAÇIKLAMA kuralı gereği her iki taraf ya gerund ya da infinitive formunda kullanılır. Bir taraf infinitive, bir taraf gerund olamaz. – I prefer to eat rather than cooking. – I prefer to eat rather than cook – I prefer eating to cook. – I prefer eating to cooking. \"prefer\" kullanımında iki tür sorun yaşanır: 1. Prefer ’in devamına gerund mı gelecek, infinitive mi? 2. Tercihler to ile mi, yoksa than/rather than bağlacı ile mi yapılacak? Öncelikle tercihin genel mi spesifik mi olduğuna karar veriniz, sonra da paralellik kurallarını uygulayın. Genel ise, yani her zaman geçerli bir tercih ise özne ile prefer arasına bir always sıkıştırdıktan sonra gerund devamında da “to bağlacı kullanınız. prefer Ving to Ving Spesifik ise infinitive devamında (rather) than bağlacı kullanınız. prefer + to V .... than V - I (always) prefer sleeping early to staying up late. - I prefer to sleep early tonight (rather) than stay up late. b. Anlamı Değişenler: Şu fiillerden sonra gerund ya da infinitive gelmesi anlamı değişikliğine yol açar: stop, try, forget, remember, mean, regret, come, go on. Stop Stop doing bir şeyi yapmayı bırakmak demektir. Stop to do ise bir şey yapmak için durmak anlamına gelir ve amaç bildirdiği için to do yerine in order to do şeklinde de kullanılabilir. STOP +V-ing: kesmek, bırakmak STOP + to V: -mek için durmak – You should stop smoking. – He stopped to smoke. Sigarayı bırakmalısın. Sigara içmek için durdu. ✓ Stop laughing. ✓ He stopped to buy something. ✓ Since it was late, I stopped ✓ I stopped to read the traffic sign in order not studying. to get lost. 236 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Try Try doing bir şeyin işe yarayıp yaramayacağını denemek demektir. Try to do ise yapmaya çalışmak, gayret göstermek anlamındadır. TRY +V-ing: denemek TRY+ to V: çalışmak, gayret etmek – She tried taking a painkiller, but it didn’t – He tried to play the trumpet. work. Trompet çalmaya çalıştı. Ağrı kesici almayı denedi, fakat işe yaramadı. ✓ She tried to go out, but the door was ✓ You said the car didn’t start. Did you try locked. pushing? ✓ She tried to climb the roof, but she ✓ She needed a job, so she tried looking couldn’t even get off the ground. in the paper. ✓ When you get up early tomorrow, try ✓ She tried eating the soup, but she didn’t not to wake the baby. like it. Mean Mean doing anlamına gelmek, demek, anlamındadır. Mean to do kastetmek, demek istemek anlamındadır. MEAN + V-ing: demek/ anlamına MEAN + to V: kastetmek gelmek – I don’t mean to hurt you by saying so. – Being a mother means having a lot of Öyle diyerek seni incitmek istemedim. responsibilities. Anne demek birçok sorumluluk sahibi ✓ I meant to call police, but he threatened olmak demektir. to shoot me. ✓ I I didn’t mean to be disrespectful to ✓ I’m sorry but investment in stock means her. risking your life. ✓ He had meant to go on a camping ✓ Just 20 years ago, being a student holiday this year, but I think his wife didn’t meant spending long hours in the library agree. Grammar For All 237

► Ünite: 5 | GERUND and INFINITIVE Forget / Remember Forget doing ve remember doing daha önceden yapılmış bir şeyi unutmak veya hatırlamaktır. demektir. Forget to do ve remember to do ise daha sonra yapılacak bir şeyi unutmak veya hatırlamaktır. demektir. Kısaca geçmişi sorgularken V-ing, geleceği planlarken to V diyebiliriz. FORGET +V-ing: (önceden olmuş birşeyi) FORGET + to V: (yapılacak bir işi) unutmak unutmak – I forgot buying bread this morning. – I forgot to buy bread. Ekmek aldığımı unuttum. Ekmek almayı unuttum. ✓ She forgot reading the book when she ✓ She forgot to pay the rent this month. ✓ I forgot to take my umbrella with me. was a kid. ✓ I usually forget to turn off the lights. ✓ He’s forgotten borrowing my book! ✓ You’ll never forget wasting your time for nothing. REMEMBER +V-ing: önceden olmuş REMEMBER + to V: yapılacak bir işi akılda birşeyi hatırlamak tutmak – I remembered visiting my uncle. – I remembered to visit my uncle. Amcamı ziyaretimi hatırladım. Amcamı ziyaret edeceğim aklılma geldi. ✓ I remember mentioning the meeting ✓ He remembered to switch off the yesterday. lights before he went on holiday. ✓ I suddenly remembered lending him a ✓ Remember to tell her that I will never large sum of money. forget her lies. ✓ Do you remember your being stuck at ✓ I couldn’t remember to pay him the the airport last year? money. Regret Regret doing önceden yapılan şeyden dolayı pişman olmak anlamındadır. Regret to do verilecek kötü bir haberden üzüntü duymak anlamındadır, (çoğulukla say, tell, inform fiilleriyle ve THAT noun clause yapılarında kullanılır). 238 Grammar For All