YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Cümleye benzer nitelikler kazandıran zarf cümlesi bağlaçlarını, geçiş sözcüklerini ve edatları işlevlerine göre bir arada inceleyiniz. Örneklerde özellikle; • kullanılan bağlacın türüne, • zaman uyumu olup olmadığına, • eylemlerin oluş sırasına, • bağlaçlardan sonra gelen yapılara, • noktalama işaretlerine, • devrik ifade gerektiren yapılara, mutlaka dikkat ediniz. TIME - ZAMAN SUBORDINATE TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS CONJUNCTIONS after, before, now, soon, after, when, while, thereafter, subsequently, before, until, till, after a short time, for the first time, until / till, by, by the time, a minute later, in the meantime, on / upon as, just as, meanwhile, on the following day, since, as soon as at length, ultimately, afterwards, presently Zaman cümlecikleri yüzde yüz zaman uyumu gerektirir. Zaman bağlacının olduğu cümlecikte, tense ünitesinde de anlatıldığı üzere gelecek zamandan bahsetse bile will ve türevleri (would, shall, be going to), ana cümlecikte ise present perfect ve türevleri (have/has V3, have/ has been V-ing) kullanılmaz. Zaman uyumu kuralları hakkında daha detaylı bilgi için ‘tense’ ünitesine bakınız. BEFORE: -den önce Adverbial Clause: – Before we use up all the oil and natural gas, scientists need to find alternative fuel sources. Bizle tüm petrol ve doğal gazı tüketmeden önce, bilim adamları alternatif yakıt kaynakları bulmalılar. Transition: – Before long, she noticed that the problem was not only on the baby’s eyes, but also about his brain. Çok geçmeden, sorunun sadece bebeğin gözlerinde değil aynı zamanda beyninde de olduğunu farketti. Preposition: – We should arrive the nearest gas station before midnight. Gece olmadan en yakın benzin istasyonuna ulaşmalıyız. Grammar For All 389

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS AFTER : -den sonra, -dığında AFTERWARDS : sonrasında Adverbial Clause: – After the game has finished, the king and pawn go into the same box. Oyun bitince şah da piyon da aynı kutuya girer. (İtalyan Atasözü) – After you have used the tablet computer, please don’t forget to put it in the bag. Tablet bilgisayarı kullandıktan sonra lütfen çantasına koymayı unutma. Transition: – Frank appeared around the corner. Afterwards, he disappeared before he saw us. (. After, he ...) Frank köşede göründü. Sonra, bizi görmeden gözden kayboldu. – I finished my duty and went home afterwards. Görevimi bitirdim ve sonra eve gittim. Preposition: – After 15 years of marriage, they announced their divorce. On beş yıllık evlilikten sonra boşandıklarını ilan ettiler. WHEN : -dığında Adverbial Clause: – When Colombus first sighted land in 1492, he believed he had discovered Indian islands. Colombus 1492’de karayı ilk gördüğünde Hint adalarını keşfettiğine inanıyordu. – When in 2010, Iran decided to conduct nuclear programme, the sharpest criticism came from the USA. 2010’da İran nükleer programı uygulamaya karar verdiğinde en sert tepki ABD’den geldi. Preposition: – Prepare what you should do in Berlin. When there, take as many photos as you can. (KISALTMA) Berlin’de yapacaklarını hazırla. Oradayken, çekebildiğin kadar fotoğraf çek. WHILE / AS : -iken Aynı anda gerçekleşen iki eylemi anlatır. Adverbial Clause: – While we were driving to work, we saw a bear by the roadside. İşe arabayla giderken, yol kenarında bir ayı gördük. – Take notes as you read the article. – As/while I was walking down the street this morning, I saw two men fighting. 390 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Preposition: – Syrian refugees got stuck in Turkey while waiting for American and Europen dream. (KISALTMA) Amerika ve Avrupa hayali kurarken Suriye’li mülteciler Türkiye’de sıkışıp kaldılar. Not: Bir olay devam ederken başka bir olayın meydana geldiğini ‘WHEN / WHILE /AS’ kullanarak ifade edebiliriz. Bunların ayrımında en önemli kıstas eylemin anlık mı sürekli mi olduğu, daha sonra da zaman sıralamasıdır. Aynı anda gerçekleşen kısa süreli (anlık) eylemlerde WHEN / AS, aynı anda gerçekleşen uzun süreli (sürekli) eylemlerde WHILE / AS kullanılır. – I saw the whole city while/as the plane was flying over İzmir. (to fly; sürekli eylem) – When/As the thieves stole the television, she had only gone out (to steal; anlık eylem) As’in diğer kullanımları ünite sonunda verilecektir. ONCE / THE MOMENT : -dığında AS SOON AS / THE INSTANT / THE MINUTE : -yapar yapmaz RIGHT AFTER : hemen sonra ON / UPON : -mesi üzerine, anda Adverbial Clause: – I saw the disappointment on your face the moment they told you the cost of the item. Sana ürünün fiyatını söyledikleri anda yüzündeki hoşnutsuzluğu gördüm. – We will start repairing the new roof as soon as all of the residents have paid their contributions. Tüm sakinler aidatlarını öder ödemez çatıyı tamir etmeye başlayacağız. – As soon as / once / the moment / immediately we saw her, we understood that something was wrong. Onu gördüğümüz anda bir şeylerin yolunda gitmediğini anladık. Preposition: – The headmaster came in right after the teacher. Öğretmenden hemen sonra müdür girdi. – On / Upon seeing the doctor’s face, he realized that his mother wouldn’t be coming back. Doktorun yüzünü gördüğü anda anladı ki, annesi bir daha geri gelmeyecekti. Grammar For All 391

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS BY : -e kadar BY THE TIME : -e kadar (bi an) UNTIL /TILL : -e kadar (sürekli) By edattır ve devamına Noun veya türevlerini alabilir. Tam cümle almaz. By the time bağlaçtır ve devamına tam cümle alır. Until ile aynı anlamdadır ancak until, -e kadar geçen tüm süreyi kaplayacak eylemden bahseder. By the time ise –e kadar zaman içinde bir noktayı vurgular. Ayrıca by ve by the time’ın devamındaki ifade past ise ana cümlecik PAST PERFECT veya Simple PAST olmalıdır. Yan cümleciğin present olması halinde ana cümlecik FUTURE PERFECT veya Future olmalıdır. Adverbial Clause: – By the time we arrived his wedding ceremony, the other guests were already there. Onun düğününe vardığımızda diğer konuklar halihazırda oradaydılar. – By the time my father has learnt the piano, he will be able to play five different instruments. Babam piyanoyu öğrendiğinde beş farklı enstrüman çalbiliyor olacak. Preposition: – Mass production of the new model UAV will continue until / till next year. Yeni model İHA’ların toplu üretimi önümüzdeki yıla kadar devam edecek. WHENEVER / EVERY TIME : Her ne zaman Adverbial Clause: – Whenever / Every time I go fishing, I come back relaxed even if I can’t catch any. Her ne zaman balığa gitsem rahatlayarak dönerim, hiç yakalamasam bile. – Whenever / Every time I travel from Konak to Karşıyaka on the steamboat, I feed seagulls. Her ne zaman Konak’tan Karşıyaka’ya vapurla geçsem martıları beslerim THE FIRST TIME / THE NEXT TIME : İlk -dığında, / bir dahaki sefer FOR THE FIRST TIME : İlk kez Adverbial Clause: – The next time I see you here welding or soldering, I won’t warn you to put on goggles! Bir dahaki sefer seni burada kaynak veya lehim yaparken görürsem, gözlük tak diye ikaz etmeyeceğim! Transition: – I beat my son on chess for the first time last week. Geçen hafta ilk kez satrançta oğlumu yendim. 392 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS NO SOONER ... THAN, : Tam mıştı ki, -mesiyle ...-mesi bir oldu HARDLY / SCARCELY / BARELY ... WHEN : Tam mıştı ki, mesiyle mesi bir oldu As soon as anlamındadırlar. Doğrudan bu zarflarla başlamaları halinde bulundukları yan cümleciği DEVRİK yaparlar. Her ne kadar olur olmaz, -masıyla –ması bir oldu gibi eş zamanlı eylemleri anlatıyor olsa da içinde past perfect tense barındıran bu cümleciklerdeki yüklem, bağlaçtan sonraki diğer yüklemden hemen önce gerçekleşmiştir. - Hardly had Omar found a flat and settled in when the embassy asked him to leave country. (DEVRİK) = Omar had hardly found a flat and settled in when the embassy asked him to leave country. (DÜZ) Henüz bir ev bulup yerleşmişti ki büyükelçilik Omar’dan ülkeyi terk etmesini istedi. – He had no sooner stopped a taxi than the bus came to the bus stop. (DÜZ) =No sooner had he stopped a taxi than the bus came to the bus stop. (DEVRİK) Tam bir taksi durdurmuştu ki otobüs durağa geldi. SINCE: -den beri Since zaman uyumunu bozan tek bağlaç idi (Bakınız; tense ünitesi). Since ayrıca cümle sonunda tek başına veya since then / ever since şekillerinde, cümle almaksızın edat olarak kullanılabilir. Adverbial Clause: – The sales of the product have improved considerably since the configuration was made in June. Haziran’da konfigürasyon yapıldığından beri ürünün satışları bariz derecede arttı. Preposition: – I bought a car last year and I have done a lot of changes on the car since then. Geçen yıl bir araba aldım ve o zamandan beri arabada bir çok değişiklik yaptım. Grammar For All 393

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Örnek: You can walk across Morcombe Bay at low tide, but you must make sure you will have reached the other side ____ the tide comes in. A) until B) once C) by the time D) during E) since Çözüm: “… you will have reached” ifadesinden ileride tamamlanmış bir anlık, “… the tide comes in” den ise yine gelecekteki anlık bir eylemi anlıyoruz; eş zaman olmadığına göre B ve D elenir. Until sürekliliği anlatır ama reach fiili anlık olduğu için by the time seçilmelidir. DOĞRU YANIT: C CONDITION - KOŞUL SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS or, in (the) case of, if, unless, in case, or else, in the event of, otherwise but for, even if, only if, without, if it weren’t for, provided (that), providing (that), if it hadn’t been for supposing (that), assuming (that), on condition that, in the event that, as long as, so long as Koşul ifade eden zarf cümleleri bir önceki ünitede en kapsamlı haliyle anlatıldığı için burada sadece koşul anlamını vurgulayan bağlaçlar, geçiş sözcükleri ve edatlar özetlenmiştir. Koşul anlamı veren yapılarda da genellikle if clause’da geçerli olan zaman kurallarını hatırlamakta fayda var. (Conditional ünitesine bakınız.) Adverbial Clause: – I’m leaving the job next month unless I get a pay rise. Maaşıma zam almazsam önümüzdeki ay işi bırakıyorum. – Supposing your wife exceeds the monthly family budget, what should you do? Diyelim ki karınız aylık aile bütçesini aştı, ne yaparsınız? – Even if every single employee in an organisation loses their temper, the director needs to remain calm. Bir kurumda her bir kişi öfkeden kendini kaybetse bile, yöneticinin sakin kalması gerekir. 394 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Transition: – I’m happy you made an early reservation for summer holiday; otherwise, we couldn’t have found any room. Erken tatil rezervasyonu yaptırdığına memnun oldum; yoksa hiç oda bulamazdık. Preposition: – Take your car to the garage in case of a risk before the snow starts. Kar başlamadan önce risk durumuna tedbir olarak arabayı servise götür. – But for her existence, they wouldn’t have visited their relatives in the village. – If it hadn’t been for her existence, they wouldn’t have visited their relatives in the village. Onun varlığı olmasaydı, onlar köyde akrabalarını ziyarete gitmezlerdi. PURPOSE - AMAÇ SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS so that, to this end, to + V, in order that, for this purpose, so as to + V, for the purpose that, in order (not) to + V, for fear that, lest, for + V-ing, with a view to + V-ing, for fear of, for the purpose of So that ile in order that aynı anlam ve kullanıma sahip olup zaman uyumu gerektirir. Genellikle Adverbial Clause’larda bağlacın bulunduğu yan cümlede will ve türevleri kullanılmıyor iken amaç gösteren bu yapıda will, would gibi yapılar ve zamana uygun diğer modallar sıkça kullanılır. Adverbial Clause: – It is best to use short and clear sentences in order that / so that no misunderstanding may arise. Hiçbir yanlış anlama olmaması için kısa ve net cümleler kullanmak en iyisidir. – Today, you need to know at least two languages for the purpose that / so that you can find a job. Günümüzde en az iki dil bilmen gerekir ki böylece bir iş bulabilesin. – I want to stay at work for one more hour today so that I will finish my job. İşimi bitirmek için bugün bir saat daha işyerinde kalmak istiyorum. Transition: – We want to buy a house. For this purpose, we have decided to put aside money Bir ev almak istiyoruz. Bu amaçla tasarruf yapmaya karar verdik. Preposition: – Besides a master’s degree, you need to know at least two languages in order to find a job. Bir iş bulabilmen için yüksek lisans diplomasının yanında en az iki dil bilmen gerekir. Grammar For All 395

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Lest ise ‘for fear that’ veya ‘so that ... not’ anlamında olup devamında subjunctive’e uygun yalın fiil veya paralel zaman kullanılabilir. – The mechanic used the manuel of the plane lest he (should) remove the wrong fuse. = The mechanic used the manuel of the plane lest he remove the wrong fuse. Usta, yanlış sigortayı çıkarmamak için uçağın teknik el kitabını kullandı. In case ve so that: Her ikisi de amaç cümlelerinde kullanılan yapılardır ama farklı kullanım özelliklerine sahiptir. Şöyle ki; in case’den sonra tedbir gerektiren olası bir olumsuz durum anlatılır. So that ise devamında, yapılan çalışmanın veya hazırlığın muhtemel sonucunu anlatır. So that + ☺: - Betty sprayed air freshener in the living room, so that it would smell nice. In case + ☹: - Betty sprayed air freshener in the living room, in case the visitors would come any time. CAUSE - SEBEP SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS because, since, as, for, because of, on account of, owing to, due to, now that, in that, thanks to, on grounds of, in view of, as a result of, seeing that, seeing as, insofar as, as a consequence of inasmuch as, on the grounds that, Prep + fact that En sık kullanılan bağlaçlardan biri sebep-sonuç, diğeri ise zıtlık bağlaçlarıdır. Sebep anlatan cümlecikler ile sonuç anlatan ana cümlecik arasında paralellik (//) aranır. Zıtlık’ta ise tezat (X) ilişkisi kurulur. Burada anlatılacak olan paralellik ilişkisi sonuç bağlaçlarının anlatıldığı bölüm için de geçerlidir. Yukarıda anlatılan amaç bağlaçlarından olumlu olanlarda anlamsal olarak paralellik, olumsuz olanlarda (lest gibi) ise zıtlık ilişkisi aranır. Sebep yan cümlecikleri ana yükleme sorulan neden (why) sorusunu cevaplar. Sebep sonuç cümlelerinde zaman uyumu aranmaz, mantık uyumu geçerlidir. Yukarıdaki sebep tablosunda ayrıştırılmış olan edat ve bağlaç kullanımlarında dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli bir husus da İsim- Cümle Ayrımı konusudur. Bilindiği üzere edatlardan sonra isim türevleri dediğimiz (isim, isim öbeği, zamir veya isim fiil- V-ing) gelmektedir. Ancak edatın devamındaki cümle görünümündeki uzun yapılar yanılgı sebebi olabilmektedir. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. – Because of the assignment the boss gave us last week, … (because of + N /NP /V-ing) – Because the boss gave us the assignment last week, … (because + SVO) 396 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Paralellik (//) ifadesi kısaca ‘olumlu sebep olumlu sonuç, olumsuz sebep olumsuz sonuç doğurur’ şeklinde özetlenebilir: SVO -1 SVO -2 ������ ������ - I’m unhappy since I lost my wallet. ������ ������ - I’m happy as I found my lost wallet. BECAUSE / SINCE / AS : - dığından, -dığı için, -den dolayı – I can’t change the user’s name of my credit card because I don’t know my mother’s maiden name. Annemin kızlık soyadını bilmediğim için kredi kartımın kullanıcı adını değiştiremiyorum. – Since İstanbul enjoys an amazing location and historical places, it is a major tourist attraction. Muazzam konumu ve tarihi yerleri nedeniyle İstanbul önemli bir turizm merkezidir. – She wore her hat, scarf and gloves because it was snowing. = She wore her hat, scarf and gloves since it was snowing. = She wore her hat, scarf and gloves as it was snowing. Kar yağdığı için şapkasını, atkısını ve eldivenlerini giyindi. NOW THAT / IN THAT: -dığı için, -bakımından, -madem ki – We can make a snowman now that there is snow on the ground. Madem ki yerlerde kar var, kardan adam yapabiliriz. – Iran and Saudi Arabia differ in that the former is a republic whereas the latter is a kingdom. Iran’la Sudi Arabistan, ilkinin bir cumhuriyet, ikincinin ise krallık olması bakımından farklıdırlar. SEEING THAT / SEEING AS: -dığı için, -den dolayı (görüldüğüne göre) – Seeing that there was not enough money in his account, he asked his friend for some contribution. Hesabında yeterli parası olmadığı için arkadaşından biraz katkı istedi. – Seeing as it was raining cats and dogs, we decided to cancel the outdoor party. Bardaktan boşanırcasına yağmur yağdığından dolayı dışarıda yapacağımız partinin iptaline karar verdik. Grammar For All 397

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS BECAUSE OF + N : -dığından, -dığı için -den dolayı ON ACCOUNT OF + N : -dığından, -dığı için -den dolayı IN VIEW OF + N : -bakımında, -dığı için -den dolayı DUE TO + N : -dığından, -dığı için -den dolayı OWING TO + N : -dığından, -dığı için -den dolayı – The students are having health problems because of poor sanitation in the school. = The students are having health problems on account of poor sanitation in the school. = The students are having health problems in view of poor sanitation in the school. = The students are having health problems due to poor sanitation in the school. = The students are having health problems owing to poor sanitation in the school. Okuldaki kötü hijyen ortamı yüzünden öğrenciler sağlık problemleri yaşıyor. AS A RESULT OF + N : -nın sonucunda AS A CONSEQUENCE OF N: -nın sonucu Not: Bu yapılar bir önceki grupta yer alan ‘because of’ ile aynı anlama sahiptir ancak because of ve türevleri gibi devamında –the fact that alıp cümle ile devam edemezler. Sadece edat olarak kullanılırlar. – As a result of stressful work, he had a heart attack. Stresli iş sonucu kalp krizi geçirdi. – The productivity has increased enormously as a consequence of better work conditions. İyileştirilmiş çalışma koşulları nedeniyle üretim muazzam biçimde arttı. BECAUSE OF the fact that + SVO : -dığından, -dığı gerçeğinden hareketle ON ACCOUNT OF the fact that + SVO : -dığından, -dığı gerçeğinden hareketle IN VIEW OF the fact that + SVO : -dığından, -dığı gerçeğinden hareketle DUE TO the fact that + SVO : -dığından, -dığı gerçeğinden hareketle OWING TO the fact that + SVO : -dığından, -dığı gerçeğinden hareketle Noun, Noun Phrase yada Gerund ile kullanılan ‘sebep edatları’nın devamında yapısal olarak ‘THE FACT THAT’ varsa edat rolünü yitirirler ve bağlaç gibi cümle alırlar. – Because of the fact that he didn’t pay enough attention, he caused a big failure. =On account of the fact that he didn’t pay enough attention, he caused a big failure. =In view of the fact that he didn’t pay enough attention, he caused a big failure. =Due to the fact that he didn’t pay enough attention, he caused a big failure. =Owing to the fact that he didn’t pay enough attention, he caused a big failure. Yeterince dikkat etmediği için büyük bir başarısızlığa neden oldu. 398 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS INASMUCH AS : -dığından, -dığı için, -den dolayıAÇIKLAMA – Inasmuch as we were behind the schedule, we were given more homework. Programın gerisinde kaldığımız için bize daha çok ödev verildi. – He was a good doctor inasmuch as he tried his best to treat some animals let alone homeless people. Değil evsiz barksız insanlar, bazı hayvanların tedavisi için de elinden geleni yaptığından, o iyi bir doktordu. FOR : -dığı için (=because) For, because anlamındadır, cümle başında kullanılmaz. Önce sonuç cümleciği başlar sonra for ile devamında sebep kısmı yer alır. – I had to stay at home and finish the rest of the assignment, for the deadline was soon. Süre azaldığı için evde kalıp görevin kalanını bitirmem gerekiyordu. Aynı cümle gerek sebep gerek sonuç bağlaçları kullanılarak, belki çok küçük değişikliklerle eş anlamlı yapılabilir. (Bu da yakın anlamlı soru restatement çözümlerinde ve okuma parçalarında işe yarayacaktır.) – Because It is raining today we are not going swimming. (SEBEP YAN CÜMLECİĞİ) = It is raining today, therefore, we are not going swimming. (SONUÇ YAN CÜMLECİĞİ) Bugün yağmur yağıyor, bu nedenle yüzmeye gitmiyoruz. (Aynı anlam) RESULT (EFFECT) - SONUÇ SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS hence, as a result of, so … that, therefore, thus, such … that, as a consequence of so (that), consequently, so much so that, in such a way that as a consequence, for this reason, as a result, that is why Sonuç cümle bağlaçları daha önce sebep bölümünde de izah edildiği üzere sebep-sonuç anlamında bir bütündür, anlamsal paralellik gerektirirler. Zaman uyumu değil mantık uyumu gereği eylemlerin oluş yeri neresiyse o tense kullanılır. Ancak sebep-sonuç cümleleri içerisinde sonuç cümleciklerini bağladıkları için ayrıca ele alınmıştır. Yukarıdaki panodan da görüleceği üzere sebep cümlelerinde bağlaçlar (subordinate conjunctions) ve edatlar (prepositions) ağırlıklı olarak kullanılıyorken sonuç cümlelerinde bağlaçlar sınırlıdır, daha çok geçiş sözcükleri (transition) öne çıkar. Grammar For All 399

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Sebep bağlaçları ile başlayan zarf cümleciği ana cümlecikten önce veya sonra olabiliyorken, sonuç bağlaçları ile başlayan zarf cümleciği hiçbir ana cümleden önce olamaz. Subordinate conjunctions dediğimiz bağlaçların dışında kalan geçiş sözcükleri (transitions) ve edatlar (prepositions) hem sebep hem de sonuç cümlelerinde anlamına göre cümle başında veya ilgili yerde olabilir. İlgili örnekleri dikkatlice inceleyiniz. SO (THAT) : böylece, bu yüzden o kadar ki SO MUCH SO THAT : öyle... ki, IN SUCH A WAY THAT : öyle... ki Özellikle ‘so’ ve ‘so that’in birbirinden farklı özellikleri olduğunu vurgulamak gerekir, şöyle ki; ‘So that’, ana cümle bittikten sonra gelir ve devamında sonuç bidiren ifade yer alır. So that amaç bildiren cümlelerde de (cümle ortasında veya cümle başında) kullanılabiliyorken, so amaç bildirmez. Ayrıca so iki bağımsız cümleyi birleştiren geçiş sözcüğü olarak cümle içerisinde yer alırken so that sadece yan cümlecik bağlacı olarak kullanılır. – He wanted to catch the shuttle bus, so that he left home early. (SONUÇ : bu yüzden erken ayrıldı) – He wanted to catch the shuttle bus, so he left home early. (SONUÇ : bu yüzden erken ayrıldı) – He left home early, so that he would / might catch the shuttle bus. (AMAÇ : -ringi yakalasın diye...) – So that he would / might catch the shuttle bus, he left home early. (AMAÇ : -ringi yakalasın diye...) He left home early, so he would / might catch the shuttle bus. So diğer geçiş sözcükleri gibi farklı yerlerde kullanılamaz, sadece kendinden önce virgül alarak kullanılabilir. Noktalama bakımından so ile so that aynıdır. He wanted to catch the shutlle bus; so, he left home early. SVO, so (that) SVO. He wanted to catch the shutlle bus. He, so left home early. – It was too hot, so (that) I turned on the air conditioner. O kadar sıcaktı ki klimayı açtım. So much so that ise ‘to such an extent that’ anlamında olup sonuç kısmını miktar vurgusu ile yapar. – The soup was salty, so much so that no one tried to take a second spoon of it. Çorba öylesine tuzluydu ki, kimse ikinci bir kaşık almak istemedi. – The young man was fascinated by the nature, so much so that he started to compose a piece of music. Genç adam doğadan o kadar çok büyülendi ki bir müzik eseri bestelemeye başladı. 400 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS ‘in (such) a way that’ bir eylemin yapılma biçimine ilişkin bilgi verir. Dolayısıyla yukarıda görmüş olduğunuz çorbanın tuzlu olması örneğinde görüldüğü gibi eylem değil de durum bildiren cümlelerde kullanılmaz. – I want to organize my jobs in such a way that I will have enough time for myself. İşlerimi öyle organize etmek istiyorum ki, kendime zaman ayırayım. SO ADJ / ADV THAT : -o kadar ... -ki SUCH a/an ADJ + N THAT : -o kadar ... -ki Kısaca ‘so adj that’ şeklinde tanımlayabileceğimiz ve farklı varyasyonları olan bu yapıda alternatif cümler üretmek mümkündür. So adj that ve aşağıdaki türevlerinin virgülsüz kullanıldığına dikkat ediniz. AÇIKLAMA THAT sadece vurgu verir ve kullanımı opsiyoneldir. Ama ÖSYM sorularında şu ana kadar genellikle that kullanılmış, hatta özellikle cümle tamamlama sorularında belirliyici faktör olarak yer almıştır. Konunun daha iyi kavranması ve kalıcı olması için kalıplara odaklanmak yerine, basite indirgenerek yazılmış ilk cümleleri ezberleyiniz. SO + adj / adv + THAT: – You are so beautiful that I can’t help looking at you. (EZBERLENECEK MODEL CÜMLE) O kadar güzelsin ki sana bakmaktan kendimi alamıyorum. – The ambulance moved so quickly that it was going to cause another deadly accident. Ambulans o kadar çabuk hareket etti ki neredeyse başka bir ölümcül kazaya sebep olacaktı. SO + many / few + plural n. + THAT : – He has so few friends that he’s feeling lonely. (EZBERLENECEK MODEL CÜMLE) O kadar az arkadaşı var ki, kendini yalnız hissediyor. – She has told so many lies that I have lost all my confidence in her. O kadar çok yalan söyledi ki ona olan tüm güvenimi kaybettim. SO + much / little + uncountable n. + THAT: – They had so little food that they were starving to death. (EZBERLENECEK MODEL CÜMLE) O kadar az yiyecekleri vardı ki açlıktan ölüyorlardı. – He earns so much money that he can buy whatever he wants. O kadar çok kazanıyor ki ne isterse alabilir. Grammar For All 401

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS SUCH + a/an + adj + singular n. + THAT: – You are such a beautiful girl that I can’t help looking at you. (EZBERLENECEK MODEL CÜMLE) O kadar güzel bir kızsın ki sana bakmaktan kendimi alamıyorum. – It was such an embarrassment that I will never be able to show my face to her again. O öyle bir mahcubiyetti ki, bir daha yüzüne asla bakamam. SUCH + adj + uncountable n. + THAT: – It is such nice weather that I want to stay outside. (EZBERLENECEK MODEL CÜMLE) O kadar güzel bir hava var ki dışarıda kalmak istiyorum. – 2015 was such profitable time that we have never made the same profit margin. 2015 öylesine kârlı (bir) zaman ki bir daha aynı kâr marjına hiç ulaşamadık. SUCH + adj + plural n. + THAT: – We were such beautiful girls that all modeling agencies opened doors for us. (EZBERLENECEK CÜMLE) O kadar güzel kızlardık ki tüm güzellik ajansları bize kapılarını açtı. So … AS + to V: So … that, such … that kalıpları, eğer so … as, such … as şeklinde kullanılırsa o zaman devamında cümle yerine to V gelir. – The movie was so boring as to make me asleep. (EZBERLENECEK CÜMLE) Film o kadar sıkıcıydı ki beni uyuttu. Kullanım zenginliği fazla olan bu yapıda, aynı anlama gelen birçok sebep sonuç cümlesi kurmak mümkündür. – The toy was so expensive that she couldn’t afford to buy it for her baby. – It was such an expensive toy that she couldn’t afford to buy it for her baby. – So expensive was the toy that she couldn’t afford to buy it for her baby. – Such an expensive toy was it that she couldn’t afford to buy it for her baby. Oyuncak o kadar pahalıydı ki bebeğine onu almaya parası yetmedi. Inversion: Bu ifadeler daha vurgulu olması için devrik yapılırlar. Devrik yapıların tamamı kitabın sonunda inversion bölümünde verilmiştir. 402 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS THEREFORE : bu nedenle CONSEQUENTLY : bu nedenle THUS : bu nedenle HENCE : bu nedenle ACCORDINGLY : bu nedenle FOR THIS REASON : bu nedenle THEREBY : ve böylece Therefore, consequently, thus, hence, accordingly, sonuç cümlelerinin başına gelen geçiş sözcükleridir. Normal kullanım alternatifleri (iki cümle arasında noktalı virgül, ikinci cümlenin başında ve sonunda) bu sözcüklere uygulanabilir. – It was too late. We decided not to go to the concert last night, therefore. – It was too late. We, consequently, decided not to go to the concert last night. – It was too late; thus, we decided not to go to the concert last night. – It was too late. Hence, we decided not to go to the concert last night. – It was too late; for this reason, we decided not to go to the concert last night. – It was too late; as a result, we decided not to go to the concert last night. (aynı anlamı verir) Çok geç olduğu için (sonuçta) dün gece konsere gitmemeye karar verdik. Thereby da aynı anlamı verir ancak devamında cümle almaz. – The economic improvements will be put into practice and thereby satisfy the majority of the people. Ekonomik iyileştirmeler uygulamaya konulacak ve böylece halkın çoğunluğunu memnun edecek. AS A RESULT : bunun sonucunda AS A CONSEQUENCE : bunun sonucunda Therefore grubuyla aynı anlamdadır, sonuç vurgusu biraz daha güçlüdür. – We cut down on the ads; as a result, the profits have declined since then. = We cut down on the ads. As a consequence, the profits have declined since then. Reklamlardan kıstık. Bunun sonucunda da, kâr o zamandan beri düştü. THAT IS WHY : işte bu nedenle Therefore grubuyla aynı anlamdadır, sonuç vurgusu biraz daha güçlüdür. – He doesn’t pay attention when the teacher talks. That’s why he fails to understand. Öğretmen konuşurken dikkat etmiyor. Bu yüzden (öğretmeni) anlayamıyor. – On-line courses provide day and night-education, that is why people prefer them. On-line kursları gece gündüz eğitim modeli sunar. Bu yüzden insanlar onları tercih eder. Grammar For All 403

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS CONTRAST - ZITLIK DIRECT CONT. SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS unlike, while, conversely, in contrast to / with, whereas in/by contrast, contrary to on the contrary, on the other hand, despite, but, yet, however in spite of, regardless of, although, though, though, for all, nonetheless, notwithstanding CONCESSIVE CONT. even if, even though, nevertheless, even so, while, much as, all the same, still, however ADJ/ADV, in spite of this, instead no matter WH, ADJ/ADV as/though, in spite of the fact that, despite the fact that Zıtlık cümlelerini; • doğrudan zıtlık (DIRECT CONTRAST), ve • dolaylı zıtlık (CONCESSIVE CONTRAST) olmak üzere iki ana gruba ayırmak mümkündür. Yukarıdaki tabloda hem doğrudan hem de dolaylı zıtlık ifade eden zarf bağlaçları (subordinate conjunctions), cümle bağlaçları (transitions) ve edatlar (prepositions) görülmektedir. Zıtlık ifade eden yapılar sınavlarda en fazla üzerinde durulan konulardan biri olduğu için, aynı anlamı ifade eden bağlaçlar bir arada gruplanarak açıklanmıştır. Anlamlarının yanında bağlaç türü olarak nasıl kullanım gerektirdikleri de önem arzetmektedir. Gerek adverbial clause yapılarında kullanılan zarf bağlaçları, gerek geçiş sözcükleri (transitions) diye nitelediğimiz cümle bağlaçları, gerekse edatlar çoğunlukla ‘bağlaç’ olarak, bu bağlaçların yer aldığı bağımlı - bağımsız cümlelerin tümü de ‘zıtlık cümlesi’ olarak isimlendirileceklerdir. Zıtılık cümleleri de sebep sonuç cümleleri gibi zaman uyumu gerektirmezler. Yukarıdaki zıtlık tablosunda ayrıştırılmış olan edat ve bağlaç kullanımlarında dikkat edilmesi gereken önemli bir başka husus da İsim- Cümle Ayrımı konusudur. Bilindiği üzere edatlardan sonra isim türevleri dediğimiz (isim, isim öbeği, zamir veya isim fiil- V-ing) gelmektedir. Ancak edatın devamındaki cümle görünümündeki uzun yapılar yanılgı sebebi olabilmektedir. Örnekleri inceleyiniz. – In spite of all effort he put into finishing the task, …. (in spite of + N /NP /V-ing) – In spite of the fact that he put all effort into finishing the task, … (in spite of the fact that + SVO) 404 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Zıtlık ifadesi (X), kısaca ‘olumlu sebep olumsuz sonuç, olumsuz sebep olumlu sonuç doğurur’ şeklinde özetlenebilir: SVO -1 SVO -2 ������ ������ - Though he is rich, he is unhappy. ������ ������ - While she is poor, he is rich. Doğrudan Zıtlık (Direct Contrast) Doğrudan zıtlıkta ortaya konan iki ifade arasında taban tabana zıtlık vardır ve bu zıtlığı genellikle farklı özneler vurgular. Dolaylı zıtlıkta ise daha çok özne dışındaki ögelerin farklılıkları vurgulanır. Doğrudan ve dolaylı bağlaç örneklerinde bu konuya özellikle dikkat ediniz. Bu bölümde kullanılan örnek cümleler özellikle atasözlerinden, özdeyişlerden ve resmi sınavlarda çıkmış sorulardan seçilmiştir. WHILE/ WHEREAS : iken Her iki bağlaç da doğrudan zıtlık yani farklı özneleri vurgular. Zıtlık anlamında birbirinin yerine kullanılmaları durumunda anlam farkı yaratmazlar. – African elephants have larger ears and concave backs while/whereas Asian elephants have smaller ears and convex or level backs. Afrika filleri daha büyük kulaklara ve çukur sırtlara sahipken, Asya filleri daha küçük kulaklara ve tümsek veya düz sırtlara sahiptir. – Western Scotland is wild and mountainous, whereas eastern Scotland is lush farmland. – This book is meant to be used in group lessons, whereas this one is better for self– study. – In northern Italy, it’s quite rainy in summer, whereas it is typically hot and dry in the southern areas of the country. – Whereas physical geography is an Earth science concerned with place, social geography is concerned with the people in the places. – The Dominican Republic has become a popular holiday destination for Europeans, whereas the other side of the island of Hispaniola Haiti, is considered too dangerous by most European holiday companies. UNLIKE : iken, aksine IN CONTRAST TO IN CONTRAST WITH : -nın tersine, -nın aksine CONTRARY TO : -nın tersine, nın aksine – Contrary to his wife, he thinks that bullfighting should be banned. Karısından farklı olarak o, boğa güreşinin yasaklanması gerektiğini savunuyor. Grammar For All 405

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Today we are selling a lot of tangerines at one pound per kilo, unlike yesterday, when we had very few customers. – Unlike the way they are portrayed in numerous films and stories as man-eating creatures, only a few species of sharks are known to attack humans. – In contrast to its use in Japan as the centre of intricate traditional ceremonies, tea is considered an ordinary everyday drink in England. – Unlike the head chef, he thinks adding fresh cream to tomato soup makes it more delicious. – In contrast with ordinary chestnuts, which are delicious when roasted, horse chestnuts, which are inedible and are most commonly used by children in a game called ‘conkers’. CONVERSELY : -nın tersine, -nın aksine IN CONTRAST ON THE CONTRARY : -nın tersine, -nın aksine ON THE OTHER HAND : - nın tersine, diğer taraftan – He would have preferred his wife not to work, although conversely he was also proud of what she did. Karısının çalışmamasını isterdi, her ne kadar bu isteğinin aksine yaptığı işten gurur duyuyor olsa da. – It wasn’t because she was bored staying at home with her son that she returned to work; on the contrary, she loves looking after him, but they needed some additional income. – l wasn’t frustrated when my train was delayed by fifteen minutes; on the contrary, l was glad that it allowed time for me to eat some breakfast. – Black bears don’t usually attack humans. On the contrary, they normally run away from us. – Living in a cold climate is difficult for some people; on the other hand, there are many fun winter activities, such as sledding that you can’t do in a warm climate. Dolaylı Zıtlık (Concessive Contrast) ALTHOUGH / THOUGH : -e rağmen, -dığı halde EVEN IF / EVEN THOUGH : -sa da, -sa bile MUCH AS / WHILE : -e rağmen, -dığı halde Doğrudan zıtlıkta farklı özneler kullanılarak karşıtlık ifade ediliyordu. Dolaylı zıtlıkta ise özne dışındaki ögelerin (yüklem, yer, zaman, miktar, durum, sebep, amaç vb.) farklılıkları vurgulanmaktadır. Örneklerde farklı olan ifadelerin altı çizilmiştir. Though diğerlerinden farklı olarak cümle bağlacı (transition ) olarak da however, nonetheless nevertheless gibi kullanılabilir. While hem doğrudan hem dolaylı zıtlıkta kullanılabilir. 406 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Although I’ve made progress in many aspects of English, l still have problems with my pronunciation. Her ne kadar İngilizce’de birçok bakımdan ilerleme kaydetmiş olsam da hala telaffuz sorunum var. – Even if the weather is awful, which it often is there, l enjoy walking in the forest. – The teaching of traditional crafts ought not to be forgotten, though modern skills, such as computer design skills, are essential today. – She went to the best drama school in the country. Though,she has never been given a serious role. – Although the journey from Ireland is quite expensive, he visits his fiancee once every two weeks. – Much as I dislike sentimental films, sometimes, when I’m not feeling very energetic, I can curl up on the sofa and watch one. – Although golf was originally restricted to wealthy, overweight Protestants, today it’s open to anybody who owns hideous clothing. – While I took part in the dining for the honor of family union, I didn’t enjoy the music. DESPITE / IN SPITE OF : -e rağmen, e karşın REGARDLESS OF / IRRESPECTIVE OF : -e bakmaksızın NOT WITHSTANDING : -e rağmen, e karşın Bu yapılar yukarıda verilmiş olan although grubundaki bağlaçlarla tamamen aynı anlamda edatlardır. Edat olmaları nedeniyle cümle değil, isim ve türevleri ile devam ederler. Ancak ‘ – the fact that’ ile birleşerek devamına cümle alabilirler. Örnekleri konunun devamında ilgili başlık altında verilmiştir. – None of her attempts at marriage has been successful in spite of her intellect and management skills. Zekasına ve yöneticilik becerilerine karşın evlilik teşebbüslerinin hiç birinde başarılı olamadı. – Everyone can apply for a university regardless of their age, race and sex. Yaşına, ırkına ve cinsiyetine bakmaksızın herkes üniversiteye başvurabilir. – Canada is a neutral country with a peaceful image, despite having armed forces equipped with modern weapons. – I always listen to the ideas of the employees regardless of where they are in the organization. – In spite of the high infant death rate, the population is growing rapidly in Bolivia, as in many countries of Latin America. – Despite having told the waiter that we were vegetarians, he continued to recommend us dishes containing meat. Grammar For All 407

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Despite the prevalence of TV, there are still people for whom reading is the greatest pleasure. – The teacher continued teaching, notwithstanding his aching bones. =Notwithstanding his aching bones, the teacher continued teaching. HOWEVER / NONETHELESS / NEVERTHELESS : . Yine de, . Fakat buna rağmen EVEN SO / ALL THE SAME : . Yine de, . Fakat buna rağmen YET / STILL : . Yine de, . Fakat buna rağmen Bu bağlaçlar önceki cümledeki ifadeye zıtlık vurgusu yaparak ikinci cümlenin başında kullanılan ve aynı anlama gelen geçiş sözcükleridir. Sadece notwithstanding hem edat, hem geçiş sözcüğü, hem de zarf bağlacı olarak kullanılabilir. All the same ise çoğunlukla cümle sonunda tercih edilir. – The water wasn’t as cold as I had expected; nevertheless, I asked for a towel as soon as I went out the pool. Su beklediğim kadar soğuk değildi, fakat yine de havuzdan çıkar çıkmaz bir havlu istedim. – There had been prior warning of the hurricane. However, it came as a shock to the people living in New Orleans. – It rained every day of our holiday, but we had a good time all the same. – The new accountant seems unreliable. Even so, we have to hand in the money to him. – The twin brothers had been separated at birth, nearly fifty years earlier; nonetheless, the two recognized each other the instant they met. INSTEAD OF : bunun yerine INSTEAD : bunun yerine – If you use a good saw instead of an axe, you can cut the tree down much faster. – I saved money to buy a house, but I ended up buying a car instead. – There is no single science of society or science of humanity. Instead, there are several branches of learning that deal with the origins and activities of human groups. 408 IN SPITE OF THE FACT THAT : -e rağmen, gerçeğine rağmen DESPITE THE FACT THAT : -e rağmen, gerçeğine rağmen REGARDLESS OF THE FACT THAT : -e rağmen, gerçeğine rağmen – Regardless of the fact that the elevator seemed out of order, they had to take it. Arızalı görünmesine aldırış etmeksizin asansöre binmek zorunda kaldılar. – Despite the fact that she kept her driver’s license in her handbag, she had it stolen somewhere. =In spite of the fact that she kept her driver’s license in her handbag, she had it stolen somewhere. Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS HOWEVER ADJ/ADV : Her ne ... olursa olsun, NO MATTER WH : Her ne ... olursa olsun, ADJ/ADV AS : -sa da, -mesine rağmen, ADJ/ADV THOUGH, : -sa da, -mesine rağmen, TRY AS SB MIGHT/MAY : -sa da, -mesine rağmen, – No matter how high the mountain (is), it cannot block out the sun. =However tall the mountain is, it cannot block out the sun. Dağ ne kadar ulu olursa olsun yine de güneşi kapatamaz. (Çin atasözü) – It does not matter how slowly you go, as long as you do not stop. =No matter how slowly you go, as long as you do not stop. Durmadığın sürece ne kadar yavaş gittiğinin önemi yok. (Confucius) – Intelligent as he is, I believe he is not going to finish the university within four years. (ADJ +as) =Intelligent though he is, I believe he is not going to finish the university within four years. Zeki olsa da üniversiteyi dört yılda bitirebileceğini sanmıyorum. – Try as you might, if you don’t watch out your step, you’ll never reach your goals. Ne kadar uğraşsan da adımına dikkat etmediğin sürece hedefleirine ulaşamayacaksın. – No matter how beautiful she is, he won’t marry her. – No matter where you are, I will find you sooner or later. – No matter whose son you are, you need to pass the tests for this position. – No matter how rich he is, he never helps the poor. – No matter how carefully you drive, you shouldn’t go fast. – No matter what you believe, you should respect others. Grammar For All 409

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS ALIŞTIRMALAR Boşluklara uygun sözcükleri yerleştiriniz. 1. ____ the bad weather forecast, we didn’t cancel the school picnic. a) Despite b) Instead of 2. ____ I faced many difficulties, I never lost hope. a) Despite b) In spite of the fact that 3. ____ being an Iranian, she speaks Turkish remarkably well. a) In spite of b) However 4. ____ living close to his parents-in-law, she never wants to visit them. a) Regardless of b) Even if 5. My mother cooks a great meal for us ____ she doesn’t feel good. a) no matter b) even if 6. He still loves his wife ____ they broke up two years ago. a) as if b) even if 7. I worked hard all year. I still didn’t get the promotion I believe I deserved, _____. a) though b) even though 8. Parents are never pleased with the performance of their children ____ hard they try. a) however b) no matter 9. _____ she earns a good salary, she finds it difficult to make both ends meet. a) Although b) Despite 10. ___ heavy workload at work, she makes it a point to spend quality time with her kids. a) Notwithstanding b) Nonetheless 410 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS SUBORDINATE CONJ. MANNER - DURUM PREPOSITIONS TRANSITIONS by as, just as, like, as if, as though, the way as, just as : gibi like, the way : gibi – I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. = I was never allowed to do things as I wanted to do them. Hiçbir şeyi istediğim gibi yapmama izin verilmiyor. – He is still impolite like he used to be when he was a primary school student. Hala kaba, tıpkı ilkokuldayken olduğu gibi. – We don’t have conversations. You’re talking to me the way a father is talking to a naughty son. Diyaloğumuz kalmadı. Benimle tıpkı bir babanın yaramaz çocuğuyla konuştuğu gibi konuşuyorsun. as if : -mış gibi as though : -mış gibi Hem gerçek (real), hem varsayım (unreal) durumlar için kullanılabilir. Gerçek durumlarda yüklem normalde olması gereken zamana göre çekilir. Varsayımlarda ise yüklemde olması gereken zamanın bir derece past’ı kullanılır (Present’lar past, past’lar past perfect şeklinde.) Tıpkı if ve wish clause’lardaki unreal gibi tekil özneler was yerine were alırlar. – She looked as if she was hungry. = She looked as though she was hungry. Aç gibi duruyor. (aç olması muhtemel; REAL) – It looks as if it is going to rain today. = It looks as though it is going to rain today. Bugün yağacak gibi görünüyor. (yağması olası; REAL) – She was acting as if she were the owner of the factory. = She was acting as if she had been the owner of the factory. Sanki fabrikanın sahibiymiş gibi davranıyordu. (sahibi olması imkansız; UNREAL) Grammar For All 411

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS by : -ederek, -yaparak – You can improve your English to some extend by listening to music or watching TV Müzik dinleyerek veya televizyon seyrederek İngilizcenizi bir nebze ilerletebilirsiniz. SUBORDINATE CONJ. ADDITION - EKLEME PREPOSITIONS TRANSITIONS besides, besides, in addition to, in addition, apart from, moreover, as well as additionally together with ‘Besides’, - a ilaveten, -yanında, -den başka anlamında bir geçiş sözcüğü (transition) olarak cümlenin başında, sonunda veya ortasında her hangi bir yerinde olabilir. – Besides being husband and wife, they are also good friends. Karı koca olmalarının yanında iyi de arkadaşlar. – You need to pay a lot of money for the car. Besides, you have to pay for the insurance. – Jack is really very kind to me. He is a good colleague, besides /anyway. AÇIKLAMAAyrıca bir edat olarak kullanılabilir. – Besides Sam, his sisters are also coming. (besides +N) – I haven’t eaten anything for about 7 hours; besides being extremely tired. (besides +V-ing) – For breakfast, I had two eggs, a slice of cheese and some bread; besides a cup of coffee. (besides +NP) besides and beside tamamen farklıdır. Beside, next to (fiziksel olarak yanında, yakınında) anlamında yer edatıdır. - He tiptoed into the room and stood beside the wall not to wake up the baby. Bebeği uyandırmamak için odada parmaklarının ucuna basarak yürüdü ve duvarın yanında durdu. ‘In addition or additionally’ besides anlamında bir geçiş sözcüğü (transition) olup ikinci cümlenin başında kullanılır. - Our new house is so close to Kızılay. In addition, it has three large bedrooms and a small garden. - Our new house is so close to Kızılay. Besides, it has three large bedrooms and a small garden. Yeni evimiz Kızılay’a çok yakın. Ayrıca üç geniş odası ve küçük bir bahçesi var. 412 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Our new manager can speak three languages. In addition, he has ten years of experience. Yeni müdürümüz üç dil konuşabiliyor. Buna ilaveten on yıllık deneyim sahibi. ‘In addition to’ ise besides anlamında bir edat (preposition) olup devamında isim ve türevlerini (noun / pronoun or V ing) alabilir. – In addition to music, he is good at sports and painting. Müziğin yanı sıra spor ve resimde de iyi. ‘also’ da ‘in addition’ gibi kullanılabilir ancak daha az formaldir. – While you were sleeping, I did shopping and laundry. Also I washed the car and fed the cat. Sen uyuyorken ben alışverişi yaptım, çamaşırları yıkadım. Bir de arabayı yıkadım ve kediyi doyurdum. Apart from ve except for hem aynı hem de farklı anlamlarda kullanılabilmektedir. – I have a little headache, but apart from that I feel good. = I have a little headache, but except for that I feel good. Birazcık başım ağrıyor, bunun dışında iyiyim. – Apart from being a good teacher, my father is also a good friend in our difficult times. =As well as being a good teacher, my father is also a good friend in our difficult times. =In addition to being a good teacher, my father is also a good friend in our difficult times. İyi bir öğretmen olmasının yanı sıra, aynı zamanda zor zamanlarımızda iyi bir arkadaştır da. – As a boss, you should always give more importance to personnel management apart from other issues. = As a boss, you should always give more importance to personnel management except for other issues. Bir patron olarak diğer konuların dışında, personel yönetimine daha çok önem vermelisin. SUBORDINATE CONJ. PLACE - YER PREPOSITIONS TRANSITIONS where, wherever, anywhere, everywhere Grammar For All 413

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Don’t move and stay where you are! Kıpırdama olduğun yerde kal! – Just because I gave a piece of bone, the dog follows me wherever I go. Sırf bir parça kemik verdim diye köpek, her nereye gitsem beni takip ediyor. – Every place she looked, the woman saw something which reminded her of his husband. Kadın baktığı her yerde ona kocasını hatırlatan bir şeyler gördü. EXPLANATION SUBORDINATE CONJ. TRANSITIONS PREPOSITIONS as far as …. concerned that is to say, as for, when it comes to, that is, with respect to, with regard to namely, regarding, as regards, in other words, in the case of, taking of put differently – We pay the most attention as far as the money is concerned. Para söz konusu olduğunda en fazla dikkati gösteririz. – He hates taking responsibilities. When it comes to holiday, he takes the first turn. Sorumluluk almaktan nefret eder. Tatil söz konusu olunca / sıra tatil olunca ilk başa geçer. – All the NGO’s wanted to influence the minister. Namely, they tried to change his mind. Tüm STK’lar bakanı etkilemek istediler. Yani, bakanın fikrini değiştirmeye çalıştılar. Diğer Bağlaçlar: Genellikle cümle bağlacı olarak kullanılan ve aynı anlam ifade eden diğer bağlaçlar aşağıda gruplar halinde verilmiştir. Buraya kadar anlatılanlardan farklı olarak, bu bağlaçların diğer bağlaçlar kadar detaylı kullanım özellikleri bulunmadığından ve bir birinin yerine konulması halinde önemli bir anlam farkı olmayacağından birer örnekle açıklanmıştır. EXAMPLIFICATION : -gibi, örneğin, for example, to illustrate, for instance, such as, like, to be specific, just as important – Not all birds eat berries. For example, vultures eat dead animals. Tüm kuşlar meyve yemezler. Örneğin akbabalar leş yerler. – There are things that need to be done to improve the company. For instance / To illustrate, we can begin by organizing the files. Şirketi ileriye götürmek için yapılacak şeyler var. Örneğin dosyaları organize ederek işe başlayabiliriz. 414 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – She has a few things to take care of today such as do the shopping, paying bills, and cleaning the house. Bugün yapması gereken birkaç şey var; alışveriş yapmak, faturaları yatırmak, evi temizlemek gibi. EXCEPTION – HARİÇ TUTMA Except (that) : -mesi dışında, haricinde Except zaman haricinde if/when/while : şartı dışında, haricinde -mış olmasaydı Apart from the fact that : -mesi dışında, -mış olmasaydı haricinde But for the fact that : -masaydı, Except for the fact that : -masaydı, Save that : -mesi dışında, – She could hardly know participants of the meeting except for the fact that some of them were her close friends. Bazı yakın arkadaşlarının haricinde, toplantıya katılanları pek tanımıyordu. SUMMARIZING – ÖZETLEME in summary, to sum up, in conclusion, briefly, in short, therefore, as you can see to repeat, as I have said, on the whole – To achieve your goal, make a daily plan, organize what you need to do, put them into practice, check them for the minor mistakes. To sum up/In conclusion, work hard. Hedefine ulaşmak için günlük plan yap, yapacaklarını organize et, uygulamaya koy, küçük hatalar için kontrol et. Kısaca, sıkı çalış. ORDER OF SEQUENCE to begin with, first, second, (etc.) then, next, (etc.) finally, last, last of all, in the end, after, before, from here on, for one thing Grammar For All 415

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS – Why is the ecosystem deteriorating? To begin with, human beings are the major cause. Neden ekosistem bozuluyor? Öncelikle, bunun ana sebebinin insanlar olduğunu belirtelim. – To become a minister in Finland first of all you must be a member of a political party, then you must win general elections, next, you must be approved by the prime minister. Finally, after all these steps you can call yourself a minister. Finlandiya’da bakan olmak için her şeyden önce bir parti üyesi olmalısın, sonra genel seçimleri kazanmalısın, daha sonra başbakan tarafından onaylanmalısın. En sonunda, tüm bu aşamalardan sonra kendine bakan diyebilirsin. STRESSING THE IMPORTANCE most importantly, most significantly, primarily, above all, essentially, basically, actually, in fact, naturally, no doubt, certainly, conceding that, granted that, of course, undoubtedly, without a doubt, – There is no doubt that traffic has become a huge problem in this city. Şüphe yok ki trafik bu şehirde büyük bir sorun haline halmiştir. – Naturally David is not going to agree with that plan. In fact, he thinks that the idea of setting up a business selling the goods on Hyden Street would surely fail. Doğal olarak David o planı kabul etmeyecektir. Aslında o, malları Hyden Street’te satmaya dayalı bir iş kurma fikrinin kesinlikle başarısız olacağını düşünüyor. – The judge, without a doubt/undoubtedly/certainly, made a decision and sent him behind the bars. Hakim tereddütsüz bir şekilde karar verdi ve onu hapse gönderdi. – Granted that the boss promised to give us a raise, yet this doesn’t mean that he will. Patronun maaş artışı sözünü verdiğini varsaymış olsak bile, bu yerine getireceği anlamına gelmez. – Conceding that Sally is a strong skater, Ron still believes she will be able to beat her in the Olympics. Ron wants to become the first deaf ice skater to receive a gold medal. Sally’nin iyi bir patenci olduğunu kabul etmesine rağmen Ron onu Olimpiyatlarda geçeceğine inanıyor. Ron Olimpiyatlarda altın madalya alan ilk işitme engelli patenci olmak istiyor. 416 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Bunların dışında kalan ve cümleye farklı anlamlar katan önemli yapılar şunlardır: • to a certain extent/to some extent (=partly): bir nebze, bir dereceye kadar – To some extent, he could remember what had happened. – People go on a picnic there to enjoy the lake and good weather to a great extent. • in accordance with/ in agreement with: -e uygun olarak – In accordance with the requirements, I fillled out the application form. • in terms of: bakımından – In terms of your proposal, I think we cannot meet those expectations. • out of the question (= impossible): söz konusu değil, olası değil – A change in our education policy is out of the question this year. • in view of the fact that /considering: ile ilgili olarak, göz önüne alındığında – Considering gender difference, you should know she is better than her male equivalents. – In view of the fact that people are forced to select a country to live, they mostly prefer Canada. • take into account/take into consideration: dikkate almak, hesaba katmak – We cannot accept her plan for cultivating the area. First of all, we have to take all aspects into account. • beyond: uzağında, ötesinde, (anlamamak) – Why she reacted such way is really beyond my comprehension. – I don’t want to tell you any thing beyond what I’ve told you so far. • depending on/ according to: -e bağlı – Profitability varies depending on/according to the outcome the staff performed. • in proportion to/in relation to: ile orantılı olarak – The cost of the goods will either increase or decrease in proportion to the amount you transport at a time. • together with/ in addition to/ besides: ile birlikte – Together with a nice income, his job is quite satisfactory. Grammar For All 417

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS KISALTMA (REDUCTION) Zarf cümlelerinde kısaltma yapmak demek, yan cümleciğin öznesinin atılarak zarf öbeği (adverbial phrase) haline getirilmesi demektir. Bazı durumlarda özne ile birlikte bağlaç da atılabilir. Ayrıca yan yüklemde bir takım değişikliklere gidilebilir. Kısaltma yapabilmenin ön koşulu ana ve yan cümleciklerinin öznelerinin aynı olmasıdır. Özneleri farklı olan cümlelerde aynı şekilde kısaltma yapılırsa anlam değişecektir. Kısaltma işlemi yaparken ana ve yan cümleciklerdeki; • Aktif – pasif durumuna, • Zaman farkına, • Yüklem yapısına bakılarak ilgilili bağlaç kuralları çerçevesinde işlem yapılmalıdır. – While I was reading my book, I heard someone screaming nextdoor. AYNI ÖZNE = While reading my book, I heard someone screaming nextdoor. = Reading my book, I heard someone screaming nextdoor. – While I was reading my book, my wife heard someone screaming nextdoor. FARKLI ÖZNE (‘While reading…’ denilirse kitabı ben değil eşim okumuş demektir. Bu yüzden KISALTMA YAPILAMAZ) ‘To Be’ Fiilinin Kısaltmalardaki Durumu: Yan cümlenin yüklemi ‘to be’ ise, yan cümleciğin öznesi ile birlikte to be atılır, kalan kısım sıfat, isim veya edat şeklinde devam eder. – Although she was hungry, she didn’t want to eat with us. = Although hungry, she didn’t want to eat with us. Yan cümle içerisinde ‘to be’ fiili yardımcı fiil rolünde ise yine özne ve to be atılır, kalan kısımdaki continious ifade V-ing, passive ifade ise V3 şeklinde devam eder. – If you are having problem with your spouse, you may need to consult an expert. ACTIVE- V-ing = If having problem with your spouse, you may need to consult an expert. – Until it is memorized, a song must be repeated again and again. = Until memorized, a song must be repeated again and again. PASSIVE – V3 Yan cümleciğin yüklemi to be değil de ‘hareketli bir fiil’ ise özne atılır fiil, tense’ine bakılmaksızın gerund (V-ing) biçiminde dönüştürülür. – Since we moved here, we have had a lot of difficulties. = Since moving here, we have had a lot of difficulties. 418 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Zaman Farkı: EŞ ZAMANLI AKTİF YAPILAR PASİF YAPILAR FARKLI ZAMANLI Doing Done Having done Being done Having been done Ana ve yan cümlecik arasında zaman farkı olması halinde, tıpkı sıfat cümle kısaltmalarında olduğu gibi aktif yapılarda having V3, pasif yapılarda having been V3 yapıları kullanılır. Zamanlar aynı ise yukarıda açıklandığı üzere aktif yapılarda V-ing, pasif yapılarda V3 veya being V3 kullanılır. Zaman farkından kasıt, yan cümleciğin ana cümlecikten önce olması durumudur. Dolayısıyla ‘participle’ olarak adlandırılan bu kısaltmalar, yan yüklemin daha önce olduğunu vurgulayan zaman ve sebep (after, when, because, vb.) cümleciklerinde bağlaçlı veya bağlaçsız olarak uygulanır. Diğer durumlarda (even though, whereas, vb.) zaman farkı vurgusu bağlaçla birlikte olmak kaydıyla uygulanabilir. AÇIKLAMA Boşlukta uygun kısaltma formu istenen sorularda öncelikle boşluk için verilen seçeneklerdeki fiil ile devamındaki cümleciğin öznesi arasındaki ilişki “yapan mı yoksa eyleme maruz kalan mı” şeklinde sorgulanmalıdır. Özne, boşluktaki eylemi yapansa aktif (V-ing ya da having been V3), maruz kalansa pasif ( being V3 ya da having being V3) olarak yorumlanmalıdır. “ _____ the man went out!” A) Yelling in an aggressive manner (DOĞRU) B) Yelled at in an aggressive manner (DOĞRU) C) Being yelled at in an aggressive manner (DOĞRU) D) Yelled an aggressive manner (DOĞRU) Aslında yukarıdaki örnekte kısaltma kurallarından ziyade “yell at” fiilinin aktif pasif kullanımdaki belirleyici unsuru olan \"at\" edatının farkedilip farkedilmediği ölçülmek istenmiştir. Yell ve go out eylemlerinin eş zamanlı olduğu açıkça görüldüğü için bu cümlede farklı zamanı anlatan participle yapıları (having yelled ya da having been yelled at) söz konusu olamaz. Grammar For All 419

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Şimdi zarf cümlelerindeki kısaltma işlemini zaman, sebep-sonuç, zıtlık, koşul ve durum belirten yapılarda ayrı ayrı inceleyelim: Sebep-Sonuç Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Cause-Result) Sebep sonuç cümlelerinde bazı durumlarda bağlaç çıkartılabilir. ACTIVE – Since/As we had nothing left to say, we had to sign the agreement. =Having nothing left to say, we had to sign the agreement. – Because he used to be an Army veteran, he is being honoured in this ceremony. = Having been an Army veteran, he is being honoured in this ceremony. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) – I wanted to discuss my payment with him, so I asked for a meeting. (SONUÇ CÜMLESİ) = Wanting to discuss my payment with him, I asked for a meeting. – Because he has been filming the best movies, he will be given an award. = Having been filming the best movies, he will be given an award. (PRS.PERFECT VURGUSU) – Since he was attacked by a fan, the assistant referee asked the referee to cancel the match. = Since attacked by a fan, the assistant referee asked the referee to cancel the PASSIVE match. (BAĞLAÇLI) = Attacked by a fan, the assistant referee asked the referee to cancel the match. (BAĞLAÇSIZ) – Because he had been told the score, Alberto sat down and cried. = Having been told the score, Alberto sat down and cried. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) 420 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Zaman Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Time) After, before, while, when, since gibi zaman zarfları genellikle muhafaza edilir, özne atılır, fiil gerund yapılır. When, while, as gibi zarflar zaten eş zamanlı eylemleri anlatıkları için having V3, ya da having been V3 şeklinde kısaltmalar yapılamaz. Ancak ‘when’ zarfı, after anlamında kullanıldığı durumlarda bu kısaltmalar yapılabilir. Ayrıca when zarfı, hemen arkasından sonra gerçekleşen eylemi anlattığında ‘upon’ ya da ‘on’ şeklinde kısaltılabilir. Zaman cümlelerindeki kısaltmalarda anlam kaybı olmayacaksa özne ile birlikte bağlaç da atılabilir. – While/As we were walking in the forest, we saw a skunk. = While/As walking in the forest, we saw a skunk. = Walking in the forest, we saw a skunk. – Deborah wanted to consult her advisor before she made a decision. = Deborah wanted to consult her advisor before making a decision. (BEFORE ATILAMAZ) – Since I registered to vote, I haven’t seen my name on the lists. = Since registering to vote, I haven’t seen my name on the lists. (SINCE ATILAMAZ) ACTIVE – After she wrote her report, she sent it to the university. = After writing her report, she sent it to the university. = Upon writing her report, she sent it to the university. = Having written her report, she sent it to the university. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) – When Edison heard words coming from the phonograph, he realized his invention had finally been successful. = When hearing words coming from the phonograph, Edison realized his invention had finally been successful. = Upon/On hearing words coming from the phonograph, Edison realized his invention had finally been successful. = Hearing words coming from the phonograph, Edison realized his invention had finally been successful. – While it was being repaired, the car started to move and ran over him. = While being repaired, the car started to move and ran over him. PASSIVE – When/Once a decision is given, it cannot be discussed. = When/Once given, a decision cannot be discussed. = Having been given, a decision cannot be discussed. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) Grammar For All 421

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Zıtlık Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Contrast) Although, though, even though cümleleri yukarıdaki yöntemlerin yanısıra in spite of veya despite şeklinde de kısaltılabilirler. Zıtlık kısaltmalarında genellikle bağlaç atılmaz. – Although he finished his thesis proposal, he didn’t submit it. = Although finishing his thesis proposal, he didn’t submit it. = In spite of/Despite finishing his thesis proposal, he didn’t submit it. ACTIVE – Although he had taken note in his i-phone, he forgot to go to the bank. = Although having taken note in his i-phone, he forgot to go to the bank. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) (Having taken note ... şeklinde kısaltılırsa zıtlık anlamı vermez.) – Though his finger was cut deeply, it didn’t bleed very much. PASSIVE = Though cut deeply, his finger didn’t bleed very much. = In spite of/ Despite being cut deeplly, his finger didn’t bleed very much. Koşul Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Conditional) Koşul vurgusu ön plana çıkarılmak istendiğinde bağlaçla birlikte kısaltma formu kullanılır. Yoksa bağlaç atılabilir. Ayrıca yan cümle yüklemi ‘to be’ ise özne uyumu aranmayabilir. ACTIVE – If it is not rude, I want to visit your parents. = If not rude, I want to visit your parents. – She raised her hand as though she wanted to state an objection. = She raised her hand as though wanting to state an objection. – If it is exposed to air and moisture, the iron will rust. = If exposed to air and moisture, the iron will rust. – If they are looked after carefully, these flowers can live all year long. = If looked after carefully, these flowers can live all year long. PASSIVE – He moved his lips as if he wanted to say something. – He moved his lips as if wanting to say something. – He began shouting as though he were annoyed at what he had seen. (real, past) – He began shouting as though annoyed at what he had seen. 422 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Durum Cümlelerinde Kısaltma (Manner) ACTIVE – By / In working day and night, he managed to finish the project in time. PASSIVE – Without wanting to seem impolite, I need to say that you don’t deserve this life. – As it was described in the catalogue, the radar was fixed before the operation started. = As described in the catalogue, the radar was fixed before the operation started. AÇIKLAMA Yukarıda tam cümle ile başlayıp kısaltmalarının neler olabileceği verilmiştir. Şimdi de participle şeklinde karşımıza çıkan kısaltmaların nasıl yorumlanması gerektiğini tümdengelim şeklinde görelim. - Opening the bag, the boy found a silver ring. = The boy opened the bag, and he found a silver ring. = When he opened the bag, the boy found a silver ring. = The boy, who opened the bag, found a silver ring. - Having visited the Van Gogh museum before, the Browns don’t want to pay a second visit. = Because they’ve visited the Van Gogh museum before, the Browns don’t want to pay a second visit. (After they’ve visited the Van Gogh museum before,...) - Having inflated my bike tire, I noticed a small leak around the valve. = After/When I inflated my bike tire, I noticed a small leak around the valve. (Because I inflated my bike tire...) Olumsuz Kısaltmalar (Negative Participles) Olumsuz kısaltma ‘not’ın zarftan önce veya sonra kullanılmasıyla yapılabilir. Olumsuzluk vurgusu neredeyse ‘not’ onun önüne gelir. – Not wanting to meet her, I changed my way to the opposite direction. (BULUŞMAK İSTEMEDİ) – Wanting not to meet her, I changed my way to the opposite direction. (BULUŞMAMAK İSTEDİ) – Not having had a piece of bread for a week, he could survive under the wreckage. (ZAMAN VURGUSU) Grammar For All 423

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Farklı Özneler: Özneleri farklı olan cümleleri kısaltmak gerektiği durumlarda her iki özne de muhafaza edilir. Aşağıdaki örnekleri parantez içinde verilen muhtemel anlamları ile birlikte inceleyelim – Ali writing the most impressive application resume, we selected him to the job. (After/ Because) – Upon writing the most impressive application resume, we selected Ali to the job. (Upon/On) – My eyes swollen/being swollen for no reason, I went to doctor. (Because) – The paintings in the museum are real antique, some being hundreds years old. (Because/Adj.Clause) – The car having been repaired, the service turned in the car to the customer. (After/ Because/And) – The men having done a good job, their employer will give them some time off. (Because) – The referee being ill, the match had to be postponed. (Because) – Weather permitting, they will go swimming. (If) – It being too late, l had to take a taxi. (Because) – All her health detoriarated, she wished to recover as soon as possible. (Because) – The children having been warned not to open the door, their father left home to drive to work. (After) METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI GLOBAL WARMING Over the past two decades, an extreme view of global warming has developed. While it contains some facts, this view also contains exaggerations and misstatements, and has sometimes resulted in unreasonable environmental policies. According to this view, global warming will cause the polar ice to melt, raising global sea levels, flooding entire regions, destroying crops, and displacing millions of people. However, there is still a great deal of uncertainty regarding a potential rise in sea levels. There is some evidence that melting has occurred; however, there is also evidence that the Antarctic ice sheets are growing. In fact, it is possible that a warmer sea-surface temperature will cause more water to evaporate, and when wind carries the moisture-laden air over the land, it will precipitate out as snow, causing the ice sheets to grow. Certainly, we need to have better knowledge about the hydrological cycle before predicting dire consequences as a result of recent increases in global temperatures. This view also exaggerates the impact that human activity has on the planet. While human activity may be a factor in global warming, natural events appear to be far more important. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines, for example, caused a decrease in the average global temperature, while El Niño, a periodic perturbation in the ocean’s temperature and circulation, causes extreme global climatic events, including droughts and major flooding. Of even greater importance to the earth’s climate are variations in the sun’s radiation and in the earth’s orbit. Climate variability has always existed and will continue to do so, regardless of human intervention.* *Alıntı: https://benchprep.com/lsat/prep/lsat-reading-comprehension-sample-passage 424 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Topic : _______________________________________________ Main idea : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly : _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY circulation sirkülasyon hydrological su enerjisiyle climatic iklimsel impact darbe, tesir consequence sonuç intervention müdahale crop ürün melt erimek cycle devir misstatement yanlış ifade dire korkunç moisture-laden nem yüklü displace çıkarmak periodic periyodik drought kuraklık perturbation hareket, değişim entire tüm polar kutup eruption patlama potential potansiyel evaporate buharlaştırmak precipitate yağmak exaggerate abartmak temperature sıcaklık extreme aşırı variability değişkenlik flood sel variation varyasyon Grammar For All 425

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS PRACTICE TEST (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) TEST 1 1. ____ Laura graduates, she’ll apply 5. Sally seemed to be in a good mood, for job vacancies to work as an ____ she snapped at me angrily English teacher. when I asked her to join us. A) Since A) yet B) As soon as B) so C) Now that C) for D) Until D) and E) Therefore E) or 2. My back is aching! This is ____ 6. ___ manager arrives, Peter will have heavy lugguage that I don’t think I arranged the meeting room for the can carry it by myself. presentation. A) such A) By the time B) so B) Until C) very C) Now that D) too D) Since E) enough E) Unless 3. ____ extremely bad weather 7. ___ prepared for the exam, I felt sure conditions, they’re no longer I would fail the exam. considering their holiday. A) Not to be A) Due to B) Not having B) Because C) Not be C) Since D) Not being D) Due to the fact that E) Not having been E) Although 8. Mike will be more motivated in math 4. Don is motivated to study English ___ he has had private lessons. ____ he knows that a good English can help him in his career life. A) so that B) before A) therefore C) now that B) because of D) and C) despite E) due to D) so E) because 426 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 9. ____ I dislike opera, sometimes, 13. ____ her failure in job interview when I feel bored, I can download several times, she tries to improve some and listen to them. her computer skills to catch more opportunities. A) As soon as B) Much as A) Despite C) The moment B) Whereas D) However C) Although E) Despite D) However E) Instead of 10. She is fed up with arguing with her 14. Dave had ___ passed the math boss every day; ___, she is looking exam ___ his father promised him for a new job. to buy a PlayStation if he could get a good mark. A) moreover B) therefore A) the moment / while C) however B) hardly / when D) although C) neither / nor E) nevertheless D) yet / still E) not only / but also 11. Technology has achieved great 15. ___ how unfair, he’ll do anything to advances interms ofcommunication win the election. over forty years. ____, people don’t engage in face-to- face interaction A) Even if anymore. B) Although C) No matter A) On the other hand D) Whereas B) As a result E) However C) however D) On the contrary 16. You had better keep in touch with E) Nonetheless your advisor ___ you may need some help. 12. This project retains ____ A) if only productivity ____ benefit for our B) so that company, so we’d better skip it C) thus from our plan in short since it costs D) in case a lot to us. E) even though A) not only / but also 17. ____ they left home earlier than B) no matter / how ever, they got stuck in traffic and C) so much / that missed the bus. D) whether / or E) neither / nor A) Despite B) No sooner C) In contrast D) However E) Although Grammar For All 427

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 18. ____ Indian musical you watch, 22. In Anatolia, the central plateau the plots are all the same, a happy has a continental climate, ____ ending after all that sorrow, as if the south and west coasts enjoy a written by the same person! typical Mediterranean climate. A) No matter A) despite B) However B) whereas C) Whichever C) as a result D) As soon as D) nevertheless E) The more E) therefore 19. ___ relieve some of the pain from 23. Only if you get to the information toothache, Alex decided to take a desk early, ___ a chance to get a painkiller. ticket for tonight’s concert. A) No matter A) you will have B) In case B) have C) In order to C) you have D) Even though D) will you have E) Owing to E) have you will 20. To plan your future, you have 24. After ____ to that extremely boring to choose to ____ study in the history lecture, I found myself university ____ graduation from nodding off. high school. A) was listening A) such / as B) listen B) neither / nor C) being listened C) scarcely / and D) having listened D) whether / or E) listening E) either / or 25. When ____ an encyclopedia, you 21. ____ you apply to study abroad, need to be able to understand you should improve your language the symbols and abbreviations it first. contains. A) However A) having used B) Consequently B) use C) Afterwards C) to use D) In spite of D) should you use E) Before E) using 428 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS PRACTICE TEST (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) TEST 2 1. Why don’t the students do their 5. ____ you trust yourself, you will homework? I am not sure ___ their know how to live. (Goethe) parents force them to do or reward them with some gifts. A) As soon as B) Although A) whereas C) Despite B) no matter D) As a result C) whether E) No matter D) as long as E) in spite of 6. Before ___ the phone, Jean ___ a pencil and notepad. 2. ____ technological advances, creativity and innovation are A) answers/ grabs reflected in all parts of society in B) to answer/ grabs every field. C) answers/ grabbed D) answering /grabbed A) Despite E) answering/ will grab B) However C) Thanks to 7. In spite of ___ long hours, Sally ___ D) As a result to spend more time with her family E) Much as on weekends. 3. Our English teacher is ___ easy- A) working/ prefers going ___ she allowed an extension B) being worked/ preferred for the assignments. C) having worked/ prefering D) to work/ prefers A) so / that E) working/ preferred B) such / that C) either / or 8. ___ working at home, Carla takes D) neither / nor her youngest child to school in the E) both / and morning. 4. ____ ‘smart phones’, students are A) Despite of becoming increasingly digitally B) After literate. C) When D) Only if A) In order that E) Instead of B) Owing to C) Wherever D) Whereas E) Whoever Grammar For All 429

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 9. Unlike most babies, Sam could walk 14. The residents received some ____ he was born. warning of the volcano in the area; ___, several people were injured. A) as soon as B) as long as A) nonetheless C) because B) despite D) thus C) even though E) however D) thus E) otherwise 10. _______ highly inspired by Impressionist, Van Gogh enabled 15. ____ great exposure to negative a new painterly language to go beyond surface appearance and anti-smoking advertisements, penetrate deeper essential truths. most youths tend to have a greater A) Because B) As a result degree of resistance to quit it. C) Although D) No matter A) Whenever E) Despite B) As a consequence of C) While 11. While ___ to help Tim with his math, D) Even though I got upset because he wouldn’t pay E) In spite of attention to what I was explaining. 16. There are various species of A) I am trying animals in Amazon rainforests; B) having tried ____, some of them are about to go C) I try extinct. D) trying E) trying am l A) no matter B) besides 12. After _____, Jean became more C) consequently interested in her job. D) however E) much as A) promote B) promoting 17. The security followed him out the C) having been promoted door and watched ____ he hopped D) had promoted into the truck and started the engine. E) having promoted A) by the time 13. When ____ a map, you need to be B) for able to understand the symbols and C) as the scales it contains. D) during E) since A) having used B) use C) to use D) should you use E) using 430 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 18. ____ it was rainy, we didn’t cancel 22. ____ the scarcity of wildlife on land, the expedition. Chile’s Pacific waters are filled with over 200 kinds of fish. A) However B) No matter A) In order to C) In spite of B) In contrast to D) Even though C) Nevertheless E) For fear that D) In spite of E) On the other hand 19. We couldn’t start the meeting about the new project ___ the head of the 23. ____ time the children spend on project came. modern hobbies, ____ isolated they become and it could have knock- A) while on effects on children’s social B) by the time behaviour. C) as long as D) until A) Hardly / when E) when B) Not only / but also C) However / so 20. ____ his major disabilities, Vincent D) No matter / how Van Gogh is regarded as one of the E) The more / the more greatest painters of the world. 24. ____ the loan, Mr. Andrew left the A) Thus bank and rushed to buy the house B) Provided he wanted. C) Besides D) Though A) Given E) Despite B) Giving C) Having given 21. ____ the Peninsula Hotel has D) To give marvellous utilities and services E) To be given for an affordable price, you need to book a room in advance especially 25. ____ the loan, the bank manager in high seasons. called Mr. Andrew the other day to notify him about the unexpected A) Despite changes in interest rates and B) Whenever wanted to cancel it. C) Because D) However A) Given E) On account of B) Having been given C) Having given D) To give E) To be given Grammar For All 431

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS PRACTICE TEST (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) TEST 3 1. Ever since ___ Dave a lie about what 5. ____ its trading partners in Central happened, she’s been avoiding him. Europe, Russia saw its economy shrink for five years in the mid A) telling 1990s. B) told C) tells A) Despite D) having told B) Due to E) being told C) Thanks to D) As if 2. ___ in pop music, Suzie became an E) In contrast to avid fan of Justin Bieber. 6. ____ being a widely known singer, A) Having been interested Justin Bieber is also a songwriter, B) To have interested and record producer and has C) Having interested released many debut albums. D) To interest E) Been interested A) Not only B) However 3. ____ well enough, he failed the C) In order to English exam yesterday despite D) Besides taking many hours of private lesson. E) Moreover A) Not having studied 7. The excursion tour was ___ B) Not studied entertaining ____ informative, so I C) Don’t study highly recommend it to you. D) Not being studied E) Not to study A) neither / nor B) either / or 4. Our car ___ down, we have been C) so / that traveling to work by bus since last D) both / and week. E) whether / or A) breaking 8. Linda is determined to finish the B) having been broken project tonight ___ difficult it may C) being broken be because she‘ll make a speech D) to be broken about it in the meeting tomorrow E) broke morning. A) in spite of B) however C) even if D) the more E) no matter 432 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 9. ___ things in the future stay the 13. She has lost a lot of weight ___ she same as they are today ___ change started doing this healthy diet. from what they are today, both are understood in terms of the current A) once reality. B) so C) despite A) No sooner / than D) since B) Unless / and E) before C) Whether / or D) Hardly / when 14. They tried not to drink any water in E) The more / the less the river flooding area ____ it might be contaminated. 10. ____ does the number of migrations vary with the month, ___ with the A) meanwhile type of species. B) for fear that C) besides D) even though E) regardless A) In addition / due 15. We must strive to direct the B) Not only / but also passions to a noble aim, and it is ___ C) Whether / or necessary that everyone should be D) Either / or able to satisfy his passions within E) Scarcely / when the limits of virtue. 11. Sally is leaving for Canada to get A) besides her master’s degree this week, ___ B) on the contrary we are holding a farewell party for C) otherwise her. D) whereas E) therefore A) or else B) since 16. The earthquake affected area C) once was evacuated ____ prevent any D) so more injuries and deaths from the E) yet aftershocks. 12. ___ the experiment was demanding, A) in order that and at times we felt over exhausted, B) in case seeing its output was so nice. C) so as to D) even if A) Owing to E) as far as B) Even though C) No matter 17. The chef sprinkled some special D) As though spice on the stuffed chicken ___ it E) If would taste great. A) while B) so that C) in case D) as though E) much as Grammar For All 433

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 18. In Nepal, the earthquake occurred 22. I was somehow familiar with the at a depth of approximately 15 km Greek words, and ___ I had little which is considered shallow and difficulty in understanding the ___ more damaging than quakes Troy story when I watched it in the that originate deeper in the ground. original. A) therefore A) on the contrary B) besides B) nevertheless C) however C) consequently D) despite D) otherwise E) once E) furthermore 19. ___ Don likes the Archeology 23. The students couldn’t easily afford department, he has never got used to rent a luxurious apartment, ____ to its frequent excursions every they preferred to stay at a studio weekend. apartment. A) As if A) as B) Besides B) so C) Although C) for D) Moreover D) but E) Whereas E) or 20. ____ its considerable architectural 24. Children normally achieve perfect achievements that has widely second language mastery, ___ adult influenced the architecture of the learners are unlikely to achieve world, Italy has developed a unique such mastery. culture. A) in order to A) In addition to B) during B) Though C) owing to C) Although D) until D) In contrast to E) while E) However 25. The new cruise liner returned 21. The hotel was very affordable. immediately to port ____ a broken ____, you can enjoy the iconic view propeller. of city centre. A) on account of A) Therefore B) even though B) Even though C) in addition to C) Otherwise D) in spite of D) Moreover E) besides E) Nevertheless 434 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS PRACTICE TEST (ADVERBIAL CLAUSES) TEST 4 1. I’m so pleased that I called to check 5. He resigned from his position ___ the time of the business meeting; he could have some more time to ___, I would have missed it. do his own research studies. A) consequently A) otherwise B) in case B) however C) although C) thanks to D) however D) moreover E) otherwise E) so that 2. Reading is an excellent way to 6. In my opinion, we presented the best increase your vocabulary. ____, performance in the competition, it can also help you improve your ____ we couldn’t win the first place. grammar. A) Nevertheless A) if B) Regardless B) yet C) Whereas C) as D) Furthermore D) for E) On the other hand E) so 3. They are planning to hold a party 7. ____ he lost his job as International tomorrow night _____ they can Relations Minister, he continued to entertain after the hard work for the serve in the government. next year’s projects. A) in case A) In order that B) in order that B) On account of C) no sooner C) In addition to D) even if D) Despite E) no matter E) Even though 4. To generate electricity, nuclear 8. Since ___ this fitness centre, we energy is used to ____ reduce the have added several facilities, price volatility of other fuels such including lift weighting. as petrol ___ lower greenhouse gas emissions. A) opening B) being opened A) either / or C) having opened B) such / as D) to be opened C) neither / nor E) opened D) hardly / when E) whether / or Grammar For All 435

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 9. ____ the house between them, my 14. ___ had he repaired the cars ___ he brothers will share the cost of all received his mechanic certificate. the painting and decorations made in it. A) The moment / after B) Neither / nor A) Buying C) Hardly / before B) To buy D) If only / still C) Having bought E) Not only / but also D) Being bought E) To be bought 15. Jason has been taking medication ____ he went bike riding with friends 10. ____ they were having breakfast at in that rainy day. the restaurant in the seaside, they were happy to sit and chat in the A) before relaxing surroundings. B) by the time C) until A) Whenever D) since B) Until E) as long as C) During D) While 16. He has over a million pounds in his E) Much as bank account. ___ he ___ gets up at six every morning to go to work. He 11. Suzie didn’t notice the damage to also works at the weekend. her digital camera ___ the next day. A) Yet /still A) when B) Until / as soon as B) by the time C) Before / as C) as long as D) So / as D) unless E) For / when E) until 17. She’s terribly ill and has been for 12. The action movie was ___ some days. ____, she remains in informative ___ suitable for young good mood. children. In fact, it was so bloody. A) So that A) neither / nor B) However B) either / or C) Therefore C) both / and D) Even so D) not only / but also E) No matter E) so / that 13. ____ Jason needed money to buy a new house, he decided not to take a loan from the bank. A) As soon as B) Much as C) Due to D) So as to E) Despite 436 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS 18. Morris stopped working as a doctor 22. I couldn’t enjoy my summer holiday in 1973. ___, he remained active in in London ____ the rainy weather medical research until his death. there. A) Despite A) whereas B) Thus B) on account of C) Otherwise C) because D) Nevertheless D) as long as E) Even after E) even though 19. ____ she couldn’t get into it, she 23. I’m sure you’ll be very happy here would simply have to leave behind. ____ you get to know everyone. A) As though A) while B) Whatever B) although C) No sooner C) even if D) No matter D) once E) By the time E) so that 20. ___ you go to Paris, you shouldn’t 24. It seems he’s still suspected of the miss the Louvre museum. There’s a crime. His main defence, ____, is great collection of paintings there. that he spent the morning with his friends. A) Whereas B) Whenever A) so C) However B) still D) No matter C) though E) While D) yet E) already 21. ___ having had good language teaching system, our little children 25. The chicken was baking in the can speak English with ease and oven. ____, I diced the tomato and fluency. onions. A) As a result of A) Meanwhile B) Although B) However C) Whereas C) As a result D) However D) Even so E) Even so E) Consequently Grammar For All 437

EKLER EK-A BAĞLAÇ LİSTESİ EK-B DEVRİK (INVERSIONS) EK-C DÜZENSİZ FİİLLER (IRREGULAR VERBS)