YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

["\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2713 If I am not too tired in the evening, I will call you. \u2713 If you should need any help, never hesitate to call me. \u2713 If you are tardy in filling the application, they won\u2019t invite you for the interview. \u2713 If you complete the work by lunchtime, you can take the afternoon off. \u2713 I will quit all my bad habits if it makes you happier. \u2713 If the seminar has to be in June, I can probably manage to make it; but I\u2019d much prefer July. \u2713 If you are looking for a roommate to share your rent, I can advise you Tom. \u00d6rnek: Scientists fear that if we ____ to use our natural resources so unwisely, we ____ them up completely by the end of this century. A) have continued \/ have used B) will continue \/ are using C) continued \/ had used D) had continued \/ would have used E) continue \/ will have used \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u0130\u00e7erisinde if ge\u00e7en bir c\u00fcmlede yapmam\u0131z gereken y\u00f6nergeleri s\u0131ras\u0131yla uygulayal\u0131m: 1. If \u2019in bir ko\u015ful mu yoksa ko\u015ful d\u0131\u015f\u0131 bir ifade mi anlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi: Cevap, Ko\u015ful (if svo, SVO) 2. Yan c\u00fcmlecikteki yasaklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131: B elenir (IF will, ...). 3. Ana c\u00fcmlecikteki yasaklar\u0131n bulunmas\u0131: A ve C elenir (IF... have V3 \/ had V3). 4. C\u00fcmledeki zaman ipu\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 kullanarak, kalanlan se\u00e7enekler aras\u0131ndan do\u011fru zaman uyumunun tespit edilmesi: hem D, hem de E se\u00e7eneklerinde zaman uyumu vard\u0131r. Ancak c\u00fcmlenin devam\u0131ndaki \\\"by the end of this century\\\" ifadesi bunun past de\u011fil future anlatan bir ko\u015ful, yani TYPE 1 oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. DO\u011eRU YANIT: E Grammar For All 339","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek: All measures against terrorism ____ if counter-terrorism ____ new strategies which are more effective. A) will fail \/ can not develop B) will be failing \/ didn\u2019t develop C) must fail \/ hadn\u2019t developed D) would be failing \/ haven\u2019t developed E) had failed \/ couldn\u2019t develop \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Bu soruda ise yan ve ana c\u00fcmlecikte kullan\u0131lmayacak ifadeler yer almad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in soru zorla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnse de, bir \u00f6nceki soru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde verilen y\u00f6nergelerden 4\u00fcnc\u00fcs\u00fcne g\u00f6re, zaman uyumunun do\u011fru olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 tek se\u00e7enek A se\u00e7ene\u011fidir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: A \u00d6rnek: If you ____ me, Matisse and Picasso ____ both equally revolutionary artists. A) would ask \/ are B) ask \/ were C) asked \/ were D) had asked would have been E) could ask \/ will be \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u00d6nceden \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f bir e\u015fanlam sorusundan uyarlanm\u0131\u015f bu soruya klasik yakla\u015f\u0131mda bulunacak olursak, yani do\u011frudan se\u00e7eneklere gidip if kurallar\u0131na g\u00f6re yan yana gelmeyecek ifadeleri eleyerek ba\u015flayacak olursak en \u00f6nemli hatay\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f oluruz. Matisse ve Picasso\u2019nun b\u00fcy\u00fck sanat\u00e7\u0131 olmalar\u0131 bana soru sorulmas\u0131 \u015fart\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olmayaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in bu bir ko\u015ful c\u00fcmlesi olamaz, bu nedenle ko\u015ful anlatan if clause\u2019lardaki zaman uyumu da aranmaz. Giri\u015fteki yap\u0131 sentence connectors \u00fcnitesinde anlat\u0131lacak olan \u201cBana sorarsan anlam\u0131nda bir ge\u00e7i\u015f ifadesidir (transition). \u0130lk k\u0131s\u0131m present ikinci k\u0131s\u0131m ise past gerektirir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: B 340 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS TYPE 2 \u0130\u015eLEV\u0130 IF ANA \u00d6RNEK C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K V2, were would - If I won the lottery, I could buy whatever I could wanted. was \/ were might - If I were you, I would study more. - If I were to leave earlier, we might go to \u015eimdiki varsay\u0131m V-ing the concert. could - If you were too old, you wouldn\u2019t be able (unreal present) should to do sport. had to \u0130\u00e7inde bulunulan zamanda veya gelecekte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fme olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olmayan varsay\u0131mlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Unreal b\u00fct\u00fcn ifadelerde eylemlerin ger\u00e7ek tense\u2019i yerine bir derece past hali kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Yan c\u00fcmlecik simple past ya da past continuous ile, ana c\u00fcmlecik ise past modal\u2019larla (would, could ve might) kurulabilir. Yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin \u00f6znesi tekil olsa bile was gereken hallerde were kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Gerek ana, gerekse yan c\u00fcmlecikte kullan\u0131lan bu past ifadeler gramer olarak past, anlam olarak present ya da future\u2019dur. Type 2\u2019de ko\u015ful kald\u0131r\u0131l\u0131nca olumlu c\u00fcmlelerden olumsuz, olumsuz c\u00fcmlelerden olumlu anlam \u00e7\u0131kar. \u2013 If I were rich, I would buy a plane. (If I was rich, \u2026) \t Zengin olsam bir u\u00e7ak sat\u0131n al\u0131rd\u0131m. (=Zengin de\u011filim, u\u00e7ak alamam.) \u2013 She wouldn\u2019t keep working if she were pregnant. (negative) \t Hamile olsa \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmez. (=Hamile de\u011fil, \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.) \u2013 If you worked hard, you could finish writing your essay today. (simple past; If +V2, \u2026) \t S\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsan bug\u00fcn makaleyi bitirebilirdin. (=Yeterli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yok, bug\u00fcn yaz\u0131 \t\t \tbitemeyecek.) \u2013 If my grandfather were alive, it would be his 90th birthday tomorrow. (future) \t B\u00fcy\u00fck babam ya\u015fasayd\u0131, yar\u0131n 90\u0131nc\u0131 ya\u015f g\u00fcn\u00fc olacakt\u0131. \u2013 If you were looking for a three-bedroom-apartment, how much would you afford? (past continuous) \t \u00dc\u00e7 odal\u0131 bir daire ar\u0131yor olsan, ne kadar \u00f6demeye g\u00fcc\u00fcn yeter? Yan c\u00fcmlecikte olas\u0131l\u0131k vurguland\u0131\u011f\u0131nda could, should, were to ya da happen to ifadeleri kullan\u0131labilir. Bu durumda sonu\u00e7 tamamen negatif olmaz ama \u00e7ok zay\u0131f bir olas\u0131l\u0131k ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. \u2013 If you should\/happen to make a decision, just let me know. \t Bir karar verebilirsen bana bildir. \u2013 If I could find a good hotel on the internet, I might make a reservation today. \t \u0130nternette iyi bir otel bulabilsem bug\u00fcn yer ay\u0131rabilirim. (Ama san\u0131r\u0131m bulamayaca\u011f\u0131m, \t \t zay\u0131f olas\u0131l\u0131k) Grammar For All 341","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u2018Were\u2019 Yerine \u2018Was\u2019 Olabilir mi? Was yerine were kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 durumun ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131, hayal \u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fc bir varsay\u0131m (unreal - hypothetical situation) oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Varsay\u0131m de\u011fil de ger\u00e7ek durum s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011funda was kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ger\u00e7ek durumda if yerine whenever kullan\u0131labilir. \u2013 If I was sick, my mum would give me pills that tasted bitter. \t = Whenever I was sick, my mum would give me pills that tasted bitter. \t Hasta oldu\u011fumda annem bana tad\u0131 ac\u0131 olan haplar verirdi\/veriyordu. \u2013 If I were not in debt, I would quit my job. \t If I was not in debt, I would quit my job. \t Bor\u00e7 i\u00e7inde olmasam, i\u015fi b\u0131rak\u0131rd\u0131m. (Varsay\u0131m oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in were yerine was kullan\u0131lamaz.) \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 Teachers would have more time to spend with their kids if they didn\u2019t work so much! \u2713 She would be still correcting my grammar if she were alive. \u2713 If I lived near a metro station, I wouldn\u2019t take the bus or drive my car. \u2713 If I were prime minister, I would cancel taxation. \u2713 If I had an extra food, I would definitely share with you. \u2713 You would be healthier if you didn\u2019t spend so much time watching TV and lived more active life. \u2713 If I lived in America, I would speak English more fluently. \u2713 If I lived in a big city, like Istanbul, I would go out every night! \u2713 He wouldn\u2019t know what to do with himself if he retired early. 342 \u00d6rnek: If we ____ baby sitters, we ____ out more often, but we prefer to leave our children in the care of our parents, whom we don\u2019t want to bother too often. A) have trusted \/ had gone B) trust \/ would have gone C) can trust \/ might have gone D) had trusted \/ will go E) trusted could go \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: S\u0131k\u00e7a d\u0131\u015far\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kmam\u0131z\u0131n bak\u0131c\u0131ya g\u00fcvenmemize ba\u011fl\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan ko\u015ful ili\u015fkisi arand\u0131\u011f\u0131 anla\u015f\u0131lan bu soruda if soru \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm y\u00f6nergelerine g\u00f6re g\u00f6re gitmemiz gerekiyor. Ana c\u00fcmlecikte kullan\u0131lamayacak yap\u0131lardan past perfect yap\u0131 sadece A\u2019da oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in elenir. B, C ve D se\u00e7eneklerinin zaman uyumu kurallar\u0131na uymad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131, present unreal g\u00f6steren E SE\u00c7ENE\u011e\u0130 DO\u011eRUDUR. ( Soru ELS ar\u015fivinden al\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r) DO\u011eRU YANIT: E Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek: If Atat\u00fcrk, who pronounced \u201cPeace at home, Peace in the World\u201d ____ alive today, I\u2019m sure T\u00fcrkiye ____ of better relations with not only the neighbouring countries but also the whole world. A) were \/ would be B) was \/ could have been C) is \/ will be D) has been \/ might be E) could be was \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Bu soruda araya non-defining relative clause konularak, y\u00fcklem karma\u015fas\u0131 yarat\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak ilk bo\u015flukta yan, ikinci bo\u015flukta ise ana y\u00fcklem gereken (T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin daha iyi konumda olmas\u0131n\u0131, Atat\u00fcrk\u2019\u00fcn bug\u00fcn ya\u015f\u0131yor olmas\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131na dayand\u0131r\u0131lan) bu ko\u015ful c\u00fcmlesinde, ana c\u00fcmlecik simple past olamayaca\u011f\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 E elenir. \u0130lk bo\u015fluktaki varsay\u0131m B (was) C (is) ve D (has been) ile yap\u0131lamaz. DO\u011eRU YANIT: A \u00d6rnek: If there _____ a nuclear war, many living things _____ from the earth. A) ought to be\/would be disappearing B) might be\/could disappear C) should be\/would disappear D) would be\/could disappear E) could be\/disappeared \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: N\u00fckleer sava\u015f ihtimali ile olas\u0131 sonucunu anlatan (present) bu c\u00fcmlenin birinci bo\u015flu\u011funda olas\u0131l\u0131k yerine kullanabilece\u011fimiz could ve should ifadeleri vard\u0131r, ought to \u2019nun olas\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 yoktur. Might ve would ko\u015ful gereken yerde kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in ilk elenmesi gereken se\u00e7eneklerdir. Ana y\u00fcklem yerine de simple past gelmeyece\u011fi i\u00e7in E se\u00e7ene\u011fi elenecektir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C Grammar For All 343","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS TYPE 3 \u0130\u015eLEV\u0130 IF C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K ANA \u00d6RNEK C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K Ge\u00e7mi\u015f had v3 would have V3 - If I had seen you, I would have said hello. had been V-ing could have V3 - If I had known, I wouldn\u2019t have done that. varsay\u0131m might have V3 - If I had known she would be there, I might (unreal have joined you. past) Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki olaylar\u0131 anlatan tek ko\u015ful t\u00fcr\u00fc type 3\u2018d\u00fcr. Bitmi\u015f eylemlerde ger\u00e7ek durum olamayaca\u011f\u0131na g\u00f6re sadece unreal kullan\u0131m s\u00f6z konusudur. Unreal olan ifadelerde present ifadeler past, past ifadeler past perfect anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Bu nedenle yan c\u00fcmlecik past perfect ile anlat\u0131l\u0131rken, ana c\u00fcmlecik modal perfect (would have V3, could have V3 ve might have V3) \u015feklinde kurulur. Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bu unreal olaylar da type 2 de oldu\u011fu gibi olumlu ifadeler olumsuz, olumsuz ifadeler ise olumlu anlam ta\u015f\u0131r. Unreal durumlarda (type 2 ve type 3) if yerine when, whenever gibi ba\u011fla\u00e7lar kullan\u0131lamaz. \t \u2013 If you had driven more slowly, the accident wouldn\u2019t have happened. \t Daha yava\u015f s\u00fcrseydin kaza olmazd\u0131. (= H\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcn ve kaza oldu.) \t \u2013 I would have helped him if I had known he was in trouble. \t S\u0131k\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilseydim ona yard\u0131m ederdim. (=Bilmiyordum, yard\u0131m etmedim.) \t \u2013 We could have become lost if we hadn\u2019t taken the navigator with us. \t E\u011fer navigat\u00f6r\u00fc yan\u0131m\u0131za almasayd\u0131k kaybolabilirdik. C\u00fcmlede yer alan isim c\u00fcmleci\u011fi ya da s\u0131fat c\u00fcmleci\u011fi \u015feklinde ba\u015fka clause\u2019lar varsa onlar normal zaman kullan\u0131m\u0131 gerektirirler, bir derece past uygulamas\u0131 sadece ko\u015ful ifadesini sa\u011flayan ana ve yan y\u00fcklemlerde ge\u00e7erlidir. \t \u2013 If you had been listening to what the teacher was saying, you wouldn\u2019t have had to \t \t ask for her help. \t \u00d6\u011fretmenin ne dedi\u011fini dinleseydin \u015fimdi ondan yard\u0131m istemek zorunda kalmazd\u0131n. En fazla kullan\u0131lan yap\u0131lardan biri \u2018Sen olsan ne yapard\u0131n?\u2019 \u015feklinde birinden yap\u0131lan i\u015fi sorgulayarak teyit istemedir. Di\u011feri ise \u2018E\u011fer bilseydim \u2026\u2019 \u015feklinde ba\u015flayan ve \u00e7o\u011funlukla pi\u015fmanl\u0131k anlatan ifadelerdir. \t \u2013 What would you have done if you hadn\u2019t been accepted to this job? \t Bu i\u015fe kabul edilmeseydin ne yapard\u0131n? \t \u2013 What would you have done differently if she had heard what you thought about her? \t Senin onun hakk\u0131nda ne d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6\u011frenseydi, farkl\u0131 olarak sen ne yapard\u0131n? \t \u2013 If I had known this book was so boring, I wouldn\u2019t have wasted our time and energy \t \t on it. \t Kitab\u0131n bu kadar s\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilseydim zaman\u0131m\u0131 ve enerjimi bo\u015fa harcamazd\u0131m. 344 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek C\u00fcmleler: \u2713 If he hadn\u2019t been wearing seatbelt, she might have been killed in the car accident. \u2713 If there had been an empty table near the window, I would have liked to have a seat there. \u2713 If I had known how difficult it was to find a job, I wouldn\u2019t have given my resignation. \u2713 Our team would have definitely won if the referee hadn\u2019t given a wrong penalty. \u2713 I would have taken a photo if I had brought my camera with me. \u2713 I would have died if you hadn\u2019t called the ambulance, so thank you. \u2713 She would have gone to your birthday party if she hadn\u2019t been sick. \u2713 You wouldn\u2019t have needed fillings if you had brushed your teeth more frequently. \u00d6rnek: If she ____ the ice on the road, she would have slowed down and she ___ in an accident. A) saw \/ wouldn\u2019t gotten B) would have seen \/ couldn\u2019t have gotten C) had seen \/ wouldn\u2019t have gotten D) would see \/ might not get E) could have seen \/ wouldn\u2019t gotten \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Ko\u015fulun devam\u0131nda, and ile ba\u011flanm\u0131\u015f iki ana c\u00fcmlecik (sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmleci\u011fi) g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ayn\u0131 kural her ikisine de uygulanmal\u0131d\u0131r ki ba\u011flac\u0131n solundaki modal perfect paralelli\u011fini sa\u011f tarafta arayacak olursak sadece B ve C uygundur. B se\u00e7ene\u011finin ilk bo\u015flu\u011fu yan c\u00fcmlecikte kesinlikle yer alamayacak bir yap\u0131 (would have seen) bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in do\u011fru yan\u0131t C\u2019dir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C Not: C\u00fcmledeki ba\u011fla\u00e7 and, or, but vb. \u015feklinde iki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z c\u00fcmleyi birle\u015ftiren ba\u011fla\u00e7 de\u011fil de because, as, while, that, what, which vb. \u015feklinde bir clause ba\u011flac\u0131 olmu\u015f olsayd\u0131 kendi zaman gereksinimleri \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde de\u011ferlendirilmesi gerekecekti. Grammar For All 345","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek: I ____ a world class marathon runner if I had practiced more when I __ younger. A) would have been \/ had been B) could have been \/ was C) had been \/ could be D) might be \/ were E) should be \/ would have been \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Buradaki ba\u011fla\u00e7 bir \u00f6nceki sorunun a\u00e7\u0131klama notunda kastedilen bir zaman ba\u011flac\u0131d\u0131r ki kendi zaman kural\u0131n\u0131 i\u015fletmemiz gerekmektedir. Yani do\u011frudan was se\u00e7ilmelidir. \u201cwhen I was younger\u201d ifadesi t\u00fcm c\u00fcmleyi kapsad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, hem ilk bo\u015fluktaki ana y\u00fcklemin, hem de ikinci bo\u015fluktaki yan y\u00fcklemin zaman\u0131 oldu\u011fu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: B \u00d6rnek: I\u2019m sure he ____ to let us know where he was if he ____ able to do so. A) telephoned \/ would be B) will have telephoned \/ was C) would telephone \/ has been D) has telephoned \/ is E) would have telephoned \/ had been \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: If soru y\u00f6nergemize g\u00f6re A se\u00e7ene\u011fi hem ana c\u00fcmlecikte hem de yan c\u00fcmlecikte yasak ifadelerden dolay\u0131 elenir V2 \/ would). B se\u00e7ene\u011fi elenir; he were yerine he was denildi\u011finde ko\u015ful d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131kar, ayr\u0131ca was ile will have V3 zaman uyumunu kar\u015f\u0131lamamaktad\u0131r. C se\u00e7ene\u011finde yine zaman kural\u0131na uyulmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. D se\u00e7ene\u011finde ana c\u00fcmlecik yanl\u0131\u015f tense alm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, ayr\u0131ca where he was ifadesinden dolay\u0131 present de\u011fil past unreal ko\u015fullar sa\u011flanmal\u0131d\u0131r. DO\u011eRU YANIT: E 346 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS MIXED TYPE Ge\u00e7mi\u015f bir ko\u015fulun \u015fimdiki sonucu (IF Type3 + Type2), ya da \u015fimdi de ge\u00e7erli olan bir durumun ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki sonucu (IF Type2+ Type3) olarak iki \u015fekilde kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kar. Type 2\u2019de verilen ve past tense yap\u0131lar\u0131yla ifade edilen bir eylem geni\u015f zaman da olabilir gelecek zaman da. Bu c\u00fcmlelerde eylemlerin if yap\u0131lar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde g\u00f6r\u00fcnen ve bir derece geriye al\u0131nan zamanlar\u0131n\u0131 uygularken ger\u00e7ek zamanlar\u0131n\u0131n ne oldu\u011funu bilmek \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131maktad\u0131r. Bu nedenle tense marker\u2019lar da dahil olmak \u00fczere c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde verilen her t\u00fcrl\u00fc bulgu \u00f6zellikle Type 2\u2019nin ger\u00e7ek zaman\u0131n\u0131 belirleme bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u00f6nem ta\u015f\u0131r. \u015eimdi bu yap\u0131lar\u0131 s\u0131rayla inceleyelim: 1. Yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin PAST, ana c\u00fcmleci\u011fin PRESENT oldu\u011fu durumlar. IF Type3 + Type2 Ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki bir olay\u0131n bug\u00fcnk\u00fc sonucunu anlat\u0131r. IF MAIN \u00d6RNEK CLAUSE CLAUSE If she had learned Danish, she could apply for a job in Denmark Embassy. If he had been born in Germany, he wouldn\u2019t need a visa to work or to live there. PAST PRESENT If he\u2019d taken the medication as prescribed, he wouldn\u2019t still be lying sick in bed. If they had built a better subway system, the traffic would be better in Ankara now. If you had run the red light this morning, you would receive a ticket before you get home. \u2013 If you hadn\u2019t eaten chocolate before the meal, you would be eating lunch with us now. \t \u00d6\u011f\u00fcnden \u00f6nce \u00e7ikolata yemeseydin \u015fimdi bizimle yemek yiyordun. (PAST-PRESENT) \u2013 If Carla had invited David over for the party, he would be with us tonight. \t Carla David\u2019i davet etmi\u015f olsayd\u0131, bu gece bizimle birlikte olurdu. (PAST-FUTURE) \u2013 If he hadn\u2019t tried to pass the sports car and made the fatal accident, he\u2019d probably be alive today. \t Spor arabay\u0131 sollamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131p feci kazay\u0131 yapmasayd\u0131 bug\u00fcn ya\u015f\u0131yor olacakt\u0131. \t (PAST-PRESENT) Grammar For All 347","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 2. Yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin PRESENT, Ana c\u00fcmleci\u011fin PAST oldu\u011fu durumlar. IF Type2 + Type3 Bug\u00fcnk\u00fc bir durumun ya da devam eden bir olay\u0131n ge\u00e7mi\u015fteki sonucunu anlat\u0131r. IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE \u00d6RNEK PRESENT PAST - If I had a lot of money, I would have bought the house my wife loved. - If you were my real friend, you would have accepted my apologizes. - If I knew him, I would have said hello. - If I were a soldier, I would have saluted when the funeral passed this morning. - If I didn\u2019t have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night. A\u00c7IKLAMA\u2013 If he really loved her, he would have bought an expensive gift for her birthday. \t Ger\u00e7ekten sevse, ona do\u011fum g\u00fcn\u00fcnde pahal\u0131 bir hediye al\u0131rd\u0131. (Almad\u0131 \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc \t\t \t ger\u00e7ekten sevmiyor.) \u2013 If I were a referee, I would have put off the match due to the heavy snow. \t Ben hakem olsam, ma\u00e7\u0131 a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 kardan dolay\u0131 tatil ederdim. (Ma\u00e7\u0131n hakeminin tatil \t\t \t etmedi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131l\u0131yor.) \u2013 If I weren\u2019t going on TDY this evening, I would have met you at the airport, so now you can take a taxi. \t Bu ak\u015fam d\u0131\u015f g\u00f6reve \u00e7\u0131km\u0131yor olsam seni havaalan\u0131nda kar\u015f\u0131lard\u0131m, \u015fimdi taksi \t\t \t tutabilirsin. (Hemen, birazdan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131yorum; ge\u00e7 kal\u0131r\u0131m diye hava alan\u0131na gelmedim.) \u00d6zellikle mixed type yap\u0131larda gramer olarak do\u011fru kullan\u0131lan c\u00fcmleler anlamsal olarak mant\u0131ks\u0131z hatta imkans\u0131z olabilir. Bu durumlarda kendi mant\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131zda \u0131srar etmek yerine soruyu haz\u0131rlayan\u0131n mant\u0131\u011f\u0131yla isteneni do\u011fru g\u00f6rmeyi \u00f6\u011frenmeliyiz. \u00d6rne\u011fin; \\\"If I knew how to fly a plane, I would have taken control of the plane when the pilot fainted.\\\" C\u00fcmlesinde u\u00e7ak kullanmas\u0131n\u0131 bilsem ifadesi mixed type ba\u015flang\u0131c\u0131 olarak do\u011fru kurulmu\u015ftur. Devam\u0131ndaki pilot bay\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc al\u0131rd\u0131m sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmleci\u011fi mant\u0131k d\u0131\u015f\u0131d\u0131r. B\u00f6yle bir durumda u\u00e7a\u011f\u0131n kontrol\u00fcn\u00fc alamayan ki\u015finin de \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f olmas\u0131 sonucu \u00e7\u0131kar. Ancak bu \u015fekilde d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnmek yerine; - U\u00e7ak al\u00e7ak u\u00e7u\u015fta olabilir ve kaza ucuz atlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olabilir, - Belki yolculardan ba\u015fka biri pilottur ve indirmi\u015f olabilir, - Adam \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr ama \u00f6len bu ki\u015finin \u00e7ocu\u011fu r\u00fcyas\u0131nda babas\u0131n\u0131n konu\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 aktarm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r, vb. \u015feklindeki kurgular s\u0131navda en fazla yap\u0131lan hatalard\u0131r. Size g\u00f6re mant\u0131kl\u0131 olabilecek bu t\u00fcr savunmalar\u0131n ge\u00e7erli olmas\u0131 i\u00e7in tek ko\u015ful, bunlar\u0131n da c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde kesinlikle yer almas\u0131d\u0131r. 348 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek: If I had taken an aspirin, I ___ a headache now. A) won\u2019t have B) don\u2019t have C) didn\u2019t have D) wouldn\u2019t have E) wouldn\u2019t have had \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: \u0130lk g\u00f6r\u00fcn\u00fc\u015fte yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin past unreal olmas\u0131 ana c\u00fcmlecik i\u00e7in E se\u00e7ene\u011findeki modal perfect\u2019i \u00e7a\u011fr\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmaktad\u0131r. Ancak c\u00fcmlenin sonundaki now bu k\u0131sm\u0131n present bir sonu\u00e7 oldu\u011funu g\u00f6stermektedir. Hi\u00e7 bir \u015fekilde bir taraf\u0131 past olan c\u00fcmlenin di\u011fer taraf\u0131 present real olmaz ve A, B se\u00e7enekleri elenir. C\u2019deki simple past ifade ana c\u00fcmlede yer almaz. Mixed tense kurallar\u0131na uygun olarak; DO\u011eRU YANIT: D \u00d6rnek: If he hasn\u2019t tried to overtake the sports car and made the fatal accident, _____. A) he wouldn\u2019t pass away. B) he wouldn\u2019t have been in coma now. C) he wouldn\u2019t have died. D) he wouldn\u2019t have avoided the accident. E) he\u2019d probably have been alive today. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Ko\u015ful c\u00fcmlesi olmu\u015f bitmi\u015f bir olay\u0131 anlat\u0131yor: Spor arabay\u0131 sollamaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015f ve feci kaza olmu\u015f. Olmasayd\u0131 varsay\u0131m\u0131ndan hareketle bo\u015fluktaki k\u0131sma bug\u00fcn devam eden bir sonucu se\u00e7ecek olursak now ve today \u2019den dolay\u0131 B ve E veya would \u2019dan dolay\u0131 A se\u00e7eneklerine y\u00f6nelmemiz gerekir. Ancak A\u2019daki present modal (would) pass away \u00f6lmek anlam\u0131ndaki fiille \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fm\u00fcyor. \u201cKaza yapmasayd\u0131, (\u015fu an) \u00f6lmez\u201d de\u011fil , \u201c \u015feklinde ifade edilmesi gerekir. B ve E\u2019de de modal perfect yap\u0131lar\u0131 anlam olarak now ve today \u2019in \u00e7\u00fcr\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00f6ylemi\u015ftik. D\u2019deki modal perfect ifadede yer alan kazadan kurtulmak ise yine ters anlam vermektedir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C Grammar For All 349","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u00d6rnek: I ____ to work at the nature reserve if I weren't concerned about conservation of animal habitats. A) wouldn\u2019t have volunteered B) won\u2019t volunteer C) hadn\u2019t volunteered D) can\u2019t be volunteered E) don\u2019t volunteer \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Ko\u015ful c\u00fcmleci\u011finin y\u00fcklemi present\/past unreal ise ilk yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken ana c\u00fcmlecikteki present ifadeleri (B, D ve E) elemek, sonra ana c\u00fcmlecikte kullan\u0131lmayacak yap\u0131lar\u0131 bulmak (C) 't\u0131r. DO\u011eRU YANIT: A Zaman Kural\u0131n\u0131n D\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00c7\u0131k\u0131lan \u0130stisnalar: Ko\u015ful c\u00fcmleciklerinde normalde will kullan\u0131lmaz. Ancak a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki durumlarda if ile birlikte will ya da would kullan\u0131labilir. 1. E\u011fer ko\u015fuldan ziyade daha \u00e7ok gelecekteki sonu\u00e7lar (future result) hakk\u0131nda konu\u015fuluyorsa if\u2019le birlikte will kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (Bir i\u015fe yarayacaksa, ...) \t \u2013 I\u2019ll lend you the amount you want if that will help you get rid of all monetary problems. \t E\u011fer t\u00fcm parasal sorunlardan kurtulmana yard\u0131m edecekse sana istedi\u011fin kadar \t \t bor\u00e7 veririm. \t \u2013 If (you think) it will save our marriage, I\u2019ll try to give up drinking. \t \u2013 I\u2019ll contribute to your course fees, if that will persuade you to apply to a language \t \t course. \t \u2013 Request your doctor to put you on bed rest, if that will give you quicker recovery . \t \u2013 If you will come to see me today, I will tell you something. (= please come to see me.) \t Bug\u00fcn gelip beni g\u00f6r (l\u00fctfen bana u\u011fra), s\u00f6yleyeceklerim var. 2. E\u011fer ko\u015fuldan ziyade \u0131srar etme (insist on) anlam\u0131 veriyorsa if\u2019le birlikte will kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (Israr ederse, ...) \t \u2013 If you will consume excessive amount of alcohol, it can lead you to alcohol poisoning. \t = If you insist on consuming excessive amount of alcohol, it can lead you to alcohol \t \t poisoning. \t E\u011fer a\u015f\u0131r\u0131 alkol t\u00fcketiminde \u0131srar edersen bu seni alkol zehirlenmesine g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcr. \t \u2013 If you will work at a computer sitting for long hours, you\u2019ll more lilkely to get hemorrhoids. \t = If you insist on working at a computer sitting for long hours, you\u2019ll more lilkely to get \t \t \t hemorrhoids. Oturup bilgisayarda uzun saatler \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada \u0131srar edersen hemoroid olursun. 350 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \t \u2013 If she will eat so many chocolates, it\u2019s hardly surprising she has a spotty face. \t \u2013 If you will smoke so much, it\u2019s not surprising you have a hacking cough. 3. Reddetmek, kabul etmemek (refuse to) anlam\u0131nda if\u2019le birlikte won\u2019t \u015feklinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. (Kabul etmezse, ...) \t \u2013 If he won\u2019t sign the contract, there\u2019s nothing we can do, but look for another one. \t = If he refuses to sign the contract, there\u2019s nothing we can do, but look for another one. \t E\u011fer kontrat\u0131 imzalamazsa, ba\u015fka birini aramaktan ba\u015fka yapacak bir \u015fey yok. \t \u2013 If they won\u2019t agree to send financial support, where else can we find it? \t = If they refuse to agree to send financial support, where else can we find it? \t E\u011fer mali destek g\u00f6ndermeyi reddederlerse ba\u015fka nereden bulabiliriz? 4. Kibar rica (polite request) anlam\u0131nda if\u2019le birlikte will kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 If you\u2019ll just turn off the lights when you leave the room, I\u2019d appreciate it. \t = If you wouldn\u2019t mind turning off the lights when you leave the room, I\u2019d appreciate it. \t \u00c7\u0131karken \u0131\u015f\u0131klar\u0131 kapatabilirseniz m\u00fcte\u015fekkir olurum. (TYPE 2 formunda, Present-\t \t Unreal) \t \u2013 If you would take a seat, the doctor will see you in five minutes. \t = If you wouldn\u2019t mind taking a seat, the doctor will see you in five minutes. \t = If you\u2019d be so kind as to take a seat, the doctor will see you in five minutes. \t L\u00fctfen buyrun oturun, doktor be\u015f dakika sonra sizi muayene edecek. INVERSION Ko\u015ful ifadesi daha vurgulu g\u00f6stermek istenirse if yerine devrik ifadeler tercih edilir. Devrik yap\u0131larda yard\u0131mc\u0131 fiil \u00f6zneden \u00f6nce yer al\u0131r. Were c\u00fcmlenin ana fiili (y\u00fcklem) ise sadece \u00f6znenin \u00f6n\u00fcne gelir, ama were y\u00fcklem de\u011fil ise ana fiilden \u00f6nce ayr\u0131ca bir de to getirilir (were+S+ to V). TYPE \u00d6RNEK TYPE 1 - Should you have any questions, you can either call me or send a message. (SHOULD) - Should he decide to come, please let me know as soon as possible. - Should you decide to sell the house, I will be happy to buy it from you. - Should you want to see me, you will wait a bit. \t \u2013 Should you need any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us. \t = If you should need any further assistance, do not hesitate to contact us. \t Daha fazla yard\u0131ma ihtiya\u00e7 duyarsan\u0131z bizimle irtibata ge\u00e7mekte teredd\u00fct etmeyin. \t \u2013 Should you not wish to take the job, let them know. (Shouldn\u2019t you wish to take the \t \t job) \t = If you shouldn\u2019t wish to take the job, let them know. \t \u0130\u015fi almak istemezsen onlara bildir. Grammar For All 351","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS TYPE \u00d6RNEK TYPE 2 - Were I you, I would forgive him. (WERE) - Were I not short, I would be in school basketball team. (Weren\u2019t I short, \u2026) - Were I to be offered the job, I would have to think about it. - Were we to have kids, we would need a bigger house. \t \u2013 Were you in my position, would you give them what they wanted? \t = If you were in my position, would you give them what they wanted? \t Benim durumumda olsan istediklerini onlara verir misin? \t \u2013 Were he to win billions from the lottery, he wouldn\u2019t share it with anyone else. \t = If he were to win billions from the lottery, he wouldn\u2019t share it with anyone else. \t Piyangodan milyarlar\u0131 kazansa kimseyle payla\u015fmaz. TYPE \u00d6RNEK TYPE 3 - Had the toys been cheaper, I would have bought one for my baby. (HAD) - Had the ship capsized, there would have been no one to survive. - Had the evidence not been destroyed, the accused would have been found guilty. \t \u2013 Had the schools not been closed, I would have got up early and gone there. (Hadn\u2019t \t \t the schools \u2026 ) \t = If the schools hadn\u2019t been closed, I would have got up early and gone there. \t Okullar kapal\u0131 olmasayd\u0131, erken kalk\u0131p giderdim. \t \u2013 Had we not cancelled our flight, we might have been among those who lost their lives. \t = If we hadn\u2019t cancelled our flight, we might have been among those who lost their \t \t lives. \t U\u00e7u\u015fumuzu iptal etmemi\u015f olsayd\u0131k, biz de hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybedenlerin aras\u0131nda olabilirdik. TYPE \u00d6RNEK MIXED -Had he studied hard last year, he could be graduating with us now. (Type 3-2) -Were I to know her, I could have given her a ride home yesterday. (Type 2-3) 352 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS D\u0130\u011eER KO\u015eUL C\u00dcMLELER\u0130 \u27a2 Provided (That) Unless Even If Whether \u27a2 Suppose (That) \u27a2 Providing (That) or not \u27a2 Supposing (That) \u27a2 As long as \u27a2 On condition that \u27a2 So long as \u27a2 What if \u27a2 Only If \u27a2 Otherwise \u27a2and \u27a2 But \u27a2 In case \u27a2Or \u27a2 virg\u00fcl (,) \u27a2 But for \u27a2 Lest \u27a2 Or else \u27a2 Without \u27a2 For fear that \u27a2 If it werent for \u27a2 If it hadn\u2019t been for A\u00c7IKLAMAKo\u015ful ve sonu\u00e7 ili\u015fkisini g\u00f6steren ifadeler her zaman sadece if ile kurulmaz. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da belirtilen daha bir \u00e7ok farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde if anlam\u0131na gelen ko\u015ful ifadeleri sa\u011flanabilir. Bu yap\u0131larda da genel olarak if\u2019de istenen zaman uyumu kurallar\u0131 uygulan\u0131r. Bu kurallar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan veya kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc kural uygulamas\u0131 olan \u00f6zellikler her bir ko\u015ful ifadesinde anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son derece basite indirgenerek yaz\u0131lan a\u00e7\u0131klamalar\u0131 okuyup, \u00f6rnek c\u00fcmleler incelendi\u011finde rahatl\u0131kla bu konu tamamen kavranm\u0131\u015f olacakt\u0131r. Akademik s\u0131navlarda baz\u0131 soru t\u00fcrlerinde bir ifade farkl\u0131 \u015fekilde tekrar yaz\u0131larak (restate or paraphrase) ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 verip vermedi\u011fi test edilir. \u00d6zellikle e\u015f anlam sorular\u0131nda, a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da grupland\u0131r\u0131lan bu s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri anahtar kelime olarak (key word) kabul edip kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 se\u00e7eneklerde aramak son derece pratik bir yakla\u015f\u0131m tarz\u0131d\u0131r. Ayn\u0131 y\u00f6ntem paragraf sorular\u0131nda da i\u015fe yaramaktad\u0131r. Tabi sadece s\u00f6zc\u00fck kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan anlam\u0131na bakmak yerine kendi kurallar\u0131 i\u00e7inde olumlu olumsu z, ko\u015ful sonu\u00e7 ve zaman ili\u015fkilerinin do\u011fru olarak sa\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 da do\u011frulanmal\u0131d\u0131r. provided (that) \/ providing (that) \t : - mesi ko\u015fuluyla as long as\/so long as, \t\t : - d\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00fcrece only if \t\t\t\t\t : - ancak olursa Bu yap\u0131lar da ko\u015ful anlam\u0131nda if kurallar\u0131na tabidir. Ko\u015ful vurgusu if\u2019den daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u2013 You can borrow my car as long as you drive carefully. (\u2026 as long as you will drive carefully) \t Dikkatli kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131n s\u00fcrece arabam\u0131 alabilirsin. Grammar For All 353","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS \u2013 Provided (that) \/ Providing (that) they are discovered early enough, many forms of cancer can now be treated successfully. \t Yeterince erken fark edildikleri s\u00fcrece bir\u00e7ok kanser t\u00fcr\u00fc \u015fimdi ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 bir \u015fekilde \t \t tedavi edilebiliyor. Only if c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa, ana c\u00fcmle devrik olur. C\u00fcmlenin ortas\u0131nda kullan\u0131l\u0131rsa devrik olmaz. \t \u2013 Only if you practice more, can you improve your English. (DEVR\u0130K) \t \u2013 You can improve your English only if you practice more. (D\u00dcZ) \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 You can have the day off today providing you agree to work a double shift tomorrow. \u2713 They may do whatever they like provided that it is within the laws. \u2713 We will lend you the money on condition that it is repaid within 12 months. \u2713 You can borrow my computer as long as you return it by next week. \u2713 I don\u2019t mind talking to the press, but only if my identity is protected. Unless: - medik\u00e7e C\u00fcmleye \u2018olmazsa, olmad\u0131k\u00e7a\u2019 anlam\u0131 verir ve genellikle Type 1\u2019deki if \u2026 not ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Type 1\u2019deki zaman kurallar\u0131 unless i\u00e7in de ge\u00e7erlidir. Sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131n\u0131 anlatan ana c\u00fcmlecikte \u00e7o\u011funlukla ilk c\u00fcmledeki ifadenin tersi vard\u0131r ki \u00e7o\u011funlukla bu ana c\u00fcmlecikte negatif anlamda will, can yada benzer ifadeler yer alabilir. \t \u2013 We\u2019ll have to cancel the meeting unless we get enough participants. \t = If we don\u2019t get enough participants, we\u2019ll have to cancel the meeting. \t\t Yeterli kat\u0131l\u0131mc\u0131 bulamazsak toplant\u0131y\u0131 iptal etmek zorunda kalaca\u011f\u0131z. \u2013 I\u2019ll arrive at 10 am unless there is heavy traffic. = I\u2019ll arrive at 10 am if there isn\u2019t heavy traffic. Unless\u2019in if\u2026 not yerine kullan\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumlar: Unless \u00e7o\u011funlukla present yap\u0131larda kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Varsay\u0131m dedi\u011fimiz imkans\u0131z durumlar\u0131 anlatan Type 2 ve 3 ler yerine kullan\u0131lamaz. Ba\u015fka bir ifadeyle ge\u00e7mi\u015f olaylarda unless kullan\u0131lmaz. \t \u2013 If the government had not raised food prices, there would not have been so many \t \t protests. \t (Unless the government had raised food prices \u2026) Baz\u0131 durumlarda unless c\u00fcmleci\u011fi negatif olabilir. \t \u2013 You might as well take a bus home unless, of course, you don\u2019t mind waiting for an \t \t hour, in which case I can give you a lift. 354 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS Type 0\u2019da unless olmaz. Unless\u2018de ana ve yan c\u00fcmlecik aras\u0131nda eylem s\u0131ras\u0131 vard\u0131r; sonu\u00e7 c\u00fcmlesi ko\u015fuldan sonra gelir. \t \u2013 My dog won\u2019t bite unless it is angry. (My dog don\u2019t bite unless it is angry) Unless ile soru sorulmaz. \t \u2013 If he can\u2019t find a job, what do you think he will do? \t Unless he finds a job, what do you think he will do? \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 Unless I phone and tell you otherwise, I\u2019ll be waiting at the cinema tonight. \u2713 Rock climbing is not safe unless you have the right tools and enough knowledge. \u2713 Unless the economic conditions improve, you will not be able to earn a higher salary. \u2713 You can\u2019t be sure of quality of the service unless you take your car to an authorised workshop. \u2713 Unless l can find a shop that still sells this pattern, l will have to wallpaper the whole dining room again. \u2713 Unless you stop spending money so extravagantly, l\u2019m afraid you\u2019ll soon be begging in the streets \u2713 Unless you explain this subject by illustrating it with tables, the students will certainly not understand anything. Even if: -sa bile C\u00fcmleye ko\u015ful olarak \u2018olsa bile, olmu\u015f olsa bile\u2019 gibi anlamlar verir. Zaman kurallar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan if ile ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Hem present hem de past durumlar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131labilir. Anlam\u0131 olarak if\u2019den \u00e7ok farkl\u0131d\u0131r. If\u2019deki ko\u015ful ger\u00e7ekle\u015firse sonu\u00e7 al\u0131n\u0131r, even if\u2019de ise ko\u015ful ger\u00e7ekle\u015fse bile sonu\u00e7 al\u0131nmaz. \t \u2013 Even if we haven\u2019t seen each other for years, we\u2019ve always hoped to get together \t \t sometime. \t Y\u0131llard\u0131r birbirimizi g\u00f6rmemi\u015f olsak bile hep bir g\u00fcn kavu\u015fmay\u0131 \u00fcmit ettik. \t \u2013 I hate playing backgammon even if everyone else enjoys it. \t Benden ba\u015fka herkes bay\u0131lsa da ben tavla oynamaktan nefret ederim. \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 Even if I leave right now, I won\u2019t be able to catch the bus. \u2713 I wouldn\u2019t go into the water even if I could swim. \u2713 Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it wouldn\u2019t have been cheaper. \u2713 I would never eat meat even if I was really hungry. \u2713 I will go to the party even if they don't invite me. \u2713 I would go to the party even if they didn\u2019t invite me. \u2713 I would have gone to the party even if they hadn\u2019t invited me. Grammar For All 355","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS Whether or not: -olsa da, olmasa da \u2018\u0130ster olsun \u2013 ister olmas\u0131n\u2019 anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r ve anlamca asl\u0131nda even if\u2019e yak\u0131nd\u0131r. \u2018Olsa da olmasa da sonu\u00e7 de\u011fi\u015fmeyecek\u2019 demektir. \t \u2013 I\u2019ll go running early in the morning whether or not it rains. \t = I\u2019ll go running early in the morning even if it rains. \t Ya\u011fmur ya\u011fsa da ya\u011fmasa da sabah erkenden ko\u015fuya \u00e7\u0131kaca\u011f\u0131m. \t \u2013 He will send his daughter to a good school whether he will have to economize in \t \t other things or not. \t =Even if he has to economize in other things, he will send his daughter to a good \t \t school. \t Di\u011fer \u015feylerde tasarrufa gitmek zorunda kalsa da kalmasa da k\u0131z\u0131n\u0131 iyi bir okula \t\t \t g\u00f6nderecek. Whether or not yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131 noun clause ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131rmamak gerekir: Noun clause y\u00fcklemin \u00f6znesi veya nesnesi olarak ana c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde yer al\u0131rken, ko\u015fulda ana c\u00fcmlecikten ayr\u0131 bir tam c\u00fcmle i\u00e7erir. or not ko\u015fulda zorunludur, noun clause\u2019da opsiyoneldir. Whether or not, ko\u015fulda \u2013olsa da olmasa da, noun clause\u2019da ise \u2013\u0131p \u0131pmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u015feklinde T\u00fcrk\u00e7ele\u015ftirilebilir. \t \u2013 I just couldn\u2019t decide whether I was doing the right thing (or not). (NOUN CLAUSE) \t Do\u011fru \u015feyi yap\u0131p yapmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ma karar veremedim. \t \u2013 I decided to move to another country whether I was doing the right thing or not. \t \t (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE) \t Do\u011frusunu yapm\u0131\u015f olsam da olmasam da, ba\u015fka bir \u00fclkeye ta\u015f\u0131nmaya karar verdim. \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 I will go to the party whether they invite me or not. \u2713 They will stay with us whether or not they can afford to pay a good hotel. \u2713 I have to finish the project whether I have time or not. \u2713 We can remain as good friends whether other people approve or disapprove. \u2713 I decided to hand in my term paper tomorrow whether I could complete it or not. 356 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS Suppose (that) \/ Supposing (that) : varsayal\u0131m ki On condition that : ko\u015fuluyla What if \u2026? : olsa ne olurdu? \u2018Diyelim ki\u2026, varsayal\u0131m ki, olmas\u0131 halinde\u2019 \u015feklinde olmayan bir \u015feyi ifade eden ve daha \u00e7ok if Type 2 ve 3, ama baz\u0131 durumlarda da Type 1 format\u0131nda kullan\u0131lan bu yap\u0131larda da yine if kurallar\u0131 ge\u00e7erlidir. \u2013 Suppose\/Supposing (that) your son fell in love with a girl under 1, would you let him go ahead? Diyelimki o\u011flun 1 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck bir k\u0131za a\u015f\u0131k oldu, devam etmesine g\u00f6z yumar m\u0131s\u0131n? \u2013 You can take my raincoat on condition that you bring it back tomorrow. Yar\u0131n geri getirmen ko\u015fuluyla ya\u011fmurlu\u011fumu alabilirsin. \u2013 What if the FBI cannot rescue the hostages from the terrorists? = What will happen if the FBI cannot rescue the hostages from the terrorists? E\u011fer FBI rehineleri ter\u00f6ristlerden kurtaramazsa ne olur? \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 Suppose\/supposing (that) you lose the game, what will happen? \u2713 Suppose (that) I take place of you during the exam, how much will you pay me for this? \u2713 They would speak on condition that their names were not be used in the article. \u2713 What if your best friend betrayed you during your hard times? \u2713 What if a hobbit was the only one who could save the land from evil? In case\t : - durumunda (tedbir) lest\t\t : - mesin diye for fear that\t : - korkusuyla In case anlam olarak if\u2019den farkl\u0131d\u0131r. In case\u2019in devam\u0131nda genellikle olumsuz bir durum vard\u0131r ve devam\u0131ndaki ana c\u00fcmlecikte bu duruma kar\u015f\u0131 \u00f6nlem al\u0131n\u0131r. Durum vurgusunu artt\u0131rmak i\u00e7in \u2018just in case\u2019 de kullan\u0131labilir. K\u0131saca, \u2018In case -olumsuz durum + tedbir c\u00fcmlesi\u2019 \u015feklinde \u00f6zetlenebilir. Should, if\u2019de oldu\u011fu gibi zay\u0131f olas\u0131l\u0131k anlam\u0131 verir. Tenses used with IN CASE: En \u00f6nemli husus, ana ve yan y\u00fcklem aras\u0131nda a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki tabloda g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere yine zaman uyumu kural\u0131 vard\u0131r. Grammar For All 357","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS ANA C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K IN CASE YAN C\u00dcMLEC\u0130K in Case Future (will or going to) in Case Simple Present Simple Present Should Present Continuous Can Present Perfect Past Tense Would (used to) Past Perfect Past Tense Should, Could Past Perfect \t \u2013 They will build a fence around the garden in case wild animals (should) come in. \t \t (future-present) \t Vah\u015fi hayvanlar gelirse diye bah\u00e7enin etraf\u0131na \u00e7it in\u015fa etmek istiyorlar. \t \u2013 They built a fence around the garden in case wild animals came in. (past-past) \t Vah\u015fi hayvanlar gelirse diye bah\u00e7enin etraf\u0131na \u00e7it in\u015fa ettiler. Olumsuz sonu\u00e7lara kar\u015f\u0131 tedbir gerektiren ba\u015fka bir yap\u0131 da \u2018-mesin diye, -memek i\u00e7in; korkusuyla\u2019 anlam\u0131nda lest ve for fear that \/ for fear of yap\u0131lar\u0131d\u0131r. \u2013 The boy spent whole days in his room reading his book, lest he (should) be disturbed. = The boy spent whole days in his room, reading his book for fear that he would be disturbed. = The boy spent whole days in his room, reading his book for fear of being disturbed. \t \u00c7ocuk kimseyi rahats\u0131z etmemek i\u00e7in t\u00fcm g\u00fcn\u00fc odas\u0131nda kitap okuyarak ge\u00e7irdi. In case sonras\u0131nda tam c\u00fcmle gelirken, In case of sonras\u0131nda noun gelir ve yerine in the event of da kullan\u0131labilir. \u2013 In case of need, you need to put a knife in your bag. \t \u0130htiya\u00e7 durumunda, \u00e7antanda bir b\u0131\u00e7ak bulundurman gerekir. \u00d6rnekleri \u0130nceleyiniz: \u2713 I\u2019ll be at my uncle\u2019s house in case you need to reach me. \u2713 Here\u2019s a contact number, just in case there should be a problem. \u2713 Have a first-aid kit on hand in case you cut yourself. \u2713 She sat up late worrying lest \/for fear that he be murdered on the way home. 358 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS but \t\t\t : - olurdu fakat but for \t\t : - olmasa, - olmasayd\u0131 without \t\t : - olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, - olmasayd\u0131 If it weren\u2019t for \t : - olmasa If it hadn\u2019t been for\t : - olmasayd\u0131 \u2013 I would never have succeeded without your help. \u2013 I would never have succeeded, but you helped me. \u2013 But for your help, I would never have succeeded. \t = I would never have succeeded if you hadn\u2019t helped me. \t Yard\u0131m\u0131n olmasayd\u0131 asla ba\u015faramazd\u0131m. Yukar\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde g\u00f6r\u00fclen yap\u0131lar present veya past anlatabilirken; If it werent for k\u0131sm\u0131nda sadece Type 2, If it hadn\u2019t been for k\u0131sm\u0131nda ise sadece Type 3 kullan\u0131labilir, mixed de olabilir. Her ikisi de but for anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r. \u2013 If it weren\u2019t for democracy, private entrepreneurship wouldn\u2019t really have started then. = But for \/ Without democracy, private entrepreneurship wouldn\u2019t really have started then. \t Demokrasi olmasa \u00f6zel giri\u015fimcilik o zamanlar ger\u00e7ekten ba\u015flayamazd\u0131. (TYPE2-3) \u2013 If it hadn\u2019t been for you, l would probably be living on the streets and sleeping under the bridges. = But for\/Without your help, I would probably be living on the streets and sleeping under the bridges. \t Yard\u0131m\u0131n olmasa muhtemelen sokaklarda ya\u015f\u0131yor, k\u00f6pr\u00fc altlar\u0131nda uyuyor olurdum. \t \t (MIXED TYPE) and\t\t : - hele yap ve g\u00f6r bakal\u0131m virg\u00fcl (,)\t : - yap, o zaman \u2013 You touch him again, I\u2019ll knock you down with one punch. \u2013 You touch him again and I\u2019ll knock you down with one punch. \t = If you touch him again, I\u2019ll knock you down with one punch. \t If you touch him again, and I\u2019ll knock you down with one punch. (Hem if hem and \t \t olmaz.) \t Ona bir daha dokun seni bir yumrukta yere sererim. Grammar For All 359","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS otherwise or or else : - yoksa I took a taxi; otherwise, I would have been late for work. \t = If I hadn\u2019t taken a taxi, I would have been late for work. \t Taksi tuttum, yoksa i\u015fe ge\u00e7 kalacakt\u0131m. \u00d6rnek: Karen won\u2019t take part in the end of term concert unless she really wants to. A) Karen cannot be persuaded to do anything at the end of term concert. B) Karen will only do something at the end of term concert if she actually feels like it. C) Karen is eager to do something at the end of term concert if they\u2019ll let her do so. D) Karen will gladly perform at the end of term concert if only they\u2019ll allow her to. E) Karen would give a performance at the end of term concert if only they\u2019d let her. \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: E\u015fanlam sorusunda unless\u2019in anlam\u0131 test edilmi\u015ftir. Biliyoruz ki D ve E\u2019deki if only ke\u015fke (I wish) anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r ve ayr\u0131ca C\u2019deki gibi Karen\u2019in de\u011fil di\u011ferlerinin iste\u011fini anlatmaktad\u0131r. \u201cUnless\u201d yap\u0131s\u0131ndaki anlamsal paralellik a\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rneklerde oldu\u011fu gibi sa\u011flanabilir: ANA C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7 YAN C\u00dcMLE Olumsuz unless ...... Olumsuz if not Olumlu if \/ as long as, vb. ..... Bu paralelli\u011fi sa\u011flayan yap\u0131 B se\u00e7ene\u011finde mevcuttur. DO\u011eRU YANIT: B NOT: Ayr\u0131ca bu t\u00fcr sorularda \u201ckilit s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerden e\u015fanlam en fazla nerede varsa do\u011fru yan\u0131t\u0131n orada olma olas\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 y\u00fcksektir\u201d tezinden hareketle; unless = if\u2026not really = actually, want to, feel like to, e\u015fle\u015fmeleri de B se\u00e7ene\u011finde rahatl\u0131kla g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. 360 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS WISH CLAUSE Wish ke\u015fke anlam\u0131nda pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ve beklenti ifadesidir. Kendisinden sonra bir isim (Noun), mastar (to V) veya c\u00fcmlecik (THAT SVO) alabilir. If only de wish anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve ayn\u0131 kurallara tabidir. Wish ve if only\u2019den sonra clause geldi\u011finde that \u00e7o\u011funlukla kullan\u0131lmaz. Ger\u00e7ek olmayan (unreal) durumlardan bahsedildi\u011fi i\u00e7in ge\u00e7mi\u015f, \u015fimdiki ve gelecek zaman ifadeleri bir derece geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fcl\u00fcr. Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla gramer olarak present ya da future kullan\u0131mlar\u0131 yoktur. \t \u2013 Look she is there. I wish to go and say hello.\t (to V) \t \u2013 I wish you good luck in life.\t\t\t\t (Noun) \t \u2013 It is too hot. I wish it would rain.\t\t\t (WISH CLAUSE) 1. Future Wishes (Gelecek Beklentiler)\t If only \/ I wish + would\/could \u0130\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fumuz anda ya da gelecekte ho\u015fnut olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z veya onaylamayaca\u011f\u0131m\u0131z bir olay\u0131n bir ba\u015fkas\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan de\u011fi\u015ftirilip tersine d\u00f6nd\u00fcrme beklentimizi anlat\u0131r. Yani bu kullan\u0131mda ana ve yan c\u00fcmleci\u011fin \u00f6zneleri ayn\u0131 olamaz. (S1 + wish + S2 + would) \t \u2013 I wish you wouldn\u2019t drive so fast. (NOW) \t = If only you wouldn\u2019t drive so fast. \t Ke\u015fke bu kadar h\u0131zl\u0131 s\u00fcrmesen. ( I wish I wouldn\u2019t\u2026 ) \t \u2013 I wish you wouldn\u2019t arrive so late all the time. (EVERY TIME) \t = If only you wouldn\u2019t arrive so late all the time. \t Ke\u015fke hep ge\u00e7 kalmasan. ( I wish I wouldn\u2019t\u2026 ) \t \u2013 I wish it would stop raining soon. (FUTURE). \t = Ke\u015fke birazdan ya\u011fmur dursa. Gelecekle ilgili kurmak istenilen c\u00fcmlede iki c\u00fcmlenin de \u00f6zneleri ayn\u0131 ise \u2018could\u2019 ya da simple past tense kullanabiliriz. (S1 + wish + S1 + could \/ V2) \t \u2013 I don\u2019t like this city. I wish I could live somewhere else. \t Bu \u015fehri sevmiyorum. Ke\u015fke (ben) ba\u015fka \u015fehirde ya\u015fasam. \t \u2013 I have to work tomorrow. I wish I didn\u2019t have to work tomorrow. \t Yar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmal\u0131y\u0131m. Ke\u015fke (ben) yar\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda olmasam. Grammar For All 361","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 2. Present Wishes (\u015eimdiki Beklentiler)\t If only \/ I wish + V2 \u015eu anki durumdan olan ho\u015fnutsuzlu\u011fumuzu, memnuniyetsizli\u011fimizi anlatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131r\u0131z. Eylem daima simple past tense (V2) olarak, durum ise her t\u00fcrl\u00fc \u00f6zne i\u00e7in were \u015feklinde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Konu\u015fma dilinde s\u0131k s\u0131k duydu\u011fumuz I wish she was \u015feklindeki kullan\u0131m informal\u2019dir ve kesinlikle dikkate al\u0131nmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Bu kullan\u0131mda iki c\u00fcmleci\u011fin \u00f6zneleri ayn\u0131 da olsa farkl\u0131 da olsa durum de\u011fi\u015fmez. \t \u2013 I wish I lived somewhere which gives me more privacy. \t Ke\u015fke bana daha \u00f6zel ya\u015fant\u0131 veren bir yerde ya\u015fasam. \t \u2013 Everyone wishes they had more free time. (AYNI \u00d6ZNE) \t Herkes kendisinin daha \u00e7ok bo\u015f zaman\u0131 olmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. \t\u2013 He wishes she were there with him now. (FARKLI \u00d6ZNE) \t O (k\u0131z arkada\u015f\u0131n\u0131n) \u015fimdi orada, onunla birlikte olmas\u0131n\u0131 ister. (she was\u2026) 3. Past Wishes (Ge\u00e7mi\u015f Beklentiler) If only \/ I wish + had V3 Ge\u00e7mi\u015fte olup bitmi\u015f bir olaydan duyulan pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ya da \u015fik\u00e2yetimizi anlatmak i\u00e7in kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Olay simple past olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n wish clause ile kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda bir derece ge\u00e7mi\u015fi yani PAST PERFECT TENSE kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 I wish I had studied harder when I was in high school. \t Ke\u015fke lisede daha s\u0131k\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fsayd\u0131m. \t \u2013 Mark wishes he had listened to what his father told him. \t Ke\u015fke Mark babas\u0131n\u0131n ona anlatt\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 dinlemi\u015f olsayd\u0131. (Dinlemedi\u011fi i\u00e7in \u015fimdi \t \t pi\u015fman) \t \u2013 We wish the family hadn\u2019t been sleeping when the fire started in the building. \t Ke\u015fke yang\u0131n ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131nda aile uyuyor olmasayd\u0131. (Bizim arzumuz) If only: Zaman kurallar\u0131n\u0131n wish gibi uyguland\u0131\u011f\u0131 If only, g\u00f6re daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc pi\u015fmanl\u0131k duygusu katar. If ile only her zaman biti\u015fik olmayabilir. Only c\u00fcmlede if\u2019den hemen sonra, y\u00fcklemden sonra, yard\u0131mc\u0131 fill ile ana fiilin aras\u0131nda kullan\u0131labilir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki \u00f6rnekte zaman kullan\u0131m\u0131na dikkat ediniz. \t \u2013 If we only knew where they are living now! \t Nerede ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015fke bilsek. NOT: If only, only if ile kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Only if, if ile ayn\u0131 anlam\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131r ve ko\u015fulu daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc vurgular. 362 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS A\u00c7IKLAMA Ana ve yan c\u00fcmleciklerin zaman ili\u015fkisi konusu if clause gibi de\u011fildir.Ana c\u00fcmlecikteki pi\u015fmanl\u0131k ya da beklenti ger\u00e7ek zaman olarak anlat\u0131l\u0131r, yan c\u00fcmlecik ise yukar\u0131da belirtildi\u011fi gibi bir derece geriye g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fclerek anlat\u0131l\u0131r. Aralar\u0131nda zaman uyumu aranmaz. Ancak ana y\u00fcklem past ise yan y\u00fcklem past perfect , baz\u0131 durumlarda da modal perfect olur. Ana y\u00fcklem present ise yan y\u00fcklem hepsi olabilir. A\u00c7IKLAMA Wish ve if only de dahil olmak \u00fczere unreal dedi\u011fimiz t\u00fcm ger\u00e7ek d\u0131\u015f\u0131 olaylar\u0131, But\u2026 diye ba\u015flayarak tersine \u00e7evirirsek anlam de\u011fi\u015fmez. - She wishes he wouldn't do that.\t\t\t\t = But he did that. - I wish my father wouldn't separate from my mother.\t = But he will. ALI\u015eTIRMA - 1 Bo\u015fluklara fiilin uygun bi\u00e7imini yaz\u0131n\u0131z. 1. I wish I ____ to him yesterday. (talk) 2. I need help badly. If only you ____ me. (can help) 3. My old car often breaks down. I wish I ____ a new car. (buy) 4. He didn\u2019t pass the exam. If only he ____ hard. (work) 5. She was absent. I wish she ____ the conference. (attend) 6. What a beautiful house! I wish I ____ a house like this one. (have) 7. I wish I ____ rich. I would buy a farm and enjoy the calm of the countryside. (be) 8. They had that bad accident. If only they ____ more careful. (be) 9. We saw the film. I wish you ____ it with us. It was an amazing evening. (see) 10. I like traveling around the world. If only I ____ time to realize my dream. (have) Grammar For All 363","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI Natural Disasters Unfortunately, natural disasters are rather frequent. Humans often wish that we were not so helpless in the face of Mother Nature\u2019s power. For example, if there is an earthquake in the middle of the ocean, all nearby countries are vulnerable to tsunamis. If a volcano erupts, ash will enter the atmosphere, sometimes with long-lasting effects. For instance, ash from the 1883 volcanic eruption of Krakatoa in Indonesia lowered the average global temperatures by 1.2 degrees Celsius for the following year. We all feel especially sad if an earthquake or a tornado occurs in a populated area. Losses can be huge. Even if people escape with their lives, their communities may be destroyed. In the days following the event, shocked survivors may ask questions like \u201cIf the city had had stricter building codes, would the school have remained standing?\u201d or \u201cIf the warning siren had sounded sooner, could more people have escaped?\u201d After the event, everyone wishes that the disaster had been less severe. Sometimes, however, we hear happy stories. In 2004, a ten-year-old English girl was vacationing with her family in Thailand. She noticed the sea drawing back and heard a strange noise. She had learned in school that if this happened, a tsunami would likely follow. She knew that people can survive this kind of disaster only if they run for high ground immediately. Her family shouted a warning minutes before the wave arrived. *Al\u0131nt\u0131: http:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/grammarandbeyond Topic \t\t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Main idea \t\t\t : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly\t: _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY ash k\u00fcl survive hayatta kalmak draw back geri \u00e7ekmek survivor hayatta kalan erupt patlamak temperatures s\u0131cakl\u0131klar eruption patlama tornado kas\u0131rga huge kocaman tsunami tsunami occur olmak vacation tatil remain kalmak volcanic volkanik severe \u015fiddetli volcano volkan siren siren vulnerable savunmas\u0131z sound ses warning uyar\u0131 364 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS PRACTICE TEST (CONDITIONALS) TEST 1 1. If you ____ thinking about this 6. I wish I ___ what to do now. psychological problem, it ____ you crazy. A) know B) knew A) started \/ drove C) have known B) would start \/ will drive D) had known C) start \/ would drive E) was known D) start \/ will drive E) had started \/ would drive 2. Sally would visit her grandparents 7. After arguing with that stupid maid, more often if they ___ so far away. I find it inconvenient to stay at the hotel ____ they provide me with the A) will be living cleanest room there. B) didn\u2019t live C) don\u2019t live A) so that D) wouldn\u2019t live B) yet E) hadn\u2019t lived C) even if D) as 3. I ____ to work if I felt better, but I feel E) despite terrible. A) went 8. If I ___ perfect Italian, I ___ a summer B) was going holiday to Venice. C) will go D) would go A) could spoke \/ won\u2019t plan E) go B) can speak \/ would plan C) could speak \/ would plan 4. I got a B in Math. I wish I ___ more D) can\u2019t speak \/ will not plan last semester. E) would speak \/ planed A) hadn\u2019t studied 9. If you ___ too much, then you are B) didn\u2019t study likely to have an accident. C) had studied D) study A) drink E) studied B) drank C) would drink 5. I have short hair. If only it ___ longer. D) are drinking E) had drunk A) were B) was C) is D) has E) could Grammar For All 365","10. ___ you clean up your room, you \u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS can\u2019t go out with Sarah. 14. What noisy neighbors you\u2019ve got! If A) If my neighbors ____ as bad as yours, B) I wish I ___ crazy. C) Unless D) If only A) were \/ would go E) In case B) are \/ will go C) are \/ would go 11. ____ the fireman, the whole house D) had been \/ would have gone would have been destroyed. E) were\/ would have gone A) Were he called 15. If only we ___ that special offer B) If he had called yesterday. C) Had he not called D) Shouldn\u2019t he call A) hadn\u2019t seen E) If he called B) saw C) see 12. I\u2019ve left a message with Brian and D) would see informed him about all the details E) had seen ___ the post comes while I\u2019m not in. 16. Rosetta ____ a vacation if she ___ A) unless enough money. B) in case C) when A) take \/ has D) until B) would have taken \/ had had E) as C) takes \/ had had D) took \/ would have 13. If he ___ for two days and two E) would take \/ had had nights, then he wouldn\u2019t be in the suit he is wearing now. 17. Take an umbrella ___ it rains. A) had been working A) in case B) has worked B) as if C) worked C) if only D) was working D) unless E) could work E) even if 366 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 22. ___ so fast, he wouldn\u2019t have had an accident. 18. I have to work about 60 hours a week, so I\u2019m very busy. But if I ___ A) Should he drive any spare time, I ___ a sport like B) Had he not driven golf. C) Didn\u2019t he drive D) Would he drive A) will have \/ will take up E) If he didn\u2019t drive B) had \/ will take up C) will have \/ had D) had \/ would take up E) have\/ would take up 19. There will be even greater 23. The car ____ with gas if the service unemployment ___ the government station had been open. radically alters its policies. A) should have filled A) provided B) must have been filled B) unless C) would have been filled C) as if D) could be filled D) in case E) will be filled E) if only 20. I have taken out a property 24. ____ I known you were coming, we insurance to protect my car and would have stayed at home. other properties ____ something should happen to me. A) Should B) Had A) in case C) Might B) otherwise D) Would C) unless E) Were D) provided E) if 21. We ___ a good crop of beans this 25. If I ____ taller, I ___be a pilot, but summer unless an unexpected frost I\u2019m too short. ___ the plants. A) was \/ can A) have \/ will damage B) had \/ could B) won\u2019t have \/ damages C) were \/ could C) would have \/ damages D) am \/ will D) wouldn\u2019t have \/ damage E) will be \/ could E) will have \/ damages Grammar For All 367","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS PRACTICE TEST (CONDITIONALS) TEST 2 1. We will have a picnic on Saturday 6. If he ___ his seat belt, the police ___ ___ it rains. him a ticket. A) if A) would fasten \/ hadn\u2019t written B) as if B) fastened \/ hasn\u2019t been writting C) however C) fastens \/ ought not to write D) unless D) has fastened \/ weren\u2019t written E) otherwise E) had fastened \/ wouldn\u2019t have written 2. If I had checked the gas, I ___ to 7. Delayed speech is common in walk to the gas station. some children, but if the problem ___ beyond the age of two, a A) haven\u2019t had professional attention ___ in case B) wouldn\u2019t have had there may be a sign of hearing loss. C) didn\u2019t have had D) had have A) has persisted \/ may require E) wouldn\u2019t have B) persists \/ is required C) persisted \/ were required 3. ___ I not heard the warning, I would D) will persist \/ has required have had a serious accident. E) would persist \/ will require A) Had 8. If we ___ English course, we ___ B) If fluently now. C) Should D) Would A) weren\u2019t taking \/ couldn\u2019t speak E) Were B) wouldn\u2019t have taken \/ may not speak C) hadn\u2019t taken \/ wouldn\u2019t be speaking 4. I wish the boss ___ us so much D) didn\u2019t take \/ weren\u2019t speaking paperwork. I never have enough E) wouldn\u2019t take \/ didn\u2019t speak time to finish it. 9. Unlike developing countries, A) wouldn\u2019t give which are of low standards of life, B) couldn\u2019t give developed countries ____ to have C) shouldn\u2019t give an effective rate of industrialization D) doesn\u2019t give in case they ____ to have a high per E) hasn\u2019t given capita income. 5. After we have been to the park, we ___ swimming, if you ___ free. A) have been gone \/ are being A) prefer \/ need B) were going \/ had been B) will prefer \/ have needed C) went \/ were C) preferred \/ will be needed D) could go \/ are D) have preferred \/ are needed E) are going \/ might be E) had preferred \/ would need 368 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 14. I\u2019m sure Jean ___ to take your Sunday morning provided you ___ 10. It was extremely amazing! I wish her the lesson plan. we ___ never be back from that dreamy tour to fairy chimneys in A) agreed \/ will have given Cappadocia. B) agrees \/ were to give C) has agreed \/ gave A) should D) will agree \/ can give B) may E) would agree \/ has given C) will D) would 15. Don\u2019t worry Sally! If they ____ you E) might for that position, you ____ apply to some other companies as well. 11. Now that you are so busy, I ____ You\u2019re good enough at interacting your children from school provided with others. you ____ me your car. A) won\u2019t be accepting \/ did A) picked up \/ would be lending B) aren\u2019t accepted \/ could B) can pick up \/ lent C) wouldn\u2019t accept \/ should C) will pick up \/ lend D) don\u2019t accept \/ can D) have picked up \/ would lend E) weren\u2019t accepted \/ might E) am picking up \/ had lent 16. My mother is an excellent dress 12. ____ he finds a good job soon, he maker, and I really wish she ___ my won\u2019t be able to buy a new house. wedding dress, but she\u2019ll be very busy with other things. A) Providing B) As if A) should make C) Unless B) has made D) If only C) will make E) As though D) can make E) could make 13. ____ the mechanic could have adjusted the brakes properly, they 17. ___ the media not ___ by excessive wouldn\u2019t be making such a horrible of catchy advertisements, people noise. would have preferred TV rather than internet which has improper A) If only content for the young. B) Providing C) In case A) Had \/ been overloaded D) Even if B) Should \/ overload E) Unless C) Does \/ overload D) Would \/ overload E) Were \/ to overload Grammar For All 369","18. If a dentist ___ dental materials for \u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS his office, he ____ that they meet European Standards. 22. If Don ___ better overnight, he ___ to work tomorrow. A) will buy \/ might check B) is buying \/ should check A) hasn\u2019t got \/ couldn\u2019t have gone C) have bought \/ are checking B) won\u2019t get \/ hasn\u2019t been going D) bought \/ were checking C) might not get \/ doesn\u2019t go E) can buy \/ would check D) didn\u2019t get \/ isn\u2019t going to go E) doesn\u2019t get \/ won\u2019t be able to go 19. ____ you eat plenty of fruit and vegetables and do plenty of exercise 23. If the airport agent ____ so long can you lose weight. to pass everybody through the security control, we ____ the A) Even if meeting in time today. B) Unless C) Only if A) didn\u2019t take \/ were going to arrive D) Provided B) don\u2019t take \/ are going to arrive E) As though C) hadn\u2019t taken \/ would have arrived D) haven\u2019t taken \/ would arrive E) won\u2019t take \/ have arrived 20. Now that you\u2019ve failed the interview, 24. If you go hiking or climbing in the don\u2019t you wish you ___ the other job mountains, you should always take offer, then you ____ such financial first aid kit ___ you get injured. problems? A) as if A) will accept \/ won\u2019t be facing B) in case B) had accepted \/ wouldn\u2019t be facing C) unless C) have accepted \/ haven\u2019t faced C) when D) accepted \/ weren\u2019t facing E) provided E) accept \/ won\u2019t have faced 21. If you are serious about learning to 25. ____ they are fully sold out, we can play piano, you ___ music notes. take tickets to watch \u2018Ant man\u2019. A) had to learn A) Unless B) will have to learn B) As if C) had been learning C) Provided D) have learnt D) Whether E) were to learn E) In case 370 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS PRACTICE TEST (CONDITIONALS) TEST 3 1. Sam ___ for that job unless he 5. They will have to manage to walk a ___ his manual dexterity this year. long way to the office this week ___ That\u2019s his only chance. the company provides them with shuttle services soon. A) can\u2019t qualify \/ will improve B) couldn\u2019t qualify \/ has been improved A) unless C) haven\u2019t qualified \/ would improve B) as long as D) won\u2019t qualify \/ improves C) even if E) ought not to qualify \/ improved D) if E) provided 2. I wish the golf tournament ___ on the 6. We can choose the same essay weekend because my family can\u2019t topic from those on the list to do come on weekdays. They should together ___ you promise to do the come to see me. library research. A) were holding A) otherwise B) were held B) as long as C) could have held C) unless D) have been held D) even if E) would be holding E) as if 3. Tim wishes he ___ his sports car 7. Jack has made up his mind to work because he loves driving it so much. as an accountant in a car gallery But he is selling it to pay his debts. ____ he gets offers from supposedly better companies. He does love A) would be keeping cars. B) had been keeping C) is keeping A) even if D) has been keeping B) unless E) could keep C) as long as D) otherwise 4. There\u2019s too much noise next door. E) if _____ I warn them if they ___ you? 8. ___ any health and safety officials to A) Let \/ have disturbed inspect it, the bakery ___ probably B) Will \/ were disturbing be closed down. C) Shall \/ disturb D) Do \/ are disturbing A) Should \/ will E) Would \/ had been disturbing B) Had been \/ would C) Were \/ would D) Was \/ could E) Had \/ will Grammar For All 371","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 9. If I were you, I ___ a new computer 14. I wish you ___ me before your instead of struggling with the old arrival to Izmir for that conference. one. At least ___ I you around. A) have bought A) inform \/ can show B) was buying B) have informed \/ will have shown C) had bought C) informed \/ will be showing D) would buy D) would inform \/ have shown E) bought E) had informed \/ could have shown 10. I wish the company ___ a 15. I wish an affordable three-day convenient hotel for us there, but holiday ___ less than eight hundred it seems that we may have to stay dollars, then we would go there at the same one. I don\u2019t like their more often. unfriendly staff. A) costs A) have reserved B) could have cost B) could reserve C) has cost C) can reserve D) cost D) will reserve E) will cost E) reserve 16. I wish I ___ with my friends in Italy 11. I\u2019m sorry I couldn\u2019t come this every day but unfortunately my morning. I wish I ____ you at the Italian isn\u2019t good enough. airport myself, but I had to take my son to hospital. He was terribly ill. A) can chat B) would chat A) can meet C) will chat B) could have met D) could chat C) have met E) have been chating D) would meet E) meet 17. I\u2019m sure my husband ___ this new recipe of grilled fish if he ___ it but 12. Take a digital camera with you to he is a big vegetarian. Rome in case you ___ any historical places during your trip. A) had enjoyed \/ was trying B) enjoys \/ will have tried A) visit C) would enjoy \/ tried B) had visited D) enjoyed \/ had been trying C) were visiting E) could have enjoyed \/ has tried D) visited E) will visit 13. If I ___ you are interested in architecture, I ___ you over to the last week\u2019s talk by Professor Blatner. 372 A) know \/ have invited B) have known \/ was going to invite C) had known \/ would have invited D) knew \/ will have invited E) will know \/ must have invited Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 22. My father keeps a spare archive of his company documents and 18. If our school ___ with a smartboard, projects in a hard disk in case his it ____ more interactive for the computer at his office ___ down. students because it allows various forms of media and visuals. A) had broken B) breaks A) is to equip \/ can be C) broke B) equipped \/ could be D) was breaking C) had been equipped \/ will be E) will have broken D) were equipped \/ would be E) would be equipped \/ has been 23. If you ___ guilty of drink-driving, you ___ from driving and face a fine. 19. Had that costly project not been done that year, thousands of dollars A) are found \/ could be banned ___ to spend on poverty. B) find \/ had banned C) had been found \/ could ban A) can be saved D) found\/ could have been banned B) could have been saved E) were found \/ would be banned C) must have been saved D) will have saved 24. If you ___ your mind about coming E) had been saving to the meeting tomorrow, please give me a ring. 20. Now that I missed the flight to my business trip I have to book another A) changed one myself. I wish I ___ the airport B) had changed shuttle. It was so slow. C) would change D) should change A) hadn\u2019t taken E) could have changed B) am not taking C) wouldn\u2019t have taken 25. I really wish my son ___ good at D) don\u2019t take English. Now I have to hire a private E) haven\u2019t taken teacher for him. 21. If you ___ determined to quit A) was smoking completely, you ___ B) will be additional pharmaceutical therapy C) were with the assistance of qualified D) has been physicians. E) is A) have been \/ got B) are \/ have to get C) could be \/ will have gotten D) had been \/ would have gotten E) were to be \/ would get Grammar For All 373","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS PRACTICE TEST (CONDITIONALS) TEST 4 1. You\u2019re so inattentive! I wish you ___ 5. If they weren\u2019t to finish the project your keys on your desk in the office. this weekend, they ___ a nice holiday in the seaside then. A) haven\u2019t forgot B) wouldn\u2019t forget A) are going to plan C) won\u2019t forget B) had been planning D) aren\u2019t forgeting C) have planned E) don\u2019t forget D) could plan E) may have planned 2. I\u2019m waiting here in the station wishing the bus ____. I\u2019m a little bit 6. The people who live near the factories in a hurry and it\u2019s raining. ___ from air and water pollution as long as they keep throwing their A) arrives waste into the area. B) will arrive C) has arrived A) must have suffered D) would arrive B) have been suffering E) is arriving C) will suffer D) would suffer 3. If our education system were indeed E) had suffered excellent, most postgraduate candidates _____ abroad to 7. I wish I ___ some photos in my trip continue their studies. to Italy. If I had a digital camera, I ___ those lovely moments. A) won\u2019t have applied B) hasn\u2019t been applying A) would take \/ records C) wouldn\u2019t have been applying B) took \/ recorded D) isn\u2019t going to apply C) had taken \/ would have recorded E) weren\u2019t applying D) were taking \/ would record E) have taken \/ could be recording 4. I wish Academic English courses ____ at university, during which they 8. If only that terrible car crash ___, we teach us about terms, academic ____ the car for more than 6000 \u20ac, discourse, etc. but now it won\u2019t be worth anything. A) had offered A) wouldn\u2019t happen \/ are selling B) would be offering B) hadn\u2019t happened \/ could sell C) could have offered C) aren\u2019t happening \/ must have sold D) have been offered D) wouldn\u2019t be happening \/ had sold E) were offered E) don\u2019t happen \/ were selling 374 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS 9. I wish you ___ that expensive LED 13. You shouldn\u2019t ignore the other camcorder as you have to pay the drivers flashing their light; ___, 3-month rent this week and may not you\u2019ll face a fine for speeding. afford the expenses. A) otherwise A) aren\u2019t buying B) in case B) wouldn\u2019t buy C) only if C) hadn\u2019t bought D) unless D) haven\u2019t bought E) as long as E) won\u2019t buy 14. Your wedding dress might be 10. Nobody would have been hurt in more gorgeous ___ it weren\u2019t so the accident if their seat belt ___ at d\u00e9collet\u00e9. that time. A) if A) would be fastened B) even if B) has been fastened C) until C) is fastened D) whether D) must have fastened E) in case E) had been fastened 15. I wouldn\u2019t be able to afford even an 11. Sally\u2019s mother will allow her to go economical sedan ____ I save what to the party ___ she comes home I earn for months. before it gets dark. A) as long as A) even if B) because B) only if C) only if C) so that D) in order that D) as long as E) even if E) unless 16. ____ it\u2019s really difficult to pass the 12. ____ you improve your English will entrance exam for law department, you have the chance to apply for why don\u2019t you change your major? universities abroad. A) As though A) Even if B) If B) Only if C) Even if C) Unless D) In case D) Whether E) Whether E) In case 17. I\u2019m afraid Sam won\u2019t be able to join us for the picnic ___ the mechanic fixes his car in time. A) unless B) if C) in case D) because E) so that Grammar For All 375","18. I wish my mother ___ while I study \u25ba \u00dcnite: 8 | CONDITIONALS or, at least, I wish she ___ cleaning later on weekdays. 22. Just imagine! If the technology ____ that much, these medical A) doesn\u2019t vacuum \/ can do discoveries ____ at such a rapid B) wouldn\u2019t vacuum \/ would do rate now. C) couldn\u2019t have vacuumed \/ did D) hadn\u2019t vacuumed \/ will be doing A) wouldn\u2019t improve\/ occur E) isn\u2019t vacuuming \/ is doing B) won\u2019t improve \/ haven\u2019t been 19. If you are busy, we ___ you lay the occured table while the guests ___ to the C) couldn\u2019t have improved \/ won\u2019t speech. occur A) could help \/ are listening D) hadn\u2019t been improved \/ wouldn\u2019t B) could have helped \/ have listened C) will help \/ were listening occur D) can help \/ had been listening E) haven\u2019t improved \/ couldn\u2019t have E) would help \/ could have listened occured 20. If her boyfriend ___ her birthday, Jean ____ so upset now. 23. Let\u2019s set the barbeque now in case the guests ___ earlier. A) would forget \/ hadn\u2019t been B) has forgotten \/ hasn\u2019t been A) had arrived C) hadn\u2019t forgotten \/ wouldn\u2019t be B) would arrive D) would have forgotten \/ isn\u2019t C) arrive E) should be forgetting \/ won\u2019t be D) have arrived E) will have arrived 21. Alzheimer most often begins in people over 5 years of age. If the 24. Sodium is generally good for your disease ____ at the early stage, health, of course, ___ you take certain modifiable factors ___ the excess sodium that raises blood progression of it somehow. pressure in many people and has other harmful effects. A) had diagnosed \/ are delaying B) would have been diagnosed \/ A) unless B) whether delayed C) as though C) will diagnose \/ were going to delay D) otherwise D) is diagnosed \/ can delay E) in case E) are diagnosed \/ have been delayed 25. Consume low fat dairy products every day; ____, you are more likely to cardiovascular disease and type- 2 diabetes. A) therefore B) otherwise C) in case D) as though E) even if 376 Grammar For All","\u00dcN\u0130TE 9 ADVERBIAL CLAUSES AND CONJUNCTIONS","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \u2713 G\u0130R\u0130\u015e \u2713 B\u0130LE\u015e\u0130K C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI \u2713 ZARF C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI \u2713 C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI \u2713 EDATLAR \u2713 KISALTMA \u2713 MET\u0130N \u0130\u00c7\u0130NDE KULLANIMI \u2713 PRACTICE TESTS G\u0130R\u0130\u015e C\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde nas\u0131l ki isim yerine isim c\u00fcmleci\u011fi, s\u0131fat yerine s\u0131fat c\u00fcmleci\u011fi kullan\u0131labiliyorsa zarf yerine de zarf c\u00fcmleci\u011fi (Adverbial Clause) ya da benzer anlam katan ba\u015fka yap\u0131lar kullanmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. \u015eu ana kadar g\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015f oldu\u011fumuz isim ve s\u0131fat c\u00fcmleciklerin yerlerini c\u00fcmle (SVOPMFTR) i\u00e7erisinde \u00f6zetleyelim: \t S\t\t\t O (svo) V\t (svo) P\t M\t T\t R\t (NOUN CLAUSE) \t \u2013 He didn\u2019t know what happened to his car . \t\t \t Arabas\u0131na ne oldu\u011funu bilmiyordu. \t S+(svo) V\t O+(svo) P\t M \t T R \t (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) \t \u2013 Everybody who has witnessed the burglary should go to the police station to \t \t give \ttheir testimonies. \t H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6ren herkes ifade vermek i\u00e7in polis merkezine gitmelidir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc \u00fczere, zarf c\u00fcmlecikleri ise eylemin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fti\u011fi yer (Place) ve zaman (Time)\u2019la birlikte durum (Manner), sebep (Reason), sonu\u00e7 (Result), z\u0131tl\u0131k (Contrast), ko\u015ful (Condition), ama\u00e7 (Purpose), kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rma (Comparison) gibi bilgileri vermek \u00fczere g\u00f6rev yaparlar. \t\t\t P\t\t M\t T\t R\t (svo) (svo) S\t V\t O \t (svo)\t (svo) (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE) 378 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \u2013 She wants to take her dog wherever she goes . (P) Her nereye gitse k\u00f6pe\u011fini de oraya g\u00f6t\u00fcrmek istiyor. \u2013 He sounded as if he felt really embarrassed about what he said when he was drunk . (M- T) Sarho\u015fken s\u00f6ylediklerinden ger\u00e7ekten utanm\u0131\u015f gibiydi. \u2013 Though I love heavy metal , I turn off the radio at midnight so that no one should be disturbed (Cont-R) Heavy metal\u2019i \u00e7ok sevmeme ra\u011fmen, kimse rahats\u0131z olmas\u0131n diye m\u00fczi\u011fi kapat\u0131r\u0131m. Zarf anlam\u0131n\u0131 veren yap\u0131lar d\u00f6rt grupta toplanabilir: \t \u2022 B\u0130LE\u015e\u0130K C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI (CONJUNCTIONS) \t \u2022 ZARF C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE) \t \u2022 C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI (TRANSITIONS) \t \u2022 EDATLAR (PREPOSITIONS) B\u0130LE\u015e\u0130K C\u00dcMLE BA\u0160LA\u00c7LARI Birden fazla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z c\u00fcmleyi birle\u015ftirip bile\u015fik c\u00fcmle haline gelmesini sa\u011flayan ba\u011fla\u00e7lard\u0131r. \u0130ki t\u00fcr bile\u015fik c\u00fcmle ba\u011flac\u0131 vard\u0131r: \t \u2022 Coordinating Conjunctions : and, or, for, so, vb \t \u2022 Correlative Conjunctions : both-and, not only-but also, vb COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS: Birbirine benzeyen isim, s\u0131fat, zarf vb s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri, birbirine benzeyen c\u00fcmle \u00f6gelerini paralellik, z\u0131tl\u0131k, alternatif vb anlamlar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ili\u015fkilendirmek, ya da birden fazla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z c\u00fcmleyi ba\u011flayarak B\u0130LE\u015e\u0130K C\u00dcMLE haline getirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan ba\u011fla\u00e7lard\u0131r. FANBOYS \u015feklinde tan\u0131mlad\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerinden olu\u015fur. Kendilerinden \u00f6nce genellikle virg\u00fcl olsa da baz\u0131 durumlarda virg\u00fcl kullan\u0131lmayabilir. Bu s\u00f6zc\u00fckler c\u00fcmlenin ortas\u0131nda veya bir sonraki c\u00fcmlenin ba\u015f\u0131nda farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde bulunabilirler. \u00d6rnek c\u00fcmleleri incelerken noktalama i\u015faretlerine \u00f6zellikle dikkat ediniz. C\u00fcmle ortas\u0131nda (bile\u015fik c\u00fcmle ba\u011flac\u0131 olarak): \t \u2013 I hate to waste even a little piece of bread, for it is a sin. \t Ekmek k\u0131r\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n bile israf\u0131ndan nefret ederim, \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc g\u00fcnaht\u0131r. \t \u2013 I wanted to go to the lake last weekend to watch the birds and my friend gave me a \t \t ride. \t Ge\u00e7en hafta g\u00f6le ku\u015flar\u0131 izlemeye gitmek istedim ve arkada\u015f\u0131m beni g\u00f6le g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fc. Grammar For All 379","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \t \u2013 Bill refuses to eat peas, nor will he touch carrots. (nor DEVR\u0130K yap\u0131 gerektirir) \t Bill bezelye yemeyi reddeder, havuca da dokunamaz. \t \u2013 Some authors write with a computer; but, others choose to write with a pen or pencil. Baz\u0131 yazarlar bilgisayarla yazarlar; fakat di\u011ferleri kalemle yazmay\u0131 tercih ederler. C\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131nda: \t \u2013 Toby, my cat, loves having his head petted. But, he hates getting his claws trimmed. \t Kedim Toby ba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ok\u015fanmas\u0131na bay\u0131l\u0131r. Fakat, o t\u0131rnaklar\u0131n\u0131n kesilmesinden \t\t \t nefret eder. \t \u2013 The staff were rather inexperienced. Yet, the company was successful. \t Ekip olduk\u00e7a gen\u00e7ti. Fakat yine de \u015firket ba\u015fard\u0131. \t \u2013 I don\u2019t know how to bake. So, I buy my sweets. \t F\u0131r\u0131nda k\u0131zartmay\u0131 bilmiyorum. O y\u00fczden tatl\u0131lar\u0131m\u0131 haz\u0131r al\u0131r\u0131m. C\u00fcmle \u00f6gelerinde: \t \u2013 The king of the jungle is the lion, not the tiger. \t Orman\u0131n k\u0131ral\u0131 kaplan de\u011fil, asland\u0131r. NOT: and, but, or, so ve nor kelimeleri, \u00f6bekleri ve c\u00fcmlecikleri ba\u011flayabilirler, ama for ve yet sadece ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z c\u00fcmleyi ba\u011flayabilir. Genellikle c\u00fcmlenin en sade bi\u00e7imi tercih edilece\u011fi i\u00e7in ba\u011fla\u00e7lar tek kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak so ba\u011flac\u0131 and\u2019den ve yet ba\u011flac\u0131 da but\u2019tan sonra gelebilir, bu \u015fekilde \u00f6nceki ba\u011flac\u0131n vurgusunu g\u00fc\u00e7lendirir. \t \u2013 My sister wanted to leave early, but yet I didn\u2019t. \t K\u0131z karde\u015fim erken ayr\u0131lmak istedi, fakat buna kar\u015f\u0131n ben istemedim. \t My sister wanted to leave early, and so I didn\u2019t. \t \u2013 Carla badly injured her wrist, and so we took her to the hospital. \t Carla bile\u011fini \u00e7ok fena incitti, ve bu y\u00fczden biz de onu hastaneye g\u00f6t\u00fcrd\u00fck. \t Carla badly injured her wrist, but yet we took her to the hospital. A\u00c7IKLAMA S\u0131navlarda ba\u011fla\u00e7larla birlikte noktalamaya dikkat edilmesi gerekir. Ancak \u00f6ncelik noktalamadan ziyade anlama verilmelidir ki, son y\u0131llardaki s\u0131navlarda noktalama, b\u00fcy\u00fck harf kural\u0131 gibi kolayc\u0131 yakla\u015f\u0131mlar yerine anlamsal b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc yakalama becerilerini \u00f6l\u00e7en sorular \u00f6n plana \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131da g\u00f6r\u00fclece\u011fi \u00fczere ayn\u0131 ifade, farkl\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131m ve noktalama ile pek tabii ki sa\u011flanabilir. My mother went shopping, and my father washed the dishes. My mother went shopping. And my father washed the dishes. My mother went shopping; my father washed the dishes. My mother went shopping. My father washed the dishes. 380 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \u00d6rnek: Mr. Rogers is a member of the same cabinet, ____ he doesn\u2019t agree with the minister on new social security proposal. A) as B) for C) yet D) such E) so \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Yukar\u0131daki a\u00e7\u0131klama do\u011frultusunda burada odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken konu noktalamadan ziyade bo\u015fluktan sonraki olumsuzluk ifadesini kar\u015f\u0131layacak bir ba\u011flac\u0131n bulunmas\u0131d\u0131r ki bunu sadece yet kar\u015f\u0131lar. Yet olmasayd\u0131 but, however gibi z\u0131t g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131na y\u00f6nelmek gerekirdi. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS: \u0130kili s\u00f6zc\u00fcklerden olu\u015fan ve benzer ifadeleri birle\u015ftirmek i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bu ba\u011fla\u00e7lar 4 adettir. Bir tarafta (isim, s\u0131fat, isim tamlamas\u0131, c\u00fcmle, gerund vb.) hangi gramer yap\u0131s\u0131 kullan\u0131l\u0131yorsa di\u011fer tarafta da ayn\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 ve paralelli\u011fin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 her 4 ba\u011fla\u00e7 i\u00e7in de ortak kurald\u0131r. Bunlardan sadece both \u2026 and yap\u0131s\u0131 c\u00fcmle birle\u015ftirmede kullan\u0131lmaz. \t \u2013 For language acquisition, this course is suitable for both children and adults. \t NOUN \t\/\/ NOUN \t \u2013 For language acquisition, this course is suitable both for children and for adults. \t \t PREP \/\/ PREP \t \u2013 For language acquisition, this course is suitable both for children and adults. YANLI\u015e \t \u2013 For language acquisition, this course is both suitable for children and adults. YANLI\u015e Both \u2026 and (hem \u2026 hem de) Olumlu c\u00fcmlelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r. Paralelli\u011fi sa\u011flamas\u0131 ko\u015fuluyla c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok \u00f6genin yerine, kullan\u0131labilir. Ama iki c\u00fcmleyi birbirine ba\u011flamaz. \t \u2013 I enjoy both fishing in the lake and walking around it. \t (\u2026 both fishing and to walk \u2026) \t G\u00f6lde bal\u0131k tutmaktan ve etraf\u0131nda y\u00fcr\u00fcmekten keyif al\u0131r\u0131m. \t \u2013 Our teachers are determined to teach both to read and to write in two months. \t to V \/\/ to V \t \u00d6\u011fretmenlerimiz iki ayda hem okumay\u0131 hem de yazmay\u0131 \u00f6\u011fretmede kararl\u0131lar. Grammar For All 381","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \t \u2013 For language acqusition, this course is suitable for both children and adults. \t NOUN \/\/ NOUN \t \u2013 For language acqusition, this course is suitable both for children and for adults. \t \t PREP \/\/ PREP \t Dil kazan\u0131m\u0131nda bu kurs, hem \u00e7ocuk hem de yeti\u015fkinler i\u00e7in uygundur. \u2013 Our teachers are determined to teach both to read and listening in few months. YANLI\u015e \u2013 For language acqusition, this course is suitable both for children and adults. YANLI\u015e \u2013 For language acqusition, this course is both suitable for children and adults. YANLI\u015e \u2013 Both he went to school and he studied lesson. YANLI\u015e \u2013 He both went to school and studied lesson. VERB \/\/ VERB \u00d6zne olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda mutlaka \u00e7o\u011ful y\u00fcklem kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \u2013 Both the children and their father have decided to take a tour to Alaska. (\u2026 father has decided \u2026) Hem \u00e7ocuklar hem de babalar\u0131 Alaska\u2019ya tura gitmeye karar verdiler. \u2013 Both Karen and her family approve this decision. Hem Karen hem de ailesi karar\u0131 onayl\u0131yorlar. Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2713 Both Mr. George and Dr. Seyedi are attending the conference in Paris next summer. \u2713 He has just started the job. But he hopes both to earn a promotion and to get a pay rise. \u2713 The comedian responded to the question both quickly and wittily. \u2713 To operate a modern farm efficiently, both considerable technological understanding and management skill are essential. \u2713 Although in the past Philadelphia has been both the capital of the USA and of the Pennsylvania state, today it is neither. Not only \u2026 but also (sadece \u2026 de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda \u2026) Both \u2026 and ile hemen hemen ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Bu yap\u0131 da olumlu c\u00fcmlelerde kullan\u0131l\u0131r ve paralellik gerektirir. Anlamsal vurgu burada daha g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fcd\u00fcr. \t \u2013 If the economic measures fail, it will affect not only our business, but also the \t\t \t whole country. \t Ekonomik tedbirler ba\u015far\u0131l\u0131 olamazsa bu sadece bizim sekt\u00f6r\u00fc de\u011fil t\u00fcm \u00fclkeyi \t\t \t etkileyecektir. \u00d6zne olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde y\u00fckleme daha yak\u0131n olan isime g\u00f6re y\u00fcklemin tekil mi \u00e7o\u011ful mu olaca\u011f\u0131na karar verilir. \t \u2013 Not only the musicians but also the conductor was feeling excited before the \t\t \t concert began. (\u2026were) \t Yaln\u0131zca m\u00fczisyenler de\u011fil \u015fef de konser ba\u015flamadan \u00f6nce heyecanl\u0131yd\u0131. 382 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS C\u00fcmleleri de birle\u015ftirebilir. Ancak bu durumda ilk c\u00fcmle devrik olmal\u0131d\u0131r. Not only + DEVR\u0130K\u2026, but - also + D\u00dcZ\u2026 \u0130kinci c\u00fcmlede but ile also yan yana de\u011fil ayr\u0131 yaz\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 Not only does the number of migrations vary with season, (but) it also varies with \t \t the type of species. \t G\u00f6\u00e7men ku\u015flar\u0131n say\u0131s\u0131 sadece mevsimsel olarak de\u011fi\u015fmez, ku\u015flar\u0131n t\u00fcrlerine g\u00f6re \t \t de de\u011fi\u015fir. \t \u2013 Not alone did you win the race, but you also beat a new world record! \t Sadece yar\u0131\u015f\u0131 kazanmad\u0131n ayn\u0131 zamanda yeni bir d\u00fcnya rekoru k\u0131rd\u0131n! Kal\u0131p olarak \u2018not only\u2019 k\u0131sm\u0131, \u2018not just\u2019, \u2018not alone\u2019, \u2018not simply\u2019, \u2018not solely\u2019 gibi, \u2018but also\u2019 k\u0131sm\u0131 ise \u2018but \u2026 too\u2019, \u2018but \u2026 as well\u2019 \u015fekillerinde de kullan\u0131labilir. Anlam itibariyle hepsi ayn\u0131d\u0131r. \t \u2013 It was not just a big dog, but an agressive one as well. \t O sadece iri bir k\u00f6pek de\u011fil ayn\u0131 zamanda sald\u0131rgan. \t \u2013 He not only blows the ney, a Turkish wind instrument, but he makes it in his own \t \t workshop too. \t O sadece bir T\u00fcrk m\u00fczi\u011fi enstr\u00fcman\u0131 olan neyi \u00fcflemez, kendi at\u00f6lyesinde yapar da. \u0130kinci k\u0131s\u0131m sadece but also \u015feklinde not only olmaks\u0131z\u0131n da kullan\u0131labilir. But opsiyoneldir, sadece also kullan\u0131larak dahi not only \u2026 but also anlam\u0131 verilebilir. Bu daha \u00e7ok depend on, based on gibi ifadelerin devam\u0131nda belirgin olur. \t \u2013 Hapiness depends on your point of view, but also on where you live. \t Mutluluk senin (hayata) bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r, ayn\u0131 zamanda nerede ya\u015fad\u0131\u011f\u0131na da. Varyasyonlar paralellik do\u011fru kuruldu\u011fu m\u00fcddet\u00e7e s\u00f6z konusu olabilir. \t \u2013 This pricing policy damages not only sales but also shareholder\u2019s confidence. \t NOUN \/\/ NOUN \t Bu fiyat politikas\u0131 sadece sat\u0131\u015flara de\u011fil ortaklar\u0131n g\u00fcvenine de zarar veriyor. \t \u2013 This pricing policy not only damages sales but also worsens shareholder\u2019s \t\t \t confidence. V \/\/ V \t Bu fiyat politikas\u0131 sadece sat\u0131\u015flara zarar vermiyor, fakat ortaklar\u0131n g\u00fcvenini de bozuyor. \t \u2013 This pricing policy not only damages sales but also shareholder confidence. YANLI\u015e Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2713 Not only is this post quite long and detailed, it also lacks images. \u2713 The article is based not only on a lengthy interview with Tim, but also on discussions with other figures. \u2713 Not only did he have to run five hours, but he also had to swim 10 miles. \u2713 The dog not only broke his chain but also barked at the neighbours. \u2713 Not only did we go food shopping, but also we bought dinner. Grammar For All 383","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS either \u2026. or (Ya \u2026 ya da \u2026) Hem olumlu hem olumsuz c\u00fcmlelerde kullan\u0131labilir ve ya \u015fu ya bu \u015feklinde tercih sunar. T\u0131pk\u0131 di\u011ferlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi paralellik kural\u0131 ge\u00e7erlidir. C\u00fcmle birle\u015ftirmede de kullan\u0131labilir. \t \u2013 Rida is in either the kitchen or the living room. PLACE \/\/ PLACE \t Rida ya mutfakta ya da oturma odas\u0131nda. \t \u2013 You can either go with Joseph or stay with us. VERB \/\/ VERB \t Ya Joseph\u2018le gidebilir ya da bizimle kalabilirsin. Y\u00fckleme yak\u0131n olan \u00f6zne y\u00fcklemin tekil mi \u00e7o\u011ful mu olaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belirler. \t \u2013 Either the students or the teacher has made a mistake. NOUN \/\/ NOUN \t Ya \u00f6\u011frenciler ya da \u00f6\u011fretmen bir hata yapt\u0131. Olumsuz kullan\u0131m\u0131 neither\u2026 nor anlam\u0131ndad\u0131r. \t \u2013 Since Maria is a vegetarian, she never eats either meat or fish. \t = Since Maria is a vegetarian, she eats neither meat nor fish. \t Vejeteryan oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in Maria ne et yer ne de bal\u0131k. neither \u2026. nor (Ne \u2026 ne de \u2026) Olumlu c\u00fcmlelere olumsuz anlam katar. Ayn\u0131 parelellik kurallar\u0131na tabidir. Ayn\u0131 t\u00fcrdeki \u00f6gelerle birlikte c\u00fcmleleri de birle\u015ftirebilir. \t \u2013 The report written about me was neither accurate nor fair. \t Hakk\u0131mda yaz\u0131lan rapor ne do\u011fru ne de adildi. \t \u2013 This plan is neither costly nor risky, so what you need is just a little patience and \t \t will-power. \t Bu plan ne maliyetli ne de riskli, bu nedenle ihtiyac\u0131n olan \u015fey biraz sab\u0131r ve irade. \u00d6zne olarak kullan\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131nda y\u00fckleme yak\u0131n olan isme g\u00f6re y\u00fcklem tekil veya \u00e7o\u011ful kullan\u0131l\u0131r. \t \u2013 Neither the play nor the score of the game was good enough to hold the spectator\u2019s \t \t attention. \t Ne oyun ne de ma\u00e7\u0131n skoru izleyicilerin dikkatini \u00e7ekecek kadar yeterli de\u011fildi. C\u00fcmleleri ba\u011flarken neither\u2019\u0131n devam\u0131 d\u00fcz, nor\u2019un ise devrik devam eder. Neither kullan\u0131lmasa dahi nor ile devrik \u015fekilde devam ederek c\u00fcmleye ayn\u0131 anlam verilebilir. Neither + D\u00dcZ, nor + DEVR\u0130K \t \u2013 This young referee doesn\u2019t panic under pressure; nor does he argue with the \t\t \t players about his decisions. \t Bu gen\u00e7 hakem bask\u0131 alt\u0131nda paniklemez; kararlar\u0131n\u0131 da oyuncularla tart\u0131\u015fmaz. 384 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS Di\u011fer \u00f6rnekleri inceleyiniz: \u2713 We must either employ a new assistant or train one of the existing staffs for the registration desk. \u2713 He wasn\u2019t in time to work this morning, nor did he report to the manager about his lateness. \u2713 Either I will lend you my car, or I will give you a ride to the conference tomorrow. \u2713 I might have left my umbrella either at the hotel or on the bus during my Europe tour last month. \u2713 Neither the driver ran into the cow nor did the passengers notice what was going on. \u2713 The only way we can fly to Dallas is with either Turkish Airlines or American Airlines. \u2713 We didn\u2019t get to see the castle, nor did we see the cathedral. \u2713 The solution satisfied neither the management nor the union. \u00d6rnek: For reasons of safety, space launch centers are usually located on ____ oceans sparsely populated land. A) either \/ or B) such as C) neither nor D) hardly \/ when E) whether \/ or \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Y\u00fcklemin dolayl\u0131 t\u00fcmlecinin (yerinin) verildi\u011fi bo\u015fluktan sonraki iki yap\u0131da paralellik g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne g\u00f6re B, D ve E do\u011frudan elenmesi gereken yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Anlam olarak uzaya f\u0131rlatma istasyonlar\u0131 emniyet nedeniyle ya okyanuslarda ya da insanlar\u0131n ya\u015famad\u0131\u011f\u0131 b\u00f6lgelerde \u015feklinde alternatife g\u00f6t\u00fcren se\u00e7enek do\u011frudur. DO\u011eRU YANIT: A \u00d6rnek: 385 Experiments in North America, with long horn ranching and commercial forestry have proved ____ devastating to the environment ____ uneconomic, yet deforestation of the region continues. A) neither \/ nor B) both \/ and D) whether \/ or C) hardly when E) such as \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Soruda kan\u0131tlanan \u015feyin \u00e7evresel tahribat\u0131 ile ekonomik olmamas\u0131 \u015feklinde ikisinin de olumsuzlukta paralelli\u011fi sa\u011flamalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan A ve B se\u00e7eneklerine y\u00f6nelmemiz gerekmektedir. A\u2019daki neither nor (ne y\u0131k\u0131c\u0131 ne zarars\u0131z olmas\u0131) olumsuzlu\u011fu kald\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in c\u00fcmle devam\u0131ndaki yet sonras\u0131ndaki olumsuz sonu\u00e7la \u00f6rt\u00fc\u015fmemektedir. DO\u011eRU YANIT: B Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS \u00d6rnek: Erzurum has ____ oil reserves ____ a wide scale manufacturing industry, so it must develop winter tourism and agriculture to keep its economy afloat. A) not only \/ but also B) either \/ or C) neither nor D) whether \/ or E) both \/ and \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: C\u00fcmlenin sonu\u00e7 k\u0131sm\u0131ndaki zorunluluk ifadesi (, so it must develop..) i\u015flerin olumsuz oldu\u011funa i\u015faret ediyor. DO\u011eRU YANIT: C \u00d6rnek: ____ does the International Students\u2019 Society help foreign students settle in, ____ it organizes sightseeing trips as well. A) So that B) No sooner than C) Not only \/ but D) Both and E) Neither \/ nor \u00c7\u00f6z\u00fcm: Devrik yap\u0131 gerektiren paralel yap\u0131lardan sadece not only but also c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131nda devrik olur. Neither \u2026nor yap\u0131s\u0131nda sadece nor'un devam\u0131 devrik olur. O halde; DO\u011eRU YANIT: C 386 Grammar For All","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS ZARF C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI (ADVERBIAL CLAUSE) SVO, Sub.Conj + svo. Zarf c\u00fcmlecikleri ana c\u00fcmleci\u011fe Subordinating Conjunctions denilen ba\u011fla\u00e7larla ba\u011flanan ve ana c\u00fcmleci\u011fi zaman, yer, neden, sonu\u00e7, z\u0131tl\u0131k, ko\u015ful gibi bilgilerle tamamlayan dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ana y\u00fcklemi bir zarf gibi niteleyen c\u00fcmleciklerdir. Zarf c\u00fcmlelerinde kullan\u0131lan ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n iki g\u00f6revi vard\u0131r: Birincisi c\u00fcmle i\u00e7inde farkl\u0131 fikirler aras\u0131ndaki ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flar, ikincisi de birle\u015ftirilen iki c\u00fcmleyi \u00f6nem bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ayr\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131r ve daha \u00f6nemli olan bilgiyi ana c\u00fcmlecikte tutarak c\u00fcmlenin daha kolay anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. \t \u2013 I looked on the top shelf of the refrigerator, so that I could find the candy bars my \t \t mother hid. \t Annemin saklad\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fekerleri bulabileyim diye buzdolab\u0131n\u0131n \u00fcst raf\u0131na bakt\u0131m. \t \u2013 My uncle began to sneeze whenever my aunt opened the door for fresh air. \t Ne zaman yengem temiz hava almak \u00fczere kap\u0131y\u0131 a\u00e7sa, amcam hap\u015furmaya ba\u015flard\u0131. C\u00dcMLE BA\u011eLA\u00c7LARI (TRANSITIONS) Transition, iki ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z c\u00fcmleyi birle\u015ftiren ve yeni c\u00fcmleye adverbilal clause ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131 ile katabilece\u011fimiz bilgileri katarak onu niteleyen yap\u0131lard\u0131r. Ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00f6zc\u00fckleri olarak da isimlendirilen bu c\u00fcmle ba\u011fla\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 zarf c\u00fcmle ba\u011fla\u00e7larlar\u0131ndan ay\u0131ran en \u00f6nemli \u00f6zellik; devam\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131 bir yan c\u00fcmlecik de\u011fil, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir TAM C\u00dcMLE gelmesidir. Genellikle bir c\u00fcmle bittikten sonra anlat\u0131lmak istenen ifade devam\u0131ndaki c\u00fcmlede olaca\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in transition bu ikinci c\u00fcmlenin ba\u015f\u0131na veya sonuna gelir, veya birinci c\u00fcmlenin sonundaki noktal\u0131 virg\u00fcl ile ikinci c\u00fcmle ba\u015f\u0131ndaki virg\u00fcl aras\u0131nda olabilir. A\u015fa\u011f\u0131daki form\u00fcllerde kullan\u0131m yeri ve noktalama i\u015faretlerine dikkat ediniz. SVO . Transition, SVO. - There was nothing left at home to cook. Therefore, we went shopping. SVO; transition, SVO. - There was nothing left at home to cook; therefore, we went shopping. SVO . SVO, transition. - There was nothing left at home to cook. We went shopping, therefore. (\u00dc\u00e7\u00fcnde de anlam ayn\u0131d\u0131r: Evde yemek pi\u015firecek hi\u00e7bir \u015fey kalmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131. Bu y\u00fczden al\u0131\u015fveri\u015fe \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131k.) Grammar For All 387","\u25ba \u00dcnite: 9 | ADVERBIAL CLAUSES and CONJUNCTIONS EDATLAR (PREPOSITIONS) Edatlar (Prepositions\/Prepositional Adverb Phrases) ise yine ba\u011fla\u00e7 gibi g\u00f6rev yaparlar. Gerek despite, besides gibi edatlar, gerekse because of, due to gibi edat \u00f6bekleri devam\u0131na kesinlikle c\u00fcmle alamazlar. Edatlar devam\u0131na, c\u00fcmle yerine isim ya da zamir (Noun or Pronoun), isim \u00f6be\u011fi (Noun Phrase) ya da Gerund (V-ing) yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan birini alabilirler. Konu anlat\u0131mlar\u0131nda ortak tabir olarak \u2018edat - PREP\u2019 tan\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 kullanaca\u011f\u0131z. PREP + N\t\t - Due to inflation , many producers were faced with increased costs. \t\t\t Enflasyon y\u00fcz\u00fcnden bir \u00e7ok \u00fcretici artan maliyetlerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya \t \t\t\t kalm\u0131\u015f durumda. PREP + N.Ph\t - Due to the heavy storm , we got lost. \t\t\t \u015eiddetli f\u0131rt\u0131nadan dolay\u0131 kaybolduk. PREP + Ving\t - Due to sleeping too much, she is feeling a headache. \t\t\t A\u015f\u0131r\u0131 uyumaktan ba\u015f\u0131 a\u011fr\u0131yor. Ancak baz\u0131 edatlar\u0131n ba\u011fla\u00e7 \u00f6zellikleri de oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in hem c\u00fcmle hem de isim t\u00fcrevleri ile kullan\u0131labilirler. \t \u2013 After the hurricane destroyed the city , the people of New Orleans rebuilt the city \t \t in just one year. \t Kas\u0131rga \u015fehri yok ettikten sonra, New Orleans\u2019l\u0131lar sadece bir y\u0131l i\u00e7inde \u015fehri \t\t \t yeniden in\u015fa ettiler. \t \u2013 After the hurricane , uprooted trees were lying all over the ground. \t Kas\u0131rgadan sonra, k\u00f6klerinden s\u00f6k\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f a\u011fa\u00e7lar her yere serilmi\u015fti. Devam\u0131nda \u2018-the fact that\u2019 olan edat \u00f6bekleri mutlaka tam c\u00fcmle al\u0131rlar. \t \u2013 In spite of the quick arrival of the ambulance , they couldn\u2019t save the badly \t\t \t injured man. \t =In spite of the fact that the ambulance arrived quickly , they couldn\u2019t save the \t \t badly injured man. \t Ambulans\u0131n \u00e7abuk varm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na (ger\u00e7e\u011fine) ra\u011fmen, a\u011f\u0131r yaral\u0131 adam\u0131 \t\t \t kurtaramad\u0131lar. 388 Grammar For All"]