YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 9. The high school period is the time 13. The doctor needed the blood ____ parents should begin to teach sample ____ by the lab technicians their children to make decisions on the day before to diagnose the their own. disease. A) how A) to be examined B) which B) to examine C) who C) having been examined D) when D) examining E) where E) having examined 10. Despite her disability, Helen 14. I think the sculpture ____ to me for Keler, ____ is considered to be my birthday is made of ceramic. an American author and political activist, was the first deafblind A) to have given person to earn a BA degree. B) given C) to give A) when D) having given E) givng B) who 15. ___ the language exam twice, Jason C) wØhom was certain that he wouldn’t apply D) to study abroad next semester. E) whose A) Having failed B) Having been failed 11. The radar system, ____ is used C) Failing for the purpose of accident data D) To be failed recording, is a mobile application E) To have failed developed for Android Tablet. 16. All of the people ____ in the A) which explosion were immediately taken B) Ø to hospital. C) whom D) where A) injuring E) when B) having injured C) to have injured 12. What’s the name of that new album D) to injure Britney ____? E) injured A) to have sung B) to be singing C) singing D) sang E) having been sung Grammar For All 289

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 17. It will be more practical if we take 21. Students ____ haven’t yet done a taxi to find the way to the city their project seminars are reminded hall ____ Mary is celebrating her that they have to deliver them before wedding ceremony. the end of February. A) of which A) where B) when B) when C) why C) whose D) what D) why E) where E) who 18. All the food ____ by that restaurant 22. Suzie has to take a bus in order come with a green salad and to get to the office ____ she’s just dessert. started to work. A) having served A) what B) serving B) how C) to serve C) where D) served D) which E) to be serving E) that 23. The movie ___ I watched last night was really thought-provoking. 19. For weeks after the explosion, A) that there were many stories in the news B) who about people ____ their lives to help C) why those injured in the event. D) when E) where A) having risked 24. Amazon rainforest ___ is home to B) to risk many strange looking creatures on C) risking Earth is disappearing at an alarming D) risked rate as a result of commercial E) having been risked logging. 20. Beethoven is a great composer A) who from Germany, ____ music gained B) which global influence and it becomes C) when D) why the second largest music market in E) whose Europe. 25. The English Renaissance period, A) when from 1550 to 10, was the period B) why during ____ the dominant art forms C) whom were literature and music. D) where A) when E) which B) that C) which D) why E) what 290 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) TEST 3 1. The conditions for the labourers ____ 5. Snow leopards, ___ cheetahs in the working at mines, ____ hundreds same family, are still distinct from of tonnes of metal are mined each one another with other traits ___ year, aren’t safe enough. them to live in specific habitats. A) who/ when A) having resembled / to allow B) that/ which B) to resemble / allowing C) which / that C) to have resembled / to be allowed D) Ø/ where D) resembled / allowed E) whose / how E) resembling / allowing 2. The film Oliver Twist is based on the 6. Nokia cell phones are quite novel by Charles Dickens, ___ work convenient, but not as efficient as includes some of the world’s best- Samsung ____ at our local store. known fictional characters. A) sold A) whom B) selling B) which C) to be sold C) that D) having sold D) whose E) to have sold E) what 7. Our defeat, for ___ some players 3. One of the most controversial issues blame themselves, was caused ___ is whether animals should be by bad luck and not by our lack of used for scientific testing to help capabilities. ensure the safety of drugs ____ significant danger with its use. A) whom B) which A) discussing/ carried C) where B) discussed/ carrying D) why C) being discussed/ to carry E) what D) discuss/ having carried E) to discuss/ carry 8. The candidates ___ had applied for the IELTS exam were disappointed 4. My economy professor has an when they found out that it had interesting theory as to ___ inflation been cancelled. is widespread in most countries. A) which A) whose B) whose B) why C) whom C) that D) when D) what E) that E) which Grammar For All 291

9. I can’t think of an interesting topic ► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE ___ on for my PhD dissertation. 13. Widely ____ as Woody Allen, A) to write Allan Stewart Konigsberg began B) writing performing as a stand- up C) written comedian, ___ monologues rather D) having written than traditional jokes. E) to have written A) to know / emphasizes 10. The vegetables and fish ___ most B) known / emphasizing people leave uneaten are often the C) knowing / to emphasize most nutritious. D) knew / emphasizing E) having known / to emphasize A) whom B) why 14. The International Linguistics C) that Conference, ___ all the participants D) what had to dress up, was hosted by E) when Hacettepe University. 11. Most of the suspicious people ___ A) at which about the explosion ___ to the court B) of which for trial. C) when D) which A) to question/ having send E) what B) questioning/ to sent C) having been questioned/ sent 15. There are great variety of Turkic D) questioned/ were sent languages, some ___ are natively E) to have questioned/ sending spoken by the Turkish people in Türkiye. 12. The psychology students, several of ___ were very interested in the A) where new theory of Psychodrama, were B) whose invited to a seminar. C) by whom D) about what A) which E) of which B) whom C) that 16. Jack, ___ by the traffic police to D) where fasten the seat belt, was fined again E) whose last week. A) having warned B) to warn C) having been warned D) warning E) to be warned 292 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 17. The subway system, ____ billions 21. The new player, ___everybody of dollars to build, was designed as believes to be clumsy, scored a goal an intracontinental project. in the last minute of match. A) costs A) whose B) to cost B) where C) cost C) whom D) having cost D) why E) to have cost E) that 18. Timmy, ___ himself for the car 22. The people ___ by Typhus, ___ is a crash, apologised to the other disease caused by a bacteria, didn’t driver ____ in the accident. get a vaccination to prevent it. A) blamed / involving A) infecting / where B) to blame / to involve B) infect / how C) being blamed / involve C) to infect/ that D) blaming / involved D) infected / which E) blames / having involved E) were infected / who 19. Cappadocians chiseled homes 23. Plaza Hotel, ___ offers VIP in the soft rock, ___ the way for personality and chic style, is very cave-dwelling hippies and today’s comfortable but costly. boutique fairy-chimney hotels. A) where A) paving B) whose B) paves C) which C) to pave D) when D) to be paved E) Ø E) having paved 24. The only employee ___ the boss trusts to assign that important responsibility is Judy. 20. In the wartime, the Christians lived A) which in the caves ___ cut into a narrow B) when ledge mountain to survive. C) where D) Ø A) how E) how B) what C) who 25. On the days ___ I plan my future, I D) whose thought for many hours to make a E) Ø decision. A) when B) where C) whose D) whom E) which Grammar For All 293

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (ADJECTIVE CLAUSE) TEST 4 1. One of the greatest leaders of all time 5. The excuse ____ up by the secretary was Atatürk, ___ military campaigns for not delivering the report was led to victory in the Turkish War of unbelievable. Independence. A) to make A) where B) having made B) whom C) made C) who D) to be making D) whose E) making E) when 6. Jessica will need someone ___ her 2. We had collected the sap from the old mother during her business trip sugar maple trees, ____ maple to America. syrup is manufactured. A) look after A) whose B) looked after B) from which C) having looked after C) what D) looking after D) where E) to look after E) how 7. If the boss leave the letters ___ on 3. Unfortunately, the colleague with her desk, the assistant will post ___ I intended to plan the project is them all tomorrow morning. ill, so I’ll have to do it by myself. A) signing A) who B) having signed B) whom C) to have signed C) where D) to be signed D) that E) to be signing E) which 8. ___ in a ‘no-smoking’ area, Bill was 4. The police officer, ___ the thief, was liable to a fixed penalty of $1,500. pushing him into a police vehicle to be taken to the station. A) Being smoked B) Smoking A) to arrest C) Having smoked B) to have arrested D) To be smoking C) arrested E) To smoke D) having arrested E) being arrested 294 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 13. Hundreds of people have been evacuated from the seismic area, 9. The smartest way ___ a product is many ___ will be provided by health to start with clear research of its care. features to see if it can fulfill your needs. A) for which B) whose A) purchased C) of whom B) having purchased D) in which C) purchasing E) with whom D) to be purchased E) to purchase 14. The twin towers with innovations in their construction, ___ allowed 10. The old rug, ___ for £20 in a jumble the buildings to be the tallest in the sale, was valued by the expert at world are located in New York ___ is £1800 since he considered it to be often said to be the economic and an antique. cultural center of the US. A) having bought A) that / where B) buying B) Ø / when C) to buy C) whose / that D) bought D) which / Ø E) to be bought E) which / which 11. All her friends, ____ she got along 15. An Independence Day is a national well, praised her greatly for her holiday ___ people commemorate promotion. the anniversary of a nation’s independence after ceasing to be a A) of which group or part of another nation. B) that C) where A) which D) with whom B) what E) whose C) whom D) whose 12. The three-second rule is a rule of E) when thumb ____ a driver may maintain a safe following distance at any 16. The linguist ___ theories I am speed. writing got terribly sick before he died. A) by which B) what A) about whose C) that B) of whose D) which C) whose E) how D) of which E) which Grammar For All 295

► Ünite: 6 | ADJECTIVE CLAUSE 17. All the tomatoes ___ on that 22. The most expensive carpet of the greenhouse are free from chemicals world is a 17th- century Persian and pesticides. vase style carpet ___ in June 2013 in an London auction for $33.8m. A) having grown B) grown A) to sell C) to grow B) selling D) to be growing C) having sold E) grow D) sold E) to be selling 18. The only products _______in the plane neither in your carry-on nor 23. He decided to telephone Mrs. checked baggage are the aerosols. Jackson, ____ he had read in the newspaper. A) banning B) to ban A) at which C) having banned B) who D) to be banned C) whose E) to be banning D) about whom E) for which 19. Tina, ___Spanish, didn’t enjoy the Opera as much as I did. 24. That’s the radio programme ___ we listened last night. A) not being understood B) not to understand A) in which C) not to be understood B) whom D) not understanding C) where E) not understand D) to whom E) to which 20. many times as an English teacher in state schools, he decided to start 25. He finally met Paul McCartney, teaching private lessons. _____ he had always admired. A) To apply A) whom B) Applied B) which C) Having applied C) to whom D) Being applied D) whose E) Applying E) when 21. It would be nice if I had someone ___ on to look after my parrot when we go on holiday. A) having relied B) relying C) relied D) to be relied E) rely 296 Grammar For All

ÜNİTE 7 NOUN CLAUSE

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE NOUN CLAUSE ✓ GİRİŞ ✓ THAT İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ ✓ QUESTION WORD İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ ✓ WHETHER / IF İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ ✓ İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİNDE KISALTMA ✓ SUBJUNCTIVE ✓ REPORTED SPEECH ✓ AUXILIARY VERBS ✓ METİN İÇERİSİNDE KULLANIMI ✓ PRACTICE TESTS GİRİŞ İsim cümlecikleri (Noun Clause) cümle içerisinde tıpkı isim gibi görev alan cümleciklerdir. İsim cümlecikleri de sıfat ve zarf cümlecikleri gibi birtakım bağlaçlarla (that, what, whether, if, how vb.) başlar. Bu bağlaçların özellikleri aşağıda kapsamlı olarak verilecektir. İsim nasıl ki ne / neyi sorusunu cevaplıyorsa isim cümlecikleri de ne / neyi sorusunu cevaplar. Bu bakımdan cümle içerisinde özne (NC + VO), nesne (SV + NC), edat tamamlayıcı (...prep + NC) veya to be yükleminin tamamlayıcısı (S+be + NC) konumunda bulunabilirler. KONUMU DİZİLİM ÖRNEK Özne NC + VO - What I told you last week is important. Nesne SV+NC Geçen hafta sana söylediğim şey önemli Edat tamamlayıcısı Prep +NC - I know what you did yesterday. Dün ne yaptığını biliyorum. Özne Tamamlayıcısı S+be +NC (to be sonrası) - Did you laugh at what I said? Ne dediğime mi güldün? - My understanding is that you didn’t want to go back. Geri dönmek istemediğini anlıyorum. Aşağıdaki cümlelerde özne ve nesne yerine kullanılan isim cümleciklerini inceleyiniz. ✓ I’m pleased that you study hard. ✓ My grandpa doesn’t remember when he got married. ✓ They’ve just announced that the take-off is at 3 o’clock. ✓ The fact that the president was not present at the ceremony disappointed the people. ✓ That smart phones aren’t safe is being discussed. 298 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE ✓ I can’t predict whatever will happen today. ✓ Ask your child what he wants for dinner only if he’s buying. ✓ What you want is that we should give you more than you really deserve. ✓ That the meeting ended in an argument was something no one expected before. ✓ They admitted that they had made a mistake. Yan cümleciğin başına gelebilecek bağlaçlar açısından isim cümlecikleri iki gruba ayrılırlar: • THAT - THE FACT THAT İsim cümlecikleri • WH- isim cümlecikleri THAT İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ ‘that’ bağlacı ile başlayan bir isim cümleciği; – bazı fiillerden sonra V+THAT SVO, – bazı isimlerden sonra N+THAT SVO, – bazı sıfatlardan sonra Adj +THAT SVO, ve – THE FACT THAT şeklinde de kullanılabilirler. Aşağıdaki tabloda that’in hangi durumda opsiyonel, hangi durumda zorunlu olduğu gösterilmiştir: (THAT), optional Object Fiilden sonra - I proposed (that) we went out for a meal at a SV + (THAT) restaurant. Çıkıp bir lokantada yemek yemeyi önerdim. Adj. Sıfattan sonra - I am sorry (that) you are not allowed to register. Compliment Adj + (THAT) Üzgünüm, başvuru yapamazsınız. THAT, not optional Pred.Nomitative be’den sonra - My biggest mistake was that I didn’t start my own be+ THAT company earlier. En büyük hatam şirketimi daha önce kurmamaktı. Subject Fiilden önce - That he should forget all I did for him was rather a THAT+ VO shock. Onun için yaptıklarımı tamamen unutması büyük bir şok. - The idea that a teacher should know everything is Appositive İsim’den unacceptable. sonra N+ Öğretmenin her şeyi bilmesi gerektiği fikri kabul THAT+ SVO edilemez. - There was still little chance that they would survive. Kurtulacaklarına dair hala küçük bir ihtimal vardı. Grammar For All 299

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE ‘That’ Yerine ‘It’ Kullanımı: Özne olarak kullanılması halinde THAT ve WH- soru bağlaçları ile yapılan isim cümleleri, çoğunlukla boş özne olarak bilinen it ile de kurulabilirler ki bu şekilde kullanım daha yaygındır. It öznesiyle kullanım hem fiiller, hem sıfatlar, hem de isimler için söz konusudur. It kullanımının amacı, bağlaçla başlayan uzun bir özne ile yüklem arasındaki belirsizliği ortadan kaldırıp yüklemi öne çıkararak cümleyi daha anlaşılır hale getirmektir. Sıfatlarla (It is Adj + THAT) – That your proposal has been turned down is not certain yet. = It is not certain that your proposal has been turned down. Teklifinin reddedildiği henüz kesin değil. – That the pilot didn’t do his best not to crash into the mountain is obvious from the reports. = It’s obvious from the reports that the pilot didn’t do his best not to crash into the mountain. Pilotun dağa çarpmamak için elinden geleni yapmadığı rapordan açıkça görülüyor. Fiillerle (It V+ THAT) Ayrıca happen, occur, appear, seem, surprise, turn out gibi fiiller de özne olarak ‘it’ kullanımını gerektirirler. – That he could imitate the Prime Minister and his wife surprised eveyone. – It surprised everyone that he could imitate the Prime Minister and his wife. Başbakan’la karısını taklit edebilmesi herkesi şaşırttı. – It appears that some corporates will go bankrupt unless they are provided with goverment aids. Hükümet yardımı almazlarsa bazı şirketlerin iflas edeceği görülüyor. – It seems that the results of urine tests are not accurate according to the computer analysis. Bilgisayar analizine göre idrar test sonuçlarının doğru olmadığı görülüyor. İsimlerle (It is N + THAT) – That a person in his quality resigned from the cabinet is a pity. – It is a pity that a person in his quality resigned from the cabinet. Onun kalitesinde birinin kabineden istifa etmesi yazık. 300 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Aynı şekilde that haricinde soru bağlaçları ile başlayan bazı cümlelere it ile de başlanabilir.AÇIKLAMA – What you are talking about is nonsense. – It is nonsense what you are talking about. Konuştuğun şey saçma. – What makes him so priviliged is a mystery. – It is a mystery what makes him so priviliged. Onu böylesine ayrıcalıklı yapan şey bir muamma. – How he managed to became a doctor and opend a clinic without studying medicine shocked us. – It shocked us how he managed to became a doctor and opend a clinic without studying medicine. Tıp okumadan nasıl doktor olduğu ve muayenehane açmayı başardığı hepimizi şok etti. Bağlaç olarak that isim cümleciklerinin dışında sıfat ve zarf cümleciklerinde de kullanılmaktadır. That Noun clause’ı diğer clause’lardan ayırmanın en pratik yolu, THAT clause’ı, cümle içerisinden kaldırıp yerine it zamirini koymaktır. Yerine ‘it’ zamirini koyabildiğimiz clause, noun clause’dur, denilebilir. Buradaki it temsili olarak kullanılır, öznedeki that yerine kullanılabilen it ile karıştırılmamalıdır. NC. : - I know that she likes her job . that she she likes her job = it NC. : - That you are my step-brother is a lie. That you are my step-brother = it ADJ.C. : - The man that you called is my relative. that you called, yerine it konulamaz. ADV.C. : - He spoke so slowly that I couldn’t understand. that I couldn’t ... , yerine it konulamaz. Bu uygulama, soyut isimlerin devamında kullanılan Noun Clause’lar için geçerli değildir! Fiillerden Sonra That Clause Aşağıda yer alan fiiller kendilerinden sonra bir THAT clause gerektirirler. Alfabetik sıraya göre verilen bu fiilleri ezberlemek yerine, anlamlarına göre 8 farklı grupta toplamak daha mantıklı olacaktır. ifade etme (saying verbs) düşünme (thinking verbs) öğrenme (learning verbs) farketme (noticing verbs) hissetme (sense verbs) önerme (suggesting verbs) tahmin etme (predicting verbs) gösterme (showing verbs) Grammar For All 301

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Bu fiillerden (-wh) şeklinde işaretli olanlar, hem that hem de soru bağlaçları (what, how, whether vb.) ile kullanlılabilirler. Hatta bazılarının isim cümleciği haricinde gerund ya da infinitive alarak kullanılmaları da söz konusudur. Bunun dışında +SB şeklinde işaretli olanlar ise that clause öncesi bir nesne daha gerektirirler. That Clause Alan Fiiller: fear realize -Wh feel recall acknowledge find out -Wh reckon -Wh add forget -Wh recognize admit grumble recommend anticipate guarantee remark advise guess –Wh remember -Wh agree happen remind + SB allege hear -Wh reply announce -Wh hope report answer imagine -Wh request appear imply resolve appreciate indicate reveal -Wh argue inform + SB say -Wh arrange -Wh insist see -Wh assume know -Wh seem assure earn -Wh show -Wh beg mean state -Wh believe -Wh mention stipulate claim notice -Wh suggest -Wh command notify + SB suppose complain object suspect confirm observe teach consider -Wh occur to + object tell + SB convince + SB order think decide -Wh perceive threaten declare persuade+ SB turn out demand point out understand -Wh demonstrate -Wh predict urge deny presume warn determine -Wh pretend wish discover promise wonder -Wh doubt -Wh propose estimate -Wh prove -Wh expect explain -Wh 302 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Örnekleri inceleyiniz: – We decided that we should take some action. (Harekete geçmemiz gerektiğine karar verdik.) – I think that we are to change our finance policy. (Bence finans politikamızı değiştirmeliyiz.) – I hope that the research will give positive results. (Umarım araştırma olumlu sonuçlar verir.) – He argued that ceasefire would be a threat to peace. (Ateşkesin barışı tehdit edeceğini iddia etti.) – He admitted that his testimony was made by force. (İfadesinin zorla alındığını itiraf etti.) – It was decided that general elections would be made within two weeks. (- that ile kullanım) Genel seçimlerin two hafta içinde yapılacağına karar verildi. – We haven’t decided yet where we should move. (- wh ile kullanım) Nereye taşınacağımıza henüz karar veremedik. – He remembered that he made a mistake. (- that ile kullanım) – I can’t remember where I put my keys. (- wh ile kullanım) – I remember Rosa telling you about the accident. (- gerund ile kullanım) – He told us that we shouldn’t be embarrassed doing any job so long as it was an honest one. (+SB alan V) Bize, dürüst olduktan sonra hiç bir işi yapmaktan utanmamamızı söyledi. – The coach informed the team that they would have an extra training the next day. (+SB alan V) Koç takıma, diğer gün ekstradan bir antrenman olacağının bilgisini verdi. Aşağıda fiiller that clause aldıklarında genellikle S. Past, S. Present ya da Pres. Perfect şeklinde kullanılırlar. Bunun dışındaki tense’ler çok özel vurgulamalar dışında tercih edilmezler. AÇIKLAMA TERCİH EDİLEN ANA YÜKLEM TERCİH EDİLMEYEN ANA YÜKLEM They reported They are reporting They report that SVO They will/would report that SVO They have reported They had reported İsimlerden Sonra That Clause Özellikle düşünce, ifade, karar, durum, problem gibi anlamlar içeren isimler ‘that clause’ alırlar. İsmin devamında gelip onun hakkında fikir vermeleri bakımından sıfat cümleciği gibi görev yaparlar, bu bakımından fiillerde bahsetmiş olduğumuz ‘yerine it konulabiliyorsa bu bir noun clause’dur ‘ söylemi burada tatbik edilemez. Adjective clause, arkasından geldiği tüm isimleri niteleyebildiği halde that noun clause, aşağıdaki listede görülen düşünce, inanç, görüş, iddia, durum, vb anlamında bazı soyut isimleri niteler ve aslında bu isimle birlikte fiilin öznesi ya da yüklemi konumunda görev yapar: Grammar For All 303

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE advantage effect pity advice evidence possibility argument fact problem belief feeling relief chance guess report claim hope shame concern idea theory danger impression wonder difficulty miracle doubt opinion Örnekleri inceleyiniz: – Your problem is that you don’t know what to do. (Senin sorunun ne yapacağını bilmemen.) – The truth is that he has done nothing for us. (Gerçek olan, bizim için hiçbir şey yapmadığıdır.) – He made a promise that he would quit smoking. (Sigarayı bırakacağına söz verdi.) – I have a feeling that something will go wrong. (Bir şeylerin ters gideceğine dair his var içimde.) – The possibility is that we might be running out of gas. (Benzinsiz kalabileceğimiz olasıdır.) – There is a little chance that we will finish the job. (İşi bitirebilme şansımız çok az.) Sıfatlardan Sonra That Noun Clause ‘that clause’ şeklinde isim cümleciği bazı sıfatlardan sonra (adj + THAT) doğrudan kullanılabileciği gibi, sıfatı takip eden infinitive fiilden sonra (adj + to V+ THAT) da gelebilir. afraid interesting too bad anxious pleased true disappointed sad unhappy excited sorry unlikely frightened strange worried glad sure happy surprised – Everybody was pleased that the wild animals didn’t appear around in that winter. Vahşi hayvanların o kış ortalıkta görünmemesinden herkes memnundu. – I am sorry to hear that you have had no contact with your family for years. Ailenle yıllardır irtibatının olmamasını duyduğuma üzüldüm. – It is lucky that you aren’t dismissed from your job. İşten atılmaman bir şans. 304 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE The Fact That Kullanımı ‘The fact that’ cümlenin özne ya da nesnesi olarak ‘that’ gibi kullanılabilirler. Özne olarak kullanılan the fact that yerine her zaman that kullanmak mümkündür. – The fact that he doesn’t speak English prevented him from getting a job. = That he doesn’t speak English prevented him from getting a job. Onun İngilizce konuşamaması (gerçeği) iş bulmasına engel oldu. – The fact that the boss is your uncle doesn’t give you the right to tell others what to do. = That the boss is your uncle doesn’t give you the right to tell others what to do. Patronun senin amcan olması sana diğerlerine ne yapacaklarını söyleme hakkını vermez. Ama the fact that’ bir edattan sonra geliyorsa, yani bir preposition’un nesnesi konumunda ise yerine that kullanılamaz. Edat kaldırılırsa, o zaman the fact that yerine that de kullanılabilir. – She owes her health to the fact that she’s been doing sport all the time. Sağlığını her daim spor yapmaya (gerçeğine) borçlu. – The dietician was worried about the fact that Mrs Jones hadn’t bothered to start a diet yet. = The dietician was worried that Mrs Jones hadn’t bothered to start a diet yet. Diyetisyen, Bayan Jones’un henüz bir diyete başlama konusunda rahatsız olmamasından endişelendi. Bir edatla birlikte kullanılıp cümleye daha çok sebep, zıtlık gibi anlam yükleyerek isim değil de zarf cümleciği (Adverbial Clause) olarak görev yapan PP + the fact that yapıları şunlardır: ANLAMI YAN CÜMLECİK ANA CÜMLECİK the fact that he was under-age, he was not enlisted in the army. Due to SEBEP- Because of SONUÇ On account of Owing to Thanks to ZITLIK Despite the fact that he was under-age, he was enlisted in the army. In spite of Regardless of Grammar For All 305

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Örnek: The principal insisted ____ all of the instructors are to come up with a new proposal to the next teachers meeting in order to improve our teaching capabilities. A) those B) that C) which D) who E) what Çözüm: Soru kökündeki yüklem \"insist'' that clause gerektiren bir fiildir. Bu tür sorularda yüklemin devamında bir durumu mu ifade ettiği, yoksa bir belirsizliği mi sorguladığına bakarak doğrudan that ve Wh arasında tercihte bulunmak gerekmektedir. DOĞRU YANIT: B Örnek: ______ that we should not travel to Somali, but it was too late since we had already decided to. A) They repeatedly informed B) Those who had been there before said us C) We were told D) He reminded E) The security tried to convince Çözüm: Seçeneklerin tamamı, soru kökündeki that noun clause gerektiren fiilleri içeriyor, ancak B ve C seçenekleri dışındaki fiilerin tamamı that clause öncesi direct object almadıkları için anlam kaybına yol açmıştır. B’deki say fiili direkt nesne alacaksa “say to SB THAT” veya hiç nesne almadan “say THAT” şeklinde kullanılması gerekir idi. C seçeneğinde “tell SB THAT” dizilimi için gerekli olan nesne cümle başında passive olarak verilmiştir. DOĞRU YANIT: C 306 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE QUESTION WORD İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ Özne ve nesne konumunda kullanılabilen bu yapılar That clause’dan farklı olarak, kesin durumlar için değil; bilinmeyen, sorulması veya öğrenilmesi gereken yapılar için kullanılır. Yani ifadenin orijinal hali aşağıdaki bağlaçlarla başlayan sorulardır. WH grubu HOW grubu -EVER grubu WHETHER/IF what how whatever whether when how far whenever if where how long wherever which how many whichever who/m how much whoever whose how often whomever why however Question Word ile başlayan bu yapılar ancak soru formatından kurtarıldığı taktirde isim cümleciği olarak kullanılabilirler. Aşağıda sorudan kurtarıp cümlecik haline dönüştürülen yapıların cümle içinde dizilimi temsili it ile doğrulanabilir. Sorudan kurtarırken soru bağlacından sonra, yardımcı fiil ve özne sıralaması düz cümle (affirmative) formatında gerçekleştirilir. Noktalama ve büyük harf (punctuation and capitalization) genel cümleye uyarlanır. SORU CÜMLESİ NOUN CLAUSE Where are you from? Tell me where you are from. When did she buy that shirt? Do you remember when she bought that shirt? How many friends do you have? I want to learn how many friends you have. How deep is the pool? How deep the pool is is something to do with safety. Soru bağlaçlarından who, what, how many, how much, whose sister, gibi ifadeler isim cümleciğinin öznesi konumunda kullanılırsa, ya da başka bir deyişle yan cümleciğin öznesini sorarsa orijinal cümleyi sorudan kurtarırken hiçbir değişiklik yapılmaz. Nesneyi sorarsa sorudan kurtarma prosedürleri uygulanır. Özneyi Soran: Who is visiting you tomorrow? – I want to know who is visiting you tomorrow. How many cars were involved in the accident? – I have no idea how many cars were involved in the accident. Whose sister is going to get married? – Whose sister is going to get married is none of your business. Grammar For All 307

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Nesneyi Soran: Aynı sorular nesneyi sorarsa sorudan kurtarma işlemi yine aynen uygulanmalıdır. Who are you visiting tomorrow? – I want to know who you are visiting tomorrow. How many cars did they report in the accident? – I have no idea how many cars they reported in the accident. Whose sister are you going to marry? – Whose sister I am going to marry is none of your business. Ancak to be fiili yardımcı fiil değil de ana fiil ise (be tense) özneyi soran soruda yine değişiklik yapılır. What is this? – What this is is not something we need to discuss now. Whose pencil is this? – How should I know whose pencil this is? Multi-Clause Sentences: Bir cümle, içerisinde birden fazla yan cümlecik barındırabilir. Bu durumlarda okuma anlama kolaylığı için öncelikle varsa and, but gibi bileşik cümle bağlaçlarını belirleyiniz. Sonra içinde sıfat cümleciği olan kısımların üzerini çizip sadece nitelediği ismi görünüz. İsim cümleciği varsa üzerini çizip yerine temsili it koyunuz. Detaylı bilgi gerektiğinde it ’in karşılığı olan noun clause veya ismin açılımı olan adjective clause’ a giderek ayrıntıya bakınız. Örnek 1: - I believe they are vegetarians, which means that they probably never eat any dairy products such as eggs and cheese. İçerisinde sırasıyla bir noun clause bir de adjective clause barındıran bir cümle. Cümlenin gereksiz uzunluğu sadece dikkati dağıtmak içindir. Yukarıdaki sadeleştirme yöntemini uygularsak: - I believe they are vegetarians (=it) which means that they probably never eat any dairy products such as eggs and cheese. I believe it = they are vegerarians. Bu cümle “onların vejateryan” olduğunu anlatıyor. Örnek 2: - The sad truth is that there are some people who will only be there for you as long as you have something they need. Cümleyi bağlaçlardan yola çıkarak sadeleştirecek olursak: - The sad truth is that there are some people who will only be there for you as long as you have something they need. 308 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE İlk bölümdeki that clause, bazı insanların varlığından kaynaklanan acı gerçeği anlatıyor. İnsanlarla ilgili acı gerçek nedir sorusunun cevabı who ile başlayan sıfat, ve devamındaki as long as ile başlayan koşul cümleciklerindedir. WHETHER / IF İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİ Wh soru bağlacı değil de yardımcı fiil ile başlayan Yes / No şeklindeki sorular (Y/N) isim cümleciğine dönüşürken başına whether ya da if alır ve burada da sorudan kurtarma prosedürleri uygulanarak düz cümle haline getirilir. Whether veya if kullanılırken, belirsizlik ifadeleri içeren öğrenmek, bulmaya çalışmak, vb anlamlarında (wonder, don’t care, ask, want to know, try to learn, want to figure out, want to discover, vb) fiillerle noun clause oluştururlar. Bu yapılar da cümle içerisinde farklı konumlarda görev alabilirler ve bu konumlara göre whether ve if kullanımları farklılık gösterebilirler. Nesne konumunda whether veya if kullanılabilir. (Y/N: Was there anything he could do to help?) – He wanted to know if / whether there was anything he could do to help. Yardım edebileceği bir şey olup olmadığını bilmek istedi. (Y/N: Are the shirt and pants I wear formal or casual?) – I don’t care whether the shirt and pants I wear are formal or casual, as long as they fit on me. Üzerime olduğu sürece, giydiğim pantolon ve gömleğin resmi ya da gayri resmi olmasına bakmam. Özne konumunda sadece whether kullanılır, if kullanılamaz. (Whether ...+VO) – Whether I will attend your art exhibition or not is not clear. (If I will attend... , olmaz.) Yarın resim sergine gelip gelmeyeceğim tam net değil. Sıfattan sonra hem whether hem de if kullanılabilir (Adj + whether/if), ama isimden sonra sadece whether kullanılır (N+ whether), if kullanılamaz. – It was doubtful whether/if the patient would survive the operation. Hastanın ameliyatı kaldırıp kaldırmayacağı şüpheli. – The question whether I will take part in S/R team needs to be answered. (The question if ... olmaz) Arama kurtarma timine katılıp katılmayacağım sorusu cevaplanmalıdır. Grammar For All 309

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE To be fiilinden sonra whether kullanılır, if kullanılamaz. (be+ whether) – What I need to know is whether they will approve my proposal. ( ...is if... , olmaz.) Öğrenmem gereken şey, önerimi onaylayıp onaylamayacakları. Edattan sonra whether kullanılır, if kullanılamaz. (PP+whether) – He is concerned about whether he will be able to find a job. ( ...about if... , olmaz.) İş bulup bulamayabileceği konusunda kaygılı. ‘or not’ yapısı , –ıp ıpmadığını anlamında vurguyu güçlendirir ve opsiyoneldir, yani kullanma zorunluluğu yoktur. Özne veya nesne konumundaki whether‘ın hemen arkasında ve cümlecik sonunda olmak üzere iki farklı yerde kullanılabilir. Nesne konumundaki if ile sadece cümlecik sonunda kullanılabilir, if’in arkasında yer almaz. – Based on your test results, the doctor is going to decide whether you’ve completely recovered or not. – Based on your test results, the doctor is going to decide whether or not you’ve completely recovered. – Based on your test results, the doctor is going to decide if you’ve completely recovered or not. Test sonuçlarına göre doktor tamamen iyileşip iyileşmediğine karar verecek. – Based on your test results, the doctor is going to decide if or not you’ve completely recovered. (Yanlış çünkü ‘or not’ if’den hemen sonra gelmez.) – Whether or not extrasensory perception really exists have been debated by scientists for ages. – Whether extrasensory perception really exists or not have been debated by scientists for ages. Altıncı hissin gerçekten var olup olmadığı bilimadamlarınca yüzyıllardır tartışılmaktadır. – If extrasensory perception really exists or not have been debated by scientists for ages. (Yanlış, çünkü if’li yapı özne konumunda kullanılamaz.) 310 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE -Ever Words Herkes, her ne, her nerede gibi anlamlar taşıyan –ever yapıları aşağıdaki şekilde özetlenebilir. Bunlar da cümlenin öznesi ya da nesnesi konumunda kullanılabilirler. -ever Anlamı N. Clause’da Örnek ve Açıklama Konumu -They are looking for whoever designed Whoever any person özne/nesne the building. - Don’t reveal your secrets whoever you’ve just met. İlk cümlede whoever yerine whomever olamaz. İkincide whoever nesne konumundadır, yerine whomever de olur. Whomever any person nesne (özne olmaz) - Whomever I consulted said I shouldn’t Whatever anything özne/nesne (belirli) quit the job. Nesne konumunda, özne ‘I’. Whomever Whichever anything özne/nesne yerine whoever de olabilir. (alternatifli) - Whatever you said to him is highly offensive. Kapsamına alınan bir grup, bir kategori yok. - Whichever decision you make will please us. Birçok karar içinden vereceğin herhangi biri bizi memnun edecek. whichever alternatifli, whatever’da alternatif yok. Wherever any place yer - Wherever you stay indicates the quality of your life. - Call me from wherever you end up. Whenever any time zaman - Whenever you plan to start is good. - You can start whenever you want. However any way durum - However you prepare is observed by someone. Her ne şekilde hazırlandığın biri tarafından gözleniyor. Grammar For All 311

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE İsim Cümleciklerinde Zaman Uyumu İsim cümlecikleri ile ana cümle arasındaki zaman ilişkisinde ana cümle baz alınır. Buna göre; a) Ana cümle Present ise yan cümlecik her tense olabilir, eylemin gerçek oluş zamanı esastır. (Present –Present) I know where she has been. (Present –Past) I don’t know why they didn’t take over the shop. b) Ana cümle Past ise yan cümlecik genel doğrular istisnası dışında present olamaz. Eylemin oluş zamanı bir derece past yapılır. Present eylem past, past eylem past perfect, present modalar past olur. Reported speech konusunda anlatılacak olan zaman değişim kuralları burada da geçerlidir. (Past –Past) Did you know whether she was at home? (Is she at home?) (Past–Past Perf.) I heard that you had arrived safe and sound. (You arrived safe and sound.) İSİM CÜMLECİKLERİNDE KISALTMA (Reduction of Noun Clauses) a) THAT Cümleciğinde Kısaltma: Özne ve zamanlar aynı ise that atılır, fiil ‘to V’ şeklini alır. Özne farklı ise cümle içinde kalır. Zaman farkı varsa fiil ‘to have V3’ haline gelir. – Alberto claims that he is genius. (- Alberto claims to be genius.) – My mom advised me that I should study lesson. (-My mom advised me to study lesson.) – It is not safe that you weld it without googles. (- It is not safe for you to weld it without googles.) – I’m happy that we finished the work earlier. (- I’m happy to have finished the work earlier.) That clause alan fiil infinitive değil de gerund alan bir fiil ise kısaltma to V değil V-ing şeklinde olacaktır. – She denies that she infridged the classroom rules. (-She denies infringing the classroom rules.) – He acknowledged that he had made a big mistake. (-He acknowledged having made a big mistake.) 312 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE b) WH Soru Cümleciklerinde Kısaltma: İsim cümlesi soru bağlaçları ve modal içeriyorsa ‘wh+to V’ şeklinde kısaltılır. – I don’t know where I should put this paper. (-I don’t know where to put this paper.) – Tell me if I will write a petition or speak to him. (-Tell me whether to write a petition or speak to him.) NOT: Son cümlede verilen if noun clause olduğu için future (will) kullanılmıştır. ‘If clause içinde will benzeri modal’lar olmaz’ kuralı, koşul cümleleri için geçerlidir. Diğer taraftan if, önüne edat almayacağı için kısaltılmasında to if yerine, to whether kullanılmıştır. c) Modal’lı Soruların ‘to V’ Şeklinde Kısaltılma: Soru bağlaçları (Wh clause) devamında can, will, must, should, may, vb bir modal almışsa bağlaçtan sonra infinitive getirilerek (Wh+toV) şeklinde kısaltılabilirler. Bu modal’lardaki eylem ana fiilden daha sonra olacağı için böyle bir kısaltma mümkündür. Yoksa geçmişi işaret eden bir modal için böyle bir kısaltma yapılamaz. – I really don’t know how I can use this machine. (= I really don’t know how to use this machine.) Bu makinenin nasıl kullanılacağını bilmiyorum. – Tell me which restaurant we should go to eat dinner. (= Tell me which restaurant to go to eat dinner.) Yemeğe hangi lokantaya gideceğimi söyle. – The poor boy didn’t learn who could have stolen his food. (Geçmiş olasılık; who to steal olamaz.) Zavallı çocuk, yiyeceğini kimin çalmış olabileceğini öğrenemedi. SUBJUNCTIVE Ana cümle gereklilik, tavsiye, önem, ısrar gibi anlamlar içeren aşağıdaki isim, sıfat ve fiillerden oluşuyorsa, devamındaki THAT clause’un öznesinin tekil çoğul olmasına bakılmaksızın yüklemin yalın halde ‘V’ yapılmasına subjunctive denir. Yani ‘my son have… , he go… ,’ gibi alışılagelen özne yüklem uyumunun dışında yapılar ortaya çıkar. Bu fiilin önüne bir gereklilik ve tavsiye kipi olan should da konulabilir ve anlam değişmez. That bağlacı da opsiyoneldir. – The coach ordered (that) we be at the jogging track at 06.00. =The coach ordered that we should be at the jogging track at 06.00. Subjunctive Verbs: instruct request order require advise prefer suggest ask propose urge beg recommend warn demand insist Grammar For All 313

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE – The doctor recommended that she see a specialist about the problem. – The law requires that any person be at least 18 years old to vote. Subjunctive Adjectives: imperative recommendable important significant advisable mandatory urgent appropriate necessary vital crucial obligatory desirable essential – It is obligatory that every man join the army when they are 20. – It is advisable that he be equipped with a rifle and ammunition if he wants to go hunting with us. Subjunctive Nouns: insistence recommendation necessity requirement command order rule demand importance – The rule is that the disaster area (should) be evacuated immediately. – It is a strict requirement that employees not accept personal phone calls during business. Örnek: Tim recommended that Robert _____ to join the tennis team. A) will allow B) allow C) allowed D) be allowed E) has been allowed Çözüm: Ana cümleciğin yüklemi subjunctive gerektiren bir fiil olduğuna göre A, C ve E seçenekleri bu yapıda tercih edilmemelidir. Boşluktan sonraki to edatının olması bize bunun passive yapı olması gerektirdiğini işaret etmektedir. Ayrıca, allow fiili aktif kullanılacaksa sağ tarafına nesne almalıdır. DOĞRU YANIT: D 314 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Örnek: ____ I really want to find out is ____ you’ve made this mistake on purpose. A That/why B) The fact that/how C) Whether/if D) What/ whether E) That/when Çözüm: Birinci boşluğun bulunduğu kısımda eksik olan ifade nesnedir. O halde nesneyi soran “what” sorusu ile yapılması gereken ve ana cümlenin öznesi konumunda bir noun clause sorulduğu açıkça görülmektedir. İlk boşluk için “That” de uygunmuş gibi görünse de cümlenin devamındaki nesne konumundaki yapı “that”li bir özne ile bağdaşmayacak bir yapıdır. DOĞRU YANIT: D Örnek: Many psychological problems experienced during the pregnancy are caused by ____ many young couples are not adequately informed about ____ they have really been preparing for in advance. A) that/why B) the fact that /what C) whom/ where D) whether/how E) those/when Çözüm: 315 Soruyu çözmeye cümleyi sadeleştirerek başlayalım ve boşluklarda eksik olan ögelerin neler olduğunu bulmaya çalışalım: “problems are caused by ___ NC1 about ___ NC2 ” şeklindeki cümlemizde ilk boşlukta yani cause fiili sonra belirsiz bir durum olmadığı için wh seçenekler (C ve D) elenir. Those ise bir işaret zamiri olup Noun Clause bağlacı olarak kullanılmaz (E de elenir). A seçeneğindeki that, önüne bir edat almaz. En pratik bir şekilde ikinci boşluğa ihtiyaç duymadan B doğrudur denilebilir. İkinci boşluk için, edattan yola çıkacak olursak tüm soru bağlaçları getirilebilir, ancak burada isim cümleciğinin nesnesinin eksik olduğu görülüyor. -Gercekten ne için hazırlanıyorlar? Sorusunun karşılığı eksiktir. Why zaten what for anlamındadır ve tekrar for almaz. DOĞRU YANIT: B Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE REPORTED SPEECH Birinin söylemiş olduğu bir cümle başka birine hiçbir değişiklik yapılmadan tırnak içinde aktarılırsa buna doğrudan anlatım (direct speech) denir. Ancak bu aktarım, anlamı değiştirmemek kaydıyla aktaran kişinin kendisine uyarlanarak yapılıyorsa buna da dolaylı anlatım (indirect speech ya da reported speech) denir. Ana Cümleciğin Yüklemi: Dolaylı anlatımda cümlenin özne ve nesne konumundaki zamirler, yer ve zaman bilgileri aktaran kişiye göre yeniden uyarlanır. Bu değişikliklere neden olan ana cümlenin yüklemidir. Ana cümle present (He says that, gibi) ise herhangi bir değişikliğe gerek yoktur. Ancak ana fiil past veya past türevi ise (He said, He was saying, He had said, gibi) aşağıdaki değişiklikler yapılır. CHANGE DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH he, him, his, his (she, her, her, hers) pronouns, I, me, my, mine I, my, mine possesives, etc. you, your, yours time today that day demonstratives yesterday the previous day / the day before modals tomorrow following day now then tonight that night here there this that these those can /may / will could / might / would could / might / would could / might / would should / ought to should / ought to have to had to Simple Present Simple Past ‘I’m hungry,’ he said. He said he was hungry. Present continuous Past continuous ‘I’m eating,’ he said. He said he was eating. tense Past simple Past perfect ‘I didn’t eat anything,’ he said. He said he hadn’t eaten anything. Present perfect tense Past perfect tense ‘I have been sick,’ he said. He said he had been sick. Past continuous Past perfect continuous ‘I was sleeping outside,’ he said. He said he had been sleeping outside. Past perfect tense Past perfect tense ‘I had had money before I was He said he had had money before he dismissed,’ he said. was dismissed. 316 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE Dolaylı veya dolaysız anlatımlarda ana cümlecikte aktarmayı sağlayacak fiil sadece say ve tell’den ibaret değildir. Aşağıdaki fiillerde aynı işleve sahiptirler: add complain remind admit deny reply allege inform say announce murmur scream answer observe shout argue point out tell ask promise whisper assure protest boast remark – The hotel clerk assured me that we would feel at home. Diğer Önemli Notlar: 1. Zamanın değişimi: Bilimsel bir tanımlama söz konusuysa zaman değiştirilmez. Ancak, aktarma sırasında hala geçerliliğini sürdüren eylemlerde, zaman değişikliği yapılabilir de yapılmayabilir de. Ron: My father is still a General in the Army. – Ron said his father is a General in the Army. (ya da; Ron said his father was a General in the Army.) 2. ‘that’ bağlacının kullanımı: Reported speech’de that bağlacı, say, tell, think gibi birçok fiilden sonra opsiyoneldir. 3. Type 2 ve type 3 Koşul cümleciklerinin (if clauses) zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar: Maria: If I were rich, I would buy a house. – She said that if she were rich she would buy a house. 4. The simple past tense ile anlatılan, özellikle tarihte yaşanmış olaylar, zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar: ‘The Second Gulf War broke out in 2003,’ CNN reported. – CNN reported (that) the Second Gulf War broke out in 2003. 5. Atasözleri, özdeyişler zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar: – Atatürk said one day his mortal body will turn into dust, but the Turkish Republic will stand forever. 6. Simple past tense ve the past continuous tense ile kurulmuş cümlelerde eğer when ya da while ile bağlanmış cümlecikler varsa, bu cümleler zaman değişikliğine uğramazlar: Ali: I was watching TV when you called me. – Ali said he was watching TV when I called him. Grammar For All 317

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 7. say/tell: Eğer konuşulan kişi cümlede yer alıyorsa tell +SB veya say to +SB; almıyorsa sadece say kullanılır: – He told me that he was rich. – He said to me that he was rich. – He said that he was rich. 8. Soru aktarımı: Soru cümleleri için ana fiil olarak tell, say yerine genellikle ask (+SB), wonder, question, want to learn gibi fiiller kullanılır ve bu ünite içinde daha önce bahsedilen ‘sorudan kurtarma’ prosedürleri uygulanır. Interviewer: What is your favorite team? – He asked what my favorite team was. 9. Emir, rica cümleleri: Özne olmadan yapılan emir, tavsiye, rica, uyarı gibi cümleler (imperative sentences) aktarılırken yüklem ‘to V’ haline gelir. My mother: Be careful!. – She told me to be careful. My father: Don’t spend your time and energy for those guys. – He wanted me not to spend my time and energy for these guys. AUXILIARY VERBS Olumlu veya olumsuz bir cümledeki bir fikre başka biri aynen katılıyor ise, o düşünceyi onaylıyorsa ben de, sen de, o da gibi anlamlar ifade etmek için too, either, neither ve so kelimeleri, yardımcı fiillerle birlikte devrik veya düz şekilde kullanılır. SO DO I ‘so’ olumlu bir cümleye katılma ifadesidir ve devrik kullanılır, ‘too’ da aynı anlamı verir, ama düz kullanılır. A : (affirmative) B : (devrik SO) Meaning (düz TOO) You look happy today. So do you. = You look happy too. = I watched a good movie too. She watched a good movie today. So did I. I’m going to Germany next month. So am I. = I am going to Germany too. = I am feeling good too. I am feeling good. So am I. = I will take a photo too. = I like to open a bank account too. I will take a photo. So will I. = I can speak two too. I’d like to open a bank account. So would I. I can speak two languages. So can I. 318 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE We could climb this tower. So could we. = We could climb it too. He should try more. So should I. = I should try more too. Jesicca has a new baby. So does Julia. = Julia has a new baby too. They have visited Egypt before. So have I. = I have visited too. She had eaten too much. So had I. = I had eaten too much too. NEITHER DO I Neither olumsuz bir cümleye katılma ifadesidir ve devrik kullanılır, either da aynı anlamı verir ve düz kullanılır. A: (negative) B: (devrik Meaning (düz EITHER) NEITHER) They don’t eat pork. Neither do I. = I don’t eat pork either. He didn’t go on a picnic. Neither did I. = I didn’t go either. Zuck doesn’t eat mushroom. Neither does Bob. = Bob doesn’t eat mushroom either. I am not hungry. Neither am I. = I’m not hungry either. I’m not reading a book. Neither am I. = I’m not reading a book either. He won’t stop talking. Neither will you. = You won’t stop either. I wouldn’t like to work today. Neither would I. = I wouldn’t like to work either. I can’t reach the top shelf. Neither can I. = I can’t reach it either. You shouldn’t make noise. Neither should you. = You shouldn’t make noise either. You haven’t finished your meal. Neither have you. = You haven’t finished either. We couldn’t hear him. Neither could we. = We couldn’t hear him either. I hadn’t met him before. Neither had I. = I hadn’t met him before either. Grammar For All 319

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI A “SURPRISE” QUIZ Mrs. Murphy is giving her students a “surprise” history quiz today, and Jeffrey isn’t very happy about it. He has been absent for the past several days, and he’s having a lot of trouble answering the questions. He doesn’t know who the nineteenth president of the United States was. He isn’t sure when the Civil War ended. He doesn’t remember when California became a state. He has forgotten where George Washington was born. He can’t remember how many people signed the Declaration of Independence. He doesn’t know where Abraham Lincoln was assassinated. He has forgotten why Washington, D.C. was chosen as the capital. And he has no idea what Alexander Graham Bell invented! Jeffrey is very upset. He’s sure he’s going to fail Mrs. Murphy’s “surprise” history quiz. * *Alıntı: http://czarhz.blogspot.com.tr/ Topic : _______________________________________________ Main idea : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly : _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY absent yok, mevcut değil assassinate suikast yapmak capital başkent Civil War Amerikan İç Savaşı Declaration of Independence Bağımsızlık Bildirgesi icat etmek invent 320 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (NOUN CLAUSES) TEST 1 1. What a pity! Our teacher had an 5. We aren’t sure ___ we will attend the accident on his way back home from Olympic Games next year because holiday. You were looking forward it depends on our performance in to visiting him and, ___ was I. the match with Brazil tomorrow. A) neither A) when B) too B) who C) so C) whom D) also D) whether E) either E) which 2. Sam made no comment about ___ 6. I’m not sure yet ___ we want to his interview was, so I have no idea spend on this new project. if it was good or bad. A) how A) what B) how long B) where C) how often C) when D) how much D) that E) how far E) how 7. The doctor’s belief ___ smoking 3. The article ___ why the scientists causes cancer is being discussed. use the metric system for scientific measurements. A) what B) in which A) proposes C) which B) acknowledges D) when C) explains E) that D) requests E) demonstrates 8. My sister helped me with my French to improve and instructed me ___ 4. ____ you have lost a lot of weight the track of people in the tour when after changing your diet is hard to I went to Paris. notice. A) don’t lose A) Who B) not to lose B) That C) didn’t lose C) What D) not losing D) When E) wouldn’t lose E) Where Grammar For All 321

9. I don’t know _____ times I should ► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE warn you not to leave the dishes in the sink. Just put them in the 13. The aquarium near our office opens dishwasher! in August, so after that we can go there ___ we like. A) however B) when A) wherever C) how many B) whenever D) what C) whichever E) how D) however E) whoever 10. How impressively a company chooses to advertise its products 14. I asked Nick whether he was will determine ___ the consumers planning to go on holiday this prefer to buy them or not. summer, but he said he ___ on a project he has to finish till June. A) if not B) that A) has worked C) whether B) is working D) how C) would be working E) whose D) has been working E) will have worked 11. I’m not sure whether I ___ able to win the first place in the competition 15. The mechanic has assured us that when I ___ next week as I haven’t he ___ the car by the weekend as he practised enough. promised. A) am/ will attend A) will have serviced B) have been/ attended B) had been servicing C) will be/ attend C) has serviced D) was/ had attended D) serviced E) should be/ am attending E) would have serviced 12. ___ hotel you prefer to book, 16. We feared that the beach ___ keep in mind that cleanliness and crowded on weekend, so we decided location is more important than its ___ there but go to a concert. price. A) will have been / not go A) Whoever B) are / don’t go B) Whenever C) would be / not to go C) Whichever D) were / won’t go D) Whatever E) had been / not to go E) Wherever 322 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 21. It is important that smoking ___ banned in enclosed public areas. 17. The Met office ___ new yellow warnings that most of the flights A) be ___ already because of fog for some B) are parts of Türkiye. C) must D) have A) is issuing / cancel E) were B) is issued / are cancelled C) issued / had been cancelled 22. Why did Brian ask you ___ a digital D) had issued / will be cancelled camera? E) was issued / are cancelling A) that if you had 18. Because I had a terrible accident B) do you have last week, my husband is always C) that you had reminding me that I ___ more than D) if you had 80 mph when I __ especially at night. E) should have A) haven’t sped / drove 23. ____ depression can cause B) must not speed / drive debilitating physical symptoms as C) didn’t speed / could drive well as insomnia is a medical fact. D) might not speed / was driving E) don’t speed / should drive A) Which B) What 19. For the last few months, the C) That research team ___ so hard in the D) Whose lab in an effort to find how cells ___ E) Whether damaged DNA, but they’ve had little success so far. 24. ____ reporting was so important that I asked everyone to stop talking A) are working / will repair and listen. B) have worked / will have repaired C) has been working / repair A) What the news was D) will have worked / will be repaired B) The news was E) were working / had been repaired C) That the news was D) What was the news 20. The result of my first experience E) lf the news was in YDS exam was not like ___ I was hoping for. 25. I don’t care _____ car this is; they do not have the right to park it here A) when and block the enterance. B) Ø C) what A) what D) where B) whoever E) why C) whose D) how much E) whether Grammar For All 323

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (NOUN CLAUSES) TEST 2 1. Tara : I enjoy listening to Everly 5. How dreamy is that painting! ____ Brothers. painted it has a great vision of nature. Dave : _____. They’re great American country- influenced rock and roll A) Wherever singers. B) Whenever C) Whoever A) I expect so. D) Whatever B) So do I. E) However C) Neither do I. D) But I’m not. 6. Good luck in your exams! I wish you E) I have too. success in ___ you plan to do. 2. Adidas not only announced ___ A) however they reached the top in sales in the B) whoever football category in 2015, but the C) whenever German brand also revealed ___ D) wherever their plans were in other categories. E) whatever A) that / that 7. I’m sure you will do well, ___ B) how / that department you decide to study. C) that / what You are hardworking enough. D) whom / which E) who / what A) whenever B) whichever 3. Don : I don’t think Suzie will be C) whoever taking her pet to her business trip, D) however will she? E) wherever Adam : ______ She was asking Brian 8. The pilot didn’t notice ___ he had to keep an eye on it. strayed off the route until the air traffic control called him. A) But she will. B) I don’t expect so. A) how far C) Do you think so? B) so far D) So she should. C) how long E) Will she, really? D) so long E) how often 4. I predicted from the blanket of fog all over the area early in the morning 9. Why don’t you ask Mr. Yıldırım? I’m ___ most of the flights might be sure he knows ___ a proposal to cancelled. an ISI journal before you submit an article. 324 A) which A) how you write B) what B) how to write C) when C) how do you write D) that D) how you do write E) how E) how to have written Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 14. During the symposium, I’ve realized that I ___ a lot about new advances 10. I don’t know ___ milk to pour on in technology if I ____ carefully to mixture of sugar and egg because the lecturers. this is my first time to bake a cake. A) must learn / was listening A) how many B) have learnt / will be listening B) whatever C) had been learning / would listen C) however D) can learn / listen D) how much E) learnt / were listening E) whether 15. When I went to pick up my car from 11. That student is asking whether the the mechanic, the repairman said English class ___ speaking lessons that he ___ the headlight but ___ and cinema clubs because she ___ the engine because the technician to improve her speaking before wasn’t there. travelling abroad. A) replaced / won’t have fixed A) has offered / wanted B) had replaced / hadn’t fixed B) offers / wants C) would have replaced / hasn’t fixed C) offered / has wanted D) is replacing / didn’t fix D) is offering / had wanted E) had been replacing / doesn’t fix E) was offering / might want 16. We asked the police whether the 12. If the boss ___ you why you ___ thief who was broken into the store early, what will you say? ____, but they told us that he _____ no evidence of fingerprint. A) asked/ were leaving B) asks/ are leaving A) was found/ has been left C) has asked/ left B) is being found/ would have left D) will ask/ have left C) will have found/ is going to leave E) would ask/ had left D) was found/ had left E) might have found/ will be leaV-ing 13. The suspicious confessed that he had hit that old man, but pleaded 17. Sam phoned his roommate to say that he ___ on the phone at the time that he ___ to wait for him that day of accident. as he ___ to his colleague’s house for lunch. A) won’t have talked B) aren’t talking A) doesn’t need/ have been invited C) hadn’t been talking B) didn’t need/ had been invited D) haven’t talked C) won’t need/ are invited E) won’t talk D) hasn’t needed/ were being invited E) wouldn’t need/ will be invited Grammar For All 325

18. Don ___ for Sally anymore to go to ► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE the theatre as he said no ticket ___ for the Broadway Shows that week. 22. I wondered how his father ___ when he ___ about Jim’s loss of his A) won’t have waited/ had been leaV- new job. ing A) reacts / has heard B) shouldn’t have waited/ has left B) would react / heard C) doesn’t wait/ has been left C) has been reacting / hears D) wasn’t waiting/ is left D) had reacted / would hear E) wouldn’t be waiting/ had been left E) is reacting / will hear 19. Sophie was trying to assure her 23. There was a blizzard in New York husband that she ___ a ticket to go City last month and ten people to the movies by 6 o’clock that day, died. However, because of the as they ___ previously. snowstorm, it was essential that the flights ___ cancelled. A) has collected / will have arranged B) will have collected / have arranged A) to be C) had collected / have been arranging B) will be D) would be collected / was arranging C) be E) would have collected / had planned D) is E) can be 20. Jim’s mother asked him ___ he wasn’t studying at that exam time 24. A: ‘This cake is terrible. What and wondered ___ he had a problem happened?’ then. B: ‘It’s my grandmother’s recipe, but A) what / that she forgot to tell me how long ___ B) why /whether it.’ C) how / if D) that / that A) did I bake E) whether / where B) I bake C) do I bake 21. On the first day of the camp, the D) to bake soldiers ____ by the headquarter E) will l bake that they ____ the confidential information with anyone. 25. ____ busy you are, you need to plan a holiday at least every two years. A) were informed / shouldn’t share B) had informed / didn’t share A) Whatever C) have been informed / hadn’t shared B) However D) are informed / can’t be shared C) Whomever E) will have informed / mustn’t be D) Whenever E) Whoever shared 326 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (NOUN CLAUSES) TEST 3 1. ___ you are going to submit your 5. article needs to be the journal with A: ‘Did you remember to tell Mike ___ high impact factor. he should bring to the conference A) Where tomorrow?’ B) Which B: ‘Oh! I completely forgot! I’m sorry.’ C) When D) What A) that E) Why B) what C) if 2. It's not clear ___ he is going to leave D) that what his parrot in his business trip to E) how Osaka. 6. ___ people’s high dependence on A) whose technology contributes to their B) to which sedentary lifestyle appears in the C) to whom form of obesity. D) that E) what A) The fact that B) Why C) How much D) Whether E) When 3. ___ the boss wrote in reply to my 7. ____ we arrange them, it looks too complaint about transportation cramped. The room is too small services was so sincere. and we have a lot of appliances and furniture. A) Why B) Where A) Whenever C) What B) Wherever D) When C) Whatever E) How D) However E) Whichever 4. Tina hasn’t explained to me yet ___ 8. Tara’s father promised her to let her she left her current job to find a go to the summer camp with her more rewarding one. classmates ___ she gets an A in Physics. A) how long B) why A) however C) what B) whichever D) how often C) wherever E) whom D) whenever E) whomever Grammar For All 327

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 9. A: Sam hasn’t felt very motivated 13. I asked Maria whether she ___ to the at school since he got a B in math party tonight, and she said she ___ exam. her friend’s graduation ceremony. B: ____. A) had gone/ has been attending B) has gone / will have attended A) Neither was he C) went / is attending B) So did I D) was going / would be attending C) I expect he is E) is going / has attended D) Neither have I E) But I haven’t 14. The music teacher ___ the headmaster that they ___ some 10. It is such a pity that we missed good performances in the children’s the lecture by Professor Demir last singing competition already. week because Ali and I had exam. I was looking forward to it, and were A) informed / had found ___ you, weren’t you? B) is informing / will find C) informs / find A) so D) had informed / will be finding B) nor E) was informing / are finding C) either D) yet 15. Sara complained to the landlord E) too that the roof ____ in a terrible state because it ____ for days. 11. A: I hope the boss won’t ask for the meeting to be arranged this week. A) has been / is leaking B) was / had been leaking B: ___, because he told he’s going to C) will be / will be leaking have a business trip to Istanbul till D) had been / would be leaking Friday. E) would be / was leaking A) I don’t expect so 16. A: ‘I can’t decide what color to paint B) Neither will I my office. What do you think?’ C) I’m afraid so D) I hope so B: ‘You can choose color ___ you like. E) So will they A) whichever that 12. The manager told his assistant B) that which ____ time and ___ the meeting room C) however since there left only 10 minutes. D) that what E) whatever A) don’t waste / have arranged B) wasn’t wasting / has arranged 17. The detective wanted to know C) didn’t waste/ arranges many facts about Mark, and even D) not to waste / to arrange asked him ___ had ever been sent E) not wasting / to be arranging to prison for whatever reason. A) that if he B) that he C) if or not he D) whether or not he E) why he 328 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 22. ___ the Met Office predicted severe storms in the Mediterranean coast. 18. ___ about certain diseases is That’s ___ the fishing boats had still not sufficient to prevent them better not go out into the open seas. from spreading easily among the population. A) The fact that / how B) That is / why A) What we know C) Is fact that / how B) What do we know D) The fact is that / why C) What we know that E) lf or not / which D) That we know what E) How we know 23. Tara stared at students studying in the library and wondered what ___ 19. A: ‘Why didn’t Tina attend the supposed to do now that he failed sympozium this morning? She had the English exam. a presentation.’ A) was he B: ‘She’s been very sick. Her doctor B) am I insisted that she ___ down this C) he was week.’ D) I am E) to be A) will lie B) lay 24. A: ‘I didn’t expect Sarah’s boyfriend C) lies to be at the theatre with her.’ D) lie E) could lie B: ‘I’m surprised, too. Sarah must have insisted that ___ with her.’ 20. Nobody yet knew what ____ the explosion in the train station, but A) he will the security organized quickly to B) he comes save people. C) he came D) he had come A) causes E) he come B) had caused C) cause 25. The manager has an urgent report D) did it cause for me to write. She demanded that E) would caused it ____ on her desk by 7 P.M. today.’ 21. Did the technician explain how ___ A) was this electrical device? B) will be C) is A) do we use D) be B) can we use E) were C) using D) use E) to use Grammar For All 329

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE PRACTICE TEST (NOUN CLAUSES) TEST 4 1. I don’t know ___ shampoo to buy so 6. Happy journey! I hope you enjoy that I can prevent hair loss. your trip to Paris. Promise me that you’ll write me ___ happens. A) which B) when A) whenever C) why B) however D) whose C) wherever E) how D) whoever E) whatever 2. Do you have any idea about ___ I should send my letter of intention 7. Can you please tell me what time to? ___ tomorrow morning? A) what A) the meeting starts B) why B) does the meeting start C) how C) the meeting start D) whom D) the meeting does start E) that E) does start the meeting 3. It wasn’t until he agreed to help Jack 8. When I glanced out of the window, I organise the meeting room that I saw Don ___ the road. realised ___ bossy Tim is. A) to cross A) how B) crossed B) what C) crossing C) why D) to be crossing D) which E) having crossed E) when 9. When Dave went to pick up the 4. I would like to know ___ the busses car ___ from the repair shop, the will be running normally during the mechanic said that the car the day New Year holiday. before, but he ___ the brakes yet. A) whom A) had been serviced / hadn’t checked B) who B) serviced / wouldn’t have checked C) whether C) was servicing / wasn’t checking D) what D) has serviced / won’t have checked E) which E) would be servicing / isn’t checking 5. Look at that parked car at the bus station! _____ parked that doesn’t know much about driving rules. A) However B) Whoever C) Wherever D) Whenever E) Whatever 330 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE 14. ___ the offer suprised me so much beacuse he told me last week that 10. The police told the driver ___ the he has real financial problems in his seat belt and ___ on the phone family. while driving. A) Why he rejected A) fastening / talking B) Why did he reject B) being fastened / talks C) Why does he reject C) having fastened / talked D) He rejected why D) to be fastened / talk E) Rejected why he E) to fasten / not to talk 15. A: ‘Is it true that you hit the car to 11. A: ‘Did you tell Dany where ___ his the tree yesterday?’ car in the conference hall?’ B: ‘Unfortunately, yes. ____ amazed B: ‘Yes, I did but I don’t know why he me.’ is late.’ A) That you could do such a thing it A) should he park B) That you could do such a thing B) he to park C) you could do such a thing it C) he parks D) you could do such a thing D) to park E) Why you could do such a thing E) can he park 16. A: ‘Excuse me, can you tell me how 12. The Met Office predicted ___ rain to get to National Park?’ before the end of the year. B: ‘Sure. Which part of it ____ to go?’ A) that it would B) that it A) do you want C) what it will B) you want D) what it C) that you want E) when it will D) where you want E) can you want 13. A: ‘Peter seems like the right person for that position, but we don’t know 17. ‘Is it true ____ the news says there why he didn’t accept it.’ is danger of landslide in this area?’ B: ‘I know why. He told me ___ an A) whether argument with his boss the previous B) what day.’ C) if D) that A) if he’d had E) why B) he’d had C) what he’d had D) that what he had E) having had Grammar For All 331

18. ______ reliable is important to our ► Ünite: 7 | NOUN CLAUSE manager. 22. How do you like your new A) A person is classmates at the university? Tell B) Is a person me ____. C) If a person is D) Whether or not a person is A) who in your class is E) Unless a person is B) who your class is in C) who is in your class 19. A researcher must note every detail D) your class who is in it of how ___ his methodology and E) why in your class you are conclusion. 23. A: ‘What do you recommend A) do variables affect ___ about this problem with my B) affect variables computer?’ C) do affect variables D) variables affect to B: ‘I strongly suggest that you install E) variables affect an anti- virous right away.’ 20. A: Sam is not very good at math. A) do we do He got a B last week. B) we will do C) we did B: ___. Because we don’t like the new D) should we do teacher. I got bored in her class. E) to do A) Neither did l 24. The university sources don’t grant B) So am I scholarship simply to ___ apply; the C) I expect he is students must satisfy the academic D) Neither am I requirements. E) But I haven’t A) whoever 21. The story was so mysterious and B) who suspenseful. The reader couldn’t C) whomever guess ___ committed the murder D) whoever that until the surprise ending. E) most of whom A) who he 25. The scientists need to find out ___ B) who had caused this epidemic before trying C) that who to find a cure for that. D) that E) whom A) whatever B) however C) whomever D) whenever E) whichever 332 Grammar For All

ÜNİTE 8 CONDITIONALS

► Ünite: 8 | CONDITIONALS CONDITIONALS ✓ IF CLAUSE ✓ TYPE 0-1-2-3 VE MIXED ✓ INVERSION ✓ DİĞER KOŞUL CÜMLELERİ ✓ WISH CLAUSE ✓ METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI ✓ PRACTICE TESTS IF CLAUSE Bir işin olması başka bir işin gerçekleşmesi koşuluna/şartına bağlıysa bunu ifade eden cümlelere koşul yada şart cümleleri (conditionals) denir. Türkçe’ye ‘eğer … olursa’, ya da ‘şayet … olursa,’ şeklinde çevrilebilir. Aslında bu tür cümleler, koşul-sonuç belirten zarf cümlecikleri (Adverbial Clauses)’ dir. Daha çok If Clause olarak tanımlanan koşul cümlelerinin de, diğer clause yapılarında olduğu gibi iki bileşeni vardır: Ana cümlecik ve yan cümlecik. Bunların yerini değiştirmek cümlenin anlamını değiştirmez, ancak if clause başta kullanılırsa ana cümlecikten önce virgül gerektirir. If + svo, SVO. SVO if svo. - If you study hard, you pass the test. , ya da - You pass the test if you study hard. Eğer sıkı çalışırsan sınavı geçersin. Eğer sıkı çalışırsan sınavı geçersin. (OLASI) (OLASI) - If I were rich, I would buy a Mustang. - I would buy a Mustang if I were rich. Zengin olsam bir Mustang alırdım. Zengin olsam bir Mustang alırdım. (HAYAL) (HAYAL) Koşul cümleleri sadece if ile sağlanmaz; unless, providing, as long as, gibi bir çok yapı koşul anlamı taşır. Bunlar ünitenin devamında kapsamlı olarak ele alınarak örneklendirilecektir. Koşul cümleleri de tıpkı zaman belirten zarf cümleleri gibi zaman uyumu gerektirir. Bu yapılarda uygulanacak zaman uyumunun kendisine özgü kuralları vardır. Her bir koşul türü için kullanılabilecek yapılar ve özellikle kullanılamayacak yapılar yine ünite içerisinde en sade şekliyle anlatılacaktır. Bir if clause ya present ya da past bir durumu anlatır. Bu ifadeler tense ile birlikte gerçek veya varsayım olma durumuna göre Type şeklinde ifade edilen türlere ayrılırlar. Present bir olay gerçek (real) de olabilir, varsayım (unreal) da. Ancak past bir olayın tersinin gerçekleşme ihtimali olmadığı için sadece unreal olması söz konusudur. Buna göre şart cümleleri Type 0, Type 1, Type2, Type3 ve Mixed Type olmak üzere beş grupta incelenebilir. 334 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 8 | CONDITIONALS AÇIKLAMA İçerisinde her if geçen cümle koşul sorusu olmayabilir. Dolayısıyla bu ünitede anlatılan zaman kuralları koşul cümleleri için geçerlidir. O halde yapılması gereken ilk iş, içinde if geçen cümlenin isim cümlesi mi, koşul cümlesi mi yoksa başka bir yapı mı olduğunu anlamdan ve gramer yapılarından tespit etmektir. If Clause Zaman Uyumu Tablosu TYPE IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE TYPE 0 General Truth V1 V1 TYPE 1 V1 am / is / are V-ing will Future Possibility have / has V3 shall can can (could) must, have to may (might) should/ happen to must, have to, should, ought to emir, rica, istek cümleleri TYPE 2 V2, were would Present Unreal was/ were V-ing could could might should had to TYPE 3 had V3 would have V3 Past Unreal had been V-ing could have V3 could have V3 * might have V3 Mixed Type Past Unreal Present Unreal Present Unreal Past Unreal * Örnek: lf only the administration could have given some more extra time for the work, l’m sure we would have done our best to complete it. Grammar For All 335

► Ünite: 8 | CONDITIONALS If Clause Yasaklar Tablosu* IF CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSE FUTURE VE TÜREVLERİ S. PAST / PERFECT VE TÜREVLERİ will have / has V3 would have / has been V-ing shall had V3 be going to V2 may, might was/were *Bu tabloda gösterilen üzeri çizili ifadeler olasılık durumunda uygulanmaz. Ayrıca ‘Zaman Kuralı Dışına Çıkılan İstisnalar’ bölümüne bakınız. if bağlacı koşul cümlelerinde eğer/şayet şeklinde, isim cümlelerinde ise -ıp ıpmadığını şeklinde Türkçe’ye çevrilebilir. If clause koşul cümlelerinde ana cümleden ayrı olarak kurulur ( SVO IF svo ) isim cümleciklerinde ise ana cümleciğin yüklemini tamamlayan nesne konumundadır (SV IF svo ve yerine whether da kullanılabilir. AÇIKLAMA - Can you learn if the baby is sleeping (V IF: NOUN CLAUSE) Bebeğin uyuyup uyumadığını öğrenebilir misin? - You should be silent if the baby is sleeping. (SV O + IF: ADV.) Eğer bebek uyuyorsa sessiz olmalısın. TYPE 0 İşlevi IF Clause Main Clause Örnek V1 General Truth V1 - If you freeze water, it becomes ice. - Plants die if they don’t get enough water. - If my wife has a cold, I usually catch it. - If you mix red and blue, you get purple. Genel olarak kurallar, bilimsel doğrular ve koşula bağlı olarak her zaman aynı kalacak durumları ifade etmek için kullanılır. Her iki cümlecik de simple present tense ile kurulur. Olay her zamanı (always) ilgilendirir ve gerçek durum (real) söz konusudur. – If we leave the door unlocked, it attracts burglars. Kapıyı kilitlemezsen hırsızları çeker. – It is required to impose punishment if a wild animal is kept in captivity. Eğer vahşi bir hayvan kafeste tutulursa bu ceza uygulamayı gerektirir. Bu koşul türündeki if yerine çoğunlukla when, whenever, every time gibi bağlaçlar da kullanılabilir ve anlam hiçbir şekilde değişmez. 336 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 8 | CONDITIONALS If a patient has a stomachache, the doctor gives him a painkiller not antibiotics. = When a patient has a stomachache, the doctor gives him a painkiller not antibiotics. Eğer bir hastanın karnı ağrırsa doktor ona atibiyotik değil, ağrı kesici verir. If I am exhausted, I avoid eating large meals. = Whenever I am exhausted, I avoid eating large meals Çok bitkinsem aşırı yemekten kaçınırım. If I have extra money, I put it in my saV-ings account. = Every time I have extra money, I put it in my savings account. Fazladan param olduğunda tasarruf hesabıma yatırırım. Örnek: ____ the prices of goods rise while unemployment increases and spending declines, stagflation occurs. A) If only B) As C) Unless D) While E) When Çözüm: Seçeneklerden bunun bir bağlaç sorusu olduğu görülüyor. Her iki tarafta simple present yapının olduğu ve stagflasyoun olmasının bir şarta bağlı olduğunu anlatan bu cümledeki boşlukta if anlamında when kullanabiliriz. DOĞRU YANIT: E Örnek: If you ____ to learn your way in this neighborhood, it ___ a good idea to walk around every possible time. A) will want/will be B) want /has been C) had wanted/would be D) wanted/was E) want/is Çözüm: Koşul ilişkisi aranan sorulara önce ana ve yan cümlecikte yer alamayacak yapılar elenerek başlanır. Yan cümlecikte future ve türevleri olmayacağına göre A elenir, ana cümlecikte ise present perfect ve simple past olmayacağına göre B ve D elenir. Kalanlardan C seçeneğinde mixed type ünite devamında anlatılmıştır. DOĞRU YANIT: E Grammar For All 337

► Ünite: 8 | CONDITIONALS TYPE 1 İŞLEVİ IF CÜMLECİK ANA ÖRNEK CÜMLECİK Gelecek eylem (future action) V1 will - If the film is popular, I will watch it. Şimdiki eylem (action going on) shall - If the film is popular, I can/could Bitmiş eylem (finished action) am/is/are V-ing can (could) watch it. Olasılık vurgusu (improbable act.) have/has V3 may (might) - If he has finished the job, why not must, have to, give him another one. should should, ought to - If they make noise, could you emir cümleleri please shut them up? happen to - If they make noise, I’m going to shut them up. - If they should call me, I won’t tell them anything. Bir koşula bağlı olarak ileride ya da şimdi gerçekleşme ihtimali olan durumlar için kullanılır. Koşuldaki eylemin zamanı da şu anı ya da geleceği ilgilendirebilir ama geleceği ifade etmesi halinde bile çok istisna durumların haricinde ‘will’ ve türevleri (be going to, shall) yan cümlecik içinde kullanılmaz. Yan cümlecik içerisinde tomorrow, in 10 days, next year gibi ifadeler olsa bile, gramer olarak şimdiki zamanı, anlam olarak gelecek zamanı ifade eden ‘simple present tense’ kullanılır. Ana cümlecikte ise GELECEK (will, shall), RİCA-İZİN (can, may), OLASILIK (could, might, should), ZORUNLULUK (must, have to,) modal’ları ya da EMİR cümleleri kullanılır. Will’in kullanılabileceği yerlerde will türevleri (will have V3, will have been V-ing, will be V-ing) de kullanılabilir. Olasılıkta should yerine happen to da kullanılabilir. – If you don’t hurry, you will miss the school bus. Acele etmezsen servisi kaçıracaksın. – If the conditions are good at the end of this month, we may go on a 2-day-holiday. Bu ayın sonunda eğer şartlar iyi olursa 2 günlük bir tatile çıkabiliriz. Gelecek ifade eden TYPE 1’de eğer kesinlik varsa if yerine when, hatta bazı durumlarda whenever, every time de kullanılabilir. Ancak kesinliğin değil de şartın olduğu yukarıdaki örneklerde if yerine when kullanılamaz. – If you call me, I will give you my address. = When you call me, I will give you my address. Beni aradığında sana adresimi vereceğim. – If he goes to the night club again, he will spend all his money and become penniless. = When he goes to the night club again, he will spend all his money and become peniless. Gece kulübüne tekrar gittiğinde tüm parasını harcayacak ve meteliksiz kalacak. 338 Grammar For All