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YDS GRAMMAR FOR ALL

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► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Olumsuz cevap biçimi, ‘don’t have to’, ‘don’t need to’ ya da ‘needn’t’ ile ifade edilir. (mustn’t) ‘Must’ ve ‘have to’ ile başlayan soruya olumsuz olarak ‘mustn’t’ ile cevap verilmez. Çünkü bize ‘Hayır, yapmak zorunda değilsin’ şeklinde bir anlam gerekirken, ‘mustn’t’, ‘Hayır, yapamazsın’, anlamında bir yasaklama ifade etmiş olur ki bunun kullanım yeri zorunluluk ya da tavsiyeye cevap değil, yasaklama konusudur. Ünite devamında bu konu ayrıca ele alınacaktır. – Do I have to study on the day before the YDS exam? =Must I study on the day before the YDS exam? YDS sınavından önceki gün çalışmalı mıyım? – Yes, you must. - Evet çalışmalısın. – No, you don’t have to. - Hayır, çalışmak zorunda değilsin. – No, you mustn’t. - Hayır, çalışman yasak. (YASAKLAMA –prohibition- konusuna bakınız.) Örnek Soru 6: You _____ to bed early the night before an exam. A good night’s sleep will do you more good than studying all night and then falling asleep in the exam. A) will have gone B) may go C) ought to go E) would rather D) would go Örnek Soru 7: We had better hurry if we want to get back to the hotel before the curfew. No one ____ out after dark, except for the patrol forces, you know. A) could have been B) is supposed to be C) has been D) has to be E) should have been Örnek Soru 8: You ____ your own canoe in order to join the canoe club. They cost a lot of money. You ____ mine whenever you want to go canoeing. A) mustn’t buy / had borrowed B) won’t have bought / should borrow C) needn’t buy / can borrow D) might not buy / would borrow E) can’t buy / used to borrow Grammar For All 139

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Örnek Soru 9: In Iran and Saudi Arabia, all women __________ their heads outside the house, but in most Muslim countries it is optional. A) have to cover B) must have covered C) could be covering D) might cover E) used to cover Örnek Soru 10: Now remember, when you are in the race, you _________ to run too fast in the first few laps because you will need plenty of energy for the final sprint. A) don’t have to try B) shouldn’t have tried C) mustn’t try D) might not try E) didn’t use to try G) YASAKLAMA (prohibition) mustn’t Bir işin yapılmasını yasaklayan ifadeleri 3 grup altında toplayabiliriz: 1. Doğrudan yasaklama (prohibition) anlamı ifade eden yapılar: mustn’t can’t may not be not allowed to be forbidden to be prohibited to be banned to be obliged to – You mustn’t / can’t park your car in this private property. (Özel mülke aracını park edemezsin, yasak.) – You are not allowed to smoke inside the building. (İçeride sigara içmen yasak.) 140 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS – It’s forbidden to take photos or videos near the military areas. (… fotoğraf, video çekmek yasak.) – She’s prohibited to drive cars within this city. (Bu şehirde araba kullanması yasaklandı.) – He’s banned to leave the country borders. (Ülke sınırları dışına çıkması yasak.) 2. Yasaktan ziyade tavsiye niteliğindeki (negative advice) ifadeler: shouldn’t ought not to had better not be not supposed to be not to – You shouldn’t park your car in this private property. (Özel mülke aracını park edemezsin, sorun olur.) – You ought not to park your car in this private property. (Özel mülke aracını park edemezsin, sorun olur.) – You’d better not wait until tomorrow to talk to her. (… yarını beklemesezsen iyi olur, bugün konuşmalısın.) – We’re not supposed to wear casual shirts at the party. (Partide spor gömlek giymemeliyiz.) – You are not to call her now. (Onu şimdi aramamalısın.) 3. Gereksiz (lack of necessity) olduğu nedeniyle sınırlama ifade eden yapılar: needn’t don’t need to don’t have to – You don’t need to bring food to the picnic. (Pikniğe yiyecek getirmenize gerek yok.) – You needn’t put all your money on your savings account. (Tüm paranı tasarruf hesabına aktarman gereksiz.) – You don’t have to help me. (Bana yardım etmek zorunda değilsin.) Birinin bir şeyi yapmasını ifade eden anlatımlar, emirden yasaklamaya kadar yaptırım derecesi değişiklik gösteren bir yelpazedir. Bunların her birini ifade eden farklı modal ve modal benzeri ifadeler olduğu gerekçesiyle, kabaca sıralayacak olursak şöyle bir görüntü ortaya çıkacaktır. Emir (imperative) ifadelerinde modal kullanılmaz: Grammar For All 141

– Emir 100 % ► Ünite: 3 | MODALS – Zorunluluk 99 % – Gereklilik 80-90 % -Do it. – Tavsiye 40-70 % -You must do it. – Gereksizlik 10-20 % -You need to do it. – Yasaklama 0 % -You might/should do it. -You needn’t do it. -You can’t do it. ALIŞTIRMA - 3 Kutucuktaki modal ve modal benzeri ifadeleri boşluklara yerleştiriniz. must needn’t have been should have arrived might have been can’t needn’t aren’t allowed to needn’t have gone may have seen don’t have to 1. Judging by the state of the children’s bedroom, there ______ a riot in it. 2. You ______ so frank about it. 3. It isn’t cold outside. You ______ wear a coat. 4. You ______ vote in Britain until you are 18. 5. Tomorrow is a holiday. We ______ go to work. 6. You ______ ride a bicycle on a motorway in Britain. 7. Mike ______ to work yesterday. He’d better have stayed at home. 8. I’m not sure, but I ______ Sue in town last night. 9. My letter ______ yesterday, but it didn’t. 10. I can hear footsteps in the flat upstairs, so there ______ be someone there. H) TERCİH (preference) would rather, would sooner, would prefer, prefer Farklı farklı şekilde tercihlerimizi ifade etmek mümkündür. Doğrudan doğruya prefer fiili de, modal yada modal benzeri yapılar da kendi kuralları çerçevesinde kullanılabilir. would rather + V (than + V) would sooner would just as soon – I would rather/sooner/just as soon listen to music. (Müzik dinlemeyi tercih ederim.) – I would rather/sooner/just as soon listen to music than watch a movie. – I would rather/sooner/just as soon not watch a movie. (Film izlememeyi tercih ederim.) 142 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Bu yapılar mevcut durumla ilgili bir tercihi belirtirken be V-ing yapısı ile de kullanılabilirler. – She would rather/sooner/just as soon be eating at home (than eating at a restaurant). would prefer + to V (rather than + V) – They would prefer to take a bus (rather than (to) drive) – I would prefer not to drive. would rather would sooner + somebody + V2 would just as soon – The director would rather/sooner/just as soon Robert joined the meeting. Müdür, Robert’ın toplantıya katılmasını tercih ediyor / ona göre katılmalı. I would prefer + somebody + to + V – I would prefer her not to come with us. Onun bizimle gelmemesini tercih ederim. I would rather/sooner/just as soon ve I would prefer to kalıpları perfect yapıda kullanıldıklarında ‘geçmişte bir şey yapmış olmayı ya da yapmamış olmayı tercih ederdim’ anlamına gelirler. – I would rather/sooner/just as soon have left home earlier. Evden daha erken çıkmış olmayı tercih ederdim. – I would prefer to have taken a course. Bir kursa gitmiş olmayı tercih ederdim. I would rather/sooner/just as soon kalıpları yukarıdaki madde ile ilgili olarak ‘bir başkası’ hakkında kullanıldıklarında Past Perfect Tense kullanılır. Bu kural I would prefer to kalıbı için geçerli değildir. – I would rather/sooner/just as soon Jerry had come to the party. Jerry’nin partiye gelmiş olmasını isterdim / keşke gelseydi. – I would prefer Sandra to have called her parents. Sandra’nın anne ve babasını aramış olmasını tercih ederdim / keşke aramış olsaydı. Grammar For All 143

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS prefer + noun to noun – I prefer red wine to white one. prefer + V-ing to V-ing – He prefers watching rugby to playing it. prefer + to V rather than to V – They prefer to play volleyball rather than to play basketball. Örnek Soru 11: I’d really rather ______ in Hawaii at the moment than be stuck behind this desk all day. A) I am surfing B) to be surfing C) to surf D) have surfed E) be surfing Örnek Soru 12: I’d rather ______ you out tonight because, according to the news, there could be trouble downtown. A) haven’t gone B) not to go C) didn’t go D) won’t go E) not going İ) ALIŞKANLIK (habitual activities) be used to, be accustomed to be used to + V-ing be accustomed to get used to get accustomed to 144 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 1. Present Habitual Activities: be used to, be accustomed to. Bu yapılardan sonra V-ing ya da isim gelir. – I am not accustomed to the dark. (karanlığa alışkın değilim) – He is used to the crowd. (o kalabalığa alışkın) – Kyle is accustomed to working late. (Kyle geç çalışmaya alışkın) – We are not used to queueing. (Sıra yapmaya alışkın değiliz) Alışma eylemini anlatmak için ise get used to ya da get accustomed to kullanılır ve bunlardan sonra da aynı şekilde V-ing veya isim gelir. – She got used to reading before going to bed. (Yatağa gitmeden önce kitap okumaya alıştı.) – I am getting accustomed to being away from my hometown. (Kendi memleketimden uzakta olmaya alışıyorum.) 2. Past Habit (Eski Alışkanlıklar): used to +V active, stative would +V active (be, have, live, love…) Eskiden olup da şimdi devam etmeyen durumlar için would ile used to arasında tercih yapmak durumunda kalınırsa, yükleme bakılmalıdır; be, have, love, feel, know, undestand, vb şeklinde durum gösteren stative bir yüklem varsa sadece used to kullanılmalıdır. Hareket vee ylem bildiren fiiller için ise hem used to hem would birbirinin yerine kullanılabilirler. – I used to/would go to bed late in the past. (Eylem bildiren fiillerle used to ve would her ikisi de kullanılır) – I used to / would be more pessimistic when I was younger. (Durum bildiren fiiller ile would kullanılmaz) – When I was little, I used to / would love sleeping late every day. AÇIKLAMA Would kullanımı used to ’ya göre daha sınırlıdır. Geçmişte olup ta bugün olmayan eylem ve durumlarda used to ile would arasında kararsızsanız used to ’yu tercih ediniz. 1. There (used to / would ) be a lot of fun around there in the old days. 2. My father (didn’t use to/ wouldn’t) have a car. 3. My friend (used to / would) live alone when he was a student. 4. My father didn’t know that we (used to / would) go swimming when he was at work. 5. When the weather was good, we (used to / would ) go walking in the countryside. Grammar For All 145

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS AÇIKLAMA Bu yapılar in the past, when she was younger / a child / at university, gibi bir süreci anlatan ifadelerle kullanılır, on my last birthday, when she was born gibi spesifik bir zaman belirtildiğinde kullanılmazlar, çünkü tek bir zamanda olduklarına göre alışkanlık göstermezler. HATIRLATMA: Be used to ile used to arasındaki anlam farkını unutmayınız. – I used to live in Ankara. (Ankara’da yaşardım.) – I was used to living in Ankara. (Ankara’da yaşamaya alışıktım.) – I’m getting used to living in Ankara. (Ankara’da yaşamaya alışıyorum.) Örnek Soru 13: The former president never _______ to the press, but this one is much more accessible. A) could have talked B) should be talking C) must have talked D) has to talk E) used to talk Örnek Soru 14: Our father never earned much money, but he _____ something nice for us whenever he _____. A) should buy/did B) had to buy/does C) would buy/could D) must have bought/can E) would rather buy/has 146 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS ALIŞTIRMA - 4 Uygun ifadeyi seçiniz. 1. l used to / would live in İzmir when I started working for TUAF (Turkish Air Force). 2. l used to / would be an NCO (Non- commissioned Officer). 3. I didn’t use to/ wouldn’t have long hair because it was against the rules. 4. It used to / would be very hot in summer and very cold in winter at that time. 5. I used to / would take a military shuttle to work. 6. My friend and l used to / would go to mess hall for lunch every day. 7. We used to / would love playing basketball before I hurt my ankle. 8. My friend used to / would walk around every evening before going home. 9. I used to / would always lose when I played backgammon with my friend. 10. My friend used to/ would dance very well, but l didn’t. J) TEKLİF (OFFER) 1. Shall, may, could, can, would – Shall we walk to work today? Bugün işe yürüyelim mi? – Would you like to watch television with me? Benimle televizyon izler misin? – Can (Could/May) I help you? Size yardımcı olabilir miyim? Shall yalnızca I ve we zamirleri ile kullanılır. Would like istemek anlamındadır ve rica ya da teklifler için kullanılabilir. Kendinden sonra ya bir isim ya da ‘to + V’ gelir. – I would like a cup of tea – I’d like to eat fish – Would you like a cup of coffee? 2. Diğer tavsiye ifadeleri: Why don’t you…? Why not…? What about…? How about…? If I were you, I’d … – You’ve been sick for two days. Why don’t you go to a doctor? İki gündür hastasın, neden doktora gitmiyorsun? Grammar For All 147

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS – I see you haven’t understood ‘modals’. Why not do more exercise? Hala ‘modal’ konusunu anlamadığını görüyorum. Neden daha fazla alıştırma yapmıyorsun? – What about having a barbecue sometime this week? Bu hafta bir ara barbekü yapmaya ne dersiniz? – If I were you, I’d give up smoking right away. Yerinde olsam sigarayı derhal bırakırım. Örnek Soru 15: Do you think Jeff _____ to join us on our hike? Does he like this sort of activity? A) would rather B) was able C) has been able D) had better E) would like MODAL PERFECT Perfect modal’lar devamına have V3 alarak geçmişle ilgili bir bilgi veren aşağıdaki yapılardır: 1. PAST OPPORTUNITY (KAÇIRILMIŞ FIRSAT) 2. POSSIBILITY (İHTİMAL) 3. NECESSITY (GEREKLİLİK) 4. DEDUCTION OF CERTAINITY (KESİNLİK ÇIKARIMI) 5. DEDUCTION OF UNCERTAINITY (İMKANSIZLIK ÇIKARIMI) 6. COMPLAINT/REGRET (ŞİKAYET/PİŞMANLIK) 1. PAST OPPORTUNITY (KAÇIRILMIŞ FIRSAT) may/ might/ could have+ V3 (…yapabilirdin ama yapmadın) – Why didn’t you tell me about your financial problems? I could have lent you some money or you could have taken a loan from the bank that I use. Neden bana finansal problemlerinden bahsetmedin? Sana borç para verebilirdim ya da benim kullandığım bankadan bir kredi çekebilirdin -sana borç para verebilirdim ama fırsatı kaçırdın. couldn’t have+ V3 (-emezdim / -amazdım) – He couldn’t have overcome his financial problems without my help. Benim yardımlarım olmadan finansal problemlerinin üstesinden gelemezdi. Could have, might have, would have yapıları, unreal past ifade eden koşul cümlelerinde de kullanılmaktadır. 148 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Örnek Soru 16: I ______ a stockbroker if I had wanted to, but I thought life as a bass guitarist in a heavy metal band would be far more interesting. A) was able to become B) may have become C) had become D) can have become E) used to become 2. POSSIBILITY (İHTİMAL) -mış olabilir may have V3, might have V3, could have V3 – No injuries were reported. The bomb may/ might/ could have exploded prematurely. Hiçbir yaralanma rapor edilmedi. Bomba zamanından önce patlamış olabilir. Örnek Soru 17: Hey, watch where you are going! You ________ me! A) could have killed B) should have killed C) have killed D) will have killed E) used to kill 3. NECESSITY (GEREKLİLİK) Needn’t have V3 (gerek yoktu ama yaptın) – You needn’t have come all the way here. You could have just called. Buraya kadar gelmene gerek yoktu (ama geldin). Sadece telefon edebilirdin. AÇIKLAMA “didn’t need to\" ve \"didn’t have to\" ifadeleri görüleceği üzere perfect modal değil basit geçmiş zaman ifadeleridir. Bu ifadeler de \"gerek yoktu, gerek kalmadı” anlamını verirler. Örnek Soru 18: I don’t have to go to work tomorrow because it is Memorial Day. The best thing about a day off from work is that I ______ up at :00; I can sleep until noon if I want to. A) needn’t have got B) don’t need to get C) couldn’t have got D) didn’t need to get E) mustn’t get Grammar For All 149

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Örnek Soru 19: You _____ your plane ticket so far in advance because flights to Birmingham are never full. A) can’t buy B) needn’t have bought C) didn’t use to buy D) haven’t bought E) couldn’t have bought Örnek Soru 20: When we went to Japan, we _____ anything for ourselves because our Japanese hosts took care of everything. A) must not have done B) needn’t have done C) didn’t need to do D) couldn’t have done E) ought not to do 4. DEDUCTION OF CERTAINTY (KESİNLİK ÇIKARIMI) -mış olmalı, kesinlikle … -mıştır. Must have V3 – John is not in his office. He must have left early. (John ofisinde değil. Erken çıkmış olmalı) Örnek Soru 21: I thought that I had my keys with me, but I can’t find them in my coat. I ____ them in my other coat. A) am supposed to leave B) am able to leave C) would rather have left D) must have left E) could leave 5. DEDUCTION OF UNCERTAINTY (İMKANSIZLIK ÇIKARIMI) -mış olması imkansız, -mamış olmalı Can’t have V3, couldn’t have V3 – John is not in his office but he can’t / couldn’t have left early. I am sure he is around. John ofisinde değil, ama erken çıkmış olması imkansız. Eminim buralarda biryerdedir. 150 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS Örnek Soru 22: Adult dinosaurs were about the size of elephants, so they ____ able to crawl under such relatively small rocks when temperatures fell. A) can’t have been B) needn’t have been C) shouldn’t have been D) didn’t need to be E) wouldn’t be 6. COMPLAINT/REGRET (ŞİKAYET/PİŞMANLIK) -malıydı / -mamalıydı should have V3, shouldn’t have V3, ought to have V3, ought not to have V3 – You should have called the police right away. Hemen polisi aramalıydınız. (ama hemen aramadınız) – He shouldn’t have ignored his children. Çocuklarını ihmal etmemeliydi. (ama etti) Not: Geçmişte yapılmış olması gereken bir eylem, yapılmış ise had to kullanılır. - She had to quit her job. İstifa etmek zorundaydı (ve etti.) Örnek Soru 23: You _____ more carefully. Now the insurance company won’t pay you anything because the accident was your fault. A) must have been driving B) should be driving C) had been driving D) ought to have been driving E) have been driving Örnek Soru 24: You _____ me at work. The boss was really angry because he had warned me before about personal calls. A) must not have phoned B) shouldn’t have phoned C) didn’t phone D) didn’t use to phone E) can’t have phoned Grammar For All 151

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI Killer comet’s deadly strike The first results from a mission to explore the largest crater on Earth are starting to show the size of a disaster which may have led to the death of the dinosaurs. A huge comet or asteroid is believed to have crashed into our planet 65 million years ago. ‘We just can’t imagine what it must have been like when the asteroid hit,’ a researcher from Cambridge University said. * *Alıntı: The Cambridge Evening News, 29 January 1997 Topic : _______________________________________________ Main idea : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly : _______________________________________________ Our ancestors were such an upright lot Early humans walked upright as soon as they left the trees and never bent over as pictures often suggest. They must have learnt to stand on two feet. Scientists at the University of Liverpool built a computer model of the body and programmed it to ‘walk’ on two legs. They then gave the model the proportions of ‘Lucky’, whose 3.6 million-year-old skeleton was found in Africa in the 1980s. ‘When we asked the model to walk like a chimpanzee, it fell over.’ said Dr Robin Crompton. But when they told the Lucky model to walk upright, it succeeded. * *Alıntı: Charles Arthur, The Independent, 11 September 199 Topic : _______________________________________________ Main idea : _______________________________________________ Summarize the text shortly : _______________________________________________ VOCABULARY ancestor ata imagine düşünmek asteroid küçük gezegen lead to yol açmak bend over eğilmek mission misyon, görev build inşa etmek programme program chimpanzee şempanze researcher araştırmacı comet kuyruklu yıldız scientist bilim adamı crash kaza, çarpmak skeleton iskelet crater krater strike grev, çarpmak disaster felaket succeed başarmak explore keşfetmek suggest önermek fall (over) düşmek hit vurmak 152 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL ÖZET TABLOSU MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST I ‘m not able to help you be able to genel yetenek now. I was able to swim when I general ability I will probably be able to was 5. be call you by nine. allowed to başarmak I was able to swim to the manage to Are we allowed to use other bank despite the be bound mobile phones here? strong current. to genel izin Will participants be allowed be due to general to ask questions? Although I was underage, permission I was allowed to enter the be going race. to güçlü ihtimal, kesinlik Roth is stuck in the traffic, probability, so he is bound to be late. certainty planlama The game is due to start at The conference was due arrangements 8 pm. to take place last Monday. tahmin prediction Mary is going to have a The sky was dark; it was niyet second baby. going to rain. intention I think he’s going to make a I was going to study, but proposal. the electricity was off. be likely olasılık Smokers are more likely to He was likely to be to probability develop lung cancer. promoted to major. be likely that olasılık It is likely that they will beat It was likely that my uncle probability the host team. would become the new be to mayor. planlama/ tamamlanan President was to attend performans the meeting. arrangements / action performed President was to have attended the meeting, but planlama / he had to cancel it. tamamlanmayan perf. arrangements / action not performed zorunluluk What are we to do now? obligation Grammar For All 153

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST be to can resmi planlama The Health Minister is to visit official Germany next month. can’t arrangements Before the races start, all could resmi düzenleme athletes are to bring a health official orders report. yasaklama You are not to say that again! prohibition yetenek I can play the piano. ability I won’t nominate him as he tenkit can be really uncontrollable! criticism teklif Can I help you? offers izin Can I call you by your name? permission You can use my credit card if olasılık you want. possibility Investing in stocks can be really risky. rica, talep Can you lend me a hand? It can’t have been me request Can I borrow your car? you saw this morning. I yetenek We can't jump down, it's too was sleeping at home ability high. then. She can’t be at work. She çıkarım was sick. I could see him through deduction He can’t smoke here. the window. You can’t drink tea in the Carl could really have yasaklama classroom. helped you! prohibition She could sing pretty well I haven’t heard from him when she was for years. yetenek only five. He could have died. ability Carl could really help you! I could have passed the tenkit test if I had studied. criticism It could be an ambulance. kararsızlık You could be right. uncertainty Could you show me where olasılık the post office is? possibility rica, talep request 154 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST genel izin When I was a child, I could general do basically anything that I permission wanted to do. could izin isteme Could I have a glass of couldn’t asking for water? permission teklif I could give you a lift. It was a great year, and it offers couldn't have been better. öneri You could talk to her, don’ suggestions wait! It couldn’t have been me olasılık The food couldn't be more you saw this morning. I was possibility delicious. sleeping at home then. çıkarım She couldn’t be at work. She couldn’t read and write deduction She was sick. then. She was only two. I couldn’t walk any further. yetenek My legs hurt. ability dare ‘bir şeye cesareti How dare you criticise me? I daren’t think how many olma’ victims there are. ‘have the courage for Do you dare (to) tell her something’ what happened to her son? Don’t you dare interrupt ‘bir şey yapmaya me! Who dares (to) argue with me? cesaret etme’ ‘have the courage to do something’ had better tavsiye We’d better leave soon. advice I have to start work by 8 have to gereklilik, every day. We had to start all over You don’t have to pay again. zorunluluk anything. I didn’t have to wait long. necessity, Do you have to wear a tie What did you have to do obligation at work? that for? have got gereklilik, I’ve got to be home soon. to You haven’t got to go zorunluluk already, have you? necessity, Has he got to pay in obligation advance? Grammar For All 155

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST may olasılık, kararsızlık You should ask him. He may I may have told you may not possibility, remember her telephone this before. uncertainty number. might Children may swim here with I had better call her. izin adult supervision. She may not have must permission May I start my presentation? read my e-mail. mustn’t May I help you, Madam? need teklif May I carry your suitcase? You might have told need to offers Non-association members may me you needed yasaklama not state on association policy. money! prohibition Introduce yourself to him first; I should call her. She olasılık, kararsızlık he may not remember your might not have read possibility, name. my e-mail. uncertainty I thought you might want to buy Your shoes look this. expensive. They must öneri You might consider starting a have cost a fortune. suggestions diet. You might just as well order it We needn’t have izin on the internet. bought any bread. permission We still have plenty at Might I ask you something? home. tenkit I needed to have my criticism You might behave more hair cut. politely. Why did they need to olasılık, kararsızlık move from here? possibility, I might see you later. We didn’t need to buy uncertainty any milk. He got his degree. You must çıkarım be proud of your son. deduction I must really give up smoking. zorunluluk You must keep this secret. obligation You mustn’t go out after yasaklama midnight. prohibition You needn’t worry about me. gereklilik, You need only ask. zorunluluk Need you make so much necessity, noise? obligation I need to tell you something. gereklilik, If you want to reach your goals, zorunluluk you will need to work harder. necessity, obligation 156 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST ought to shall tavsiye You ought to go and thank her. You ought to have advice We ought to protect the told me earlier. Why should zorunluluk environment. didn’t you tell me? used to obligation She ought to be at home now. will varsayım assumption Visitors shall be given a pass kanun / card at the main gate. yönerge… You shall not kill. rules / regulations... Shall I make the application for you? teklif offers Shall we throw a party sometime next week? öneri suggestions You should quit smoking. tavsiye You shouldn’t be sitting here just I should have booked advice doing nothing! a room in advance. You should have suçlama, tenkit I think you should leave. consulted a doctor. criticism I should get back before 9. The plane should zorunluluk I have never tried setting up a have landed by now. obligation website, but it shouldn’t be too difficult. At weekends, my varsayım Shouldn't we have a hamburger father used to take assumption instead of a pizza? me fishing. I didn’t use to like öneri I will take you to the airport. I singing and dancing. suggestions have nothing to do tomorrow. If you wait for a moment, I’ll see eski durum ve if the manager is available. alışkanlıklar Will you turn off your mobile past habits and phone, please? states There’s no point in speaking louder. He won’t understand. isteklilik, ‘The phone’s ringing.’ ‘That’ll be gönüllülük for me.’ willingness rica, talep request varsayım assumption Grammar For All 157

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS MODAL FUNCTION PRESENT/FUTURE PAST will alışkanlık A real friend will always help won’t habits you. would Ask him, he’ll probably help wouldn’t tahmin, öngörü you. prediction Salty water will freeze at a lower temperature than pure gelecekte bitmiş water. eylem completed action in Some of you will have met future me before o anki karar, niyet intentions I will always love you. (spontaneous offers, Come on, I’ll help you with promises, decisions) those bags. isteksizlik, reddetme, My bank won’t allow me to şikayet make international unwillingness, transactions. refusal, complaint Greg just won’t answer the phone. The door won’t open. rica, talep Would you open the door for request me? Would you mind stepping outside for a moment? sinir bozucu Tom would do something like that, wouldn’t he? It’s so alışkanlık typical of him! annoying habits tekrarlayan alışkanlık It would be nice to live by the From time to time, he habitual, repeated sea. would call her to ask actions It would be great to go hiking if she wanted to meet in the Appalachians again. for lunch. gerçek olmayan I would help you if you asked durum me to. I took the phone back unreal situations to the shop, but they wouldn’t give me isteksizlik, a replacement. gönülsüzlük Try as I might, the unwillingness door wouldn’t open. 158 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS PRACTICE TEST (MODALS) TEST 1 1. If greenhouse gases are released 5. He was a good player so he ____ into the atmosphere in large score a goal in the last minute of the quantity, they ____ cause global game when they were about to lose. warming. A) was able to A) should B) might B) have to C) would be able to C) need to D) could D) can E) can E) must 6. I ____ make an appointment for a 2. David _______ be kidding about his visit to the doctor for her since she vacation! That ____ be true. did it herself. A) will / mustn’t A) had to B) must / can’t B) couldn’t C) can / won’t C) needn’t to D) need to / might not D) didn’t have to E) should / needn’t E) was unable to 3. Unfortunately, we _______ the 7. Having been invited to the party population of many species already, by Peter himself, she _____ hardly and they _____ recover, even with a refuse to go. massive reforestation effort. A) could A) have diminished / might not B) was able to B) will diminish/ couldn’t C) should C) diminished / needn’t D) ought to D) diminish / can’t E) must E) would diminish / mustn’t 8. My grandmother _____ this necklace 4. Mike helped his friends do their when she was a young woman, but homework after the class but I’m not sure. actually he _____ so. A) could use A) shouldn’t do B) must have used B) can’t have done C) would use C) needn’t have done D) should have used D) wouldn’t have done E) may have used E) mustn’t have done Grammar For All 159

9. You _____ visit the botanical gardens ► Ünite: 3 | MODALS during your trip to Florida. They’re amazing. 13. Soon, customs officers _____ to use X-ray technology _____ cavities A) could in vehicles for drugs. B) would rather C) must A) will be able / to scan D) have to B) are able / scanning E) might C) were able / to be scanned D) have been able / having been 10. Teachers _____ special attention to student learning and technology- scanned integrated instruction that ______ E) would have been able / to have them better learners. scanned A) will give / would make B) should give / can make 14. While a global catastrophic risk C) can give / might make ____ vast majority of life on earth, D) are able to give / could make humanity _____ potentially recover. E) would give / need to make A) will / might B) used to / would rather C) had better / used to D) must / has to E) may / could 11. Scientists _______ be able to 15. In some countries like South Korea, predict natural disasters such as it is considered very offensive to earthquake and tsunami and even make noise in public transportation, have a man-made control over them so you _______ do so. in the far future. A) needn’t to A) can B) mustn’t B) might C) don’t have to C) must D) are not allowed D) won’t E) may not E) have to 16. Routinely getting an overdose of 12. Her mother ____ put mustard in his vitamins and minerals _____ harm sandwich but he hopes not. you. A) might have A) can B) can have B) should C) should have C) would rather D) will D) must E) could E) have to 160 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 17. Some people take some 22. New research suggests that multivitamins that they believe exercise _______ reduce the chance cover their nutritional bases but of heart disease as well as cancer. they ______ interact with other That’s why I told my father that he medications they take. _____ start walking once a day. A) will be able to A) may / will B) should B) might / can C) may C) had better / has to D) used to D) need to / is able to E) have to E) can / should 18. In about five years’ time, the 23. They _____ a lot because the doctors ______ use nuclear science concert they performed fascinated and technology widely in diagnosis everyone. and treatment. A) must have practiced A) used to B) should practice B) have to C) should have practiced C) had better D) have to practice D) will be able to E) would have practiced E) are going to 24. ‘‘Oh my God, he’s unconscious. 19. Dinosaurs whose fossils recently Don’t move him - he _____ have found by some miners __ in Western internal injuries. Somebody call an Europe many centuries ago. ambulance.’’ A) might live A) would B) should have lived B) need to C) couldn’t have lived C) is going to D) didn’t use to live D) might E) may have lived E) used to 20. Geologists ______ tell the age 25. Tina’s flight from New York took of a fossil through a variety of more than nine hours. She _____ be radiometric dating techniques exhausted after such a long flight. She ______ stay in tonight and get A) need to some rest. B) would C) can A) should / will D) had better B) must / would rather E) must C) can / used to D) could / must 21. Sara said you _____ buy her E) needs to / might anything for her birthday, but I really think you _____ get her some flowers or a nice bottle of wine. A) didn’t use / will B) won’t be able / could C) won’t have / used to D) didn’t need / should E) couldn’t / will Grammar For All 161

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS PRACTICE TEST (MODALS) TEST 2 1. Try as she might, she ___ erase such 5. Hey Sally, you ___ look good for a terrible experience from her mind your interview if you want to get for years. the sales job. You _____ wear white shirt and black skirt. A) mustn’t B) needn’t A) have to / can't C) used to B) must / had better D) couldn’t C) might / would E) had better D) used to / are to E) would rather / ought to 2. Brands that want to remain 6. For the farmers, the lure of new competitive in the future ____ machine technologies was not how prepare more innovative strategies. much more they __ grow, but how they _____ get the work done with A) could fewer people. B) must C) would rather A) will / used to D) might B) must / have to E) are to be C) need to / shall D) are supposed to / might E) could / could 3. Mobile smart devices ____ a greater 7. You _____ take along some cash impact on the business world than everytime you go on holiday as anyone _____ever predicted. some shops ______ not accept credit cards. A) have had / could have B) have / must have A) will / can C) will have / should have B) could / would rather D) had / used to C) might / will E) had had / could D) had better / may E) are to / used to 4. Dave _____ be at the airport by 10: 8. Some business companies 00. He will probably _____ take a weren’t quite sure what real world taxi if he wants to catch the plane. applications their own product had, and ______ welcome any ideas. A) should / might A) use to B) can / be able to B) would C) must / have to C) can D) has to / should D) are supposed to E) used to / ought to E) would rather 162 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 9. I haven’t decided yet. Is there 13. Organic livestock _____ have anything you _____ recommend? access to the outdoors and be given Is there anything you think I ______ organic food. They ______ not be try? given antibiotics, growth hormones, or any animal-by-products. A) could / should A) would rather / can B) might / must B) used to / will C) have to / could C) has to / used to D) should / could D) must / may E) must / would E) is supposed to / would 10. If you are over 18 in California, you 14. My sister _____ sing like an angel ___ take a training course to get a when she was a little child. driver’s license. But remember, you still ___ get your permit before you A) can start practising. B) was able to C) had to D) should E) would rather A) had better / could 15. Brian decided not to join us for B) would rather / might lunch because he ______ stay at C) must / have to work to finish the marketing report. D) need to / shall E) are going to / would A) need to B) might 11. Some high-speed trains now ____ C) dare twice faster than planes. D) used to E) had to A) were supposed to go 16. You _____ check the air pressure B) should go in your tires if you _____ want to get a flat tire on your trip. C) are able to go A) should / can’t D) had to go B) would rather / won’t E) could have gone C) need to / didn’t D) have to / mustn’t 12. Mike isn’t in his room. He _____ in E) ought to / don’t the garden, or perhaps he’s in the study room. 17. My professor says the essay is optional and we ____ write it if we A) might be relaxing skipped some lessons or to get a B) might relax higher mark but we ____ do it if we don’t want to. C) used to relax A) must / should D) would be relaxing B) might / use to E) could relax C) could / don't have to D) will / can't E) would / must Grammar For All 163

18. Sam ____ not follow the news on TV ► Ünite: 3 | MODALS last night because the neighbours were cheering so loudly at the party. 22. I would rather they ______ issues of inflation and taxes instead of just A) should talking about them. B) could C) ought to A) tackle D) need to B) would tackle E) would rather C) tackling D) to tackle E) tackled 19. I ____ my PC over five times, but it 23. Using the credit card, you ____ doesn’t work and the screen is still check your credit card statement frozen. There _____ be a problem for any errors. with the cable! A) were able to A) reboot / can B) will need to B) had rebooted / used to C) must have been to C) should reboot / might D) may have to D) can reboot / has to E) need to have to E) have rebooted / must 24. Taking Modafinil tablets _____ help 20. You ____ me and asked about my people do tiring jobs but it ____ mother, but you just didn’t bother. I turn anyone into Albert Einstein thought you were my friend. overnight. A) can phone A) should / doesn’t need to B) might phone B) may / will not C) could have phoned C) must / should not D) must have phoned D) will / doesn’t have to E) were going to phone E) can / ought not to 21. In uncertain economic times, 25. Whenever you do on-line shopping, setting a marketing budget _____ you ____ never be fully aware of be particularly difficult. what you are buying or what _____ happen to it till you have received it. A) can B) had better A) might / must C) would B) have to / should D) ought to C) can / might E) used to D) would / can E) used to / might 164 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS PRACTICE TEST (MODALS) TEST 3 1. The growing interest in smart 5. After you register, you ____ a technological devices meet the confirmation email on the email consumers’ satisfaction, thus address you entered during the producers always _____ upgrade registration process. themselves. A) allowed to receive A) may not / need to B) could have received B) used to / have to C) will be allowed to receive C) must / can’t D) should have received D) might not / had to E) were able to receive E) have to / could 6. Just like how phones ___ into smart 2. In Africa, if current trends of phones, perhaps cars __ also take a population growth and soil similar route and evolve into ‘smart’ degradation continue, the continent cars. _____ feed just 25% of its population by 2028. A) will evolve / could B) have evolved / will A) will have to C) evolve / need B) may need to D) evolved / had better C) used to E) had evolved / have to D) might be able to E) had better 7. They ____ indeed. The flight was delayed for about half an hour 3. Unemployment ____ be the result because of a mechanical problem. of the development of labour saV- ing technology, leading to ever- A) couldn’t have hurried increasing numbers of urban poor. B) didn’t use to hurry C) wouldn’t have hurried A) should D) needn’t have hurried B) used to E) mustn’t have hurried C) can D) is supposed to 8. William was feeling terrible last E) ought to night. He ____ the news about the earthquake in his hometown where 4. You ___ the form thoroughly before his parents _____. you handed it in to the assisstant. A) will hear / lived A) ought to check B) had better hear / live B) ought to be checking C) could have heard / will live C) ought to have check D) had to hear / have lived D) will ought to check E) must have heard / live E) ought to have checked Grammar For All 165

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 9. The guests are about to come and 13. Individuals with Panic Disorder it’s messy everywhere. I __ to clean ___ seek advice with their medical the room instead of watching TV. practitioner if they experience some significant symptoms. A) should have started B) will have to start A) should C) needed to start B) might D) would start C) dare E) must have started D) used to E) could 10. If scarcity of food became apparent 14. I ____ write down my assignment to peasants, they ____ sacrifice again. My computer crashed but long-term prosperity for short- term fortunately I had a spare file in my survival. hard disk. A) had better A) won’t have to B) can B) didn’t use to C) use to C) may not be able to D) would D) couldn’t E) ought to E) didn’t have to 15. I ___ up eating junk food years ago. Doing so, I ___ not be out of shape now. 11. Martin told me that he ___ late to A) should have given / would the party tonight so that I don't wait B) must give / had to for him for hours. C) would have given / could D) have to give / used to A) may be E) ought to give / can B) was able to be C) was going to be 16. Fire alarms are to react in a real D) can be emergency situation, and they ___ E) would have been pulled unless there is fire. A) shouldn’t have been B) are not to be C) didn’t use to be D) would be able to E) couldn’t 12. Nancy hasn’t arrived yet. She ___ 17. I ___ to remember to renew my car the shuttle bus to the airport. insurance at the end of the month. A) would have missed A) used B) could have missed B) had C) can have missed C) had better D) can miss D) ought E) could miss E) might 166 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 22. Carla said she ______ answer the phone until the secretary came 18. The 19-year-old man ___ pay a back from the dentist. fine of 300$ when he was caught speeding on the highway. A) must B) has to A) would C) is going to B) need to D) can C) had to E) would D) should E) could 23. Now that the manager has lost the company’s order and the catagory 19. They ____ the forest on purpose; list, he ______ blame that on otherwise, they ___ so much anybody else. damage. A) won’t A) could have burned / shouldn’t have B) shouldn’t caused C) wouldn’t D) doesn’t have to B) could be burning / can’t have E) needn’t caused 24. She _____ in a hospital in C) should have burned / might have Amsterdam now that she passed caused the interview. D) had to burned / ought not to have A) should have worked caused B) ought to work C) could have been working E) must have burned / couldn’t have D) must be working caused E) used to work 20. It ____ Chris who answered the phone because he’s at work now. A) can’t have been B) wouldn’t have been C) shouldn’t have been D) must have been E) could have been 21. The new sales staff ___ attend the 25. The professor ___ for hours the marketing meeting on weekend, so day before, that is why he looked so they were given some other tasks tired yesterday. instead. A) didn’t need A) must have been studying B) had to B) should have studied C) didn’t have to C) would be studying D) were able to D) has to study E) were going to E) might be studying Grammar For All 167

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS PRACTICE TEST (MODALS) TEST 4 1. Acid rain ____ a sort of damage 5. Smart cards _____ be easily to the environment that ___ have replaced if lost, and, because a serious impact on human health as password _____ be used to access well as wildlife. ID information, it is totally useless to people other than its legal bearer. A) is / would B) is / can A) have to / can C) will be / is to B) would / need to D) was / need to C) can / must E) be / should D) should / may E) must / shall 2. For humans to live sustainably, the Earth’s resources _____ be used 6. You ____ hurt somebody, throwing at a rate at which they ____ be a bottle out of the window like that. replenished. A) can / need to A) should have B) would / can B) could C) could / should C) were supposed to D) must / can D) would have E) should / have to E) could have 3. Smart shopping ___ provide psychological benefits to 7. Some airline companies ____ some advantages for the students consumers as well. For example, who travel frequently to receive a discount so that they ____ cheaper paying a reduced price for an item fares. ___ lead one to feel proud or excited. A) will offer / would get B) can offer / need to get A) may / might C) must offer / could get B) can / would D) would offer / had better get C) need to / could E) would rather offer / will get D) should / could E) has to / is going to 8. Nikolay Gogol and Anton Chekhov ____ alive at the same time, so they 4. If we have enough management on ____ each other. risks, we ____ really get a lot more advantages from e-commerce. A) aren’t / can’t know B) cannot be / need to know A) may C) had been / should have known B) should D) weren’t / can’t have known C) ought to E) wouldn’t be / would have known D) are to E) have to 168 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 3 | MODALS 9. Genetically modified crops ____ 13. His computer crashed last cause serious environmental weekend while he was preparing problems as an engineered gene his presentation for the meeting on ____ prove toxic to wildlife. Monday, but luckily he ____ fix it. A) should / may A) could B) have to / would B) may have to C) used to / will C) was able to D) are able to / can D) should E) can / may E) is to 10. Arthur didn’t ____ tell his brother 14. The college president ____ report about the terrible accident he had financial shortfalls to the executive after the party as he doesn’t want to director each semester. make him feel worse. A) will be able to A) use to B) could B) need to C) might C) dare D) should D) have to E) can E) ought to 15. I _____ myself that much on 11. I don’t know where Tina ____ on holiday. Thank you for a lovely trip. holiday but she bought Euros before she left so she ____ to France or A) need to enjoy Germany. B) couldn’t have enjoyed C) didn’t use to enjoy A) did go / could go D) shouldn’t have enjoyed B) went / might have gone E) might be enjoying C) has gone / has to go D) is going / should have gone 16. They claim that documentary about E) will go / could have gone space travel on National Geography was amazing, you ___ it last night. 12. Judging from the way Alice looks really pleased with herself, she ____ A) were going to see her driving test today. B) might have seen C) must have seen D) would see E) should have seen 17. I heard a whistle. I thought that ___ be the ten o’clock train to Istanbul. A) must have passed A) used to B) must be passing B) was going to C) should be passing C) would D) is going to pass D) is supposed to E) should have passed E) should Grammar For All 169

18. Solar energy is necessary if we ____ ► Ünite: 3 | MODALS repair and tackle environmental damage, but we also need it as a 22. One of the great advances of big stick to wield against damage astronomy over recent years ___ occurring in future. the discovery of planets outside our solar system, and it is the first A) are to real clue that we ____ alone in the B) would rather universe. C) had better D) could A) is going to be / mustn’t be E) dare to B) has been / may not be C) had been / will not be 19. There ____ be no scrapping or D) was / would not be fighting, and no weapons of any E) is / were not kind are permitted. 23. The manufactured products ___ A) could meet certain standards, but in B) used to terms of sales, the personnel ____ C) should adequate training if the company D) is to targets efficiency and productivity. E) might A) used to / should have had 20. Were it lost, at the first attempt B) might / must be able to have to use the smart card illegally, the C) will / would have had card be deactivated by the card ___ D) had to / could have reader itself. E) must / must have had A) would 24. After you registered, you ____ a B) can confirmation email on the email C) will address you entered during the D) is allowed to registration process. That is why E) shall you’ve lost your chance. 21. Substantial technological progress A) are allowed to receive will be needed if we _____ achieve B) can have received long-term reductions in greenhouse C) allowed to receive gas emissions. D) should have received E) were able to receive A) can B) might 25. Jason _____ not borrow any money C) are to from his friends. So, Kim ____ him D) used to to lend some to buy an expensive E) dare digital camera for his girlfriend. A) would rather / had better not offer B) had better / wouldn’t be able to offer C) used to / couldn’t offer D) can / isn’t going to offer E) daren’t / must offer 170 Grammar For All

ÜNİTE 4 PASSIVE and C A U S AT I V E

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE ✓ TANIM ✓ FORM and USE ✓ PASSIVE CÜMLELERİNDE ZARF ve EDATLAR ✓ PASSIVE YAPILARDA SORU CÜMLELERİ ✓ MODAL FİİLLERİN PASSIVE FORMLARI ✓ STATIVE PASSIVE ✓ GET PASSIVE ✓ GERUND ve INFINITIVE’LERİN PASSIVE YAPILMASI ✓ BELİRSİZ ZAMİRLER ✓ PASSIVE IN THAT CLAUSES ✓ PASSIVE IN ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ✓ METİN İÇİNDE KULLANIMI ✓ CAUSATIVE ✓ PRACTICE TESTS TANIM Passive (edilgen) denince ilk olarak akla gelmesi gereken yapı şu olmalıdır: BE + V3 Cümle ve tense konularında fiillerin passive yapılardan kısaca bahsedilmişti. Burada passive yada edilgen kavramı detaylı olarak ele alınacaktır. Passive yapının ne olduğuna geçmeden önce active yapının ne olduğunu hatırlayalım. İngilizce cümle yapısında temel mantık ‘hangi bilgi daha önemliyse o önce kullanılır’ şeklindedir. Normal cümlelerde özne, yani eylemi yapan (doer ya da agent) önemli olduğu için cümle başında ve yüklemden hemen önce yer alır. Nesne, yani yüklemden etkilenen veya eyleme maruz kalan ise yüklemden hemen sonra gelir. Kısaca S+V+O şeklinde sıraladığımız yapı active (etken) yapılardır, vurgu işi yapandadır. – ‘People use credit cards all over the world.’ ACTIVE: S+V+O İnsanlar tüm dünyada kredi kartı kullanırlar. Passive yapılarda ise işi yapan değil, o işe maruz kalan daha önemlidir ve cümle başında özne pozisyonunda kullanılır. Başka bir ifadeyle, active bir cümlenin nesnesi olan şey, passive cümlede özne konumundadır, fakat eylemi yapan değil, eyleme maruz kalandır. - ‘Credit cards are used all over the world.’ PASSIVE: O + V Kredi kartları tüm dünyada kullanılır. 172 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE – This magazine is published weekly. – The patient is being examined by the doctor right now. – The machine has been just maintained. – Before the siege, most of the prisoners had been released. – New methods for the experiment should be followed by the research team. – Mary was given a birthday gift by her friends. – A birthday gift was given to Mary by her friends. – The oil pipes may have been destroyed by the rebels. – The concert will be called off due to adverse weather. – The match had been postponed by the referee. Passive yapılarda bir isimle birlikte nesne olarak karşımıza çıkabilecek görüntüler şunlar olabilir: OBJECT PASSIVE STATEMENT Noun - isim -The table was repaired. V-ing - ad öbeği -Writing on the wall is forbidden. To V - mastar -To attack the enemy was ordered. N. Clause - isim cümleciği -What you offered has been rejected. Obj. Pron - zamir -They were invited. Transitive Verb: Bir fiilin passive yapılabilmesi için nesne alması gerekmektedir. Passive yapılarda önemli olan vurgu, active cümledeki yüklemin nesnesi olduğuna göre ancak nesne alabilen fiiler passive yapılır. Nesne alan bu tip fiilere geçişli fiiler (Transitive Verb) diyoruz. Geçişli fiileri ayırdetmenin en pratik yolu yükleme NEYİ/KİMİ yada NEYE/KİME sorusunu sormaktır. Geçişli fiile örnekler: buy, write, cook, watch, speak, clean, make, inform, build, repair vs. Bu fiillerin tümü active cümlelerde (sağ tarafına) nesne alırlar. – We bought a new computer. ‘WHAT did you buy?’ sorusu karşılık buluyor, cevap: ‘a new computer’. O zaman buy fiili geçişli bir fiildir diyoruz. Geçişli olup da passive yapılamayacak istisna fiiller de vardır ki en bilineni have’dir. Bu fiiller nesne aldıkları halde passive yapılamazlar. Bu şekilde geçişli olduğu halde passive olamayan fiiller şunlardır: have, become, comprise, consist, equal, agree with, look like, resemble, contain, mean, hold, lack, suit ve fit. – My wife has a new computer. : NO PASSIVE – A new computer is had by my wife. – ICON Academy consists of many different programs. – Many different programs are consisted of at ICON Academy. : NO PASSIVE Grammar For All 173

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Intransitive Verb: Her fiil nesne almaz, yani S+V (PMFTR) şeklinde kullanılır. Dolayısıyla, nesne alamayan fiiler passive yapılamaz. Bu fiillerde, NEYİ/ NEYE yada KİMİ/ KİME soruları cevapsız kalır. Örnek: go, come, sleep, cry, run, die, walk, happen, seem, agree, rise, stand, appear, exist, laugh, stay, arrive, fall, live, sit, talk, become, flow, occur, wait, rain, sneeze, vs. – I sleep six hours every day. ‘ WHAT did you sleep?’ anlamsız bir soru olacaktır. O zaman sleep geçişsiz bir fiildir. Ergative Verb: Bazı fiiller ise hem geçişli hem geçişsiz olarak kullanılabilirler. Bunların sadece geçişli kullanımları passive yapılabilirler. – He reads a book. (Geçişli) A book is read. (Passive) – He reads a lot. (Geçişsiz) - (NO PASSIVE) – She ate the chicken. (Geçişli) The chicken was eaten. (Passive) – She ate. (Geçişsiz) - (NO PASSIVE) Ergative fiiller anlamsal olarak 4 kategoride toplanabilir: Durum Değişikliği Gösterenler (change read, write, break, burst, close, open, grow, of state) start, finish, melt vs. Pişirme İle İlgili Olanlar (cooking) cook, bake, boil, fry vs. Hareket Gösterenler (movement) move, walk, shake, sweep, turn vs. Ulaşım İle İlgili Olanlar (vehicles) drive, fly, sail, reverse, run vs. AÇIKLAMA Sözlük kullanımında fiilerin nesne alıp almadıklarına dikkat ediniz. Genellikle sözlüklerde geçişli fiiller TV, geçişsiz fiiller IV şeklinde belirtilir. Ditransitive Verb (İki Nesne Alan Geçişli Fiiller): Geçişli fiiller her zaman tek nesne almazlar. Bazı fiiller iki nesne alarak kullanılırlar. Bu tür fillere ditransitive verb denir. Ditransitive fiiller hem neyi/ kimi hem de neye/ kime sorularını cevaplarlar. En bilinen örneği ‘give’ fiilidir. Bu nesnelerden biri eylemden doğrudan etkilenen dolaysız nesnelerdir (direct object- DO), diğeri ise eylemden dolaylı olarak etkilenen nesnelerdir (indirect object- IO). Kesin kural olmamakla birlikte dolaylı nesnelerin çoğunlukla insan (kime sorusunun cevabı), dolaysız nesnelerin ise insan dışı varlıklar (neyi sorusunun cevabı) olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. 174 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Bu tür cümlelerde dolaysız nesne önce kullanıldığında TO yada FOR gibi edatlar gerekir: ‘TO’ gerektiren fiiler: give, bring, lend, send, show, teach, tell, write, post, offer, sell’dir ve ‘birisine’ anlamına gelir. active -1 active-2 – She gave me her pencil. = She gave her pencil to me. – Arda passed his goalkeeper the ball. = Arda passed the ball to his goalkeeper. – Paula reads the kids a story. = Paula reads a story to her kids. – Alex introduced his father his girlfriend. = Alex introduced his girlfriend to his father. – They mailed me this package. = They mailed this package to me. ‘FOR’ alan fiiler ise şunlardır: buy, purchase, cook, bake, get, reserve, build, find, choose, do, make’dir ve ‘birisine’ veya ‘biri için’ anlamına gelir. active -1 active-2 – Simon purchased her a sandwich. = Simon purchased a sandwich for her. – The carpenter built us a picnic table. = The carpenter built a picnic table for us. Bu cümlelerin passive halleri de iki şekilde mümkündür. Dolaylı ve dolaysız nesneden, özellikle vurgulamak istediğimiz hangisi ise o özne olarak kullanılır, bunun dışında anlamları aynıdır. passive -1 passive -2 – I was given a pencil. = A pencil was given to me. – The goalkeeper was passed the ball. = The ball was passed to his goalkeeper. – The kids are read a story (by Paula). = A story is read to the kids (by Paula). – Alex’s father was introduced his girlfriend. = Alex’s girlfriend was introduced to his father. – I was mailed this package. = This package was mailed to me. – She was purchased a sandwich by Simon. = A sandwich was purchased for her by Simon. – We were built a picnic table. = A picnic table was built for us. NOT: İki nesne alıp da bu kuralın dışında olan bir başka fiil türüde attributive verb dediğimiz fiillerdir. Örneğin: make, name, call, appoint, select, turn into, vb. Bu tür fiillerde dolaylı dolaysız nesne dönüşümü olmaz. – We will name you George. – They’ve appointed her the chief executive officer of the company. Grammar For All 175

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE FORM and USE Form: 1. ‘BE’ FİİLİNİN PASSIVE’ DEKİ BİÇİMLERİ: Passive cümleler de geçmiş, şimdiki zamanları anlatabileceğine göre bunların çekimleri söz konusudur ve ‘V3’ kısmı değişmeyeceğine göre bunu sağlayan ‘BE’ fiilidir. Detayına girmeden kabaca izah etmek gerekirse buradaki BE fiili; present cümlelerde : am/is/are V3 - The car is repaired. onarılır. past cümlelerde : was/were V3 - The car was repaired. onarıldı. perfect cümlelerde : been V3 , şeklini alır. - The car has been repaired. onarıldı ve şu an sağlam. - The car had been repaired. onarılmıştı. continuous'lar ilaveten : +being V3 alır (Perfect Continuous hariç; çünkü kullanımı yoktur.) - The car is being repaired. onarılıyor. - The car was being repaired. onarılıyordu. 2. ‘am/is/are/was/were + being V3’ dışında continuous tense’lerin (future ve perfect) passive halleri pek kullanılmaz. - will be + being V3 - will have been + being V3 - have been + being V3 - had been + being V3 176 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Active / Passive Tablosu TENSE ACTIVE PASSIVE Simple Present He repairs the roof. The roof is repaired. Present Cont. Present Perfect He’s repairing the roof. The roof is being repaired. Present Perfect Cont. Simple Past He has repaired the roof. The roof has been rapaired. Past Cont. Past Perfect He has been repairing the roof. --------- He repaired the roof. The roof was repaired. He was repairing the roof. The roof was being repaired. He had repaired the roof. The roof had been repaired. Past Perfect Cont. He had been repairing the roof. -------- Simple Future He will repair the roof. The roof will be repaired. Simple Future (be going He is going to repair the roof. The roof is going to be to) repaired. Future Cont. He will be repairing the roof. -------- Future Cont. (be going He is going to be repairing the The roof is going to be being to) roof. repaired. Future Perfect He will have repaired the roof. The roof will have been repaired. Future Perfect (be going He is going to have repaired The roof is going to have to) the roof. been repaired. Future Perfect Cont. He will have been repairing the --------- roof. Future Perfect Cont. (be He is going to have been --------- going to) repairing the roof. Used to He used to repair the roof. The roof used to be repaired. Future in the Past (would) He would repair the roof. The roof would be repaired. Future in the Past (be He was going to repair the The roof was going to be going to) roof. repaired. Use: Passive Voice ile kurulan cümleler günlük konuşma dilinde (informal) pek tercih edilmez. Daha ziyade resmi ifadelerde (formal) ve aşağıda belirtilen yazılı anlatımlarda (written language) kullanılır. Grammar For All 177

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Metodları tanımlama ve analiz etmede kullanılan passive kalıp örnekleri: be analyzed be collected be obtained be tested be calculated be measured be prepared be used be carried out be observed be set Bilgileri raporlama ve yorumlamada kullanılan passive kalıp örnekleri: be determined be found be expected be seen be believed to be be shown can be interpreted as be associated with PASSIVE CÜMLELERDE ZARF ve EDATLAR Zarf Kullanımı Just, always, never, usually gibi zaman zarfları ile probably, possibly gibi durum zarfları passive cümlelerde ‘be’ fiilinden sonra kullanılırlar. ‘be’ fiilinden önce başka bir yardımcı fiil varsa zarf, yardımcı fiil ile be arasında yer alır. – My office is always cleaned in the evening. – My family is usually invited to the weddings in this town. – Dr. Albert is often considered for promotion at faculty. – The children are sometimes taken to school by school bus. – Wolves are seldom seen in this woods. – Fenerbahçe has never been beaten by any other team in this tournament. – All the glasses were carefully placed on the table before the service started. (ya da), All the glasses were placed carefully on the table before the service started. – The area was badly affected by the hurricane. (ya da), The area was affected badly by the hurricane. Genellikle, SVOPMFTR sıralamasına göre cümle sonlarında kullanılan zaman ifadeleri, passive yapılarda yine cümle sonunda hatta ‘by phrase’ den sonra kullanılır. Zarf vurgusu ön plana çıkartılmak istenirse cümle başında da kullanılabilirler. – There is going to be a board meeting tomorrow morning. 'by' Kullanımı Passive cümlelerde işi yapanın (agent) kim olduğu bilgisi gerekliyse ‘by’ ile ifade edilir. Eylemi yapan kişi yada insan dışı birşey (non-human) uzun uzun tanıtılmışsa yine by ile başlayarak bir sıfat cümleciği alabilir. Bu bilgi önemli değil, ya da zaten biliniyorsa by cümlede yer almaz. 178 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE – Jurassic Park is directed by Steven Spielberg. – Half of the mistakes were corrected by the teacher. – The experiment was conducted by the university which is known for its applied science programs in the fields of artificial heart research, space science, and nanotechnology. – Eleven marijuana users were arrested and put in prison. – Aziz Sancar was awarded Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2019. ÖNEMLİ AÇIKLAMA (Prepositions in Passive) Sınavlarda active passive ayırımı istenen sorularda, bazı yanılgılarla sıklıkla karşılaşılır. Seçeneklerde active ve passive alternatiflerin bulunması halinde öncelikle active ya da passive gereksinimi doğru tespit edilmelidir. Boşluktan sonra yer alan by bize passive bir yapıyı işaret edebilir, ama by passive cümlelerde kullanılan tek ilgeç değildir. Devamında by olan bir yapı bizi her zaman passive'e götürmeyeceği gibi, passive bir yapının devamındaki edat, by dışında bir ilgeç de olabilir. by a licensed carpenter. of wood and plastic together. This type of door was made for the first time from recycled wood materials. for not only safety, but also comfort. under difficult conditions. in Malaysia. O halde active passive ayrımında ilk yapılması gereken şey boşluktan sonraki kısımda preposition aramak yerine, seçeneklerde yer alan fiil ile boşluktan önceki isim arasında ‘o eylemi yapan mı, o eyleme maruz kalan mı’ şeklinde anlamsal ilişkiyi belirlemek, bu da yeterli olmuyorsa tense uygunluğunu kontrol etmektir. Örneği inceleyelim: Örnek: The announcement says M.A. students _____ their dissertations by the start of the next semester of coursework. A) are completed B) would complete C) completed D) are being completed E) are to complete Çözüm: Bu soruda by ifadesi e kadar anlamında bir zaman bağlacıdır ve yanıltmak için konulmuştur. Seçeneklerdeki complete fiili ile yüksek lisans öğrencileri arasındaki ilişki active bir yapıdır ve A, D seçenekleri passive olduğu için elenmelidir. Zaman kurallarından dolayı da B ve C şıkları elenir. DOĞRU YANIT: E Grammar For All 179

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Active – Passive Ayrımı İstenen Sorularda Yapılması Gerekenler: Bir soruda, active-passive bilgisinin ölçüp ölçülmediği daha soruyu okumadan seçeneklere bakarak anlaşılabilir. Genellikle active-passive bilgisi tek başına test edilmez, beraberinde zaman, zaman uyumu, modal, participle gibi kurallar da aynı soru içerisinde yoklanır. Bu durumda ilk önce active-passive değerlendirmesi yapmalı daha sonra da tense ve bağlaç kurallarının uygunluğu aranmalıdır. Önceliğimiz active-passive tespiti olduğu için; İlk olarak cümle içerisindeki bağlaçlara (and, that, after, because, if, vb) bakarak cümlenin basit, bileşik, karmaşık cümle yapılarından hangisine girdiğine bakınız. Şu ana kadar anlatılan kurallar, basit cümle diziliminde geçerli olan kurallar olup aynı kurallar bileşik cümleler için de geçerlidir. İsim ve sıfat cümlelerinde passive kuralları ise bu ünitenin devamında ayrıntılı olarak ele alınacaktır. a) Soru kökünde ya da seçeneklerde yer alan yüklemin geçişli mi geçişsiz mi olduğunu anlamına bakarak tespit ediniz. – Geçişli fiilin (transitive) bulunduğu boşluğun devamında nesne varsa ACTIVE seçenekler kalır, passive’ler elenir: S + TV + O ise → active (They grow / are grown apples ………) – Geçişli fiilin (transitive) bulunduğu boşluğun devamında nesne yoksa PASSIVE seçenekler kalır, active’ler elenir: S + TV ise → passive (Twin towers destroyed / were destroyed after……...) – Geçişsiz fiiller (intransitive) devamında nesne alamaz, passive yapılamaz. ACTIVE seçenekler kalır: (Soruyu okumaya bile gerek kalmadan geçişsiz fiillerde, passive varsa doğrudan eleyebiirsiniz.) S + IV ise → active (They work ……. / are worked ............ ) – İki nesne alan fiillerin (ditransitive) devamında iki nesne de varsa ACTIVE, biri yada ikisi de eksikse PASSIVE: S + DV + O1 O2 ise → active (He sent / was sent me an e-mail.) S + DV + O1 O2 ise → passive (I sent / was sent an e-mail last week.) 180 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE b) Fiil geçişli olmak kaydıyla boşluğun devamında aşağıdakilerden biri varsa tercihiniz PASSIVE olmalıdır. – TV +edat (by, of, to, from, with, vb.) (This chair is made from/of/ by/ with_) – TV +zarf (violently, unfairly, well, vb) (This chair is made carefully_____) – TV +zarf cümleciği (This chair is made because/after + SVO) – TV +noktalama (. / , / ; / ! ) (After this chair was made, / ; / _____) c) THAT Noun Clause’da hem ana hem de yan cümlecik için aktif ve pasif yapılar kullanılabilir. (Ana ve yan cümlecikler arasında zaman ilişkisini de kapsayan ayrıntıları bu ünitenin devamında bulabilirsiniz) – We belive that he is innocent. (S1 + active + THAT S2 +V+ O) – It’s believed that he is innocent. (It’s+ passive + …. THAT S2 +V+ O) – He is believed to be innocent. (S2 + passive + TO + V ... ) d) Adjective Clause’larda passive ayrımı daha çok kısaltma kullanıldığı yerlerde dikkat ister. – The computer which was repaired yesterday has broken down again. (S + which+ passive + V + O) The computer repaired yesterday has broken down again. (S + reduction + V + O) Bu cümlede ‘be’ olmadığı için passive voice’in ana kuralı BE+V3 yapısının dışında gibi gözükse de kısaltma kuralları gereği ‘be’ var sayılır, tıpkı that bağlacının bazı durumlarda opsiyonel olması gibi. Sıfat cümleciklerinin passive yapılar içinde kullanımına dair ayrıntılı bilgiyi yine bu ünitenin devamında bulabilirsiniz. e) Active veya passive yapı görmemiz gereken yerlerde, başlıca aşağıdaki yapılar yer alabilir. ACTIVE fiil yapıları : V, be V-ing, have V3, have been V-ing, vb. PASSIVE fiil yapıları : be V3, have been V3, vb. Örnek: ‘drive’ fiilini ele alalım: drive, is driving, has driven, has been driving, should drive, şeklindeki çekimler ACTIVE yapılardır; solundaki isim öznedir (araba süren herhangi biri olabilir), be driven, has been driven, could have been driven şeklindeki çekimler ise PASSIVE yapılardır; solunda nesne olarak araba olabilir. Grammar For All 181

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Örnek: ‘come’ fiilini ele alalım: Come, is coming, has come, has been coming, must come şeklindeki çekimler ACTIVE yapılardır; solunda uygun bir özne gelebilir. be come, has been come must have been come şeklinde çekimler, bu fiil geçişsiz bir fiil (intransitive) olduğu için yukarıda da açıklandığı üzere imkansızdır. Örnek: While the injured boy ____ to the hospital, someone ____ running, saying that he was his fiancee. A) had carried / would come B) was carrying / was coming C) was being carried / came D) has been carrying / could have been come E) carried / has been come Çözüm: Soruyu okumaya gerek kalmadan yapılabilecek bir alıştırma sorusu. Seçeneklere baktığımızda active-passive ilişkisi ve zaman uyumu istendiği anlaşılmaktadır. İlk boşlığa gelmesi gerekn “carry” fiili geçişli bir fiil olmasına karşın devamında nesne olmadığından ve boşluktan sonra “to” şeklinde edat olduğundan passive kullanılması gerektiği sonucunda C dışındaki tüm seçenekler elenir. Ayrıca, ikinci boşluktaki “come” fiili de sadece active yapılar gerektiğini işaret etmektedir. DOĞRU YANIT: C 182 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE ALIŞTIRMA - 1 (Active-Passive Ayrımı) Boşluklara gelebilecek doğru seçenekleri bulunuz. 1. Lorry of loads of hazelnuts _____ by a storm which _____ across the northern coastal region of Türkiye just recently. a) have been damaged / swept b) damaged / was swept 2. The rivers in the region _____ their banks after heavy rain. Meanwhile, the real risk was not the hazelnuts! a) burst b) was burst 3. Most of the villages _____ and many people _____ from the floods by fire-fighters. a) have been evacuated / rescued b) were evacuated / were rescued 4. Firefighters _____ hundreds of calls for help. a) received b) were received 5. Wind speeds _____ 95 miles an hour in some places. a) reached b) were reached 6. Roads _____ by fallen trees. b) were blocked a) blocked 7. Electricity lines _____ down, leaving thousands of homes without electricity. a) brought b) were brought 8. ‘Everything possible _____ to get things back to normal,’ a spokesman said. a) is doing b) is being done 9. One young girl _____ to hospital after she broke her leg. a) took b) was taken 10. She has now _____ home. b) been sent a) sent Grammar For All 183

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE PASSIVE YAPILARDA SORU CÜMLELERİ a) ‘Yes/No’ sorular: – Are grapes grown only in İzmir? – Was the letter written in ink and signed by him? – Has the building been painted? – Will the roof be repaired before the monsoon rains start? Geçişli fiil barındıran cümlelerin Yes/No tarzındaki sorularına cevap verirken nesne de belirtilmelidir. Ya da sadece yardımcı fiille birlikte kısa cevap verilmelidir. Q: Did you buy him a dictionary? sorusuna verilebilecek olumlu bir cevap; A: ‘Yes, I did.’ ya da, ‘Yes, I bought a dictionary.’ olmalıdır. ‘-Yes, I bought.’ şeklinde bir cevap yanlıştır. b) ‘Wh-’sorular: ‘The students are taught English at home by their parents.’ – Who are taught English? (Subject) – What are the students taught? (Object) – Where are the students taught? (Place) Nesneye bir Preposition ile bağlanan fiillerin soru biçimlerinde de bu prepositionlar (by, with, of, about vs); cümle başında Prep + Whom şeklinde veya cümle sonunda muhafaza edilirler: – By whom are the students taught? (Agent) ya da – Who are the students taught by? ‘What’ sorusu ise nesnesi olmayan cümlelerde nesneyi öğrenmek için sorulur. Passive cümlelerde what her zaman tekil fiil ile kullanılır. – What are they discussing? (active) – What is being discussed? (passive) MODAL FİİLLERİN PASSIVE FORMLARI Modal fiiller de passive yapılar içerisinde aşağıdaki pozisyonda kullanılabilirler. Present : modal + BE + V3 Past : modal + HAVE BEEN + V3 184 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE Modal’ların passive voice şeklinde kullanımları aşağıdaki örneklerde de görüleceği üzere, daha çok özel bir durum veya koşul sonucu ortaya çıkar ve çoğunlukla kural, yasak, zorunluluk gibi sınırlayıcı unsurlar vurgulanır. Ayrıca aynı işleve sahip bir modal’ın present ve past kullanımlarında anlam ve nüans farklılıkların ortaya çıkabileceği modal tablosunda örneklenmiştir. – If you do harm anything, you’ll have to pay for it. (active) – All breakages will have to be paid for. (passive) – You should tell the chief if you have anything to complain about. (active) – All complaints should be told to the chief. (passive) – You can’t pay with debit card unless there is not enough deposit in it. (active) – The payment must be made in cash. (passive) Passive Cümlelerde Modal Örnekleri FUNCTION PRESENT MODAL PAST MODAL Olasılık -Chicken might be cooked in -Chicken might have been cooked in the Possibility the oven for about 25 minutes. oven for 30 minutes. (… 30 dk pişirilmiş olabilir) Çıkarım -The car must be used -The car must have been used carefully. Deduction carefully. (… çok dikkatli kullanılmış olmalı.) İzin -The car may be parked in this -The car may have been parked in this lot Permission lot until 5. until five. (…saat 5’e kadar park edilebildi, park edilmesine izin verildi.) Zorunluluk -The workers should be -The workers should have been provided Obligation provided with helmet. with helmets. (Kask verilmeliydi, ama verilmedi.) Tavsiye -Something should be done -Something should have been done about Advice Syrian refugees. about Syrian refugees. (Birşeyler yapılmalıydı, ama yapılmadı.) İmkansızlık -He can’t be -He can’t have been persuaded by the Impossibility dentist. by the persuaded dentist. *Bu kullanımın olumlu şekli yoktur (can have been) Not: Yukarıdaki tabloda bazı modal’lar, örnek olarak verilmiştir. Passive yapılarda modal kullanımları bunlarla sınırlı olmayıp bu örnekler, Future Continuous ve Perfect Continuous’ların passive istisnaları gözönünde tutulmak kaydıyla, hemen hemen tüm modal’lar için çoğaltılabillir. Grammar For All 185

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE STATIVE PASSIVE (be + V3: sıfat) Passive kurallarına uygun olarak be+V3 görünümünde olup da eylem anlatmayan ama bir durum ifade eden yapılardır. Burada Past Participle (V3) görünümünde olan sözcüğün cümle içerisindeki rolü fiil değil sıfattır (adjective). Bu nedenle bu tür yapılara stative passive adjectives de denilebilir. Stative passive yapılarında eylemin yapılışı, kim tarafından yapıldığı gibi bilgiler tanımlanmaz. Ancak bir ismi tanımlarlar. – The wallet is stolen. – His arm is broken. – The door is shut. – He was lost. Bu cümlelerde eskiden gerçekleşmiş bir eylem vardır; cüzdanın çalınması, kolunun kırılması, kapının kapanması, onun kaybolması. Bunlar önceden eylem şeklinde gerçekleşmiş ama konuşma anında bir durum haline dönmüş ifadelerdir. Başka bir ifadeyle önceden gerçekleşmiş eylemin şu andaki durumudur. Bu durum ifadeleri başka nesne ile ilintili olduğunda bu nesnelere bir edatla (preposition) bağlanırlar. – Are you interested in music? – I’m not satisfied with your performance! – She is married to a rich man. – I arrived home late last night, so my parents were worried about me. – Kızılay is known for private language courses. Diğer stative passive sıfatlar şunlardır: be absorbed in be convinced of be exposed to be accustomed to be coordinated with be filled with be acquainted with be crowded with be finished with be addicted to be covered with/in be furnished with be amazed at be dedicated to be impressed with be annoyed with someone be delighted at/with be interested in be annoyed at/about sth be derived from be involved in be associated with be disgusted at/with be limited to be astonished at be devoted to be made of be based on be disappointed with/at be made from be bored with be discriminated against be made out of be blessed with be divorced from be married to be committed to be done with be obliged to someone be composed of be dressed in be opposed to be concerned about be engaged to be pleased about/with be confused with be equipped with be prepared for be connected to /with be excited about be provided with 186 Grammar For All

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE be related to be surprised at be troubled with be satisfied with be synchronized with be upset with someone be scared of be thrilled at/with be used to be separated from be terrified of be worried about be shocked at be tired of/from ‘as’ Kullanımı Passive yapılarda en fazla görülen ilgeçlerden biri de as dir ve yukarıdaki yapılara benzerlik göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Be V3 + as kullanımına şunlar örnek olarak gösterilebilir: be known as be defined as be regarded as be considered as be classified as be categorized as be accepted as be remembered as be predicted as – Football refereeing in Turkey is not fully regarded as a profession yet. Türkiye’de futbol hakemliği henüz tam olarak bir meslek sayılmamaktadır. – Though Greece is not known for great achievements in medical sciences today, the Greek physician Hippocrates is known as the father of medicine. Günümüzde Yunanistan, her ne kadar tıp alanında büyük başarılarla tanınmasa da, Yunan fizikçi Hipokrat tıppın babası olarak bilinir. GET PASSIVE: (be + V3 sıfat) ‘be+V3’ şeklindeki passive yapılar bazan ‘get + V3’ şeklinde kullanılırlar. Kilit rol be’den get’e geçer. ‘be’ ile ifade edilen passive durum halleri, bu sefer ‘get’ ile kullanılarak, sıfatı eylem haline dönüştürür. Bu tür get+V3 passive’ler, daha çok informal kullanımda yer alır. – They are married. (Evliler- durum) – He got married. (Evlendiler -eylem) – They will be divorced next week. (Haftaya boşanmış olacaklar.) – They will get divorced next week. (Haftaya boşanacaklar.) – You are drunk. (Sarhoşsun) – You are getting drunk. (Sarhoş oluyorsun / sarhoşlaşıyorsun) Grammar For All 187

► Ünite: 4 | PASSIVE and CAUSATIVE ‘Get passive’ olumsuz anlam içeren cümlelerde sıkça kullanılır. – The plants and trees in the backyard got damaged in the storm. – They’ve worked there for three years but they still haven't got sacked. – He feels his paintings are always getting criticised. – Our car got stolen last night. – I got myself locked out the other day. GERUND ve INFINITIVE’LERİN PASSIVE YAPILMASI Bazı fiiller arkasından bir diğer fiil kullanılacağı zaman gerund (V-ing), ya da infinitive (to V) gerektirirler. Bu fiiller passive cümle içinde kullanıldıkları zaman da bu özelliklerini muhafaza ederler. Infinitive Passive: Infinitive alan fiiller passive yapılarda V + to be V3 şeklinde kullanılırlar. ‘to be V3’ ifadesi bize ana fiil ile buradaki eylemin aynı zamanda gerçekleşen eylemler olduğunu gösterir. Bu şekilde infinitive alan fiiller: want, like, would like, ask, allow, permit. – The dean asked his assistant to hand in the curriculum. ACTIVE- Eş zamanlı Dekan asistandan müfredatı teslim etmesini istedi. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı – The dean asked the curriculum to be handed in. ACTIVE- Eş zamanlı Dekan müfredatın teslim edilmesini istedi. – The assistant was asked to hand in the curriculum. Asistandan müfredatı teslim etmesi istendi. – That child really likes the book to be read to by her mother. O çocuk annesi tarafından ona kitap okunmasını ister. Gerund Passive: Gerund alan fiiller passive yapılarda V+ being V3 şeklinde kullanılırlar. ‘being V3’ ifadesi bize ana fiil ile buradaki eylemin aynı zamanda gerçekleşen eylemler olduğunu gösterir. Bu şekilde gerund alan fiiller: enjoy, hate, like, dislike, resent, appreciate vb. – I hate lying. ACTIVE- Eş zamanlı Yalan söylemekten nefret ederim. – I hate someone lying to me. ACTIVE- Eş zamanlı Birinin bana yalan söylemesinden nefret ederim. – I hate being lied. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı Bana yalan söylenmesinden nefret ederim. – My dog likes being taken out. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı Köpeğim dışarı çıkarılmaktan hoşlanır. – I appreciated being given a chance to meet her. PASSIVE- Eş zamanlı Bana tanışma şansı verilmesini takdir ettim. 188 Grammar For All


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