Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

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n . U b c t k o b , B ee 6oraTCTBO coctohjio H3 CKOTa.1 EAHircTBeH- HhlM BHAOM 6oraTC TBa AOHCJiaMCKHX a p a 60B-6GAyHH0B, KaK h Bcex K o^eB bix cko tobo aob, dbiJin CTaAa h TatfyHbi, a s k c - ruiyaiauHH qe.noB eKa MejiOBeKOM b ochobhom BbiCTyna^a b (J)opMe n a T p H a p x a ^ b H o ro p a ficT B a . TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M, OCHOBHbIM 6 oraTCTBOM , OCHOBHbIM o 6*beKTOM qacTH O H c o 6 cTBeiiHOCTH, c^eA O B aTe^bH O , opyAH'eM no^ypaCcKOM h no^yc{)eoAaJibHOH SKcnjiyaTauHH qejiOBeKa MejioBeKOM bo B c e x KoneBbix cK O T O B ^ a A ejib ^ ecK H x o d m e c T - nax c^y>KHJiH c r a ^ a OBeu, B eptfjn oA O B h TatfyHbi A o m a A e fi. Mto KacaeTCH c^eoxiaJibHoft aK cn jiya T a u H H npH oceAJioM 3eMJiejieJiHH, to o n a ocym ecTB Jiajiacb HenocpeACTBeHHO Ha OCHOBe MaCTHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJIK). B. H . JleHHH B patfoTe « M to T a x o e «Apy3bH H ap O A a* h KaK ohh bokdiot npoTHB couH aji-AeM O KpaTO B?» A a ji K jia ccn q ecK y io x a p a K T e - pHCTHKy c y m H o cT H cj)eoAa.nbHoro 3eMJieBjiaAeHHH b P o c c h h . O h nH caji: «3 e M jiH pa3Ae.neHa tfbiJia Me>KAy KpyriHbiMH 3e- MJieBAaAeJibuaMH, noMemHKaMH, ...noMemHKH HaAe^iHJiH KpeCTbHH 3T0H 36MA6H AJIH TOTO, HT0 6 bI 3KCrViyaTHpOBaTb hx, Tax h to 3eM^iH tfbwia KaK tfbi HaTypajibHOH 3 a p a 6 o T iio ft ivraTofi: o n a 'A a s a jia KpecTbHHHHy HeotfxoAHMbie npOAyKTbi, HTOtfbl OH MOr npOH3BOAHTb npHtfaBOHHblH npOAyKT Ha n o- MeiuHKa; oH a HBJiHJiacb (Jjohaom /yin HeceHHH KpecTbHHam h IIOBHHHOCTGH B I10JIb3y nOMeiUHKa»2. TaKHM- 4>OHAOM b XV— XVIII b b . ajih SKcnjiyaTauHH naTpu apxajibH bix p a tfo B h HeceHHH 6eAHeHUiHMH Ka3axcKHMH KoqeBHHKaMH n o jiy - (JjeoAajibHbix noBHHHocTefi b n ojib 3 y cyjiTaHOB, tfaeB, 6HeB H 6aTbipOB B KOH0BOM CKOTOBOAH6CKOM otfmeC,TBe 6bLJlO qacTHoe cKOTOBJiaAeHHe. CaeAO B aTeAbH o, qacTHan c o 6 c t - BeHHOCTb Ha CKOT H otfmHHHafl C()OpMa 3eM/reBAaAeHHH C03Aa/IH T e 3KOHOMHHeCKHe yCJTOBHH, KOTOpbie BCeueJIO oiipeAe;iHAH cneuH(jjHKy sK cru iya T a u n n b yc;iOBHHx K on eB o- ro CKOTOBOAHeCKOrO X03HHCTB3. Pa3JiHHHe 3KOHOMHnecKHx ycjioB H H nojiycJjeSAajibHoro KoqeBo'ro h oceA J ioro (f)eoA ajibH oro otfm ecTB 6m ao cbh33Ho rjiaBHUM o 6 p a 3 0 M c pa3JiHiiHew b $ o p M a x co6ctb6h h o c t h Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa, o6yCJIOBJieHHMM AByMH pa3HbI- MH BHAaMH O^meCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa. Pa3AHHHbie b h - Abi M aTepnaJibH oro npoH3BOACTBa xapaKTepH30BajiHCb h pa3JIHqHbIMH <})OpMaMH 3eMeJIbHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH, nOKa3bI- 1 UeeTKoe TJ. HcjiaMH3M, t. I. Aiuxa6aA, CTp. 24— 25. 2 Jlenun B. H. Com., t, 1, crp. 172, 103

B3BIUHMH pa3HyiO CTeneilb pa3BHTHH npOH3BOAHTe^bHblX cha odmecTBa. N MapKCH3M yCTaHOBHJI, HTO CaMO K>pHAH^eCKOe npe^CTaB- JteHHe o nacTHOH 3eMe^ibHoft co Cc tb ch h o cth 03HaqaeT He 6oAbiue T o ro , h t o qacTHufi «3eM ejibH biH cotfcTBeHHHK m o- >KeT nocTynaTb c 3eMAefi iio a o 6 ho TOMy, KaK bchkhS BJia- Aejieu TOBapa — c o cbohm T O B a p o M »! . FIpw (JieoAaAbHOM aeM^ieBJia^eHHH 3eMeJibHbie coS c t b c h h h k h 3eMAK> m oivih nepe^aBaTb no HacAeACTBy, BbiAejiHTb b «HaAeA» KpenocT- hum KpecTbBHaM, no3AHee— 3aKJiaAbiBaTb, ; cAaBaTb b apeHAy h Aa>Ke n poA aB aib. 3 t h <J>aKTbi HBAHAHCb KOHKper- Hoft (j)opMOH peaJiH3annH npaBa qacTHOH co6ctb6hhocth Ha 3eMJIK). B 3TOM (JjaKTHHeCKH H COCTOHT CymeCTBO nOHH- THH «paCnOpn>KeHHH» 3eMAeft. OTHOUIGHHe OTAeAbHfcJX AHU K 3eMJie KaK K CBOeft qaCT- hoh co6cTBeHHocTH nopoAHAo y h h x onpeAeAeHHyio (})opM y npoH3BOACTBeHHbix OTHOiiieHHH h cooTBeTCTByiomee HM npaBO. C ym ecTB O ts k h x sk o h o m h h g c kh x h npaBOBHx o t h o - UieHHft CBOAHAOCb K TOMy, HTO 3eM AeBAaAeAbUU B CHAy n p a ­ Ba qacTHoro co6cTBeiiHHKa Ha 3eMJiio c t b a h HcnoAb30BaTb ee He TOAbKo n a n Bceo6m ee cpeACTBo TpyAa, He to a h k o Kax Heo6xoAHM oe ecTecTBeHHoe y cjio B H e npoH3BOACTBa, f>e3 KOTOporO HeB03MO2KH0 HHK3K0e npOH3BOACTBO, a KaK o p y - A «e 3KcnAyaTauHH q y w o ro TpyAa. B . H . JleHHH yKa3hiBacrr, hto qacTHoe 3eMAeBAaAeHHe ecTb m o h o h o ah h h Ha o c h o - B3HHH 3T0H MOHOnOAHH 3eMA«BAaAeAeU. Tpe6yeT nAaTU 3a noAb30BaHHe s t o h 3eMAen2. rio3TO M y nacTHan co6cTBeH- HocTb Ha 3eM Aio npw ({)eoAaAH3Me BbiCTynaAa KaK ocHOBa $eoAaAbHOH SKcnAyaTauHH K penocTH bix KpecTbHH (j)eo- A3AOM. ... . Mto KacaeTCH 3eMeAbHbix OTHomeHH# npH noAycJ)eoAaAb- HOM KOqeBOM X03HHCTBe I70A06H0 K a3 aXOKOMy B X V — X V I I I bb., t o 3Aecb cymecrBOBaAo A p y r o e noAo>KeHHe. H e - CMOTpfl Ha TO, HTO 3AeCb HeotfxOAHMHM eCTeCTBeHHbIM yCAO- BHeM K oqeB oro ckotoboactba 6biAa A n n a a 3eMAH, ecrecT - BeHHoe n a c T 6 «m e , BJianeune s e M jie ft hm cao m npoKyio o6mHHHyio c{)opM y ( b npeAeAax u e jio r o ' KoqeBoro xaHCTBa HAH COCeAHHX xaHCTB H3BeCTHOH HapOAHOCTH, COCTOHBIiieft H3 MHoroqHCJieHHwx nAeMeH h vp o a o b ) npH qacTHOH co6 c t - BeHHocTH Ha cTaA a h Ta6yHM. TaKOH AyaAH3M <})OpMbi c o 6 - CTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBa IIpOH3BOACTBa nopOAHA AyaAH3M 1 Maprcc K . KamiTaJi, t. Ill, 1951, crp. 629. 2 JlenuH. B. H. Coq., t. 5, cTp. 109, m

caMoft (jjopMfci o 6 mecTBa, KOTopoe 6 biao noaycfceoaaabiihiM, to ecTb naTpHapxaabHo-cjjeoaaabHbiM. 3 thm oObHCHnaocb noHBJieHHe y K33axcKHX xoqeBbix ckotoboaob He c^eoaaab- hux 3eMJieBJiaAeH«ft, a noayc^eoaaabHbix CKOTOBaaaeHHH. KoqeBue c k o t o b o a h Hcnojib30BajiH 3eMjno JiHiub k s k npw- poAHoe ycJiOBHe CBoero npoH3BOACTBa, oHa eme He nepe- uljia b qacTiiyio co6cTBeHHOCTb oTaeabHbix cko to bo ao b. B KoqeBOM cKOTOBOAqecKOM odmecTBe He 6uao Taxoro noao- >KeHHH, KOrAa 3eMJIH npOTHBOCTOHJia KOqeBOMy CKOTOBOAy Kax Haxoa.Hm.eecH b qyxtofi coCctb ch h o cth ycaoBHe Tp yaa, o6oco6 HBiueecH no OTHomeHHio k HeMy h oJiHueTBopeHHoe B 3eMeJIbHOM C06CTBeHHHKe. 1103TOMy B KOqeBOM CKOTOBOa- qecKOM oSmecTBe aioaH motjih c b o Go a h o aapHTb, BbiaeaHTb b «H aaea» 6 eaHHM nojiy3aBHCHMWM CKOTOBoaaM, 3aKaaa.bi- BaTb h npoaaBaTb He 3eMJiio, a JiHiub cboh ckot. 3eMjieaeJibqecKHe oCmHHbi bo Bcex (JjeoaaabHbix rocy- aapcToax npoman aaHHHHH nyTb CBoero pa3BHTHH ao npeBpameHHH hx H3 cboOoahhx b KpenocTHue. /Ian 3e- MaeaeabqecKHx o6iahh b nepHoa 3apo>KaeHHH ^eoaaabHbix OTHOiiieHHH, to ecTb iia naTpnapxajibHO-^eoaajibHOH CTaanH pa3BHTHH, 6 hjio xapaKTepHbiM coqeTaHHe b Hen oOmnHHOro BaaaeHHH 3eMaen c qacTHOH co6 cTBe.HHOcThfo Ka>Kaoro 3eM jieaejibua—?o 6iuHHHHKa na cboh aoM h aBOp. FIojib3o- BHHHe naxOTHbIMH 3eMJIHMH npOHCXOAHaO b c|)opMe nepno- awqecKHx ypaBHHTeabHbix nepeaeaoB Mencay oSmHHHHKaMH. B KOHUe I Bexa h. 3. « b noKa3aHHHx TauHTa HaxoaHT ce6e noaTBep>KaeHHe h Te3nc U e3apn o rocnoacTBe y apeB - hhx repMaHueB oOmuHHoro 3eMaeaeJiHH: TauHT 3aHBJineT, s qTO y hhx «3 cmah 3aHHMaeTCH BceMH BMecTe^ nooqepeaHo no H u cjiy padoTHHKOB (cultortim ) h sareM ohh aeaHT ee Me>xay c o 6oft no A0CTOHHCTBy», npwneM «pa3Aea o 6a e r- . qaeTCH o 6 uiHpHocTbio 3eMeabHon naom aan: « ohh KaxKAbiH roa MeHHioT nauiHio h (Bce-TaKn) em e oeraeTCH ( cbo6 o a - Hoe) n o jie »l . Flo aaHHbiM U e 3apn h Tau m a, 3eMan, koto- pue repMaHUbi o 6pa6aTbiBaaH, aaBajm cb hm, ToabKo Ha oaHH roa, no HcreqeHHH KOToporo ohh cttOBa eraHOBHaHCb o6mecTBeHHoft co 6cTBeHHocTbio. HacaeacTBeHHyio co6 ct- BeHHOCTb cocTaBanaH ToabKo aom yqacTOK 3eMaH b orpaae okoao aoMa. 3 ia qacTHan c o 6 cTBeHHocTb h npn- Haaaexcaaa annaM My>KCKoro noaa. 1 flOAXHOCUd 0 . H. 3KOHOMHMeCKa51 HCTOpHH 3apy6e>KHUX CTpaH. 3noxa c|>eoAa.rfH3Ma. M., 1954, c?p. 28. 105 /

Ha 6 o A ce Mo3AHeH c r a jim pa3BHTHH noflBAfieTCH q a e r - Hafl C06CTBeHHOCTb Ha naXOTHyiO 3 eM A IO npH KOAAeKTHBHOft co6cTBeHHOcTH Ha H enoae^eH H bie y r o A b f l. 06mHHa npn- otfpeAa, T3KHM o6pa30M , HOByio, ABOHCTBeHHyio npnpoAy, b Hew cym ecTBOBaJia n ax oSm iiH uan, T a K h qacTHaa co6 c t- BeHHocTb. T an an qacTHaa co6cTBeHHOCTb Ha aeMAio 3apo>K- AaAacb b H eA p a x o6 iah hh — MapKH — b bhab aAA0A3» k 6- TOpblH n p o m e jl pa3^HiIHblC CTaAHH CBOerO P33BHTHH. E cjih BHaqaAe aAAOA cymecTBOBaA b $ o p M e orpaHHMeHHoro npa- Ba HacAeAOBaHHH naxoTH oro H a A e^ a b n p eA e^ a x «6o;ib iiioH ceMbH», to c TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH o h C TaA npeepam aTbCfl b cbo6oaho O Tqy>KAacM yio co6cTeeHHOCTb MaAOH h h a h b h - AyaAbiioH ce^b H . Kan OTM eqaeT A. H. H eycb ixn n , b t o npeBpam ewne n po- H30UJA0 b p e 3 y jib T a T e AaJibiieHuiHx H3\\ieHeHHH b cT p yK T yp e caMofi o6mHHbi h pocTa ee B H yTpeH iiero paccAoeHHH, a T3K>Ke b p e 3 y jib r a T e pa3BHTHH n p o u e c c o B , pa3JiaraBUiHx o 6iitHHy H3BH61. TaKHM o6pa30M, aAJzoA nocTeneHno n p e- BpBTHJICH B 06'beKT qaCTHOH Co6cTBeiIHOCTH MaAOfi ceMbH, KOTOpan Mor/ia 6 biTb nepeAaBaeMa n o HacAeACTBy.H MOivia 6HTb orqy>K AaeM a, b to BpeMfl KaK Jie c , nacT6nma, n y cT o - iuh h n p o q ee ocTaBaJincb eiue o C iu eft c o 6 cTBeHHOCTbio. 3 T a ABOftCTBeHHOCTb («A y a A H 3 M ») 06lH,HHbI C03AaBaAa CBOe- o6pa3Hbie ycjioBH H a a h AaAbHeHiueft kab cco b o h AH(})(j)epeH- uwauHH BHyTpH e e , a a h yKpeiui£HHH h pacuiHpeHHfl q a c T - Horo 3eMJieBAaAeHHH2. « A a a o a o m c o 3 A a H a 6biAa He TOAbKO B03M0>KH0CTb, h o h Heo6xoAHMOCTb npeBpameHHH nepBO- HaqaAbHoro paBeHCTBa 3eMe.ibHbix BAaAeHHH b ero npoTH- BonoAo>KHocTb. C MOMeHTa ycTaHOB/reHHH ajuiojxa repM aH ­ ueB Ha dbiBineft p h m c k o A TeppHTopHH o h ct3a Te\\f, qeM yx<e AaBHO 6 b y ia AO KaB iuaa p h a o m c h h m pHMCKan 3eM eAb- HaH COdCTBeHHOCTb,— TOBapOM»3. rioHBAeHHe qacT H oft no3eMeAbHoft co6cTBeHHOCTH Ch a o OAHHM H3 BbipaJKeHHH P33BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHblX CHA y ApeBHHx repM aH u eB . O ho m o ta o HM eTb mccto TOAbKO Ha ocHOBe n p o q H o ro oceAaHHH HaceAeHHn h pa3BHTHH 3eMAe- Acahh. n o CAOBaM SHreAbca, ecAH repM aH U bi anoxH U e3 a p n » H eycb txu n A . H . OrpyKTypa oOmHHbi b IO>khoh h fOro-3anaAHofi rcpMaHHH b V I I I — X I Benax. C(5. Cpe/uine BeKa, Bbin. IV, 1953, cTp. 11. 2 Cm. MapKc K. h 3nreJibc <P. Com., t . X X V II* (HepHOBbic na6poc- * H nncbM. MapKca B. H. 3acy.iHM), a Taxxce iioBue HCCJieAOBaniiH A. H. HeycuxHHa b c6. Cpe^HHe Bena, Bbin. IV, 1953 h Bbin. VI, 1955. dmeAbC <P. K HCTopHH ApeBHHx repMaHueB. M., 1938, ctd. 63, 106

qacTbio TOJibKo e m e ocejrn Ha 3 eM J ito ,-q a cT b fo OTbicKHBajih Mecra n ocT O H H H oro noceJieHHH, to bo epeMena Ta yu ra o h u umcau yoice no3adu ce6n yeAoe c ro A e ru e ocedAod otcu3Hu; o cooTdercTeuu cmotum HecoMneHHbiM hbahstch npoepecc e npou38odcTee c p e d c re cyu^ecTdoeanuA. O hh >k h a h b 6 p e - BeHHaTbix A O M a x , xo th 0Ae>KAa h x e m e npHMHTHBHa ( r p y - 6hh mepcTHHOH n jiam , 3BepHHan u jK y p a h OTqacTH n ojroT - HHHoe 6 e j i b e ) , n n m y h x c o c t3 b jih jih m o j io k o , m h c o , a h k h c njioAU h oBCHHan K a m a 1.2 TaKHM o6pa30M, HecoMHeHHbiS n porpecc b oCmecTBeHHOM npoH3BOACTBe ApeBHHx re p M a n - ueB 3 n r e jib c BHjxeji b o c c aao m o 6 p a 3 e >k h 3h h , c x e A O B a re jib - ho, b aeMJieAejiHH. 3 to othochtch h k HCTopnqecKOMy n p o u i- JioMy P o c c h h , ConeTCKoft HCTopnqecKOH H ayxoft o n p o B e p r- HyTa apryM eH TauH H (5yp>Kya3Hbix h c t o p h k o b , AOKa3aBiiiHx, HTO OCHOBHbIMH 3aHflTHHMH CJiaBHH BnJIOTb AO V III— IX BB. 6hLW c k o t o b o a c t b o h o x o T a , h n o K a 3 a n o r.iaB eH C TB yiom ee 3HaqeHHe 3eM AeAeAH H b jkh3HH H a p O A a . « H h o x o T a , hh CKOTOBOACTBO He MOIM1H CAy>KHTb H H e CJiy>KHAH 3KOHOMH- qecKOH 6a30H a a h pa3BHthh b Hyrp eH H H x ch a, npjfBeAUiHx k o6pa3QBaiiHio P yccK oro rocyA a p cT B a . C kotoboactbo h oxoTa w e m o t a h cjiy>KHTb 6 a 3 o fi jxjih pa3BHTHH peM ecJia h pocTa ropoA O B , KOTopbie HrpaAH 3H aqnTeAbH yio pojib b x o - 3HHCTBe C T p a n b i y>Ke b IX b .»^. .HBOHCTBeHHaq n p n p O A a (« A y a jiH 3 M » ) x a p a K T e p u a He TOJibKo a a h c e jib c x o ft o6m H H bi, HO H • AAH KOHeBOH CKOTOBOA^eCKOH o6mHHbI, TAG, K aK OTMeqeHo B b iu ie, oCiAHHHasi cJjopMa BJiaACHHq h n0Ab3OBa- hhh 3 eM jien coqeTaAHCb c qacTHOH co6cTBeHHOCTbio Ha ckot, io p T y h A p y r o e abhjkhmoc HMymecTBO. TaKan cjiopMa KoqeBOH o 6 m H H b i 6ujiz o6ycA O B A eH a TexHHKO-SKOHOMHqe- CKH'MH OC0 6 eHHOCTHMH KOHeBOTO CKOTOBOACTB3, ITOpOAHB- LUHMH OnpeACACH IIbie COU[HaAbHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe yCAOBHH. OHa He M o r jia AocTH qb, MHHyn o c e A A o c T b , 3pe/iofi c t s a h h (J)eoAaAH 3M a, t o ecTb K p en ocTH H qecT B a. I le p e x o A k n a u ie H - HOMy 3 eM A eA eA H K ) HBJI5UICH Kpyn H eftlH H M TeXHHMeCKHM CABHTOM, HMeBUIUM H KpynH eftlU H e o6mCCTBeHHO-3KOHOMH- qecKHe n ocAeAC TB H a. Ha e r o o cH O B e A ajib iu e pa3BHJicn $eoA aA bH biH y K A a A xo3HHCTBa. H , KOHeqHo, t 3koh n e p e x O A npoHcxoAHA He Ha 6a3e oxotbi h K oqeB oro ckotoboactb3, a 1 dmeAbc 0 . n poticxojK A eH H e ceM bH , qacT H o fi co6 c t b c h h o c t h h rocyaapcTBa. JI., 1953, cip. 147. b P o c c h h .— Bonpocw s k o - 2 Kopneeo A . K h c t o p h h 3CM Jie,ae,nHH homhkh, 1949, Ns 7, crp. 84—85, 107

Ha ocHOBe A ^ iH T ejib H o ro 3eM jieAeJiH H K an rJiaaHoft OTpacJiH X03HHCTBa. MapKCH3M-JieHHHH3M p aC C M S TpH R aeT nOHBJieHHe naCTHOH co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha cpe^cTB a n poH 3B O jxcTB a h HacJieAOBaHHe hx KaK A B e cTOpoHbi eAHHoro n p o u e c c a . H acrH aa co6cTBeH- HOCTb n p e A n o jia r a J ia HacJieAOBaHHe h MOHoraMHyio ceM bio; HacjieAO BaH H e h MOHoraMHan ceM b H b cBoeM B03HHKH0Be- hhh n peA n ojiarajiH HaJinqHe uacTHOH o«M -c o Gctbch h o cth . HOraMHH BQ3IIHKJia BCJie^CTBHC COCpeAOTOqeHHH doJIbUIHX 6oraTCTB b o a h h x p y x a x , HMeHHO — b p y x a x Myx<qHHbi, h H3 n o T p e 6 n o c T H n e p e ^ a T b s t h 6 o ra T C T B a no HacJieACTBy A^th m 3 T o r o My>KqnHbi, a He A p y r o r o * 1. « H qacTH an co6 - CTBCHHOCTb, H H3CJieACTB0 — K a T erO p H H T3KHX o6meCTBeH- h h x n op a^ K O B , K o rA a cJio>KHJiHCb y>Ke otfocotfjieH H bie, MejiKHe ceM bH (M O H oraM H bie) h c T a ji pa3BH BaTbca o 6 m c h » 2. 3 to >xe n ojio>K eH H e HaxoAHJio c B o e O Tpa^xenne h b Ha- CJieacTBeHHOM n p a B e xoqeBbix K a 3 a x c K « x c k o to b o ao b b XVIII h b H a a a jie XIX BexoB.. B o jib in n e p a 3 M e p u qacTH oro cKOTOBJia^eHHa A aB ajiH B03M0>KH0CTb 6aH M , 6h XM, 6 a T h ip a M H CyjITaHaM HM eTb noGojibiiie m en, Aep>xaTb 3H aqH TejibH oe xojinqecTBO na- Tpw apxajibH bix p a 6 o B , HMeTb 6 o jie e 6 o ra T b ie npeAM eTw k o - qeBoft iopTbi, B ep xoB oft e3Ahi, jiH iiiH e e KOJiHqecTBo o a o k a u . 3 th m , coScTBefrHo, h HcaepnH Bajica Becb nepeaeHb 6 o r a r - cTBa K p y n H u x K a 3 a x c K « x cxoT O B J iaA ejib u eB , n e p e A a B a e M o ro no HacJieACTBy. K a sa x cx n e cKOTOBjiaji.ejibu.bi b X V — XVIII B exa x He motjih n epe^aB aTb no'H acJieAC TBy 3eM Jixv Tax x a x He 6 h j io ocejxjiocTH h He 6hiJio qacTHofi co6cTBeH- hocth Ha n a c T d n m e , cJieAOBaTeJibHo, cJ^eoAajibHoro 3eM Jie-' BJiajjeHHH. C a m o cjiobo « H a c jie u c T B o » rio -x a 3 a x c x n H a3hi- BaeTcx «e H u iH » (aojih b . H M yufecTBe, 7 ot c jio B a «eH » — 3 a p y 6 x a Ha yrnax jk h b o th h x ; n o sthm 3apy6KaM hjih MeTxaM ycTaH aB JiH Bajiocb, K o w y ripHHauJie>xaji t o t hah u p y ro H c k o t ) . B » h3hh x a 3 a x c x H x xoaeBHHXOB p a 3 ^ e ji HMytuecTBa h jih HacjieacTBa p o a h t c j ih m h M extAy ACTbMH 03naaaji pa3ja;eji cT a A h TatfyHOB, t o e c T b pa3Aeji «e H iiiH ». 3 to hcho n oxa3 b iB aer, hto rjiaB H U M b h ao m 6oraTCTBa h ofibeKTOM naCTHOfi C0 6 CTBeHH0 CTH y Ka3axCKHX XOHeBHH- xob 6biji c k o t . B o6biAeHHOH hch3h h K a3axoB a o H eA aB H ero 1 ripOHCXOJKAeHHe CeMbH, *iaCTHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH H rocyAapcTBa. JI., 1953, cTp. 76. • 2 JleHUH B. H. C oi., t . 1, CTp. 136. 106

npomaoro o neiiOBeue, y xcvroporo He 6 uao OapanoB, roBo- . pHJiH, qxo y Hero HeT «eH»l ! HmcoJiaft P b iq x o B cbhacTea bc t B yeT; «06»3aiiH OC TbK) HacjieAHHKa HBJiaeTca noxa3aTb’ H a p o a y npim aaaexcaB iiiH e noKoftHHKy ueH H eftuiH e BemH. T y T a o a > x e H npn b'tom cTOHTb na noKa3e Jiio6HMbiH KOHb n o x o H iio ro b caMOM nojiHOM, jiyqineM CBoeM y 6 o p e , noxpbiTbift q ep H o n nonoHoft. H a a p y - thx a o w a a n x pacxaaabiBaioTCH a y q m n e naaTbH yM ep m ero, ero BoeHHoe cHapa>xeHHe, doraTbie KOBpti h kh6htkh . B e e 3th BemH n o n o p a a K y oaHa 3a a p y r o f i npHBH3tiBaK)TCH k HaTBHyToft BepeBKe, a paaoM cto h t >KeHu yM epm ero, y T o - naK>nj,He b c a e 3 a x , paBHo h ero p a 6 b i h pa6biHH. 3 a M b ic e a Bceft 3Toft nepeMOHHH 3axaK)qaeTCH B' t o m , utoObi noxa3aTb* co6paBineMycH a io a y , xax MHoro HMym ecTRa cyMea npn- o6pecTH 3a cboA Bex yMepiiiHH, h b t h m BceaHTb b yM e Ha- poaa B b icoK oe o neM mhchhc* 2.3 H 3 c x a s a iiiio r o c a e a y e T , hto b 70-x r o a a x X V I I I Bexa q a c T H a a coOcTBeHnocTb Ha cxot, p a 6 o e , p a6 w H b h u eayio r p y n n y >xeH (n oa yp a O b iH b ), nepcxaBaeMan no HacnexcTBy, noJiHOCTbio orpawajia c y m - irocTb couHaabHO-axoHOMHqecxHx OTHomeHHfi n o a ytp e o a a a b - Horo, naTpnapxaabH o-cpeoaaabH oro KoqeBoro odm ecTB a xa3axoB. T a x o e noaoaceHHe H a x o a n a o T a jo x e CBoe OTpa>xe- HHe B Ka3aXCKHX nOXOpOHHbIX npHqHT3HHHX — «>KOKTay >xbipbi», b K O Topbix BocxBaaaaH y M e p iu e r o 6aa, 6hh, 6 a T H - pa wan c y a T a H a 3 a to , qTO oh 6 w a 6 o r a T , hto oh e e e r a a npHHHMaa ro cT e ft, tocthm peaaa caM b ix xchphux OapaHOB, qTO b e r o io p T e roTOBHaH rm m y tfoabiu oH Macce a io a e ft, mto oh HMea M H oro CTaa h Ta6yHOB h He pa3 yroH a a q y - a<He T a 6 yH w a o m a a e ft h t. a * B CBaaetfHofi necHe « B e T - A u ia p » H eBecTKy 3HaxoMHan co CBexpoM h roBopnaH, qTO oh X03HHH C Taa 6 e a u x OapaHOB, x 0 3 h h h Ta6yH0B GeJibix aom aaeii, oh ca M u ft cTapiunfi cpeaH H ac, m m o M y e\\iy n ep - Bbifi n o x a o H 4. O p oaH T eae raaBHoro repon anoca «IIIopa-6 aTbip» H a - pnx6 ae cxa3aHo: «HapHx6 an oOaaaaa 6ecqricaeHHUMH CTa- 1 rpodeKoe H. ff. KnprH3bi h KapaKHprH3u Cnp-/ZlapbHHCKoft oS^ac2THPb, itH.KOI.oKDHp.waaHHHeeBcKiiHufct 6ut. TauiKeHT, 1889, crp. 43, 45. 3anHcn nyTeuiecTDHa b KHprn3--KaficauKoft denw b 1771 r. Cn<S., 1722, crp. 29. ’. 3 PadAoe B. B. 06pa3bi Hapo^Hoft JiHTeparypbi tiopkckhx ruieMeH, >KHByiUHX B K»KHOH CwCnpH II iX^yHrapCKOH CTenH, q. ill, K«prH3CKOe Hapeqwe. Cn<5., 1870, cTp. 19. 4 TaM me, CTp. 11. -109

A a m h ... C k o t e r o na'cjiH 40 iopTOBJiaAe;ibueB, raMHHueB, KOTopbie nocTOHHHO KoqeBa^H c h h m h 6h ;ih ero B’epHUMH cnyraMH... H apH K O an oeraBHJi K a 3 a H b , BMecie co cbohmh 40 K)pTOBJiaa,ejibuaMH h TatfyH aM H oOocHOBaJica okoao ro- poAa A i c - K a j i a * 1. O pozuiTejie iv ia B H o r o repon a p y ro ro 3no- ca « E p - C a H H » Bo3MHae roBopHTCH, qTO oh cbohm .OoraTCT- bom H3yMJiHJi Bcex, nacTbOoH e r o CecqncjieHHbix TaOyHoe 6 hjih 3aHHTbi ^eBHHocTo p a d o e .. O h cbohm OoraTCTBOM npnoO peji c e 6 e nojio>KeHHe x a H a h Ka>KAOe ero caobo CTaAO 33KOHOM j\\Jin H a p o ^ a 2. B 40-x r o A a x X I X Bena oahh H3 no- nequTejieH cp e A H npHJiHHefiHHx K a 3 a x o B A.aeKcaHApHHCKHfi, BepHo oTM eqaH o c o 6 o e couHaAbno-sKOHOMHqecKoe 3HaqeHHe cKOTOBJja^eHHH b >k h 3hh K a3axoB T o r o BpeweHH, nHcaji: « E d b y /I>Karaji6aH^HHueB A io A e ft H3BeciHbix, ho h x 3Ha- qeHHe c a h llik o m OAiiocTopoHHe noTO M y, q ro 33bhcht He ot AOCTOHHCTBa COOcTBeHHbIX HX TOJIOB, a OT KOJIHHeCTBa TOJIOB HXHero cKOTa»3. B ee 3TH. ({jaKTbl rOBOpflT O TOM, HTO TOJJbKd CKOT upeA- CTaBJiaji p e a jib H o e doraTCTBo K o q e B o ro otfmecTBa, TOJibKO CKOT OAHUeTBOpHA COOOIO eAHHCTBO CpeACTB npOH3BOACTDS h npe^MeTOB JinqHoro ynoTpe6jieHHH. OOmecTBeHHoe iio jio - >KeHHe qe^iOBena b tsko m o O m e c T s e onpeACAHAOCb npe>KAe Bcero KOJinqecTBOM npHHa^jie>KaBuiero eM y ckot3. H 3 b c c t - ho T3 K>Ke, h to b cpeAneBeKOBbiH riepnoA hctophh y m o h - ro^bCKHx KoqeBHHKOB b n p eA e^ a x o a h o t o h Toro >xe nj?eMe- hh 3HMHHe h jieTH H e nacTOnma 6 l ia h o 6 ia h m h a a h Bcex, OoraTCTBo onpeAeAHAOCb He KOJinqecTBOM acchthh 3eMAH, a qncAOM t o a o b c x o T a 4. «B A arococTO H H H e MOHrojia, K a n h ApyrnJt KoqeBHHKOB, onpeAeaHGTCH hhcjiom toaob CKoxa»5. cTAaBHoe 6oraTCT- bo MOHroAa — ero cTaao 0Beu, K03, Bep&aioAOB, KopoB, jiomaAen, KOAHqecTBo KOTopux, KOneqHO, chamio KOAe6 a- Jiocb ot coTeH h Tbicaq roAOB. y KHH3eft h Ooraqcft ao AecHTKOB y cepeAHBKOB h eAHHHu y 6 eAHHK0B. CaMbie 6eAHHe coBceM He hmcah csoero CKOTa h nacjin cxaAa 1 OpAoe A. C. Ka3axcKHfi repoHnecKHfl anoc. M —JI., 1945, CTp. 87. 2 BaTtipjiap jK b i p u , t . I , AjiMa-ATa, 1939, C T p . 347. J MaTePHa™ no Ka3axcKOMy oGbiMHOMy npaBy, c6. I. A^Ma-ATa, 1948, CTp. 95. 4 PeKAto 3. MeJiOBeK h 3eM.™, t. I, Cn<5., 1906, CTp. 36. 5 rieeiioe M. 3. nyieuiecTBHe no KuTaio h MoHrojiHH, M., 1951, dp. 117. 110

6 o ra q e ft»! . T o m ho TaK nee «x a K TOAbKo Ka3axcKan ceMbfl He b c o c t o h h h h yAOBAeTBopHTb cboh noTpetfHocTH rip o - ueHTaMH c KanHTaJia, t . e. npnnAOAOM ckot3, npHxoAHTcn pacxoAOBaTb c s m u h nanHTaA, t . e. cT a ^ a . IlpH TanoM noA O - >KenHH a e j i K a 3 a x b HecKOJibKo Jier H3 o6ecneneHHoro x o - 3HHHa n p eB p a m aeT C fi b 6eAHHKa (A > xaT aK ), KOTopoMy 3a iieHMCHHeM c T a A CTanoBHTCH HeHy>KHbiM h KoneBaHHe. K o r - Aa x a 3 a x jiniuaeTCH cBoero errata, b e r o KHtfHTKy HBAneTCH caMasi ct p a in h a h Hy>xaa»2. B ec cn o p H o , htcr juin KoneBbix X035IHCTB 3KOHOMHMecKoe ocAatfAeHHe, ode^HeHHe Bbipaxta- Jiocb b yMeHbiueHHH Ko^nqecTBa cKOTa Ha ceMbio, a jih OCeAAbIX --- B yCHJieHHH MaJI03e\\lCVIbH. /laHHbie o TypKMeHax X— XVI bb. h nxyTax XVII Bena noKa3biBaioT, hto b X h nocAeAyioiUHe Bexa y TypKMeH- ckhx KoneBHx « ckotoboaob neT HenocpeAcrBeHiioro o tho- uieifHH k 3eMAe, t . e. k nacT6nmy, a HMeeTCH onocpeACTBO- naHiioe OTHouieHHe qepe3 xoAAeKTHB (qepe3 poA h nAe- mh) ,... co6cTBeHHocTb Ha 3eMJiio, Bepnee Ha nacT6nme, 3Aecb MO*ceT 6biTb hah narpnapxaabhoh npH nepBotfhrr- Ho-o6uj;HHHbix OTHOiueHHHx, h a k naTpHapxaAbHo-<f>eo- AaAbHOH (noAynaTpnapxaAbHOH, noAy(J)eoAaAbHOH) npn (j)opMax noAynaTpHapxaAbHOH-noAycJjeoAaAbHOH axciiAya- TaUHH, OCHOBOH KOTOpOH OHa H HBAH6TCH. HTaK, TypKMeH- c.Koe o6iuecTBO X h paaa nocAeAyioiii,Hx BexoB ocTaBaAocb no c})opMe poAonAeMeHHbiM. Co6cTeeHHocTb na ckot a p a - • Coo co3daAa raKyto yotce 8Ay6otcyto conuaAbHyto du(p(f)e- pennuayuto, hto y Typteuen o X e. ujueAucb 6oeanu, 6Aa- deeiuue, Kate ynoMunaAocb ebaue, 10 tmchhomu AOiuadeti. u 100 TbicsmaMu ooei^ u 6 a p a H o e» 3 (noAHepxHyTO Ha- MH— C. T.). y OCeA^IblX H AOBOAbHO npOMHO npHBH3HHHbIX K 3eMJie CKOTOBOAax-HKyTax XVII Bexa, 3aHHMaBLUHxcH cenoKome- HHeM H HaxOAHBUIHXCH B ApyrHX npHpOAHO-SKOHOMHHe- CKHX yCAOBHHX, MeM TypKMeHbl, TaK >Ke CymeCTBOBaAO o6mHHnoe npaBo Ha nacT6Hme. O AH axo (J)aKTHqecxH nacT- 6nmaMH noAb30BaAHCb h nopon h x npocTo 3axBaTbiBaAH Te, KTO HMCA CKOT, T. C. 6oraHH --- TOHOHbl. «OCHOBHOH XO- 1 Obpynee B. A. Ot K hxth ao KyAbA>KH. nyTemccTBHe b IieH - Tpa-nbHVK) A3HIO H K«TaH. M., 1956, CTp. 19. 3 Oqepx KHprH3CKHx CTcneft b BeTepHuapiio-cauHTapHOM othoulighhh. Cn6., 1890. CTp. 20. 8 fhcyCoecKuil A. B. OnepKH H3 HCTOpHH TypKMeHCKoro napoAa h TypKMenHCTaHa b V I I I —XIX bb. AuixaOaA, 1954, CTp. 60. Ill

• .. * S 3HHCTBeHHOH HHeHKOH y flKytOB TOH 3D0XH bhIJia OTA^Jlb- Han ceMLH. C k o t — rjiaBHoe d o ra T C T B o hkytob — Taione, K3K H BCHKOe XD3HHCTBeHHOe H AOMaiJUHee HMymeCTBO, cocTaBjiHji MacTHyio coCcTBenHocTb OTAe.ibHHx ceMew. P oa- Hbie 6paTb5i, no KpanHen wepe >KeHaTbie, hmcjih cboh ckot H HMymeCTBO H >KHAH Bp03b. Y OTUa H ChlllOBefi TOJKe 6 hIAO, pa3A0^eHHoe HMymecTBO»1. P oaoboh CTpon axyTOB b X V II BeKe HaxoAHJiCK Ha CTaahh noJiHoro pacnaAa. . K 3TOMy BpeMeHH HKyTCKOe o6 meCTBO ACAHAOCb Ha TpH oc- HOBHblX COUHaJIbHblX CJIOH. «O o TepMHHOAOrHH pyCCKHX AOKyMeHTOB X V I I Bexa 3 to 6 biJin: 1) «KHH3ii;bi», 2) «yjiyc- Hue My>KHKH» h 3). «xo;iQnH». Ka>KAoe H3 sthx o6o3Hane- hhh cooTBeTCTBOBajio onpeAeAeHHOMy noHHTHio b nxyTCKoft COUHaJlbHOH TepMHHOJIOrHH: «KHH3UaMH» pyCCKHe Ha3WBa- jih . tohohob, «xo;ionHMH» — pa6 oB — Ky^yTOB; KaKOMy' HKyTCKOMy TepMHHy cooTBeTCTBOBa^io Bbipaxcenwe «yjiyc- KHe My>KHKH», CKa3aTb TpyAHO, HO, nO-BHAHMOMy, 3TOT HanboAee MHoroqHCAeHHbrft o6 mecTBeHHbw cjioh coctohji H3 CBObOAHfalX OblAHHHHKOB. Me^KAy 3THMH OCHOBHbIMH obmecTBeHHbiMH KJiaccaMH He 6 u j 10 pe3K«x rpaHew. Han- 6o.aee oTqeTJiHBo xapaKTepH3yeTCH hhcihhh KAacc — pabu hah «xoAonn»; 3to h noHHTHO, h(5o AejieHHe Ha CB0 6 0 AHUX h paboB — nepBaa, ApeBHeftmaH HCTopHaecKaa $opMa Ae- AeHHH obmecTBa Ha KAaccu»2. «ByAynH KpynHbiMH ckoto- BAaAeAbuaMH h paboBAaAejibuaMH HKyTCKHe toAohm XVII Bexa BbiCTynaiOT nepeA HaMH b to xce BpeMH KaK rjiaabi poaob, TOHHee, KaK rAaBbi CoAbiiiHx ceMeHHo-poACT- BeHHhix rpynn, narpHapxajibHux ceMeft. 3ra rpynna poact- BeHHHKOB H 3aBHCHMbIX AIOAeft TOftOHOB 6buia opyAHeM ero BAHHHHH H BJiaCTH*3. 3 th AaHHbie roBopHT o tom, hto b X V II—X V III BeKax HKyTbl bblAH OCeAJIUMH CKOTOBO^aMH, HO ypOBeHb HX obme- CTBeHHOrO pa3BHTHH B 3T0T nepHOA 6 hIJI npHMepHO OAHHa- KOBbiM c TeM, KOTopuM xap8KTepH30Bajiocb noAyc})eoAajib- Hoe KoaeBoe obmecTBo Ka3axoB b X V — X V III BeKax. 06 stom npeacAe Bcero eBHAeTejibCTByeT cymecTBOBaHHe Tpex ochob- HHX COAHQAbHMX CJIOeB K3K y HKyTOB, TaK h y Ka3axoB. HanpHMep, HKyTCKHe Tofioiibi X V I I Bexa hmcah itohth OAHHaKOByto counaAbHyio npHpoAy c *ca3axcKOH noAyc|)eo- 1 EaxpytuuH C . B. h Toxapea C. A. flKyTHH b XVII Bexe (oxepKH), flxyTCK, 1953, CTp. 112. 2 TaM >Ke, CTp. 125. 8 TaM ace, crp. 136. 112

AaAbHoft BepxymKoft XV—XVIII BeKOB b Anue cyjiTaHOB, 6 hcb, 6 aTbipoB h 6 aeB. ' CoBepuieHHO ApyroenoAOHceHne cymecTBOBa;io b pa3- BHTOM (J)eOABAbHOM OdlUeCTBe, OCHOBaHHOM Ha KpynHOM 3eMJieBJiaAGHHH. Taw ochobhhm b h a o m 6oraTCTBa 6bu\\a 3eMJia. P a 3 M e p b i aeMAeBAaAeHHH onpeAeAH jfn 6oraTCTBO h 3H3THOCTb TlOMeiAHKOB'. H x 6oraTCTBO 6hIJ10 yCTOflqHBbIM, HaAe>KHbiM, He to, q io 6oraTCTBo KoqeBHHKOB. Ohh no Ha- cJieACTBy n epeA aB a^H 3eMCAbiibie b a 3 a o h h h c npHKpemieH- llblMH K HHM KpenOCTHhIMH KpeCTbHHaMH. 3eMeAbHhie BAa- AeHHH fy e o jia jia m o tah BKAioqaTb: A ecH b ie yqacTKH, o 3 ep a h peKH, nojiHBHbie A yra, o6pa6aTW BaeM bie nAOAopoAHwe no- a h , caAbi, BHHorpaamiKH, HppHranHOHHbie coopyxceHHH, HCKyCCTBeHHbie BOAOeMbI, >KHBOH H MepTBblH CeAbCK0XO3HH- CTBeHHblft HHBeHTapb H X03HftCTBeH«hie nocTpofiKH. K p o M e Toro, no HacAeACTBy nepeAaoaAHCb 33MKH, ABopm>r, 6 o a b * nine AOMa h np. ConocTaBAeHHe AByx bhaob doraTCTBa, nepeAaBaBiuero- ch no HacAeACTBy, a hmchho, 3eMeAbHbix basaghhu c npn- KpenAeHHblMH K HHM KpeCTbHHaMH, C OAHOH CTOpOHU, H CT3A 6 apanoB, BepCAioAOB h Ta6 yHOB AOinaAen c nacTyxa- MH-pa6 aMH hah noAypa6 aMH, c Apyroft, AaeT B03M0>KHOCTb BHAeTb, KaKOBbi xapaKTepHbie qepTbi counaAbHoft npHpoAU (J)eoAaAa*3eMAeBAaAeAbua h noAyc^eoAaAa-CKOTOBAaAeAbua. B AaHHOM C A y q a e 3eM AeBAaAeAeu h cKOTOBAaAeAeu 6 w a h o6 biqHOH nepCOHH4)HKaUHeH pa3AHHHhIX BHAOB o6 meCTBeH- uoro 6oraTCTBa. OicyTCTBHe npn noAycfceoAaAbHOM KoneBOM ckotoboact- Be MOHonoAbHbix npaB oTAeAbHbix ahu « b pacnopHxceHHH onpeAeAeHHUMH qacnwH 3eMHoro mapa xax HCKAioqH- TeAbHblMH C(J)epaMH HX AHHHOft BOAH, c ycTpaHeHHeM Bcex Apyrnx», nopoAHAo caMyio umpoKyio, o6 iahhhyk> <J)opMy 3eMAeBAaAeHHH. 06mecTBeHHoe npoH3B0ACTB0 KoneBoro o6 mecTBa Ka3axoB BnAOTb ao XIX cm/ieTHH 6 a3HpoBaAOCb, C OAHOft CTopOHbl, Ha o6meM BAaAeHHH naCT6 HIUHOH T ep- pHTopHeii, c Apyroft,—-Ha tom, hto ceMbu, HMeioman b nacTHoft co6 cTBeHHocTH ckot, BHCTynaAa ksk ocHOBHan X03HficTBeHHan OAHHHua o6 mecTBa. Tlpn T3kom AyaAH3Me 3K0H0MHnecKoft ocitoBbi KoqeBoro o 6 mecTBa ochobhum opyAHew 3KcnAyaTauHH qeAOBena qeAOBeKOM MorAa CAy- >KHTb roAbKo qacTHaa co6 cTBeHHOCTb Ha ckot. Hmchho b 3tom 3aKAioqaAocb cymecTBeHHoe OTAHqne noAy(J)eoAaAb- 8 C. E. To^bi6aeB , 113 »

tforo K o q e B o ro o6m ecTBa ot 4)e °AaJibHO-KpenocTHHqecKoro o c e jy io r o . H enoH H M aH H e 3t h x cym ecToeH H bix oTAHqHH npHBe^o H eK O Topbix H ccAG AO BaTeAen k nojiHOMy OTO>KAe- CTBJieHHK) 3THX AByX odlUeCTB H K H306peTeHHI0 OAHOft «y H H B e p c a jib iio H » ochobh 3K crrAyaTauH H qeAOBexa qeAOBe- KOM. OS'beKTHBHO OIIIHdKa HX COCTOHT B TOM, MTO OHH npH Bcex ycAOBHHx MaTepwaJibHoro npoH3BOACTBa sKcruiyaTa- uhk) qe^fOBena qejiOBeKOM cB H 3biB aioT TOAbKO c onpeACJieH- HhiM n peAM eTO M n pw poA b i— 3eM Jien , a He c (JiopMOH co<5- CTBeHHOCTH IIa CpeACTBa IIpOH3BOACTBa H He c o6i>eKTOM qaCTHOH COOCTBeHHOCTH, CJieAOBaTeJIbHO, He C npOH3BOACT- BeHHblMH OTHOIIieHHHMH AIOAeH. H a n p H M e p , C . 3HMaHOB H A. EpeHOB n n iu y T : « C kot HBJineTCH npOAyKTOM 3eMAH h ero 6biTHe HeMhiCAHMo 6e3 iio c jie A H e n . UacTdmua, bo ao - nOHHbie HCTOqilHKH, OXOTHHqbH yrO A bH COCTaBAHAH OCHOBy Bcero o6m ecTB eH H oro np0H3BOACTBa b $e°AaAbHOM K a- a a xcT a H e^ 1. B 3TOM anpHOpHOM 3aHBAeHHH «4)eO A aAH 3 M » RJin K a - 3axcTaHa npenoAHOCHTCA ne k a x HCTopnqecKaH KaTeropHH, CBH3aHH3H C OnpeA^ACHHOH (pOpMOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa, CAeAOBaTeAbiio, ne KaK coBOKyn- HOCTb o6m«CTBeiHHO-^ipOH3BOACTBettHbIX OTHOI1J0HHH. H e CAy- qaHHo, h t o s t h aBTOpbi ocHOBHoe cpeAC TBo npoH3BOACTBa KoqeBbix c k o t o b o a o b — ckot — oS'bHBJiHioT npocTO « n p o - AyKTOM 3c m a h » ( ? ) . B TaKOM cAyqae b h x o a h t , hto He (J)op- Ma co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha cpeACTBa np0H3B0ACTBa o n p e A e A a e r 4>opMy obmecTBa, <j)opMy 3KcnAyaTaixHH qeAOBeKa qeAOBe- k o m , a ca M a n p H p o A a — 3eMa h . T a x y io H axypaAH CTH qecKyio T o q K y 3peHHH BbicKa3hi-- BaioT He TOAbKo C. 3nMaH0B h A. EpeHOB, oHa x a p a K T ep H a noqTH a a h B c e x nocAeAOBaTeAen o ih h (5o k Tan Ha3biBaeMOH TeopHH «K o q e B o r o cj)eoAaAH3Ma». T o p a q o 3amnmaH 3TY no- 3HAHK) B CBOeft 3aKAK)MHTeAbH0H p eq H Ha TaiilKCHTCKOH CeC- CHH, A. Jl. CHAOpOB TOBOpHA: «riO A aB A H K > m ee COAbUJHHCTBO TOBapHmen — yqacTHHKOB H acToam eft cecciiH b npeHHnx noKa3aAH, h t o o h h TBepAO A ep > K a T ca MapKCHTCKo-AeHHH- CKOro nOHHMaHHH (J)eOA3AH3Ma H npH3HaiOT OCHOBOH (J)eo- ABAbHoro c n o c o 6 a npoH3BOACTBa 3 e M A i o , qeTKo x a p a K T e- pH3yiOT ocHOBHbie KAaccoBhie npoTHBOpeqHH (p eoA aA b H oro 1 3uM.ano6 C. h Epenoe A. O xapaKTepe (J)eoAajibnoft co6ctbch- HOCTH Ha 3CMJTIO B Ka3aXCTaHC.— Tpy/lbl AAMa-ATHHCKOrO IOpHAHWe- cKoro HHCTHTyTa, t . I. A.iwa-ATa, 1955, CTp. 49. 114

otfmecTBa**. T a n A. JI. Chaopob h « noAaBJHnoiu.ee 6ojit- LUHHCTBO» 6 e 3 BCHKHX AOKa3aTeJIbCTB BCC npH3HaKH 3peJIO- ro c|)eo;iaJiH3Ma nepeiiocai Ha nepexoAHoe, no;iy(})eoAa.7ib- Hoe KO^eBOe o 6 m ecT B o . BecbMa coMHHTeJibHO, mto6m A. JT. C haopob h «noAaB- JIHIOIUee 6OJIbUlHHCTB0» B TCOpeTHiieCKOM OTHOUieHHH tbgpao Aep>KaJiHCb «KJiaccHqecKoro noHHMaHHH* (xaK bh- pa3HJICH I-Ia CeGGHH A. JI. CHAOpOB) MapKC'H3m a-JIeHHHH3- Ma. A. JI. C haopob h «noAaBJiaiomee 6ojiliuhhctbo» Aony- CKaiOT rpy6yio oum6Ky, Kor^a 3aHBJiHK>T, hto « ochobo# tyeoaaAbHoro cnoco6a npoH3BOACTBa HBJineTCJi 3eMji«», a He C0 6 cTBeHHOCTb H a 3eMJIK). Oio>KAecTB.aeHHe (JiopMbi co6cTBeHiiocTH Ha npeAMeTH npnpoAbi c caMHMH npeAMeTaMH npHpoAU Hen36e>KHO no- po>KAaeT (JjH3HOKpaTH4eCKyio oihh6 k y , KOTOpaa bhboaht BCC H3 3CMJ1H, H3 npiipOAbl, a lie H3 o6 meCTBa, He H3 odme- CTBeiiHO-npoH3BOACTBeHHbix OTHoiiieHHH. I\"Io3TOMy Aa>Ke ne «K^aCCHHeCKOe» nOHHMBHHe, OCHOB MapKCH3Ma-JieHHHH3Ma, KOTopoe no HecKpoMHocTH A. JI. C haopob npnnHCbiBaeT ce6e h cbohm cTopoHHHKaM, a to , KOTopoe cymecTByeT y coBeTCKHx yuenbix, TpedyeT npH3naTb, hto He ncri0Jib3OBa- HHeM 3eMJiH h Apyrnx npeAMeTOB npnpoAbi aah npoH3BOA- CTBeHHbix ueJien pa3JiHHaiOTCH SKOHOMHqecKHe anoxH, a TGM, KaK HCnOAb3yiOTCa H B HbeH CO6 CTBeHH0CTH ohh Ha- xoahtch. A. JI. C haopob h « n o A a B A H io m e e 6 oa b u iH H C T B O » HHK3K H® MOryT OnpOBepTHyTb TOT o6meH3BeCTHhIH (JiaKT, hto $opMa 3eMAeBAaAeHHH h cnoco6bi 3eM^enoab30BaHHH H3MeHHK)TCH B 33BHCHM0CTH OT H3MeHMBIJLIHXCH COllHaJIbHO- 3K0H0MHqeCKHX yCAQBHft. y A. JI. CHAOpOBa H «nOAaBAHIO- mero 6ojibiiiHHCTBa» hct HCTOpHMecKoro noAxoAa npH onpcAeAeHHH (JiopMbi h xapaKTepa 3eMAeBJiaAeHHH h 3eMJie- noAb30BaHHH. Ohh paccMaTpHBaioT 3eMJiio nan BeHHyio h HGH3MeHHyio nepBoocHOBy HeJiOBenecKoro o6mecTBa, npe- Bpaiuaa TeM caMbiM ee b Kaxoft-To a6cojnoT. Ecjih 3cmjih 6bIJia T3KHM a6cOAIOTOM, TO TOTAa «HeKOTOpue MeCTHOCTH HMeAH 6bi coBceM hhoh bha, new Tenepb; pHMCKaa KaM- naHbH, C huhjihh h riajiecTHHa ocTaBajiwcb 6bi -bo BceM 6jiecKe hx 6 biJioro npouBCTaHna^.12 1 MaTepHa.nbi HayMHofl ceccHH, nocBHiaeHHofi hctophh CpeAHefl Ashh h KajaxcTana b AooKTHCpbCKHft nepwoA. TauiKeHT, 1955, CTp. 571—572. 2 MapKc K . h dmeAbc 0. Con., t . 4, crp. 177. 115

A. S i. CmjopoB h «noAaBJiHiomee 6o;ibiiiHHCTB0», bhah* MO, He COrJiaCHbl C TCM (j)aKTOM, HTO AIOAH B 33BHCHMOCTH ot ypoBHH pa3BHTHH npOH3BOAHTejibHbix cha odmecTBa n ep e ^ e jib iB a jiH n p n p oA y, a e w A io H a npoTfl>KeHHH Bceft CBOeH HCTOpHH. flpHMepOM 3TOTO M O ryT CAy>KHTb p e3 y-lt- TaTH T p y A a oceA -an x 3eM AeAeAbH ecK H x HapoAOB ApeBHeft MecconoTaMHH, Enurra, K h tsh , HeM eHa h A p ., Koropue COBepiiieHHO H3MCHHAH n p n p O A y 3eMH0H. •IIOBepXHQCTH, co3AaB Ha M e c T e nycTHHH U B e r y m n e oa3BCH. Taxon CecnpepwBHbiH n p o u e c c coBepmaeTCH b CoBeT-; ckom C o io 3 e h Ha HauiHX r jia 3 a x . HanpHMep,. roAOAHaa CTenb o c T a B a J ia c b BexaMH ro A O A H o ft, H ecw oT p a Ha t o , hto caw a 3eMJisi B cerA a dbijia n o CBoeM y npHpoAHOMy xaqe- CTBy B bicoK onjioAopoAH O H , h t o - no3BOAHAO Ha3BaTb ee m eA poii c T e n b io (M Hp3a rn y jib ). T o jib k o coBeTCKHe a io a h , aKTHBHbie T B o p n b i hoboh >k h 3h h , B o o p y a te m ib ie n epeAQ soft TexHHKOH, H anaAH opom aTb h ocBaH BaTb 3Ty M e p T B y io . 6e3B0AHyio riycTbinio h n p eB p a m a T b e e b xpaft BbicoKO- K yjibTypnoro counaAHCTHMecKoro 3eMAeAeAHH h h 3o 6 h- JIHH l. H t s k , He c a M a 3eMAH h b a h c t c h ochoboh cfjeoAaAbiiO r ro c n o c o 6 a npoH3BOACTB3, a <£opM a coGc tb c h h o c th Ha 3eMJIIO. • M3BeCTHO, HTO 3K0H0MHHeCK0H OCHOBOH KanHT3JlH3Ma HB- AaeTCH n a c T H a n co6cTBeHHocTb Ha cpeAC TBa npoH3BOACTBa . npn liiHpoKOM odmecTBeHHOM pa3A eA eiiH H TpyAa; npn sto m cpeACTBam h npoH3B0ACTBa Cviy>KaT ca M b ie pa3AHqnHe npeA- MeTbl npHpOAHI B CaMhIX pa3AHHHbIX OTpaCJIHX npOH3BOA- CTBa. CAeAO BaTejibH O , KaxcAH# h 3 3 t h x ripeAMeTOB n p n p o - AH, KaK OCHOBHOe CpeACTBO- TO # HAH A p y ro ft OTpaCAH npOH3BOACTBa H, KaK o6*beKT. HaCTHOift CO()CTBeHHO£TH, M O -. >Ker cTaTb cpeACTBOM sK ciu iyaTau H H qeAO Bexa qeAOBeKOM, SKOHOMHqecKoft KaTeropneH , x a n u T a A O M , He3aBHCHMO o t e r o HaTypaAbHoft $ op M b i H «Bem ecTBeHHbix cbohctb» . Ha caMOM n e jie f poAb Toro h a h Apyroro ripeAM ^ra npH- pOAH B npO U eCCe npOH3BOACTBa 3aB H C H T o t cneiyicJ)HKH AaHHoft OTpaCAH npoH3BOACTBa, o t x a p a K T e p a AanHOH c$fe- p n TpyAa. H anpH M ep, ochobhhm cpeACTBOM TpyAa y Ky3- . Heua HBAHeTCH MOAOT H H3KOBaAbHH; y CanO>KHHKa — H05K, 1 Cm. riocTaHOBJieHHe UK KI1CC h CoBCTa M hhhctpob CCCP 06 opom eH H H h ocbochhh u ejiH H H b ix 3 eM eJii> T o iio A H O H crenH B Y 3 6 e K ‘ cKoft CCP h Ka3axcKoii CCP a /ih yBe/iH»ieHHn n p o ii3 B O A C T B a x/iorwa.— I lp a B A a , 1 9 5 6 , 11 a B r y c r a , 116

KOJiOAKa; y M ejibHHKa — MejibHHuaV • y >KeJie3HOAopo>KHH- Ka — p e jib c b i h napoB03bi; y 3eMjiej3.ejibua — 3eMjiH h opyAHH e e o 6 p a 6 o T K H , a y K o q eB o ro CKOTOBOAa — cra/ ia H TadyHH. n p H onpeae/ieHHbix couHajibHo-SKOHOMHqecKHx yCJIOBHHX B Ka>KAOH H3 3THX OTpaCJieft npOH3BO,HCTBa MOjKGT npowcxoAHTb BKonjiyaTauHH qejioB eK a hcjicbckom , kslk n p a - Moe c jiea cT B H e q a cT iio n co6cTBeHHOcTH Ha ocHOBHoe c p e A - ctbo npoH3ROACTBa. CjieAOBaieJibHO,' pa3JiHMHe H a T yp ajib - Hofi 4>opMbi hjih BemecTBeHHbix cbohctb npeAMeTOB npnpoAbi ( c k o t hjih 3eMJia), HcnoJib3yeMbix b K aqecTB e cpeACTB T p y / ia \" ( c k o t — npH k o h c b o m cKOTonoACTBe, 3eM - j ih — b seM J iea ejiH H ), He MOxceT w rp a T b peuiaiom eft p o - jih ajih on p eA ejieH H H cymHocTw n ojiy(l)eoA ajibH O H hjih $ e o - AajibHoft aKcnjiyaTauH H Ha pa3JinqH ux STanax HCTOpnqe- CKOrO p33BHTHH (J)eoAajiH3Ma. C p eacTB a npoH3B0ACTBa, H M eiom nc Ba>Kiioe 3iiaqeiiH e b 0 6 meCTBeHH0 ft >KH3HH H HaXOflHHIHeCH B HaCTHOH COdCTBeH- HOCTH OT/ieJIbHbIX JIHil, CTaHOBHTCH cpe/iCTBaMH sxcn jiya T a - uhh He 6 jia r o A a p n hx eciecTBeHHbiM cbohctb3 m , a tfjia r o - AapH TOH HX o6lIxeCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH pOJIH, KOTOpyiO OHH HrpaiOT B >KH3HH 0 6 meCTBa. H3BeCTHO, HTO HHKaKHe npe^MeTbi ( ckot, 3eMJia, MauiHHa) caMH no cefie He MoryT 6bITb 3KOHOMHHCCKHMH KaTCTOpHflMH, TO eCTb a6cTp3KTHbIM BbIpa>KeHHeM np0H3B0ACTBeHHh!X OTHOUICHHH JIIOAeH, eCJIH ohh He BbicTynaioT o6beKTOM onpeAeJieHHofi c})opMbi co6ct- bghhocth b c<£epe MaTepnajibHoro npoH3BO,ncTBa. MapKC nwcaji: «M am HHa Tanwe Majio HBJiaeTCH SKOHOMimecKOi} KaTeropiien, k slk h 6n k , KOTopbifi TamHT njiyr. CoBpeMeH- Hoe n p u M e n e n u e m q u i h h ecTb oaho H3 OTHomeHHfi Hauiero coBpeNfeHHoro SKOHOMHqecKoro CTpon, ho cnoco6 aKcnjiya- TailHH MaiLIHH-- 3T0 COBCeM He TO, HTO C3MH MatUHHbI»1. M apxc 3,necb r o B o p a r o cnoco6e SKcruiyaTauHH MaiiiHH He B TeXHHKO-3KOHOMHHe.CKOM CMblCJie, a B COUHaJIbHO-3KOHO- MHHeCKOM. Co6CTBeHHOCTb eCTb o6meCTBeHHO-npOH3BOACT- BeHHoe OTHOiueHne m o k av jiioAbMH n o noBOAy cpeACTB h npoAyKTOB npoH3BOACTBa, a He m c u k ay JUOAbMH h npeAM e- T3MH npHpOAbl. PiMeHHO nOSTOMy He npHXOAHTCfl COMHe- BaTbCH B TOM, HTO npH COOTBeTCTByjOUIHX COUHaJIbHO-3KOHO- MHMeCKHX yCJlOBHHX CKOT, KaK BCHKOe A pyroe cpeACTBO npoH3BOACTBa, MOJKer BHCTynHtb o p y A H e w 3KcnjiyaTauH H 1 HepenncKa Mapnca K. H 3Hre;n>ca O . c pyccKHMH no/iHTHMecKH- mh aeHTejiHMH. M., 1951, crp. 14. 117 /

qe;ioBeKa qejioBCKOM. B. H. J le iiH H nHca/i: «rio K a ocTaeT- ch qacTH aa co6cTBeHHOCTb Ha cpe^CTBa npOH3Bo,acTBa (n an p., Ha 3ew,neAe;ibqecKHe o p y A H H h ckot, ecyin /lance qacTHan co^CTBCHHOCTb na 3eMJiio OTMeHGHa) h cBo6oflHaa ToproBJin, # 0 T e x nop o c ia e T c n 3KOHOMHqecK3fl ocnoBa Ka* nHT3JiH3Ma»I . C ^e^oB aTe^bH o, c k o t , 3Cm;ih h MauiHHa b OAHHaKOBOH MCpe B COOTBeTCTByiOLUHX COUHa/IbHO-SKOHOMH- qecKHx ycjioBH H x MoryT BbicTynaTb oGteKtaMH qacTiiofi C0 6 CTBeHHOCTH KaK CpeflCTBa npOH3BO£CTBa H CTaTb cpefl- CTB3MH SKcnJiyaTauHH qcjiOBeKa qe^ioBeKOM, cjry>KHTb oc* HOBOft 06meCTBeHIIO-npOH3BO/lCTBeHHbIX OTHOIlieHHH JIIOAeH. MapKC, roBopn o npoH3BO£CTBeHHbix oTHomeHHnx, n«* can, mto «jho.hh, pa3BHBan cboh npoHSBO^HTe/rbHbie chjih, t. e. >khbh, pa3BHBaiOT onpejrejieHHoe OTHomeHHJi apyr k A p yry h mto xapaKTep 3Thx OTHomenHH Hen3(5e>KHo MeiineT- ca BMecTe c npeo6pa30BaHHeM h poctom sthx ripoH3BOAH- TejibHbix chjt... 3 K o n o m m e c K u e r c c iT e s o p u u cyTb Jinuib a 6 - CTpaKL{UU 3THX ^eHCTBHTC^bHblX OTHOUieHHH H HBJIHIOTCfl HCTHH3MH JIHLLIb nOCTOJIbKy, nOCKO/TbKy ‘ CymeCTByiOT 3TH OTHomeHHH»23. 3HaqHT, Haum onnoneHTbi «KJiaccHqecKH» nOHHMaiOmne M3pKCH3M-./ICHHHH3M, He nOHHMaiOT, qTO 3KO- HOMHqecKan 3HaqHM0CTb h xapaKTep npHMGHeHHH oT/iejib- Hbix npeAMeTOB npnpoflbi Jiio/ibMH b KaqecTBe Tex hjih hhux cpe^cTB npoH3BOACTBa onpe^ejiHioTCH ypOBHe.M pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTejibHbix chji o6m ecTB a h cym ecTByiom H M 3# o h o - MHqeCKHM CTpoeM. H m chho 3t o t 3K0H0MHqecKHH MOMenT n oflqepKH B ajica M a p xcoM , ic o ra a oh nncaji o 6 Hcnojib30BaHHH 3eMJiH h yKa3biBa^r, h to n a m e lopH ^H qecK an BJiacTb 3eM ;ieB;ia<aeJib- ueB «y n o T p e 6 jiH T b qacTH 3eM Horo rn a p a h 3^oyn oTpe6jiH Tb hm h, em e H n q e r o He peuiaeT. y n o r p e d A e n u e e c e i { e j i o 3 a o u - CUT OT 3KOH OM UH 6CKUX yCAOGUU, He3CZ6UCUMblX OT 6 0 A U ■ 3TUX AuUf^ (noAnepKHyTO HaMH.— C . T . ) . y>Ke 6 h ;io y n a - 3aH0, qTO SKOHOMHqecKHe ycjiOBHH n ojiy4> eo^ ajib H oro K oqe- Boro odm ecTBa cymecTBeiiHo OTJiHqajmcb ot 3K0H0MHqe- ckhx ycjioBHH (})eo;iajibHO-KpenocTHHqecKoro, o c e ;y io -3e- MJie/ie^bqecKoro o6mecTBa, TaK K aK ohh onpeaeJiHJiHCb pa3jlHqHbIM ypOBHCM pa3BHTHH npOH3BOflHTeJIbHbIX CHJI, cjie^OBaTe/ibHo, pa3JinqHbiMH (j)op M aM H co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha 1 JlenuH D . H. C om ., t . 31, crp. 367. nepcniicKa Mapxca K. h 3Hre.ribca <t>. c pyccKHMii no.iHTHqecKHMH .aeflTeanMH. M., 1951, crp. 15. 3 MapKc K . K a n H T a .i, t . Ill, 1951 , C T p . 6 2 9 . 118

3eM;ifo, KOTOpan 6 buia Heo6xoAHMbiM aAewenTOM c p e x c T B npoH3BO/icTBa npH o6ohx Biijxag. MaTepnaAbnoro npoH3- BO^CTBa. K ak to jilko Koqecbic ckotoboam HannHaiOT hepexoAHTb k no^yKoqeuoMy h oceAAOwy o6pa3y >kh3hh, OAHOBpeMen- ho 3aHHMancb ceHOKoiueHHeM h x/ie6 onainecTBOM, ckoto- boactbo nocTeneiiHo HaamiaeT TcpaTb cboio Obi.ayto caMo- CTOHTcvibHocTb, npeBpaiuaeica B oja.Hy H3 OTpacjien. 30MJie- AeJIHB. O a HHM H3 yeJIOBHft nOBBJieilHH HaCTHOH C0 6 cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJiio HapnAy c oOmecTBeHHbTM pa3AeAeHHeM T p y a a 6 faiJia B03pacTaioiixaB 3aTpaTa Tpyaa 3eMAeAeAbueM Ha 0 6 - pa6 oTKy 3eMJiH. 0 6 stom T. B. fljiexaH O B nwcaa: «n p H y c a - AeOnhie 3eMJiH, noABepraiomHecH HanfioAce cTapaTejibHOH o6 pa6oTKe, panbiiie Apyrwx nepexoAHT b noABopHO-iHacAea- CTB6H'H0 e BiJiaAGHHe, Me>KAy T0M, KaK AOAbUie ApyrHX B 0 6 - mHHHOfi C0 6 CTBGHH0 CTH OCTaiOTCH BbirOHU H nyCTOIIIH, Tpe- 6 yioLUHe pa3Be JiHLUb oropa>KHBaHHn ajih oxpaHbi nacym e- roca Ha hhx CKOTa. Me>KAy sthm h abymji k p 3hhocthmh Apynie otfmHHHbie yroAbn pacnoJiaraiOTCH b nopHAKe bo3- paciaiom e# h ah y 6 biBaiome# cjiojkhocth hx o6 pa6 oTKH»l . riaMaTHHKH ApeBHeHeMeuKoro o 6 biHHoro npaBa cBHAeTeAb- cTByiOT o to m , hto KpecTbHHHH TepsiA cboh npaBa Ha nOJie; ecjiH oh n o j i r o lie BosAeAbteaA ero, TaK KaK «BCswaH Kyjib- TypHaa 3eMAH npHHaAJie>KHT npeHMymecTBeHHo TOMy, kto ee o>kh bha» 2. CjicAOBaTeJibHO, 3aTpaTa TpyAa Ha o6 p a 6 oT* Ky 3eMah nrpajia HeMaAOBaJKHyio poAb b npnKpenjieHHH HCAOBeKa k 3eMJie. ■ ................ , B o 3 p a c ra jo m a a 3a r p a r a T p y a a H H niiB H jiy a jib H bm 3e- MJieAeJibueM Ha oahom onpeAeAeHHOM yqacTKe 3eMAH,- n o - BbiineHHe n p o n 3 B o / iH T e j ib n o c T H e r o r p y x a h pa3 bHTHe0 6 me- CTBeHHOro pa3iieAGHHa Tpyaa o6 ycao bh ah noflBAeHtfe nacT- HOfi C0 6 ctBeHHOCTH Ha 3GMAI0. 3 t O ITpHBeAO B AaAbHefimeM K nOHBJieHHJO CB0 6 OAHO OTHy>KAaeMOH HSCTHOH 3eMeAbHOH! co6 ctbgiihocth cbo6 oahhx o6 uxhhhhkob b BHAe a j u i o j i a h ah ApyroA cfjopMbi, KOTopaa, KaK npaBHAo, npeA.mecTBOBaAa noaBJieHHio (J)eoAa.nbHoro 3 eMAeBAaAeHna. •* «H ia K , c Toro MOMeHTa, KaK bo3hhk haaoa,— rm caji 3nrejibc,— cbo6 oaho o n y w ia e M a H 3eMejibHaa cotfcTBeH- hoctl, seMeAbHaa co6 cTBeHHocTb KaK Toeap, B03HHKH0Be- 1 flAexanoe A B. CoaHa;iH3M h no^HTH^recKan <5opb6a. .H am ii pa.iHoraacHH. JI., 1939, crp/ 243. 2 U,eeTKoe /7.'MC7iaMH3M, t. III. Aiuxa6aA, 1912, crp, 420. 119

HHe Kpyrmoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH CTajio JiHuib BonpocoM Bpe- m€hih» 1. 3 to yKasaflne 3Hre;ibca noATBepjKAaeTca hccaoao- , BaHHHMH 'MHOrax COBCTCKHX HCTOpHKOB2. O T3KOH HCe 3 aK0H0 MepH0 CTH TOBOpHT (j)aKTbI H3 HCTO- pHH n e p e x o A a x a 3 a x c x o r o H a p o A a k noAyxoqeBOM y h o ceA - AOMy cKOTOBOA^ecKo-seMAeAeAbnecKOMy xo3Hn:cTBy. CTarH: cthkh Ile p eceA eH q ec K o ro ynpaBJieHHH b HaqaAe X X Bexa o x a p a x T e p e 3eMAeri0Ab30BaHHH o c e A A h ix h OTqacTH n o A y x o - qeBwx Ka3axoB T ypran cxon h y p a jib c x o ft oGAacren nwcaAH: « M o>kho H a & a ioA a T b nepexoA o t it o a h o h cBodoAbi b n0Ab30- BaHHH naniHHMH « 6 e 3 n o p H A x a » a o AOCTaToqno onpeAeAeH- Hoft perAaM eH TauH H Rax MecT r j m pacn am xH h AeTHeft nacTb6k cKOTa, T a x h cpoxoB noAb30BaHHH. 3Aecb xce BbiqcHHercB oTqacTH h poAb 3 a T p a T h BAOxteHHoro T p y A a : npaso na n y c T o m n , 3aae>KH ocTaeTCH b o ahhx MecTax, oqe~ bhaho c 6 o A e e njioTHbiMH h t p y a h h m h a a h pa3pa6oTXH noqBaMH, 3a nepBH M x o 3Ah h o m , noAHHBiiiHM ueAHHy, b ApyrHx — n ycT o m n , tab ohh He h m c io t uchhocth no MHoro- 3eMeAbio h a h m h t k h m noqBaw, n o c T y n a iO T b o6 m ee a o c t o h - HHe. P o jib T p y A a , x a x npaBOBoro c})aKTOpa, HaHtfOAee n p x o npeACTaBAeHa b OTHOineHnax x a 3 a x o B b T ex cA yqaax, x o r A a TpyA npHAo>xeH k cosashhio caMHx yroA H H , npHroAHbix a a h xaxorO 'AH 6o xo3nftcTBeHHoro HcnoAb30BaHHH namHH, n o x o - ca, nacTSHtua^3. M ew GoAbiue T p y A a qeAOBex BXAaAbraaeT b seMAio,- TeM cHAbHee oh crapaeTC H 3axpenH Tb CBoe npaBO Ha wee. H a n p H M e p , qeAOBex, paaBOAHm nft BHHorpaAHHX, BHdeT, qTO T O A b x o qepe3 5— 6 A e T n o c A e ero 3axAaAKH, oh MOHceT paccqH TbiBaTb Ha o n A a T y C B o e ro THXceAoro T p y A a npoAyKTaMH ^ 3 T o ro BtfHorpaAHHKa. riosTO M y, npncTynan x pa6ofl8, t>8 AOJniceH 6biTb yBepeH b tom, q t o BHHorpaAHHK ocfotoerba b e r o lp y x a x Ha AOArne t o a h . Elaxapb, Bp3AeAbi- BAwmnft ttanjftio H3-noA Aeca, T a x jx e a o a jk c h 6biTb yBepeH B row,- q^a o 6 p a 6 o ra *iH a H hm 3eMa h , n o x a ona 6yAeT npH - * ' • * ■ ■■ •• * ••- •* :* .*•;’ * ^ . » <b, J^HCTftpjw ^pbbhhx repMamieB. M., 1938, CTp. 63. . 2 K mcwtca b BHAy p.atfoTbt: A. H. HeycbixuH. K Bonpocy o nepBOM’ Btaric BttaaimHOBe'HHH <f)eoAajibRt)-3a&ttC,HMoro KpecTbswciBa nan Kjiacca. B kh.: CpeAHHe Bena. C 6i, BuniVi, :J955; M. H. CoKoaoBa. Cbo6oah3h ofiiUBHa h flpouesc 3a«peu/?«HH^,iKpeci>bHH b KaHTe h yaccexce b VIIOC B^xax (tom )Ke); M. A. .JiaBAymKOBa. KpepTbancxafl otfiuHHa b BeHrpHH b X I-X III Benax (TaM >ne); A. H. KorraireB. Hctophh 3eMjie- B/ia,aeHHH BeJio3epcKoro npax b XV—X V I bb. M.— ^ -1 9 6 4 ; K. H. Tap- HOBCKHH. ripeAnoCblAKH B03HHKH0BeHH3 4>eOAaAH3Ma y BOCTO^HbiX caaBHH.— Bonpocw HCTOpiw, 1954, 4 h j*p. • *• 3 O^epK pa6oT TypraftcKo-ypaabCKofl wepeceAenuecKofl opraHH3a- Ukh. Open6ypr, 1890, crp. 25, 120

HocHTb ypo>Kafi, ocTaHeTCH b ero pynax. 3 to BepHo 6hjio OTMeHeHo H . H . TpoAeKOBbiM: «ycTpoficTBo apbiKOB, yca- n e 6 , cT p oeH H fi h caA os npeBpamaeT 3eMJiio b qacTHyio co<5- CTBeHHOCTb»l . H n n e r o noA otfw oro He 6hjio h He moivio 6 biTb npw hhcto KoqeBOM o 6 p a 3 e >kh3hh. y Ka3axoB-KoqeBHHKOB «C0BepmeH- ho oTcyTCTByeT caMo npeAdaBAeHH e o 3eMeAbiioH coCct- BeHHocTH, npnnaAJie>KaiueH a y jiy , p o A y hjih opae. B c n jiy 3Toro o 6 cTOHTeJibCTBa, opAbi h poAbi b npe>KHHe BpeMeHa oqeHb n a cto nepeiuemajiH cboh KoqeBbie nyTH HHOivia Ha oneHb AaJieKHe paccTOHHHH*2. rip w 3tom ayjiu Ka>KAoft p o - Aoboh rp yn n b i He noTOMy KoneBajiH oah h m h h TeMH >Ke nyTHMH H 3HMOB3JIH no COCeACTBy, HTO 3TH nyTH H 3HMHHe nacT6n m a Cujih KorAa-JiH6o h K€M-jih6o yKa3aHbi, p a 3 rp a - HHHeHbi h 3aKpenjieHbi, a noTOMy hto Ka>KAUK ayji npH Aep- JKHBaACH Tex KOHeBHX nyTefi H OCT3HOBOK, JAC OH'MOT CKO- pee BCTpeTHTb CBOHX 6AH>KafilIIHX pOACTBeHHHKOB; 6jih - 3ocTb h o 6 meHHe c nocJieAHHMH o 6 ecneHHBajiH xa>KAOMy Ka3axy 3 a m «T y b cAyqae KaKofi-JiHtfo onacHocTH h n ow om b b HyxcAe34. B npoeKTe npeo6pa30BaHHH cyAetfHofi qacTH o Ka3axax CHtfHpcKoro BeAOMCTBa, cocTaBjieHHOM b 1863 r o - Ay, cKa3aHo: «H a p o A stot npoHCxo>KAeHH5i a3HaTCKoro, He HMeeT H ayH H oro o6pa30BaHHH h nocTOHHHoft occaaocth: KoqyeT c o cbohmh CTaaaMH jio in a A e fi h poraToro ckotb, KOTopue cocTaBJiaioT Bee hx 6oraTCTBa..HacTOJimHH o 6 paa JKH3HH CHX HHOpOAUeB HC AOnyCKaeT y HHX HeABHHKHMOH C06 CTBeiHiHOCTH . B Ka3axcTaHe, Hapsuiy c nepe>KHTKaMH CTaporo o6biHHo- ro npaBa KoqeBHHKOB, OTpHijaBmero BCHKoe npaBO qacTHoft co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMAio, c 1868 roAa 6btJi BBeAeH hobuh 3eMej^bHbiH[ 33KOH uapcxoro npaBHTejibCTBa, no KOTopoMy OTpHUaAOCb npaBO qaCTHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMAK> KO- qeBbix h noAyKoqeBbix Ka3axoB, HHaqe roBOpa, lopHAHHe- ckh o(J)opMJiHJiacb nojiHaa HeycTofiqHBOCTb b 3eMJieBJiaAe- hhh Ka3axcKHx TpyAHiAHxcR. OTpHuaTeJibHoe 3HaneHHe 3toh HeycToftqHBOCTH 6 b u io OTMeneHo B. A. BacHAbeBbiM b 1 rpodeK O e H. H. KHprn3bi h KapaKHprH3w Cbip-AapbuncKofi oftnacrn. fOpH^HMecKHft Out, t. I. TaiuKeHT, 1899, cip. 102. 2 MaTepnajibi no KHprH3CK0My 3eMJieno;ib30BaHHio, coOpaHHbie h pa3pa6oTaHHbie 3KcneAHUneH no HCc.’ie^oBaHHio cremibix oO/iacTeii, Typ- raHCKaa o6.nacTb, KycranaficKHM ye3fl, t . V. Bopoiiew, 1903, crp. 83. 3 TaM *<e, CTp. 23. 4 U fH A KaaCCP, tp. 345,-on. I, a . 807, c b . 93, a. 46. 121

OTiiouieHHH CeMHpeneHCKOH o6jiacTH: «OTcyTCTBHe nponno- CTH B^aAeHHH 3GMJieH HBJIfleTCH, KOHeHHO, 0£H0H H3 npHHHH, T0pM03BmHx nporpecc cejibCKoro xo35iftcTBa b otfjiacTH: He- B03Mo>KHbi cepbe3Hbie yjiyquieHHH, ecAH BJiazie;ieu ee He yBepeH, hto BOcnojib3yeTCB a/iOAaMH cbohx TpyAOB h 3aTp:aT»1.. riOflBJieHHe HaCTHOH C06cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJHG B BeH- rpHH b XI— XIII Bexax TaiOKe (5buio cBH3aHO c B03pacTa- hhcm K o n m eC T B a Tpy/za, BAo>KeHHoro o6iahhhhkom b 3eMjno. «BuAe^eHHe ajiAOAa HBHAOCb CAeACTBHew aocth- JKCHHH TaKOrO ypOBHH p33BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeJlbHbIX CHJI, npH KOTOpOM npOH3BOAHTeAb B K Jia / lb IB a JJ B 3eMJIK) 3Ha^H- TeJibHoe Ko^HHecTBo Tpyzia h no3TOMy nepecraA 6biTb 33HH- TepecoBaHHbiM b eweroAHux ypaBHHTejibHux nepe^ejiax naXOTHOfi 36MJIH»2. Bnaqajie b qacTHoe B Jianenne OTACAbHhix ceMeftcTB ne- pexoAiuin To^ibKo npHycaAeGHbiH yqacTOK h naiUHfl, to ecTb 3eMJiH yx<e o 6 p a6oTaHHHe h H3MeHeHHbie TpyAOM qejione- Ka. A Bee ocTajibHhie yroA b n , K o r o p b i e n cn o J ib 3 0 B a J iH C b b CBoew eciecTBeHHOM coctobhhh, b tom qncyie nacrclnma, eme aojito ocraBajiHCb b o6iahhhom BJiaAeHHH. SHrejibc, paccMaTpHBan npouccc oce/iaHHH a p ^bhhx repMaHueB Bpe- Menn Taunra, nHuier. «HaxoAHBiiiHecH ao Toro b o6 meM Baaa.eHHH nauiHH h .rcyra cTajiH noABepraTbca pa3uejiy no yx<e H3BecTH0My cnoco6y Me>KAy bo3hhkuihmh Tenepb ot- ae^bHHMH AOMOX03BHCTB3MH, CHanaJia Ha BpeMH, n03A- Hee — pa3 naBcerAa, Toada m k A e c a , e b ia o n u u eodbi o c ra - eaJlUCb 0 6 U^UMU. POCCHH TaKOH XOA P33BHTH51 npe^cTaBJiaercH HCTopawecKw BnoJiHe AOKa3aHHbiM»3 (ttoa- qepKHyTo h b m h — C. T.). Hac SIBAHCTCH HecOMHeHHbIM, HTO B yCJIOBHHX na- TpHapxajibHo-paCoBjiaAe^ibMecKoro hjih naTpwapxaJibHo- (Jjeo^aJibHoro oCmecTBa y apbbhhx KejibTOB h repMaHueB, y>xe nepemeAiHHx k oceAAOMy o6pa3y >kh3hh, nocJie naue- HHH PhMCKOH HMnepHH, OCLUHHHOe BA3AeHHe JIGCaMH, BblTO- HaMH |HB O A H HMejK) npC6MCTB0HHyJO CB5I3b C 0 6 lHHHHbIM „ P^ciiAbee B. A. CeMHpeHeHCKan o6jiacTb «a x kojiohhh h pojib b hch MyficKoft AOJIHIIW. rir., 1915, CTp. 87. 2 BaeAyiuKoea M. A. Kpec-rb*wcKax o6mnna b BearpHH b XI— XI I I ueKax. B kh.: Cpe/mwe neKa, Bwn. VI, 1955, CTp. 62. 3 3naeAbc 0 . ripcwcxo>K;ieHJfc ccmbh, qacTHOH coGctbcrhocth h rocy^apcTBa. JI., 1953, crp. 146. 122

3eMJieBJiaAeHHeM, xapaxiepH H M a a h . xoqeBoro c k o t o - BOA'ieCKOrO X03HHCTBa. KoHeBHHKH nOA CJIOBOM «3G M Ae- noJib30BaHiHe» noHHMaAH TOAbxo ncnoAb30B aune ecT ecT - BeHHbix n a c T fin m , BOAbi h AecoB. «H eo6 xoA H M o pa3AnqaTb pa3Hbie BHAbi 3eMejibHbix yroAHH: oxoTHHqbH, pbiOoAOBHbie, nacT6HiuHbie, ceHOKocHbie. KoHeqHO, ^ op M U co6cTBeHHO- CTH Ha 3TH pa3H bie BHAbi yrOAHH He MOTAH 6bITb OAHHaKOBbI h He M orjiH oAHHaKOBo pa3BHBaTbCH»1. K oqesbie c k o t o b o a h He 3H3AH H H6 MOrAH 3HaTb HHK3KHX ApyrHX BHAOB yrOAHH, KpOM e nacT6Hm Hbix. K ax roBopHT MHoroqHCAeiiHbie c})axTbi, Kacaiom w ecH s c e x HapoAOB, coB epuiaB iunx nepexoA o t k o - qeBoro o 6 p a 3 a >kh3hh k oceAAOMy, Ha nepBbix n o p a x b OdlUHHHOM BJI3ACHHH y HHX OCTaBaAOCb BCe TO, HTO 6bIJIO B o6meM BAaAeHHH XOqeBHHXOB. O c o 6 o e SKOHOMHqecKoe 3HaqeHHe cx o T a b jkh3hh AJOAefi' moTvio 6biTb 3aMeneHo ApyrHM cpeACTBOM npon3BOACTBa AHLiib na ocHOBe 3aMeHbi K oqeB oro ckotoboactb3 ApyrH M bhaom M aTepHaAbHoro npoH3BOACTBa (3CMAeAeAHeM, ro - POACKHM peMGCAOM, (J)a6pHqHO-3aBOACKOH npOMbllUAeH- H ocT b io). r io c A e ncpBoro xpynH oro o6mccTBeHHoro pa3Ae- AeHHH T p yA a Becb nocAeAyioiUHH nepnoA nporpeccHBHoro pa3BHTHH o6m ecTB a oceAAbix 3eMAeAeAbueB x a p a x T ep n - 3yeTCH AaJIbHeftlUHM pa3BHTHCM (J)OpM C06CTBeHH0CTH Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BOACTB3, POCTOM 0 6 meCTBeHH0r0 pa3AeAC- HHH Tp yA a H POCTOM KAaCCOBOH AH^cfcepeHUHauHH. BcHKoe npoH3B0ACTB0 xa x npHCBoeHHe npeAMeTOB npn- poAbi B cerA a otfycAOBAeHo o6T>exTOM npHCBoeHHH h ypoB- HeM pa3BHTHH IipOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA o6lA6CTB3. H 3M eH e- wne odmecTBeHiHoro crpoa, nepesopOT b oTHomeiHHHX COdCTBeHHOCTH HBAHAHCb HC06xOAHMbIM CAeACTBHeM C03Aa- hhh h o b u x npoH3BOAHTeAbHbix c h a , KOTopbie nepecTaAH COOTBeTCTBOBaTb CTapbIM ■ OTHOUieHHHM C06cTBeHHOCTH. OopMa co6cToeHHocTH Ha cpeACTBa npon3BOACTBa h o 6 m e - CTBeHHan $O pM a np0H3B0ACTB3 B3aHMHO odyCAOBAHBaiOT A pyr A p y ra . riosTOM y (JjopMa co6cTBeHHocTH Ha cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa HMeer HCTopHqecKH npexoAHiAHH x a p a x T e p . Kax coodm aeT B. H. A b a h c b , b HoBO-BaBftAOHcxoM pa- 6oBAaAeAbqecxoM rocyAapcTBe c ko t nepeAxo cAaBaACH b apeHAy x a x cpeACTBO sxcnAyaTauHH qy>xoro TpyAa, x o th odmecTBO He 6 h a o xoqeBbiM. Taw na CTpa>xe - HHTepecoB 1 Baxpyiuun C. B. h ToKapee C. A. JlnyTHH n XVII bckc (omcpkh). HnyrcK, 1953, crp. 102. 123

cKOTOBJia;*eJibueB ctohjio pa6oBJiaAeJibqecKoe rocyAapcTBO. . «BoraTbie BJiaAeJimbi eraa o6biqHO cAaBajin ckot b* apeHAy, coxpaHHBiiiHeca AOKyMeHTU CBHAereJibCTByioT o tom, hto apeHAHan njiaTa, KaK npaBHJio, B3HMajiacb H3Typofi»'. Ecjih TaKoe noAo>KeHHe HMe.no MecTo b patfoBJiaAejibqecKOM 06- lUeCTBe C pa3BHTUM rOpOACKHM peMeCJIOM h MHorooTpac- jieBbiM opouiaeMbiM 3eMJieAe;iHeM, rAe ochobhwmh oTpacjia- mh npoH3BOACTBa 6hiah xJie6onainecTBO, c3A0Boactbo h bh- HorpaAapcTBO, to coBepuieHHo 6eccnopHo, hto b ycAOBHax KO^eBoro cKOTOBOActBa ochobhhm cpeACTBOM 3KCnJiyaTa- uhh qeJiOBeKa qeAOBeKOM Morjia 6biTb qacTHaa co6ctbch- b HOCTb Ha CKOT. OTHOCHTeJIbHO BHCOKHH no CpaBHeHHK) C KOHeBUM O6- IUeCTBOM ypOBeHb pa3BHTHfl npOH3BOAHTeAbHfcJX CHJI pa6o- BJiaAe^bnecKoro ofimecTBa h 3HaqHTeAbnoe pa3BHT«e o6ii*e- cTBeHHoro pa3AejieHH5i TpyAa Bbi3BajiH ojKHB.neHHyio Top- roBjiio b HoB'o-BaBHJiOHCKOM uapcTBe. «ToproBAH npoHHKaeT bo Bee nopbi o6mecTBa, cTaHOBHTca uinpoKO pa3BeTBAeH- H0H H pa3HOo6pa3HOH. EIpOAaiOT He TOJIbKO 3epHO, CKOT, rnepcTb, pa3AHHHbie npoAyKTu ceAbCKoro xo3HHCTBa, chipbe h peMecjieHHbie H3acjihh, ho Tannce bchkoto poaa HeABH>KH- MOCTb, nojiH, caAbi, cTpoeHHH h qaero pa6oB»2*. Tanoro poAa TOBapOB, KaK 3epHO, pa3AHHHbIX npoAyKTOB ceAbcxoro xo- 3HHCTBa, peMecjieHHHX H3AeJinft, noAefi, caaoB, cTpoeHHH ne 6hao b ycAOBHHx nojiycJjeoAaAbHoro Koqesoro o6mecTBa Ka3axoB XV— X V III b b . HaAO noAaraTb, hto aah Ka3axoB npn hhcto kohcbom o6p.a3e JKH3HH c k o t hmba He MeHbinee aKOHOMHqecKoe 3Ha- qeHHe, qeM aah ocejuiux pa6oBAaAeAbueB b Hoeo-BaBH- AOHCKOM UapCTBe. 0 6 SKOHOMHHeCKOM 3H3HeHHH CK0T3 B >KH3HH Ka3aXCKHX KOHeBHHKOB B 1514 TOAy Ka3aXCKHH xaH KacbiM roBopHA MoroAHCTaHCKOMy xajay CyATaH-CaHAy: «Mhi ^kh tcah CTenn; y Hac neT h h p g a k h x , hh Aopornx Bemeft; rAaBHoe Hauie 6oraTCTBO co cto h t b AomaAflx; mhco H K05K3 HX CAy>K3T vHaM AyqjIieiO HHIUeiO H OAe>KAOK) ( b KamrapcKOM nepeBoae; mhco h x CAy>KHT HaM Jiyqmeio nHmeio); a npHHTHefiumfi hsithtok a a h Hac — mojioko h x H TO, qTO H3 Hero npHrOTOBAHCTCH ( to eCTb KaK H CK33aH0 b KamrapcKOM nepeBOAe — KyMU3); b deM ^x HaujHx neT hh caaoB, hh 3A3HHH; noAio6oBaTbCH ck o to m , KOTopuft na- 5 Aeduee B. H. Hctophh ApeBHero BocTOKa. J I .f 1953, cTp. 484. 2 TaM jk?, CTp. 484. 124

cetcfl — b o t u £ A b HarnHx n p o r y A o K ; noeAfcM >K£ b r a t f y n , noivifUHM Ha JioiuaAeH, h kct3t h npoBeAeM HecnoAbKo Bpe- MeiiH B M ecT e b npHHTHOM c o o O m e c T B e ^ 1. B sto t nepH O A h no3>Ke OTACAbHbie Ka3axH h m 6Jih a o 10 000 roAOB .OBeu, AO 5 000 TOAOB AOU13A0H H COOTBOTCTBeHHOe KOAHHeCTBO CT3A BepdAIO AO B. Ho TaKHe KOAoccajibHhie cTaAa h TatfyHbi AocxaBAAAH rpoMaAHbie cpeACTBa noTpeOAeHHA, a pa3Mepbi noTpe6jie-. hhh xo3BHHa orpaHHHHBaAHCb «ro6beMOM ero jxeAyA«a». ripw BceM CBoeM xbpomeM anneTHTe 6oraTHH Ka3ax Bee >kc lie mot BMecTe co cBoen ceMbefi noTpebHTb Bee maco roAHHHoro npHnAOAa cbohx CTaA, He Mor BbinHTb Bcero MOAOKa, KOTOJDOC MOrAH AOCTaBHTb 3TH Ta6yHU H CTaAa, a Aaa e3Ahi h nepeB03KH HMymecTBa eMy CAy>KHA0 He6oAbiuoe hhcao AOuiaAeif h BepbAioAOB, cocTaBAHBuiee He6oAbiuoH npoueiiT Bcero KOHCKoro TaOyHa h Bep6AK»Kbero CTaAa. O OoraTbix Ka3axcKiHx gkotobaaaoa buax iHanaAa XIX Beica A. M. JleBLUHH coobmaeT, hto ohh, KpoMe TiuecAaBHH, ot CBoero OoraTCTBa H3BAeKaioT He3HaHHTeAbHyio noAb3y. «OAHa>KAbi cnpocHA a OAHoro BAaAeAbua 8 000 Aouia- Aen,— riHiueT A. M. JleBMHH,— rioneMy oh He npoAaeT ex<eroAHo no HeKOTopoft nacTH Ta6yHOB cbohx. Oh OTBenaA MHe: «J3,ah Hero CTaHy h npoAaBaTb Moe yAOBOAbCTBHe? AeHbrw MHe He ny>KHbi; A AOAJKeH 3anepeTb hx b cyHAyn, rAe hhkto He yBHAHr hx. Ho xenepb, KorAa TaOyHu moh XOAAT no CTenAM, BCHKHH CMOTpHT Ha HHX, BCAKHH 3HaeT, HTO OH'H tMOH, BCAKHft TOBOpHT, HTO A 6oraT»2. CaipblHCB OTMenaeT, hto « y TymyeoB 6oraTCTBO H3MepAeTCA hhcjiom OAeHen h hto 6oAbuioe ctbao, AOCTHraiomee y oco£>eHHo 6orarbix ao 2 000 toaob, AoeraBAAex CBoeMy BAaAeAbuy ocoGbift .noneT»3. Taxoe boraTcxso, naxoAnmeecA b h3cthoh codcTBeniiocTH, we MorAO He cAy>KHTb opyAHeM sKcruiyaxa- uhh neAOBepa neAOBeKOM. Ka>KAOMy, KTO 3HaKOM C >KH3HblO H 6bITOM KOHeBUX CKO- TOBOAOB, H3BeCTHO, hto orpoM H bie C T aA a h TabyHbi K pyn H b ix noAy4)eoAaAO B oCfoiyjKHBaAHCb tfo A b iu o n apMHen kohcboh beAHOThi, K O Topan 3a sto n o A y n a A a cpeACTBa, hco6xoah- Mbie &jih cymecTBOBaHHA. OHa H axd & H A acb b iioahoh sko- _p 1 BeAbftMUHoe~3epHoe B. B. Hcc-nejxoBaHHe o KacHMOBCKHx uapax h uapeBHMax, q. II. Cn6., 1864, CTp. 165— 166. 2 yneHbie 3an«cKH HHCTHtyTa HcropHH AH CCCP, t . II. M., 1927, d p . 7. 3 TaM » e , CTp. 6. 125

MOMH^eCKOH H nOJIHTH^eCKOH 33BHCHM0CTH 6T CKOTOBJia- AeJibueB. Bcjihkhh xa3axcxHft no3T A6an roBopHJi: «Ban AyMaeT bcgx 3aKop\\iHTb, Bcex 3anoHTb, Bcex npHHyAHTb xapayjiHTb ero ckot ot bopob h bojikob, y6epeqb ot CTy>KH. Mhoix) npoH^eT BpeMeHH, nona oh ece 3to ycipoHT, a ycTpOHB, oh Bee 3aBepmHT oahhm xBaJicdcTBOM h daxBajib- CTBOM»1. O tom, hto qacTHaa co6cTBeHHocTb Ha ckot nopo>KAa^a noJiy^eoAajibHyio axcruiyaTauHio, roBopHT iMHoroqucneH- Hhie (jjaxTbi. M. M. Bpo^HeB nnweT: «BoraTbiH oJieHeBoa OT^aBa^ MajioojieHHOMy HeHuy neo6yqeHHbix 6hkob Ha 5—6 MecHueB. 0 6 yq»B h nopaboTaB Ha hhx HeMiioro, 6e,n- H5iK B03Bpamaji BJiaaejibuy o6yqeHHbix ojieHefi, a ecjiH oh hx 3aiep>KHBaji Ha AJiHTeJibHoe BpeMH, to ruiaTHJi 3a hhx apeHAHyio m iaTy nyuiHHHOH. 3Ta cj)opMa axcruiyaTauHH HBJiHJiacb nepG>KHTKOM poaobhx OTHOiucHHH, KoiTia 6ec- KopbicTHan noMomb copo&Hqy b jiio6 oPl 6eae 6biJia coBep* uieHHO ecTecTBeHHa, ho 6oraTbift o^ieHeBOii, Bbipyqan H3 TH>xe;ioro n o jio iK e iiM u a jioo jieH H oro , cra;i na 3tom h3>kh - B-aTbca^2. 0 6 aiHajiorHHiHOM <})aKTe H. C. Typanq nnuieT: «OTHOHieHHH 33BHCHM0CTH \\\\ 3KCnJiyaTaUHH epeaH 0/ieHeK- ckhx h aHa6 apcKHx axyTOB CKJia,zibiBajiHCb hg Ha ochobc BJiajieHHH OXOTHHMbHMH yrOflbflMH, a Ha OCHOBe qaCTHOH co6ctbchhocth Ha ojieHeH, Tax Kan o x o T a h p u 6ojiobctbo, TpeSyiomwe q a c T w x nepexoqeBOK b 6accewHax peK O^enexa h AHadapH, 6a3HpyioTCH Ha ojieHeBOACTBe. C ;ia6o o6 ec- neqeHHbie o^eHHMH xo3hhctb3 Hen36e>KH0 nona^a^H b 33bh- CHMOCTb k B^aAejibuaM eraa h JKecTbxo 3Kcn^yaTHpoBajiHCb. O^HaKo Bee (j)opMhi 3xcn;iyaTai;HH BbicTynajin noji o6o.noq- KOH pOflCTBCHHOfi H pO/COBOI* «ITOMOmH»3. H. n. HHKyjibuiHH OTMeqaeT, hto poaoboh cTpofi y 3BeH- kob b XV h Haqajie XVIII Bexa y>xe pa3;iara;icH, xax o tom cBHfleTejibCTByioT nOHBJieHHe HMymecTBCHHoro HepaBGHCTBa BHyTpn poaa h B03HHKH0BeHHe naTpnapxa;ibHoro pa6cTBa BHyTpH HexoTopbix 6oJibumx ceMen. ynoMHHaeTCH, hto 6eA- ? a* K y n a H6 aee. C thxotbopchhh, no3Mbi, npo3a. M ., 1954, CTp. 334—335. 2 Spodnee M . M . Ot poAOBoro crpoa k couna;ni3My (no MaTepwa* *1aM (j l Ma,T10' I^eHeiiKoro onpyra).— CoBeTCKan 9THorpa<}>Hfl, 1950, N? 1, crp. yy. fypBuu H . C . Comia.incTH»iecKoe nepeycTpoftcTBo xo3H»cTBa h i KyrT0B ^acceHna OjicucKa h AHaOapbi.— CoBeTCKan STiiorpacbun, 1950, J\\Ts I, CTp. 107. 126

Hbie h 6e30JieHHbie aseuKH no Hy>KAe Aa>Ke npoAanaAH cbohx AeTefi b paCcTBo, ksk sto 6hao y Ka3axoB b KOHue X V III h Haqajie X IX bokob. y sbchkob «HaAHqne oGeAHeBumx h noTep5iBUivix cboh ojieHHbie CTaAa copOAvmeft AaBa- AO B03MO>KHOCTb KpynHbIM OAeiieBOA3M SKcnjiy aTHpo- BaTb hx T p yA npn naerbGe 0AeneH »I. npHMepno Tanoe )Ke nojiOHcenwe y sboh-kob cymecTBOBaao b nepBbie roAbi nocAe peBOAiounn. HanpHMep, b 1931— 1932 rr. «KyJiaUKHC X03HHCTB3, COCTaBAHBIUHe 8,3% Bcex X03HHCTB, hmcjih 73,5% Bcero oachhoid norojioBbH, b to BpeMn KaK GcAHBKaM — 59,5% Bcex xo3Hh c t b — npHHaAAewaAO TOAb- ko 1 l,4%noroAOBb5i... CounaAbHoe paccAoeHne sbchkob 6a3npOBaAOCb, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, b ochobhom na HMymecT- B6HH0M* HepaBeHCTBe B OAeHeBOACTBe»2. OAeHb 6ma ochob- iih m cpeACTBOM nepeABHJKeHHH b Tanre h TyHApe h noqTH cAHHCTBeHHbiM hctohhhkom noAyneHHH Bcex cpeACTB cym e- CTBOB3HHH. «ri03T0M y KyAaK, BAaAOH OrpOMHbIMH CTSAAMH OACHeH, TeM CaMbIM AGp>K3A B 3K0H0MHHCCKOH 33BHCHMOCTH ot ceGn GeAHHKOB, Bbiny>KAeHHbix riOAyqarb y Hero na AioChix ycAOBHHx OAeHen»3. SKcnAyarauHa nporeKaAa b ({)opMe coB M ecnioro Bbinaca oAeHew, oGbman B33HMonoMO- m « H T. A. BeAHHK paGoTaA, TAaBHblM o6pa30M, 3a OAe>KAy h rnuuy h nocAe HecKOAbKHx AeT paGoTbi noAynaA necKOAb- ko oAeiien, a HHorAa He noAynaA HHnero. y SBeHKOB h b nepBbie toau peBO Aiounii «MacTHan c o 6 - CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMA10 eiH,e H e CAOJKHAaCb. OxOTHHMbH, puooAOBHbie h nacTGHiuHbie y ro A b n HaxoAHAHCb npeHMy- mecTBeHHo b o6 m eM noAb30BaHHH»4. H 3Aecb 3KcnAyaTa-~ UHH qeAOBeKa qeAOBeKOM MOrAa npOHCXOAHTb AHHJb Ha ocHOBe qacTH oft coGctbchhocth Ha cko t. y sbchkob «n A a T a 3a TpyA HocHAa ewe $opM y «n o A a p K O B », Aann oAeHeft b AOAr HAH LUHpOKOrO TOCTenpHHMCTBa H y rom em ia OAeHbHM MflCOM»5. no n.AaHHbiM T. B aw apH H a, q a c T H a n coGcTBeHHOCTb na ckot CAy>KHAa ochoboh noAy^eoAajibHOH 3KcriAyaTa- 1HuKyAbtuuH H. n . IlepBoGbiTHbie npoH3BOACTBeHHwe oG^eAHHe- HHJI H C O U H a;iH CTH H eCKO e CTpOHTeJIbCTBO y BBeHKOB. JI.t 1939, dp. 14— 15. 2 TaM >Ke, c T p . 16. O io B a c x y /ia u K H e x o 3 « f t c T B a » aB Topow y n < y r p c 6 - JI51IOTCH, BHAHM O , B 3 H 3 HCHHH 3K C U J iy a T a T O p C K H X X 03HHCTB. 3 TaM >Ke, CTp. 16. 4 TaM >k c , CTp. 18. r•' Taxi >Ke, CTp. 50. 127

hhh He t o a l k o cpejiH KoqeBbix c k o t o b o a o b , ho h cpeAH oceA* JIbIX HKyTCKHX CKOTOBOAOB. «C>AHOH H3 <J)OpM COACp>KaHHH tohohckoto cKOTa b qy>KHX x o 3 H iic T B a x 6hji x a c a a c . He- IlOCpeACTBeHHblH npOH3BOAHTeJIb 6 paJI H3BeCTHOe KOJlHHeCT- bo KopoB Ha nepHOA c Hanajia Man no 1 okth6ph c o6h33- TeJlbCTBOM naCTH H AOHTb c TeM,,HT0 6 bI OCeHbJO AOCTaBHTb BJiaAejibuy c k o th onpeAeJieHHoe k o ah h c c tb o MacJia ( o6 umho okojio n y a a ) h 3aMopo>KeHHOH npoCTOKBauiH (x a x npaBHJio, okojio 10 n y A O B ). 3 th MOAOHHbie npoAyKTH h Ha3UBaioTCH no-HKyTCKH x a c a a c — CKoruieHHe, c6 epe>KeHHoe... 3Aecb HMe- Jia MecTO naTpHapxaAbHo-^eoAajibHan <J)opMa 3Kcnjiyaia- Uhh. T o h o h u AOBepHAH coAepataHHe QBoero ckotb o6 biqno cbohm « 6 jih 3k h m » , h deAHHKH BhiHy>KAeHbz 6wjih npH6 eraxb K «nOMOIJHH» CBOHX 6;iarOAeTeAbHbIX pOACTBCHHHKOB... ripH- KperuieHne HKyTCKnx KpecTbHH k Hac^ie^HOH otfmHHe b to BpeMH o3Ha*rajio npHKpenJieHne HenocpeACTBeHHhix IipOH3BOAHTe/ieH K TOHOH3M, K HX CKOTy»l. O AH aKo ocTaeTCH HenoHHTHbiM, n o q e M y T. n . Bam apHH pe3Ko B03pa>KaeT npoTHB H arnero ochorhoto Te3Hca o tom , HTO np_H nOJIHOM KOHeBOM o 6 p a 3 e XCH3HH K33axCKHX CKOTO- BOAOB npH OTCyTCTBHH H3CTH0H C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3CMJIK) ochobhhm 06'beKTOM qacTHoft co6ctbghhocth 6h ;ih CTaAa h Ta6yHbi, h, cvieAOBaTejibHO, ohh cJiy>KHJiH ochoboh naTpwap- xa^bHo-(J)eoAaAbHOH 3Kcn;iyaTauHH. CaM >xe oh Bee (paKTU BKcnAyaiauHH Aaxte y oceAAbix hkytckhx ckotoboaob CBH3bIBaeT TOJIbKO CO CKOTOBJiaAeHHeM, XOTH Me>KAy KOHC\" BhIMH K333XCKHMH CKOTOBOA3MH H OCCAAblMH HKyTCKHMH CKOTOBOA3MH oqeHb Ma.no aHajiorHH. Bujio 6h ropa3A0 noHHTHee, cyieAOBaTeJibHO, npaBHJibHee, ecjiH 6bi R n . Ba- mapHH AOKa3UBaJI, HTO Me>KAy X03HHCTBeHHOH S?H3HblO Ka- 3aXCKHX CKOTOBOAOB, He HM€B1IIHX HHK3KOH OCeAAOCTH, H OCeAAbIX HKyTCKHX CKOTOBOAOB, 3arOTOBAflBIHHX OrpOMHOe KOAHqecTBo ceHa aah cBoero CKOTa h saTpaMHBaiomHx oqeHb MHoro BpeMeHH Ha sry 3aroTOBKy, HMeeTCH cymecrBeHHoe pa3JiHqne. 3aroTOBKa ceHa npeACTaBJiHJia ajih hhx TpyA* Hyio xo3HficTBeHHyio pa6ory. KaK UJHpOKO npHMeHHAaCb BO BTOpOH nOJIOBHHe XVIII Bexa noA ph ao m « poaoboS n o M o m n » naTpHapxajibHO-(})eo- AaAbHan (J>opMa 3KcruiyaTauHH Ka3axcKHx 6eAHHKOB xpyn- 1 Batuapun A 17. O naTpHapxajibHO-tpeojxajibHbix othowchhhx b MKyTHH KOHua X V III — nepBofi nojioBHHw X IX BenoB.— Bonpocu hcto- pHH, 1955, 3, crp. 87. 123

HbIMH CKOTOBJiaUCJIbUaMH Ha OCHOBG qaCTHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha cTa^a h TadyHbi,— HBCTByeT h$ cBHAeTeAbCTBa H. I\\ Te- oprn. «nOCJlHKy He BC5IK MO>KeT HMeTb AOBOJIbHOe AJIH Ta6yHOB CBOHX HHCJIO HCBOAbHHKOB, TO 6oraTbie HaACJIHIOT CKyAIIbIX CKOTOM, a OHH B 3H3K SAarOAapHOCTH npHrJIHAUBa- iot 3a ckothhoio cbohx dAaroAeTeAen. E>xejiH Ta6yHbi MbH-HH6yAb CKopo pa3MH0>KaTCH, to oh noHHTaeT cne6Aaro- AaTHio h pa3AeJineT no deAHHM a io a h m 3HaTHoe hhcao CKOTa. E>KeJiH cen noAaTeAb npo6yAeT b 6a atococtohhhh, to HaAeJieHHbie hm aioah He 6biBaioT eMy 3a to hhhcm o6H3aHbiy ecJiH >Ke oh no npHMHiie CKOTCKoro naAe>Ka, pac- XHmeHHH, no HHbIM K3KHM IieCHaCTHHM AHH1HTCH CBOHX CT3A, to iiaAeAeinibie hm npe>KAe npHHTejiH AafOT eMy Taxoe >Ke HHCAO HAH eiAC H C npHnAOAOM CKOT3, X0T5I 6bi y caMHx hx cecbMa Majio 3aTeM ocTaBaAocb. H noTOMy 6ora- Tuft qeAOBeK AeAaeT nocpeACTBOM TaKOBbix 6AaroAapeHHH Ta6yHbI CBOH KaK 6yATO BeHHbIMH»l . CAeAOBaTeAbHO, oahhm H3 OCHOBHbIX yCAOBHH BOCnpOH3BOACTBa CTaA, npHHaAAe>Ka- m*Hx noAycfreoAaAbHoft BepxyuiKe, 6biJia 3KonAyaTauHH hmh 6eAHblX 6eCCKOTHbIX. H MaAOCKOTHbIX KOHeBbIX 6eAH5IKOB — MajiaeB h Koncbi — nyTeM HaAeAeiiHH hx ckotom. OTpHuaHHe sKOHOMHqecKoro 3HaneHHH cKOTOBAaAeiiHH h ero poah KaK ocuoBHoro cpeACTBa 3KcnAyaTauHH b Kone- BOM CKOTOBOAHeCKOM odlUeCTBe paBHOCHAbHO OTpHUaHHK) B hcm 3KcnAyaTauHH HeAOBena qeAOBeKOM Boodme. Jl. n . Flo- TanOB nHUieT: «Pa3doraTeBuiHH pHAOBofi ckotoboa BOBce He AeAaAca cj)eoAaAOM OTToro, hto oh cTaHOBHAcn codcTBen- hhkom doAbLuoro CTaA#a h Mor 3KcriAyaTHpoB3Tb 6eAHOTy npn nowoiAH pasAann ckot3 « a KadaAbHbix ycjioBHHx»2. AeHCTBHTeAbHO, KOHeBOtf CKOTOBAaACAeiX eme He 6bIA TH- nHHHbiM (JjeoAaAOM co BceMH ero aTpndyTaMH, Tax xax caw o KoneBoe odmecTBO dbiAo TOAbKo nepexoAHbiM, noAycjpeo- AaAbHNM odiuecTBOM. Ho 6oraTbift cKOTOBAaAeAeu. dbiA noAy^eoAaAOM, SKcruiyaTaTopoM, b stom HeT HHKaxoro co- HeHHH. EcAH COTAaCHTbCH c MHCIIHeM Jl. n. riOTanOBa, TO B03HHKaioT Bonpocu: k KaKOMy K Aaccy b TaxoM cAyqae OTHOCHTCH 3TOT KpynHblft CKOTOBABA^AeU — daft? BhIAa AH 3KcnAyajauHH deAHOiu sthm 6aeM f ocymecTBAHewaH no- 1 r eopeu H. r. OriHcaHHe Bcex oOHTaiomHX b PocchSckom rocyaap- ctdc HapoAOB, v. II. Cn6., 1799, cTp. 131. 2 Uoranoe Jl. 17. O cymnocTH naTpHapxaj7bHo-4>eoAa-ibHbix o t h o - ujeHHH y KoneBbix HapoAOB CpcAHew A3hh h Ka3axcTaHa.— Bonpocu HCTopHH, 1954, Ks 6, CTp. 85. 9—1057 129

cpeacTBOM'^acTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH ha ckot, naTpnapxaJib- HO-(J)eojiajibHOH 3 Kcn^yaTauHen? CoriiacHO yTBepacfleHHio JI. Fl. rioTanoBa, Ka3axcKHe 6 an He OTHOCHJiHCb k KJiaccy no^y(J)eoAa^bHbix CKOTOBJiaaeJibueB, 3Kcn;iyaTauHH b hx X03BHCTBe Ha OCHOBe qaCTHOft CO6 CTBeHH0CTH Ha CTaA3 h Ta6yHhi He 6 w ia no cymecTBy naTpHapxa^bHo-^eoAa^b- HOH. 3 tO HHK3K He BBJKeTCH C (J)aKTaMH, noKa3bJBaiomHMHf hto o6iuecTBeHHoe nojioweHHe Jiio^eH b kohcbom o6mecTBe Ka3axoB onpeAenaJiocb hmchho kojihhcctbom ckotb, Haxo* .AHBiiiHMCH b tiacTHOH co6ctBeHHOCTH. H. F. Feoprn nncaJi: «Ta6yHhi hx coctoht H3 .aomafleH, Bep6;iiOAOB, poraioro CKOTa, OBeil H K03. Ot HHX OHH 3aHMCTByiOT CBOe nponHTa* Hue h oAenHHe, TaK )Ke Kan h caMoe OjiarococToaHHe, h cha hx cyiaBa KynHo c coyqacTBOBaHneM b coBeTax aocTaBJiflei hm npeHMymecTBeHHbie Meera h n p .»l . flajiee, OTMenaa 4>aK- Tbi naTpHapxajibiHHHhi b >kh3hh Ka3axoB, KOTopue, c oanofi cTopoHbi, co3/iaBa;iH bhahmoctb «paBeHCTBa» KoneBHX ckotoboaob Me>K,ay co6oh, a, c /ipyrotf CTopoHbi, noKa3biBa- jih, h t o KancAufi pa36ofaTeBUJHft ckotobo# Mor nonacTb b pHflbi 3HaTHbix, oh nncaji.* «-...noejiHKy Bee paBHO BOJibHbie jiioah, h bchk, Kax CKOpo pa36oraTeeT, cthhobhich Taicxe 3HaTeH, TO npOCTbie JllOW nOHHTaiOT 3HaTHbIX He 3a BejiHKoe»2. riotiTH TaKoft we xapaKTep HMejia eiue b KOHue XIX h Hanajie XX bckob o6mecTBeHHo-3KOHOMHqecKaH wH3Hb qac- th ( okojio 20— 25% Bcex Ka3axoB) Ka3axcKoro HaceJieHHH, 3aHHMaBUie#Cfl HCKJIIOHHTejlbHO KOqeBbIM CKOTOBOACTBOM. y 3thx KoqeBHHKOB cywecTBOBa.Ko ;jBa ochobhhx THna ayjioB: tfaflcKHe ayJibi, pacnojiaraBrnwe cTaaaMH h TaOyHa- MH OrpOMHfalX pa3MepOB, H Ma^OMOIUHbie ayJIW, COCTOHBUlHe B OCHOBHOM H3 MaJIOCKOTHblX TpyAOBbJX X03HHCTB. KaWflblA 6aftcKHfi ayji coctohji H3 ceMbH caM oro 6a« h ero aeiefr, a Tanwe 3HaHHTejibHoro KOJiHqecTBa ceM'en MaJiaes h kohch, 4)aKTHqeCKH HaXOAHBUIHXCH B 3K0H0MHHeCK0H H nOJIHTHHe- cKofi 33BHCHMOCTH ot 6an. B stom ayjie naxpHapxa^bHoe pa6cTBO COXpaHHJIOCb TO^IbKO B OTHOUieHHH JKeHCKOH BHHhl oOmeCTBa. CaMH OaftcKHe ayjm taitxce AHcJx^epeHUHpoBajiHCb: Ha feopeu H. F. OnwcaHHe Bcex o6HTaioin,HX b PocchAckom rocyAap- ctae HapoAOB, M. II. Cn6„ 1799, dp . 126, 2 Taw we, crp, 135. 130

Me/[Ko6aficKHe, cpeAHe6ancKHe n Kpynno6aftcKHe. B ocHOBe AH4)$GpeHU.HaUHH Jie>KaJIO KOJIHHeCTBO HMeiOIUHXCH y HHX craA h Ta6yHOB. _* HanpnMep, b KoqeBbix ayjiax Ka3ajiHHCKoro h IlepoB- CKoro ye3AOB k KpyriHoGaftcKHM othochjih xo3HHCTBa, hm €b - uiHe 2 000 h 6ojibiiie tojiob MCJiKoro h 400 h 6ojibiiie tojiob KpynHoro cKOTa; k cpeAHetfaftcKHM — HMeBiune 500 h 6ojib- me tojiob MejiKoro h 100 h 6ojibiue tojiob Kpymioro CKOTa, k MejiKoOaftcKHM — HMeBiime 200 h 6ojibiue tojiob MejiKoro h 50 h OoJibiue tojiob KpynHoro ckotb. 0 6 m H M MeTKXy 6 aHCKHMH X03HHCTBaMH 6bIJIO TO, HTO Bee o« h, npaB^a, b pa3JmqHofi creneHH, Honojn>30BajiiH b CBoeM xo3HHCTBe paGoqyio cnjiy HaeMHwx 6aTpaKOB h 3KO- HOMHHeCKH 3aBHCHMbIX GeAHHKOB, npHMeHHH npH 3TOM B ochobhom AOKanHTajiHCTH^ecKHe cnocoObi 3Kcn;iyaTauHH B COMeTaHHH C HeKOTOpUMH 3JI©MeHTaMH KailHTaJlHCTH'ie- _ CKOH. KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo b ocHOBe CBoefi 6hjio HaTypajib- HbiM xo3BfiCTBOModcJiyxcHBaiomHM « b nepoyio oqepeAb ne- nocpe^CTBeHHHe h>okah KoqeBOH ceMbH, nocKOJibKy pa3- jihhhh b xapaKTepe H3MeHeHHft xo3HHCTBa npw ero Aerpa^a- UHH Onpe/ieJIHJIHCb X03H&CTBeHHOH MOIIXHOCTblO KOqeBHHKa, to ecTb oOecneqeHHocTLio ero ceMbH cpeACTBaMH npoH3BOA' CTBa. A TaK KaK y KOqeBHHKOB OCHOBHHM CpeACTBOM npoH3- BOflCTBa xo3HftcTBeiHHMX tfjiar HBJIHJICJI CKOT, to Tanaa o6ec- neqeHHoeTb Bupaatajiacb KOjinnecTBOM CKOTa, npnxoAHET- niHMCH Ha A y m y *1. HapaAy c He6ojibmHM qHCJioM 6ancKHx xo3hhctb, Aep- >xaBiuHx b cbohx pyxax ocHOBiiyio Maccy CKOTa, cyiue- cTBOBajio dojibtuoe KOJiHqecTBo cepeAHHUKHX h 6eAHHUKHx xo3hhctb. B hhcto cKOTOBOA^ecKO-KoneBOM ayjie k KaTero- PHH CepeAHHUKHX X03HHCTB npH 4— 6 HJieHaX ceMbH othoch- JIHCb X03HHCTB3, HMeBIIIHe OT 100 AO 150 TOJIOB OBeU H K03, h ot 20 a o 25 tojiob KpynHoro ckotb (15— 20 Bep6jiioAOB c mojioahhkom h 4—5 patfoqnx AomaAeft). Hn>Ke stoto MHHHMyMa y>Ke He motjio ocymecTBJiHTbCH Aa>Ke npocToe BOCnpOH3BOACTBO nOTOJlOBbH H J'aKOe XO3HHCTB0 CT3H0BH* JlOCb OeAHHUKHM. MaTepnaJibi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eMJienojib30BaHHio no ot- AGJibHbiM ye3AaM AaiOT HaM ocnoBaiiHe bhactb tc KJiacco- 1 Padbiiueea H. KuprHscKoe paBHHHHo-KOMenoe xo3nHCTBO. B kh.: Tunbi X03JiHCTBa TypHecraiia. TauiKeHT, 1924, CTp. 18. 9* 131

**bie KOHTpacTbi b K33axcK0M ayjic, KOTopbie o6ycJiOBJiHBa- v/HCb KOJIHqeCTBOM HMeK)lH.erOC5I CKOTa B pa3JIHHHbIX no cBoewy counajibiioM y THny xo3HHCTBax. «BeAHeHimie no cKOTy rpynnbi 3aKJiioqaioT b cede dojibuiyio qacTb Hacejie- hhh. Tax, riepobie 2 rpynnbi (x o 3nftcTBa 6 e3^oinaAHbie h c 1 JiomaAbio) BKjiionaiOT b cedn 64,5% HacejieHHfl, hjih 68,6 % Bcex X03HHCTB ye3£a, a nepBbie 3 rpynnbi ( ot Hyjih no 3 JiomaAen) — 82,2% Bcero nacejieHHH hjih 86,3% xo- 35ihctb» 1. H a j i e e : « C kotoboactbo IlepoBCKoro ye3Aa hocht KpynHOB^faAe^ibqecKHK xapaKTep. C k o ts MHoro, ho oh co- epeAOTOHeH BO BJiaAeHHH CpaBHHTeJIbHO He6o^bUJHX KOAH- qecTBeHHbix r p y n n » 2. 3 thm >Ke o 6 cjieAOBaHHew b IlepoB- ckom ye3Ae dbm o 3aperHcipnpOBaHO 2172 vejioBexa, pa6oTaBuinx HaeMHbiMH naciyxa.MH y cKOTOBJiaAe^bueB. «Bojibmne Maccu ckot3 cocpeAOToneHbi b pyxax doraTbix 6aeB, KOTopwe He MoryT odoilTHCb padoqen chjioh cbohx ceMen. 3 thm od'bncHHeTCfl GoJibinoe hhcjio nacTyxoB b ye3Ae»3. n o AaHHbIM 3T0r0 X<e HCTOHHHKa, B 1910 r. B nepOBCKOM ye3Ae MaJioMomHux xo3hhctb dbuio 68,7% , cepeAnauKHx — 17,6%, 3a>KHToqHbix — 8,8 %, a doraTbix— 4,9%4, b coceA- HeM C HHM Ka3a^HHCK0M ye3Ae MaJIOMOIUHHX X03HHCTB 6hao 65,3%, cepeAHHUKiix— 19,5% , 3a>KHToqHhix— 10,1% h ToJibKo 5 % doraTbix5. 3 th aa-HHhie HarJiflAHo mji- JiiocTpHpyioT cooTHomenne pa3JiHHHbix couna/ibHbix rpynn b AopeBOJiiouHOHHOM KoqeBOM ayjie h CTeneHb KOHueHTpa- uhh cK o ra — ocHOBHoro doraTCTBa Ka3axcKHx ckotobo- Aob — b pyKax MajionHCJieHHOH SKcnjiyaTaTopcKow Bepxyni- KH. 3apadoTHan imaTa nacTyxoB h Apyrnx HaeMHbix pa6or- hhkob b KoneBOM ayjie, Kax npaBHjio, Bbin.rcaqHBa;iacb Ha- TypoH ckotom hah >xe qacTbio ckotom h qacTbio npo- AyKTaMH nyTCM nojib30BaHHH mo^o^hlim ckotom h uiep- CTbK). B Taxoft >xe (JjopMe daft OTAaBaji npoAyKTbi CBoero cko- TOBOACTBa deAHbIM pOACTBOHHHKaM B BHAe «nOMOmil», HTO 1 Maiepnajibi no KHpmcKOMy 3eMjienojib30BaHHio Cbip-AapbHHCKOH ofijiacTH, coCpainibie h pa3pa6oiaHHbie noa pykobo^ctbom n. A. Cnpian- -leBa, t. IV. riepoBCKHH ye3^, TauiKeiiT, 1912, CTp. 92—93. 2 TaM me, CTp. 90. 3 TaM me, crp. 98. 4 Taw me, crp. 31. 5 Taw >Ke, CTp. 55. 132

<j>opMajibHo He cMHTajiocb B03Harpa>KAeHHeM 3a hx Tpya , KOTopbifi dbiJi Kan 6bi OTBeTHOH «6jiaroAapHOCTbK)» 3a OKa- 33HHyiO HMH «nOMOmb» B X03H&CTBe 6afl. 3 t 0 6wJI caMblft yAoCHhift c n o co 6 naTpnapxaJibHO-cteoAajibHOH aKcrviyaTa- UHH. OTpHuaHHe JI. n . rioTanoBbiM h ero dopoHHHKaMH npn- Ha^e>KHOCTH Ka3axcKHx 6aen k nojiyc])eoAaAaM, OTpHuanne noJiycJjeoAajibHoro xapaKTepa 3KcmiyaTauHH b hx xo3Hhct- Bax Ha ocHOBe qacTHOH co6cTBeHHOcTH na errata h TaCyHU iiepeKJiHKaeTca c «TeopneH» ajiaui-op/iumieB (K33axcKHX haahohajihCTOb) o SecKjiaccoBOCTiH KaaaxcKoro o6mecTBa. ripHKpblBaHCb 3T0H TeOpHeH, aJiaiH-OpAblHUH, KaK H3BeCTHO, HpOCTIIO 6opOJIHCb TipOTHB KOH(J)HCKaUHH CKOT3 y Ka33XCKHX noJiy(})eOAajiOB-cKOTOBJiaAeJibueB b 1928 r., KOTopaa-B y c jio - BHHX KOHeBOrO X03HflCTBa 6bIJia pe(})OpMOH, JIHIHHBIlieft oc- HOBHbix cpe/iCTB npoH3B0ACTBa noJiy(})eoAajiOB. A jia u i- op^biHUbi AOKa3bmaAH, hto Ka3axcKHH 6an He cjbeoAaJi, He 3KcnJiyaxaTop, a phaoboh c k o t o b o a , HaAeAenHwii AotfpoAe- Te/ibio, k o to p bin noMoracT cbo h m oCeAHeBiiiHM copoAH- H3M. KoMMyHHCTHqecKan napTHH h CoBeTCKoe npaBHTeJibCTBO, B03rJiaBHB peBOJIIOUHOIIHyiO aKTHBHOCTb K333XCKHX TpyAH- IH.HXCH, ayjlbllblx 6aTpaKOB H 6eAHHKOB, CJIOMHJIH COIlpOTHB- •nenne areHTypbi Ka3axcKHx noJiyc})eoAajioB-6aeB — ajiam- opAbumeB h npoBeJiH b 1928 roAy Kon^HCKauHio ckot3 K333XCKHX KpynHHX CKOTOBJiaACJIbUCB. B o6paii;eHHH K a 3 lJ [H K a k o Bce.w TpyAHiUHMCH K a 3 a x c ra w a b c b h 3h c KOHcjjHCKauneH HMymecTBa y 6 a eB . 6biJio CKa3aHo: « E m e c y - mecTByiOT b a y jie 6au-noj\\y(peoRajibi, KpynHeHmue c k o t o b o - a l i, a o ch x n op rpytfo h wecrroKO SKcrviyaTHpyfoiiiHe M a ccy ayjib H oro naceAeHHH, A epw aiH H e e e b HHmeie h BeKOBoft TeMHOTe»*. I l p a B A. n. KynKHH, k o t a s oh to b o ph t: « 3 k o h o - MHqecKan w o m b 6an 3 aK Jiioqajiacb b cKOTe. 3 to 6biJio y 6a n ocHOBHoe cpeACTBo npoH3BOACTBa, ocuoBHoe opyAH e 3 a x a - 6ajieHHH 6eAHOTH. Mt o 6m n o A H o c T b io BbicBo6oAHTb ayjih- Hoe n a c e jie H H e H3-noA 6 a n c K o ro b jih h h h h , hhao 6bi.no a h k - BHAHpOBaTb 6aficK yio B epxyu iK y h npe>KAe Bcero o T o 6 p a T b y Hce c k o t » 12'. 1 Hapo^Hoe xo3hhctro Ka3axcTaHa, 1928, Ns 8, c tp. 127. 2 K ij h k u h A. n. JlHKBHuaiiHn Ka3axcKHx 6aeB-no:iy<J>co;iajiOB b 1928 r.— HcTopiiMccKne 3amiCKH/1950, Ns 35, CTp. 7. 133

KoHtjmcKOBaHHbie y 6agb cTaaa b ochobhom 6hjih pac- npeAe^ieHbi cpeAH 6eccKOTHhix 6eAHHKOB, kotopum 6ujio nepe^aHo 61,1% Bcero KOH(j)HCKOBaHHOi:o ckotb, kojixo- 33M— 20,6%, coBX03aM — 3,4%, y 6aeB 6btjio ocraBJieHO b KaqecTBe TpyAOBOH HOpMbi — 14,9 % 1. Heo6xoflHMO yqecTb, qio 3to npoH3omjio b Ka3axcraHe Tor^a, xorAa yAeAbHhift Bee CKOTOBOA^eCKHX X03HHCTB, KOqCBaBLIIHX KpyrjIblU rOA, cocTaBjia/i npHMepHO 20—25% Bcex xo3*iftcTB Ka3axcKoro HacaneHHB. Haqajio TKe pa3pyuieHHH yKJiaAa KoqeBoro xo- 3HHCTBa Ka3axoB othochtch k KOHixy X V III Bexa, xoi\\na Ha- qajiocb qacTH^Hoe oceAaHHe Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH b cbh3H c Ao6pOBOJibHbiM npHcoeAHHeiifieM MnaAmero h CpeAHero >Ky30B K PoCCHH. • KjiaccHKH MapKCH3Ma-JieHHHH3Ma b cbohx TpyAax-HeoA- HOKpaTHO npHBOAHT <J)aKTU 0 TOM, HTO CKOT B yCJIOBHHX KanHTajiH3Ma BhicTynaA b poah x a x ochobhoto, Tax u 060- poTHoro K a n u r a J ia . OieAOBaTejibHo, oh cjiyjKHJi opyuweM axcruiyaTauHH qeAOBexa qeJiOBexoM. Mapxc nncaji; « C k o tb pojiH pa6 oqero cxoTa ecTb ochobhoS K a n m a j i ; o w a p M J n i - BaeMHH Ha y6 oft ckot npeACTaBJiHeT co6 oh cwpofi MaTe- p«a^, KOTopbift b KOHue kohuob xax rrpoAyxr BCTynaer b oOpameHHe,— cjieAOBaTejibHo, 3to He ochobhoh, a otfopoT- HbiH KanHTa/i»21. Ecjih b ycjiOBHax KanHTajiHCTHqecKoro xo- 3HftCTBa CKOT MOT HrpaTb TfrKyiO pOJIb, to TeM 6 0 /iee B ycjiOBHHX KoqeBoro cxoTOBOA^ecxoro xo3flftcTBa, xorAa e^HHCTBeHHHM BHAOM MaTepHaJlbHOTO npOH3BOACTBa JIIOAeft 6 bIJIO TOJlbKO 3KCTeHCHBH0e CKOTOBOACTBO, OH He MOT He 6 biTb cpeACTBOM nojiypa6oB^aAeJibqecKofl hjih no^y^eo- AaAbHoft SKcnJiyaTauHH. SHrejibc yxa3hiB aji, hto bo bchkom o6mecTBe co cthxhJi - HO CJK»KHBIII!HMCfl pa3BHTH6M FTpOH3BOACTB3 He IipOH3BOAH- Te^iH rocn oA cm yio T Haa cpeACTBaMH npo«3BOACTBa, a cpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa rocnoACTByioT HaA npoH3BOAHTejiH- mh. 3Aecb KaxcAbifr hobwA pwqar npOH3BOACTBa c Heo6xo- AHMOCTbio npeBpauxaeTca b HOBoe cpeACTBO nopa6oiueHHH npoH3BOAHTe;ieft. « E cjih KpecTbHHHH OBHaAeBaeT 3eMjien, a ropOACKOH peMecneHHHK — CBOHM peMeCJlOM, TO B TaKOft x<e cTeneHH 3eMJia OBJiaaeBaeT xpecTbHHHHOM, a peMecjio—12 1rOAOtyeKUH 0 . H. riapTHHHOe CTpOMTCJlbCTBO b Ka3axcTanc. M A^Ma-ATa, 1930, erp. 318. 2 Mapnc K. KamiraJi, t. II. JI., 1951, erp. 158. 134

peMec«neHHHKOM»! . B KoqeBOM o d m e c T B e ta k h m cpeAcTBOM nopa6owemin HBJineTCH CKof. ~ Bee BHAHenuiHe pyccKHe HCCAeAOBareAH AopeBOAiounoH- Horo K a 3 a x c T a H a OTMeqaAH, h to ccjih y 3eMJieaeJibueB a o cero BpeMeHH, HecMOTpq Ha KpynHbre ycnexn 3eMAeAeAbqe- CKO# TexHHKH, HMeeT cHJiy h 3HaqeHHe «BAacTb 3ewAH», to y Ka3axoB-cKOTOBoaoB c eme doAbiueH cHAofi npoHBJinjiacb «B/iaCTb CK O Ta*. OHH KOHCTaTHpOBaAH* HTO BCH XCH3Hb H 6wt K a 3 a x o a t aK npH cnocodAeH bi k cKOTOBO^qecKOMy x o - 3HftCTBy, HTO «H a6AK )AaH HX, n o p o io 3aTpyflHHeiHbCH OTBe- THTb, k to h.jih K o r o c y m e c tB y e T : c k o t a a h Ka3axoB h a h Ka3ax,H RJIK CKOTa*2. B 3thx cjioBax BbipajKeHa jKH3HeHHaa npaBAa o tom , HTO OCHOBHHM CpeACTBOM TpyAa H CyHjeCTBOBaHHH Ka3ax- CKHX KOHeBHHKOB 6bIJI CKOT, 06pa3 JKH3HH HapOAa 6bIA n p H c n o c o 6 jie « K^ycJioBHHM x o q e B a r o c k o to b o ac t b a , x a a a x - CKHe 6eA «H K H paccM aTpH Bajincb noAy(})eoAa^bH O H B e p x y u r koh aya a TO AbKo Kax n p ocroft npH AaTO K k hx T ad yH aM h ctajiaM, Heo6xoaH\\tbift pjih BeAeHHH c k o to b o a c t b 3. JlH iiieH - Hbie HAH HMeiOIUHe HHqTO>KHOe KOAHHeCTBO CKOTa 6eAHHKH SKcnAyaTHpoBaAHCb 6aHMH b x a q e c T B e TadyHmHKOB A o u ia - Aeft, n a c T y x o B OBeu h BepdAioAOB, a Taxxce AOMauiHHx CJiyr. BeAeHHe KoqeBonr cKOTOBOACTBa 03HaqaA0 He TOJibKO nacTb6y cKOTa, h o , iiom hm o s t o t o , h e>KeAHeBHyK) 3aTpaTy TpyAa Ha caMo KoqeBaHHe — Ha nocTaHOBKy h pa36op k >p t CO BCeMH HX npHH3AAe>KHOCTHMH H X03HfiCTBeHHbIM HHBeH- TapeM, Koropbie HaBbioqHBaAHCb Ha BepdAioAOB h pa3Bbio- misajiHCb, Ha yMejiuft neperoH, opraHH3auHio b o ao iio h h oxpaHy CT3A h TadyHOB. JleTHHe KoqeBaHHH, xoTOpue, npaBAa, npoHcxoAHAH He Tax qacTo, conpoBo>KAaAHCb b 6e3BOAHHX MeCTaX HeodxOAHMOCTbK) OTpeMOHTHpOBaTb HAH 3aHOBO KOnaTb CaMbIM npHMHTHBHbIM cnocodoM KOAOAUU pa3AHHHOH TAydHHW. KonaHHe TAydOKHX KOAOAUeB npH TOft OTCT3AOH TeXHHKe KOHeBOTO X03flftCTBa TpedOBaAO, doAbiiioro TpyAa H i e Menee TpyAHo 6 h a o opraHH30BaTb H3 HHX BOAOnoft CKOTa. 1Sm eAbc 0. AHTH-JlK)pHHr. M„ 1957, cTp. 276. 2 MaTepna/ibi no odcaeaoBaHHk) Ty3eMHoro h pyccKoro crapo>KHJii>- qecKoro xo3aficTB a h 3eM.neno;ib30BaHHH b CeMHpeqeHCKofl od-rcacTH, codpaHHbie h pa3pa6oiaHHbie noA pyxoBOACTBOM n. n. PyMHHueBa, t . IV. BepHencKHH ye3A. Cn6., 1913, CTp. 148. 135

JlocraBKa b o a h c pa3JiHMHoii rjiySiiHbi h pa3JiHB ee b BOAonowHbie AepeBsiHHbie qaitbi (a c T a y ) npoH3BOAHJiHCb BpyqHyiO BeApOM HJIH KO>KaHbIM MeUJKOM, npHB5I3aHHbIM Ha mecTe hjih BepeBKe (x a y r a ). B cyxoe h jKapxoe BpeMH roAa HaAo 6hjio noiiib Ka>KAbiw b h a ckot a He MeHee AByx pa3 b ACHb, 3a HCKjnoqeHHeM BepdjnoAOB, KOTopwe moivih aoBo^bCTBOBaTbca oAHOKpaTHbiM noeHHeM. riOMHMO 3TOrO, Hy>KHo 6bi.no cBoeBpeMCHHO cHHMaTb mepcTb h boaoch y JKHBOTHbIX, H3rOTOBJIHTb H3 HHX pa3Hbie H3AeJIHH KaK AAH npoH3BOAHTejibHoro, Tax h a a h jiH qnoro noTpe6jieHHH. npOH3BOACTBeHnoe norojioBbe CKOTa KoqeBoro HaceJie- hhh b BeceHHe-JieTHHH nepHOA 6biJio OAHOBpeMeHHO no- CTOflHHblM HCTOHimiKOM IIOBCeAHeBHOrO MOAOHHOrO >nHT3HHH. JIioah b TeneHHe n'aTH BeceHHe-jieTHHx MccaueB noHTH ue- JIHKOM 3aBHCeJlH OT BblMCHH OBUbI, K03bl, BepGjllOAHUbl H K0 6 hIAHUbI. B TaKHX yCJIOBHHX >KH3HH AAH MaJIOMOLUHOrO CKOTOBOAHecKoro xo3HftcTBa rn6ejib aohhoh BepdJiJOAHUbi HJIH KOdbIJIHUbI — HCTOHHHKa MOJIOKa — BO MHOrHX CJiyqaflX 03Haqajia nonra nojinoe ero pa3opeHHe. B nHmy ynoTpe6;iHJiocb m o j i o k o Bcex bhaob ckot3. OiciOAa Ka3axcKaa noc/ioBHua: « E cjih npniueji npocHTb aiipaH1, to He npaqb cboio nocyAy AAH afipaHa»2. A oh npHTaji cboio nocyAy noTOMy, hto 6ohjich nonacTb b 3aBH- CHMocTb ot 6an, ho rojiOA h Hy>KAa 3acTaBJiHJiH ero BCe- TaKH npocHTb awpaH, xo ecTb «cayH» — MOJioqHbiH ckot y 6orana3. BeAHHKH, nojiyqHBtuHe MOJioqHbift ckot ot 6an, aoji>khh 6biJiH, nomhmo «naAeJibHoro», AOHTb 6aficKHH ckot h npn- rOTOB/IHTb pa3HOo6pa3Hbie MOJIOHHbie npOAyKTbl AJIH CKOTO- BJiaAeJibua; BecTH 6opb6y c napa3HTaMH xchbothbix h npe>KAe Bcero c KpoBOcocymHMH KJiemaMH (Tac-K3H3) h jieqHTb HaHeceHHue napa3HTaMH paHH, qecoTKy, npnroTOB- jiHTb AOMaiuHHM cnoco6oM jieqe6Hbie cpeACTBa aah ckotb ( xHManbi) h t . n. C kotoboactbo rpe6oBaAo npwyqeHHH 1 AftpaH — KuauieHoe OBeMbe hjih KopoBbc mo;ioko. 2 AfipaH cypafi KeJiinria uieAerimu aocupMa. * «Cayn b ycjioBHHX HaTypaJibUO-3aMKiiyToro cKOTOBO^qecKoro xo3«HCTBa HBjiaeTCH... cpe^cTBOM b pynax 6oraToro cKOTOB/ia/ieAbua aepwaib b 3KOHOMHnecKoA a no.iHTHqecKOH 3aBHCHM0CTH bcio Maccy q^caoB poaa h secb poa, qTotfbi c noMoiubio ero 3amHtuaTb poAOBbie nacT6nma a pbo# ckot ot noeHraTejibCTB 6ora«reH Apyrwx poaob*. (OeAO* Pob E. MaTepHa.ibi no hctophh Ka3axcKOH C C P (peaeH3Ka).— Boab- uieBHK Ka3axcTana, 1941, Ns 2, cip. 66). 136

Mo;rofloro cocTaBa Jiowajxeft h BepdnioAOB k xo3nftcTBemibiM pa6oTaMr opraHH3auHH KacTpaunn, cjiyqKH, npne\\ia npn- n^o,aa, BOcnHTaHHH MOjioAHHKa h t . a . Bee 3to Tpe6oBa.no 3aTpaTbi Tpy^a JiioAefi. 3aipaTbr TpyAa eme dojibme ybgjih- nHBa;iHCb b xojioAHoe BpeMH roAa. B stot nepHOA HaAO dbiJio ycTpanBaTb nepeABH>KHbie 3aroHbi Ha noqb obubm h Bep6juoAaM phaom c lopiaMH kohgbhhkob. 3 th 3aroubi Ha3bIBaJIHCb «HKTbIpMa» HJIH «HJHH:-XOpa». Becb 3TOT Tpyn 6bui BecbMa TflwejibiM. Bojibwaa (j)H3HHecKaa cHJia 3aTpaHHBajiacb padoTHHKaMH Ha to, qiodbi ohh- cTHTb orpoMHoe npocTpaHCTBo KOHa1 ot cnera h Mcp- 3JI0Tbl A^H TOTO, HTOdbl yCTpOHTb MeCTO AA5I HOqeBKH CT3A oBeu h Bep6jiiOAOB; 3To noBTopn-nocb noqTH e>Ke^HeBHO b npouecce exceAHeBHbix oceHHe-3HMHnx KoqeBaHHH. Tanne 3aTpaTbi TpyAa no CBoefi c})H3HqecK0H Hanp$i>KeHHocTH BTionHe mo>kho cpaBHH'Tb c 3aTpaTaMH Tpy/ia 3eMJieKona. H b AaHHOM cjiyqae SKcnayaTaunn TpyufliunxcH Ka3ax0B ocymecTBjiHJiacb nojiy^eonanbiioH BepxyuiKoft ayjia Ha oc- HOBe qacTHoii codcTBemiocTH Ha ckot. BbiJio 6bi HenpaBHJibHo OTpimaTb nepBeiiCTByiomee 3Ha- neHHe d a e m o n codcTBenHOCTH Ha ckot, dJiaroAapa KOTopow ocymecTBJinjiacb nony^eouaJibHan sKcnnyaTauHH, h rAe 4>aKTHHeoKoe nojibaoBaHHe 3eMJieH 6biJio onocpeACTBOBaHo qepe3 cKOTOBJiaAOHHe. B npoTHBHOM cviyqae mo>kho npiiHTH k nonHOMy OTpHuaHHio toto (J)aKTa, hto KoqeBoe ckotoboa- ctbo HBJineTcn ocodofi c({)epoft MarepnaAbHOro npoH3- BOACTBa. OopMa npoHBJieHHH 3KcnjiyaTaunH b xoqeBOM odmecT- oe HMeAa cbok) ocodeHHOCTb. OHa 3aKAioqanacb b tom, hto OTAeJieHHe bo Bpewemi h npocTpaHCTBe npndaBoqHoro Tpy­ Aa ot Heo6xoAHMoro Tan, KaK sto HMejio MecTO npn 3eMAe- AejibqecKoft dapmHHe, 3Aecb 6biJio hcbo3MO)kho. Ecjih npn 6apm.HHe KpenocTHoft KpecTbHHHH mot HecKOJibKO AHen nopa6oTaTb Ha cBoeM yqacTKe 3eMAH, a b ocranbHbie ahh HeAenH Ha 6apcnoM yqacTKe, to HeJib3H cede npeACTaBHTb 1 «K oh» — MecTO b cieim hjih nycrbine c HaKoruieiiHbiM CoAbinnM c.ioeM oBCMbero h Bep6;no>Kbcro naB03a o t MHoroKpaTHbix ocranoBOK ay/iOB b npouecce OKerouHbix KoweBbix nepeuBH>KeHHH. Taxon h 3 bo3- huh c/ioA oOjiaAan TeM xanecTBOM, mto bo nnyipb cro He npoiiHKa;ia Boaa h oh noKpbiBa.ncn cpaBHHTe.ibHO to h kh m caoew Mep3,ioTbi. H aB 03- Hbift cnotf noc-ie ohhiuckhb ero o t cHera w i\\fep3A0Tbi c.iyxoiA cyxofi nOACTHJIKOH Ha JlOMb AJIH CTaAS OBeu H Hep6-1K)A0B B XO.nOAHOC BpeMJI roAa. 137

TaKoro riojio>KeHHH, npn KOTOpoM nacTyx HecKOJibKO yxa>KHBa.a 6 bi 3a cbohm ckotom, a noTOM, b ocraabnue ahh HeAe^iH,— 3a 6 aftcKHM e ra a o m h ah Ta6yHOM. 3 to HCKJiioqajiocb TexHOJiorHCH caM oro CKOTOBOA^ecKoro X03HH- ctb3 . H anpnM ep, oBeqbe CTaAO Tpe6 yeT (5e30TAyqHoro bhh- M3 HHH qeAOBena AHeM h Hoqbio, HHane . ero paerep3afOT bojikh, oho n ponaA ei. K Towy x<e ck o t, noayqeHHbiH b Ha- AOji wa;iaeM h a h kohch, He naccn OTAeabHO or CTa^a CKOTOBjiaAeAbua; sto y>Ke caMo no c e 6 e hhk3k He no3Bo- jiajio ocymecTBHTb oTAeAenne npntfaBOHHoro Tpyaa ot HCOdxOAHMOrO BO BpeMeHH H npOCTpaHCTBe. ripH KOHeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe H o 6 pOK lie MOr BhipaJKaTb- cn B Toft $ °P Me» B K3KOH OH BbipaXCaACH B 3eMAeAeAHH. B $eoAajibHO-KpenocTHHHecKOM otfmecTBe oh BUCTynaa b bh - Ae 6ecnAarHoft otahwh nowemHKy KpenocTHHM KpecTbHHH- hom npOAyKTOB ceAbCKoro xo3HHCTBa h KycTapHoro npOH3- BOACTBa. ripH KOHeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe o 6 pOK B T3K0H <})OpMe BbicTynaTb He M or noTOMy, hto CKOTOBJiajieJieu otfecneqHBaA KpecTbHHHHa He 3eMAefi, a ckotom. C k o t, noAyqeHHHH ot CKOTOBJiaAeAbua Majiaew hah k o h c u bo BpeMeHHoe noAb3o- caHHe, 6bui hctohhhkom hx cymecTBOBaHHH, KaK 6 u cooe- o6pa3HOH <j)OpMOH OITAaThl, B KOTOpofi peaJlH30BaACH HX Heo6xoAHMbift TpyA- • 3to noKa3HBaeT, qTO npw KoneBOM ckotoboactbc, rAe HeT eme q actH o ro 3eMAeBJiaAeHHH h npHKpenAeHHH KpecTbHH k 3eMAe, xapaKTepHue c})opMbi KpenocTHHqecKoft SKcnAyaTauhh pa3BHToro (j)eoAaAH3Ma, ocHOBaHHoro Ha 3eMAeBAaAeHHH, eme He HaxoAflT csoero npoHBAeHHH. 3Aecb HeT noKa pacvJieHeHHH mextjiy dapmHHOH h o6pokom, ohh BUCTynaioT b CBoeM opraHHqecKOM eAHHCTBe, npHHh - Maa <J)°pMy noAy^eoAaAbHofl, BepHee naTpHapxaAbHO-c})eo- AaAbHOH 3KcriAyaTauHH. riaTpHapxaAbHo-4)eoAaAbHaH 3KcriAyaTauHH npH Koqe-- bom cKOTOBOACTBe o3HaqaeT npHCBoeHHe noJiycj)eoAa;iaMH- cKOTOBAaAeAbuaMH npH6aBoqHoro npoAyKTa, co3AaBaeMoro TpyAOM naTpHapxaAbHhix patfoB, 3aBHCHMbix MaAaeB h no- Ay33BHCHMbIX KOHCbl, B npOIjeCCe BOCnpOH3BOACTBa CTSA H Ta6yHOB noAycJ)eoAaAOB. Oopwa npoHBAeHHH naTpHapxaAbHo-4)eoAaAbHofi s k c - nAyaTauHH b kohcbom o6mecTBe, onpeAeAHewan qacTHbiM CKOTOBJiaAenneM npH o6iahhhoh c})opMe 3eMJieBAaAeHHH, 0Tpa>xaAa nocTOHHnoe cTpeMACHHe kohcbbix nojiytyeoAaAOB k yBeAHqeHHio cbohx craA nyiew 3KcnAyaTauHH naTpuap- 138

pa B,XdJIbHbIX 60 33BHCHMbIX MajiaeB H nOwiy3aBHCHMbIX KOHChi b npouecce KpyivioroAHqHbix kom6B3hhh 6e3 cym e- CTBeHHUX H3MeHeHHH MaTCpHaJIbHO-TeXHHqeCKOti OCHOBbl H opraHH3auHH CBoero npoH3BOACTBa, nyTew yroHa ckots, orpa6^eHHH HMymecTBa h c6opa abhh y noKopemihix ruie- MeH H HapOAOB. TaKHM o6pa30M, cneuncjjHKa otfmecTBeHHO-SKOHOMHqe- CKOH)KH3HH p33BHThIX KOHCBblX H3pOAOB, B TOM HHCJie H Ka- 3aXOB XVII— X V III BB., 3aKAK)HaAaCb B TOM, MTO06lAHHHafl (J)opMa 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH cymecTBOBaAa He b ycAOBHax 6ec- KJiaccoBoro poAOBoro cipon, a b ycAOBHax KJiaccoBoro oCmecTBa. H sao HMeTb b BHAy, ^to KoneBoe ckotoboactbo - h CBH3a»HaH c ero BeAOHHeM o6mH.HHaH ({x>pMa 3eMJieBAa- AeHHH T0PM03HAH npOUeCC pa3BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX chji o6mecTBa h AajibHeHiuyio AHcj^epeHunauHio couHaAb- hlix OTHouieHHft cpeAH KoqeBHHKOB. SKcmiyaTaTopbi BHyTpw xa>KAoft poAonAeMeHHOH rpynnu, BAaAen ochobhum cpeA- CTBOM npOH3BOACTBa KO^eBOTO CKOTOBOACTBa — CT3A3MH H TaCyimiH, noAb3yACb oTcyTCTBHeM k3khx-jih6o * opraHHne- HHfl B n0Ab30BaHHH naCT(5HIAeM, (JjaKTHHeCKH HCnOAb30Ba- m b cbohx HHTepecax 6ojibinyio aoaio naciCmuHoH TeppH- TopHH Been KoqesoH otftuHHbi xax Heo6xoAHMoe eciecTBeH- Hoe ycJiOBHe npoH3BOACTBa. Taxan cJjopMa 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH K333XOB B X V II-- XVIII BB. IlOJlHOCTblO COOTBeTCTBOBaJIE oaccoBbiM HHTepecaM KopcepBaTHBHoft nojiy(})eoAaAbHOH BepxyujKH KoneBoro odmecTBa.

I ' rjia & a m p e m b H O HEKOTOPbIX OCOBEHHOCTflX 3K0H0MHMECK0R H FIOJIHTHMECKOH )KH3HH KOHEBbIX HAPOflOB KaK y>Ke BbiacHeHo, Koqeeoe cKOTOBOAqecKoe h oceAAoe 3eM;ieAe.nbiiecKoe o6mecTBa hm&fih pa3AHqHbie TeMnbi h B03M0JKH0CTH pa3BHTH5I npOH3BOAHTCAbHbIX CHA. KHTaftlJtbl B ApeBHOCTH rOBOpHAH*. «M0>KH0 nOKOpHTb H KOHeBbie HapOAU, HO TpyAHO H3MeHHTb HX»1. B 3THX CJIOBaX noAqepKHyTa Ta hcthh3, qTo oahhm tojivlm HacHJiHeM neAb- 3H H3M6HHTb C)6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe OTHOIlieHHH KO- qeBHHKOB, aah 3Toro Tpe6yeTCH H3MeHeHHe ochobh Mare- pHa^bHoro npoH3B0ACTBa — nepexoA k oceAAOMy 3e\\iAeAe* AHIO. HcTopnH HapoAOB A3HH b 6ojibiueM CTeneHH, qeM hcto- p m napOAOB Apyrwx crpaH, A aeT GoraTbifi MaTepnaji aah H3yqeHHH Bonpoca o nocTeneHHOM noAMHHeHHH xoqeBbix 3a- BoeBaieAeft bahhhhio h&cca6hhh noKopenHbix hmh KyAb- TypHbix o6AacTeH, o nocTcneHnoft 3aMeHe poAOBoro 6bira >KH3HbK) TeppHTOpHaAbHbIX 0 6 lIJHH. ripouecc OCeAaHHH KOqeBHHKOB B KaJKAOM KOHKpeTHOM CAyqae 6bia 6oAbiuHM npsrpeccHBHbiM cxaqKOM, npeACTaB- AHJOIAHM CC)6oft UeAHH nepeBOpOT B COUHaAbHO-3KOHOMHqe- CKHX yCAOBHHX >KH3HH HapOAa. OceAAOCTb OTKpbIBaAa 6oAb- LUHe nepeneKTHBbI pa3BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA o6me- CTBa. O hs 6hiJia nepBUM ycAOBHeM aah co3AaHHH npoqHoro MaTepnaAbHoro 6oraTCTBa h AyxoBHOH KyAbTypbi o6mecT- sa. HcropnqecKaH sacAyra npeBpameHHH b KyAbTypHoe co- CTOHHHe AHKHX 3eMeAb npHH3AAe>KHT TOALKO 3eMAe- AeAbuaM. ZloKa3aHo, hto 3pa KyAbTypHoro npouBeiaHHa qeAOBeqe- CTBa b ApeBiiocTH naqaAacb b ycAOBHHx oceAAoro 3eMAeAe- 1 Bunypun H. fl. (HaKUH(f)). Co6pamie cneaemifi o napoaax, o6h* TaBumx n CpeAHeA A3hh b ^penune BpeMeita, t . II. M.—JI., 1950, CTp. 219. 140

J im , a He rrpw woqeeoM c koto,boactb^ . TBopubi BaBHjioHCKofi h ernneTCKOH iuiBHJiH3auHH cbohm a y x o b h u m pa3BHTneM 6h;ih o6H3anbi 3eMJieAeviHio h oceA-noMy o6pa3y x h 3Hh . HeodxOAHM 6bIJI AJIHHHblft P5IA BeKOB AH5I Toro, HT0 6 bI Tpy^Hbie pa6oTbi no 3aBoeBaHHio neJiOBeKOM noMBW b Mec- conoTaMHH 6bum 3aBepmeHbi. ToJibKO OJiaroAapa TaxceJio- My MejiOBenecKOMy TpyAy CbiJia co3AaHa HppHrauHOHiian ceTb h CTpana H3 6 ojiothctoh u nycTbiHHon CTajia qpe3Bu- qaHHo nJioAopoAHOH. T o^ho Tan >Ke nyTe\\i nocTOHHHoft 6opb6bi c pa3AHBaMH pen h npHcnoco6jieHHn hx k cbohm uejisiM o 6 H T a T e jiH deperoB p. H hji Haym uiHCb p e u ia T b cnoJKHbie rHApoTexHHHecKHe h arpHKyjibTypHbie 3aAaqw. O hh HayqHJiHCb yAep>KHBaTb p. H hji b onpeAeJieHHOM pycne, OTBOAHTb h pacnpcAe^HTb ee ruioAOHOciihie boau KaHanaMH no B03MOJKHO 6ojiee oduinpHofi noBepxiiocTH, HayqHJincb peryjinpoBaTb npoAOA>KHTeJibH0CTb AeiicTBHH bo ah Ha xa>K- ao m y q a c T K e , co 3 A a A H opyAHfl, y A o 6 H b ie x ji h 3eMAeAe./iHH. B ioro-3an aA H O H ApaBHH c A peB H eH iiiH x BpeMeH c y m e - cTBOBaAo o p o u ia e M o e 3eM AeAejm e. Ho B03AejibreaHHe 3eMJiH h oTKpbiTHe c n o c o d o B ee opom eH H n 3 A e c b tfbiJin con p n jK e- HH C ApyrH M H CBOeo6pa3HbIMH TpyAHOCTHMH. 3eMJieAeJib- uaM npHuiJiocb HayMHTbca 3aAep>KHBaTb boav Ha cKAOHax ro p u nyTeM ycT p o ficT B a pe3epB yapoB h noA3eMHbix boao- npoBOAOB (a K B e A y x o B ). Hx TaxcejibiM h ynopHWM TpyAOM 6bijia co3AaH a BbicoKaa KyjibTypa 3€MjieAeJiHH. 3eMJieAeJib- necKOe H cnyccTB O 6u.no B03BeAeno b H a y n y . C n o c o 6 b i o p o u i e m i n — Bemb Hau6ojicc BaJKHaa noA 3KBaTOpH3JIbHbIM KJ1HMHTOM,— AOCTHI7IH BblClliCH CTeneHH coBcpnieHCTBa, oco6chho b HeweHe. ZlpeBHHe Ple\\iencKHe HHHCeHepbf 6bIJIH HCKyCHeHIHHMH MaCTepAMH B nOCTpOCHHH na BbicoKHX AOJiHHax KperiKHx iijiothh, oCpa30BaBiHHx no- CTOHHHbie o6uiHpHbie pe3epByapbi, HanojiH5iBiunecH b ao>ka- JiHBoe BpeM5i roAa h AOcraBJiHBiiiHe b TeqeHHe cyxoro Bpe- MeHH BOAy AA5I OpOIHeHHH Been HHJKHeH MeCTHOCTH. IloqTH Bee sa>KHbie u e H T p b i HapoAOHaceJieHHH hmcjih no coceACTBy c co6ofi Tanoro pOAa njiOTHHw, ot KOTopbix 3aBHcejio nAOAO- poAHe O K p y M a B W H x u x (j)pyKTOBbix caAOB. HawtfoJiee H3- BecTHOH H3 Bcex CHHTajiacb Mape6cKan nnoTHHa; yHHHTO- >xeHHe ee b Haaajie Hameft apu 6 u j i o oahhm H3 Ba>KHbix co6biTHft ApeBHen HCTopHH HeweHa. OcTarKH ee coxpami- JiHCb Aa>Ke b Harne Bpewn1. KpOMe Toro, HeweH 6uji poah- 1 JlenopMCiH 0pancya. PyKOBOACTBO k Apeuiicfi hctophu BocTona AO nepCHACKHX BOHH, T. II, TJI. 2, CTp. 57. I4i

HOH BCeB03M0>KHHX JieKapCTBeHHblX H apoMaTHqecKnx pa- crenHH, KOTopue npo^aBajiHCb AaAexo 3a npeACAaMH ApaBHHCKoro noAyocTpoBa. Bjiaro^apn 3eMAeAeAbqecicofi KyjibType h ecTecTBeHHbiM 6oraTCTBaM ioro-3anaAHbi& Mac- CHB ApaBHH 6bUl H&3B3H ApeBHHMH rpeMCCKHMH H pHMCKH- MH aBTOpaMH «C liaCTJIHBOH ApaBHefi» H CAaBHACJI BO BCeM ApeBHeM MHpe.. A p y rn M npHMepoM ocoCo Ba>KHoro 3HaqenHfl oceA-aoro seMAeAejiHH jx jw KyjibrypHoro ,pa3BHTHH qexoeeqecTBa ab- AaeTCH ApeBH5iH TpeuHfl. B MHp are^H h (J)hhhkhhh BTopr- AHCb npeAKH rpeqecKoro napoAa, KOTopoMy 6hao cyame- ho no3AHee cbirpaTb BceMHpHO-HCTopHqecKyio poAb h AaAe- ko ABHHyTb BnepeA qeAOBeqeckyio KyjibTypy. 5 63 OCeAAOCTH H 3eMAeAeAbqeCKOH, 3aTCM TOpOACKOfi KyAbTypbr, He Moraa 6 u bo3hhKHytb h pa3®HBarbCH h Apes- nerpenecKan KyAbTypa1. Cawo pHMCKoe caobo KyAbrypa no CBoeMy npoH-cxoJKA^HHK) 03HaqaAo nepBOHaqaAbHO B03ac* AbiBaHHe hah o6pa6oTKy qero-AH6o, o3HaqaAO npHAO>KeHHe TBopqecKoro TpyAa q^AOBexa k npeAMera.M npHpOAH c UeAbK) npncnOCOCAeHHH HX AAA yAOBACTBOpeHHH CBOHX noTpe^HocTeft. KyAbTypa bo bcefi CBoefi coBOKynHocTH ne moxcct 6birb AapoM npHpoAbi, oHa npHo6peTaeTCH MeA^ieH- ho, nocTeneHHo TpyAOM ueAoro o6mecTBeHHoro opraHH3Ma. Poct qeAOBeqecKoft KyAbTypbi b cbohx ochobhux qepTax npOHBAHeTCH B pOCTe npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA o6meCTBa, b ycHAeHHH BAacTH qeAOBeKa HaA npnpoAoft, b o6orameHHH o6mecTBa BemaMH, bxoahiahmh b KOMnAenc cpeACTB TpyAa, b (J)aKTHqecKOM yMHoxceHHH hctohhhkob cpeACTB cymecTBO- BaHHH HaceAeHHH, CAeAOBaTeAbHO, B IIOflBAeHHH 60 AbUieft 1 «B MHKeHax >khah rpeKH-axeilubi, o noxoAax kotopux Ha Tpoio paccKa3b!BaeTcji b «HAHaAe» ToMepa... Co<5ctbchho rpeqecfcaa hctophh naMHHaeTCH c Mnnen. Axefiubi npHuiAH c cesepa. B nepBo6uTHoe BpeMH, nan yKa3tJBaeT cPyKHAHA. HapoAH lie hmcah hh npoqHoro whami, hh npOHHOft OC6A<nOCTH H HaXOAH^HCb B TTOCTOflHHOM ABHJKeHHH. B HOHCK3X nniuH h nacrOnm aah cnora ohh nepeKoneBfaiBaAH c oAHoro MecTa na Apyroe, nona He bctpcthah KaKO#-AH(5o ecTecTBeHHofi hah HCKyccTBew* HOft nperpaAbi b bhac cHAbHoro rocyaapcTBa, Tan cAyuHAocb h c saah- HaMH»... «I7ocAe 3Toro cOBepmaeTCH npHTOK iiobux rpenecKHx nAeMeH c ceBepa. C X II b. (ao h. a. ) HaqHHaeTCH nepeceAeHHe aophSckhx nAe­ MeH. B noHCKax rracTOnm h 3eMeAb HOMaAbi, AopHfinw, hah aophhc, noA HanopoM cppaKHftcKO-HAAHpHflcKHX HapOAOB npoABHraAHCb BrAy6b BaA- KancKoro noAyocrpoBa. OAna qacTb hx oceAaAa no Aopore, a Apyraa AOcmrAa neAonoHiieca, 3axB3THAa nAOAopoAnyio JlanoHCKyio paBHHHy, nepenpaBHAacb Ha KpHT h pa3MecTHjiacb no ocTpoBaM SreficKoro Mopa». (CepreeB B. Mctophh ApeBHCH TpeuMH. M., 1939, crp. 34, 46.). 142

bo3mo>khocth Ayqmero y^oBJieTBopeHHH MaTepna/ibiibix h ayxoBHbix noTpe6iioQTCH JiioAen. He CAyqaftHo o/uia H3 Jie- reHA ApeoHHx rpexoB cBH3biBajia Bee hx xyAbTypHbie aocth- >xeHHH c HMeneM TepKyjieca; corviacHo stoh JiereHAe, Tpe- UHH c^HTaeTCB o6a3anHoft cbohmjh AocTHKeHHHMH no npHcnoco6 JieiiHK> riAOAopoAHoft noqBbi k seMJieAejiHio, ocy- UieHHK) 6 0 JIOT, OMHmeHHIO IIAOAOpOAHblX 'paBKHHOT AepeBbeB h KycTapHHKOB, peryAHpoBaHHio peK h , Haxoneu, nocTpoft* KaM KpenocTHbix CTeH aah 3amHTbi BejiHKHM noABHraM Tep- Kyjieca. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe nepBbix ropoACKHx o6iuhh Rax Ha Boc- Toxe, Tax h Ha 3anaae 6ujio CAeACTBHeM pa3BHTHH oceAAO- ro, cejibCKoro o6pa3a >kh3hh, cAeACTBHCM noBBJieHHH yxpen- JiewHbix ceJieiHHH c ueAbio aamHTbi ot BHeiiiH'Hx BparoB. Pa3BHTHe ceAbcxoro o6pa3a >kh3hh, nosiBAeuHe nocTOHHHUX >KHAHIU H BO3HHKH0BeHHe rOpOAOB HaMHOrO yCHAHAH BJiaCTb qeAOBexa HaA npnpoAoft. Taxwe ceAbcxne jkhtcjih 6bicTpee h 3$(J)eKTHBHee HayqH/rncb Hcno;ib30BaTb npoH3BOAHTeAb- HyK) CHAy AOMailiHHX JKHBOTHbIX, nAOAOpOAHe nOHBbl H Apyrnx npeAMeroB npnpoAbi. Bo3HHKHOBeHHe ropoAOB 6b1- ao pe3yjibTaTOM pa3BHTHH xyjibTypH seMJieaejiHfl1. floaTO- My «uHBHAH3auHH (civilization) bo3hhkji3 npe>KAe Bcero H3 ropoAa ( c i t y — . civitos), xoTopbift h R a n eft cBoe Ha3Ba- HHe»2. Bo3HHKHOB0HHe ropOAOB , CBH33HO C pa3pa6 0 TK0 ft HCKonaeMbix h pa3BHTHeM npoMbiuuieHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, ToproBJiH, HayKH h HCxyccTBa. S T o ro He Morjio 6bm> y xo- qeBHHKOB. B ch hx npoH3BOACTBeHHan AeaTeAbHOdb 3axAio- qa^acb b nacTbde, BOAonoe AOMamHHx JKHBOTHbix h nojiy- qeHHH HX npOAyKTOB AAH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOrO H HHAHBH- AyaAbHoro norpe6AeHHB;. oxotoh Ha ahkhx 3B.epeft ohh 3 a- HHMBAHCb Xax no6oqHbIM 33HHTHeM. Ha Mecrax XOqeBHft OHH He MOrAH OCTaBHTb HHK3XHX IiaMHTHHKOB MaTepHaAb- HOft XyAbTypbl, .XpOMe MOrHAbHHXOB H XOCTeft CBOHX CT3A. Il03T0My MeCTa o6HTaHHH APGBHHX XOqeBHHKOB B AK)6oft qacTH CBeTa H3yqaioTCH TOAbxo no MorHAbHHxaM h ocraT- 1 «C ycnexoM 3eMJie;ie^HH cBH3aHO TecHefiuHM o6pa30M ace MaTe- pHa;ibHoe h yMCTBeHHoc C^arococTOAHHe TpyAflWeftcfl Maccbi, cocTa- B.iaioiuefi jiymuyio, SHa'iHTe^bHcflmyio h HeodxojiHMyio qacn> BCHKoro qe/iOBeqecKoro o6m.ecrBa». (nHcapes A.' H. H36paHnwe (J)H.noco(J)CKHe H OflmeCTBeHHO-nO^HTHMeCKHO CTaTbH. JI.t 1949, crp. 263). Bepnan2 R u e . Hayna b hctophh odmccTBa. M., 1956, ctp. 64. 143

KaM Kocxeft >KHBOTHbix h aioach1. ToopqecKoe B03ACHCTBHe Ko^eBHHKOB na npwpoay hc iiijio >cLajit>iiie pa3BeACHHH apxaHMeCKHM CnOCO60M AOMaiUHHX >KHBOTHbIX H KOpMJieHHH hx na ecTecTBeHHOM nacrtfHme nyTeM uocrojiHHbix nepeKo- neBOK. KoneBHHKH, nocTOHHiio HaxoAHBiuHCCfl no poAy CBoew npoH3BOACTBeHHOH ACHTeAbHOCTH b KoqeBOM nepe- ABH>KeHHH, ne MorJiH 6biTb TBopuaMH 6 oAee hah MeHee pa3- bhtoh KyjibTypbi, He roBopa o toh b h c o k o h KyAbType, koto- paa npouBeTajia b apcbhocth b nAOAopoAHbix AOAHHax pen Hmia, Tnrpa h Ec^paia, HnAa h T aH ra, XyaHxa h fluuhi- U3HHa. BoHHCTBeHHbie kohcbhhkh noqTH ocerAa c npe3peH«eM OTHOCHjiHCb k oceA-noMy o6pa3y >k h 3hh h ee KyAbType. Ma;io Toro, ko hcbhh kh noqTH nocTOHHHO OKa3biBaAH xpaft- He OTpnuaTejibHoe BAHflHne Ha nporpeccHBHoe pa3BHTHe coceAHHX c h h m h oceAAO-3eMAeAeAbqecKHx HapoAOB. flaHce caMbifl iiporpeccHBHbiH mar co cropoHbi noqeBoro o6mecT- Ba b BHAe ero oceAaHHH bo mhothx c A y q a ax hmoa npeAea- piiTeAbHblM ycAOBHeM pa3pyiIieHHe npOH3BOAHTeAbHWX CHJJ oceAAoro 3eMAeAeAbqecKoro o6mecTBa, HCTpefvieHHe a io - Aeft, orpa6AeHHe HMymecToa h yHHHTo^KeHHe naMHTHHKOB MaTepwaAbHOH KyAbTypu. 3 to noATBepxKAaeTCH (JjaicraMH H3 hctophh HapoAOB BocToxa, HMeBUJHX a p ^bhioio KyAbTypy. BTOpruiwecH b A ^ pHKy CeMHTbl, H3BCCTHbie B erHneTCKOH HCTOpHH nOA Ha- 3B3HHeM THKCOB, pa3pyiHHAH HMHepHK) (JiapaOHOB. IlpH- meAbubi co>KrAH ropoAa, pa3pyuiHAH xpaMbi h nopatfom/iH liaceAeHHe ErHnTa. BoAbiuHHCTBo ernnTHH, noKHHyB CBoe orenecTBO, SMHrpnpoBaAo b 3(|)HonHio. Ho c reqeHHeM Bpe- MeHH erHnTHHe c o 6 paAH cboh . chabi h npawepHO 3a 1 500 AeT a o Ham en apbi ocBo6oAHAHCb H3-noA Hra a3HaT- ckhx KoneBHHKOB. H3rHaHHhie H3 ErnnTa rHKCbi (eBpen) nepeceAHAHCb b KaMeHHCTyio ApaBHio. /JoAroAeTiiee CTpaH- cTBOBaHHe eepeeB no nycTbiHHM CHHancKoro noAyocTpoBa 6wao HacToamHM KoqeBaHHeM HapoAa, eme He 3a6biBLUHM cboh KoqeBbie npHBbiqKH2. HamecTBHe thkcob 6hao noAoCmo natferaM ApeBHHx h 1 «06nTaTejib KaMeHHCTofi ApaBHH He Mor AOCTHTHyTb Toft crene- HH UHBHJ]H3atIHH, KaKOft AOCTHIVIH ero COCeflH*... «CaMhIMH r.iaBHUMH HaxoiiKaMH BB/unoTCH, pa3yMeeTca, ocTaTKH qe/ioBCKa h >kh bo th w x» . (E/mceeB A. 06 ht3tcjih KaMenHCTow ApaBHH. Cn<5., 1883, CTp. 16, 50). 2 EAuceeo A. OOHTaTejiH KaMeinicTofi ApaBHH. Cn6., 1883. dp. 64—65. 144

cpcfltfeBeKOBbix KOHeBbix HapoAOB Ha oceAAbie 3e\\iJ i c n e J i m e - CKHe Hapo^bi. B AOJiHHax pen Tnrp h E(ppaT c ApeBneHiunx BpeM6H >khjih CBoeft co3HAaTejibiioft 3eMJie.aejibMecKOH >KH3HbK) ocGA^ibie HapoAbi — aKKaAbi, cyMepH&Ubi H XaJI^eH. 3 th MHpHue 3eMJieAe;ibUbi BexaMH HcnbiTbipajiH TH>KecTb Ha6eroB pa3Hbix KoneBbix njieMCH, naxoAHBiiiHxcH b BeqitOM ABH>kchhh b noHCKax HOBbix' ofr/iacTefi m i n nacrb6bi cbohx CTaa. H3BecTHO, h to CeAyHHbi nycTbiHb em e 3a Tbicaqy Tier a o name# 3pbi coBepmajw. npn Ka>KAOM y ^,o6hom cTiynae rpa* 6HTejibCKne Ha6ern Ha GoraTbie h ruioAopoAHbie odjiacTH MecconoTaMHH l . Cpce^HHM HapoAaM HHor^a yAaBaAocb IipHBeCTH HX B fTOBHHOBeHHe, HO OHO 6bIJ10 BpeMeHHUM H BecbMa yc^iOBHbiM; 6^nyHH HHKorAa ne 6bm coBepmeHHO noAHHHeH, Tax Kax cawa nycTbiHH h KoqeBOH o6pa3 >kh3hh rapaiiTHpoBajiH ero CBodoAy2*. HacejieHHe orpoMnoro ApaBHHCKoro nojiyocTpoea b xipeBHOCTH ^ejiwjiocb iia o c e ^ b ix KpecTbHH, ropo>KaH h ko - qeBHHKOB nycTbiHb — 6e/iyHHOB. OceAAbie >khtcjih 3aHHMa- jiHCb b ochobhom 3eMJieAejiHeM, ropo>KaHe — peMccjiOM h ToproBJien, 6e^yHHbi — KoneBbiM ckotoboactbom. ApadcKHe kohgbhhkh Bcer^a Gbiah roTOBbi k 3amHTe cbohx craA h TafiyHOB hah k TOMy, hto6 bi OTnpaBHTbCH b noxoA aah coBCpuiCHHH Ha6cra Ha A pyrn x, c ueAbio rpa6e- >Ka h npHoGpeTeHHH pa6oB h pa6biHb. Bee sto 6mao Hepa3- pblBHO CBH3aHO C KOHeBbIM yKA3AOrM X03HHCTBa. TaK KaK « h cnoco6 rpa6e>Ka onaTb-TaKH onpeAeAHeTCH ciioco6 om np0H3B0ACTBa»3. npOHCXOAHJIH 6eCKOHeHHhie BOflHbl H Kpo- BOnBOJIHTHH. «flDOAHTHe KDOBH nODO>KAaJIO KpOBOMIUeHHG h nopofo poAOcan Bpax<Aa AAHAacb ueAbiMH CTOAeTHHMH»4. Apa6w nycTbiHb, Kan Bee KoqeBiiHKH, He moivih ocTa- BaibCH na oahom MecTe 6oAee Tpex-qeTbipex AHett. K an «B otfimipnofi ApaBHH, OKpyjKeHHOM MOpHMH, JKHJIO OHHOpOAHOe uace.ieHHe — ceMHTbi, To/ibno b uenTpe nojiyocTpoBa (Heflweij) h na ioro-3ana^e ( b PfeMeHe), o0pa3OBaBUJHe KyjibTypubie otfjiacTH. OTcyT- dBHe pen h 6ecn.no/iHe ae.ia/io ocTa/ibHbie M3cth, KpoMe oa30B y HdoqHHKOB (Hanp. TaftMa, 3jib-0.na, Rwoty, OapaH, Ka^ciu h /ip). •iHUib od.iacTBMH HOMaAOB, nocTOHHHO HanHpaBiiiHX Ha XUypeqbe H CnpHio». (TypaeB 5. A. Hctophh JlpeBHero BocToxa, t. I. JI., 1936, crp. 62). 2 JlenopMan 0. PyKOBOflCTBO k apeBHeft hctophh BocTona ao nepCH^CKKX BOHH, T. II, CTp. 75. 3 MapKcK. K KpHTHKe naiHTHHecKofi ^kohomhh, JI., 1952, CTp 210. 4 Hoernoe 77. Hc-naMHSM, t, I. Auixa6aA, 1912, CTp. 64. 10 C. E. TOvIbldeKOB 145

roabKO ckot BumHnaji Bcio TpaBy y BOflonofl>: nJieMfl no- AbiMajiocb Ha po3bicKH HOBoro nacT6 nma. 3 hmok>, Korfla b BOfle h T p a se HeflocraTKa fiohth He OhiBaeT, njieMa pa36«- Bajiocb Ha He6ojibiHHe rpynna, no 3— 4 naflaTKH, Ha pac- ctroHHHH n ojiyn aca xoflbOw flpyr o t flp y ra. Flpn stom na- ;iaTKa rneftxa cTaBH.iacb c toh c t o p o h w , OTKyfla Bcero BepoHTnee mohcho oatHflaTb npnObiTHH tocth hah. noHB^ie- HHH HenpHHTeJIH, MT06bI OH Mor nepBbIM BCTpeTHTb H n p «- HHTb oflHoro h /laTb carnafl o6 OTpa>KeHHH flpyroro12. 3 r a ApeBHHH (J)op\\ia >kh3hh apaOcKHx kohcbhhkob npo- noflatajia cymecTBOBaTb y hhx em e b KOHue XIX h Haqajie . XX BB. y KoqeBbix njieMeH nycTWHb h cTeneft counajibHo aKOHa- MHqecKHe nepeMeiihi 3a BecbMa flflHTeJibHoe t BpeMa 6hjih HaCTO^bKO He3HaHHTeJIbHbI, HTO HX flaate TpyflHO 3aMeTHTb. yTBepjkAeHHe o . tom , hto KoqeBue apa6u « b TeqeHHe •3 000 ^ict coBepmeHHo He H3MeHHJiHCb»V xoth h oahocto- poHHe, HMeeT H3BecTHoe ocHOBaHHe. Bca ^oHCJiaMCKaa atH3Hb Oe^yHHOB npoTexa^a b ckoto^ BojicTBe h nocTOHHHbix rpatfHTejibCKHx naOerax Ha HaceJieH- Hbie nyHKTbi h ropofla Kak Ha TeppHTopHH caMHx apaOoB, TaK H OflHataHHJHX COCeflHHX HapOflOB. riOMHMO OTKpbITbIX rpa6eateft, OeflyHHbi oOflarajin flaHbio KapaBaHU ropoHtaH 3a OecnpenHTCTBeHHbift nponycK hx qepe3 nycTWHio. /Jjih Toro, HToObi orpa^H Tb ropofl h cboh KapaBaHw ot rpaOeatefi Oe^yHHOB, OoraTbie Kynuu r. MeKKH cTapajincb pa3HWMH nyTHMH npHBJieqb k ce6e kohcbum kob. O hh 3aKflioqa;iH coio3bj co cxjenHhiMH n^eMeHaMH h npmviauiaflH hx Ha cboh npa3/iHecTBa b MeKKy. ApatfCKHe KoqeBHHKh Ha r o p o jic K hx pHHKax npo^aaBa/iH CBoft ckot h B3aMeH noxyna^H HeoOxo- flHMHe HM H3AeJIHH. B CBH3H C 3THM Ha qeThipe Mecaua B rofly npenpamaJiHCb pa36ofiHHHbH HaOem h HaceJieuHe ApaBHH >KHJIO MHpHOfi >KH3HbK). O co6eHHO TepnejiH ot Ha6eroB a p a 6 cKHx KoqeBHHKOB CTpaHfal BoCTOHHO-PHMCKOfi HMOepHH H IlepCHH, KOTOpue Meatfly C060H nOHTH nOCTOHHHO HaXOflHJIHCb BO BpaXtflfeO- Hbix^oTHomeHHHx. B oAh h Me>K,ny B o c to h h o - P hmckoh HMne- pHen h FlepcHen ocotfeHHo CHflbHo pa3opH/!H OopaTue h rycTo HaceJieHHbie oOjiacTH— BaBHJioHHio h Cirp'HK), H3 k o - Topbix nepBaa npHHaflflextajia riepcHH, a BTOpan — P h m - - CKoft HwnepHH. B to ate BpeMH sth flee 0 6 /iacTH, pacnojio- 1 UoeTKoa n . HcjiaMH3M, t . I. Amxatfafl, 1912, crrp. 21, 2 TaM >Ke, CTp. 28.

weHHue no OKpaHHaM 6oAbinoft CnpuHCKo-ApaBUHCKOH nycThiHH, npeACTaBjnuiH npHBACKaTeAbHyio AoChiqy aah ko- hcbhhkob apa6oB, iiajieTaBiuHX c lora. BeKOBaa Bpa>KAa Me>KAy P hm ckoh HMYiepneu h IlepcH eft co3AasaAa 6jiaro- npHHTHhie ycJiOBHn aah t3khx Ha6eroB. 3 th ABa Moryme- CTBCHHbie rocyAapcTBa — P hmck3h HMnepHH h IlepcHfl — He pa3 npurjiam ajiH Ha CAy>K6y k ce6e apaGcKHx kohcbiih- KOB B KaqeCTBC BOeHHOH CHAW, TaK >Ke KaK pyCCKHe KHH3bfl npnrJiamajiH Ha noMomb ce6e noAOBueB b Me>KAoyco6Hhix Boftnax. «HM nepaTopw noceAHAH b C hphh Ha xpaio nycTbi- hh HecKOAbKo 3anaAHO-apa6cKHx nAeMeH, nopyqnB hm o6e- peraTb rpaHHuy HanoAoCwe repMaHCKHx c^eAepaTOB; raKHe >Ke BoeHHbie koaohhh H3 BocTO^Hbix apa6oB o6pa30BaAH nepcw b ZlBypeqbH aah oOopoHbi cbohx basachhA ot HMne- pHH. TaK>Ke, KaK nocejieHHe repMaHCKHx (J)eAepaTOB Ha ce- BepHwx rpaHHuax HMnepHH noAroTOBHAo 3axBaT ee eBpo- neficKHMH BapBapa.MH, h 3Aecb BOABOpeHHe apatfoB Ha iojk- hoh OKpaHHe AByx KyAbTypnwx rocyAapcTB noAroTOBHAO 3aBoeBaHHe creriHHKaMH Been riepeAHefi A3Hh» ‘ . 3Aecb HMeeTCH b BHAy HaiuecTBHe apa6oB noA 3H3MeHeM hobo# peAHTHH — HCA3M3. Ha Bcex 3aBoeBaHHWx TeppHTopnax apa6hi iipoboahah Taxon npHHUHn: «BcHKan KyAbTypnaa 3eMA«, chaoio opy- >KHH 0THHT3H y HenpKHTeAH, A^AaeTCH COOCTBeHHOCTblO My- cyAbMaHCKofi o6 ih.hhm, a He TOAbKo cpawaioiunxcH h ah ApyrHM nyTeM npHHHMaBUJHx yqacTHe b BoeHHbix AeftcT- BHHX»21. HcAaM Hdl0Ab30BaA o6lUHHHOe 3eMA6BAaAeHHe B KaqecTBe ocHOBHoro SKOHOMHqecKoro opyAHH aah odpame- hhh HHOBepueB b MycyAbMaH. KorAa HaceAeHHe 3aBoeBan- hoh 3eMAH npHHHMaAo HCA3M, 3a hhm 3aKpenAHA0Cb npaso Ha 3eMAio h 3c m a h ocBo6o>KAaAacb o t bchkoto HaAora 3a HCKAioqeHHeM HaAora Ha OeAHbix. HapOAbi, ynAaqHBaBiiiHe paHee 6ecKOHeqHt>iH pha thwcalix no6opoB, Tenepb a o ajk h h 6hah ruiararb oahh npocToft naAor. ohh npeAnoqnTaAH noBHHOBaTbca 3th m BapBapaM, qeM wcnopqeHHOMy npaBH- TeAbCTBy, noA BAacTbio KOToporo hm npnxoAHAOCb npe- TepneBaTb Bee HeyAo6cTBa y>xe He cymecTByiomen CBotfoAbi BMecTe co BceMH yxcacaMH cyiuecTByiomero pa6cTBa»3. Oa - HaKo, apa6w He otmchhah AOMauiHero pa6cTBa. B y3aK0HeHHH otfmuHHoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH h AOMauiHero 1 Bunnep P. IO. H ctophh cpeAHHX b 6k o b . M., 1947, dp. 79. UMeoeHTTKeoceKbfel. 2 Hc.naMH3M, t . III. Amxa6aA, 1912. c tp. 419. . 3 IU. H36paHHwe npoH3BeAenH«, M., 1955, CTp. 346. 10* 147

patfcTBa 0Tpa3HJicsi Tpa^HUHOinibiH B3rJiH£ KaK mgjikhx apadcKHx naTpuapxajibHbix pa6 oBJiaAe./imeB, >KHBymHx b oa3Hcax, TaK h KoqeBNx ckotobo/job nycTbiHb, cmotp^buihx Ha 3eMJiio KaK Ha o6mee AocTOHHne Hapo^a h TO>Ke skc- njiyaTHpoBaBiiiHx naTpnapxajibiibix patfoB. B to w e BpeMH npaBo pacnopa>KeHHH uaji bccmh 3aBOeB3HHUMH Teppn- TOpHHMH 6 bIJIO OCT3BJieHO 3a AyXOBIIOH TJiaBOH MycyjibMan- CKOH o6li;HHhI --- HM3M0M,— KOTOpblH RQJ17KQH ()bIJI II03a6o- THTbCH O C03A3HHH (j)OH£a 3a CHCT ROXOJXOB OT 3CMJIH « b ueJiHx o6 mecTBeHHOH nojib3bi, KaK: oxpana rpaHHU, cbh- meHHan bo h h 3 , odmecTBeHHbie padoTbi h t. n .*1. Ho sto He Memajio ycTpaHeHHio qacTHoft c o 6 cTBeiiHOCTH Ha 3eM.nio h 3aMene ee o 6 mHHHbiM 3eMJieB;ia;jeHHeM, BH3BaBiiiHM 6 o;ib- myio cHMnaTHio k 3aBoeBaiejiHM — apa6aM, , co cropoHU uinpoKOH HeHMymeH Maccbi 3aBoeoaHHbix HapoaoB2. HeBH- ^aHHbift ycnex BoeHHbix noxoAOB h dbicipoe 3aBoeBaHHe apaGaMH Ko/ioccaJibHOH TeppHTOpHH, no>Ka;iyH, oCbHCHHeT- CH 3THM (paKTOM. 3 t S H0B3H (JjopAia BJia^eHHH 3eMJieH, no CJiOBa'M 3 . PeKJiio, 6 buia HacTonmHM ocBo6oxo*eHHeM ajih ' ue;ibix TOJip n o p a 6 omeHHbix jiio^eH, h sth nocJie^HHe BCTpeqaJin B3pbiBOM 3HTy3na3Ma node/iHTejieH, KOTopwe ra- paHTHpoBajih hm o^HOBpeweHHO Kan coxpaHeHHe hx neJio- BenecKoro AocTOHHCTBa, Tax h nojiyqeHHe x;ie6a nacymHO- TO3. HMeHHO n03T0My 3a BeCbMa KOpOTKHft HCTOpHneCKHH cpoK bo BTopofi nojioBHHe V I I BeKa OKa3a^HCb 3aBoeBaH- HbiMH Bee HpaHCKoe Haropbe, TypKecTaH, MecconoiaMHH, C hphh, IlajiecTHHa, ApMHHCKoe Haropbe, qacib KaBKa3a, - ErnneT, JThbhh h ATJiaccKHe crpanbi, a b Haqajie V I I I Be- xa — noqTH Becb riHpeHeHCKHH nojiyocTpOB4. 1 UeeTKoe 77. Hc^aMH3M, t. III. AujxaOafl, 1912, CTp. 419. 2 «Apa6aM-3aBoeBaTe^uiM neqero 6ujio OonTbcn conpoTHBJicHHfl co dopoHbi Hapoaa, HacejuiBLuero sth cTpaHbi: KaK b nepcH^cKOM rocy- flapCTBe, TaK h b Boctohho-Phmckoh HMnepnH KpecTbnHe h ropowaHe Cum 3aMyqeFibi TH>Ke.nbiMH naJioraMH*. (Bwnnep P. 10. Hctophh cpea- HHX BeKOB. M.f 1947, CTp. 8). 3 PeKAio 3 . MejioBeK h 36m;ih, t. Ill, Cn6., 1907, CTp. 426. 4 anoxy cpeflHHx bckob no;K»KeHHe c riHTaHHeM b McnaHHH 6bvio Jiymue, qeM b ocTajibHbix crpanax EBponu; 9to HBH/iocb c/ie/icTBHeM KyabTypHoro bjihhhhh apa6oB, 3aBJiaAeBiiiHX Cojibwefi wacrbFO CTpansi h noJio>KHBiiiHX Hanaro, ocotfeimo Ha opowa£tabix 3eMJinx rora, HiiTeii- CHBHOMy h MiiorooTpac/ieBOMy ccjibcKOMy xo3Ji/icTBy, omipaBUjeMycH Ha caaoBOACTuo h oropoAHH»iccTBO... Ho uce CTaHeT hchwm, coih bcttom- iiHTb, hto c HsniaHHeM apa6oe ^eo,aa/ibHbie 3eMejibHwe OTHOiueHHH b PicnaHHH 6buiH BoccraHOB/ieHU h mo npaKTHMecKH ohh ocTaioTcn He- TpoiiyxbiMH h no ceil ^eHb». (>Ko3ya Kacipo. feorpa^HH rojio^a. M., 1954, CTp. 302), 148

r^ a B H o e O T jm qH e HawecTBHH a p a 6 o s ot o6biqnbix s a p - BapeKHX Iiam eC TB H H KOqeBHHKOB COCTOttAO HMeHHO B TOM, qTo apa6bi H e 6biJin to jium h rpaCHTeJiHMH, npe3HpaBLUHMH oceAAoe 3eMJieAeJiHe h ropoACKyio K yjibTypy. ToproBJin h 3eMJieAeJine y a p a 6 o B 6uah b 6oAbiuoM noqeTe. 3to c n o - co6cTBOBajio 6bicTpeHiiieM y ycBoeHHio hmh 6oraT efim ero K y jib T y p n o ro H acA eA H a A p yru x H apoA O B 1. FIo3TOMy npw Been peaKUHOHHocTH HcnaMCKOH p ejin rH H namecTBHc a p a - 60B HCAb3H OTO>KAeCTBAHTb C HailieCTBHHMH THKCOB, ry H - HOB, MOHTOAOB H APyrHX KOqeBHHKOB. Kpanne orpHnaTeJibiioe bahhhhc HauiccTBHH KoqeBHH- kob na oceA^Hx 3GMJieACJibueB, HaqHHaa c ApeBiicftuinx BpeMeii, m ojkho npocjieAHTb na MHoroqHCJieHHWx $ aKTax HCTOpHH HapOAOB. H 3BecTHO, hto b VII—VI bb. ao Hauieft apbi Ha 6epery MepHOro Mopa bo3iihkjih rpeaecKHe koaohhh b BHAe pa6o- BAaAeAbqccKHx ropoAOB-rocyAapcTB. K hhm othochtch Aiioaaohhh, Oaccc, To.Mbi, HcTpua h Tnpa na 3anaAHOM 6epery HepHoro Mopa; OAbBHH Ha npaBOM 6epery, peKH Byr, 6jih3 BnaAenna ee b ,flUrenpoBCKo-EyrcKHft AHMaH; XepcoHec b KpHMy; Ha KepqeHCKOM h TawaHCKOM noAy- ocTpoBax b TeqeHHe VI Bexa ao Hamen apbi 6biah ocHOBanbi ropoAa OeoAocHH, riaHTHKanefi (Kepqb), MapMexun, H h m - c})eH, OaHaropHH h Ap., 06'beAHHeHHbie b BocnopcxoM rocy- AapcTBe. 3 th pa6oBAaAeAbqecKHe ropoAa Ha npoTH>K6HHH noqTH TucaqejieTHa cymecTBOBaJiH 3Accb coBMecTHO c nAG- MCHaMH, HaxoAHBiiiHMHca Ha pa3AHqHbix cTyneHax nepBO- 6biTHO-o6mHHHoro CTpoa. SxoHOMHqecKHe h KyjibTypHbie B3aHMooTHOLueHHa rpeqecKHx ropoAoe c MecTHbiM HaceJie- HHeM CbirpaAH BaJKHyiO pOAb B odmeCTBeHHOM pa3BHTHH MecTHHx rmeMeH, ycKopaa npouecc couHaAbnoro paccAoe- HHa h npHotfmaa hx k aocthjkghhhm nepeAOBOH TorAa rpe- qecKofi KyAbTypbi. FIpohcxoahao oceAaHHe KoqeBHHKOB h pa3BHB3Aocb 3eMAeACAHe. OAHaxo npeo6AaAaHHe kohcboto HaceAeHHa Ha o6whphoh TeppHTOpHH CTGnefi orpaHHqHBaAO B03M0>KU0CTb ASAbHeHMerO pa3BHTHH 3K0H0MHKH H KyAb­ Typbi xaK b ropoAax, Tax h cpcAH caMHx KoaeBbix nACMeH. 1 «FIepBbrM ueiiTpoM apaCcKoft KyjibTypu 6biA AaMacK, 3aieM Bar- A3a, 3T0T «ropoA liyAec», b kotopom aCtfacHAbi BbtcTaB.na;w na bha Becb C.iecK cBoero MorymecTBa, nopawan MHp pocKonibfo Anopuoo h necjibixaHHHM BeAHKOiienueM hx ytfpaHCTBa; 33tcm cjieAysoT Kawp, KopAOBa h Ap.» (BeAABCKHft cp. Hc,iaM h KVAbTypa apatiem. Cn(S., 1913, CTp. 53). 149