Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

KoqeBHHKH CHCTCMaTHHeCKH otfjiaraJlH AaHbK) aew iecKH e iLrceMena h ropo^a, MHoroKpaTHo coBepmajm Ha6erH h noABcpraAH hx pa3opeHHio. TaK^apMaTCKne ko- neBbie njieMCHa, BTopruiHecn b Konue III BeKa ao Haiueft apbi o npe»aejibi CeBepHoro ripHnepHOMopbn, coBepmaAH rpa6nTejibCKHe nadern Ha ropOA OjibBHio. . HacejreHHio: OjibBHH npHxoAHJiocb to OT6HBaTbCH, to oTKynaTbca «Aap&-: mh». 3 to «BecbMa orpHuaie^ibHo oT3biBa.aocb Ha ee xo3«fi- CTBeHHOH 2KH3HH, nOCKOJIbKy 6blJU i Ae3opraHH30BaHH TOp- roBue oTHomeHHH c OKpecTHhiM HacejipHHeM^.^Bo BTOpott nojiOBHHe II BeKa 4 0 Hauiefi 3 pbi ckh(J)h , OKOHnaTeAbHO noAHHHHB c e 6 e O jilbhio, noBejiH HacTyiL/ieHHe Ha XepcoHec- h Ha Bocnop, OKOHHHBiiieecH o 6 jio>KeHHeM HacejieHHH 3 THX - Hapo/JOB TH>KeJIOH ^aHbK)12. 0>KeCTOqeHHaH ' BHyTpeHHflH KjiaccoBaH 6 opb6 a h h3thck kohcbhhkob H3BHe npHBeJin BocnopcKoe patfoBAaACAbqecKoe rocyAapcTBo h Apyrwe npHqepHOMopcKne rpeqecKHe rop oaa k OKOHnaTeAbHOMy pacnaAy. «Pa3pyuiHTe;ibBoe HamecTBHe ryHHOB b 70-x rofc aax IV Bena Hameft apbi HBHjiocb-3aBepmaiomHM yaapoM no BocnopcKOMy rocy/iapcTBy. O ho y>Ke He 6 brjio b coctoh- hhh 0K33aTb conpoTHBjieHHe cTpamHOMy h He6 biBaaoMy no CBOeH >KeCTOKOCTH H pa3pyLIIHTeJIbHOH CHAe BTOp>KeHHK) ryHHOB* noABepmiHx pa3rpa6^eHHio h co>K>KeHHK) 6oJib-. uiyio qacTb ropoAOB h nocejieHHH B ocnopa, b KOTopux eme npoAOA>xaAacb >KH3Hb b IV BeKc»3. rn6e^b npHnepHOMopcKofi u.HBHAH3auHH npHBeAa k to- My, hto 3eMJiH, opomaeMbie hhjkhhm TeqeHHeM JX ynan h AaBaBiiiHe tforarbie ypoxcaH b ApeBHocTH, 3anyereAH Ha MHorne BeKa. E m e b cepeAHHe X I X BeKa, KaK yKa3biBaJi JX. H. rincapeB, >xaAKHe nacTyxw nacAH.Ha >thx MecTax MajioHHCJieHHbie c r a n a cBHHeft. E m e donee MpanHwe Kap- THHbi onycTomeHHH HMeAH MecTO b MajiOH A3hh, b Chphh, no 6eperaM Tnrpa h E^para— b Tex MecTax, rAe npouBe-; Ta^a ApeBHHH KyjibTypa/H TaM, rAe«3eMAH KHneAa mojio- KOM H MeAOM>4,. . > 06pa3 HCH3HH KoneBHHKOB, BTopruiHxcH b XI Bexe Ha- 1 ra&dyKeeuH B. 0 . HdopHfl aHTHMHbix ro p o a o B CeBepHoro TIpH- MepuoMopba. B k h .: AnTHMHbie rop oA a CeBepHoro npHqepHOMopbH. M.—JI., 1955, CTp. 53. 2 TaM we, CTp. 122. 3 TaM we, C T p . 147. 4 flucapee JX. H. H36paHHbie (Jw;ioco4)CKHe h o6wecTBenHo-no/iH* TH^ecKHe CTaTbH. JI., 1949, CTp. 132. 150

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o6meH3BGCTHa. OHH OnyCTOUIHJIH A3HK) — ot H hahh ao C peAH3eMHoro Mopa; b pe3yjibTaTe 3aBoeBaHH# Becb Kpafi, cocTaBJifliomHH BocTOqHyio riep C H io, o6paTHAC« » b . ny* CTHHK). npHMepoM, noKa3biBaioiiXHM oTpnuaTe/ibHyio pojik'KO- M0BHHKOB B p33BHTHH otflAeCTBa HBJIfieTCH HCTOpHH B33HM0- OTHOUieHHH Me>KAy KHTaeM H TIOpKO-MOHrOJIbCKHMH KOqeB* HHK3MH. K hTSH, KaK H3BCCTHO, HBAHeTCH OAHOH H3 caMHX KpynHbix c ApeBHeHiuefi KyAbTypoA cTpaH MHpa. Bcio ApeB- * HIOK) H CpeAHeBCKOByiO HCTOpmO K H T a a MO>KHO Ha3BaTb HCTOpHeft BeKOBbIX pa30pHTeJlbHbIX BOfill MQ/KRy KOqeBbIMH iwieMeHaMH h KHTaeM. KHTawcKHe HCToqnHKH coo6m aiO T, hto noqTH na Bceft nojioce C p oA H eA A 3 hh ot O xo tc k o to mo pa Ha 3an^A ao K acnnAcKoro w o p a hckohh oCHTaJiH xoqeBbie HapoAW. )KH3Hb KOTOpux b TeqeiiHe TbicnqeJieTHH npoTeKaaa « b oa- hhx H Tex >Ke (J^opMax*1. Ka>KAOe HJieMH H3 qHCAa 3THX KOqeBHHKOB 3aHHMaJIOC5 pa3BeAeHHeM aomhiuhhx jkhbothhx, BoeHHbiMH ynpa>KHe* hhhmh, qTo6hi npoH3B0AHTb Ha6ern Ha 6jiH>KaHiiinx coce- Aen c uejibio rpadew a. «JJjiHHHoe hx opyacHe ecTb jiyK co CTpe;iaMH, KopoTKoe opy>KHe— ca6jia h Konbe. Ilpn yAaqe . HAyT BnepeA; npn HeyAaqe oTCTynaiOT, a 6ercTBo He no- ciaBAaiOT b ctma ce6e. TAe bhaht KopbiCTb, tsm hh 6 n a - TOnpHJlHMHH, HH CnpaBeA*HHBOCTH He 3HaK)T»2; «3aBHAeB HenpHATejia, yerpeMAHioTCfl 3a KopbiCTbio noAo6Ho cTae . nTHA, a KorAa 6biBaiOT pa36HTbi, to noAo6«o qeperiHue’ paccbinaiOTca, noAo6«o o6AaicaM pacceH B aiO Tcn. Kto y6h- Toro npHBe3eT c cpa>KeHHH, tot noAyqaeT Bee HMymecTBO ero»3. «HapoAw npocTbie, tfeAHbie, cBotfoAHbie, BOHHCToeH- Hbie h nacTyiuecKHe, He 3HaBiiiHe npoMbimAeHHOCTH, cbh- * 3aHHbieC3eMJieH TOJIbKOCBOHMH TpOCTHHKOBblMH XHJKHHaMH, CAeAOBajiH 3a cbohmh bo>kahmh paAH Ao6hiqH»4. B 177 ro- Ay ao Harnew apu «xyHHCKHtf 3anaAHbift M>KyKH-KHH3b ne- peseA cboh KoqeBbH b O paoc h Haqaji pa3opaTb rpaHHuy b otfjiacTH UJaH-noHb; HHoropoAUH y<5HBajiH h b mien 1 *1. H. OqepKH nepBO^biTHoft 9KOHOMH«iecKOH Kyjiurypbr. . M.t 1937, CTp. 30. 2 KuntjpuH II. >7. (HaKump). Co6paHHe CBe^eHHft o HapoAax, o6h- Tanuinx b CpeAneft Ashh b apcbhhc BpeMeira, t . I. M.—JI., 1950, ctp. 40. 3 TaM me, CTp. 50. 4 MonrecKbe III. H36paHHbie npoH3BCAeHHH. M., 1955, crp. 664. 152

ynoiuuiH xcfrrejieft*1. «B MeTbipHaAuaToe jigto uapcTBOBa- hhh Xao-BuHb Xyan-AH, 166, xyhhckhh UlaHbioH co 140 t . KOHHHUbi BCTynmi b Mao-Ha h Cflo-ryaub, y6HJi b Bsft-AH BoeHaqa^bHHKa LXioh, 3axBaTHA BejiHKoe mhojkcctbo Hapo- Aa, cKOTa h HMymecTBa; nocjie cero, noAomeji k IlxbiH-HH, nocjiaji orp ha KOHHHUbi c»eqb ABopeu Xoh M>xyH-ryH»2. «XyiiHbi jxeHb oto ahh ropuee CTanoBHJiHCb h e>KerouHO npoH3Boa.HJiH BTop>KeHH5T b rpaHHUbi. O hh iio6hjih MHOXCe- ctbo >KHTGJieH, pa3rpa6HJitf HwymecTBO h ckot, oco6 eHHo K)Hb-HXcyk h JIno-AyH»3. Bee sth AaHHbie roBopnr o tom, hto npeAKH MOHro^bCKoro, TiopcKoro h Tonry3CKoro Koue- BbIX HapOAOB B6K3 MH BeJIH rpa6 HTeAbCKHe BOftHbl C KHTaeM, MTO IIHKaK Me MOrJIO He 3aT0pM03HTb pa3BHTHe ero npOH3- BOUHTe/IbHblX CHA. OceAAbie napoAbi KuTan iioctohhho cTpaua^H ot sthx KpOBaBbIX BOHH, 3aiU.HTHHKH TpaHHU nOrw6aJlH ueCHTKaMH Tbicnq. KapTHHa OAHoro 6oh KHTawueB c KoneBHHKaMH onncaHa Tax: «Oreu cpa>Ka./iCH BnepeAH, chh yMHpaji no3auH, c.ia6bie >KeHiUHHbi ctohah Ha norpaHHHHbix npH- THHax ( t. e. na norpaHHHHbix TOHKax — C.T.), MajiojieTHHe AeTH TiJiaKaJih Ha Aoporax; npecTapejibie MaTepn h BAOBbi npHHOCHAH TUieTHbie >KepTBbI H, 06AllBaHCb CJie3aMH, o6paiuajiH B3opbi k TeHHM (t. e. k 6oraM), naBiunx b nec- naHbix CTenux»4. C uejibio 3amHTbi ce6n ot thkhx 6eACTBHHi KHTaftcKoe rocyAapcTBo, «He Aopox<a chjibmh HapoAa, c6hjio Jlojiryio cTeny Ha npoT5i>KeHHH 10 000 jih» 5. 3Ta BeAHKan KHTancKan cTena, B03ABHrnyTaH b IV — III bb. ao H. 3., 6uJia BeAHHaHIUHM B MHpe COOpy>KeHHeM (AAHHOft 6o:iee 6 Tbicnu khaomctpob, bmcoto# 10 MeTpOB, tojiiuhhoh y 0CH0B3HHH 6 MeTpOB). Ha CTpOHTeAbCTBO BeJIHKOH K h- TaftcKOH cTeHbi 6biAa 3aTpaHeHa rpOMaAHan Macca hcao- BenecKoro TpyAa. , Ho h 3to coopy>KeHHe He moivio npeAOTBpaTHTb btop- JKeHHe KoneBHHKOB b npeAeAbi KHTan, oho c;iy>KHAO AHUib HeKOTOpblM npenHTCTBHCM HX MaCCOBbIM CTpeMHTeJIbHbIM HaOeraM. B TO'JKe BpeMH KHTaHCKHH HapOA OKa3aA OrpOMHOe 1 BmypuH H. H. (HaKUHcp). CoCpaime CBeucHmVo Hapojiax, oGhtsb- ujhx b CpeAHeft A3hh b apcBHHe BpeMeHa, t . I. M.—J l ., 1950, CTp. 54. 2 TaM >kc, CTp. 59. 3 TaM >Ke, CTp. 59. 4 Ta\\i >ne, CTp. 126. 5 TaM >Ke, CTp. 107. 153

Ky^bTypHoe BJiHHHHe Ha conpHKacaBiiiHecH c hum koqeBbie h Apyrne OTCTajibie HapOAH. MHorne KoneBbie h ropHue luieMena, BOcnpHHHBuine KHTancKyio KyjibTypy, c TeqeHHeM BpeMeHH cAHBajiHCb c KHT3HCKHM HapoAOM. « H mchho tbkh m nyTeM, MajionoMaJiy* AOCTHraJlH OHH «C03peBaHHH» AHKHX IUieMeH, otfHTaBIUHX B ropHbix ym ejibHx,— 3to 6hiJio hchto BpoAe MeAAeHHoro npOCaHHBaHHH BOAhl B TOJime 3eMAW, MeAJieHHblH, HO Bep< Hbni npouecc 3THHqecKoro nepepo>KAeHHH»1. Mto KacaeTCH ochobhoh Maccbi jkhtcaoh HeoG'bHTHbix nycTbiHb, cTeneft M rop, OTAaAeHHbix ot oqaroB kht3 hckoh KyAbTypu Ha tuch- qn KHJioMeTpoB, to OHa oeraBaAacb BexaMH h TucflqeAeTHH- • MH BOHHCTBeHHOH MaCCOH nOAyAHKHX KOMeBblX CKOTOBOAOB HAH 3BepOAOBOB, CHCTewaTHHOCKH COBepiliaBIiiHX HaUieCTBHH Ha KHTaft. Taxaa HCTopHqecKan o6cTaHOBKa cymecTBOBaAa no MeHbineft Mepe b TeqeHHe A «yx c iiojiobhhoh TbicaqeAeTHH.. BpeMeHaMH ycTaHaBAHBaAOCb naA kh t3hckhm HapoAOM npOAOA>KHT^JlbHOe HH03eMH0e nro. MoHroAbi b nocAeAHeft qeTBepTH X III Beica npoHHKAH AaAexo BrAy6b KnTan h ycTpOHAHCb b nAOAopoAHbix ao ah - Hax pen n e ftx o h XyaHxa, rAe ohh ochob3AH ahh3cthk) IO sh (1280— 1368 r r .) kht3hckhx HMnepaTopoB H3 MOHroAOB. 3 to noqTH CTOAeTHee rocnoACTBo mohtoaob, HMeBmee 6oAbiuoe. peaKUHOHHoe 3HaneHHe aah KnraHCKOH h MnepHH, 6biao hpo- rpeCCHBHblM HBAeHHCM AAH C3MHX MOHTOAOB. B COUHaAbHO-. 3KOHOMHqeCKOH >KH3HH MOHTOAbCKHX KOHeBHHKOB np0H30UIAH TAy6oKHe H3MeHeHHH. npOHcxoAHAo H3M6HeHHe b xapaKTepe 3eMAeBA3A0HHH, paAHyce KoqeBaHHn n b poAonAeMeHHOM yCTpOftCTBe. 3KCTeHCHBH0e CKOTOBOAqeCKOe X03HHCTB0 moh- toaob b OTAejibHbix o^AacTHx MonroAHH npHo6peTaer xapaKTep noAyKoqeBofi h Aa>xe oceAAbjfi 0Tr0HH0-nacT6Hiii-' Hblft. Il03T0My 3 T y HOByK) (J)OpMy COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX ; oTHOiueHHH c HeKOTopofl Ae^opMaunen poAonAeMeHHoro. yCTpOHCTBa HeAb3H XqHTaTb HCKOHH CymeCTBOBaBLUeH, KaK 3TO AeAaeT H . 3AaTKHH2. 3 th HBAeHHH B03HHKAH, KaK oTMeqeHO, b pe3yAbTaTe oco- 6hIX COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX yCAOBHH H 6ypHUX nOAH- THqecKHx nepeMeH, nepeatHTbix MOHroAbCKHM HapoAOM noA ‘ PeKMo S. MejioBeK h 3Cmjih, t . III. Cn6., 1907, cTp. 44. dAQTKUH //. MonrojibCKaa PecnyOAHKa — crpaHa uoBoft neMO- KpaTHH. M.—JI., 1950, dp. 21—22. 154 I

CHAbHblM B03AeHCTBHeM KHTaHCKOH HMIiepHH. «H 3 HCTOpHH KHTan b h a h o , mto HMnepaTOphi ycTpaHBajin b TaiapHH k h - TancKHe k o a o h h h . 3 th kojiohhctu — KHTaiiuu — CAe;iajiHCb TaTapaMH h CMepTeAbHbiMH BparaMH KnTan, hto He noM e- wa.no hm BHecTH b Taxapmo A yx k h t a hckoto npaBJieHHH^1. CxOAHbie (JjaKTbl C 3THM HMeJIH MeCTO B JKH3HH MHOTHX Apyrwx KoneB bix HapOAOB, noAnaBiiiHx iio a bahhhhc 6 o jie e pa3BHTbIX B nOJlHTHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKOM OTHOWeHHH 3eMJie- AeAbqecKHx HapoAOB. HanpHMep, c X V I Bexa «p e w a io m e e 3HaqeHHe n p n o 6 p eT a e T Bonpoc o AaAbHeftiiieM pacna^e poAO- boh opraHH3auHH y TypxMeHOB, pa3AO>xeHHH cpeAH h h x naTpHapxajibHo-pOAOBoro yxAaAa h pa3BHTHH cJ)eoAaJibHbix HHCTHTyTOB nO J1HHHH CpaiAHBaHHH C rOdlOACTByiOIAHMH KJiaccaMH coceAHHX $eoAajibHbix rocyA ap cT B h pa3BHTHH HOBbIX (j)OpM COdCTBeHHOCTH. C 3TOH TOHKH 3peHHH 3aCJiy>KH- B3IOT BHHM3HH5I C0 0 6 ui,eHHH HCTOHHHKOB O HaAGAeHHH 3e- MCAbHOfi C0 6 CTBeHHOCTbK> XHBHHCKHMH H HpaHCKHMH (j)eOAa- J13MH OTAeJIbHHX TypKMeHCKHX npeABOAHTeAeH»2. ripHMepHO aHaAornqHoe ABAeHHe npon3ouiAo c Ka3axaMH xoqeBHHxa- mh bo m h o th x y e3 A a x AopeBOAiouHOHHoro Ka3axcTaHa. F Io a BJiHHHHeM P occhh c HaqaAa X IX B exa o hh npeBpaTHAHCb b oceAAhix h a h noAyKoqeBbix c k o to b o ao b, hc TOAbxo He n o x o - hchx na c b o h x npe'AKOB X V II — X V I I I b b ., ho h Ha cbohx conAeMeiiHHKOB, BeqHO KoqeBaBiiiHx b nycTUHe h cyxnx CTe- nax K a3axcTaH a c ceBepa Ha ior h oOpaTHO b xortue X I X h HaqaAe X X b b . B 60-x roA ax X IX B exa o chGhpcxhx x a 3 a x a x H . 3aBaAHiiiHH nncaA : «T en ep b xa>KAbifi pOA y>xe c t p o r o orpaHHqHBaeT cboh xoqeBba b H3BecTHbix npeAeAax, h ecAH Ka3axH em e y n o p H o AepjxaTca CBoero n a cT yw ecxoro 6 b ira, OAHaKo H eA a A exo BpeMH, hto co xa He 6yACT b HbiHewHeM y hhx npe3peHHH h caobo «erHHUiH» nepeeraHeT 6biTb pyraieAbCTBOM. K TOMy >xe b nocAeA H ne 40 AeT ( to ecTb c HaqaAa X IX B exa — C. T.) MHorne HapOAbi, cxow n e 6 u t o m C Ka3axaMH, 0(5paTHAHCb peBHOCTHO k 3eMAeAeAHio: 6ypHTM b 3a6aHKaAbe, xapxapaAHHUbi h TypKMeHbi b A crpaxan - ckoh ryOepHHH, n a m e HexoTopue p o a u M aAofi O pAU b O peHdyprcKOM bcaom ctbc^3. 1 MoHTeCKbe III. HaOpanubie npo»3BeAeHHH. M., 1955, crp. 390. 2 MaiepHa^u no hctophh TypKMCHOB h TypKMeiiHH, t. II. M.— JI., 1938, cTp. 36. 3 3aeaAuiuuH H. H. OnncaHHe 3anaAHOH CuCnpH, t. III. Ch6hpcko- KHprH3CK3R CTCUb. M., 1867, CTp. 102— 103. 155

HrHOpnpOBaHHe H. fl. 3AaTKHHbIM KOHKpeTHbIX HCTOpH- MeCKHX H SKOHOMHHeCKHX yCAOBHH MOHrOJIHH, CAO>KHBIIIHXCfl b pe3y.abTaTe iiomth ceMHBeKOBoro noAHTHqecKoro h skoho- MHHGCKOro B03AeHCTBHH Ha Hee KHTaHCKOH HMIiepHH, JIHIlia- er ero bo3m o >khocth noHHTb HeKOTOpbie cBoeo6pa3Hbie qep- Tbi y>Ke Ae^opMHpoBaBiuerocH b X IX — XX bb. MOHroAbCKoro CKOTOBOAHeCKOrO X03HftCTBa H pCUJOBOrO yCTpOHCTBa. «MHoro- HHCJieHHbie nyTeuiecTBGHHHKH, noceTHBiune MoHrojiHio b XVIII—XIX b b .,— nnmeT oh.— ennHonvuiiio cBHAeTeAb- CTByiOT OTCyTCTBHe npH3H3K0B o6lHHHHOrO 3eMAeiI0Ab30Ba- HHH B 3T0H (TO eCTb BOCTOHHOH -- C. T.) HaCTH MOHTOAHH. HcTopHqecKHe cf>aKTbi ne noATBep>KAaK>T TeopHH o poaobom d p o e (HaAo roBopHTb He o p o a o b o m CTpoe, a o poaobom ycTpoficTBe— C. T.) h o6iixhhhom 3eMJienoAb30BaHHH KaK HenpeMeHHbix ycJiOBunx KoqeBOH (j>opMu xo3HHCTBa»1. B ApyroM MecTe oh roBopHT: «...x a jix a — MOnroAbi AaBHbiM AaBHO npouiAH qcpe3 3Tan naTpHapxaAbiio-poAOBOH opraHH- 33UHH h qto b naMHTH MOHroAbCKoro n ap o ^ a cTepjiHCb ;i,a>Ke BOCITOMHHaHHH O pOAOBbIX HMeH3X»2. FIpHBeAeHHbie H . fl. 3AaTKHHhiM AaHHbie hhk3k He noA- TBep>KAaiOT ero mbicah o tom, hto KoqeBHHKH b pawxax Koqe- Boro o6mecTBa MoryT H3>KHTb y Ce6 a poAosoe ycTponcTBO. XaAxa Ha3biBaioT qacTb MOHroAOB, >KHBymyio Ha TeppHTopHH MexcAy pexaMH KepyAeH h O pxoH , cjiyjKHBmeft ueHTpoM BCex OCHOBHbIX nOJIHTHqeCKHX C06bITHH, Cn0C06CTB0BaBUIHX HHTeHCHBHOMy CMeUieHHK) CaMbIX pa3AHHHbIX nAeMeH, OKpy- xcaBiuHx xaHCKHe craBKH. B pe3yjibTaTe Taxue rpynnbi Hace- AeHHH 6e3ycjiOBHo motah noTepHTb CBoe poAOBoe AeAeHHe. FIoATBepxcAeHHeM 3Toro MoryT cjiyxxHTb b MHHHanope TIOACHryTH KB33XCKHX XaHOB. «npHiuejibixbi 3TH pa3iibix poAOB h OTAeAeHHfi KoqyioT itoctohhho BMecTe c cyATaHaMH, He OTAHqaHCb, BnpoqeM, HHqeM ot npocToro Ka3axa, KpoMe OAHOrO npaBa KAeHMHTb CKOT CBOft CyAT3HCKHM T3BpOM»3. To, qTo xaAxaccKHe MOHroAbi He 3h b a h poAOBoro yerpoftcTBa, Kax OTMeqaer H. T. rioTaHHH b M aTepwajiax SKcneAHUHH b 1883— 1886 roA ax, 6 mao HCKAioqeHHeM. O h nncaA: «X aA xac- 1 3 aotkuh H . H . K Bonpocy o cymHocTH naTpHapxa^hHo-^eoAajib- y KOMeBhix HapoAOB.— Bonpocb! hctophh, 1955, Nb 4, HCTUpX. 77. 2 M aTepnaAbi nayqHoft ceccHH, nocB«meHHoft hctophh Cpe/uiefi A 3hh h Ka3axcrana b AOoKTflfipbCKHft nepHOA- TauiKeHT, 1955, crp. 91. MaTepwajibi no na3axcKOMy o6uqHOMy npaBy. C6. I. A.iMa-ATa. 1948, CTp. 136. 156

Uhl He nOMHHT HMeH CBOHX pOAOB, qTO COCTaBAHeT CTpailHO^ HCKJnoqeuHe cpeAH Apyrnx iuieMeH»l. Zlajiee H . 51. 3jiaTKHH, pyKOBOACTByncS Teopneii, noHHT- HOfi TOJIbKO CMy, (|)OpMy X03HHCTB3 npOTHBOIIOCTaBAHeT 3KOHOMHqeCKHM yCAOBHHM >KH3HH HapOAa. «HaJIHHHe POAO- Boro dpoH h a h e ro nepe>KHTKOB,— nmiiGT oh,— od'bHCHaeT- ch He npeo6AaAaHHew toh hah hhoh (popm u xo3hhctb3, a KOHKpeTIIblMH SKOHOMHqeCKHMH H nOAHTHqeCKHMH yCAOBHH- MH 5KH3HH A3HHOTO HapOAa»2. ErO CJIOBa «KOHKpeTHbie SKOHOMHqCCKHC H nOAHTHHeCKHe yCAOBHH >KH3HH AaHHOrO HapOAa» AHHIGHbl KaKOft 6u TO HH 6bIAO KOHKpeTHOCTH, eCAH H3 «yCAOBHH 2KH3HH AaHHOrO HapOAa» UeJIHKOM HCKAK)- qaeTca onpeAeAeHHaa (j)opMa xo3HHCTBeHHon opraHH3au.HH, KOTOpaH KaK pa3 H HBAHeTCH KOHKpeTHUM Bbipa>KeHHeM SKOHOMHqeCKHX H nOAHTHqeCKHX yCAOBHH >KH3HH AaHHOrO HapoAa. B. H . JleHHH BbICMeHBaA HapOAHHKOB HMeHHO 3a TO, qTO hmh « K p e n o c T »o e npaBO H3o6pa»caeTCH He KaK onpeAeAeH - i/aa tpopMa xo3nucTeeHHou op2aHU3ai\\uu (noAnepKnyTO n a - mh — C. T . ) , nopojKAaBiueH T a n yio-T o SKcnAyaTaunio, TaKH e- to aHTaroHHCTHqecKHe KJiaccbi, Ta K H e-T o noAHTHqecKHe, lopHAHqecKHe h A p . nopHAKH,— a n p o c T o Kax 3 A o yn oT p e6 - JICHH5I nOMemHKOB H IICCnpaBCAAHBOCTb n o OTHOUieHHK) K KpecTbHHaM. KpecTbHHCKan pec{)opMa H3o6pa>KaeTCH He KaK CTOAKHoeenue onpedeAenubix xo3HdcT6eHHbix (popM (n o A - qepKHVTO HaMH — C. T.) h on peA eA eH H bix 3K0H0MHqecKHx KAaccoB, a K aK MeponpHHTHe naqaAbCTBa, «B u 6 p a B iu e ro » no ouiHOKc «H eB cp H b iii nyTb», HecMOTpn Ha caMue dJiarne n a - McpeHHH. I\"Iope(popM eHHaH P occhh H3o6pax<aeTCH KaK yKAOHGHne ot hcthhhoto nyTH, conpoB O H iAaioiAeecH 6eACT- BHHMH T p yA H iu ero cH , a He KaK H3BecTH3H CHCTeMa aH Taro- HHCTHHCCKHX npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOIIieHHfi, HMeJOIA3H T a « koc-to pa3BH TH e»3. 3 H a q »T , KaKOBa (p o p w a xo3flftcTBa, TaKOBa (popM a co6cTBeHHOCTii Ha cpeA C TB a npoH3B0ACTBa, CAeAOB3TCAbHO, TaKOBU SKOHOMHqCCKHe H nOAHTHqeCKHe yCAOBHH >KH3HH HapOAa. A HQ CTpaHHOfl «TeopH H > 1 [ J o tq h u h r . H . TaHryTCK0-TH6eTCKaji onpaHHa Kaian h UeiiT- pa.ibnan MoHroAHH. M., 1950, CTp. 122. 2 3a(itkuh H . f l . K Bonpocy o cymHocTH naTpuapxa^biio-^eOAaJib' llbix OTHOIiieHHH y KOHCBblX HapOAOB.— Bonpocbl HCTOpHH, 1955, Ns 4, dp. 77. 3 JlenuH B . l i . Com., t. 1, crp. 309—310. 157

l i . fl. 3 jiaT K H H BbIXOAHT, tlTO (J)OpMB X03RHCT^a — 3T0 o aho, 3k o h o m H*iecK n c ycAOBHH — 3 t o hcmto Apyroe. FIoaoOho roMy, nan 6i>iao b ApeBHeM K«Tae, AaAexo na .sanaae ot Hero, uuia 6opb6a Mexc/iy KoqeBHHKaMH—cKH(|)a* mh, NfaccareTaMH h caxaMH, c o a iio h ctopohu, h> ApeBHe- npaHCKHM rocy^apcTBo-M, c ^pyrort. 3Ta 6opb6a HaqaiiaeTca npHMepHo c V I Bena no Hauieii apw. FlepcHACKHH uapb K«p BeA AOJiryio h ynopHyio 6opb6y c KoqesHHKaMH Maccarera* mh. B KOHue II Bena ao Harnett apu oceAAbin TypKecTaH (CorAnaHa, BaKTpna h MaprHana) «cnoBa noABepraerca HauiecTBHK) ceBepHbix kohcbumkob: CHaqaAa nap(j>OB h ca- kob, a noTOM TiopKCKoro njieMeHH — loeqxcweB1, KOTopwe HMejiH nojiHbifi ycnex h b KOHue I Bena ao P. X. OKOHqa- TejibHO 3aKperiH.7iH 3a co6oh IO jkhmh TypxecTaH, orryAa ABHHy-flHCb Aajibiue. C III Beka ao P. X. HpaH ocbqGojk* AaeTca ot napc})HH, a 3aTeM cOpactiBaeT b TypKecTaHe th- wejioe wro TiopKOB-ioeqjKbieB. B KOHue IV BeKa ICbKHbiH TypnecTaH noABepraeTca HauiecTBHK) rymiOB 3({)TaAHT0B: 3TH KoneBHHKH, pa30pHB CorAHany ao Awy-ZIapbH, HaHec- «™ cMepTeAbHbifi yaap ioeq>KhiHM, qeM cthxhhho noworJiH nepcaM H36aBHTbcn ot nocjieAHHx. 3a AMy-Zlapben ryuHU noTepnejiH nopaaceHHe h yuiAH Ha ceoep, a orryAa — Ha 3anaA— b EBpony»2. Bee 3th cTOAKHOBeHHfl, npoH^xoAHB- lune Me>KAy KoqeBHHKaMH h oceAAbiMH 3eMAeAeAbuaMH, conpoBo>KAaJiHCb rpoMaAHbiM pa3pymeHHeM npoH3BOAH- Te^bHux c h a , C03A3HHUX b ycAOBHHx oceAAoro 3eMAeAeAb- qecKoro xo3flttcTBa. O peaKUHOHHbix h pa3pyixiHTeAi>Hbix pe3yjibTarax HauiecTBHH Ha ApeBHne oqarH KyAi>Typbi CpenHeft A3«h roBopHT HCTopnqecKHe nepeMeHH b xcH 3ifa npeBHHx >KHTe- Aew CeBepHoro HpaHa. KyJibTypHaa -;wH3Hb b,MepBCKOM oa3Hce Mypra6cKok AOAHHhl HMeer 6oraTyiO HCTOpHIO. MepB B ApCBHOCTH 33HH“ MaA BHAHoe MetfTO cpeAH AyqiiiHx roponoB MHpa. Oahh H3 npeeMHHKOB AAesKcaHApa MaKeAOHCKoro Aihthox Corep c ueAbio 3amHTbi doraTCTBa Mypra6cKott aoahhh ot naOeroB KoqeBHHKOB coopyAHA tfpenocTHyio CTeHy AAHHOK) 260 BepcT. B 3tot nepHOA jkhtcah Mypra6a Bee eme npOAOA- 1 «KD3m>kh — KHTawcKoe H33BaHHe caKOB-MaccareTOB». (A>k.O. Tom- coh. HcTOpHA apeBnew reorpa(J)HH. M., 1953, CTp. 268, cHOCKa). no HaiueMV MHeHHio, io3m>kh — MaccarcTbi, a ne caKH. 2 IlaeAoe H . H ctophh TypnecTana. B cb«3M c KpaTKHM HcropH'ie* ckhm oMepxoM conpejiejibHbix crpan. TaujKeHTt 1910, crp. 6—7. 158

>KajiH 6opoTbca c KO'ieBHHKSMH KraccareTaMH. Bo II BeKe ao Hauieft apbi Mypraj5cKaa aojihh3. 6buia noABeprHyTa HamecTBHK) KoqeBHHKOB caKOB. B cepeAHne VII Bena OHa 6wia noKopeHa apaCaMH. flpn rocnoACTBe apa6oB. Hace- Aenne aojih hw hmgjio 6oJibuie B03M0>KH0CTeft oTpancaTb HaGerH komgbhhkob h yjiyqiuaTb 3eM/ieAeAHe. HaceJieHHe B03BOAHJ10 HOBbie OpOCHTe/IbHbie KaHaJIbl, CTeHbl 3aiUH- TM OT KOHeBHHKOB. O^Ha^O CKOBhIBaiOIU.ee B/lHHHHe OKpy- xcaBWHx oa3H.c KoqeBHMKOB na pa3BHTHe KyabTypbi MepBa coxpaHH/iocb. rpa6HTejibCKwe Ha6ern to o ah h x, to Apyrwx He npeKpamaaHCb. npH Bcex 3THx ycjioBHHx MepB b X Be­ ne, BxoAHmnft b cocTaB cpeAHea3HaTCKoro rocyaapcTBa CawaHHAOB, npOAO-UKaJI CJiaBHTbCH UICJIKOBOACTBOM, XJIOJIKOBOACTBOM, TK3HHMH, CyUieHblMH <})pyKTaMH H XJie6 0 M. 3HaHHTeabHOrO pa3BHTHH (JieOAaJIbHOH 3K0H0MHKH MepB AOCTHr B XI— X II BB. H 3tot uBeTymHH oa3Hc eme npn >kh3hh uapa CaHA>na- pa 6biji pa3rpoMjieH TypnaMH ory3aMH. O t 3Toro paarpoMa xo3HHCTBeHHan >KH3Hb MepBcnoro oa3Hca uana/ia Hecnojib- ko B03po>KAaTbCH npH *xope3iuaxax, HaHHuaa c 1172 ro^a, ho oh cHOBa noABeprcH b 1221 roAy nojiHOMy pa3pymeHHio MOHro/ioB MHHrHc-xaHa, ero HacejieHHe noqTH noroAOBHO GbiJio HCTpe6jieHO.. O t 3Torb HauiecTBHH MepB He mot boc- CTaHOBHTbCH B Teqe^He IIOHTH AB.yX BeKOB1. B 3T0 BpeMH MepBCKHH oa3Hc npeACTaBJiHJi co6oio nycTbiHio, 3apocuiyK) AHKofi TpaBOH, h MecTO o6HTaHHH ahkhx 3Bepen. OcTaBiuaH- ch b >KHBbix qacrb 3eMAeAejibqecKoro HacejieHHH oa3Hca 6biJia BbiHy>KAeHa 3aHHMaTbCH oxoToft h j i h kohcbmm ckoto- BOACTBOM. JaKHe KaT3CTpO(j)bI B HCTOpHH MHOrHX HapOAOB A3HH nOBTOpHAHCb HeOAHOKpaTHO, HCTOpHH MepBCKOTO oa3Hca He cocTaBJiaeT HCKjiioqeHHH. MepBCKHH oa3Hc nocjie MOHrojibCKoro iiaiuecTBHH hanhhaeT 'bocctsihaBJihBaTbch TOJibKo b KOHue XIV Rena npH TnMype. rio cjiOBaM-^KaAeMHKa B. B. BapTOJib/ia, TwMyp, 3aBoe- BaB b 1381 roAy XopacaH, pacnopHAH/icH, qTo6bi najKAbift-' H3 BoeiHaqajibHHKOB (awwpoB) .‘H BeJibMo>K ( apnaH H A-ay- JieT) BbiBeji H3 Myprada KaHaJi* h nojio>KH.rc 3Afecb ocHOBa- * Pycuuoe B . B. B o A 03CMe;ibHbie o th o h ich h h h o6mmia y TypKMen. TawKern, 1918, exp. 3—4. • 2 «CKOJibKo hh 6bi.no b nepcHH h Hhahh aecnoTHft, nocneAOBaTe;ib- ho pacuBeTaBiiiHX, a noTOM norn6aBimix,— KawAaa H3 hhx 3HaJia oueHb xopouio, mo ona npe>KAe Bccro — coBOKyiiHbiH npeAnpHHHMaTe;ib b AeJic opouieHHH peqHbix aojihh, 6e3 Hero TaM hcbo3mo>kho 6hjio h caMoe 3eM^CAejiHe». (SHre/ibc 4>. AnxH-AiopHHr. M., 1957, cTp. 168). 159

fine a^MJieAeJiHio1. OTMeqaeTca, n to no npHkfl3aHHio Tniviy- pa e r o B oeH an ajib H H K aM H 6 h jio B b iB C A en o H3 M y p r a 6 a o k o - j i o 20 o p o c H T e J ib H b ix K3H3J10B. T H M y p n THMypHflbi «3 a6 o- THJlHCb O K yJIbTypH O M p33BHTHH K a K BCeH CTpaHbl, TaK B MacTiiocTH h M y p r a O c K o fi a o j ih h i>i :»2. B flaJibHenweM >kh tcah M c p B C K o ro oa3nca He pa3 hc- nhiTbiBa.TH pa3pyuiHTevibHbie BTop>KeHH5i BHeuiHHx BparoB. H a hhx npoAOJi>KajiH 0Ka3biBaTb cboc orpHuaieJibHoe b a h h - HHe Kax H a 6 e rn TypKMeHCKHx 11 y 3 6 e K C K iix kohcbhhkob, TaK h paapym enHH o t ®oiiH, nponcxoAH BiiiH X MextAy rocyAapcr- b3m h , 06pa3OBaBiuHMHCfl Ha o c h o b c pacnaAa HMnepHH Th- Mypa. Y 3 6 c kh lU eH 6aH H -xaH a 6hu\\n BOHHCTBeHHbi, hx He;ib- 3H 6bi.no ocTaHOBHTb b cTHXHHHbix HCTpe6.neHH5ix 3axBaqeH- Hbix cTpau. O t y36eK0B ocoOeHHo nocTpaAaJi X o p a ca H 3. B 1512 r o a y O O eH Ayjuiax n a iie c c n jib iio e nopa>KeHHe BaOypy h OKOimaTeAbHo yTBepAHJi 3a y30eiiaMH C or^n aH y, BaKTpnio h X o p e 3 M . B o Bcex 3t h x o a 3 H c a x B.nacTb naxoAH - jiacb b p y x a x npeACTaBHTeAen K o q e s o fi naTpHapxaAbHO- ^eoAa^bHOH BepxyniK H , KOTopan e m e a o a t o npoAOJi>Ka.rca BecTH KoqeBoft o 6 p a 3 >kh3hh. Kbk O TM enaeT A. flKytfoBCKHH, b XV Bexe b AOJiHHe 3epaB m an a, K a in K a -T la p b H n p e o 6 jia - AajiH $ e o A a jib H b ie OTHomeHHH, a b X V I—XVII Bexax, n o c - ;ie 3aBoeBaiiHH KoneBHHKOB, n p e o 6 jia A a jin OTHOinemiH n a- TpH apxajibHO-$eoAaAbHbie. JIhlub c nocTeneHHbiM n e p e x o - AOM KOHeBHHKOB K 3eMJI0AeJlHK) H OCeA^IOMy 6bITy BOCCTa- HaBAHBaJIHCb OpOCHTCJIbHMe CHCTCMbI, BHOBb paCIUHpHJIHCb njiomaAH K y A b T y p iib ix opouiaeM bix 3eM ejib, B03po>KAaAHCb h yKpenjiHJTHCb cpeoAajibHbie OTHomeHHH4. noqTH OAHHaKOByiO HCTOpHK>VC MepBCKHM 033HC0M B AOAHHe p. M y p ra 6 a HMeeT oahh H3 Kpynnwx onaroB ApeB- HeH UHBHAH3aUHH B CpeAHeft A3HH, B03HHKIUHH B HH30BbHX p. AMy-Aa-puii,— Xope3M. XopeaM hjhpoko pacnpocTpaunji 1 EaproAbd B. B. K HCTopwe opoiuemia TypncciaHa. Cn6., 1914, crp. 65. 2 PycuHoe B. B. BoA03eMejibHbie OTiiomeHHsi h oCmmia y TypKMen. TauiKeHT, 1918, crp. 4. 3 «B X V I b. TypKecTaH cHOBa <5biA 3aBoeBaH BapBapcKHM HapoAOM, npHiue^iiiHM c ceBepo-3anana, H3 npeAe.ioB npe)KHero 3o.noToopAbiHCKO- ro xaHCTBa, y3<5eKaMH. H mh 6wjih o6pa30BaHbi ABa rocyAapCTBa, xaiiCT- Ba ByxapcKoe h X hbhiickoc, k k o t o p u m b X I X b- npHCoeAHHHjiocb eme TpeTbe — KonaHACKoe. o6pa30BaBiiieecH b OepraHe». (BapTOJibA B . B. K HCTOpHH opomeHun TypKecraHa, Cn<5., 1914, crp. 19.). 4 PlKy6oecKuCi A . Ccpbe3Hoe HccjieAOBaiiHe no HCTOpHH t3a>khkcko- ro wapoAa.— KoMMyHHcr, 1953, Ns 1, ctp. 108— 109. 160

cBoe K y jib T y p n o e B/iHHHHe Ha C a cc efiH u peK >Kawa-,H apbH , K yB an -Z lapbH h HH30BbH penn C h ip -fla p b H . 3eM J ieA ejibqe- cnaa K y jib T y p a , to B03HHKaBiuan, to yracaB m aa ot H a 6 e ro B KOqeBHHKOB, HMeeT 3AeCb ApeBHIOK) HCTOpHlO. 0 6 3TOM roBopHT pa3BajiHHbi TaKHx ropoAO B h KpenocTew Ha p. )KaHa->QUpfc>H, Kan MHpHK-pa6aTl , BadHin-My/uia2, B ern -' TaM, R w L en a , K yM -n a jia h A p y r n e ; Ha p. KBan-ZlapbH — pa3BajiHHbi rop o^ O B h KpenocTofi A jib i6 , Pa6eH cafi, J\\)Ke.TbL- acap h A p y r n e ; b iHH30Bbnx C b ip-ZU pbH — ■pa3BajiHHbi ropoAOB K yK )K -K a^a, KecneH-KyioK-Kajia h ,H>KaHrcHT-Kajia, OTHeceHHbie sKcneAHUHeft C. n . TojiCTOBa k cpeAHeBeKOBOH anoxe. 3 th pa3BaaHHbi ropoApB h KpenocTeft cBHAeTe/ib- CTByioT o 3apojKACHHH h 3HaHHTejibHOM pacuBeTe B pa3IIOC BpeMH B 3THX MCCTSX OCCAAOH CeJIbCKOH H VOpOACKOH JKH3HH, B03HHKiiieH Ha ocuoBe pa3BHTHH KyjibTypbi o p o u ia e M o ro 3eMAeAejiHH. Ho pa3BaAHHbi CBHAeTejibCTByioT Tax>Ke H o to m , hto oceA Jian 3eMJieAejibHecKa5i K yjibTyp a 3thx ropoA O B h KpenocTeft He pa3 6biAa p a 3 p y u ieH a h cMeTeHa c AHua 3GMAH irameCTBHeM BapBapCKHX n ^eM eH KO^eBHHKOB. B XV Bene o6«TaTe^HMH ochobhoS qacTH Ka3axcKH x CTeneft 6 bijih y36eKCKHe kohcbhh'k h . P a iib w e ohh 33HHMaJiH BocTOMHyio n a cT b TeppHTopHH 3 o J io T o fi O pA u , a n o c jie e e pacnaAa nepeA'BHHyAmcb em e Aa-n^m e Ha boctok h CTajiH 33HHMaTb CBOHMH KOMeBbHMH 3GMAH OT *peKH Yp aJI Ha boctok A O -p eK H C a p u -C y , a Ha lo r e ao peKH C u p - A a p b H . O AH aK o M e> K A o yco 6naH 6op b 6 a y36eK C K H x kohcbhhkob jip w - Be^a, HaKcmeu, k OKOHHaTeJibHOMy paonaAy y36eKCKoro y jiy c a . H a C T b y 3 6 eKCKHX p o a o b , b o 3 TAaBAHCMan B p a>K A e6 - HhiMH k y 3 6 excK O M y x a iiy A 6 y j i x m p y A^Ky^HAaMH — F H p e - eM h Jl>K am ii6eK O M , o rjx e jn u ia c h b cep eA H H e XV B e x a o t ocraA b H oft M a c c u y36eK0B h n o A y n H A a iia3Batm e K a 3 a x o B 3. 1 « B o a h o m H3 H3rH6oB p y c jia ( ^ a H a - J U p b ' n ) — p a3B a.iH H bi M w p H K - p a G a t — o rp o M H a n oBajibHan A peB iiafl x p e n o c T b , B ocxoA flm aa k ce p e A H - He I T b icH M ejieT H fl a o h. 3 ., O K p y w e H H a a c h c t c m o A K O H u eH T p H M ecK H x BajioB h p b o b , B H yT p H KOTopofl BHAHa n p a M o y r o A b H a a ru iau M po B K a 6ojiee no3A H efl aH T H H H oft K penocTH nepBbix b c k o b H a iu e ii 3pbi». ( T o jic t o b C. n . n o c a e A a M .A peB H e*xope3M H flcK ofl u h b h jih 3 3 u h h . M . — J I . f 1 948 , dp. 56) « 2 « 5 a 6 H iu - M y jiA a uejiHKOM b x o a h t b K p y r paHHeaiiTHMHbix x o p e 3 - MKHCKHX naM H T H H K O B . M u flBHO Ha T ep p H T O p H H HeGo/lblUOft X 0 p e 3 M H fl- C .c k o A k o a o h h h H a cp eA H e M t c m c h h h } K a H a - # a p b H » . ( T o jic t o b n. no C/lCAaM A peB H B -X 0pe3M H fiC K 0fi U H B H A H 3aU H H . M . — J I „ 1948, c r p . 5 8 ) . 3 npH TaKOfi CHTyaUHH BFIOAHe AOnyCTlfMO CqHTaTb npOHCXOJKACHHe cjioBa «Ka3ax» ot cjioea «Kam3K», qto 3iiaMHT «6erAeu», 11 C. E. To.iwCeKOB 161

Kaaaxn, HaxoAHBiiiHecH b c(j)epe bjihjihhh MoroAHcraHa 3aH«lMaJI« nOA CHOU KOHCBbH IJH30Bb5Z peKH Hy H nyCTblHio BeraaK-.Hajia. P a c n a A y36eKCKoro yAyca conpoBO>KAa/iCB 33BoeBaHH- eM y3deKaMH KyjibTypiibix 3eMJieAe.ib4ecKHX oa3iiooB CpeA- Heii A bwh h oceABHHeM Hx Ha sthx MecTax, a TaK/Ke wac- coBbiM npHTOKOM k Ka3axaw pHAa y36eKCKHx mieMeH h Poaob. Bbicrpoe yBeAHHeiine hhcjighhocth Ka3axoB o6'lhc- HHeTca npex^Ae Bcero sthm. B pe3yjibTaTe Ka3axcKHe kohcbhhikh o6pa30BaAH CBoe xaHCTBo. nepabiM xaHOM 6bi*i H36paiH TiMpefi. B TpeTbeft ^eTBepTH XV BeKa x xa3axaM u p hco6ah h h aacb OoAbwaa ^acTb wnnwaKOB, otaoxchbiuhxch ot 3 oaotoh: opAH, a b XVI Bexe — KepeeB, nafrMaHOB m aprbiHOB «3 BOCTOHHoii noAOBHHbi naraTacBCKoro yA yca. npH xaHCTBOBaHHH cbiHa /I>KaHH6eKa KacbiMa xasaxcxHH coio3 aoctht Han6ojibinero ycHJieiiHH h HaceACHHe ero aoxoahjio ao mhaahoh3 neAo- Bex1. C (MOMGHTa o6p.a30BaiH'HB Ka3axcKoro xoqoBoro xaHCTBa Ka3axcKHe xanhi h cyATaHbi b cok>3c c MoroAHCTaHOM, a HHorAa 6e3 3Toro coio3a, cTajiin bgct.h TpaAHUHOHHyio aah KOHeBHHKOB KpOBaByiO BO^Hy nOMTH CO BOeMiH COCeAHHMH OCCAJIUMH JKHTeAH'MH CpeAHeH A3HH. HanpHMep, B KOHUe XV m Haqa^e X V I bb. Be^acb bohha Me>KAy IlIeHOaHH- xaHOM (BHyKOM y36excxoro xaHa A6yjixaHpa) h xa3axcxHM xaHOM KacbiMOM (cbiHOM 6paTa Ka3axcKODO xaHa THpen), KOTopan h j i h j i a c h b Te^eHiie m hophx J i e r . B 1509 ro A y, n a n cooOmaeT HMaM LLIe6awHH-xaHa Py36exaHn, xa3axn b KOJiHnecTBe 50 tbichh qeJioseK bo -rjiase c iutomhhhhkom K acbiM-xaHa A xm ct cyATaHOM (chhom JlTKaubiui cyjvraua) HanpaBHJiHCb HanacTb «a MaBpeHwaxp, Byxapy h CaMap- xaHA, ho cBofi njian noAHocTbio ocymecTBHTb we MorJiH, cBepHyjiHCb b cboio CTpaHy, pa3rpa6nB Ky<j>HHOKwft oKpyr, ropoA ZloOycH w boaocth b CaMapKaHACKOM oxpyre, Taioxe no Ty dopoHy Byxapu, HanaB ua H a6-K oax, h ysejin b njieH TaMoiiiHHx MycyAbMan c ynnHeHHeM naA hhmh h 3a o - BaxeAbCTBa; to, hto nonaAo hm n o A pyx-H — ckot a h , bcluh AH— BCe B3HAH. FIpoftAH no ByxapCKH'M CTeiTHM, npOTHB ropoAa y3reHAa, nepenpaBHAHCb qepe3 Cbip-^apbio h BbexaAH b caMbiii 6AH>xaHiiiHft k TypKCGTany oxpyr A>Ka- 1 XeopocraHCKuH /7. KeprHSCKHfl Doripoc b cbj!3h c Ko.noHH3auHCH 1 CTCI1H.— Boiipocbl KOAOIIH3aHHH, 1907, 1, CTp. 55—5G. 162

HHiu-cyjrraifa. IljieHHUx Mycyjib/MaH bcah pHAaMH, npOAOB b hx yiuH 6elieBKH h kohun hx DpHBH3biBajiH k ce&naM. 3 thx iijieHiifaix 6biJio CBbime tbichmh» 1. Taxon >xe wecToxocTbio OT-iHHajiHCb na6crn h nocAeAyiomHx xa3axcxnx xaHOB h cyjuaHOB. C TeqeiLHeM BpeMQHH h oceAJiwe 3eMJi-e^e.ibqecKHe napo- AH Cpe^Heft A3Hih, codpaB 6ojiMUHe ohjih, OTBenaAH KOneBHlHKaM TeM HCC. OcHOBHblM paftOHOM BOeHHO-nOJlHTH- HeCKHX CO(5blTHH, CBH33HHbIX C 6opb(50H MOKAy UiefidaHMAa- mh h k a3a xckhmb xairaMH, 6l»iji -rjiaBHHM o6pa30M d a c c e ftn cp e A H e ro TC^ieHHH pexn C bip-jJapbH . 4acT6H bxo n o6eA H Te- AflMH B 3TOH 6opb6e BbIXOAHAH Ka3aXCKHe xailbl, KOTOpbie BpeMeHa.MH iioahhhhah ce6e npHCbipAapbHHcxHe ropoAa, BKJuonaH TauiKeiii. 3 th Ka3axcKHe xaHbi, Tax >xe xax ApCBHHe H CpeAHeBGKOBbie XOHOBHHKH, COSHpaJIH A3!Hb c noAHHHenHbix him ropoAOB ih Apyrwx oceAAbix JKHTeAeH. HanpuMep, xa3axcxHH xaH TeBexxeAb bo BTopoft noAOBHHe X V I Bexa BeA c nepeMeHHtiMH ycnexaMH >xecToxyfo 6opb6y c weft 6amia o m OyxapcKom A 6A y ^ a -xaHOM. H oma xo npiixoAHAocb erpaAaTb h xa3axcMH'M komgbhh* xaM ot rp o3 H H x noxoAOB dyxapcxoro A6AyAAbi-xaHa. «MorymecTBo y36cxoB aocthtao Bbicmew CTenenw bo bto- pofi nojiOBHire XVI Bexa bo BpeMH uapcTBOBaHHH AdAyAJibi- xana GyxapcKoro, xoTopoMy yAajioCb noAHHHHTb ce6e h Xope3M h o6pa30BaTb CHAbHoe rocyAapciBO, b cocxaB ko- xcporo bxoaht h XopacaH. A6AyAjia-xaH coBepiUHA He- CKOAbxo noxoAOB Ha ceBep npoTHB xa3axoB, npn'ieM aoxo - aha ao y ^ y - T a r a (ropa Yjiy-Tay 6a h 3 ropoAa YAyTaBCK b A xMOAHHCKOH O^AaCTH). 3xH I70XOAM COnpOBO)KAaJTHCb CTpailJHbIM XpOBOnpOAHTHCM, O HeM TOBOpHTCH H B HaAnHCH Ha cxajie b Xt>KH3aKCK0M ym ejibH, CAeJiaHiioft nocjie OAHoro H3 3THX noxoAOB B 1571 HAH 1572 TOAy»2. B cbh3h c BoeHHhiMH ycnexaMM ACAyAAbi-xana Ha6erH xa3axcxHx xaHOB bo Bxopoft noJiOBHHe XVI ®exa HecxoJibxo VMeHbHiHAHCb. 3 to co3AaAo B03MO>KHOCTb b 6acceifHe epeA- Hero TeHCIIHH peXH Cblp-^apbH 3aHHTbCH 3eMAeA0AHCM KapaxaAnaxcKOMy I1A6M6HH. KapaxaAnaxH, xax oaho H3 6biBuiHX y36excxnx xoneBbix nA6M6H, B XVI Bexe 'HaXOAHAHCb B nOCTOHHHOM oGiaqhhh c 1 npoiujioe KaaaxcTana b HCTO'rrniKax h MaTepna^ax, «i. I. M.f 1935, CTp. 103. 2 BapTOAbd B. B. Hcropifa TypeuKO-MOHrojibCKHX napoAOB. Tam- KCHT, 1928, CTp. 25. 163

K33axoKHMH rmeMeHaMH. C KOHua X V I Bexa HaqHHaeTca npouecc hx oceAaiiHH b HH3oBbHx peKH Cbip-XUpbH h b dac- ceftHe peKH KyBaH-,HapbH. B X V I I - X V I I I Bexax ohh y>xe 33HHMaji'HCb opouiaeMbiM 3eMJi€AeJiweM h noAyKoqeBbiM ckotoboactbom. Ho KoqeBbie Ka3axcKHe xaHu h cyATaHH ' TaK >xe, KaK hx npeAKH, coBepmaAH Ha hhx Hadern. Bepa bo mhohhx cjiyqanx Bepx HaA KapaKaJinaxaMH, xa3axcKHe xanbi co6npaAH c nodeHWHHbix THHcejiyio AaHb xAedoM hah opraHH30BbiBajiH oTKpuTbifi rpaCe^K. 3 to 6ujio ochob- HOfi np'HHHHOft, TOpMOQHBmeft dKOHOM'HHeCKOe h KyAbTypHoe pa3BHTHe, a Tanxce qncAeHHbifi pocT KapaKa^naKOB. Hhcao pafloHOB, r^e KapanajinaKH MorAH.3aHHMaTbca 3eMAeAeAH- eM Ha p. Cbip-,IUpbe, dbiAO AOBOAbHo 3HaqHTeAbHhiM, ho HeBbiroAiiocTb hx 3aiwnoqaAacb b to m , hto Bee ohh npeA- cTaBJiHjiH co6oio HedoAbwne pa3po3HeHHbie oahh ot Apyro- ro yqacTKH, pacTHHyrbie y3KOH nojiocon Ha doAbniOM npo- THHceHHH cpeAH 6e3>KH3HeHHoro npocTpaHCTBa. BcjieACTBHe yKa3aHHbix ocodeHHOcreH, Ha BceM npoTHJKeHHH HHJKHero reqeHHH CHp-ZIapbH He MorAa B03HHKHyTb npoqHaa oceA- AOCTb, CymeCTBOBaHHe KOTOpOH 3AeCb 6hIAO HeMblCAHMO 6e3 odiunpHoft HppnrauHOHHofi CHCTeMbi h AOCTaToqHO KpynHhix HaceAeHHbix h yKperuieHHbix nyHKTOB, cnocodnux OTpa- 3HTb yAapu b CAyqae koh<|)ahktob c coceAHHMH K0M€bhh- KaMH. KoqeBHHK-H Bc-erAa 6uah BepHbi cbohm TpBahama m . OcodeHHo KaTacTpoc))HqecKHH xapaKTcp hmcjio b XVIII cto- acthh Hanaa c t we «a KapaKaAnaKOB Ka3axcKoro xaHa AdyA- xanpa. B 1743 roAy, codpaB doAbinoe koahhoctbo bcsahh* kob, oh BMecTe co cbohmh cbiHbBbHMH HypaAH, EpaAH H ZlxcaHHdeK TapxaHOM, BHeaarmo HanaA Ha KapaKaAnaKOB. Bhao nepedHTo mhoto AioAefi, HaceAeiwie orpadAeHo ao TAa h 3adpaHo dbiAO MiHoro nAeHHbix, b tom qncAe B3HAH b nAen caMoro xaHa KapaKaAnaKOB YpycnyAa c ceMbeft. B pe3yAbT3Te sroro h paAa Apyrnx nocjieAyiomHx HaderoB, opraHH3GB^HHbix xa3axcKHMH xaHaMH h cyATanaMH, Kapa- KaAnaKCKaa 3eMAH dbiAa onycTomena, a 36MAeAeAbqecKaH KyAbTypa B HH30BbHX Cbip-AapbH M AOAHHax pex KyBaH- ZlapbH h >KaHa-/IapbH yHHqToaceHa. KapaxaAnaKH, Bbi- HyxcAOHHbie. yfim c nacH>K€HHbix Mecr, nonaAH noA BAacTb - XHBHHCKOro Xa HCTJ33. lloCAe STOTO, KaK COOdmaeTCH B XH- BHHCKo-KapaKaAnaKCKHx xpoHHKax, «...cy/rraH TwMyp-xaH, Keredafi 6hh, BypKTdaft 6hh h ApyrHe HanpaBHAH BopoB- ckmm nyTeM b CTopoHy Xope3Ma doAbuiyio manxy qyMeKeft- 164

U©b, KOTopan npomjia nepe3 flHrn-JIapbK), co-BepiUHAa Ha- 6er na h g ko to plix HHrn-AapbHHCKHx Jiio^eft (sjib) b panoHG Tayxapa, sax^aTH^a MHoro CKOTa h njieHHbix h BepHyjiacb»I. H 3 c k a3aHho do bhaho, hto ApeBHue, Cpe^HeBeKOBbie H HOBOrO BpCMGHH BOHHCTBeHHbIG KOHGBHHKH, BTOpHHHCCH H3 ceB ep o -a a n a A H b ix exp arc b o d ^ a c T b Cbip-JlapbH , AMy-jQUpbH h A p a jio -K a c n H H C K o ro daccenHa, q a c r b io nepeABHraBiiiHecH Ha 3 a n a A , a nacTbio npoAoajKH TejiB H oe BipeMH oSH TaB iune b ochobihom w a TeppHTopHH coBpGMGHHoro K a 3 a x c T a « a , CHCTeMaTHnecKH pa3pyuiaAH h yHHHTo>KajiH 3eMJieAeAbne- cn yio K y jib T y p y . flp n K3>kaom ctoakhob6hhh c oceAAbiM H 3eMJieAejibHecKHMH napoAaMH s t h KoneBHHKH n oA B epraA H orp a tfjieH H io h pa3opesHHio « e TO Abxo Hace/reHHe, mo m o6pa6oTaH H yio, KyabTypHyio 3eMAK>. O hh «B03AeficrBOBaAH ABOHKHM 06p a3 0M Ha H3MeHCHHe npHpOAbl CTpaHbl, ee nOMBbl h KJiHMaTa,— npe)KAe Bcero « a nee noBAMHAH hx jkgctokmg onycToiueHHH, y hhhtojkenhe ca/jOB, pom m agcob, 3aTeM — yHHHTO>KGHiHe 36MACAf£AHH H 33MGHa GrO CKOTOBOACTBOM. KoqeBHHKH 3acbina^H KawaAbi h ah , no Kpafineft Mepc, M2B8J1H HJiy HX 33HeCTH; BMeCTO TOIX), HTOtfbl peryJIHpOBaTb TeqeHHe pcx, ohh tgm, hto notHAH cbom cra^a no Oepcraivi, coaeficrrBOBajiiH o6pa30BaHHK) 6oaot iHa tfeperax h ecn pa- BHJIbHOMy TeneHHio boa* 2. XlpeBHHMH KOHeBHHKaMH, o6HTaBUIHMH Ha TeppHTopHH Ka3axcTaHa, 6hjih MaccareTbi* ioeq>KHf caKH, ycyHH3, xaH- no&, xyH-Hbi >h Ap. KHTaftcKHe AOKyMeiiTbi, OTHOcamHecH k II— I BGKaM AO HaiHGft 3pbl, TOBOpHT, HTO «ycyHb AGJKHT nonTH b 2 000 ah ot RaBami (OGpraHbi) Ha ceBepo-BOCTOK. 3to KOHGBoe BAaAeHne, Koero >kh teAH nepexoaht aa ckotom c M ecra na MecTO. B o6biKHOBeHH5ix cxoACTByiOT c xyHHaMH. ycyHb HMeeT HGCKOAbKO AeCHTKOB THCHH B0HCK3 (TO eCTb 1 MaTepnajibi no HcropHH KapanajinaKOB— TpyAbi HHCTHTyTa BOCTOKOBeAeHHa, t . VII. M ___ Jl., 1935, crp . 122. 2 PeKAfO 9 . MejioBeK h 3eMJiH, t. I. Cn<5., 1906, d p . 381—382. 3 «ycyHb ecTb Ha3B3HHe BJiaACHHH, KOTopoe c TpeTbero Bena ao P. X. ao uiecToro no P. X. 3aHHMa.n0 3cmjih Ha ceBepHofl cropOHe He6ecHbix rop ot T3Mypiy-Hopa na boctok ao ye3Aa Cyft-Jiaft-xnHb. KHTaficKan HCTopna na3WBaeT ycynbCKHft napoA oahhm H3 n/ieMCH napo- Aa Cs, b ApeBHocTH HacejiHBUJCro AoraHHCTaH. ycyHbubr,. cAya<a KHTaio B BOflHaX npOTHB AfOHrOJIOB, HaKOHCII, TaK o6eCCHAHJIH, MTO B V I CTO- JI6THH npHHyjKAGHbl 6bIjlH yAa.IHTbCH H3 CBOHX 3eN*e.lb B JlyKOBbie ro- pu, h TaM coBepineHHo noTepn^HCb. 3 to noTOMKH ^caflKOB (canoB hjih ckh(J)ob, no kht. C s )». (BnqypHii H. H- (HaKHHtJi). Co6pannc cbgachhh o HapoAax, oCHTaBuiHX b CpeAHefi Ashh b ApeBHHe BpeMeHa, t. III. M.— JI.t 1953, cTp. 53). 165

MyjKHHii, c n o c o C iib ix HaTnrHBaTb JiyK — C. T.), OTBa>KHoro B Cpa>KeHH5!X... KaHriOH jie>KHT iiohth b 2 000 jih o t ilaBaHH Ha ceBepo- 3anaA. 3 to KoneBoe >Ke BJiaAeHne; b o Ohkhobghhhx coBep- meHHo cxoflCTByeT c ioeii>KbicuaMH; h m eeT ao 90 000 boh- cKa... ' ? HHbuaw Jie>KHT noqTH b 2 000 jih ot KaHnoa Ha ceBepo- 3anaA. H sto KOUCBOe njiaACHiie; b o6 bikhobghhhx coBep- uieHHo cxo,acTByeT c KannoeM. BoHCKa 6o;iee 100 000. Jle>KHT npH tfOJIblUOM 03epe, KOTOpoe HG HMeGT BblCOKHX 6eperoB. 3 to ecTb CeBepHoe Mope ( to ecTb KacnHHCKoe Mope — C. T .). Bojibwoft fOen>Kbi jigokht nonrH b 3 000 jih ot flaBa-HH iia 3ariaA, ot peKH Tyfi-rnyfl (AMy-ZIapbH — C\\ T .) Ha ce- Bep. Ot Hero Ha ior jieKHT jlaxa, iia 3anaA AHbcH, Ha ceBep KannoH. TaK>Ke KoneBoe BJiaAeHHe. CjieAya 3a ckotom, nepcKoqeBbmaiOT c MecTa na MeCTO. B oObiKHOBeHirax cxoa- cTByiOT c xyHHaMH. JfMeeT or 100 000 ao 200 000 BOHcxa. Bo Bpewa npejKHero worymecTBa cnoero npe3«paji xyHHOB. Moas, no BCTynjieHHH Ha npecTOJi, nopa3HJi FOenwn, a xyHHCKHft Jlaouiai-i maHbioft, chiH' ero, y6wn loeaxaicKoro BJiaAeiejia h h3 rojiOBHoro nepena ero cji&naJi cocyA AJin v nHTbH»I. 3 th AaHHbie noKa3biBaioT, hto ycyHH KoneBajik b CeMHpenbe, Kaiirioft — b UemrpajibHOM Ka3axcTane, a a K>e'i5Kbi — Ha ceBGpe Awy-,UapbH h b HH30Bbax Cbip- ZlapbH, Hcnojib3yn JiyroBbie nacTOnma ec pyKaBOB h Km- 3b!Ji-Ky.MCKyio nycTbiino. 3 th KoneBbie nJieMeHa M e*Ay co6oio hhhom nonTH no OTJiHnajiHCb. Bee ohh naxOAHJincb b itoctohhhom xoneBOM nepeABH>KeHHH BMecTe co cbohmh crajiaMH, iiohth tfecnpe- pblBHO BOKDH A pyr C ApyrOM I! C OCeAAbIMH 3eMA6ACJIbUAMH Oa3HCOB. BecnpepbiBHOMy nepeABHJKGHHio c o c k o to m KOMeBHiHKOB nocTOHHHo conyTCTBOBa.'ia Boftwa, KOTopaa o3Haqajia 6er- ctbo no6e>KACHHbix h norowio 3a h h m h noOeAHBUJHX AaJie- ko 3a npeAejibi npoKiiero MecTa oS h t s h h a i<ak nepBbix, T ax H BTOpblX. B OoAbUJHHCTBe CJiyqaeB 3THIM (J)aKTOM o6yCAOB- AGHO TO, VTO KOH0BHHKH OXOTHO OCT3BJIHAH 3eMAH, KOTA3 h m rpo3HJia onacHocTb 6biTb orpatfAeHHbi'MH, noTepaTb s e e CBOH CTaAa H TatfyHbl H 6bITb HCTpe6jr©HHhTMH. ' BuuypuH I I . ft . (IiaKUH(p). Co6patiHe ciie,aeHHft 0 uapo^ax, o6h- TaBiiiHx b CpcAHeft A 311H b ApcBiine opeivieHa, T. II. M.— JT., 1950. dp. 150— 151. 166

ITyCTIHTbCH B nyTb KOH6BHiH'K2LM KHKOTAa He npe^CTaBJIH- jio oco<5oh TpyA'HocTH. 0 » h, waryaHB Ha Bep6;noA0B, jio m a - Aeft s e e c b o h AOMaiuHiHe Bemn iH o c e ;y ia B KOHefi, KapaBawoM H BOOpy>KeHHOH KOHHHUCH JierKO MOrJIH OTnpaBHTbCH B A 3 - JieKHH n y T b . H a x o A H C b Bceraa b itojihoh totobhocth k ko m c- BOMy ncpeABH^KeHHK), OHH OAHOBpeMeHjHO MOrJIH BaHHMaTbCH oxotoh (Ha a h k h x 3Bepen:, ynacTBOBaTb b 6ok>, p a3p ym aT b Hace^eHHbie n y«K T w , ropoaa « npeB-pamaTb KyjibTypHhie d p a iib i b r o j i u e CTenn h nycTbiHH. C.HJia Boe’HHo-KoqeBbix mieMeiH cocronjia b to m , hto ohh 4cc;ieAyH 3 a T p a a o io <n boaoio, 3 aiH'Hm a kdtch 3bcpo.io b c t b o m , He h m c io t nocroaHHoro wecTa npe6biBaHHH h ynpancHHiOTCH TOJIbKO B BOOHHblX . JlfiJl3X» 1. O a H-HM iH3 I7I8.BHblX Opy^Hft npOH3BOACTBa H. BOHHbl y KOHCBHHKOB CJiyjKHJIH JlOLIiaAH. KOHCBHHKH XOpOLUO e3AHJ1H BepXOM H MOrJIH npOBOAHTb nejibie cyTKH Ha JiomaAH, He 3Ha$i ycTajiocTH. 3 th m h >Ke KaqecTBaMH o C jia jx a .m xa3axcKHe KoqeBHHKH h b 6 o jie e no3AHee BpeMH2. Y KoqeBHHKOB, HaxoAHBuiHxca Ha 6 o jie e BbicoKOH CTyneHH pa3BHTHH, KaK, HanpHMep, y MOHrojiOB, TK)pKOB, apa6on h Ka3axoB XV— X V III bb., na>KAbiH My>K- HHHa 6bIJI BOHHOM. BeAH BOeHIIO-KOHeBOH o6pa3 >KH3HH, OHH HCKyCHO BJiaA^JIH CBOHM Opy>KHeM BepXOM H3 KOHe, He 6oacb >xapbi h xoAOAa, aojkah h 6ypaHa b nycTbiHe h CTenn, naxoAH Cb noA OTKpbiTbiM n e6oM . B e e sto 6biJio j u in HHX CBOeH CTHXHefi. KoneBHHMH -MorjiH B cer^a 6 b ic r p o co6HpaTbca uejibiMH poAonjreMeHHbiMH rpynnaMH w npoH3BOAHTb M accoBoe h CTpeMHTeJibwoe nanaAeHHe Ha n p o T H b hhx a . H anpaB /ieH n e 1 BunypuH //. f l . (HdKump). CotfpaHne CBeaenHH o H a p O A a x , o 6 m- Tabliih x b CpeiiHCH A3hh b .apeBHue BpCNieHa, T. I, CTp. 296. 2 «...nopa3HTejibHa« MycKyjibnan cHJia h bmhoc^hbocti> KHprH3a (Ka3axa), ero ocTpufi r.ia3, oTweiytHBO pa3;iHqafomHH Ma^efimwA npeA- MeT b TyMaHHbix AaJiHX ropH30HTa, ero cnoco6HocTb npoBOjiHTb Ha ce jiJ ic zihh h hohw, ero rjiy6oKoe h tohkoc SHamie Bcex cypoBux cthxhA nycTNHH h roenoACTBo Ha^ Hero nyTeM 3Toro 3naHHfl,— Bee 3th npaKTH- HecKHe TajiaHTu, no6e>K,naroiuHe AHKyio npHpOAy HacTOJibKO, H3ckojilko 3to neotfxoAHMo jijih cKpoMHbix noTpc6iiocTeft KoqeBHHKa, — npaBO, t o - >Ke CTOIOT C CBOeft TOHKM 3peHHH— MHOTHX HaUMX KHHJKHbIX H nHCb- MeHHux npeMyApocTefi, HecoMHeHno noApbiBaromHx HenocpeACTBeHHyio cnoco6nocTb qe^OBCKa k 6opb(5e c Bpa>Kfle6HbiMn ch.t3mh npupoAbi h cyAb6bi>. (MapKOB EBreHHfi. P occhh b CpeAHeA A3hh. OqepKH nyTe- luecTBHB no 3aKaBKa3bio h <PeprancKOH TypKMeHHH, Byxape, CaMap- KaH^CKOH, TaiuKeiiTCKofi o(5jiaCT«M, KacnuflcKOMy wopio h Bo^re, r . II. Cn6., 1901, CTp. 174). 167

Ha Boft-Hy u ejioro KoneBoro nACMGHH « e 6 hao ajih hhx qpe3- BhlMaHHUM CO(5blTHGM M He TpeOOBaAO OC(>6bIX • H3A^P^<eK. Reno B TOM, HTO HapOA, npHBUKLLIHH K KOM6BOfi 5KH3HH B MHpHoe epeMH, Jierno nepeABHrajicn h bo BpeMa boBh u . BbidynaiOT a h ohh b noxoA KaK apMHH, KoqyioT ah ohh naK nacTyxH, o6pa3 >kh3Hh hx OAHHaKOB. «5er, 6opb6a, (J)exTOBaHHe, MeTaHHe ApoTHKa h CTpeAb6a h3 AyKa — oObiq- Hoe BpeM5mpoBo>KAeiiHe Tex, kto >khbct Ha oTKphiTOM B03Ayxe, h Bee sth aaHHTHH KonwpyioT BOHHy. Kotas TaTa- p«H hah apa6 w act Ha bo hhv, e ro cymecTBOBaH>He noAAep- >KHBaeTca ero CTaAaMH, Koropbie ABHHcyTcn awecre c hum, KaK H B MHpHoe BpeMH»l. H. r . MepHbUIieBCKHH OAHy H3 TAaBHUX npHHHH OTCTa- B3HHH B SKOHOMHqeCKOM H KyAbTypHOM p33BHTHH CTpaH Ash h c paim efi blicoko# xyAbTypon o t CBponeHCKHX cTpan BHAeA HMGHHO B OTpHU,aTeAbHOM BAHHHHH «a 3TtH CTpaHbl KoqeBHHKOB. O h nwcaA: «3 a n a A H a a E B p o n a Tax A aAexa ot CTenefi C p eA H eft A 3 h.h, rA a »H o ro neiHTpa, H3 K o ro p o ro b h - XOAHT BTOpraiOmHeCH KOHeBbie HapOAW^ HTO B noCAeAHHC 2 000 AeT o h h TOAbico oahh pa3 y c n e A H npoHJficHyTb b nee. OpAbi MHHrH3-xaHa, TawepAaHa h ocM an oB hah BOBce He AOXo a h a h a o 3 a n a A A o ft EBponw , h a m eABa xacaAHCb ee npeAeAOB, npocTo no o t a 3a o h h o c t h . 3anaAiH oeB'poneficKoe 3eM AeAeAbqecKoe waceAeHHe bo t y>Ke 1 400 ac t H36aBAeHO ot h o b h x MaBOAHeiHHfi sapB apcTBa h b 9TOT a^ ath h nepnoA HMeAo epeMH oKpenHyTb, ycTpoHTb c b o h AeAa»2. O ceA ^ w e a3H>aTOKHe HapoAbi n o n ™ a e 3H3a h 6oA ee h a h Menee M H T eA b H b ix nepeAbim ex o r HaurecTBHH xoqeBHHKOB. O hh noifaAaAH b nopatfom eHne o t o a h h x kohobkhkob k ApynniM. T a x a n HCTopHqecxaH o6cTaH O BK& , KOTopaa o icp y- xcaAa o ceA A b ie a3HaTCKHe napoAW , « e A a s a A a ihm bo3moxfc- HOCTH CAGA3Tb (>OAee npO^HblMH CBOH KyAbTypHbie AOCTH- >KeHHfl. Bee 3th (})aKTbi, noxa3biBaioT H CToph q e c K y io orpaHHqeH- HOCTb nepcneKTHB n p o rp e c c H B «o ro pa3BHTHH npoH3BO- AHTeAbHblX CHA KOHeBOTC) oOlUeCTBa H e r o KpaiiHe OTpH- uaTeAbHoe BAHHWHe Ha o c e A A o e 3eM AeAeAbqecKoe o6ihgctbo. ' Cmut AdaM. Hccjie^oBaHHe o npHpoAe h nprmHitax 6oraTCTBa napo^oB, t . II. M .— JI., 1935, CTp. 236. 2 WepHbitueocKuti H. r. Hstipamiije SKOHOMHuecKHe npoH3BeAeHHH, t . Ill, h. !. M., 1948, C T p . 30 (c H o c K a ), 168

*** FIpaBHjibHOMy ocBemeHHio ochobhhx BdTipocoB o6mecT- BeHHO-3KOHOMHMeCKOrO CTpOH KOqeBHHKOB-Ka3aXOB MemaiOT oiBH^oqubie no/io>KeHHH TeopHH «koqeBoro cjreo>najiH3Ma» B. H. BjiaAH M H pueBa. OcHOBHbie OUiHCOMHbie nOJIO>KeHH5I 3T0H TeopHH 3HKJUO- qaiOTCH, Bo-nepBbix, b hac3JIH33uhh otfmecTneHHo-aKOHOMH- qecKoro cTpon MOHrojibcK'Hx KoqeBHHKOB-rpaSuTejieH, yqa- CTBOBaBUJHx b noxoAax LlHiirHC-xaHa h ero 6jinx<aHUiHx nOTOMKOB; BO-BTOpbIX, B TOM, qTO BO3HHKH0BeHHe KviaCCOBbIX OTHOUieHHft y MOHrOAOB H y IIOKOpCHHbIX HMH KOHeBHHKOB UeJIHKOM BhIBOAHTCH H3 33BOeBaHHH, H3CHJIHH; B-TpeTbHX, MexaHHqeCKH OTOJKAeCTB/IHIOTCH COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKIie OTHOUieHHH MOHrOAOB XI—XIV BB. H MOHrOJIOB X V I— XX bb., 6 e3 yqeTa CoJibuinx couHajibHo-sKOHOMHqecKHx H3MeHeHHft b KoqeBOM odmecTBe MOHroJiOB, npOHcmeAuiHx noa BJiHHHHeM KyjibTypHbix Hapo^OB c oceAAHM 3eMjieAe- JineM h ropOACKoif KyjibTypoft, HacejifiBimix 3aBoeBaHHyio KoqeBHHKaMH odujHpHVK) TeppHTopuio; B-qeTBepThix, B ro- AOM yTBep>KJ3.6HHH, HTO OCHOBOfi 3KCIIJiyaTaiIHH y Bcex KO- qeBbix ckotoboaob hbjihctch cJieoAaAbHoe 3eMJieBJiaAeHHe BKo6bi aH ajiorH qH oe c 3eMJieAeJiHeM y oceAAbix 3eMAeA£Ab- qecKHx HapoAOB 3anamiOH EBponbi, B-nHTbix, bch erpyKTy- pa0BOHCK «nOJiyUHBH,lH30BaHHbIX» ROHHCTByTOLIUIX KOqeBHH- kob MHHrHc-xaHa CbiJia 06'bHBJieHa « 4>eoAajibHOH» Hepapxweft, TaK Ha3biBaeMbiM «KoqeBUM ())eoAaAH3MOM» MOHrOAOB. ‘ Bee 3th oiiiHdoqHbie noAOx<eHHH TeopHH «KoqeBoro (})eo- Aa^H3Ma», k co>KaAeHHK), 6 m ah noAO Kenbi b ocuoBy peu ie- hhsj TauiKeHTCKOft cecciiH HCTopHKob b 1954 m a y no B onpo- cy o cyuiHocTH naTpHapxaAbHo-cfjeoAaAbHbix othoihchhh y KoqeBtix HapoAOB. B peuieHHH ce cc n n cKa3aHo: « O choboh ({)eoAajiH3Ma y KoqeBHHKOB, KaK h BcioAy, HBAHAacb 4>eo- AaAbHan codcTBeHHocTb Ha 3eMAK>, KOTopaa pea.iH30Bajiacb b pa3^HqHbix cneuHcjjnqecKHx (JiopMax npHCBoeHHH 3ew ejib- Hofi peiiTbi. n p H Bcex ocodeHHOCTHX naTpuapxaAbHo-cfjeo- Aa^bHbix OTHOiueHHH y KoqeBbix HapoAOB — cymnocTb 3thx OTHOUICHH# HBAHOTCH (})eOAaAbHOH, KaK H y OCeAAUX 3CMAe- AejibqecKHx n ap oA O B *1. 1 PemeHHH o6T>eAHHeHHOft Haymoft cccchh, n ocB n m eH H oft hctophh CpeaneA A3HH h Ka3axcTana b aookth6p !>ckhA nepHofl. TaiiiKeHT, 1954, d p . 4—5. 169

nepeOUeHKa ypOBHfl P33BHTHH npOH3BOACTBeHliblX OTHO- iueHHft y KoqeBHHKOB, npoAHKTOBaHHan pyKOBOAHTeAflMH TauiKenTCKOH ceccHH, BbueKaJia H3 HrHopupOBaHHa Toro Ba>KHoro noJio>KeHHH MapKCH3Ma, hto «H3 onpeAe.neHHOH <j>opMH MaTepwajibHoro npoH3BOACTBa BbrreKaeT, BO-nep- Bbix, onpe^ejicHHaH cipyKTypa otfmecTBa, BO-BTOpwx, onpe- aeJieHnoe OTHomenne Jnoaefi k npnpoAe. Hx rocyAapcTBeH- HbiH CTpofi h hx AyxoBHhift yKJiaA onpeAeAaeTea Kax TeM, Tan h ApyrHM»l. B. Bjia/iHMHpuCB h ero coBpeMeHHhie nocAeAOBaTeAH VTBcp>K^aK)T, hto y KoueBbix ckotoboaob cywecTByiOT Ta- KHe >Ke no3eMeJibHbie OTHoweHHH, KaK h y (f)eoAaAbHbrx 3e- M^e^e^bqecKHx HapoAOB. A kto 'ocnapmaer sto, tot hko6h OTpaixaer o6myio 3aK0H0wepHocTb oCmecTBeHHoro pa3BH- TH5I. rjiailiaTaH 3T0& «TeopHH» nbITaiOTCH AOKa3aTb, HTO KaK y oceAAbix 3eMAeAeAbucB, TaK h y KoqeBHX ckotoboaob 6bi.ia e/uHian cJ)opMa 3eMACBAaACHHH. B. BjiaAHMHpueB HacHAbCTBeHHoe npHBAeqeHHe no- KopeHHbix nJieMeH h HapoAOB b BoeHHwe rroxoAbi Huhthc- xaHa h ero HacjieAHHKOB nyTCM porjiaMeHTaunn KoqeBoro nepeABH>KeHHH Hace-neHna noA KOMaHAOH BoeHaqaAbHHKOB OTO>KAecTBJiHeT c achctbhhmh (J)eoAaAa-3eMAeBAaAeAbua. B. BjiaAHMHpueB He yqeA, hto cTaAa h Ta6yHu b BOeHHOM IlOXOAe KOqeBHHKOB CJiy>KHAH HCTOqHHKOM npOAyK- tob noBceAHeBHoro nHTanun, TpaHcnopTOM h opyAHeM Hhl ( b OC06eHHOCTH AOinaAH H BepCjIlOAbl). Ka>KAbIH patfo- TOcnoco6iibiH My>KHHHa 6ua bohhom; yxoA 3a ckotom h cpaweHHe Ha no/re 6htbw HMejiH itohth OAHHaKOBoe Boen- Hoe 3HaqeHHe b ocymecTBjieHHH KpoBaBoro, rpa6nTe^bCKo- ro noxoAa opA MnurHc-xaHa. Bo BpeMfc noxoAa MOHroAbi BnepeAH cbogh MHoroqucAeHHoft apMHH ompaBAKAH orpow- HbIMH TO^inaMH HeyTOMHMbIX BCaAIIHKOB, TOTOBblX CKaKaTb AeHb h Hoqb, noKa He AOCTHrHyT cBoeft ueAH. Hx eAHHCT- BenHOH npOBH3Hen 6liah Kowanbie MeiiiKH c KyMbicoM hah nAHTKH crymennoro MOAOKa B TBepAOM BHAe (KVpT, HpHM- hhk). KorAa 3anac nnmn y hhx HCCHKaA, ohh cocKaKHBa- ah c Komi, oTKpbiBaAH ho>kom y Hero Ha Hore neny, noA- KpenAHAHCb TAOTKOM KpOBH H 3aTeM 3aKphIBaAH paHy KaKHM-TO CTHTHBaiOlAHM BeiiieCTBOM H CIIOBa BCKaKHB3AH B ceAAo. Ka>KAbi^ bohh rHaA BnepeAH ce6fl cbohx 3anacHbix KOIieH, KOTOphlX 6bIBaAO, KaK TOBOPHT AeTOnHCUfcJ, AO BO- 1 M apKC K . TeopHH npn6aBo«nioH ctohmocth ( IV tom «KaniiTa/ia»). I. M ., 1954, CTp. 261. 170

ceMHaauaTH, h noTOMy rycTbie o 6;iaKa hujim iiOHHHManHCb na paBiiHHax, nono6no HbiMy HanBHraBwerocH n oxcapa, H3Beman >KHTeJieH 3a necKOJibKO qacoB o npn6jiH>KeHHH ziaBHHbi JiioneH , yrpo>KaBmeH Bcewy HaceneHHio CMepTbio. rio3aAH 3t h x aBanrapAOB HBHranacb ocHOBHaa Macca Ha- pona, He ny>KABBiiiaHCH b 3anace npoBiiaHTa, Tax KaK cra - na 3thx o p n 6 bijni Bnoniie nocTaToqnbi jxjih hx riponoBOrtb- CTBHH HJ1H, no MeHbLUeH Mepe, n03B0JIHJIH hm npocymecTBo- BaTb no Toro BpeivieHH, noi<a He 6y.neT ot6ht ckot y HenpHHTeJiH1. flp n 3to m Bee noKopeHHbie riJieMeHa BKJiK)qajiHCb b boh- CKOBbie enHHHUbi woHronoB: TyMCHbi (10 tmc.) bo ivraBe c Te.MlIHKaMH, TblCHHH BO IViaBe C TblCHHHHKaMH H COTHH BO iviaBe c coTHHKamh. Bee ohh naxonujiHCb b cTporo.M conon- HHIfeHHH C.HH3y AOBCpxy*. COTHHKH nOHHHHHJIHCb TblCHHHHKy, TblCHWHHKH --- TeMHHKy, TeMHHKH — HaqaJibiiHKy KOpnyca hjih y n y c a — uapeBimy, naqajibHHKH KopnycoB — ynycoB nOHHHHHJIHCb rJiaBHOKOMaHHVIOlUeMy BCe.MH MOHrOJILCKHMH BOMCK3MH — ^HHrHC-Xany, KOTOpblH 6bUI IViaBHblM BOeHHbIM boxchgm h r.naBoii kohcboh HMriepHH. H h ohhh H3 bohhob lie Mor yfiTH ot CBoero BoeHaqajibHH- Ka, «caMOBOHbHbie nepexonbi ot ohhoto HaqajibiiHKa k npyroMy 6bijiH 3anpemeHbi non yrpo3ofi cMepTHofi Ka3HH»2. H oshh ne FIjiaHo KapnHHH, g3hhbiuhh b 1246 rony b cto- HHuy MOHroHOB KapaxopyM, rwcaji: «C a w >xe oh (HMnepa- Top) yKa3biBaeT, rne nofebioaTb bo>k h « m, bo>khh >xe yxa- 3bIBaiOT MeCTa TblCflqHHKaM, TblCHHHHKH — C0THHK3M, COTHHKH >Ke — HeCHTHHK3M. CBOpX TOTO, BO BCGM TOM, HTO oh npenrwcbiBaeT bo BCHKoe Bpewfl, bo bchkom MecTe no OTHOLUeitHiO JIH K BOHHe HJIH K CMGpTH HJIH K >KH3HH, OHH noBHHyioTCH 6e3 BCHKoro npoTHBopenHH»3. O hhcto Boen- HOM 3HaqGHHH 3T0H HCCHTHqHOH CHCTeMbI C8M MHHTHC-XaH roBopnji: «Ka>KHbiH H3 smhpob TVMana, Tbicnqn h cothh Honx<eH con epxoTb b noHHOM nopHHKe h nep>KaTb HaroTO- Be CBOe BOftCKO C TeM, HT06bI BbICTynHTb B IlOXOH B jnotfoe BpeMH, Korna npH6yneT (JinpMaH h npHK33, 6e3pa3JiHqno, iiohlio hjih nn eM !»4. Ohh3ko H3 3Toro eme HeJib3H cneJiaTb 1 PeKAto 3 . ^eJiOBeK h aeMJifl, t . IV. C n 6 ., 1907, d p . 191— 192. 2 B A C iduM upyee B . yJ. 06mecTBeHHbift CTpoft MOHro-ioB (MonroJib- CKHft KOMeBofi 4>eoHajiH3M). JI., 1934, CTp. 104. 3 H o o h h d e fJA a n o Kapnuuu. McTopHn MOHro^OB. Cn6., 1911, CTP- 23. i P a u m d -a d -d u H . CtfopmiK ^eTomicew, t . I, kh. BTopan. M .— 1952, ctp. 264, 171

t bbiboa, hto 3accl cymecTByioT HacTOfliune (JjeoAajibHbie nopHAKH c KpynHUM (JjeoAaAbHbiM 3eMAeBAaAeHHeM h Kpe- nOCTHHqeCTBOM. B MOMeiiT 3aBoeB3HHB eBponeHuaMH AMepHKH cpeAH MHoroqHCJieHHMx HHAencKHx nJieweH Ha caMofi bucokoh CTynCHH pa3BHTHH CTOHAH aUTCKH B MeKCHKB H HHKH B Ilepy. Ochoboh o6mecTBeHHoro ycTpoficTBa y hhx 6hjio o6mHHHoe aeMJieBJiaAeiiHe, ho y>ne c ajieMeHTaMH qacTHoft COCCTBeHHOCTH Ha SeMAIO. y HHKOB «3eMAfl ACAHAaCb , Ha Tpn qacTH: OAHa aah cojiHua (AyxoBeHCTBa), Apyraa jiJifl HHKH, BepxOBHOrO BO>KAH, H TpeTbfl RJ1SI HapOAa. Bee 3TH 3eMJiH o(3pa6aTHBajiHCb kojijieKTHbho: cnaqa^a 3eMAH, npn- naAAe>KaBiuHe AyxoBeiiCTBy, 33tcm 3eMJiH tfoALHbix, npe- CTapeAux, baob h acero HapoAa h, HaKonen, 3eMAH Hhkh... PadoTHHKH 6ujih npHKpcnjiciiH k 3eMJie; poA 3aii5mift qe- AOBexa onpeAejiHACH npw ero po>KAeHHH Ha bcjo >KH3Hb. JIioah AeAHAHCb Ha rpynnu b AecaTb, nflTbAecHT, cto h THcaqy ceMewcTn; Ka>KAyK) rpynny B03iviaBAHA HaqaJibHHK, oTBeTCTeeHHbiH 3a patfoTy h 6.naronoAyqHe ee q^ieHOB. Flpa- BfllUHe KaCTbl JKHJIH B pOCKOIUH*1. KpOMe TOrO, «KaK HHKH, TaK H aUTeKH B CBOHX «HMnepHHX» AepJKaJIH B nOAqHH6HHH MHo>KecTBo pa3AHqHbix ruie.MeH. 3 th noKopeHHbie mieMeHa 9KcnAyaTHpoBaAHCb pa3AnqHbiMH cnoco6aMn: ohh nocraB- Jihah. AiOAeft aah qe/iOBeqecKHx jKepTBonpHHouieHHft, a T3K>Ke pa60B H BOHHOB, IlAaTHAH AaHb 6jiaropoAHbiMH Me- TaAAaMH H ApyrHMH UeHHOCTHMH»2. Ho 3Ta c y p o B a n CHCTeMa 3 K cru iyaT au H H , OAHano, ne yerpaHHJia p o A O B b ie o t h o u i^hhh c p e A H noK opcH H H x ruieMeH, a hhkh h auTeKH , y a o 6ho ycTpoHBLUHecq na m ee nopatfo- meHHbix n ^ e M e H , caMH b CBoefi c p e A e To>xe coxpaH9um pOAOnAeMeHHbie nopHAKH. I l e p e A H a w n KaK 6 bi Aaa c o u h - aAbHbix cjioh, c pO AonAeM eH H ofi o p r a H H 3 aHHeH, ho KOTopbie HaxOAHAHCb M e^K A y C060H B OTHOIlieHHHX n0p a 60THTeAH H nopa6om eH H oro. O AH ano apHCTOKpaTHqecKaa BepxyniKa rocn oA C T B yroiu ero ruieMeHH He 6huia y>K e b itoahoh Mepe 3aiuHTHHueft H H TepecoB C Taporo p o A O B o ro otfmecTBa, na nepB oe M ecT o o H a CTaBHjia nexb p a c iu n p e H n a h yKperiAeHHfl CBoero ro c n o A C T B y io m e ro noAO>KeHHH najx Bcefi TpyAOBoft MaccoH H ap oA a. flop ad om eH H e c jia 6 bix nAeMeH c h a^h h m h 1 <t>ocrep y. OqepK nojiHTHMCCKofl hctodhh AMepHKH. M., 1955, CTp. 39. 2 TaM »e, CTp. 43. 172

npoH exoAH jio n yT eM m c x iu ic m c h h u x b o h h . B ohhm bo3h h k 3 - SIH «H 3-3a OXOTHHHbHX yrOAHH, BOAOeMOB, peHHbJX JXOJIHH, deperoB, 0 3 e p , MecTopo>KAeHHH KpeM HH, 3ajie>Keft co jih , h 3- ’ 3a BOAbi a j ih H y>K A opomeHHH h n o A p y rH M noB O AaM »1. OAHaKO oCmecTBeHHan crp yK T yp a s th x nneMeH h m o k - • n^eMeHHbie BOftHbl H3-3a 0BJI3ACHHH 3eMJieft, JHOAbMH H HMymecTBOM e m e Mano roBopHJin o6 o(J)opmhbiiihxch $ e o * Aa.ibHbix OTHOineHHHX. «B ocHOBe 3Toro odmecTBeHHoro ycTpoftcTBa jie>K ajia cHCTeMa, n p n k o to p o h 3eMJieft BJiaAeno, pacnopH>Kajiocb h nojib30Bajiocb B ee ruieMH, ne3aBHCHMo o t Toro, qeM s t o nneMfl Ao6biBa.no c e d e cpeACTBa k cymecTBO- . BaHHIO — OXOTOH, pbldnofi JIOBJieH, CKOTOBOACTBOM, 3QVlJie- AenneM HJIH BCeMH 3THMH 3aHHTHHMH OAHOBpeMeHHO»2.3 K a n yK a 3 b iB a eT Y hjibhm 3. O o e r e p , oceAJibie aMepHKaH- CKHe HHAefiUbI, 3aHHMaBIBHeC5I HHTeHCHBHbIM 3eMneAC/IHeM c npHMeneHHeM HCKyccTBeHHwx yA od p eiiH H h cTpoHTenbCT- BOM rp a H A H 0 3 H H X OpOCHTeJibHbIX CHCTeM, B MOMeHT 3 a B o e - B3HHH e B p o n e n u a M H ctohjih Ha n e p e x o A H o ft n a T p n a p x a jib - HO-padoBnaAenbqecKOH c t3a h h pa3BHTHn. Ha ocHOBe He- yKnoH H oro p a c n a A a o6iuhhhoh cn cT eM b i. 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH, n ocT en eH H oro pa3Jio>KeHHH p o A a , p a c T y m e ft KOHueHTpauHH BJiacTH b p y n a x o n p eA en eH iib ix c e M e ftc T B h y c n jiH B a ro m e ro c fl nopadpm eH H H T p y A a in n x c n M acc n o c T e n e m io bo3HHK3Jih ABa K n a cca — npaBHiuHft KJiacc h K jia c c np0H3B0AHTejiefts. ripaBHlUHH K J ia cc COCTOHJI H3 BOeHHO-padOBJiaAeJIbHeCKOH 3H3TH H HCpCUOB, a npOHSBOAHII^Hfi KJI3CC COCTOHJI H3 p ad O B H CBOdOAHbIX OdmHHHHKOB. BoJIbIHOe CXOACTBO C B3aHM00TH0UieHHHMH aiJTeKOB H HHKOB, C OAHOlt CTOpOHbl, H H O padom eH H blM H HMH A p y rH M H HHAeHCKHMH n neM eiraM H , c A p y r o ft , h m c j ih B3aHM00THOuie- h h h , ycTaHOBHBLUHecH Me>KAy A s y M H a^raH CKH M H nJieM eH a- m h B x K o im e X V III h H aqan e XIX b b ., o a h o H3 K O Topbix — njieMH r a H A a n y p u e B — 6h j io K o q eB h iM H c k o t o b o a 3 m h — 3 a - BoeBaiejiHMH, a A p y ro e n o p a d o m eH H o e nJieMH— x a w c a n — 6mjio oceAJibiM H 3eMjieAeJibuaMH. 3 A e c b TO>xe cy m ecT B O B a - n a C B oeodpa3H afl (JiopMa c K O JU ie K y n m io r o npucBoeHHfi n p n - daB oqH oro n p o A y K T a , npoH3B eAC H H oro oTAeJibHbiMH x a M c a n h Aaxce u ejib iM H o 6ia h h 3MH x a M c a n , odpadaTbiBaBUJHMH 1<J>ocrpe y. OiepK no/iHTHMecKOH hctophh Amcphkh. M., 1955., CTp, 31. 173 2 TaM )K6, CTp. 31, 3 TaM >«e, CTp. 44.

3eM;iH rocn oA C T B yioiu ero n jie M e » H » l . TaH^ariypubi, Kan yKa3biBaoT H . M . PeftcH ep, «n a q a B c. koaagkth bho h (JiopivtH 3Kcn^yaTau,HH 3aBHCHMoro nacGACHHfl, cHAeBLiiero Ha-3eM- AHX, HBAHB111HXCH 06lU£H COCCTBGHIIOCTbK) nJlCMeHH, H paC- npeAejiHH a o x o a u ot aKCiuiyaTamiH 3aBHCHMUX MescAy q^eHaMH nAe\\ieHH no qncAy 36 000 a ^aah2, raHAanypubi KOH4HJIH TeM, 4TO noqTH Ae/IHKOM pa3AeAHAH 3eMJIH nJie.Me- hh, BKJnonaH h aAbMeHAHbie, Me>KAy OTAeJibHbiMK qjicHaMH nAeweHH, npnneM Ka>KAbiH BAaAeAeu 3aKpen,ieHHoro 3a hhm yqacTKa 3eMAH SKcnjiyampoBaA Ten epb iienocpeACTBeHno Tex xaMcan, K o x o p n e 0(5pa6aTbiBaJiH e r o yqacTOK»3. Tanoe x<e nojiOKemie b X IX ocxe cymccTBoBaAO b naKHCTane. «Ba>KHyK) pOAb B COUHaJlbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOM pa3BHTHH naianOB nrpaAo to odcTOHTeAbCTBO, hto naTaHCKHH xe.nb BUdynaA KaK koa agkthbhbih 3KciiAyaTaT0p HenoAHonpaB- Hbix qyx<aKOB (x a M c a n a ), apenAaTopoB h odmHHHHX cAyr, a y HexoTopbix ruiCMeH TaK>Ke h Kan KOAAeKTHBHHH pa6o- BAaAeAeu»4. T o xce 6biao y moutoaob ^HHrHC-xana. ITo caobsm PawnA-aA-AHHa, k o tas MHHrnc-xaH noKopHA njieMeua Tan- A>KHyT, ypyT h MaHKryT, oh CAeAaA hx cbohmh «yH araH 6orOAa.MH». nOKOpeHHHH pOA HAH FIAeMH 6HAH 06fl3aHbI HeCTH riOBHHHOCTH B nOAb3y CBOHX HOOeAHTeAeH. ApHCTO- KpaTHHecKHe ce.MbH noKopeHiioro p oA a hah nJieMeHH o6 »3 a - HHi 6hah HcnoAHHTb «6 A a ro p o A n y io » CAy>K6y rJiaBaM poAa nodeAHTeAH, a npocTH e ceMbH — ACAaTb rpydyio, «q ep n yio» pa6oTy. 3T a 3aBHCHM0CTb 6HAa ocoOeHHo THJKeAOH aah Kapaqy noxopcH H oro nAeMeHH, nocKOAbKy npocTOH HapoA, KpoMe CAyjKdu cbogh apHCTOKpaTHH, a o a jk c ii 6 w i padOTa'Tb h Ha 3HaTb noOeAHBinero nAeMeHH5. X oth Mimrac-xaH b OTHOIIieHHH nOKOpCHHblX HapOAOB HBAHACH BCeBAaCTHblM a3H3TCKHM agciiotom, bo BHyTpeHHHx A ejia x cboeft Aep>Ka- BH OH CqH TaA CH AHLUb C BOeHHO-nACMCHHbIM CTpoeM MOH- roAOB6. C. FI. T oactob BepHo n oA M em n, * mto «TpaAHUHH 1 Pedcnep M . M . P a 3BHTHe <})eo;ia:iH3Ma h o6pa3oBaHHe rocyaapcT- Ba y acJ)raHueB. M .r 1954, CTp. 110— 111. 2 AaAAH — AOJ1H. 3 Pedcnep H . M . Pa3BHTne $eo;ia;iH3Ma h o6pa30BaHne rocyaapcr- ba y acJjraHueB. M., 1954, CTp. 148, * r opdon JJ. ArpapH ue oTHOiueHna b ceBepO'3anafliiofi iipobhhuhh H hahh (1914— 1947 rr.), M„ 1953, CTp. 12. * OqepK HcropHH CCCP. JlepHOA (frcoaaflHSMa, IX— XIII b b ., M. I. M., 1953. CTp. 795. 6 JInu\\enKo n . //. HcTopna iiapoauoro xcm R crn a C C C P , t . I. M ., 1947, CTp. 174. 174

BapBapcKoft cnjio*ieHHOCTH, oTHocHTejibiio cine o^eiib cjia- 6oe pa3BHTHe KJiaccoBoro aHTaroHH3Ma BHyTpH MOnm/ib- CKoro Hapo.ua 6 biah mnpoKo ncnojib30BaHbi MnnrncoM d ero 06beaHHHTCAbHOH nOJlHTMKe»1. O noao6 Hbix rocyAapcTBeHHbix 0 6 'beAHHeHHHx C. B. K h- cewies nnca/i: «BoftH a, ksk cpcactbo odorainemia h, oaho- BpeMeHHO, K a K CpeACTBO 0CJia6AeHHH COU.Ha./JbHbIX IIpOTHBO- pewHH y ce<3n AO M a, onpcACAfiCT «B neuiH K)K) noAH TH Ky» He OAHHX TOAbKO KbiprbI30B. B H H TepecaX BOHHbl CTapaH pOAO- Baa apHCToxpaTH5i o6beAHHaeTca B O K pyr yAaqAHBoro bo jk- A h, noA^HHaeTCH bochhoh BAacTH h co3AaeT T a n yio opraHH3auHio ynpaBAeunn, KOTopan npeACTaBAJuriacb KHTaw- CKOMy H CTopH Ky c a o x <hoh c h c tc m o h HHHOBHHHbero a n n a p a - Ta... BOKpyr Kbiprbi3CKoro K aran a, rp o 3 H o ro Dpara o p x o n - ckhx Tiop oK , Mbi yBHAHM c T a p y io p o A O B y io apHCTOKpaTHIO — 6eroB, npHHHTbix n a cJiy>K6y TapnaH O B h MHoronHCAenHyio Apy>KHiiy BHTH3eft, o rA a n o B »2. B X II— X III Bexax MOHroAbCKHH poA BbierynaA eme KaK C0IO3 KpOBHbIX pOACTBeHHHKOB, B KOTOpOM BCC CMHTaAH Ce6fl npoHcxoAKm.Hmh ot OAHoro o6m ero npeAKa, rAe 6paKH He MOrAH COBepiiiaTbCH BHyTpH pOAa H My^KHHHa AOA/KeH 6bIA 6paTb ce6e b >Keiibi AeByiuny TOAbKO H3 Apyroro poAa TaK x<e, KaK bto npOHcxoAHAO b Ka3axcKHx poAax B XV—X V III BB. H n03HCe. B CTapHHHOM MOHrOAbCKOM CKa33HHH 6 MHUTHC-XaHe TOBOpHTCH: «Pa3AyHHTbCH C pOA- HLIMH 3HaHHT CA^AaTbCH A0 6 bIHeH nOCTOpOHHHX... OTAeAHTb- CH OT MHOrOHHCAeHHOrO CeMeHCTBa 3HaHHT CAeAarbCJf Ao6bI- nen MaAOHHCAeHHoro ceweftcTBa. E cah pacnaAaeTCH MHOrOHHCAejIHOe CeMeHCTBO, TO OHO CACAaeTCH A0 6 bIHeH MaAOHHCAeHHOTO HapOAa. A1o>KIIO HaHTH ABH>KymHXCH (>KHBhie cym ecTB a), ho poAHbix He HaiiAeiub. M o>kho ripno- CpeCTH HapOA, HO poAHbix npH0 6 pCCTH IieAb351»3. jlecHTHqHoe AeAenne bohck Mnurnc-xaHa hmeeT noAHyio anaAornio c agchthhhlim AeAeiineM bohck y aMepHKaHCKHx HHAeHACB H ryHHOB M oas b IV— II bb. jx o h . 3. HanpHMep, 1 ToACTOfl C. n , n o CJieaaM ^pCBHe-XOpe3MHflCKOH LUlBHjlH3aUHH. M.— JI., 1954, CTp. 290. 2 KuceAee C. B. XlpeBnaa HCTopHH IO>KHoff CuCnpH. M., 1951, CTp. 598. 3 U h t . no O i e p n a M • H cro p H H C C C P, nepnofl f[)C 0 A a/iH 3 M a, 1^ —X III bb, n. I. M ., 1953, d p . 793. 175

y M oas 6bi.no «B cero ABaAuaTb q eT h ip e cTapefininnu,. ko^o-: pbie hocht o6ui.ee Ha3BaiiHe tcm h h ko b, mo 3HaHHT 10 000 KOHHHUbI»l. «Ka>KAbIH H3 24 CTapeHLUHH — AAH HCIipaBJieHHH Aeji, nocTaBJineT y ce6a TbicJiqHHKOB, cothhkob, accbthh- KOB»2. B AefrCTBIiTeJIbHOCTH M O A 3 6bIJI TJiaBOH TOJIbKO njieMeHHoro co io3 a BOHHCTByioiuHx BapBapoB c naipHap- xa^bHo-poAOBbiM - CTpoeM. H t o KacaeTCH HHiirnc-xaHa, to oh -6biJi rjiaBoft B oeH H oro «noJiyuHBHJiH30BaH- Horo», nojiypa6oBJiaAejibqecKoro, noAy^eoAanbHoro rocy- AapCTBa. 06mecTBeHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHH . CTpOH MOHT0-' jiob em e HaxoAH-Hcn Ha riep ex o A H o n craAHH pa3BHTHfl, KOTophift e m e He aoctht CTaAHH pa3BHToro (J)eoAaJiH3Ma. TaKoe nojiy4)eoAaAbHoe, to ecTb naTpnapxa^bHo-^eoAaAb- Hoe rocyAapcTBO MOHronoB M H H rn o x a H a HMe.no b ochob- hom KOJiJieKTHBHyio naTpHapxajibHo-t^eoAanbHyio c})opMy 3KcruiyaTau,HH noKopemibix oTCTajibix KoqeBbix h c nepe- Aoboh K yjib T yp o n oce^Abix 3eMJieAejibqecKHx HapoAOB. CKa3aHHoe HoaHHOM &e FLu sh o KapnHHH o acchthhhom ABAeHHH KOMeBHHKOB HHHTHC-XaHa HGKOTOpblMH BBTOpaMH noHHMaeTca KaK AOKa3aTeAbCTBO T o ro , hto sto otfmecTBO 6biJio (J)eoAayibHbiM, KpenocTHHqecKHM. JI. FI. IloTanoB TaK >Ke, nan B. 51. BjiaAHMHpueB h M. TI. B htkhh, yTBep>KAaer, hto «MOHonoAbHoe pacnopa>KeHHe KoqeBbHMH, nacTOnmaMH h ApyrHMH 3eMJiHMH BeJio cj)aKTHqecKj^ k qacTHOH co6ctbch- HOCTH KOMCBOH 3HBTH Ha 3TH 3eM AH »3. B AaHHOM c jiy q a e Jl. n. Ilo T a n o B n yTaeT ABe pa3AHqHfaie BemH. O h CMeiiiHBaeT pacnopa^KeHne KoqeBaHHeM c pacno- pH>KeHHeM KoqeBbBMH. B ee AoxyM eH Tbi, Ha KOTopbie ohh cctJAaiOTCH, roBOpHT TOAbKo o cymecrBOBaHHH pacnopa>Ke- hhh HanpaBJieHHeM KoqeBaHHH, KoqeBHM nepeABwxceHHeM; HanpHMep, yKa3biBaAocb, KorAa HanpaBAHTbca b CTOpoHy AeTHHX KOqeBHH H KOTAa B CTOpoHy 3HMHJHX. 3Aecb HeT HH- KaKoro pacriopHjKeHHH riacrCHiueM, npoueccoM nacTbdw CKoxa, 3Aecb HeT pacfipeAeAeHHH nacT6HinHbix 3e\\ieAb Me>K- Ay KOqeBHHKaMH. _ 1BunypuH H . ( H a K U H c p ) . Co6paHHe cBeAeunft o Hapo/iax, o6h- TaBiiiHx b CpeAHeft A3HH b ApeoHHe BpeMeHa, w. 1. M.— JI., 1950, dp. 49. 2 TaM >ne, CTp. 49. 3Jlo T a n o o JI. n . O cymnocTH naTpHapxa-ibHo^eoAajibHbix otho- rncHHH y KO'iOBbix napoAOB CpeAneft A3hh h Ka3axcTana.— Bonpocu HCTOpHH, 1954, Jsfe 6, crp. 81. 176 .

Myxa/MMe/i-XaH,nap 1 no noBojxy cbm ash ha MoroJiHcraH- cKoro x a H a C yjiTaH -C aH A a c Ka3axcKHM xaHOM KacH M O M b 1514 ro / iy n n c a ji: «J7eTO yjK e noAxoAHJio k Konuy. K a 3 a - xh, no pacnopH^KeHHio K acH M -xan a, ABHHyAHCb Ha 3HMOB- kh2. K acH M o 6 t >h b h a xaHy, hto e M y T en ep b hath Ha IU e H 6 a - HHAOB TpyAHO. «K a 3 a X H »,— TOBOpHJI OH,— 4CK3K JKHTeJIH CTenn, a o a j k h b i n o ^ y w a T b o 3HMOBxax h npeAnpHHHMaTb b 3to BpeMn r o A a bo xo a He c .n e A y e T »3. CjiOBa M y x a M M e A XanAapa: «K a 3 a x H , no pacnopn>KeHHio KacnM-xaHa, ABHHy- AHCb Ha 3 h m o b k h » , M . A , B h t k h h p a ccw a rp u B a eT k h k (paKT y3ypnauHH o6m,HHHbix 3eM«Jib KoneBHHKOB n aT pn ap xajibH o- ^eoAaAbHOH 3HaTbio, Kan AOKa3aTeJibCTBo Toro, hto c y m e - CTBOBajio pacnopnxceHHe • KoneBbHMH, nacT6muaMH. 3 to ouiH^Ka. K a x Ch a o cKa3ano, onaTb-TaKH 3Aecb penb HAeT o nepeKoneBKax, o HanpaBJienHH Ha 3HMHne KoqeBba K a 3 a - XOB, HTO Heo6xOAHMO 6UA0 XaHy A*HH COXpaHeHHH H3BeCT- HOH KOMnaKTHOCTH HaceAeHHH BO BCHKOe BpeMH TOAa. 3 to H nOHHTHO, h 6 o npH TOM BOeHHO-KOHeBOM 06pa3e HCH3HH, OKpy>KeHHbie c o ocex ctopoh Bpa>KAe6nbiMH nAeMeHaMH, Ka3axH b iia q a jie X V I Bexa n u an e h n e motah cym ecTBO- BaTb. JXejio b t o m , htq KoneBHHKH K a cH M -x a H a , He HMea h h k b - KHX nOCTOHHHbIX TOWeK . OCeAAOCTH Ha 3HMy — KCTay, C nOCTOHHHbIMH noCTpOHKaMH AAH >KHAbH H AAH CK0T3, 6eC- npepbiBHo nepeKoqeBUBaAH c MecTa- Ha MecTo h 3Hm o io . Ka>KAbiH K a 3 a x nacTyx, 6e3 B cn K oro x a n a npexpacHO 3 «a A , 4T0 3HM3, 3HMHee K0qeB3HHe, 3HMHHH naCTbtfa CKOTa — caM oe rpyAHoe b jkh3hh KoqeBHHKOB. 3HMy ohh cpaBHHBaAH c BOopyxceHHhiM jxo 3y6ob B p a ro M , v t o Bbipaxa/iocb iio c a o - BHHeA: « H a c t 3HMa, BOAoqa 3a c o 6o h M eq». A cho^ h t o 6 ec - npHiOTHhiM KoqeBHHKaw K acb iM -xaH a h 6e3 IUeHtfaHHAOB 1 MyxaMMeA Xaftaap poahjich b 1500 r., hctophk, abok>poahi>ih 6paT MorojiHCTaHCKoro xaHa CyATana-CaHAa, ahhho yqacTBOBaA bo MHornx ero noxoAax. Ero paccKa3 iiphboaht B. B. BejibHMHHOB-3epHOB b «HccjieAOBaHH«x o KacHMOBCKHx uapax h uapeBHMax>, q. I I . Cn<5., 1864, cTp. 132. 2 3th Ka3axcKHe KoqeBHHKH «Ha 3HMy cKpuBajincb b 6eperoBbix ypeMax pen hah j i o ?k 6 u n a x Meway necqaHbJMH CyrpaMH npHtfajixam- cKofl CTenw, oCHAbHbix npexpacHbiM toitahbom, kbkob, nanpHMep, caxcay/i. 3 to o(5croflTe/ibcTBo BecbMa bh>kho a m KoqeBHHKOB, noTOMy mtc b MOHroJibCKofl ro6ii K»6HTKa caMoro BeJiHKoro xaita oTanAHBajiacb WHBOTHbiM noMeTOM». (BaAHxaHOB *4. CTaTbH. riepenHCKa. A^wa-ATa, B.1947, crp. 73).* B. HccjieAOBaHHe o KacHMOBCKHx uapax 3 BeAbHMUHoe-3epH06 h uapeBHMax, q. II. Cn6., 1864, CTp. 167. 12 C. E. Tojiw6ckob 177

XBaTaJio c KeM BoeBaTb. O hh Boeoa/iH He Ha >KH3Hb, a Ha CMepTb C npHpOAHOH CTHXHeH, C 3HMHHMH M0p03aMH H cHe>KHbiMH S y p a H a M tf'3 a co xp an eH H e CBoero n p o u e cca n p o - H3BOACTB3, C B oero eAHHCTBeHHoro 6oraTCTBa — CKOTa, n y- tcm KoqeBaHHH c M e c ia Ha \\iecTO n o 3eM.ae, Ha KOTopyio He 6blAO HHK3K0H HaCTHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH. B 3TOM COCTOHAa CHAa H CJiaCoCTb KOHeBOrO X03HHCTB3. C n jia 6biJia b t o m , hto a a h KoqeBHHKOB KoneBaa, iioctohhho Mo6HAbHan h noABHJKHaa >KH3Hb 6biJia (})opmoh hx cym e- CTB0B3HHH. OHH AeTKO M0I7IH C0 6 paTbCH tfOAblUHMH MaC- caMH, He H y>KAancb hh b k 3khx o t a h h u l ix ot hx KoqeBbix KapaBaHOB o 6 o 3 a x , HeotfxoAHMbix AA5i apMHH oceAAbix HapOAOB, h ABHHyTbca b noxoA; ueJibiH njie.MeHHOH coioa'M or npeBpaTHTbCH 3a oneHb kopotkhh c p o K b eAHHyio 6oeByio cHAy. T a x o n o 6 p a 3 KH3HH b to >xe BpeMa 03HaaaA cAa- 6ocTb K o q eB o ro xo3HHCTBa noTOMy, hto KoaeBHHKH, 6yAynH nenpHKpen^CHHbiMH k 3cmac, He 3anHMa^HCb 3eMAeAeAHeM H, BeAH OAHOCTOpOHHee (OAHOlteXTCOe) npHMHTHBHOC KoneBoe ckotoboactbo, B cerA a HaxoAHAHCb n o # yrpo30H BHe3aiiHoro pa3pymeHHn npoH3B0AHTeAbiibix c h a , M accosoH rntfeAH ot npnpoAHOH c th x h h Bcero CBoero co cto h h hh . riponecc npoH3- BOACTBa, CKOT H 6jiarOCOCTOHHHe AAH HHX 6hIAH Hepa3Ae^lb- HbIMH nOHHTHHMH1. B. 3. BjiaAHM HpueB B03HHKHOBeHHe naTpHapxaAbHO- c})eoAajibHOH 3KcnjiyaTauHH y m o h t o a o b b lib o ah a H3 Ha- CHAHH, H3 BHeSKOHOMHqeCKOrO npHHy>KAeHHH. «BeAb Bee MOH- ro jiu ,— riHiHeT o h ,— 3HaTHbie h ne3HaTHbie, Bee «cnpHnaAJie- >xaAH» KaK0M y-HH6yAb ceHbopy ( h o h h ) , 6yAb to uapeBHM (Ko6ereH ) h a h t h c h h h h k , cothhk. Pa3 ceHbop BAaAeA AiOAb- MH, TO, eCTeCTBeHHO, AOA>KeH BJiaAGTb 3eMAeiO, Ha KOTOpOH ohh moivih 6bi >KHTb — KoaeBaTb*2. 3 t o paccy>KAeHHe q n c T o 1 c C kotoboactbo AocTaB.ifieT xa3axaM caM oe rnaTKoc oCecneqeHHe, h 6oraTCTBo bth x nacryxoB 3aqacTyio 6 biBaeT oneHb ^ hkthbuumt K an hh MHoroHHCJieiiHbiMH KawyTca CTaaa KpynHbix BJiaae;ibuc3 , nan hh P33BHTO, nO'BIUHMOMy, CKOTOBOACTBO M G JK A y Ka3axaMH, BO BCHKOM cnyqae oho HH>xe, weM y Hace/ieHHii oceA-nbix. M o k h o CMejio CKa3 arb, hto b caMbix 6 e^Hbix ckotom MecTHOCTJix EBponeficKofi P occhh ero Bce-TaKH ropa3AO 6 o jib iu e , qeM y o6iiTaTeTejieH Ka3axcKHx creneft, ccjih B03bMCM H 3BecTH biH t onpeae/ieHHbiii pafioH. ripHHHua 3aK^ioqaeTCH b HenpoqHocTH 6 oraTCTBa KoqeBHHKa>. (K o ctch ko J l. C pcahhh A 3 HH h BOABopenne b nefi pyccKoft rpaxgiaHCTBemiocrH. C 11C., 1870, CTp. 164— 165). 2 BAaduMupnee B . >7. 06mecTBeHHbiH crpoft MOHro/iOB (.MOHrojib- CKHH KOWeBOfi 4>COAaJlH3M). Jl., 1934, CTp. 111. 178

yM03pHTeyibHoe, HenpaBHAbHoe. H 3 H ero bwboahtch o iim - do^Hoe n oJ ioxteiiH e, hto ociioboh «K oq eB oro (j>eoAaAH3Ma» MOHTOAOB H 4)eOJXaJlH3Ma B006me 6bIAO BHedKOHOMIiqCCKOe npHHy>KACHHe. B. B^a^HMHpueB CHHT3A, rto cHanajia cym ecT B O B ajio BJiajxeHHe AiOAbMH, a iio to m BJiaAenne seM - jietf, Tor,aa K aK b hctophh acao o 6 c t o h a o KaK pa3 HaoOopoT. r ip o u e c c neKO Topoii KJiaccoBon AH(f)(|)epeHUHauHH moh- roJibCKoro o C m e c T o a , BKAioqan anoxyH M rrepH H LlH H rnc-xaH a, B. H. BjiaaH M H pueB ofibacHneT Bee Tew >xe HacHJiHeM. Oir nrnueT: «H iiC T H T y T «y H a ra H -5 o ro A » npoAOA>KaA cym ecTBO- B aib h b a n o x y MnurHc-xaHa Aa>Ke totab, KorAa co3HAaAocb e ro K o q eB o e rocyAapcTBO». « B c e n jicM en a h HapOAbi, bo- iueAUJHe b c o d a B MOHroAbCKon HMnepHH H nH rac-xaH a, Bee Ae^aioTCH «yH a ra H -B o ro J ia M H » e r o h e r o pOAa»*. T o >Ke caM oe n oB T op n eT JI. n . Ilo T a n o B : «B A a A C H n a HwnrHC-xaHa, HacejieHHbie pa3AHMHtJMH nJieMeH&MH H HapOAHOCTHMH, 6 u j i H 06bHBAeHbI qaCTHOH COCjCTBeHHO'CTblO MHHrHCHAOB. O hh 6biAH pa3Ae^ieH bi Ha yAeAhi — y.aycbi w e * A y AHHacTHHHbiMH co6cTBeHHHKaMH. H x HaceAeHHe — KoqeBoe h oceA«aoe — 0Ka3aA0Cb JKHBymHM Ha 3eMJie, cocTaB AH iom efi coGcTBeH- HOCTb MOHrOAbCKHX (jieOAaAOB, h T3KHM 06pa30\\l nOTiaAO b (JjeoAajibnyK) 3aBHCHM0CTb ot n o c jie A H H x *2. 3naqHT, u eA b ie nAeMeHa h H a p o A u 6e3 HCKAioqeiiHH CTaHOBHTCH « Y n a r a i i - B orO A aM H », to ecTb kahccom K p eiiocT H b ix KpecTbHH. B b ix o - aht, hto b n e p n o A TaTapo-M O H rojibCKoro Hra Bee n oK op eH - H ue M on roA aM H HapOAbi, b tom q n c A e pyccKHH H a p o A , npeBpaTHJiHCb b «K A acc K p en ocT H b ix» ( ? ! ) . Tanaa TpaKTOB- na B on poca o 3apo^ACHHH h (JiopMHpoBaHHH KJiaccoB 4)co- uajibH oro o6m ecTB a no cyw ecT B y o3uaqaeT o6bHCHeHHe nOHBJIGHHH KJiaccoB ti KJiaCCOBbIX OTHOllieHHH nOA AetfCTBH- ew He BH yTpeH H ux, a TOJibKO bhcihhhx (j)aKTopoB, AeftcTBHeM 3aBoeBaHHH. H o mucjih B. BjiaAH M H pueB a a JI. n. r io T a - noBa, npoHCxoAHAO cruiom Hoe Haca>KAeHHe MOHroJiaMH (JieoAaAbHbix oTHomeHHH ita bcch 3aBOeBaiiHoft h m h T e p - pHTopiiH, necMOTpH Ha to, q t o y noASBAH ioiuero 6 o J ib U im i- ctb3 BouieAiU Hx b HMnepHio M uH rK C-xaH a HapoAOB y p o B e n b p33BHTHH o6meCTBeHHO-npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOUieHIIH 6hIA HecpaBHeHHo 6 o A e e b h c o k h m , q e w y MOHroAOB. M o H r o jib i 1 BAdduM upnee B. 77. 06mecTBeHHbiii export MOHra/iOB (MOiiroJib- CKHH koxjcboh 4>eoAa.iH3M). JI., 1934, CTp. 98, 99. w2 HoTanoa J I . 77. O cymiiocTH naTpHapxa/ibH0-4)G0Aa^bHbix othoiuc- hhh y KOMeBux iiapoAOB CpeAHeft A shh h Ka3axcTana. — Bonpocbi hctophh, 1954, Ns 6, CTp. 82. 12* 179

MHHrac-xaHa HHqero KaqecTBeHHo HOBoro h nporpecCHBHoro b cTpyKTypy o6mecTBa 3aBoeBaHHbix hm h HapoAOB neBHecAH H BHeCTH He MOrJIH1. H3BeCTHO, HanpHMep, qTO 30A0T0- opAUHCKHe xaHu, ycTpoHBiiiHCB b r. Capae, ntfcrrpoeHHOM b 60 BepcTax ot AcrpaxaiiH, pacnpocTpanHAH cboio Heno- cpeacTBeHHyio BjiacTb jinuib Ha 6jiH>KaHiiiHe iKWiynycTHH- Hbie oO^acTH BocToquoft Pocchh ot Ka3aHH ao floHa, h Ha 6epera MepHoro Mopa, ocoOeHHo na no6epe>Kbe KpuMa. Ohh npeACTaBJiHJin KHH>xecTBaM ueHTpajibHoft h 3anaA«oft Pocchh cboOoay ynpaBJieHHH, pa3peinaAH hm bccth Me*Ay co6ok) BOHHbi h Aa>i<e BbicrynaTb npomB ApyrHx aenpHHTe- AeH, eCAH TOAbKO OHH nA3THAH HM A^Hb H HBAHJIHCb B r. Capaii a a h oxasaHHa noqecTefi xaHa'M. . 3ojioTan opAa He ChiJia mohoahthejm rocyAapctbom b STHHHeCKOM H TCM 60ACC B C0UHaAbH0-3K0H0MHHeCK0M OTHO- uieHHHx. Ona He 6biJia cnoco6Ha ycTpaHHTb b KaKOH-TO cTeneHH KoHTpacT MexcAy oceAAbiMH 3eMJieAeAbuaMH h ko- qeBHHxaMH. E cah Ha 3anaAe 3 oaotoh opam b ochobhom npocTHpaAHCb nepH03eMHbie c boahhctoh noBepxHocTbio npocTpaHCTBa, noKpbiTbie AecaMH, o6HT3TeAH KOTopux Be- K3MH 3aHHM3AHCb 36MJieACAHeM H nOCTeneHHO npeBpamaAH chjioh npHMepa b 3eMJieAeAbueB mhothx. h3 qncAa npoxo- AHBiHHx qepe3 h h x 3aBoeBaTeAeH, to Ha BOCTOKe ee npocTH- paAHCb b ochobhom HeoObHTHHe cyxocrenHMe, nycTMHHwe h noAynycTbiHHbie npocTpaHCTBa, o6HTaTeAH KOTopux He 6uah npoqHo npHBH3aHhi k 3eMAe, no-npe>KHeMy 33HHMa- AHCb KonesbiM ckotoboactbo^ cHCTeMaTHqecKH noABepra- acb orpaOAeHHio 3 oaotoh opaoh. R j i Si Bcex CO1030B nAeMeH, KoqeBhix Tiopxo-MOHroAbCKHx HapOAOB CeBepO-BOCTOHHOH A3HH, C ApeBHHX BpeM^H C b lJlO xapaKTepHo t o , h to ohh >k h a h Ha rpoMaAHofi paBHHHe; d a A a h TaOyHbi BbipaiAHBaAHCb Ha ecrecTBeHHbix n acT6n - max; ho y h h x HHqero He 6h a o , moivio 6m cjiy>KHTb y6e>KHmeM h a h 3aiuHTofi or bpapoB. E c a h KaKon-HH6yAb npeABOAHTeAb nAeMeHH hah 'c o r t a a r u i e M e u TepneA b BoftHe nopaxceHHe, to eMy oTpytfaAK rOAOBy, K33Hhah ero AeTefi h 6paTbeB, a HaceAeHHgnokopaAocb h b x o ah a o b cocTaB iuieweHH no6eAHT6AH, yMHOJKaa TeM caMMM ero qncAeH- HocTb. Tanoe noAoateHHe, KorAa pa3AHqHbie KoqeBbie nAeMe- 1 «MoHro/rbi He abjih UHBHJiH30BaiiH’oMy MHpy HHKaKoro xy/ifeTyp* Horo npHodpeTeHHH, 3a HciwiiOMeHHeM pa3Be OAHoro — hmchho cokoahhoh oxotu* (PexAio 3. Me/ioBex h 3eMAH, t. IV. Cn6., 1907, crp. 211). 180

Ha hah co k>3 w n/reMeH itoctohhho BoeBajiH A p y r c A p y r o M , 6ecnpepbiBHO noK opaa A P yr A p y ra , KorAa noAHTHqecKHfi coio3 Ka>KAoft no6e>KAeHHOH r p y n n w pa3pym aA ca,' K o r A a OTHouieHHST rocn oA C TB a h no/^HHeHHfl Me>KAy nopadoTHTe^in- mh h n opa6om eiiiibiM H qacro m c h h a h c l , cymecTBOBaAo c ApeBHHx B p eM eH . B TaKOM nojio>KeHHH He pa3 npe6biBaAH KoqeBbie h o ceA A b ie'H a p oA W A 3 h h KaK 3aAOAro e m e AO HauiecTBHH MOHro^oB MHHrHC-xaHa, TaK h n ocjie H ero. B o6bIAeH H O H 3KH3HH BCe 3TH TIOpKO-MOHrOAbCKHe KO- qeBbie H a p o A b i He MorjiH cKonjiHTbCH b tfoAbmoM KOAHqecT- Be h 3HaqHTeJibH0 noAHflTb njioTH O cTb HacejieHHH Ha o n p e - - AeJieHHOfi TeppHTOpHH, TaK KaK 3T0 6bIAO HeCOBMeCTHMO C HX naCT6HIUHO-3KCTeHCHBHfcJM KOqCBbIM CKOTOBOACTBOM. O hm MOrJIH o6T>eAHHHTbCH TOAbKO Ha KOpOTKOe BpeMfl. « 3 t o oObeAHHCHHe H npOHCXOAHT, K o rA a KaKOH-HH6yAb HX BOJKAb noAHHHHT cBoeft BJiacTH MHorHx A p y r H x Bo>KAeft, n o c jie q e r o HM OCTaeTCH OAHO H3 AByx: HJIH CHOBa p330HTHCb, HJIH ompaBHTbCH coBepiuaTb 3aBoeBaiiHH b npeAeJiax KanoH - HHCyAb H M IiepH H ^1. I7pH KaJKAOM TaKOM HameCTBHH HAH n oxoA e B ee pHAOBhie KoneBHHKH BbicTynaAH b K a q ecT B e tfoftuoB. O h h n oA yn ajiH o r cb o h x BOHCAefi «6oeBoro k o h h h rpo3HbiH A poTH K . He H3biCK3HHaH, h o otfHjibHafl nwm a CAy- >KHT AAH HHX K aK 6bl JK3AOBaHbeM. Bo>KAb IIOAAep>KHBaeT cbok) m e A p o c T b TOJibKo nocpeACTBOM BOHHbi h rpa6e>K a. H x ropa3AO T p y A H e e ytfeAHTb oC p aC aTb iB aTb 3eMAio h >KAaTb >K3TBbI, q eM 6pOCHTb BU30B npOTHBHHKy H nOAyMHTb p a H H r 6oio. O h h He cTaHyT npH O dpeTarb noTOM ro ro , uto M o ry T AO^blTb KpOBblO *2. TeopH H «K o q eB o ro (f)eoAaAH 3M a» B . H. BAaAHMHpueBa no cym ecTB y ecTb noBTopenne TeopHH hhchahh iJiopH H ra. TJjopHHr n H ca A :-«B ecb M a Ba>KHbiM o6cTOHTeAbCTBOM h b a h c t - ca t o , h to (J)aKTHnecKH rocnoACTBO H aA n p u p o d o d n p oH 3 0 - ih a o (rocn oA C T B O npoH 3ouiAo!— <P. 3 . ) TOAbKO (ta a r o A a p H rocnoAC TBy Had neAoeeKOM B o o tfm e ( ! ) . Xo3HficTBeHHoe HCnOAL30BaiIHe 3eMeAbHOft Co6CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3HaqHTeAb- HHX npOCTpaHCTBax HHKOrAa H HHTAG He OCymeCTBAHAOCb 6e3 n p eA m ec T B y io iA ero n op a 6 om criH H vejiOBCKa h npHHy>K- AeHHH e r o k TOMy hah HHOMy BHAy pa6cK oro hah 6 a p m H H - Horo TpyrA a. ycTaHOBAeHHe sKonoM H qecKoro rocnoACTBa n a A BemaMH HMeAO cBoen n p eA n ocu A K oft noAHTHnecKoe, c o u h - 1 M onrecKbe H I . H36paHHLic npon3BeAenna. M„ 1955, CTp. 397. 2 TaM 5Ke, CTp. 657—658. 181

a;ibFioe h aKOHOMHHecKoe rocno,ncTBO qeJiOBexa Ha& qc;io- BeKOM»1.32* O . 3H re.ibC Ha sto 3 a M eqa eT : «HTaK, qioCbi Aoxa- 3aTb, qTO qeJiOBeK ajih no^qHiienHH c e d e npiipoAbi flOJi>keH du;i npe^oapHTeJibHo nopa6oTH Tb Apyroro qeJioBeKa; r. fliop H H r npeBpam aeT de3 AajibHeftiiJHX oKOAHqHOCTeft «n p H p o £ y » b «3eMe^bHyio codcTBeHHOCTb Ha 3HaqHTe;ibHbix np ocT pan cT B ax», a 3Ty 3eMejibHyio codcTBeHHOCTb — HeH3- BecTHO qbio — oh odpam aeT TOTqac >Ke b codcTBeHHOCTb KpynHoro 3eMJieBJiaaeJibua, KOTopbitf, pa3VMeeTCfl, He mo- >Ker o6pa6aTbiBaTb cboio 3eMjno 6 e 3 noMomH nopadomeH- Hbix JnoAGH»a. J X ajiee O. S H r e jib c OTHOCHresibHO yTBep- xcachhh X^iopHHra dyATo 6 u j x j w Be/ieHHH xo3HHCTBa Ha 6ojibiiiHx 3eM ejibH H X npocTpaHCTBax Bcer^a h Be3^e Tpedo- BajiHCb noMem,HKH h napadom eH iibie jifoah tobopht, hto 3T0 BbICKa3bIBaHHe HBJIHeTCH qHCTeHUIHM npO^yKTOM CBO- 6oAHoro TBopqecTBa h BOo6pa>KeHHH. MapKCH3M-JieilHHH3M AaBHO yCTaHOBHJI, qTO HHK3K0e HacHJine h HHKaKoe 3aBoeBaHHe c s m h no cede He MoryT na- . caxc^aTb HOBbie Bbicmne counaAbHbie OTHomeHHA, e c j w j u i n 3Toro HeT 3 k o h o \\!nqecKHx ycjiOBHH BHyxpH AaHHoro odm ecT- Ba. To^ibKo npn HaAHqHH MaTepHajTbHbix, 3K0H0MHqecKHx npe^nocbiJioK HacHJine Morjio BbicTynaTb xax «3KOHOMHMe- cFcaa noTeHUHH» h ah , no o6pa3HOMy Bbipawennio M a p n ca , b po;iH «noBHBajibiioH 6 a 6 K «», K o r^ a c ia p o e odiuecTBO «6epeMeHH0 hobhm». Flo HauieMy mhchhfo, paccMaTpHBaTb BoeHHo-KoqeByio HMnepHio MHHrnc-xaHa, coBepmeHHo He HMeBiuyio cB oen sKOHOMHqecKOH 6a3bi h npeACTaBAHBUiyio codoio BpeMeHHoe h Henpoqnoe BoeHHO-a^MHHHCTpaTHBHoe od'be.aHHeHHe KoqeBbix imeweH, H e e odmeHHe c BHeniHHM m h - POM KaK 33KOHOMepHOe npOHB/IGHHe HKOdbl .^)eOAaJIbHb!X OTHOLLieHHH y KoqeBbix HapOAOB --- IIGBCpHO. B AeHCTBHTCAb- HOCTH HHHTHC-XaH ITpeBpaTHA Becb MOHrOJIbCKHH H apO A JIHUIb B «npaB H JlbH O 0pr3HH3OBaHHOe BOHCKO, B KOTOpOM CTapHHHbiH po^on.ieM eHHOH n p H H u n n opraHH3auHH cwe- HHeTCH MHJIHUHOHHO-TeppHTOpHaJIbHOH CHCTeMOH C npaBH Ab- HbTM AeJieHHCM Ha AeCHTKH, COTHH, TblCHHH H TyM eHbl (10 TbIC flq), HBJIHIOmHeCB OiXHOBpeMeHHO H BOeHHO-MOdH- AH33UHOHHbIMH H aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH e^XHHHUa M H»5. 1 U ht. no pa6oTe <1>. 3nreJii>ca, AnTH-^iopHHr, M., 1957, crp, 163 (KypcHB O. Siirejibca). 2 .9HBGAbC <t>. AlITH-ZllOpHHr, M., 1957, CTp. 164. 3 T0ACTO6 C. 17. Ho CJICflaM ApeBHexope3MHHCK0H UHBHJIH3ailifH, M — Jl., 1948, CTp. 290. 182

rioSTOMy HeJIb3H npH3HaTb npaBHJIbHhIM Te3HC Jl.n . Flo- TanoBa o tom, mto 6;iaroAapq 3aBoeB3HHio mohpojiob ruie- MeHa h HapoAHOCTH, b tom qwcjie npe^KH coBpeweHHbix Ka- 3axoB, KHprH30B, KapaxajinaKOB, 3HaqHTe;ibHoft qacTH y36e- kob, ajiTaHueB h a p. «6buiH BOBJieqeHbi b ripouecc pa3BHTnsi (j)eoAaJibHbix oTHomeHHH. C aToro BpeweHii (to ecTb c MOMCHTa 3aBOCBaHH5I — C. T . ) , KaK H B iajlbHeftlUeM, b nepnoA pacnaAeHHH MOHroJibCKOH AepwaBw h o6pa- 30BaHHH HOBbIX pa3JIHMHhIX TOCyAapCTB KOneBHHKOB, cJ)eo- AaJibHbie OTHomeHHH cTa.iH rocnoACTByiomHM t h iio m o6m .ecTB eH H bix oTHom eHHfi*1. T a n o e yTBep>KAeHHe H eB ep H o, noTOMy qTO, BO-nepBbix, KOHrJioM epaTHyio «M O H rojibC K yio A e p > « a B y » H ejib3fl cqHTaTb k 3k h m -t o m o h o jih th h m c o u n a jib - HO-3KOHOMHqeCKHM CTpOeM*, BO-BTOpHX, BCCbMa COMHHTeJIb- ho, qTO B ee TiopKOH3biqHbie H a p o A U — npeAKH K a 3 a x o B , K a p an ajin aK O B , KHprH30B, a jiT a fiu eB , y36eKOB h Ap.— c to h jih na o a h o m ypO B H e pa3BHTHH, qTO p a H b u ie Bee ohh He 3H ajiH HHKaKHx KjraccoBbix OTHouieimfi, qTO ohh cpa3y 6/iaroA apH 3aB oesaH H io MOHrojioB oxa3ajiH C b BOBjieqeHHbiMH b ccj)ep y «(p e o ;ia jih U J jx OTHomeHHH* (e c jn i 6 u sto 6buio Tan, t o s t o r o B o p n jio 6 hi o 6 o jim iio m « n p o r p e c c n B iio M » 3HaqeHHH a ah 3THX HapOAOB KpOBaBbIX 3JIOAOHHHft MOHFOJIbCKHX HaCH Ab- HHKOB, K O TO pbie HK06bI CBOHM HailieCTBHeM H3C3>KAaAH C p e- a h n o K o p eH H b ix napoAOB 6oAee B b ico x y io (j)opM y o 6 m e - CTBeHHblX OTHOUieHHH); B-TpeTbHX, H e MOHTOJIbCKHe KOqeBHH- kh Haca>KAaAH ^eoAaAbHbie oTHom eHHH cpenw HapoAOB Ha 3aBoeBaHHOH h m h TepoHTOpHH, a, H ao6opoT, n p o u ecc (£ eo- AaAH 3aiIH H e p e A H C3MHX 3THX KOTeBHHKOB npOHCXOAHA nOA BJIHHHH6M BbICOKOH K yjib T yp b i o c e A A h ix 3 eM A eA eA b q ecK H x HapoAOB C p e A H e fi A3hh, P o c c h h h K i n a a 2; B -qeT B ep T b ix, n o jiy q a e T c a n o A H o e 0T0>KAecTBAeHHe K oqeB oro o 6 p a 3 a >KH3- 1 TJoTanoe JI. 17. O cymnocTH naTpnapxa^bHo-^eofla/ibHbix oxHome- HHfi y KOMeBbix HapoAOB CpeAueft A3hh h Ka3axciaHa__ Bonpocu HCTOPHH, 1954, Ns 6, CTp. 84. 2 « ...T a K H a3W BaeM a« o o jio r o o p A W H C K a a K yA bT yp a* Ha zejie ue m to H H o e , n a n K y a b T y p a x o p e 3 M H H C K a j?, H M n o p T H p o B a H H a a H a Bo-nry. Bee A e r e H A b i o a k o 6 u b u c o k o m K y jib T y p iiO M y p o B iie 30a o t o o p a w h c k h x Ta T a p , KyjIbTH BH pO BaBU JH eCa y H a c aHTHM apKCHCTCKOH UIKOJIOfi r iO K p O B - c K o ro , H e H M e io T n o A c o 6 o fi H H K a K o ro o c H O B a iiH a . Bccb B H euiH H ft 6 -n ecK 3 0 .10T 00P A W H C K H X n aM H T llH K O B — K p a A C H L IH , rTOAOfiHO T O M y, K a K H a BoeHHOM h 4>ncKajis h o m rpa6e>Ke 6 b iJio o c h o b s iio caM oe c y m e c T B O B a n n e 9Toft peaK U H O H H O H , pa36oH H H 'ibefi, n o A y p a fio B A a A e A b q e c K o fl B a p B a p c K o n A e p > K a B b i» . ( T o a c t o b C. II. l ! o c A e A a M A p e B H e x o p e 3 M H ftc K o fi u h b h a h 3 3 - UHH. M.— JI., 1948, CTp. 309). 183

hh Ka3axoB, KOTopbift ohh bcjih b Te^eHHe XV! h ao HaqaAa' XIX BeK-a b nycTbiHHbix, ncwiynycTbiHHbix h \" cyxocTenHbix npocropax ueHTpajibHon qacTH coBpeMeHHofi TeppHTopHH Ka3axcTaHa, c o6pa30M jkh3hh 3eMAeAeAbqecKHx (c.ApeB- Heft KyAbTypoft h ropoACKoft >KH3Hbio) HapoAOB MaBpeH- * Haxpa. OiiiHtfKa JI. n . rioTanoBa h e r o ctopohhhkob coctoht b to m , hto Bee o h h nojiaraiOT, hto h k o 6 h ypoBenb o6mecTBeH- HO-SKOHOMH^eCKOrO pa3BHTH5I HapOAOB, 3aB0eBaHHbIX MOH- rojiaMH ^HHrHC-xaHa h BaTbia, 6biji OAHHaKOBbiM. A ecjiH h h« 6ha OAHHaKOBbiM, to, KaK yTBep^cAaiOT ohh, MOHroJib- ckhmh 3aBoeBaTejiHMH Bee noKopeHHbie hmh HapoAbi 6hah B CBOeM COUHa^bHO-3KOHOMHaeCKOM P33BHTHH HHBeAHpOB- Hbi. OuiH6oHHocTb noAoSHbix npeAnoJio>KeHHH He TpeOyeT 0C0 6bIX A0Ka33TeAbCTB.. JI. n. rioranoB h ero ctopohhhkh, bhahmo, ne AonycKaioT MbICAH O TOM, HTO MHOTHe H3 HHCAa KHnHaKCKO-MOHrOJIb- CKOfi apHCTOKpaTHH nOA BAHHHHeM MeCTHbIX yCAOBHfi CT3AH THiiHaHbiMH oceAAMMH (JjeoAAAaMH b KpwMy, Byjirape, Ha HnjKneft BoJire h b oa3Hcax CpeAHeft A3hh, TorAa xaK Bee TIOpKO-MOHrOJIbCKHe KOaeBHHKH Ha AaACKOM rore Pocchh H Ha Heo6bHTHOM npodpaHCTBe, pacKHHyTOM MexcAy BoArofi h HpTbiuiOM, C h6hpckoh HH3MeHHOCTbio h 6acceHHaMH Kacnwa, A p ajia h Gbip-JHapbH, npoAOAJKaAH BecTH csoft npexcHHH o6pa3 >kh3hh, ocTaBaacb «noAyBapBapcKHMH» h «n0JiyUHBHAH3OBaHHbIMH» KOqeBHHKBMH Ha IipOTHJKeHHH Been HCTOpHH CymeCTBOBaHHH 30A0T0H OpAbl. O TOM, HTO 3TO 6bJAO TaK, TOBOpHT HCTOpH^eCKHe $aKTU. HoaHH A6 rTAaHO KapnHHH b 1246 r o jiy coodiuaer: «M b i npoexaAH bcio 3eMAio riOAOBeuKyio, oduiHpHyjo paBHHHy, rae TexyT peKH: JXnenp, JJoh, BoAra, # h k h rAe AeTOM Koqy- k)t TaTapu, noBHHyacb pa3HHM bocboabm, a 3hmokj n-pu6AH- xcaiOTCH k Mopio rpeqecKOMy ( h a h ^epHOMy). CaM BaTbift >KHBeT Ha 6eppry BoArH, HMen :nbmiHbiH, BeAHKOAenHufi ABop, h 600 000 bohhob, 160000 TaTap h 450 000 HHonAe* MeHHHKOB, xpHCTHaH H ApyrHx noAAaHHHx*1. Tanaa apMHH 6uAa opyAHeM 3aBoeB3HHH qy>KHx CTpaH, rpa6e>Ka h b u ko - AaHHBaHHH A3HH C HOABAaCTHUX HapOAOB H nAeMeH. «3eMAH noAOBeuKaa bo MHornx MecTax ecTb AHKaa CTenb: jkhtgah Hcrpe^AeHbi TaTapaww hah 6e>KaAH; A p y m e npH3H3AH ce6n 1 U ht. no pa6ore KapaM3HHa H. M. Hctopha rocy/upcTBa PoccHft- cKoro, t. IV. M.f 1903. CTp. 22. 184

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153HIf51 SoJIOTOH OpAbI B o6lUeCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH >KH3- hh y s th x t io p k c k h x h MOHroJibCKHx xoneBbix n;ieMeH a p a 6- ckhh nncaTeJib XIV Bexa a/i-OiviapH yxa3biBaA, hto MOHro- Abi «C M eiu ajiH C b h nopoAHHAHCb c hhmh (xnn qaxaM H ), h 3&MJ191 OAep>KaJia Bepx HaA npHpOAHHMH H paCOBhIMH KaqecTBaMH h x , h Bee ohh CTajiH t o h h o xHimaxH, xax 6yATO ohh o ^ H o ro c h h m h p o A a » ! . « 3 o j i o T a n o p A a — o6mecTBo He TOjibKo K o q e B o e , ho h o c e jy io e , c n ecT p w M 3THHMecxHM co- CT3BOM, r^ e C3MH MOHrOJIU HBAHAHCb, K3K MbI BHAeAH, CTOJib He3HaqHTejibHbiM MenbUJHHCTBOM, mto nocTeneHHO yTe- Phjih Aa>xe cboh H3tJK. B CTenH, b /leuiT-H-KHnqaK, b XIII h Aa>xe b XIV nexe xapTHHa eABa jiu 6buia 3HaqHTeAb- ho hhoh, qeM 3to Ha6;noAajiocb b M ohfoahh HaxanyHe' 3a- BoeBaHHft M H H rnc-xaH a^2. Jlep>xaBa MHHrHC-xaHa h 3oJioTaH op A a b AettcTBHTeAb- HOCTH 6bIAH T3KHMH >Xe rOCyAapCTBCHHblMH 06pa30BaHHHMH, x a x x e 6biAH b V I —X Bexax Harnett a p b i y aATattcxHx TK)pox H eHHCettCKHX KbiprbI30B. B HCTOpHH aJITattCXHX TK)pOK H eHHcettcxHx Kbiprbi30B 6bwiH nepHOAbi, «x o r A a h x MOJioAaa rocyAapcTBeHHOCTb noAquHHAa ce(5e orpoMHbie n pocrpaH - ctb3 UeHTpaAbHott A 3hh, HacejieHHbie apyth m h n apoA - hocthmh h n-neMeHaMH. B T a x n e n epH O AH hx pacuiHpHBiHHe- ch r o c y a a p c T B a 6hjih oqeHb 6a h 3x h k TeM HMnepHHM ApeB- HOCTH H CpeAHeBeXOBbH, XOTOpue He HMeAH CBOett 3XOHOMH- qecxofi 6a3bi ii ' npeAcraBAHJiH cpeM eH H bie h H enpoquue BOeHHO-aAMHHHCTpaTHBHUe 06'beAHHeHHH. 3 th HMnepHH He TOAbXO He HMeJIH, HO H He MOIVIH HMeTb eAHHOrO AAH HMne­ pHH H3bixa. O h h npeACTabjih a h KO H rAowepaT njieM en h HapOAHOCTefi, JKHBIJLIHX CBOett JKH3HLIO H HMeBUIHX CBOH H3bIXH»s. IlpeyBeAHqeHHaH oueHxa ypoBHH pa3BHTHH Tiopxo-MOH- ro.ibcxHx xoqeBbix nAeMeH XII-XIII BexoB, no HameMy MHe- HHK), HBAHeTCH pe3yAbTaTOM HAeaAH33UHH ApeBHHX H cpeAHeBexoBbix xoqeBHHxoB, OHa HeH36e>xH0 oTAaeT AaHb «TeopHH» COBpeMeHHhIX peaXUHOHHbIX HCTOpHXOB, XOTOpbie xposaBoe rpa6HTeAbcxoe HamecTBHe ryHHOB Atthah Ha Ha- poAbi Ebpodh, HMeBiuee Taxoe >xe peaxunoHHoe 3HaqeHHe, 1 MaTepwa/ibi no HCropHH Kapana^naKOB.— Tpyfcw HHCTHTyTa A.BocTOKOBeaeHH*, A H CCCP, t. V II. M ___J I „ 1935, crp. 16. 2 rpcKoa B . H . h flKy6o6cKu& IO . 3ojioTaa opjia h ee naAeHHe. M.—-JI., 1950, exp. 104. 3 KuCeACO C. B . /IpCBHRH HCTOPHH fOJKHOft CH^HpH. M., 1951. CTp. 491. 186

KaK n a u ie c T B u e MOiirojiOB H n iir n c -x a H a h ero iio t o m k o b n a C pejiH ioio A 3 h k >, B octohhvio E B p o n y h K «T a fi b c p e A H H e Bena, H 3 o6 p a > K a K )T KaK BBJieHHe nojio>KHTejibHoe. «nojiyaHBHjiH30BaHHbie» KoneBbie MOHrojiu H hhthc- xana, tomho T a x >Ke, KaK kohcbiihkh rymibi b apcbhocth, noABeprJiH pa3opeHHK) orpoMHyio TeppirropHio A 3 hh h BocToqHoft EBponbi. «CBHpenbie bomhu HHHrHcxaHOBhi b ABa HAH T p H TOAa OnyCTOUIHAH BCIO 3eMAI0 OT MOpH ApaAb- cKoro ao HHAa, TaK* mto 0Ha b TeqeHHe rnecTH CAeAyiomnx BeKOB y>K e He MorAa BHOBb AOCTHTHyTb a o CBoero npe>KHero UBeTymero coctoahhax^1. TaTapo-M O H roAbC K oe nro b P o c c h h , no CAOBaM M a p K c a , He TOAbKO AaBH Ao, oho o c k o p6 a h a o h H ccyinaAo c a M y io A y - iny n a p oA a . TocnoACTBO m o h to a o b HaAOAro 3aAep>KaAo X03AHCTBCHHOe H KyAbTypHOC pa3BHTHe pyCCKHX 3CMCAb. U eA b io noxoAO B MnurHC-xaHa 6 h a o orpa6A en n e h n o p a 6 o - m enne H apoAO B . Flo MOHroAbCKHM cKa3aiiHAM, H H H rn c-xaH roBopH A: «H acAa>K AeH H e h yAOBOAbCTBHC a a h My>Ka COCTOHT B TOM, m o6hI nOA3BHTb B03MyTHBUierOCH . H no6eAHTb B p a r a , BbipBaTb e r o c KopHeM h 3axBaTH Tb Bee, h to o h HMeeT; 3acTaBHTb e r o 3awy>KHHx >KeH- 1AHH p b lA a T b H o6AHBaTbCH CAe3aM H, ( b to m , h t o 6 l i ) cecTb Ha e r o xop om ero xoAa c rAaAKHMH Kpynawn wepH- HOB, ( b TOM, HT06bl) npeBpaTHTb >KHBOTbl ero npeKpaCHOAH- khx c y n p y r b HoqHoe nAaTbe a a h cua h noACTHAKy, c m o t - peTb Ha h x po30UBeTHbie AaHHTbi h ueAOBaTb h x , a h x c A a A - KHe ry 6 b i uBeTa rpyAHoft a ro A b i (y H a 6 ) c o c a T b »2. 3 t h m npHHUHnoM pyKOBOACTBOBaACH h B aTbiH npn onycTom eH H H P occhh. H a n p a w e p , npn b 3h t h h r. Pfl3aHH: «B eceA H C H omaHHHeM h MyKaMH AioAew, o a p B a p b i BaTbieBbi pacnHHaAH nAeHHHKOB, HAH, CBH33B HM pyKH , CTpeAHAH B HHX K aK B ueAb a a h 3a6aB b i; ocKBepHHAH c b a t u h io xpawoB HacHAHeM JOHblX MOHaXHHb, 3H3MeHHTbIX >KeH H A6BHU B npiICyTCTBHH H3AbixaiomHx cynpyroB h MaTepetf... BecbropOA c OKpecTHbi- MH MOHaCTbipHMH ofipaTHACH B n en eA . HeCKOAbKO AHeft npoAOA>KaAHCb y6HHCTBa. HaKOneu ncne3 BonAb OTqamiHH: h6o yx<e neKO M y 6biAO CTOHaTb h nAanaTb. Ha ceM y > «a c - 1 KapctM3UH. H. M. HcTopiiH rocyAapcma PoccHHCKoro, t. III. M., 1903, cTp. 114. 2 P a u iu d -a d -d u H .. C6opnHK jieTOiinccft. t . I. nn. 2. M .— J I ., 1952. CTp, 265. 187

h o m TeaTpe o n ycT O iu eH H H h c M e p r a A H K O B a jw notfeAHTeJin, choch c o B c e x C T op oH 6 o ra T y io A o 6 b i q y » r. * ' f ^ 3 K c n jiy a T a T o p c K a 5 i B epxyu iK a 3aBoeBaTeJieft-KbqeBHHKOB c orpoM H biM KOJiH^iecTBOM b o h h o b B e ;ia n o cym ecTB y napa^ 3 H m q ecK H H o 6 p a 3 >k h 3hh 3a c q e T n o K op eH H b ix 3 eM J ieA eJ ib q e- CKHX H apO ^O B , nOCTOBHHO B H K a q H B a fl b rpoMaAHOM KOAH- qecTBe n p o A y K T h i 3eM AeAeAHH h p e M e c J ia b brag ash m hjih C B oero H en p oH 3 B O A H T e/ibH oro n o T p e t fA e H H fl2. Bee n o K o p e H H b ie MOHro/iaMH 3 e M A £ A e A b q e c K H e H appA H CTOHAH Ha 3HaqHT0JIbHO 60Jiee BhICOKOH CTyneHH pa3BHTHH 6aaroAapH o c c a a o c t h h HaAHqnio q a c T H o ft co6cTBeHHocTH Ha 3eMAK). riO H B yieH H e qaCTHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH H a SeMJIIO nrpaAo rpoM aA H yio poAb b AeAe n p o rp e c c a b o6pa6oTKe 3eMJIH H pO CTe npOH3BOAHTeJIbHOCTH T p y A a B 3eM AeAe^HH, q e ro He 6hiAO y KoqeBHHKOB. ZIa H A 0 K a3 3 T eA bC T B a HaAHHHH $ e O A aJIb H O H 3eMeAbHOft COdCTBeHHOCTH y ApeBHHX KoqeBHHKOB A3HH B III—II B e x a x AO H am eft 3 p w JI. n. llo T a n o B y K a 3 b iB a e T Ha riAeMeHHbie coio3H ryHHOB. «K oqeB H H K H ,— n H m eT o h ,— BecbMa ueHHAH TeppuTopH io C B o e ro o6wTaHHH h K oqeB aH H H . K o rA a ryHHCKO- My xaHy (m aH bioK)) M o a s nocoBeTOBaAH ycTynHTb qacTb TeppHTOpHH COCeAHM , HT06bI C O XpaH H Tb C HHMH A 06pOCO- ceACKHe OTHom eHHH, oh oqeHb pa3rH eB aAC H h 3 3 b b h a : «3eM AH ecTb ocHOBaHHe rocyA a p cT B a ; K aK mojkho OTAaBaTb ee?» BceM COBeTOBaBlHHM OTABTb 3 eM A K ) O T p yd H A TOAOBbI»s. OAHaKO H3 3TH X CAOB M O A3 e m e H e A b 3 H C A eA aT b BHBOA, qTO y ryHHOB b I I I — II B ex a x a o H au ieH a p b i rocnoACTBOBaAO (})eoA aAbH oe 3eM A eB AaA eH H e. K p O M e T o r o , TpqKa 3peHHH 1 Kapa.M 3un H . M . H ctodhh rocyAapcTBa PoccHftcKoro, t . III. M ., 1903, ctd. 136. 2 «BapBapbi-MOHrojibT He 6hah b coctohhhh co3AaTb ycTOHMHBoe no^HTHqecKoe oC-beAHHeMHe Ha orpoMHoft TeppHTOpHH hx 3aBoeBaHHfl. «MoHroAbCKa« HMnepHa> p a c n a A a e b Ha tfcaKTHnecKH He3aBHCHMhie yjiycw y » e npH BH-yxax MmirHca. H caMH 3th y jiy cu npOHBHjin H3BecTHyK) ycToft^HBocTb JiHiub b Tofl Mepe, b KaKofi noTOMKaM saBoeBaiejieft yua-t AOCb HCII0JIb30BaTb y w e CJIOWHBUineCH CBH3H, SKOHOMHMeCKHe H nOAHTH- qeaoje. MonroAH BucrynaioT BciOAy b KaMecTBe napa3HTHHecKoro Hapocra Ha TeAe M ecrm jx noAHTHnecKHx o6*beAHHeHHft, TpaAHuuH koto- pbix BOCXOAHT K AOMOHrOAbCKOMy BpeMCHH. lOaHbCKaH HMnepHH HC- noAb30Ba.fia cbh3h cpeAHCBeKOBoro KHTaa, xy.iarHACKaa — Hpana* (T oa, ctob C. 17. n o cjieAaM ApeBnexope3MHficKofi uhbhah33uhh. M. — JI., 1948, cTp. 318). 3 Uoianoo JI. n . O cymnocTH naipHapxajibHo-(}>eoAaAbHbix oTHOiiie- HHii y KOMeeux HapoAou CpeAHeii A3hh h Ka3axcTaHa.— Bonpocu hcto- pHH, 1954, K i 6, CTp. 80— 81. 188

n./I. n o T a n o B a , n p H 3HaK)m .ero « 4) e o A a A H 3M» y ry H H O B , c HeH36e>KHOCTb.IO npHBOAHT K n p H 3H aiIH K ) npOrpeCCHBIIOCTH H am ecTBH H 3t h x ryH H O B Ha 3 a n a a , h 6 o «(J)eoA aA H 3M » 6 biA 6oAee n p o r p e c c H B H O H o6in,ecTBeiiHoft <})6 p M au H eH , qeM a H - THHHoe p a 6 c T B O , KOTOpoe T o r^ a n p o u B e r a jio b P h m c k o & HMnepHH. *. B AeftcTBHTejibHocTH hh o KaKOM (J)eoAajibHOM cnoco6e npoH3BOH,cTBa y ryHHOB roBopHTb He npHxoAHTCH. O KoqeB- HHKax ryH H ax Aa>«e cnycTH uiecTbcoT-ccMbcoT act n ocA e Toro n e p n o a a , o kotopom roBopHT JI. I\"I. IloTanoB, phmckhh HCTOpHK AMMHHHaH MapueJIJIHHH nHCaJlI «X)HH IlHTaiOTCH KOpeHbHMH AHKHXTpaB h riOAyCblpblM MHCOMBCHKOrO CKOT3, KOTopoe ohh KJiaAyT Ha cnHHbi KOHeft nOA cboh 6eApa h AaioT eMy HeMHoro nonpeTb... H hkto y hhx He nauieT h hh- KorAa He kochyach coxh. Be3 onpeAeAeHHoro MecTa >kh- TeAbCTBa, 6 e3 AOMa, 6e3 3aKOHa hah ycToftqHBoro o 6p a 3a >KH3HH KOqyiOT OHH, CAOBHO BeHHbie 6erAeUU, C KH6HTKaMH, B KOTOpbIX npOBOAAT >KH3Hb; TaM >KeHbl TKyT HM JKHAKHe OAeXCAU, cdAH^CaiOTCH c My>KbflMH, pO>KaK)T, KOpMHT AeTen AO B03My>KaA0CTH. H hKTO y HHX He MO>KeT OTBeTHTb Ha BO- npoc, rAe oh p o a h a c h : 3aqaT oh b oahom w ecie, po>KAeH — AaAexo OTTyAa, B bipoc— eme A a A b iiie*1. FlpH TaKOM ypoBiie o6mecTBeHHo-3KOHOMHqecKoro p a 3- BHTHH KOHeBHHKH, HaHHHaH C ryHHOB H KOH9aH MOHrOAaMH H ApyrHMH, HOCTOHHHO pa3pyiUaAH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbie CHAbI h naMHTHHKH KyAbTypbi oceAAoro o 6iuecTBa, a caMH 6 biah noroAOBHO HerpaMOTHbiMH h He 6 h a h b coctohhhh ocT a- BHTb KaKHX-AH6o CymeCTBeHHbIX naMHTHHKOB MaTepHaAb- HOH H AyxOBHO^ KyAbTypW. JI. n.riepcoaeHKa I7oTanoBbiM o 6mecTBeHHo-npoH3BOA- CTBeHHbix OTHomeHHH y KoqeBHHKOB, h onpeAeAeHne HX KaK pa3BHTbix <})eoAaAbHbix HauiAa CBoe Bbipa>KeHHe b ero Te3H- ce 06 0C060H HCTOpHHeCKOH POAH CKOTOBOAHCCKHX KOHeBblX nAeMeH Kan «K Aaccoo6pa30BaTeAeH». JI. n . r io T a n o B -nH- weT: «B n p o u e c c e KAaccoo6p a 30BaHHH ckotoboa^cckhc riAeMeHa cbirpaAH 6oAbmyio poAb»2. B AefiCTBHTeAbHOCTH B 06p a 3OBaHHH KA3CCOB ocotfan poAb npHHaAAe>KHT HeCKOTOBOAnecKHM KoqeBbiMnAeMeHaM. 1 BecTHHK ^peBHefi hctophh, 1949, N2 3, crp. 301. 2 Floranoe J I . 77. O cyiUHoCTH naTpHapxaJibHo-^eoAajibHbix otho- iijeHHH y KoueBbix Hapo^OB CpeAHcfi A3HH h Kasaxerana__ Bonpochi hctophh, 1954, ft* 6, CTp. 74. , ' 189 \\

06pa30BaiiHe JoraccoB CBH3ano c noflBJieHHe.M qacTHofi co6- CTBeHHOCTH Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BO,aCTBa, He33BHCHMO OT Toro, 6bSJlH JIH T3KHMH CpeACTBaMH npOH3BO^CTBa CTa^a H Ta6yHbI HJIH 3eMJlH. 3K0H0MHqeCK0H OCHOBOH nOHBJieHHH npOTHBOnOaO>KHhIX KjiaccoB b cKOTOBo;mecKOM o6mecTBe 6hji ijepexoA cTaA h Ta6yHOB H3 o6m ero BJianeHHB njieMeHH hjih poAa b qacTHyio CO^CTBeHHOCTL TJ1SIB OTACVIbHblX CeMCH. rioflBJieHHe qaCTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH iia CTa.ua h Ta6yHbi Bbi3Bajio ue.ayio peBOJiio- Uhk> b npoH3Bo^cTBeHHbix OTiiouieHHjJx JiioAefi. M H enne, npirOHaiom ee o c o tfy io p o jih cKOTOBOA^ecKHX KoqeBhix nJieMen b KJiaccoo6pa30BaHHH, c HeH36e>KHOCTbK) Be^eT k npH3HaHHio nporpeccHBHOCTH rpa6 HTe;ibCKHX HamecTBHH h HacHJiHH zipeBHHX h cpe^HeBeKOBhix KoqeB- HHKOB. H3BeCTHO, HTO «B006me B03HHKHOBei!He qaCTHOH co6 - CTB6HH0CTH B HCTOpHH HH B KaKOM CJiyqae He HBJIfleTCH pe3y^bTaTOM rpa6ex<a h h3Chjihh> 1. B. H. JleHHH yKa3UBa;i, qTO hhKaKoe HacHJine He 6u;io b coctohhhh H3MCHHTb CTaphre ycTOH pyccKoro otfmecTBa b TeqeHHe pHAa bckob 6e3 HaMeHeHHfi ero sKOHOMHqecKOH: OCHOBbl. 06meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKaH >KH3Hb P occhh He Moivia 6HTb nepeycTpocHa rojibiM iiacHJineM, hhk3Khmh no- jiHTHqecKHMH codbiTHHMH — hh 6ecKOHeqHHMH 4>eoAa;ibHbi- MH B0HH3MH Me>KAy pyCCKHMH KHH3bHMH, HH CTpailJHblM «KpOB3BbIM 60JI0T0 M» — TaTapO-MOHrOJIbCKHM HTOM. IloA- qepKHBaq sto nojio>xeHHe, B. H. JIchhh nHcajr. «HMeHHO noTOMy h nporpeccHBen KanHTajiH3M b pyccxoM 3e.M;ieAe- jihh, qTO oh o6napy>KH^ «npeHe6pe>KHTeJibHoe OTHomeHHe» K «HCKOHHblM», «OCBHmeHHbIM BeKa\\iH» (J)OpMaM 0Tpa6oT- KOB H Kafiajlbl, KOTOpbIX AeHCTBHTeJIbHO lie MOIVIH CJIOMaTb HHKaKHe nojiHTHqecKHe 6ypn ao «yAe;ibHbix 6e3ypflAHU,» h «TaTapiAHHH» BKJlK>qHTeJIbHO»2. H 3 Bcero cKa3aHHoro BbiTexaeT b u b o a , hto Tax Ha3bi- BaeMaa xoqeBaa HMnepna ^HiirHC-xana no cBoeMy counajib- HO-3KOHOxMHqecKOMy h noAHTHqecKOMy CTpoio He 6biJia, xax H3o6pa>xajiacb B. BjiaAHMiipueBbiM h H3o6pa>xaeTCH coBpeMeHHMMH -ero noc/ieAOBaTejiHMH, cj)eoAa^ibHOH MOHap- xneft, a 6bijia jiHuib BoeHHO-xoqeBbiM rrojiypa6oB.aaAeAbHe- ckhm h no^ycpeoAajibiihiM rocyAapcTBeHHhiw o6pa30BaHHeM, 1 SmeAbc 0 . AiiTH-ZliopHur, M., 1957, crp. 151. 2 J1en.ua B. H. Co1*., t. 3, crp. 272 (uTopan cnocKa). 190

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ho £>hao rtpHBecxH k oce^OMy o6pa3y hch3hh; b npOTHBHOM cjiyqae TaKoe obmecTBo aoajkho 6mao HcqesHyxb, KaK sto CAyHHAOCb CO MHOrHMH KOHeBblMH HapO^aMH ApeBHOCTH H cpeAHeBeKOBbH, b HacTHocTH, c A^K'yHrapaMH h HorafinaMH, KOqeBaBLUHMH B OCHOBHOM Ha TeppHTOpHH COBpeMBHHOrO' Ka3axcTaHa. * '• - \" '/ \"A . ’ Ha BceM npoTHHceHHH cymecTBOBaHHH tca3axcKHx xoqe- BUX X3HCTB B3aHM00TH0HieHHH HX CO BCeMrf «OCeAHHMH KOqeBhIMH H OCeAAhIMH HapOAaMH He 6HAH MHpEjblMH H ,ao6pococeACKHMH. HacHJine, rpa6e>K h BoftHa.:6biAH no- CTOHHHblMH CnyTHHKaMH HX >KH3HHr-Ha OCHOB3HHH H3yqe- hhh 3a nepHOA CBbime 70 AeT >kh3hh Ka3axoB MAaAinero »y3a, npHHHBIHHX pOCCHHCKOe noa AaHctb o,. OAHH H3 npeA- CTaBBTeAeft pyccKH x rocyAapcTBeHHHx AeHTeAen T. C.' B oa- KOHCKHft npHUieA K BepHOMy BUBOAy, HTO «THUIHHa, CIIOKOft- CTBHe h B3anMHoe Apy>Kejiio6He HHKorAa He 6ujih yAeJipM chx KoqeBHx CBoeBO^bHbix HapoAOB... Pa3Aopw MeiwAy poAOHaqaAbHHKaMH, HeHOBHHOBeuHe chx noAAaHHbix h Bee-*' rAauiHHe ccopu, ApaKH h Bpax<AOT3aHHe BeerAa cymecTBOBa- ah b Ka3axax>!. ‘ •> • HapoAHbie Maccbi iioctohhho CTpaAaAM ot 6ecnpepuB- -HblX BHyTpeHHHX H BHeiUHHX BOftH, B3aHMH0r0 HCTpe£>AeHHfl AioAeft, rpa6enca, MyqHTeAbHoro k oq eB o ro o6pa3a >kh3hh. OHH CTpaAaJIH TaK X e OT ReyCTOiiHHBOCTH H UiaTKOCTH o6mecTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa — K oqeBbro ckotoboactB3, cHdeMaTHHecKH npHBOAHBuiero k roAOAy h shhacmkhm. 0 6 - 3T0M TOBOpHT M acca 33perHCTpHpOBaHHbIX B KOHUe XVIII H HaqaAe XIX bb. (JjaKTOB. B . oahom h3 aokymchtob mh HHTaew: «5eAH'iii.e khsaxh, AomeAuine -a o K p afeeft HHiueTbj h •He HMeioinne nponHtaHHH, qacTbio pacnoAaraioTCH ko-’ ^eBbHMH npH OpeH6yprcK0fi ahhhh b 6ah 3octh k KpenocxnM H (JjopnocraM. ^ hcao chx o6HHmaBUUHx mojkho noAaraTb npHMepHo ot 2 000 ao 3 000 qenp&eK o 6 o e ro nana; pacceaH- Htix xce no npocTpaHCTBy cTenn, hoaoCho hm 6eAHbix xce, COBepjuieHHo npeAnoA0»HTb^-HeAb3H KaK noxoMy, q to He \"KoqyioT ohh npH ahhhh,,. OAnaxo >k , B o o 6 m e noAaraTb mojk- ho (BMecxe) ■c KoqyioiAHMH npH ahhhh ao 10 000 HeAOBeK, h6o no Mepe y&aAeHHH ex o ra bo BpeMH 3HMHee o r xoAOAy (ot AwyTOB — C. T.) B03pacTaer hx HHmeia H yB.eAHqfr- --------------- \\ 1 MaTepHajiw no hctophh Kasaxcxoft C C P (1785— 1828 rr.), t . IV . M .-J I., 1940, ctP, 218, 194 . V. *

bb&tcn kkCAo 6 eAtnJx»V«HapoA' tCHpr^-Raftcauxoft MeHbfc meft opAw no npnqHHe MexAoyrotfko&'tiapaH'fu He-TOJibxo noiepajl THIIIHHy H CJIOXOHCTBHe, HO. yJKC ctqht ka Kpaio TH6eJIH»2. .. - . ‘ ;. ’ lToAo6HhiH w e KpH3Hc nepewHBa-ao xoqeBoe oOmecTBo HoraftueB b XVI Bexe. H ora ftu u 6buiu oahhm H3 coccahhx h rrocTOHHHo Bpa^AOBaBuiHx c KaaaxaMH HapoAOB. O hh Tax w e, KaK h Ka3axn, He HMejiH nocxoHHHbix ceJieHHH h ro - Poaob, a KoqeBaJiH b OTKpbrroft cTenw. Flo CBHAeTenbCTBy flHceHKHHCOHa, b ' caMyio Jiyqmyio n o p y >kh3hh bchkhQ ho- raftcKnft M yp3a (6 aft) hmcji okojio ce6 n rpynny noAHHHeH- Hbix JiioAcii c ceMeflcTBamh h co ckotom. Koma ckot ci>eAaA bcio Tpasy, ohh nepeKoqeBhiBaJiH b A pyroe m^cto. O hh tohho T a x ace, KaK'Ka3axH, He MorJiH 3aHHMaTbca hh peM ec- JIOM, HH H ayxoft, HH HCKyCCTBOM, 3a HCKJIIOqeHHeM BoeHHoro, b kotopom ohh 6hah AoCTaToqHo onhiTHM. H o npeHMyme- CTBy 3tot HapOA 6biji nacTymecKHM, BJiaAeBiiiHM M H o w ecr- bom cKOTa, cocxaBABBUiero Bee e r o 6oraTCTBo3. KpH3HC KoqeBoro xosaftCTBa HorakueB h coceAHHx c HHMH KOqeBHHKOB BHpa3HJICH B IipHMOM H CHCTeM3THqeCK0M pa3pymeHHH OCHOBHbIX 3AeMeHTOB npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX CHA KoqeBoro o 6 iu,ecTBa, Horafiubi b cepe/uine XVI b. 3anHMa;iH bck) TeppHTopHio Ha JieBOM 6ep ery B ojich ot KaMbi ao AcrpaxaHH h Aajibme no ceBepHOMy h ceB.epo-BocToqHOMy 6epery KaenHftcKoro Mopa, rpamreamyio c 36MJieft TypKMe- hob h Ka3axoB, HeAOCTaTKa b nacT6Hmax y hhx He 6 bino. Ho h3o6hahb nacTCnmHux npocTpaHCTB He mohio oiywH Tb OCHOBOft R J M . np0UBeT3HH5I WH3HH • KOqeBHHKOB Hora ftneB, pa3beAaeMoft couHaAbH0~3K0H0MHqecKHMH npOTHBopeqHHMH, Tax KaK caMH no ce6s sth nacTGHinta He MorjiH CAywHTb pemaiOIAHM <J)aKTOpOM, AajOtUHM HCH3HeHHyiO pHeprHK) 0 6- mecTBy h ABHraioiuHM BnepeA e r o skohomhky h Kyjibrypy. KapTHHy KpHanca xoqeBoro xo3HftcTBa HoraftaeB b 1558 r. AOCTaTO^kO; ytSeAHTfcflbHO HapHCOBaA ^HCeHXHHCOH. O h IIH- caa: «B 6hiTH0CT& moio b AcrpaxaHH b 1558 r./HaceAeHHe coBepmeHHo CbiAQ^paccrpoeHO rpawAaHCKHMH yco6HuaMH, rojioAOM, MopoM )h t. n. 6eactb^hmh a 6 Taxofl eTeneHH, hto b 3tom roA y noMep^o ao 100 ru e . qejioeex; noAoOHoro 6 eA- 1 MaTepHaJiH no hctodhh Ka3axcKoft C C P (1785— 1828 rr.), t . IV . M.—JI., 1940, ctp. 234. 2 TaM we, crp. 224, 3 H3BecTHfi aarjiHqaH o P occhh X V I Bexa, M., 1848, crp. 38. 13* 195

tffiirft 3/iecb He 3andMHflT, Tak q t o HoraftcKaa k3(V dHjiyioman nacT6 HiuaMH, ocTaHeTca He HaceaeHHoft»1.^ SKOHOMHHecKan KaiacTpocJ)a h BbiMHpaHHe H oraftueB 6WJIH KOHU,eHTpHpOBaHHLIM BbIp3>KeHHeM BCeX BHyTpeHHHX h BHeuiHHx npoTH Bope^w ft K o q e B o ro o d w ecT B a . n osTO M y, KOi\\na Mbi ro B o p H M o fiojihom y n a ^ K e h KpH3Hce K oqeB oro* X03HHCTB3 K a3 axO B B XVIII b', TO Mhl BOBCe He MOJKeM H He itOJDKHbl od'bHCHHTb BCe 3T0 He^OCTaTKOM naCT6« m HJJH KaKHM-TO MHHMhiM Bbice^ieHHeM K a 3 a x o B , b « 6ecn ;io;iH bie nyCTHHH», K aK 3TO Ae^aiOT H eK O tO p b ie HCTOpHKH. KpHTH- qecKoe n ojio>K eH H e HoranueB b X V I h K a 3axoB XVIII c t o - JieTHHX BOBCe HeJIb3H odljHCHHTb T 0M, \"HTO POCCHH HK0 6 bi CTeCHHJia HX B YaCTdH IUaX. OG'bHCHCHHe H3JX0 HCkaTb B KpH- 3Hce ca.Moft cw-CTeMbi K on eB oro xo3HHCTBa. T o jib k o npH TaKOM noA X O A e k B o n p o cy m ojkho n oH H Tb, n oq eM y H orafiu b i KaKHapo;* H cq e3 jiH c Jinua seMJiH h n o q e M y K o q e B o e o tfm e - ctbo Ka3axoB oK a3 ajiocb b coctohhhh iviyd o K o ro KpH3Hca. * OCHOBHOft npH^HHOH odHHIUaHHH K33aXCKHX KOqeBHHKOB 6 biJio pa3/ro>KeHHe caw ow cn ereM b i K o q e B o r o x o 3h h c t b 3 b XVIII h H a q a jie XIX bb. B 3akM Hhie r p a 6 e>KH, HCTpedJieHHe ^lo^eH, naTpHajpxa;ibHO-(j)eo£ajibHMH rHeT TpyaamHxcH h yHHqTOJKeHHe c r a a TadyHOB O KOHqaTejibHO JiHuiajw hx B03- mojkhocth pauHOHajibHO Hcno^b30BaTb n acrd m u a, noApbi- B3JIH H HCTOIUaJIH X03HHCTB0 M3CCbI TpyAOBbIX KOHeBHHKOB, cnocodcTBOBajiH o 6orameHHio naTpHapxajibHo-cj)eo,najibHOH BepxyuiKH — cy/iTaHOB, 6aTbipOB, 6 neB h 6aeB. H e/ioyqeT 3Toro rviaB H oro MOMeHTa npHBeji OTAeJibHbix HccJie/ioBaTe- Jieft AopeBOJiiouHOHHoft H d op H H K a 3 a x c T a H a k oiuHtfoqHOMy BbIBOAy, HTO B e e 3TH OtpHUaTeJIbHbie SBJieHHfl B Odm eeTBeH- HO-3KOHOMHHeCKOft JKH3HH H apO fla 6U JIH HKOtfbl npflM M M pe3y^bTaTOM iip h h h t h h K33axcKHMH ‘ n^eMeHaMH M jia A u ie ro >Ky3a p o c c H ftc K o r o noaaaHCTBa. T a k , M . I\"I. B h tk h h m tu ie r : «ripH H H TH e p y c c K o r o no/maHCTB.a xaH O M A G y jix a n p o M b 30-x nxnax X V III b . od ^erqw ^o H a c r y n jie H H e cJieo/iajibHO- KpenocTHHqecKOH P occchh Ha K a a a x c K H e erenH ... H aciyn - jieHHeM pyKOBO^Hji nepBhifi O p eH 6 y p rc K H H r y 6 -p H. H . He- iuiioeB. B BoeHHOM oTHomeHHH AeHTeJibHOCTb H erunoeB a cBO^HJiacb K KOHueHTpauHH Ha H H K e p e ry jin p H h ix b o h c k , 3aTeM k cocT aB J ieH H ioT ax H a3 b iB aeM oro « 3anacH oro ru ia H a », co^ep>K am ero n p o e K T Mo6HJiH3auHH M ecTH oro, KaK p y c c k o - ro, Tak h H e p y c c K o ro Hacejiem iH a j ih BoeHHux «n o H ck o B », ‘ H3BecTHn amvitmai! o P occhh X V I Bena, M., 1848, ctp. 38. 196

to e d b Hana/teHUH Ha Ka3axoB, h , waKOHeu, k co3^aHHio ynpen^eHHbix j ih h h h ... JTh h h h yKperuieHHH He HBJiHJincb o6opOHHTeJIbHbIMH. 3 t H JIHHHH OFpaHHHHBaJIH pafiOHhl KO- qeBHH Ka3axoB: >Kajio6bi Ha cTecHeHHe kohcbok mm B C Tpe- qaeM b AOKyweirrax ewe 40-x toaob (XVIII Tanoe ocBemeHHe Bonpoca hctophhcckh h TeopeTHnecKH HeBepno. Bo-nepBbix, Ka3axcKHe crenw He 6mjih 3aBoeBaHbi pyccKHM rocyaapcTBOM. MjiaAiuHH, a 3aTew CpejjHHH h CTapuiHft Ka3axcKHe xcy3bi npncoeAHHHJiHCb k Pocchh no ao6poH BOJie. Bo-BTopbix, npncoe^HHeHHe Mjia^iuero >Ky3a k Pocchh He TOJibKo He 03HaHa/io cy>KeHHH TeppiiTopHH ero, Hao6opoT, nocjie/*HH5i 6buia 3naHHTejibHO pacuinpeHa. Hto KacaeTCH AeftcTBiiTejibHo hm€Bujhx MecTO b 6ojiee no3AHiiH nepHOA Bbie3AOB b crenb . KapaTejibHbix otp'&aob pyccKnx norpaHHHHbix bohck, to ohh hc 6u jih 3aB0CBaTeJibHbiMH no- xojiaMH, a 6bijih 6oJibiueH nacTbio OTBeTHoft peaKunefi Ha rpa6nTejibCKHe HajieTbi Ka3axcKHx GaTbipoB h cyjiTaHOB, b xoae KOTOpbix HeMajio CTpajiajin h HenoBHHHhie b sthx rpa- tiexcax xa3axcnne ayjibi. I7o3TOMy sth 4)aKTbi hhkhk ne MoryT yMajiHTb nporpeccHBHoe 3HaneHHe AoGpoBOJibHoro npjicoe^HHeHHH Ka3axcKHx >xy30B k P occhh. He cjieAyeT 3a6biBaTb, hto hh oaho nporpeccHBHoe H3MeHeHHe b >kh3hh odmecTBa HHKorAa .He nptiHcxoAHJio 6e3 xcepTB. B. H. Jle- hhh nncaji: «B HCTOpHH neoAHOKpaTHo 6biBajiH bohhh, ko- Topbie, HecMOTpH Ha Bee yxcacbi, 3BepcTBa, 6eACTBHH h MyneHHH, HeH36e>KH0 CBH3aH^Ue CO BCHKOft BOHHOfi, 6bIJIH nporpeccHBHbi, t. e. npnHOCHJiH nojib3y pa3BHTHio nejio- BenecTBa, noMoraa pa3pymaTb ocotfeHHO BpeAHbie h peaK- UHOHHbie yh pe>KA6Hhh...»2. H o H eA aB H ero n p ow jioro ajih p « A a K33axcTaHCKHx h c t o - pHKOB o T p H u a H H e M. n. B h t k h h w m n p orp eccH B H oro 3H a- lueHHh npH CoeAH H eH H a K a3a xcK H x >Ky30B k P occhh cjiy>KH Jio reopeTHHecKOHf 6a30H ju in BOCXBajieHHH bchkhx peaKUHOH- h m x , aH TH H apoA H bix h TopM 03HBiiiHX 3 t o t npouecc BblCTyn- neHHfi npOTHB P occhh MHorOHHCJieHHhix K333xckhx 6 a T b ip o B - h cyjiTaHOB. B ojib m an ouiH6Ka M . n . E n m iiu a 3aK Jiio- qaeTca b t o m , h to oh, noJiHOCTbio O TpH Aaa n p orp eccH B H oe 3HaneHHe AotfpOBOJibiiero npwcoeAHHeHHH K a3axcK «x >Ky30B 1 BnTKUH. M . n . riO.lHTHMeCKHH KpH3HC H X03flftCTBeHHblft ynaAOK B Ma;ioft opae b KOHiie X V III— naM. X IX bb. (BBe^eHHC). B kh.: M a ie - pHajrbi no HCTopHH Ka3CCP, t . IV. M., 1940, ctp. 3. — 2 JJeHUH B . H. Com., t. 21, crp. 271. 197

k.Pocchh, no^HHJi Ha mjrr peaKixHOHHux xaaaxcKHx 6aTH- pOBH CyJITaHOB, KOTOpue 6opOJIHCb npOTHB 3TOr6 npHCOeAH- HeHHH. Handojiee hcho 3Ta ToqKa apeHHH H3/iojKsfl& hm b cOqepxax no HcropHH Ka3axcKoft CCPf, H3AaHHbix b 1941 roAy. O peaKUHOHHOM ,HBH>KeHHH 6arupa GpwMa JU* TOBa, 6opoBinepocfl b TeqeHHe 14 Jier npOTHB npHCoesHHeHUH Ka3axoB Atna/uuero }xy3a k P occhh, Mo(5HJiH30BaBiuero BOKpyr ce6a bc© peaxijHOHHbie chjibi, H3>KHBaK)mero ce6a KoqeBoro o6meCTBB xa3axoB, a t3k>k© noJib30BaBwerocH Mopa^bHoft noAAep>KKoft MexgxyHapoAHoft peaxunn b JiHue cpeflnea3HaTCKHx xaHCTB h TypeijKoro cyjrraHa, oh micax: «...noAT>eM ABHjKeHHH CpuMa 6vui BU3B3H yrpo3oft npeBpa- metfHa M/iaameft opflbi b kojohhio. &BHX<eHHe hochjio xa-. paKTep ocBotfoAHTejibHoft 6opb6u. OTpHflti CpwMa HanajiH Ha HjicukhA ropo^oK, no^roTOBJiH/iocb.HanaAeHHe Ha Kpac- Horopcxyio KpenocTb>|. jajibuie oh npoflOJDKaer: cCpuM HHKOrfla He. HOilHHMa^Cfl AO noHHM3HHH npOTHBOnCWIOHCHO- cth HHTepecos Macc h CTapiflHH ( oh oaM KpynHeftiiiHft crap- uiHHa 6aA6aKTHHCKoro po^a h 3Hfb xaHa — C. T.). Ero C03H3HHe TaKXCe 6blJIO CKOB3HO IJHTpHBpXSJIbHO’pOMOBbl'MH (Jjopwa.MH 6hTTa. IloaTOMy, a He to/tsko b-cn.ny CBoeft x;iac- coboA fipHHaAJieHCHOCTH, oh HHkofTta He ct3bh^i ueJieft 6opb- 6u npoTHB poAOBux fcrapaiHH xax couHa/ibHoft rpynnu»2. Ho oiuHCxa M. n. BflTXHHa He orpaHnqnBaeTCH TOJibxo HenpaBHjibHoft oueHxoft ABHnceHHH 6 aTHpa CpuMa, oHa b Taxofl >xe CTeneHH othochtch x oueHxe peaxuHOHHoro abh- )xeHHH cyjiraHa Kenecapw KatbiMOBa, KOTopoe oh xapax- TepH30BaJi xaK Kpyiftieftiiiee aHTHKOjiOHHajiwtoe HaunoHaJib- Ho-ocBO^OAHre^bHOe8. ; y, ' .i . Hto H3 ce6 n npeACTaB;ixAa ABHKeHHe JK^wecapbr KactJ- MOBa, ceftqac y>xe xopomo H3B<&thcx 3 to flBHJxeHHe, iioao6 - hcj ABH>xeHHio 6 aTupa CpfciMi flaTopa, <6mo oahhm h3 6 ypHbix npoHBJieHHft npoTecra flporHB ;Ao6 poBO/ibHoro npw- coeaHHeHHH Ka3axcKHX/Ky30Bk Pocchh co CTOpoHu xpafiHe .peaxuHOHHwx s^eMeflr^p. |t^eapBHie chjiw Ka3axcxoro 0 6 - mecTBa peiHHi^wbHp ;<tepcSHc& npoTHB sthx peaxuHOHHux BbicTyiuieHHftv^lV H. nbTSHHH nfccaji: «Paccxa3M Roxana (BajiHxaHOBa C.- T.) o xaaaxax tibum oqeHb HHTepecHU.'' KoHeqHO,-oH Mor 6 w oqeHb 33HHMaTejibHO HaiwcaTb hcto- ------:----- ‘ 'i' ' 1 ^ .. x ‘ Butkuh M . FT. OnepKH no hctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP, JI., 1941, crp. 202. . 3 TaM 5Ke, cTp. 212. 3 TaM ace, cTp, 273. -. - 193 * ,

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