Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

6oAee KHjioMetpoB b oahh KOHeu, Becnofi Ha ceBep, oceHbio na ior no MepHAHOHajibHOMy HanpaBAeHHio. Ha 3HMy ocTaHaBJiHBajiHCb b 6yrpHCTbix necKax (5oAbiiJHx MaccHBOB (npnapa^bCKHe Kapa-KyMbi, Maawe h BoAb- iuH6 BopcyKH./MyioH-KyMH, Kbi3bui-KyMbi, n.iaro ycuopr h Ap.)* CTaaa coctohah npeHMymecTBeHHo H3 OBeu, oep- 6ak>aob h omacTH Ta6yHHbix jioiuajjefi. Bee bhaw naa- 6«m, eCTeCTBeHHHH BOAOnOH, CHOKHblH nOKpOB, «KOIIbI» H CTapbie KOAOAUbI HCnOAbSOBaAHCb «B CBOCH nepBHHHOfi HeorpaHHHCHHocTH». Ha Tanoft oGuinpuoH TeppHTOpHH ak)6oh ckotoboa Mor ociaHaBjiHBaTbcn Ha aioCom Mec- Te b akm5oc BpeM5i roAa. Tot, kto i¥pn6biJi nepBWM, 3aHH* MaJi to MecTo, KOTopoe ewy noHpaBHjjocb. Cnopbi motjih B03HHKHyTb B OC060 KpiiTHHeCKHX CAynaHX, KOW AB3 npeA' cTaBHTejifl — «Kom6acmH» AByx pasHbix ay.iOB nonnH oa- HOBpeMeiiHO HBAHAHCb K HyJKHOMy &JIH HHX 'MCCTy. TaKH'M mcctom mopjih 6biTb CTapbie kojioauu, norAa He 6buio CHe- ra, hah «KOHbi», norAa 6biji CHer h ctoha M0p03. Cnopbi pa3peuiaAHCb naTp«apxa.ibHbiM cnoco6oM.«EcAH om m H3 cnopniUHX 6hh, a Apyrofi H3BecrHbiH b ueAOMpoAe ancaKaA, CTapefiuiHHa, to yerymea AeAaeTcn b noJibsy n ocA eA H ero. ECAH Cnop npOHCXOAHT MOKAy 6 « e M fH npocTbiM K a3axoM , to cnop-Hoe Mecro ocTaeicn 3a nepBbiM. Ecah cnophtune npodbie aioah, to ycrynica AeAaeicn crapuieMy AeTaMH. SxoMy >Ke cJieAywT npw cTOAKHOBeHHax AByx 6neB, A®yx aKcanaAOB. npH paBeHCTBe cnopamHX npHHHMaeTCH b co- o6pa>KeHHe cTapumncTBO poAa hah OTAeAemiH*1. H3 3Toro C. 3iiMaHOB AeAaer bhboa: ecAH npH cnope Mexuiy 6neM h npocTbiM x a 3 a x o \\ f ycrynna n e jia jia c b nepeowy, to sto 03Ha- MaeT, MTO 6 HH 6b!A COtfCTBeHHHKOM 3eMAH. «3to npaBHAO OTpaxoeT cBoeo6pa3Hyio cwcTeMy (peoAaAbHoro BaccaAHTe- Ta b K333XCKOM o6mecTBe»2. C.E cah c o rA a c w T b c n c tb k h m M H enneM 3nMaHOBa, to TorAa n an noHHTb, noHewy 6 hh z e j i a n y c T y n x y aK can aA y, CTapmeMy n o B03paciy? A , npn c n o p e MOKAy ABywn npoc­ TbiMh Ka3axa.M H, noMewy ace y c r y n n a A eA aA acb CTapuieMy no B 03pacTy? H a h ate. npn c to a k h o b o h ih h AByx 6 hcb h ah ABy x aK can aA O B OAHHa-KOBoro B o a p a c T a , nonew y b co o 6 p a - JKeHHe npH^HMaAOCb CTapiIIHHCTBO p o A a HAH OTAeAeHHH? 1 rpodeKOti H. H. KHprH3hi h Kapa-KHpr.H3w Cbip-AapbUHCKoA 06- JiaCTH. lOpHAHMecKKH <5ut, t. I. TauiKeHT, 1889, cTp, 111. 2 3umqhoq C . O naipnapxajibHo-(J)eoAaAbHbix OTHomeiiHflx y ko*ieB- HHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB.-— BonpoCbl HCTOpHH, 1955, Jsfe 12, CTp. 63. 350

Ha t akhe Bonpocbi C. 3nMaHOB He OTBenaeT H OTBeTHTb He MOJKGT, TSK KaK 3TH BOnpOCbl He MOrJIH 6bl B03HHKHyTb npH cyiucctboba hHim .MOHono.ibHoro npaBa (})eoAa;ia-3eMJieBJia- ^eJibua. O hcrhaho, OTBeru Ha bcg sth Bonpocbi KpoioTcn b TOM, HTO epeiXH K33aXCKHX KOHCBHHKOB HHK3KOH HaCTHOH co6cTBeHHOCTH Ha 3CMJHO He 6biJio. HHane hgbo3Mo>kho 06l>flCHHTb TaKOH nopflAOX 33HHTHH MeCTa BpeMeHHO# OC- TaHOBKH ayjia: «Pa3BeAHHK (Koui6aciiiH — C. T.), naxoAH HOBoe mccto, nanpHMep, xojiOAe3b, He3ainm>iM, ocTaBHT oko;io Hero 3Hax (OeJibru), Konbe hah oeuxb, hah qepraT iia 3eMjie TaMry hah CBH3hiBaeT nynxoM Bucoxyio TpaBy, Bbi- pociuyio y xoAOAUa hah pOAH'HKa. B hah 3H3k, Apyrne y>Ke He Bbl6HpaiOT 3TO CBOHM CTOH&HLUeM. ECAH BO>K3K KOHyiO- mero o6ui.ecTBa BbiSpaa a^ih Hero MecTo h, ne otmcthb ero HH OAH1IM H3 nepeHHCJieHHblX 3HaHOB, OTnpaBHTC5I A^IH oc- Moxpa OKpecTHbix nacTdHm, a no B03BpameHHx HaiiA^T, hto BOHcaK Apyroro ayAa ycneA 3annTb ero MecTo, to 3a*iB- Aenne nepBoro Boxtaxa He npHHHMaeTCH b yBa>KeHHc»I. C. 3HMaHOB, co^paB b OAHy xyqy <})aKTbi, othochluhcch k pa3AHHHbiM HcTopnqecKHM nepHoA^M, .nHuier «K a3ax- CKHe xaHbi Tayxe, A6Aaft, AGyjixainp, HypaAH, R y u aHrep h ApyrHe... BbiAaBaAH c})eoAaAaM cneuHaAbHbie xaHcxne HpJibiKH iHa npaBo basaghhe onpeAejieHHbiMH nacTfruuuibi- mh yroAbHMH. HaBecTHbift HCCAeAOBaTeAb H. H. TpoAeKOB yKa3biBaeT, hto b Cbip-JlapbHHCKOH o6aacTH bo BTOpoft no- AOBHHG X IX B . HeKOTOpbie npeACT3BHTeAH SHaTH COXpaHH- ah y ce6n Taxne xaHCKHe apAbiKH, b CBoe BpeMH AaHHbie hm na npaBo B^aAeinni 3eMAefi»2. 3 to — noATacoBKa (J>ax- t o b 3. Bo-nepBbix, HCTopHnecxan nayxa noxa He o6napy>KH- jia hu oahofo Taxoro cAy^an, htoGbi Ka3axcKHe xoneBbie xaHbi X V — X V I I I bb., b tom uncjie xaHbi Tayxe, A6jiaft, A6yAxanp h HypaAH, «orAa-AH6o h KOMy-An6o BbiAaBajiH HpAbiKH «Ha npaBo BJiajxemin onpeAeAemibiMH nacT6mn- hhmh yroAb«MH»; BO-BTopbix, npAbiKH ^HOHrep-xaHa, bli- AaHHbie hm cboh-m noAAaHHbiM b 30— 40-x roAax X IX Bexa bo BHyTpeHHeH ByxecBCKOH opAe, He hmgiot HHxaxoro ot- 1 rp o d e n o e H . H . KnprH3bi h Kapa-KHprH3bi . Cbip^apbHHCKOH ofaiacTH. lOpHAHHecKHrt fair, t . 1. TaiuKeHT, 1889, d p . 110— 111. 2 3 u M a n o e C. O n aTp H ap xaJib H O -t^eoA ajib H bix OTHoujeHHnx y komcb- IIHKOB-CKOTOBOJXOB.— BonpOCbl HCTOpHH, 1955, JVs 12, CTp. 63. 3 P a 6 o T a C . 3nMauoBa «OCmecTBeHHbift CTpofi K a3axoB nepooH noJiOBHiibi X I X BCKa», BbiiueAUiaa b cbct b 1958 ro/iy no AannoMy bo- npocy Himero HOBoro He asct. 351

aotHe&tta k nasaxaM >h maxcxiiM xanaM XVIII fc-TpeTi>- hx, Bhi3biBaeT yAHBjieHiie, noneMy C. 3H>MaH0B cnasaHHoe b patfoTe H. H. PpoAenoBa o apjiHKax, BH^aHHUx b XIX Be­ ne KonaHACKHM xaHOM ihjih ero Ka3HHMiH h 6eKawH Ha npa- BO noab30BaHHH OpOIIiaeMblMH nOJIHMH K£3aXCKHlM OCCAAblM 3eMJieAe^ibHecKHM poAaM b paftoHe opouiaeMoro 3eMAeAe- j i h h b 6acceHHe p. Cbip-ilapbH h ee n p H T O K O B o t h o c h t k K33ax^KHM xaHaM XVIII Bena. 06paTHMca k TeM crpaHH- uaw pa6oTbi H. H. rpcwKOBa, na KOTopwe cchiJiaercfl C. 3HMaHOB* «Ecah na 3aceBaeMyio AfiyMH poAaMw 3e.Mjuo oAHa H3 CTOpOH 33HBIHT npeTCH3HK) K ApyrOH « 'BO Bpe.MH paCCACAO- b3hhh ona>KeTCH, m o oAHa crapoHa H»MeeT AOKyMenT, a Apyran ero « e HweeT* Tan x<e He HMeeT xaHCWHx, Ka3iHficwHX HAH 6eKCKHX AOKy-MeHTOB O TOM, HTO 3CMAH 3Ta Me^KAy 0^0- hmh poAa.MH o6maH, to CTopona, wMeiomaH AokyMeHTH, Mo>neT 0TKa3aTb Apyrofi b noAb30BaHHH aeMAeiO-..^1. «Ecah BoaHMKaeT cnop MexcAy AByM fl poAaMH, noAb3o- BaBiiiHMHCH o ah o kj oGmeio. 36MAeio, n a Koropotf o 6 e crop o- Hbi MMeiOT nocTpofiKH, Me^bHHAH h HacaxtACHHa; H eCJlH OAHa CTopoHa HM eer ot xaHOB h a h (5eK0B HMenfibie Aony- MeHTbl, HMeH3 HCe Apyroft CTOpOHH B TOM AOKyMeHTe He 3HaqaTca, to nejio peiuaeTCH b noAb3y HMeiomAx AOKyMeH* tm ; npHHeM He HMetoiUHe AOKyMeHTQB a o a )k h h 6 biTb y a o b - AeTBOpenbi no ctohmocth hx nocTpoeK h 3aieM BbJABopeHbi C 3eMJIH», . «Ecah y OAHoft M3 cnopHwx CTopoH.oKajKercH Aony- MeHT, BblAaHHblfl APyrOK) CTOpQHOK) BO BpeMfl MHpOAIoGH- Boro ikwb3osahhh hmh 3eM;ieio (Hb «eM 6yAeT cnasaHo, hto CTopowa, Aaioman ero, ycrynaer npoTHbHimy H3BecTHyio MeCTHOCTb, HAH H3BeCTH06 KOAHHeCTBO KOUiefi2 3eMAH, HAH >Ke, HTOeft npHHaAAe>KHT IH3BeCTHafl MeCTHOCTb HAH H3BeCT* Hoe KOAHqecTBo Kouieft aeMJiw, to CTopoHe, HMeioiAeft-no- AoSHblfi AOKyMGHT, CAeAyeT OTBeCTH 36MAK) Ha OCHOBaHHH A0KyM6HTaj npereH3Hio xce ee -Ha 6oAbiuee koahhcctbo 36MAH H BOAbI, B CpaBHeHMH C AOKyMeiHTOM, 0CT3BHTb 6e3 BHHMaHHH»sf *' 1 1podeKOQ H. H. KHprH3H h Kapa-K«prH3bi Cup-AapbHHCKoA ofijiacm K)pHAH«iecKHfi 6kt, t. 1< TaiiiKeHT, 1889, erp. 106. 2 O ahh kolu n o y36eKCK»i — napa b o a o b h k o ^ h h cctbo BcnaxHBae- MOH HMH 3CMJIH. 3 r p o d e K o a H . M K H p n o b i h K a p a - K n p r H 3w C b ip -Z Ia p b H H C K o S 06* . .nacTH, IO p H A »m e c K H H O u t , t, I r T a u iK e H T . 1889, crp, 106, 352

He hcho ji*h, hto 3Aecb penb HAeT toakko o6 oce/yibix xa- 3axcKHX 3eMJieAeabuax, rAaBHbiM o6pa30M HaxoAHBLLiiHXCH b HenocpeACTBeHHOM coceACTBe c y36excKHMH 3eMAeAeAb- uaMH b KypaM'HHCKOM ye3Ae b 6 a h 3 h TauiKeHTa. rioneMy 6bi C. 3HMaHOBy He o6parHTb BHiHMaHHe xoth 6bi Ha cJieAyioin.ee. «B npeAejiax H3BecTHoro pattoHa rocnoA- CTByeT n o ah an cBo6oAa, xa>KAbift Mo>xeT nepexoAHTb xyAa xoneT, h H3 KOJiOAua noHT tot, kto nepBbin npnmeJi; hhk3khx OTMe>KeBaHHH nacT6mu He cymecTByeT^1. Eme: «KoneBoe, JieTOM H 3HMOH, naCT6HlAH0C CKOTOBOACTBO npH 3HaHHTeJIb- hom npocTope nacT6Hm npeAnoAaraeT no/iHyio CBotfoAy nojib30BaHHH hmh: aio6oh ayji Mo>xeT pa3CHTb kh6ht- KH b jiio6om MecTe crenw, jiihuib 6bi b AaHHbifi momcht oho He 6biJio 3aHHTo ApyrHMM ayjia*MH»2. Eme: «Ha rpoMaAHOM npocTpaiHCTBe necxoB, >Me>KAy pexaMH Hah h KapaTaAOM, HccjieAOBaTeAHM KanajibCKoro ye3Aa npHimiocb Ha6AiOAaTb eme oAHy AioGonbiTHyio (J)opMy xoneBaHHH. 3to. Tax «a3bi- Baewoe «BeHHoe KOHeBaHne». Ka3ax« 3Toft xaTeropHH He HMCIOT OnpeAeAeHHbIX 3'HMHHX CTOif&HHI, HeT y HHX TaKJKe Bbipa6oraHHOH W3 roAa b toa noBTopaiomeHCH CHCTeMhi b cMeHe onpeAeAeHfHbix nacTOnmHbix TeppHTopaft h xoneBa- hhc ihx npoHcxoAHJio no BceMy npocTpancTBy Me>XAy pexa- mh H ah h KapaTaAOM b TeqeHHe xp yrA oro roAa»3. 3 t o 6u - jio hbhum nepe>KHTKOM ObiAoro xoneBoro o6pa3a >kih3Hh Ka3axoB Ha TeppHTopwn Aa-HHofi o6AacTH. TaxoBbi Heocno- p'HMbie (J)aKTbl, H3JI0>KeHHbie B M'HOrOHHCAeHHLIX JlHTepaTyp- HblX H apXHBHbIX AOKyMeHTaX. R j i n nOHHMaHHH CneUH(J>HKH X03flftCTBa M o6pa3a >KH3- HH K333XCKHX XOWeBHHKOB HMeiOT Ba>KH0e 3Ha9eHHC HX HaArpodHbie coopyjxeHHH hah MorHAbHHKH. rio3TOMy n eo6 - xoahmo paccMOTpeib 3th nam h th h k h MaTepmaAbHoft xyAb- Typbi, t ©m 6 oAee o hhx himciotch pa3AHHHue cyjKAeai'HH. y K33 aXCKHX KOHCBbIX CKOTOBOAOB MorHAbHHKH 6 bIAH paccbinaHbi no Bceft TeppHTop-HH wx nocTOHHHux xoneBa- imft, Tax xax noxoHHHKOB ohh xo poh h ah Ha MecTax HX 1 K a p y r i i P. Cpe^H KHprH30B h TypKMeHOB Ha M a n r u iiu ia K e . C n 6 ., 6 / r ., CTp. 4 6 . 2 OqepK pa6oT TypraftcKO-ypanbcKow nepece;ieHqecKofi opraHH3a- UHH. £)peH6ypr, 1890, CTp. 67. 3 M a T e p H a J i b i no o O c / ie a o B a H H io Ty3eMHoro h p y c c n o r o cTapo>KHjib- qecKoro xo3HiicTBa h 3eMjieno^b30BaHHn b CeMupeqeHCKOH oOnacTH, co- 6paHHwe h pa3pa6oTaHHbie no^ pyKOBOACTBOM FI. n. PyMflimeBa, t . II. Kana^ibCKHft ye3a . C n 6 ., 1913, crp. 195. 23 C. E. To.iwGeKOB 353

-t . CMepTH. MorHJiBHHKH oGhhho ycrpaiHBajiH u-a fiyropKe, #03- bwhichhocth. MHonne reorpa(j)HqecKHe «a3BaHHH b xasax* ckhx cTennx h nycTbiHHx BOSHHKajiiH b pa3Hoe BpeMH no HMeHH nOKOHHHKOB, KOTOpbIM CT3BiHJIH naMHTHHKH. B 1894 roay B. Ulna OTMeTHji: «B oikpbiTOH, (5e3rpaHHqHofi Ciena, r^e hhhto «e ocTanaBJimBaeT Ha ce6e yTOMJieHHoro ofliiood- • pa3HeM B3rji5izia, rae oahh pobhbih KOBep tforaTofi <j),nopbi oKpauiHBacT b c c OKpyxcaiomee, 6ecKOHeqHyio paBHHHy h OTAa^CHHblft rop«30HT BOJIJHHUBCT, MOrHJIbI, b yBe^wqeHHOM ot pa3pa}KeHHoro 3Hohhwmh JiyqaM« B03Ayxa BH^e,. eiue H3,aaJIH npHKOBbIBaiOT B30p. 3 t H MOrHJIbZ, OAHHOKO CTOfl- mHe b HenpnrjiHAHOH erenH, cjiyxsaT ycbinajibHHuefi hjih 6oraTOMy xa3axy, hjih cnaBHBineMycH Hexor/ia cbohm yMQM 6hio, hah npocTo Ao6poMy qeAOBeKy*1. no MH-eHHIO HOKOTOpHX HCTOpH'KOB, TaKHe naMHTHHKH HKo^bi noKa3biBaioT, qio aaHHbifi yqacTOK cienn h ah nyc- TblHH 6bIA qaCTHOfi CO6CTBeHH0CTbK) 3TOrO nOKOfiHHKa2. 3Ty JI03HHHK) 3amHmaiOT C. 3HMaHOB H A. EpGHOB.' OiHH bh- myT: «MHoroqncjieHHbie nAOAopoAHbre 3eMeAMme yqacTKH Ha3biBa^Hcb no « m ch h cbohx BJia^e^bueB — (feoAaAOB. Tax, wanpHMep, ypoqnme «KyqeH-ToraH», cpfi HaxoAHTcn MorH^a HoxaHa BaAnxaHOBa, noAyqHno Ha3Banne o t CBoe- ro BAaaeAbua Hpa^a Ky^ena*3. B abhhom cnyqae onHTb- raKH 6pocaeTCH b rAa3a OAHa xapaKTepHaa oco6eHHOCTb 3Thx aBTopoB — HrHopHpoBaHHe npeo6jiaAaiomero b h a <* Maiepna^bHoro npoH3B0ACTBa, MecTa h BpeMCHH. FIpoKAe Bcero 3aMeTHM, hto caobo «ToraH»* b o Bcefi CcMHpcqeHCKOH o6^acTH 03Haqa.no He Ha3BaH«e ypoqnma h ah 3eMeAbHbix yqacTKoB, xan yTBepxcAaiOT C. 3nMaHOB h A. EpeHOB, a rojioBHofl xa«a^, or xoToporo pacnpeAeAneTca BOAa no opooHTCJibHbiM KaHaBaM Ha noceBw. O TaxoM «ToraHe», cy- mecTBOBaBineM b 1911 roAy b KananbcxoM ye3Ae CKa3aHo: «KpoMe roJiDBHoro apbixa, mw hmccm BtopocTeneHHbie apbi- kh h 3aTeM y>xe nojiHBHbie 6opo3aw; ojxHOBpeMeHHo 3Aecb 1UIh9 B . 3 hmobkh h npyrne nocroHHHbie CoopyjKeHHH koiicbhhkob AKMO^HHCKoft oCJiacTH.— 3anHCKH 3anaflHO-Cn6HpcKoro ota. HPrO, ' 1894, kh. XVII, Bbin. 1—2, crp. 114, * 3aecb HMeeTCH b BHAy, b qacTHQCTH, BbicTynjieHHe ABpeKTbpa HB- CTHTyTa hctophh AH CCCP A. Jl. CHAOpoBa 30 Man 1953 r. b A/iMa-Aie npw o<5cy»AeHHH MaKera nepBoro toms 3-ro H3A. «Hctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP». •1 3 3umciho6 C . h Epenoo A . 0 xapaKTepe 4>eoAaAbHofi coGctbchho- cth Ha 36MJ1K3 b Ka3axcTa»e.— TpyAU A/iMa-ATHHCKoro iophahnecKoro HHCTHtyTa, t. I. A.iMa-Axa, 1955, crp. 50. 354

V* riCWI'HBaiOT o 6 bIHHO B CTOAbKHX Mectax,. CKOJIbKO BblBC/teHO BTopocTeneHHbix apuxoB; jxajiee, «aKOHeu.,. KpoMe t o j io b - Hbix («ToraHOB2>) h BTopocTeneHHHx 6bLRai&f a'pbiKH Tperbe- creneHHbie h t . a . * 1. B ,H>xapxeHTCKOM ye3ae b 1912 roAy aapemcrpHpoBaHo: «riaiiiHH oCmiHHbi pacnoAOxceHbi Ha npH3HMOBOH.HOH TeppHTDpHH, wa yponnme Hypa no apbiKaw: AjiaMa.H-Tora«, TepexTbi-Toran m Kox-TacTbi-ToraH; o h h IiaXOA^TCH B HCKJHOWreJIbHOM n0JIb30BaHHH y AaHHofi 0 6- ia h h m » 2. O K33axcK0H o 6imnie Ne 95 JlencHHCKoro ye3Aa b 1911 roAy 6 b ia o CKasa-Ho, *rro JKWTeAiH 3Toft o6iAHHbi < o a - hhjih Aa'HwyK) TeppHTOpHio 35 act TOMy na3aA, nocjie «x o - m h c c h h » 1865 r ... OriHChiBaeMaH odiUHHa, xax h CMencHan c neft o 6 miHHa JNs 94,— h h c to 3eMAeAeAbnecxaH, h a h b o b c h k o m cjiynae, 3eMAeAeAHe HMeeT nepBeHCTByiomee 3Ha- Hewne b ee xo3flftcTBe... IlaiiiHH — no xa. J\\yKanauauit b o5oco6AeHHOM noAb30B3HHH o6uiHHbi. Toraw «/I>KaAaiHaiii» BbiBeAeH 35 AeT rowy Ha3aA. B o a w XBaTaeT a a h noAH Ba na- iueH, h noaTOMy onepeAeft noAHBa H er»3. T a x o r o p o A a HppnrauHOHHbie coopyixeH H H , x a x «T o ra - h w » h A p y r w e o p o c w T eA b H u e x a H a « h i, crpoHAHCb, k o h c h .h o , He B yC AO BH H X KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOAHeCKOrO X03HHCTB3, a B ycAoBHHx o p o m a e M o ro oceA A oro h n oA yoceA A oro 3eM Ae- AeAbnecKoro X03aftcTBa. H a A r p o 6 H bie naMHTHHXH b K a 3 a x c K o ft ereiTH, c o o p y > x e H - Hbie b n e p H O A K o n e s o r o o 5 p a 3 a hch3h m n a p o A a , HMnero « e ro B o p n r o «a A H H H H nacTHoft 3eM e A b H o ft c o 6c tb 6h h o c th . O h h CBHAeTeA bC TB yiO T AHUIb O TOM, KTO H Ha K3KOM MeCTe ITO- xop o H en 4. K o B TO pO M y TH n y naCTtfHlAHO-SKCTeHCHBHOrO CKOTOBOA- CTBa, OTHOCHAOCb nOAyKOHeBOe CKOTOBOACTBO. T a x o ft TH n 1 MaTcpnaJTH np o6caeAOBaHHK> Ty3CMHoro h pyccKoro crapo>KH/n>- necKoro xo3aficTBa h 3eM/ieno;ib30BaHHH b CeMHpeMeHCKOH o6jiacTH, co6pamiue h pa3pa6oTaHHbie no# pykoboactbom FI. I\"I. PywanueBa, t . II. Kana.nLCKHH ye3n. KHprH3CKoe xo3juictbo. Cn6., 1913, CTp. 123. 2 MaTepHa-nia no oCcjieaoBaHHK) Ty3ewHoro h pyccxoro crapo>KHAb- wecKoro xosaftcTBa h 3eM.iono;n»30BaHHH b CeMHpeneHCKoA ofraacru, T. III. A>KapKeHTCKHH ye3A. KHprH3CKOe XO3HftCTB0. Cn<5., CTp. 218. 3 MaTepnaJibi no o6cAe,noBaHHK> Ty3eMHoro h pyccxoro crapo^H/it- Hecxoro xo3HftcTBa h 3eMJienojib30BaHHH b CeMHpe^eHCKoft o6jiacrn, coOpaHHbie h pa3pa6oTaHHtie noA pyxoBOACTBOM I\"I. n. PyMHHueBa, t . 1. AencHHCKHft ye3A. KHprH3cxoe xo3hActbo. Cn<5., 1911; CTp. 224. 4 LUm u Ot f Q . rojiOAHaa cTenb, hah nycTbiHH BeTnax-Aajia n Myft- cxa« AOJiHHa— 3an«CKH 3an.-Cn6. ota. M P rO , 1894, kii. X V II, Bbin. 12, CTp. 736. 23* 355 •

X03flftcTBa 6bij] nepexoAHbiM ot tocto KOneBoro k oceA-noMy. npWHeM B 3aBHOHMOCTH OT CymeCTBOBaBUJHX KOHKpeTHbIX 3K0H0MHlieCK'HX H JIpHpOAHfalX yCJIOBHft OAHa MaCTb no;iy- KowcBoro THna xo3HHCTBa THroTe^a k oceAAOMy 3eM;ieAejib- necKOMy, npHo6peTaa nepTbi CKOTOBOA^ecKO-3eM^eACJibMe- CKoro xo35ificTBa, Apyraa nacTb ero THrorena k cTapoMy mhcto komeboMy THny xo3aficTBa, npHotiperaa qepTbi ckoto- BOAnecKoro xo3hhctb3, ho y>Ke HMeioman nocTOHHHhie 3HMOBKH H 3aHHMai0LUa5ICH CeHOKOIlieHHeM. OciIOBHbIMnpH- 3H3KOM nOJiyKOHeBbIX X03HHCTB 6bIJTO TO, HTO OHH UpOBOAH' ah BpoMH iia oanom MecTe b TeneiiHe we Mewee uiecrn we* cjiueB b roAy. 06pa3 >kh3hh tbkhx ckotoboaob 6 biJi He KoqeBbiM, a noAyKoqeBbiM. Bo3HHKHOBeiiHe no-nyKOHeBoro THna xo3HHCTBa OTiiocHTCH k KOHuy XVIII h Hanajry XIX BB. riojiyKoqeBbie xo3«ftcTBa Aa>«e © npouecce cbohx Rone- eaHHH AOJibiue ocTaBaAHCb Ha oahom iMecre, A^Aaa nepe- ABHweHHe na cpaBHHTeAbHO Hedojibuine paccTOHHHH, Kone- 'B3JTHHe60AbLUOe HHCJIOAHeft B TOAy, 3 AJIHH3 KOHeBOTO ny- TH 6bUia H63HaHHTeAbH3. 3TO A3B3JIO B03MO)KHOCTb ff-MeTb 3aKpenACHHbie 3a co6oh onpeAeJieHHbie ywacncH seMJin c OtfllJHpHOH npH3HMOB09HO# TeppHTOpHeft. B COCTaBe CT3A pe3KO COKpamaJIOCb KOAH^eCTBO Bep6 JlK)AOB, npOHCXOAHJIO HeKOTopoe coKpameHHe norojiOBbH oBeu, h ko3, ho 3aTO no- HBHACH HOBhIH BHA CK0T3, KOTOporO He 6btJ10 y KOHeBHH- kob — KpynHbiH poraTUH ckot. K KOHuy X IX (H Hanajiy XX jbb. iio ^th bch ueHTpajibHaa Madb Ka3axcTaHa xapaKTepH30BaJiacb HajTHmieM hmchho noAyKOHeBoro THna xo3aftcrB. TaRHX xo3hhctb k MOMCHTy iio6eAU BejiHKofi OKTaOpbCKOH eouiHajiHCTHqecKOH peao- akjuhh 6biAo npHMepHo 40— 45 npoueHTOB. 0 noJiyKoneBoM THne X03HHCTB3 b nocTaHOBAeHHH CHK KACCP cKa3aHo: «H ah no;iyKOHeBoro THna: ecTecTBeHHOHCTopnnecKHe ycjio- BHH CJia6o- 6AarOnpHHTCTByiOT pa3BHTHK) 3eMAeAeJIbHeCKOft KyjibTypw. 3Aecb HaOAiOAaeTCH coKpam em ie KOMeBaiina, pacuiHpeHHe norojioBba KpynHoro poraToro ckot3 b craAe, pacuiHpeHHe noceBHoii ruiomaAH, naJi\\HHHe ceHOKouieuHH h nO.iyCTOfiAOBOrO COAepXOHHH CKOTa H HaAHHHe itoctohh- HblX }KHAHm»I. CBOH 3HMOBKH H npH3HMOBOHHbie TeppHTOpHH CO BCe- 1riocTaHOBjieHHe CHK KACCP ot 30 aBryora 1928 r.— HapoAHoe X03HHCTB0 Ka3axdaHa, 1928, J6 8, cip. 123. 356

MH 'HaXOAHLUHMIHCH Ha HHX npHMHTHB-HblMH COOpy^KCHiHHMH (3eM.iHHKa.MH, 3aroHaMw aah cKOTa, KOAOAuaMH h T o ra H a - mh, noA Ha3BaiiHCM Kopbix) n oA yK oqeB b ie CKOTOBOAbi o x p a - HHJltH OT nOCTOpOHHHX. MHOFHe IH3 HHX 3aHH'MaJlHCb CeHOKO- LueHHeM h 3eMJieAevineM. « K o p b iK cociaBJineT KaK 6bi co6cTB eH nocTb xo3HHCTBa, KOTopofi oh pacnopnxtaeTCH no CBoeMy ycM O TpeH H K )»1. OAiiaKO naAO HMeTb b BHAy, hto noMBeimo-KAHMaTHHecKHC ycAOBHH Ka3axcTaHCKHx CTenen H HH3KHH ypO B eH b p33BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA o 6 m e - CTBa b 6oAbiiiHHCTBe cAyqaeB cyuxecTBeHHo orp ahhhihb aa h AaAbHeHuiee pacninpeHaie cchokouiohhh h xAedonauiecTBa. T e M n e 'M eHee noAyKoqeBHHKH h -m e a h nocTOHHHbie n o c T p o n - KH A A H CKOTa H HflHAbH. y noAyKoqeBHHKOB rocnoACTBOBaAa o 6 mHHHo-ayAbHaH (})OpMa 3 eM A eB A aA eH H H . C oB M eC TH O e BAaAeHHe H3BCCTHbIM K O A H q e c T B O M a y A O B o6oco6achhoh r e p p H T o p H e w , o T M e n e H - hoh 6 o A e e h a h M e H ee o n p e A e A e H H b i M H r p a n n u a M H , hb- AHeTCH T A aB H b lM npH3HaKOM o6lH.HFIHO-ayAbHOH <})OpMbI 3eM A0B AaAeH H H . Cy6'bGKTOM B A a A eH H H 3AeCb, KaK n p a B H - ao, B h i c T y n a e T o 6 m H H a hah r p y n n a xoshhctbchhux a y A O B . 3eM Aefi B jia ^ e jia TOAbKo o6m.HHa b ucaom, noAb30BaAHCb CIO X03HHCTB3, BXOAHBWHe B COCTaB TOAbKO 3T0H o6lUHHbI. Bo3Ae KC Tay xo3HHCTBeHHbie a y A b i 3 a q a c T y i o hmcah oco- 6bie kaohkh 3CMAH, npeAHa3HaneH h b ie aah Bbinaca 3hmoh h paHHeii BecHofi CAaOoro CKOTa, npeHMymecTBeHHO OBeu. 3 th KAOHKH HOCHAH H33BaHHe «K O H -6yA IO K ». ri0Ab30BaAHCb HMH HCKAJOHHTeAbHO X03HeBa H3 npHAeraBUierO X03HHCT- BeiiHoro a y A a ; 6e3 hx corA acu n nacTH 3Aecb ckot hhkto ApyroH He w o r . Xo3HHCTBeHHbie a y A b i iiepeAKO coctohah H3 OAHOrO X 0 3 H H C T B 3 H T3KHM o 6 p a 3 D M 3TH « K 0 H - 6 y A K > K H » O Ka3bIBaAH Cb B n0Ab30B3HHH C A H H H H H blX X03HHCTB2. n p H B c e x ycAOBHHx n o A y K o q e B o e xo3hh:ctbo K a3axoB 6bIA0 B OCHOBHOM X03HHCTB0M, 3 3 HHMaBLLieMCH CeHOKOUJe- HHeM h B HBBecxHOH Mepe x A e6 on a m ecT B oM . OopMbi 3eMJie- BAaAeHHH BHyTp'H 9TOrO THna X03HHCTB3 B pa3AH9HbIX p a ft- 1 M a T c p n a A b i no K H prn3CK O M y 3eM/ienoAb3onanHK), c o tfp a H H b ie h p a 3 p a 6 t ) T a in iw e a K c n e ^ H U H e ii no H C C / r e ;jo B a » iH io cTennux o6;iacTeft. CcMHna/iaTHiicKaH oGjiacrb, t. IV. FlaB/ioAapcKHH ye3A. BopoHew, 1903; CTp. 19. 2 MaTepnajibi no oGcjicAOBannio Ty3CM H oro h pyccKoro crrapowHAb- qecKoro xo3$iHCTBa h 3eM^eno.ib30Ba»HH b CeMHpcqencKOH oG.iacTH, coGpaHHbie h pa3pa6oTaHHbie no# pyKOBOACTBOM n. n. PyMjmneBa, t. II, Kana.ibCKHft ye3A-KnprH3CK0C xo3JificTBO. Cn6., 1913, cip. 99— 100. 357

• ' •J i\\ % \\,-f-T . oHax cymecTBeH«o pa3JiHqajmcb Meatfly co6oft B'3aBHCH^ MOCTHOT eCTeCTBCttHblX HaKOHOMHWeCKHX-yCJIOBHft. B nepHOfl oceflaHHH Ha skmobkh poflOBHe rpynribi SaHH- majiH 3eMJiH no coceflCTBy. Kpcme Toro, Kaxgihifi ayji, pa3- - MHoacaacb, b cbok) onepeflb pacnaflajicn Ha (fojiee mcjikhc poflCTBCHHbie rpynnu. rioflyqajiacb 6o/iee cflOKHaa o6m«- Ha c 6oJibuiH*M Hihcjiom X03flftcTB. FIpH rocnoflCTBe nacr- 6HIUH0ro CKOTOBOflCTBa y TaKOft o6mHHbI B o6meM nOJIb30- b3HH.H HaxoflHJiwcb TOJibKO nacTtfHma H npH TOM He Bee. Oco6o ueHHbie (o6eperaeMbie Ha 3HMy) nacT6Hma CTaHO* BHJiHCb BJiafleHHeM He Been otfinHHbi, a ay^a, 3areM-— ceMbH, b nocJieflHew c.iyqa.e ohh nepeflaBajiHCb no nacJiefl; CTBy. 3flecb yxte noHBflaioTCH sfleMeHru qacTHofi co6ct- bchhocth Ha 3eM^io. HnaBHOfi OTpacJibio nojiyKoqeBoro THna X03H&CTB «HBflHCTCH CKOTOBOflCTBO, paCCHHTaHHOe Ha flap O - Bbie CHflbi npnpoflbi. Ckotoboa CTpeiMHTCH flepatarb 6o;ibnie CKOT3, B H eM OH BHflHT H tfo ra T C T B O H nOHeT. M , KOHeHHO, HMen 6oflbiiiHe CTafla, oh He b cHJiax otfecneqHTb hx cchom na uejiyio 3HMy. Ho noHHMan, xaKoe 3HaqeHHe H.weiOT 3a- nacbi ceHa, oh CTpeMHTca, HacxojibKO nosco/unoT eMy cH/ibi h cpeflCTBa, 3anacTH tfoflbme ceHa, a 3H3HHT h nojiyqHTb na cbok) floflio 6ojibpje ceHOKOca. C flpyroH CTopoHU, xa3ax BHflHT h oueHHBaeT 3HaqeHHe xfle6oriauiccTBa h caM Haqn- naeT pa6oTaTb b 3tom HanpaB/ieHHH. B KOHue kohuob no- 3eMe^bHbie OTHomeHHH, CKjiaflWBaBujHecH, ao nopu flo Bper MeHH, Ha noqB® HCKjnoqHTejibHo nacT6HmHux HHTepe\" cob, ocjio>khhk)tch BonpocoM o ceHOKoeax h naxoTHbix yroflbax^1. IlpH nepexofle k noflyKoqeBOMy o6pa3y jkh3hh 06'beK- TOM flJIHTejIbHOrO n0flb30B3HHH B-TOfly CT3HOBHTC5I 3HMHHe ctohhkh (xcTay). JIjix 3aKflaflbiBaH«H KCTay MecTa Tpe6o- BaJiHCb AOCTaToqHO 6oraTbie pacrHTe/ibHbiM nonpoBOM jxjih noflHoatHoro KopMa h c eerecTBeHHoS 3amHTofi CKOTa ot xoflOflHoro Bevpa h 6ypaH0B. Kcray, nax npaBHJio, 3aKJia- flbraajiHCb b Jiecflbix, fophctux wecTax, Ha 6eperax 03ep h pex c ^ecHofi 3apocflbK), b Mecrax, 3apociiiHx KaMbiuiaMH h BbicoKopocjibiMh TpaBaMH, bo B36yrpeHHbix necnax. «H e- CMOTpH Ha flaBHOCTb II0JI.b3OBaHHH, naCT6HIfla B 60JlblUfHH- crae cflyqaes, 3a HCKJiioqeHHeM orpaHHqeiHHhix npocTpancTB B6flH3iH caMHx 3HM0B0K, «e CTporo pa3rpaHHqCHfcJ H He 1 VepMa/c JI. f t KHprH3CK0e xo3«riCTDo b Ctchhom Kpae. (Pafion »e^ie3HOH AoporH 1n9e1T2p,oncaipB,.7202B8C.K — CnaccKHfi 3aB0A b 3KOHOMHqecKOM OTHomeHHH. CnO., 358

c T p o ro oxpaHHioTCH... FpaHHuaM H b nacT6 «m a x , e c jm sto ne ecT ecT B eH H an r ip e r p a A a — p e x a , cmpar, ropH aa ije r ib — h b j ih io t c h h jib uejibie « o 6 m .H e» y p o q w m a , a -ah B cex A o c T y n - « b i e , HJiM npoeKTH bie jthhhh, H a KOTopbix coceA C xn ft c k o t n ep cM eu iH B a eT C H H eB036paH H O »1. IlOJIyKOHeB'HtHKH BCK) 3H M y npOBOA'HJTH Ha 3WMOBXe, 3a HCKJiioneHHeM o c o 6o H ey p o > x a ftH b ix jigt, x o r ^ a o tto h h jih nacTb c T a A h Ta6 yH0B b A p y r n e M ecTa. BeceHHee, JieTH ee h o c e H H e e n a c T 6 Hma Haxo/iHJiHCb b tk v ie e uinpOKOM o 6 iu h h - HOM I10Jlb3OBaHHlH. CKOTOBOAM MOrJIH JieTOM OTKOHeBbIBaTb o t 3 h m o b o k « a 50— 100 h 6 o .n e e x h a o m c t p o b , b 3 3 b h c h m o - CTH OT nOHBeHHO-KJTHMaTHqeCKHX yCJIOBHft MeCT, HMe$f B K a q e c T B e BbioqHbix j k h b o t h h x , x a x npaBH.no, B e p 6 jnoAO B. no B03M0HCIH0CTH BCeX yM epilIHX OHH XOpOHHJIH Ha M OnjAb- HHKe o k o jio shm obo k, ho s to h m n e BcerAa y A a B a jio c b . T a - KOH TH n X035U'LTBa AO CHX HOp e m e MHOTHe Ha3bIB3IOJV«KO- q eB b IM », XOTH 3T0 He COOTBeTCTByeT AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH. B X I X B exe npHBOAJKcxne xaAM bixH , Ka3ax<H CeM H peqbH h MHorHX A p y n n x paftoHOB K a 3 a x c T a x a , HaceAeHHe rop H oft K u p r n 3h h , TypxMeHHH B ejm nojiyxoqeB oft, a He xoqeB oft o6 p a 3 HCH3HH. H to xacaeTcn K a 3 a x c T a H a , to s t o A .o x a 3 bi- BaeTCH MHOroqHCJieHHbIM'H AaHHblMH. H a n p H M ep ,- sxcneAHU'HeH O . IHepftHHbi oO m H H H o-ayjib- Han 4>opM a 3 eMAeBAaAeHHH 6 biJia 3 acj>HKCHpoBaHa b n o jiy - KoqeBOft- 4HHrH3CKofi b o ao c th K apK apaA H H cxoro ye3 A a CeMHnaJiaTHHCKoft oO^acTH. H a o on p o g: «n o A e jie H b i jih y hhx Me>KAy ayjiaMH 3HMHHe n a c T 6 n iu a ? » Ka3axn MHHrH3- cx o fi b o j i o c t h oTBeqaAH, hto y xax<A oro ayjia ecT b « ho - 6ap[». n O A 3THM CJIOBOM OHH npApa3yM eBaJIH npH6jIH3'H- T ejib H o e o n p eA eA eH H e n p e A e jio B nacTtfHiu Ha c J io B a x h n e p e ^ a B a e M o e ot noKO/ieHHH x n o x o A e n n io : Moft n p eA O X n a c ckot Ha 3t o & con x e, nosTO M y noJib30BaTbCfl e io B n p a n e T O A b xo h ; h jih , OTeu, o ta ^a h h c b o h x cbfHOBeH, y x a 3 a j i HM B oO iu n x q e p T a x rpaHHUbi h x n a c T & n m h sto cJiyxcHJio p y x o - BOACTBOM nplH n0Ab30B3HIHH 3HMHHMH naCT6 HIUaMH H CblHO- BbflMH H H X; nOTOMK3MH. H 3 * 3HMHHX naCTtfuilJ OCC6 eHHO CTporo o6eperajrHCb n a c r6 H m a , pacno;io>KeH H bie b 6 jth3H 3HMOBOX 'H K»KH bie CKAOHbl COIIOK, Ha KOTOpbIX MaJIO 6 bl- BaeT C H era. H a yAaJieHHbie 6 o j i e e ,HAH MeHee o t s h m o b o x n a cT 6 n m a B o o 6 m e M3AO o 6 p a m a j i o c b B'HiiMaHHji. T a x H M 1 OnepK patfcrr TypraficKo-ypa-ibCKoii nepece^eaiiecKofi opraHH3a- Uhh. OpeHCypr, 1890, CTp, 68, • 359

o6pa30M, y Ka>KAoro ayjia C03A.aAHCb o 6oco6jieHHue 3mm- hhc nacT6Hiua, kotopumh oh HMeeT npaBO pacnopjDKaTbcn no cBoeMy ycMOTpe-HHio — mojkct npoAaTb hah CAaTb hx b apeHAy h Mo>Ker CAaTb b 3aAor, b o 6 ecneqeHHe CBoero aoa- ra; nocAe/wM cnocoOoM, b OoAbimHHCTBe CAyqaeB, coBep- rnacTCH nepexoA KCTay H3 oahhx pyK b Apyrne^1. 3eMAeBjiaAeHHe b noAyKoneBOH Ka3axcK0H oOmHHe N° 1 JlencHHCKoro ye3Aa CeMHpeqeHCKOH odAacTH xapaKTepH30- Ba.aocb cJieAyiomHMH qepTa.vin. BuyTpH oOniHHbi KawAbiH xo3HHCTBeHHbiH ayA HMeA onpeAejieHHbie rpaHHUbi npn- KCT3BH0H TeppHTopHH, ho npH Bbiriace CKOTa nacT6Hwa hc- no-ib30BajiHCb o6iuhhho, Ha noAb30BaHHe KCTay h Ky3ey hh- k3khx orpanHqeHHH He 6hao, A>naHAay HaxoAHAOCb b 06- meM n0JIb3OBaHHH C ApyrHMH OdmHHaMH. Ayjlbl, BXOAHBLHHe b o6mHHy, KoneBajiH c rpynncw no OAHOMy nyTH, aahh3 ko- neBoro nyTH Ha A>K3HAay h oOpaTHo AOCTHrajia 200 Bej)CT. . 3 hmoh ckot Bbinacajicfl (£ih3 KCTay. rioAOBHHa nauiHH h ceHOKOChi HaxoAH^iHCb b noABopHo-HacyieACTBeHHOM BJiaAe- hhh2. KAaccHHecKHM nprowepOM 3eM^eBJiaAeHHa noAyKoqe- Boro THna xo3HHCTBa c coxpaHeHHeM KoneBaHHH Ha 6ojiee Aa.ieKoe paccroaHHe MoweT cAy>KHTb o6mHHa vNe 45. «3 t3 oOmHHa pacnaAaeTca Ha 2 poaobux rpynnbi: Tio- 6et h HmaKnac. Kciay y Hee npn BaAxame, ho b Tpex OTAeabHbix iiAoiuaAHx: y VfrnaKnac Ha TaynyMe, y Tio6e- Ta — »a KapanyMe (p. MafiOnpioK h KyHAaKTbi-Tay) h 11a Ko^aape; nocAeAHee ypoqume 3aH«T0 noA KCTay TOAbKo co BpeMeHH « komhcchh» (1865 r.). KoKTey h ny3ey cocpeAOTO- neHbi okojio nameH Ha yponnwax Att-6oft, Yiii-TioOe, A hk- KapayA-TK)6e H HaXOAHTCH. B HCKAJOHHTeAbHOM n0Ab30BaHHH oOiAHHbi. JjKaHAHy cjiy>KHT yp. OAbA>KeMypaT h YiH-Ama, Ky^a xoaht, KpoMe $toh oOiukhw, h MHorne Apyrne. ripw KoqeBaHHH oObiKHOBeHHo, oObeAHHmoTCH b rpynnbi poact- BeHHHKH— coceAH no Kciay h no naiuHHM. PaccTOHHHe ot KCTay ao AAcaHAny 150—200 BepcT. —------------- * 1MaTepnajiu no KHpmcKOMy 3eMJienojn>30BaHHK>f cotipaHHbie h pa3pa(5oTaHHbie sncneAHUHeft no HccjieAOBaHHio crenHbix o6/ia<rrefi. CewnnanaTHHCKaa o6viacTb, KapKapa.iHHCKHft ye3A, t . VI. C n 6 .. 1905, CTp. 59. 2 M aTepHa/ibi n o oCc.neAOBaHHio T y3 eM iio ro h p y ccn o ro CTapO)KH.ib- wecKoro X03HHCTBa h 3eM/ienojib30BaHHH b CeMHpeMeHCKoft o($JiacTH, coCpaHHiie h p a 3 p a 6 o T a H H u e noa pyKOBoacTBOM n . I I PvM BHueBa., JlencHHCKjift y e a a , T I , C n 6 ., 1911, c r p , 1 7 9 , 360

FTepBbiiMH OTKoqeBbiBaioT iio t o m k h H m a K n a c a h b n e p e - KoqeBKax Aep>KaTCH OT^ejibHo. Flam H H , npHHa^Jie>KainHe HCKJHOHHTejibHO AaHHofi o6iUHHe, pacnoAo>KeHbi b u e H T p e K 0 K T ey -K y 3 e y ; BOAa Bbioe^eHa 4 doAbiUHMH ToraHaMH H3 p. A h h , K p o M e T o ro , H3 2 3an py.ii Ha KJHonax: 3 c n e - 6 y jia K h 3 r e H b - 6 y jia K . BoAbm ne apbiKH BUBeneHbi 30— 40 Jier t o - My H a 3 a A ( t o ecT b b 70— 80-x r o A a x X I X b.— C. T . ) ; n e p - Bbie n o c e B b i 6bijm cnejianu 60 J ie r uaaan. n o K o c H ec T b TOJibKo y noTOM KOB T io 6 eT a : p a cn ojio > K eH b i ohh b 1— 3 B e p - CTax o t K C T ay. KocHTb HanajiH 5 0 — 6 0 jieT Ha3aA. Ha K C Tay— koaoauw toabko na KoAAape h KyHAyK- T a y ; KO AO Aeu, otfbiKHOBeHHO, n p «H a A A e> K H T 4— 5 x o3 n eB a M ; B ocTaJibHbix M ecTax noAb3yioTCH cn ero M . Ha naiHHnx, Ha KaxcAOM H3 apbiKOB — cboh o q e p e A b ; pery^inpyeTCH b o a o - n o;ib 30B aH H e «3 A io 6 a c a M H ». F Ia c T 6 H m a Ha KCTay n oA eJie* Hbi Ha tM a c c y m c a k h x n A o m a A eft, H3 k o t o p w x Ka>KAan H a- XOAHTCH B HCKJIIOHHTeJIbHOM n0Ab30B3HHH 3— 5 X03HeB — OAHXiaHLUHX COCeAeH H pOACTBeHHHKOB ( 60AbIU0 H C eM b H ). Ha K 0K Tey-K y3 ey bch nAomaAb n axoA H T ca b coBMecTHOM no/ib30BaHHH B e en o Giu h h h . 3 a H « T H e MecT npw K o n e B K a x nponcxoAHT no npaBy nepBoro 3axB aTa. noAb30BaHHe no- KOCHbiMH M ecT a M H caM oe p a 3 H O o 6 p a 3 H o e — ecTb h n o A B o p - Hoe, h 3 a x B a T H o e , h oOmHHHoe ( a c a h t h yqacTKaMH h ce- hom ). fla x o T H b ie M e£Ta— b noABopHOM noAb30BaHHH»l . rioAyKOHeBOH xapaKTep c k o to b o a c t b 3 b TypKMeHHH, HaHHHan c X V I I b ., oCtjACh h a c h , K a K h Be3Ae, p a3BHTHeM h n peo6A aA an H eM b sKOHOMHKe K p an op om aeM oro 3eM AeAe- a h h . B 6e3BOAHOH nycThiHe K a p a - K y M b i jictom c k o t o b o a w npHBH3bIBaAHCb K BOAHbIM HCTOHHHKaM — KOAOAU&M, KOTO- pbie HCnOAb30B3AH B OCHOBHOM UeJIbIMH otflUHHHblMH T p y n - naMH. 3 A e c b H M eA a ween? K o e - K a x a n perAa.vieHTauHH b HCn0Jlb3OBaHHH BOAbI KOAOALU, h o He naCTOHIH. OcHOBHan M acca T y p K M e iic K o r o Hace/teHHH y>Ke b X V I I — X V I I I b b . 6 bi;ia c B «3 aHa c 3 eMJi€AeAHeM h o c e A A o - CTblO. HMeHHO 3THM OtfbflCHHeTCH nOHBAeHHe T3M HeCKOAb- ko paHbiue, neM y Kbi3biA-KyMCKHX Ka3axoB, qacTH O -co6 cT~ BeHHHHeCKOH TeHAeHUHH B n0Ab30BaHHH KOAOAU3MH. «TypKM eHbr, y Koropbix b m o m c h t p y cckow 33BoeBaHHH 1 MaTepHaJibi no oCcwie^oBaHHio Ty3CMHoro h pyccnoro cTapo>KH-ib- qecKoro xo3hhctb3 h 3eM<neno.ib30BaFwn b CeMHpeqeHCKOH o6Jiacth , co6paHHbie h pa3pa6oTannwe aKcneaHUHen noA pyKOBOACTBOM n . n . Py- MHHueBa, t . I. Cn6 ., 1911, d p . 196— 197.

npouBeia^i ecjiH He KoqeBOH 6mt (Bee TypKMeHw saHHMa- ■JIHCb3eMJieAeJIHeM)t TO pOAOBOH CTpofi HBOHHCTBeHHhie Ha- kjiohhocth, noA pyccKHM BJia^uqecTBOM nocTeneHHO 'yrpa- THJIH BOCnOMHHaHHB 0 HpOIIIAOM, H BMeCTO IIpeJKHHX Ha6eroB rJiaBHhiM hctohhhkom hx Aoxoaa c a e jia f lo c b n a - caxuieHHoe b 3aKacnHficKoft o6jiacTH npn pyccKHx xaoiiko- boactbo* 1. 3 th >KenepTbi o6pa3a >kh3hh naxce y nycTUHHux TypKMeHOB MaHrNin^aKa oTiMeTH^ia SKcneAHima AKaAeMHH HayK CCCP b 1926 r. «TypKMeHbi BeAyr noAyoceAAbift, o6pa3 >kh3hh. Ohh rpynnaMH b 30—50 xo3flficTB >KHByT b TeneHne 2—4 MecaueB okoao OAHoro boahoto hctothhk3, 3a 3to BpeMH Ta6yHhi nacyrcn OTapaMH Ha paccroflHHH 20— 30 KM OT ayjlOB^2. Heo6xOA»MO OTMeTHTb OCOtfeHHOCTb TypKMen, 3anHMaBiiiHXCH nacT6HiiiHbrM ckotoboactbom b nycTbiHe: ohh, nax npaBHAO, He 6mah caMocTOflTeAbHbiMH xo3HeB3MH, a npe^CTaB/iHJiH coOoio m/ibxo qacTb oceA^iux 3eMvie.nejibqecKHx xo3flftcTB oa3nca3. /••• >’ Oie^yeT noATiepxHyTb, qro nojiyKoqeBOH ran xo3HHCTBa b necnaHOH nycThwe Typx.MeHHH, HecMOTpa u a Hexoropbie OCOOeHHOCTH, HM&I TO 06wee, HTO- X a p a K T e p H O U A H B C ft K O r O nojiyxoneBoro rana xo3nftcTBa — coneTaHHe cxoTOBOACTBa c 3eNf.ieneyiHeM. TaxHMH xce nonyxoqeBHHxaMH b aHajiomq- •hbix npnpoAHbix ycjioBHHx HBJunoTCH apaBHficxne nony^eA- JiaxH. liojiyc})eJiJiaxH « npeactabjiniot co6ok> H3BecTHyro nepexonnyio KaTeropwio ot KoqeBHHKOB k oce^HM >KHTe- jihm. Ohh 3aHHM3K)TCH b ochobhom 3eMJieAeJiHeM; b nepHOA 3HMHHX AOJKAeft H >KapKOrO BeCCHHerO BpeMeHH OHH BeAyT OCeA^Iblfi o6pa3 >KH3HH, )KHBH B He3aTefijIHBbIX XH)KHHaX. HAH rnaTpax npn B03Ae;iHBaeMbix h-mh *3eMe;ibHbix yqacTKax. Tax KaK 3eMJieAe*iHe He AaeT AOCTaToqHbix cpe^CTB k >kh3- HH, TO B OCTaJIbHOe BpeMJ! TOAa OHH 3aHHMaiOTC5I CKOTOBOA- CTBOM, KOqyn CO CBOHMH CT3A3MH H AOM3LIIHHM CKapOOM B coeAHHx c nauiHHMH pafioHax b ijOHcxax nacT6mu>4. CoqeTaHHe axcTeHCHBHoro ckotoboactb3 c 3aqaTxaMH 3eMJieAeJiHH 6 u j io xapaKTepHbiM h ajih apcbhhx nojiyxoqeB- HHKOB-repMaHueB. ' ■i • B.1 BaproAbd B. H ctodhh K y-ib T yp H oft 3>k h h h T v p K e c T a H a . JI., 13, 1927, c tP . 1 2 1 . . * ' ?£ : ' ■ r 2 M a T e p w a jib i ko m h c ch h SKcneAH U H O H H bix H cc;ie,aoB aH H fi. Bbin. c ep H a K a 3 a x c T a n c K a H . O c o Cc h h o c t h c e ^ b c K Q r o x o 3 H fic T B a A n a e B C K o r o JI..y e s ^ a A H C C C P . 1928. c r p . 102. ‘ 3 y e im K u a C . TypKMeKCKoe nacT6HuiHo-3eMJiefle^bqecKoe xo3bh- .:c t b o . B kh T H n b i x o 3 f l f i d B a T y p n e c T a H a . T a u iK e H T , 1924.. c t d . 7 5 '. * ' ' E.4 BeuT A p a B H H . M ., 1930, crrp. 13. • •• • 362

AHaJiornqHyK) KapTHHy 3eMJienoJib30BaHHH c ycTaHOBAe- . HH6 M HeKOTopbix rpaHHu h c nepeAeJiaMH mojkho HanTH y Bcex nojiyKo^eBHx HapoAOB, KOTopbie >khjih b ropax h Jie- CHCThix Mecrax raKHx, xax KHprH3bi, ropHue ajrraftubi, 6 y-. paTbi, xanacbi, TyBHHUbi h Ap. Hanfc>HMep, xo3hhctbo ropHhix KHprn30B b Haqajie XX b. BnojiHe mo>kho H33BaTb nojiyKoqe- bum, nojiyaeM.'ie.ae^iBHecKHM. B cchoio Bee ohh KoqeBaAH Ha 25— 30 BepCT ot 3hmobok, naxajin h ceRAH b kohub anpeJiR, b Haqajie Man KoqeBajiH Ha A>Kaftjiay. Hapaay c 3 eMJieAe- JIHeM, OHH OTqaCTH HHTeHCH^HUHpyiOT H JKHBOTHOBOACTBO, 3aMenhr oBeu KpynHbiM poraTUM ckotom h jiouiaAbMH. 3a- nac KopMa Ha 3HMy djiaroAapR noceBaM Taioxe yBejiHqH-* BaeTCH1. npH TaKOM THne X03RHCTB3 HeH36e>KHO npoHexo- W Jio 3aKpenjieHHe onpeAejieHHbix yqacTKOB 3ewjiH, npeHCAe Bcero ceHOKocHo-naxoTHtax yroAHH, 3a H3BecTHbiMH rpynna- MH X03RHCTB H Aa>Ke 3a OTAeJIbHbIMH JIHUaMH. «riepBbIM 3eMeJibHbiM yqacTKOM,— nncaji O. SHreAbc,— nepemeAiiiHM b qacTHyio co6 cTBeHHocTb OTA^JibHoro Jiwua, 6 br;ia ycaAe6 - Ha« 3eMjiH. HenpHKocHOBeHHocTb jKHJiHma,— 3to* (j)yHAa- MeHT bchkoh Jim H oti cBo6 oAbi,— nepeuuia c KoqeBOH kh6 ht~ kh Ha 6 peBeHqaTbiH aom oceAAbix xpecTbRH h nocTeneHHO npeBpaTHJiacb b nojiHoenpaBo co6 ctb6 hhocth Ha ycaAbtfy.., Bee, hto He bxoahao b yca^eOHoe xo3HftcTBo h b nauiHio, ocTaBajiocb, Kax h BCTapb, o 6 mefi co6 cTBeHHocTbio ajih o6 - mero >xe noyib30BaHHH: jiec, Jiyra, cTenn, 6ojioTa, peKH, npy- Abi, 03epa, Aoporn h tpotihhkh, oxoTHHqbH roHbi h pbi6 Hbie tohh» 2. 3 th nojioxcehhh O. 3nreAbca yxa3biBaiOT Ha o 6 uiyio 3aKOHOMepHOCTb npouecca, npoHcxoAHiuero Ha nepBhix no­ pax oceAaHHR noqTH y Bcex HapoAOB. K TpeTbeMy THny cK o ro B o jm ecK o ro xo 3hhctbci othoch- jiocb nacT6HmHo-3KCTeHCHBHoe, noqTH oceA^ioe ckotoboact- bo. Taxoft THn cKOTOBOACTBa b K a 3 axcTaHe 6 bur xapaxrep- HbiM rjiaBHMM o6pa30M r ju i ropHbix, JiecHbix h AecocTenHbrx MecT c ecTecTBenribiMH BOAoeMaMH h 6 oraThiM ecTecTBeH- HblM paCTHTeAbHbIM nOKpOBOM. Ka3axcKHe ckotoboabi SToro THna xo3flficTBa hmcjih no- CTORHHMe 3AWOBKH, 3 3 HHMaJiHCb b 3HaqHTeAbHbix pa3Mepax CeHOKOIJLieHH^M, HMeJIH HOCeBbl, •nOCTOHHHbie nOCTpOHKH RJIft CKOTa H HCHAbH. 1 C ra i{e H K o M . TopHO-KOweBoe x o 3Hm ctbo. B kh.: T hhw x o 3 h h ct b 3 TypKecTana. TaiUKeHT, 1924, crp. 38. 2 d n zeA b c <£. K hctophh apeBHHX repManueR. M., 1938, CTp. 116, 119. 363

JleTOM CKOTOBOAbI BbiXOAHJIH H3 3HM0B0K. B MeCTaX, TA* nacviH ckot, ycTaHaBjiHBajiH cboh iopTbi, KOTopue nepe* HocmiHCb c MecTa Ha MecTO Ha Tejierax, KopoBax h t. a. Ha HeSoJibume paccTOHHHH, b o6meft cjio>khocth, He Oojiee, qeM Ha 5— 10 km. Ce;ibCK0X03HHCTBeHHbie patfoTbi — ce- HOKomeHHe, noceBbi, CTpoHTCJibCTBO noMemeHHft w a >KHJibH h cKOTa He no3BOJUi^H hm yxoAHTb Aa-iexo COCKO- TOM OT CBOHX 3HMOBOK. CoCTaB CTaA H3MeHHJICH B CTOpOHy Tex bhaob, KOTopbie Guam 6oAee npoAyKTHBHbiMH h o6ecne- qHBa^H 3eMJie.AejiHe paOoqHM ckotom. «3eMAeAeAHe 3Aecb HB.IfleTCH 04HHM H3 OCHOBHhIX 33HHTHH HaceA6HHfl H M ei aoxoau 3HaqHTe^bHO OoAbiiiHe, qeM ckotoboactbo h npoq. OTpacjiH ceAbcxoro xo3hhctb3. B 3thx pawoHax HaceJieHHe >KHBeT B HOCTOHHHUX >KHAHIHaX, BblKOHeBblBaHHe Ha 5— 10 BepcT ot ce.TeHHH He HBAHeTca npH3HaK0M KoqeBaHH^1. K 3eMAe 3th xo3HftcTBa 6hah npHBH33Hbi KpenKo. riepeA OKTH6pbCKoir peBOAiounefi b Ka3axcTaHe hx 6uao okoao 25—30 npoueHTOB. Bcfl X03HHCTBeHHan TeppHTOpHH H04 Ha3B3HHeM «KOpbIK» oxpaHH^acb ot nocTopoHHHx po^OBbix rpynn. HcnoAb30- BaHHe Bcex bhaob nacrOHm 6wao oOmHHHoe b npeaejiax 43HH0H poAOBoft rpynnH h Ohi/io perjiaMeHTHpoBaHo no BpeMeHaM roAa h no bha3M ckot3. Ho npH3HMOBoqnbie TeppHTopHH, ceHOKocHwe h naxoTHHe yroAbH naxoAHAHCb bo BJiaAeHHH OTAejibHbix ay.noB h ahu. Oopwa 3eMJieBJia4 eHHH 6buia oOmHHHo-ayjibHOH. 3jie- MeHTW MaCTHOH COOCTBeHHOCTH, BnepBbie nOHBHBUIHeCH B ycJiOBHHx nojiyKoneBoro THna xo3hhctb3, 34ecb noAyqHAH CBoe AajibHeHiijee pa3BHTiie. 06 stom roBopjiT MHoroqHCJiey- Hbie CAyqan Kynjm h npoAa>KH 3hmobok. SKcneAHUHH O. IUep6HHbi b 1897 r. TaKHe (JjaKTbi 3aperHcrpHpoBaAa b riaB,i04apcK0M ye34e CeMHnajiaTHHCKofi o6Aacm «B ropHOM paftoHe Mbi BCTpeqaeMCH c AioOonbiTHbiM hb- jieHneM cAaqn b apeHAy h npoAa>KH KCTay. T a x HanpHMep, b rp. ,N? 144, aya N° 23 VIII ct. AKKeAHHCKOH boaocth, Ky- nHA 3eM.iio «25 Jier TOMy Ha3aA 3a 600 pyOjiefi, paHbuie ei9 B.qaAe^iH ay.ibi N° 11— 15 I ct. toh >xe boaocth» (III pan- oh). Tp. 120 Kynwjia KCTay 30 JieT TOMy Ha3aAvy KaKoro-TO OeAHHKa 3a 200 OBeu; KynjieHHan TeppHTopHH b 407 Aec., 3HaqHT 2 AecHTHHbi noniAH 3a 1 OBiiy. fp . No 341, «5 AeT 'nocTaHOBJieiiHe CHK KACCP or 30 aBrycra 1928 roaa.— HapoA- x o 3fliic T B o Ka3axcTana, 1928, 8, dp. 123— 124. hoc 364

TOMy H a 3 a & T a ft u ie (a n c a k a ji a y j i a Jsfe 6 V ! c r .) h E ^ ie y m (a K c a n a ji N s 7 V I c t. ) , o O eA H eB iu n e BCAeACTBHe A > K y T a , npoAajiH H a B cern a cboh KCTay KnprH3aM KapaMOAHHCKOH b o a o c t h : n ep B L iH — *Io K e 6 aK) ( a y j i JVfe 6 V I I I c t . ) 3 a 70 o b c u h 1 jio m a A b , a b to po h B a ftM a ra w d eT y (a y j i . No 6 V I I c t .) 3 a 7 5 obcu h ABe a o h h w x KopoBbi c TeAHTaM H. n p o 6 H B iu n cb roA a 4 no qy>KHM KCTay, Tannic h E / ieyu i CHOBa B e p H y jiH C b , c pa3pem eH H H h o b u x BJiaAejibueB, Ha cboh n p c> K H H e KCTay, npnqeM E j i e y u i Tenepb y>Ke a o a >k c h njiaTHTb B aH M araM 6 eTy no o a h o h OBue b roA 3a npaBO n o A b 3 0 B a h h h n a c T 6 HinaMH. B H a c T o n m e e BpeMH n e e 4 a y A a nOAL3yiOTCH COBMeCTHO 3HMHHMH naCT6 «m aM H, XOTH 3TH nacT6Hiii;a h noAeACHU Me>KAy A B y M « ayjiaM H »l . TaKHM o6pa30M, Muorne H3 BqepauiHHx Ka3axcknx no- Ayc))eoAaAOB-cKOTOBAaAeAbueB, HaACAeHHwe pyccKHM npa- BHTCAbCTBOM npaBOM co6cTBeHHHKa onpeAeAeHHoro ynacT- Ka h 3ewJin — «(})eoAa», ham m ancb ceHOKOuienueM w xjig6o- namecTBOM b npouecce cBoero oceAaHHH, npno6 peTaAH CBoeo6pa3Hbie qepTbi <jieoAaAOB-3eMAeBAaAeAbueB. B Korrue X I X h HanaAe X X b b . k STOMy Tuny xo3hhctba OTHOCHAOCb CKOTOBOACTBO y AarCCTaHUeB, 6ypHTOB, ropHbIX KHprH30B, Ka3axoB cesepa, ceBepo-BocTOKa h ceBepo-3anaAa Ka3axcTana, HKyTOB h ropHbix aATanueB. A A T a ftc K H e TeAeHrHTbi (T e A e c b i), HaceAHBiime H o A b im - MaHcKyk> AOAHHy h nAocKoropbe Ha YAaraH y h B au iK aycy, c A3BHHX B peM eH BeAH IlOAyKOHeBOft HAH OCeAAblH o 6 p a 3 >KH3HH. n O A y K O q eB b ie aATafiUb! AeTOM >KHAH B AOAHHe, rjxe 6 u a h y h h x nacT6H iu a h nauiHH, Ha 3HMy yxoAHAH b a o a h - h h 6 a h >k h h x p en eK , rAe H axoAH AH C b h x 3hm obkh c 3 a n a c o M 3aroTOBJieuHoro ceHa, a o ceA A b ie ajiTambi KpyrAbiH ro A JKHAH B AOAHHC, HepeHOCH CBOH a y A b l AHLLlb Ha H e 6 o A b iu o e paccTOHHHe h 33HHMaHCb xA e6 on a u iecT B O M h ceHOKoiue- HHCM2. HecMOTpn Ha Bee sto, MHorne a B T o p u ropHbix aA T aw u eB H HKyTOB AO CHX nop Ha3bIBaiOT KOHeBHHKaMH. y OCeAAbIX K333XCKHX ckotoboaob b uanajie X X BeKa 1 MaTepHaJiu no KHprH3CKOMy 3eMjienoJib30BaHHio, coGpanHbie h paapaCoTaHHbie 3KcnejiHUHeH no H^cJieAOBaHHfo cTenHbrx 06/iacTefi, CeMHna/iaTHHCKan oC.iacTb, t. IV, FlaB/ioAapcKHil ye3A. Bopone>K, 1903, CTp. 21—22. 2 Tbiotctcoe H. H3 AjrraftcKHX 3t i o a o b . ^ojiLm m aH cKaa A O JiK H a.— 3anwcKH HPTO no ota^ chhio 3THorpa4>HH, t . XXXIV. C116., 1909, crp . 99. 365

fiOABOpHoe ftojib30BaHHeceH0K0caMH oTMeqeHOBpa3Hfetx: bo*- aocthx Bcex noABcprHyTbix cxaTHCTHHecKOH nepeijHC^.y^-. aob Ka3axcKHx oOAacTen — ypaAbcxoro -h TeMHpckord£- ypa^bCKOH oojiacTH. IlpeHMymecTBeHHo oho pacnpocrpa- HHJiocb Ha 6 AH>KaHiiiHe k 3HMOBKaM npHpeHHhie, 03epHHe, 6oAOTHbie (Kona) h jiecHbie noKocbi. JXo HCAaBHero Bpewe* HH AO nOHBJieHHH B CTenH CeHOKOCHJIOK, nOKOCbl C U S p K H M H AVrOBHMH TpaBaMH HBAHAHCb GAHHCTBeHHhlMH ceHOKdG^WMH yroAbHMH, AocTynHHMH aah py^HOH ytfopKH, npeACT#^* UiHMH ocodyio UeHHOCTb1. OceAJihie Ka3axn, 3aHHMaBiiiHecH HapaAy co ckotoboa- ctbom h 36MJieAeAHeM, HMeBiiiHe 3anacbi cena h coaomh, boAbiuee 3naqeHHe ctbak npHAaBaTb KpynHOMy poraTOMy CKOTy, qeM Apyrn.M BHAaM ckot3. B yCAOBHHX OCeAJIOrOCKOTOBOACTBa dbicTpufl pocT ct£ji- Horo ceHOKouieHHH h xAe6onaiuecTBa iiphboaha k 3ax£aTy doAbiuen qacTH boaocthoA xeppHTdpHH, yaaAeHHoA ot 3H- mobok, 6oraqaMH. A o6mHHHO-ayAbHan {pop.Ma 3eMAeBAaAe- HHH, Kan H3BectHO, He npeAynpe>KAaA,a paxBaxa 3eMejih co CTOpOHU CHAbHOrO, OHa AaBaAa BO3M0XKH0CTb H 3 J I H U I H H H noKoc y OAHoro 0T6«paTb b AoAi>3y.-Apyroro (aah hoboh kh6htkh), ho BcerAa y^eAHHxa h b noAb3y 6oraqa* YcTaHOBAeHO, .^o. nepBWM uiaroM b oceAaHHH Ka3axoB 6hIAO yCTpOHCtep-ftOCTOaHHblX }KHAHIU, BTOpbIM— pa3BH- THe ceHOKomeflWiii TpeTbHM h mojkct 6 biTb caMbiM Baxc- HHM— 3aHHiPHe IIOAeBOACTBOM. B TeCHOH CBH3H C 3THM haxoahtc# -cOKpameHne nepexoqeBOK bo BpeMeHH h b npo- dpaHCTBe, yA^iHHeHHe cpoxa noAb30BaHHH npH3HMOBo'qHbi- mh nacT^HiuaMH, 6 oAee HHTeHCHBHoe 3HMHee coAepxcaHHe CKorar«B xoHue kohuob noAyqaiOTCH xa3axcKHe obmHHU, COXpaHBIOIUHe TOAbXO BHAHMOCTb <J)OpMbI KOSeBOXO 6 bITa: .KpyrAuA roA ohh AepwaTca okoao.cboax shmobok, otko- qeBHBaa Ha acto He 6oAee Kax Ha 5—6 BepcT; 3hmoio Aep- xcarHa noAHO>KHOM xopMy TOAbxo ryAeBbix AouiaAeA, oBeu >xe, poraTufi ckot h paGoqnx AomaAefi xopMHT bcio 3HMy CeHOM, noqTH BCe 3aHHMaiOTCH 3eMAeAGAHeM»2. «Fl0Ab30Ba- HHe ecrecTBeHHUMH AyraMH noABopHo-HacAeACTBeHHoe, to ecTb yqacTox ceHoxoca nepexoAHT ot oTua x cuhv, hah x<e odiAHHHo-nepeAeAbHoe, npnqtM ot BpeMeHH ao BpeMeHH 1 OqepK padoT TypraAcKO-ypa^bCKOH nepecejieHqecKoft opra- HH33UHH. C n 6 ., .1890, CTp. 71. •r 2 T u x o h o q T . H . Xo3flHCTBemibiH 6wt K H prH 3cm C T e m io ro K p an — TypraficKiie bcaomocth, 1901, 10 Mapia. 366

qfepea roA’ ABa, c c h o k o c nepeAeAaetcsi Me>KAy nAenaMH JiaHHOH rp yn n b i nopoBHy»l. BecbMa 6a h 3ok. 6h a odpa3 JKH3HH O C e A A b IX 5IKVTCKHX CKOTOBOAOB X V I I — X IX BB. y K a - 33HHOMy o 6 p a 3y o c e A J iw x K a 3 a x o B . B X V I I b . « ohh hmcjih nocTOHHHbie JKHJibie nocTpOHKH, h o no necKoabKy pa3 b r o A nepecejiHjiHCb H3 OAHoro >KHAHma b Apyroe, no KpanHeS Mepe,— H3 3 h m h h x b jieTHHe. y>Ke b AOKyMeHTax X V I I b . ynOMHHaiOTCH « 3HMHH6 IOpTH» H «JieTHH6 K)pTbl»... 3 HMHHKH ycTpaHBajiHCb no(5AH3ocTH ot noxocHbix MecT, h TaM c ra - BHjiHCb c T o ra ceHa aah ckot3 Ha 3HMy, AeTOM >xe h ckot h xo3aeBa e r o nepednpajiHCb k abth h m nacT6nmaM. FIoceAKH, hah «y A y c b i», Oh a h mcakh: no HecxoAbKo iopT»2. ripn oeeAAOM cKOTOBOACTBe, K orAa cymecTByiOT y. Kanc- Aoh otfiUHHHO-ayAbHOH rpynnu 3aKpenAeHHbie 3a Heio AeT- HHe h oceHHHe nacrOHma, k o ao a u h h a h 3anpyAbi hbahiotch COtfCTBCHHOCTblO 3TOH rpynnbi HaceAeHHH HAH OTAeAbHWX AHU. ■' . OccAAbie Ka3axcKHe cKOTOBOAbi OMCKoro, rieiponaBAOB- CKoro, naBAOAapcKoro, CeMHnaAaTHHCKoro, KycTanaHCKO- ro, AKTro6iiHCKoro, ypaAbCKoro h Ap. y e 3A0B, pa3AeAeHHbie Ha otfmHHHO-ayAbHke rpynnbi, b M ecTax, CeAHbix oTKpbiTbi- MH BOAOeMaMH, HMeAH CBOH KOAOAUbI B IieHTpaAbHOft HaCTH AeTOBOHHOH TeppHTOpHH. IlpH 3TOM KaJKAaH 06lAHHHO- ayAbnan rp y n n a 3aHHM3Aa TOAbKo cboh KOAOAUbi h roHHAa CKOT B CTOpOHy TOAbKO CBOHX 3HMOBOK. «B e 3BOAHaH HaCTb CTenn (m y A b ) cBo6oAHa AeTOM ot AeAe>xa h oxpaHbi, ho c BbinaAeHneM cH era, KorAa croHHioTCH 3HMHHe TadyHbi, h na wen HaMenaioTCH rpaHHUhi, CTporo c o 6AK>AaeMbie b nAoxne r0A H »3. K HcnoAb30BaHHio noAHBHbix nanieH h noxocoB, ycTpoeHHbix c 3anpyAOio hah apbiKOM Ha 3eMAe KaKOH-A«6 o oCiAHHHO-ayAbHOH rpynnbi, AonycKaAHCb Bee Anna, npHHH- mabuiHe yuacTHe b cTpoHTeAbCTBe 3anpyAbi hah apbixa. JXo- ah noAb30BaHHH c TOHHOCTbio cooTBeTCTBOBaAa AOAe yn a- • cthh b p a c x o A a x AeHbraMH, ckotom h a h ahhhhm TpyAOM4. 1 tJepMCiK J I . /C. KHprH3CKoe xo35iftcTBo b CTennoM Kpae. (PawoH JKe/ie3noft Aoporn rieTponaBCKOBCK— CnaccKHfl 3aboa b 9kohomh*ic- ckom OTHomeHHH). Cn<5., 1912, crp. 227. 2 BaxpyuuiH C. B. h Toxapee C. A. flKyTHH b XVII Bene (o«iepKn). Hkytck, 1953, crp. 70—71. 3 XeopocTa.HCKu.il J I . KHprH3CKHfi Bonpoc b cbh3h c kojiohh33UH- efl:— Bonpocbi KOAOHH3aUHH, 1907, Ns I, crp. 71. 4‘ OiepK pa6oT TyprafiCKO-ypaAbCKoft nepecejieHMecKoft opra- HH3anHH. Cn6.t 1890, crp. 77. 367

ripH TaKOM nojio>KeHHH, KOHeqno, 6 oAbuie Apyrnx MOr no- AyqHTb nojiHBHOH nauiHH h nonocoB tot, kto 6hji 6oraqe. y o c e A ^ u x qyficKHx Ka3axoB «Ka>KAhiH qAen ashhoh rpynnbi xo3 u eB , HMeioiunfi cboh « T o r a H », to ecTb rJiaBHbin apbiK, HecymHH BOAy H3 peKH, cAejianHWH TpyAOM mhothx .anu HecKOJibKHx noKOvieHHH, HMeeT paBHoe c npoqwMH npaBO Ha no^b30BaHHe boaoh a a a opou ien H H h noJiyqaeT ee b Te- qeHHe paB H oro c npoqHMH npoMejKyTKaMH BpeMeHH, to ecTb xa>KAbiH X03HHH, yqacTBOBaBWHH b p a 6oTax no npoBeAeHHio hah peMOHTy «T ora H a », noJiyqaeT paBHoe c ApyrHMH k o a h - qecTBo b o a u * 1. B ochobhom TaKOH >xe nopn^oK cymecTBO- Baji bo Bcex pawoHax TeppHTopHH AOpeBO^iouHOHHoro Ka- 3axcTaua, ru e cymecTBOBaAH riojiHBHbie nauiHH h Ayra. Ta'KOBbl 6 bIJlH OCHOBHbie npH3H3KH OCeAAOTO CKOTOBOA- qecKoro x o 3«HCTBa Ka3axoB b KOHue XIX h Haqajie XX bb. riepe>KHTKOM cymecTBoeaBiuero npH nojiHOM KoqeBOM o6pa3e >k h 3hh cnocoGa onpeAeAeHHH cpaKTHqecKoro pa3Me- pa 3eMJienojib30BaHHH no KOAHqecTBy cKOTa HBAJieTcn, hm bb- uiHH MecTO h 3aperHCTpHpoBaHHbi^ SKcneAHUHeA <J>. U le p - 6hhu b KOime X IX Bexa b noAyKoueBbix h ocejumx o6 iu h h - hwx ayjiax A kmojihhckoh h Cewnna^aTHHCKOH otfAacreH, a Tax>Ke ycTaHOBJieHHUH 3KcneAHUHeft iio a pykobo actbom n. FI. PyMHHueBa b nepBOM agchthacthh XX b., nopaAOK pacnpeAejieHwn ceHoxocoB h ceHa b CeMHpeqeHCKOH o 6jia - cth. 3 th Ka3axH TorAa 33HHMajiHCb ceHOKomeHHeM h xAetfo- namecTBOM, C eH ox ocu hah cobm cctho cKomeHHoe BceM ay- aom ceyo pacnpeAeAHAocb no KOAHuecTBy CKOTa. «B MaTepnawiax no KHprH3CKOMy 3eMAenoAb30B3HHio Akmoahhckoto ye3Aa» tobophtch: «Han6oAee Bbipa3HTejib* Han (pop.Ma odmero noAb30B3HHH — coBMecTHan ytfopxa ce­ Ha c nocAeayioiuHM pa3AeAOM ceHa, He Be3Ae HBAfleTCH BnoAHe ypaBHHTeAbHbiM noAb30BaHHeM. OdbiqHo pa3AeA KoneH npoH3BOAHTCH no qHCAy kocuob, ho He BcerAa uhcao kocuob coBiiaAaeT c shcaom xo3hhctb; name 6uBaeT Tax, qTO 6oraTue xo3hhctb3 BbicraBAHiOT no ABa h 6oAee koc­ uob. Boo6u\\e npeo6AddaeT pa3deA cena coo6pa3Ho norped- hocthm xo3RucT8a 6 cene — no KOAunecrey cKora. IlpHqeM Gcahhkh 3a OTAaHHoe GoraqaM JinuiHee ceHo HHorAa nojiy- qam B03MeiueHHe b BHAe npaBa BpeMeHHoro noAbsoBaHHH 1VepMa/c J I . K . KHpnncKoe xo3aficTBo b GrenHOM xpae. (Paft- oh >Ke/ie3Hofi AoporH nerponaBjioBCK-CnaccKHM 3aBoj b skohomhmc* ckom oTHOUieiiHH). Cn6., 1912, ctp. 226. 368

MOAOHHblM H 03AOBHM CKOTOM 6 o r a q e ft ... CeHOKOCW 3AeCb o 6 o c o 6 jie H b i n o OTAeAbHbiM a y jia M , h BHyrpH ayAOB jexce- roflHo jxejiHTcn Ha noABopHbie yq a cT K H , npaqeM pa3Mep n a n coodpaoicaercH c KOAunecreoM c k o tu KaxcAoro x o 3H H H a»* (n o A ^ e p K H y T O h s m h — C. T. ) . O a ^H H3 JiyqUIHX 3HaTOKOB AOpeBOAIOUHOHHOfi JKH3HH K a3axcK oro H apoA a T. CeAenbHHKOB o xapaKTepe 3eMAe- noAb30BaHHH b oceAAbix CKOTOBOAqecKo-3eMJieAejibqecKHx a y jia x n n c a ^ i: «B M eeT O <J)aKTHqecKH c y m e c T B y io m e ro , HO H eB biroAH oro 6eAHhiM noAb30BaHHH 3eMJieio «n o KOAHqe- CTBy CKOTa, n o 6A arococTO H H H io», o h h AoOHBaiOTCH, q T o 6 b i 36MJ1H A a B a ^ ia c b n o Aym aM , oAH H aK O B o x a x jsjin M H o ro - c k o th u x , T a K h a a h coBceM 6eccKO TH bix. H H aqe ro B o p n , MajiococTonTe«7ibHbie- caoh o c e A A o r o HaceAeHHH CTenn y>Ke a o c t h t a h a o co3HaHHH A H qH oro n p a B a Ha SeMAK), COeAH- Hmoiuero h x ncnxoA orH io c n c H x o A o rn e fi KpecTbancTBa, ho 3aT0 H A y m e r o b pa3pe3 c o BceMH cTenHUMH TpaAHUHHMH, KOTopbie a o c h x n o p b H anO oA ee h h c t o m BHAe coxp an H A H C b y KoqeBHHKOB, a b OoAee y3KOM h orpaHnqeHHOM cM h icjie noAAep>KHBaioTCH h oceAAMMH H a n o q B e 3aiAHTbi B n oA H e onpeA ejieH H hix H H Tep ecoB »12. - - T a x o ft n p o u e c c pa3BHTH« MMeJi MecTO, b qacTHOcTH, b IlaB A O A ap cK O M ye3Ae, P a 3 B ep C T K a cen oxocH H X y r o A H H BHyTpn ayAO B 3A ecb npoH3BOAHAacb h a h yqacTKaMH h a h cKomeHHbiM ceHOM. « B o6ohx c A y q a n x ayAbi p a c n a A a io T c n Ha ABe K a T ero p H H : odna U3 hux K A a d e r o ocnoeanue 9KO- HOMunecKyto cuAy deopa, npunuMan 3 a pa3 eepcT0 HHyto e d u - Huu,y onpedeA ennoe KOAunecTeo ckotcl — ^a c a h t n o c x o T y » , A p y ra n T a x o f i c a h k h u c h cqH TaeT a b o p , He3aBHCHMO o t e r o SKOHOMHqeCKOH CHAbI, H A^AHT K a K yqaC TK H , T a x H CKOIIieH- Hoe ceHO n o p o B H y ... H 3 982 o n p o u ie H H H X b stom OTHOineHHH ayAOB, n o A b 3 y io iA H x c n n oxocaM H H a o Oia h h h h x H a q a A a x , AeAHT*. no cK O T y 302, h ah 30,8 n p o u e H T a , nopoBHy — 680, h a h 69,2 n p o u e H T a » 3, ripHBeAOHHbie AaHHwe roB opnT 0 6 o 6 mefi saxoHOMepHOj CTH p a 3 BHTHH, BblpaJXaBULieHCH B « 0 6 0 C0 6 AeHHH 36M6AbHOH codcTBeHHOCTH: cnaqaAa poA o 6 o c o 6 h a c h ot poAa, 3aTeM 1 MaTepHaAu no KHpr«3CKOMy 3eM/ieno.nb30BaHHK>, t. Ill, n. I. AKMoaHHCKHft ye3fl. Cn6., 1907, crp. 121— 122.. 2 CedeAbHUKde T. BopbGa 3a seMJiio b KHprH3CKoft CTenn. CnO.. 1907, CTp. 6 0 — 6 1 . . rr 3 KHprH3CKOe X03HfiCTBO B CeMHnaJiaTHHCKOH oO^aCTH, t , 1. IlaBJIO- AapCKHA y e 3 A . C n 6 . , 1 9 1 0 , c r p . 20. 369 21 C. E. T<vrbii5cKon

BHyTpn poAa HaqajiH o6ocod^ htlch 6 ojiee MejiKHe poAOBbie rpynnu, HaKOneu, no OTHOineHiiK) k HeKOTopbiM yroAbHM, KopbiKaM— b ropax, yqacTKaM cenoKoca b paBHHHax, 060- coGjieHHe aouijio ao ero npeAe-aa— ceM tH *1. CaeAOBaTeAb- ho, TOAbKo b npouecce oceAaiiHH h pa3BHTHH 3eNfAeA6JiHn HatiaAH B03HHK3Tb 3Jie.MeHTbI qaCTHOrO 3eM.ieBAaAeHHH. Kpynnbie nojiyKoqeBbie cKOTOBJiaAejibiu* npn nepe^ejiax noAyqa.in 6 o jie e KpynHue yqacTKH 3eMAH, KOTopbie no- CTeneHno 3aKpen.nHJiHCb xax hx qacTHbie BAaAeiiHH. HH3KHH ypOBeHb P33BHTH5I npOH3BOAHTe.lbHbIX CHA KOne- Boro o6mecTBa Ka3axoB xapaKTepH30BaAcn cAafihiM pa3BH- THeM odmecTBeHHoro pa3AeAeiiHH Tpy^a, CAeAOBaieAbHO, CAafibJM pa3BHTHeM TOBapHOrO npOH3BOACTBa. Taxoe coctohhhb hbahaocb cjieACTBHeM rocnoACTBa ko- qeBoro CKOTOBOAnecKoro Tnna xo3flHCTBa, KOTOpo.viy 6u ah npncymH Kpawne HH3Koe h pyTHHHoe cocioHnne TexHHKH .H HH3K3H npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTb T p yAa. CymecTBOBaBiiiHe TOBapHo-Aene>KHbie oTHomenHH hhk s k He mohuh xapaKTepn- 30BaTb Becb ripouecc npoH3BOACTBa, HaqHHaa c KpynHhix xo3aftcTB h KOHnaa mcakhwh, KaK npou ecc TOBapnoro n p o u 3 - BOACTBa. TOBapHblH BbIXOA npOAyKUHH CKOTOBOACTBa 6bIJl He3HaqHTeAbHbift h hmca b ochobhom noTpe6HTejibCKoe 3Ha- qeHHe, npHHHMaa cj)opMy naxypajibHoro otiMeHa T — T, h TOJibKo H3peAKa — (jjopwy npocToro TOBapnoro oGpame- hhh T — Jl — T. B K33aXCKHX X03HHCTB3X qaCTb CKOT3 H npOAyKTOB CKO- TOBOACTBa T3KHX, KaK UiepCTb, UiepCTHHbie H3A6AHH, KO>KH H T. A., peaAH30BbIB3JIHCb KaK TOBapbl, B33MeH KOTOpbIX nO- KynaAH xjie6 , MaHy^aKTypy, qaft, ca xa p , cnwqKH h A pyrne (J)a6pHHHo-3aBOACKHe H3Acahh. H o, HecMOTpa Ha sto, b sth x xo3HHCTBax em,e He 6hao rocnoACTBa TOBapnoro npOH3BOA- CTBa. npOHHKaBIUHft B ayA TOprOBO-pOCTOBUiHqeCKHH KariH- T3A 6bTA 6eCCHAeH H3MeHHTb cnocotf npOH3BOACTBa, TaK KaK He HM6JI A^IH 3T0r0 Heo6xOAHMblX AOnOAHHTeJIbHbIX yCAOBHH. «PoCTOBlUHqeCTBO He H3MeHHeT Cn0C06 npOH3BOA” ctb3, ho npncacbiBaeTca k ueMy KaK napa3HT h npHBOAHT ero b w ajiK oe coctoahhc. Oho BhicachiBaeT ero cokh, hcto- maeT ero h 3acTaBAaeT BocnpoH3BOACTBo coBepuiaTbCH npn Bee tiojiee >k 3a k h x ycaobhhx... 1MaTepwajiu no KHpnucKOMy 3eMjienoJtb30BannK>, coCpaHHbie h pa3pa6oTaiiHtie sKcneAHUHeft no Hcc.ieAouaHHio crenHbix oO-iacTefl, t. IV, Bopohok, 1903, ctp. 33. 370

J I h u j b T a M h to r A a , r ^ e h x o r A a HMeiOTCH naAHUO o c T a jib H b ie ycjiOBHH KanHTaJiHCTHHecKoro cn ocotfa npoH3- BOACTBa, pocTOBmnqecTBo BbicTynaeT Kan oaho H3 opy/xHH, £03HAaiOIUHX HOBblH Cn0C0 6 npOH3BOACTBa, pa30pHH, C OR- h o h CTOpoHW, c})eoAaAOB h M6J1KHX npoH3B0AHTeAefi, ueHTpa- AH3ya, c Apyroft cTopoHbi, ycjiOBHH TpyA a h npeBpauj.aa hx b K a n H T a j i » 1. K a 3 a x cK o e o6m ecTBo 3 H ajio pa3AHqHbie (jjopMbi T o p ro B - a h h T o p ro B b ix cagaok. C k o t o b o a w , Bo-nepBux, npoAaB aAH C K yn m H K a M c b o h . ckot h ero c b ip b e , b o -b t o p n x , n o K y n a A H TOBapbi y 3t h x }Ke cnynmHKOB b pocTOBmnqecKHH x p e A H T H, B -TpeTbH X, nOCTOHHHO npaKTH KO BaA H HBTypaJlbHblH o 6 M eH 4)a6pHqHo-3aBOACKHx h3a o a h h H a c k o t h ero c u p b e . « O c o - 6eHHOCTb 3TOH <j)OpMbI COCTOHT B TOM, ^TO OFia CBOHCTBeH- Ha He OAHHM TOAbKO MeJIKHM npOMbICJia\\I, a BC0M B o o 6 m e H epa3BH TblM CT3RHHM TOBapHOrO X03HHCTBa H K anH T3A H 3- Ma»2. PjiaB H O H qepTOH TOpTOBAH B 3T0T nepHOA B K33axCKOM a y jie 6 b i j i ee hbho BbipaxteHHbiH HesxBHBaAeHTif mh x a p a x - Tep. O n a 6b\\j\\a CBoeotfpa3HOH (popM oft aK cn pon p H au n n M6AKHX co6cTBeHHHK0B. MeAxue cKOTOBOAbi 3 K c n A y a T H p o - BaAHCb TOprOBO-pOCTOBIUHqeCKHM KanHTaAOM, C OAHOH CTO- poHbi, Kan noxynaTeAH, a c Apyron, xax npoAaBUbi npoAyx- tob CBoero cKOTOBOA^ecKoro xo3HflcTBa. Bepiio o6 3tom roBopnji F. KojiMaropoo: «KyneuTaTapHH ( b Ka3axcxofi ere- nw — C. T .) Ha 3aTpaqeHHbiw xannTaA, noAaran ero b 10 pyOAeii cepe6 poM, b 1850 roAy, noAynHT b 4 roAa, to ecTb b Mae 1854 roAa, 150 py6Aen cepeCpoM mhctoto Oapbima; a b KaxoH CTpaHe, b Kaxofi ToproBAe h b k3khx ripeAnpHH- thhx h pyAHHKax mojkho npnoOpecTH Taxyio orpoMHyio ripHObiAb Ha KanHTaa, Aa eme 6 e3 3HaqHTeAbHoro TpyAa, 3a6oT h HeyAaq? Hy>KHO 3aMeTHTb npw 3tom, ^to b nocAeA- H«e BpeMeHa ne 6biao npHMepa, hto 6li y Koro-nn6yAb npo- naA a o a t xoTb na oAHoro OapaHa, Tax xax, no oObinanM h 3aKonaM CTenHbiM, 3a yMepmero aoajkhhk3 naaTHT ero Aem h pocTOBiuHKH noAyqaT Bee cnoAHa»3. 3 to 6biAa OecnomaA- nan 3KpiAyaTauHA roproBuaMH xa3axcKHX ckotoboaob. * M a p K c K . KanHTaji, t. Ill, 1951, crp. 610, 611, 2 Jle n u n B . H . Com., t . 3, cTp. 319— 320. 3 KOAMOZOpOG r . O npOMUUJJieilHOCTH H TOprOBJIC B KHprH3CKHX CTenax CnCHpcKoro BCjjOMCTBa.— BecTHHK HPFO, Bun. I. C n 6 ., 1856, c r p . 2 4 — 25. 24* 371

Ka3axcKy*o CTenb Toro BpeMeHH, AasaBiiiyK) taicyio cKa3oq- ho BbicoKyio npH6bi^b, KoiiMaropoB oueHHBaer KaK hctoh- hhk jierKoft Ha>KHBbi Bbirne, neM jxayne CoraiefiiiiHe 30JiOTbie npHHCKH. # B KOHue X I X h Haqa.ie XX BeKOB b KaaaxcKOH creiiH cy- meCTBOBaJlH TpH (J)OpMbI TOprOBJIH, KOTOpbie B OCHOBHOM COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH Tpe.M THnaM X03HHCTB3 , TO eCTb KOUeBOMy, no^yKoqeBOM y h oceAAOM y. K TaKHM <})opMaM ToproBAH ot- HOCH.iHCb: paa'beaAHO-MeHOBaa, HpMapoqHO-nepHOAHqecxaH h CTaimoHapHaa. Cawo coOofi noHHTHO, hto aah KoqeBbix CKOTOBo^qecKHx. ayAOB xapaicrepHa 6buia iviaBHbiM o6pa30M nepBan cjjopMa ToproBAH. Ho 3to He 3HaqHT, qio ee He 6hao b no;iyKoqeBbix pafioHax Ka3axcraHa. Pa3be3AH0-MeH0Ban ToproBAH HaxoAHAacb b ochobhom b pyxax HeMHornx y36eKCKHx h TaTapcKHx ToproBueB. Ohh pa3be3)KajiH no KoqeBUM ay.aaM c HeKoropbiM KOJinqecTBOM pa3Hux TOBapoB. ToproBAH nponcxoAHAa HCKAioqHTeAbHO MeHOBaa. ToproBUbi OpaAH 3a cboh TOBapbi pa3HWH ckot h ero npoayKTbi: mepcTb, Koacy, Kouiwy h Ap. ToproBUbi Ha- XOAHAHCb B HCKAIOqHTeAbHO BblTOAHOM H MOHOlIOAbHOM nO- AOJKeHHH— OHH He HMeAH HOqTH HHK3KHX KOHKypeHTOB. Ha CBOH TOBapu OHH MOrJIH Ha3HaqaTb HeHMOBepHO BbICOKHe ueHhi, a Ha TOBapu Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH ycraHaBJiHBaTb npafiHe HH3KHe ueHbi. Hace^eHHe, 3a6poineHHoe b rjiy6b crenw h necKOB, HMeAO BecbMa orpaHHqeHHyio B03MO>KHOCTb nocemaTb ropojia, Top- roBue nyHKTbi. O ho o6cAy>KHBaAOCb snH30AHqecKH noas- junomHMHCH KoqyiomHMH ToproBuaMH — «arrbi-apmHHaMH» . (sepkoM Ha jioma,aH c apuiHHOM). B uaHHbix craTHCTHqe- cKoro odcjieAOBaHHH IlepoBCKoro ye3ua b 1910 ro^y coo6- • maeTca, hto TaKofi «ami-apwHH», 3a6Hpan b ropoAe nap- thk) xoAKoro TOBapa (flemeBUH chtOu, rajiaHTepeHHufi TOBap, qafi, caxap, Myxy, nocyay h np.), H3BbK)qHBaji Bep- Oaioaob h yiviyGAHACfl co cbohm MajienbKHM KapaBaHOM b CTenb, ocTaHaBjiHBancb b KaKOM-HHGyAb ayjie, HBAsnomeM- ca ueHTpoM pa3MemeHHH Ka3axoB Ha A>KaHAay, Toproseu HexoTopoe BpeMH ( ot 2 Heae/ib ao 1 Mecnua) chaca Ha oahom Mecre, yAOBjieTBopHH cnpoc Ka3axoB ASHHoro paft* ona, 3aieM nepeuBHraAca AaJibine..ToproBAH OhiAa noqTH HCKAioqHTeAbHO MCHOBafl, Ka3aXH nAaTHAH M eAKHM CKOTOM, uiepcTbio, KO>KeH. PacueHKa TOBapoB npoH3BOAHJiacb Ha AeHbrn. UeHbi Ha TOBapu Kynua noBuinaAHCb npoTHB pbi- 372

h o ^ h l i x p a 3 a b 2 — 3 , ueHbi >xe H a rrpo,nyxTbi H a cejieH H H n pH H H M ajiH C b b jiy q m eM c jiy q a e 3 a p u H o q H H e 1. B a jK H o ft o c o 6 enHOCTbio 3T0'ft p a 3 'b e3 ^ H oj MeHOBoft T o p - roBJiH 6 h i J i e e pocTO B m nqecxH H x a p a K T e p . M H o r a e « a T T M - apniH H bi» h 3 h m o k ) paateaxcajiH n o 3 H m o b k 8 m n ojiyxon eB bix K a 3 a xoB . K a x npaBHJio, o h h p a 3 # a B a jiH c b o h TOBapu c k o t o - BOAa-M b A O J ir /to BecHbi, Ha h t o o x o t h o i i i j i h H yjK /taiom 'H e- CH K a 3 a X H . T o p rO B U b I n0JIb3OBaJIHCb 3THM 06CT0HTeJIbCTBOM, KpOMe B c e r o , r j ih Ha3HaqeHHH rpOM aflHbfi H eycToftKH b c jiy q a e h e/ jd cT a b k h k e p o x y BbiM eHeHHoro cxoTa, n p n He- oxoH qaH H H b e p o x pacqeTOB 3 a nepBOHaqajibHbift /tojir. H eycTO H K H oTKjiaAHBaiOTCH Ha e m e 6 o jie e OTjxajieHHHH e p o x , n pnqeM b c h cy M M a flOJira yB ejiH H H B aeT cn h o 6eeneqH B aeTC H HOBOH HeyCTOHKOH. KpOM e MeHOBOH TOprOBJIH, T op rO B U b I c o c T O H re jib H b iM x a3 ax a M ziaB ajiH b a o j i t xteHbrn no/t c o j i h a - Hoe p yqa T ejib C T B O H3BecTHbix 6 o ra q e ft, n ojib 3 yiom H xcH BJIHHHHeM B BOJIOCTH, HJIH UeJIOTO p O A a . ToprOBBU, A a B IIIH fi b ;io jir Ha r a x H x ycjiOBHax zieHbrH hjih roB apu, H H x o r^ a He pHcxyeT noTepaTb h x 2. Pa3*be3/iHo-MeHOBaH, H esxBH BajieH TH an ToproBJin 6 u n a ocod eH H o pa3opH Tejib H 0H j x j m tfe/jHHKOB. R e n o b t o m , m to ecjiH 6 o jie e cocTOHTejibHbie c x o t o b o a h em e m oitih BpeM H o t BpeMeHH n o d b m a T b b nyHXTax C TauH onapH O H ToproB JiH h j ih Ha a p M a p n a x , t o 6 e^HHX x a 3 a x H e m o t OTJiyqHTbcn H a 6 a - 3ap hjih n p M a p x y , qTo6bi c6biTb Kaxyio-HH6y/tb TaHHqy, hjih n a p y G apaH O B , hjih xoxey, hjih n o jin y a a rnepcTH h n p .,— Bee 3to n o c T y n a jio no HeBopoHTHo h h 3xhm ueHaM b p y x n x a 3 a x c x o r o n o c p e a H H x a , H a>K H B aB U iero Ha 3t h x c / ie J ix a x rpowa/tHbie tfapbiW H. H Tax, b xoH ue X IX h H anajie X X bb. b K a3axcTaH e cym ecTB O B ajiH TpH THna nacTdnmHo-SKCTeHCHBHoro c k o t o - BOACTBa, KaJKAbift H3 XOTOpbIX HMeJI CBOK> HCTOpHK) B03HHK- HOBeHHH h 9 c o 6 y io (JiopMy 3eMJieBJia/ieHHH h 3eM Jienojib- 30B3HHH. (JymeCTBOBaHHe 3THX T p e x THnOB naCTdnmHO- SXCTeHCHBHOrO CXOTOBO/tCTBa H COOTBeTCTBOBaBIIJHX HM (JiopM 3 eM e jib H H x oTHomeHHft o n p e A e jm jio cymecTBO o tfm e c T - BeHiio-3KOHOMHqecxoro CTpon AopeBOJiiouHOHHoro K a a a x - CTaHa. H 3 xa p a xT ep H C T H xif Tpex p a 3 H b ix THnoB sxcTeHCHBHoro 1 MaTepnaJiH no KHprH3CK0My 3eMJienojib30BaHHjo Cbip*£apbHHCKOH oC^acTH IlepoBCKoro yea^a. TauuKCHT, 1912, CTp. 98—99. 2 JXoOpocMbLCAoe A. //. Ckotoboactbo b TypraHCKofi otiJiacTH. OpenCypr, 1895, CTp. 60—63. 373

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I rA a e a u ie c m a fi OEmECTBEHHOSKOHOMHHECKHH CTPOH KA3AXOB X V I I —XVIII bb. M OCHOBHblE IIPH3HAKH KOHCEPBATMBHOCTM KOHEBOrO OBUiECTBA MapKCH3M-JieHHHH3M paCCMaTpHBaeT KHJKAyiO oCmeCT- BeHHO-3KOHO,MHqeCKyK) (})OpMaUHK) KSLK OCo6blfi CCTeCTBeHHO- HdopHHecKHH opraHH3M, KOTOpbiH HMeeT BpeMH CBoero B03HHKHOBeHHH, cymecTBOBanHH h nepexoAa Ha Bbicmyio cTyneHb pa3BHTHH. MewAy cmokhwmh o6m,ecTBeHHo-3KOHO- MHHecKHMH c})opManHHMH cymecTByeT n o jir o THHyiuan- ch cBH3b, KOTopaa npoHB^aeTca b 6opb6e Me>KAy cTapbiM H HOBMM, \\re?K/iy OTMHpaiOmHM H pa3BHBaiOmHMCH. npOH3BO<aCTBeHHbie OTHOUieHHH AJOAeif, COOTBeTCTBy- lomne nepHo^y cmchm oahoh o6mecTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqecKOH cjjopMauHH /ipyron, nepHoay CTaHOBJieHHH hoboh (})opMauHH, xapaKTepH3yiOTCH KaK nepexoAHbie OTHoiueHHH. OAHOH H3 T3KHX IlCpeXOAHblX $OpM npOH3BOACTBC'HHbIX OTHomeHHft hbjihiotch naTpHapxa.nbHO-(|)eoAaAbHbie otho- meHHH. OnpeAejieHne «nojiy(})eoAajibHbie» hjih «naTpHap- xaAbHo-c})eoAaAbHbie 0TH0ineHHH», npHHHToe X <rbe3AOM KEfCC, HMeeT rviytfoKnw TeopeTHHecKHft cmmcji. B pemeHHHx X cbe3Aa napthh, npiiHHTbrx no/x pyKOBOACTBOM B. H. JleHH- Ha, 6 b ijia j i a n a c J ie n y to m a n / iH p e K T H B a n o HauHOHa/rbHOMy Bonpocy: «3aBoeBbiBaa AOBepne Tpy/ifliUHxcH Macc boctom- Hbix oKpanH CBoeft peiHHTeAbHOH nocJieAOBaTeJibHOH: 6opb- 6oh 3a yHHHTOKeHife scex bhaob HaunoHaAbHoro HepaBeH- ctb3, napTHH b to >xe BpeMH cn/raqHBaeT h o6*beAHHHeT hx Sa h O K O H H dTeA bH oii A U K e u d a y u u n a T p u a p x a A b n o -(p e o d a A b - H bix O T H o u ie n u u b epeae camhx paHee yrHeTeHHbix HauHH h AAH npno6meHHH HX K KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOMy CTpOHTeJIb- cTBy»1 (noAHepKHyTO hhmh— C . T . ) . Taxan >xe oueHKa AaBajiacb xapaKTepy o6mecTBeHHo-3KOHOMHqecKHx otho- 1 K n e e B PG30.1K)UHHX H peiUOHHHX CT>e3flOD, KOH^CpeHLUlft H ruiCHyMOB U.K, q. I. M., 1953, cTp. 5G0. 375

IUCHHH 0 C060 OTCTaJIbIX HapOAOB A3HH H AtJjpHKH. B AOKy- MeHTax IV KOHrpecca KoMHHTepHa, npoHcxoAHBiueroV b 1922 r., cK a3aH o: «OTeraA0CTb ko jio h h h cKa3hiBaeicfl b to S neCTpOTe HaUHOHaJIbHO-peBOJUOUHOHHUX ABH>KeHH& npoTHB HMnepnajiH3Ma, KOTopaa 0 T p a «a e T pa3AHqnhie CTyneHH ne- pexoAa ot cf)eoaaJibHbix h (jjeoAaAbHO-naTpHapxaAbHhix ot- HOiueHHfi k KanHTajiH3My... Jln u ib TaM, r^ e $eoAaAbHO- naipHapxajibHbiH yKAaA He iracTOAbKO pa3jio)KH.'icH, qTodbi coBeptueHHO oTAeAHTb Ty3eMHyio apHCTOKpaTHio ot HapoA- h u x Macc, KaK y.KOHeBHHKOB h no/iyKoqeBHHKOB, npe^CTa- BHTeJiH 3t h x BepxoB MoryT BbicrynaTb KaK aKTHBHhie pyko- boahtcah 6opb(5bi c HMnepnajiHCTHqecKHM HacmiHeM* .. Kax b h a h o , b 3thx AonyMeHTax AaHa Hayqnaa xapaKTe- pacTHKa T a K o ro o6mecTBeHHoro c T p o a , fA e npouecc (JjopMH- poBaHHH (J)eoAaAH3Ma eme h3x o a h a c h Ha HaqaAbiioft CTaAHH CBoero pa3BHTHA, KorAa c ia p u e oT>KHBaiomHe naTpwap- xajibHue OTHouieHHB cmenepenAeTaAHCb c Hapo>KAaiomHMH- ca (jjeoAaAbHbiMH. n o sro w y h v^cho npH3 Haib ouiHfioqHUM MHenne, OTpHuaiomee couna;ibHo-3KOHOMHqecKoe coAepxca- HHe Hayqnoro npHHTHfl «naTpHapxaAbHO-<j)eoAajibHhie otho- meHHB» h cqn T a iom ee cAyqaflHHM caMO coqeTaHne b AaHHoft <})OpMyAe AByx (})OpM npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOUieHHH, OTHO- CfllAHXCfl K AByM pa3JIHqHUM o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKHM 4)0pMaU,HHM. MapKCH3M-AeHHHH3M Tpe6yeT H3yqeHHH npe>KAe ocero MaTepnaabHoro npoH3B0ACTBa, otfmecTBeHHoro 6hthh a -hh Toro, qio6bi. npaBHAbHO oxapaKTepH30BaTb AaHHbiH o6m ecr- Be!HiHO‘3KOHOMh qecK'Hft CTpoft b ueAOM. IlpaBH/ibHO oxaipaK- Tep«30BaTb o6mecTBesHHo-3KOHO\\«iqecKHfi crp oft— ato awa- qHT AaTb TipaBiHAbHyiO OUeHKy ypOBHIO paSBHTHH 3KOHOMH' qecKOro 6a3Hca h cooTBeTCTByiomeft eM y HaACTpofiKH. B ycAOBHAx KoqeBoro CKOTOBOA^ecKoro otfmecTBa co- xpaHaeTCH OTCTaAan $opMa o6mecTBeHHO-npoH3BOACTBeH- hh x OTHOUieHHH b BHAe noaycJjeoAaAbHbix, naTpwapxaAbHo- 4)eoAaAbHux h a h naTpHapxaabHO-paCoBAaAeJibqecKHx otho- meHuft c naTpHapxaAbHo-poAOBUM 6 u t o m h OTCTaAoff noAHTHqecKOft HaACTpoftnoft — aMop(})HbiM n ojiyrocyA apcr- BeHHNM 06pa3OBaHHeM nepexoAHoro THna b BHAe KoqeBoro XaHCTBa. OTCTaAOCTb H Hepa3BHTOCTb npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHouieHHft A ioA eft o6ycA0BHaH h cneuH^nqecKHe q e p iu , 1KoMMyHHCTHqecKHfi HHTepHauHona^ b AOKyMemax PeuieHHa 1933^crp° 31gKoMMHTepHa - * * * * * * HKKH 376

n p a c y m n e KjiaccaM 3Toro o6mecTBar. Hauie^uiHe CBoe o T p a - >KeHHe B HX o6m eCTBeHH0M C03HaHHH. «K a K O B U 3TH KJiaCCbl, 3T0 3aBHCHT OT CTyneHH pa3BHTHH IIpOH3BOACTBa»l . 3H aH H T, « K 3 K O B 3 >KH3HeAe«TeJIbHOCTb HHAHBHAOB, TaK O B H H OHH Car m h . T o, h t o o h h co 6 oh npeACTaBAHiOT, coBna^aeT, cjieA O B a - TeJIbHO, C H X npOH3BOACTBOM — COBna^eT K a K C TeM, HTO O H H n poii3 B O A H T, T a x h c TeM, K a K o h h n p o H 3B0£HT. H t o n p e A - CT3BAHIOT CO6 0 H HHAHBHAbI,— 3TO 33BHCHT, CJieAOBaTeAbHO, OT M aTepH aJTbH H X yCAOBHH HX IipOH3BOACTBa»2. K'oqeiBoe otfm ecrao Ka3axoB X V I I — X V III b b . 6 b ia o naTpH apxajibH O -^eoAajibH biM h a h noAycj)eoAaAbHbiM noTO M y HMeHHO, h t o o h o xapaKTepH30BaA0Cb He 3pejibiMH ^ eoA a A b - HbiMk, a noJiy^eoAajibHbiMH h noAypa6oBAaAe;ibqccKHMH OTHOureHHHMH. B ee K J ia cc b i 3 T oro 'odmecTBa oTAHqaAHCb CBOeH HeAOpa3BHT0CTbK), He3peJIOCTbIO. r OCnOACTByiOlUHfi KJiacc 6h\\Ji npeACTaBJieH b AHue BoeHHO-noAycjjeoAaAbHbix h a h nojiypa6oBJiajxejih'iecKHx KoneBbix CKOTOBJiajj.ejihu.eB: cyjrraHOB, 6neB, 6aeB h 6 aTbipoB, KOTopue 6 hjih e m e He THnHqHbiMH (peojiajiaMH, a noAycj)eoAaAaMH. SKcruiyaTHpye- Mbie npocJiouKH 6biJin npeAcraBJieHbi b jib ue naTpuapxajib- Hux pa6oB, 3aBHCHuMhix MaAaeB h nojiy3aBHCHMbix KoqeBbix 6 eAHHKOB — KOHCbi hjih xapamn, nojiyqaBiuHx Tax Ha3biBae- wyio «poA O B yio noMomb», b tfoAbiiiHHCTBe cjiyqaeB KaK . 6 jIH>KaHlIIHe pOACTBeHHHKH KpynHblX CKOTOBAaAeAbUeB. I\"Iojiy3aBHCHMbie 6eAHHKH Bee e m e c m o t p c a h Ha 6an h a h 6 aTHpa KaK H a cBoero poACTBeHHHKa h noKpoBHTeAH Ha t o m 0CH0B3HHH, HTO 3TH 6eAHflKH H 6 aH HAH CaTbip JlpOHCXOAHAH ot o6 m ero AaAbHero npe^Ka. 3 t o CBHAerejibCTByeT o t o m , HTO Macca Ka33XCKHX TpyAHIHHXCH >KHAa TOFAa em e B03- 3peHHHMH jx a B H o M H H y B iu e r o n a r p H a p x a j i b H o - p o A O B o r o CTpOH. Oahhm H3 xapaKTepHM X npH3HaKOB KoqeBoro o 6 m e c T B a K a3axoB b X V i r — X V I I I b b . 6 i>i a o t o , h to KAaccoBbie o t h o - meHHH b HeM HMeAH naTpH apxaA bH O -poA O B yio O K pacxy. B ch >KH3Hb 6 b iA a npoHH3aHa pOAOBbiM H a q a jio M , Aaxce 6 o p b 6 a KJiaccoB b dojibuiHHCTBe cA yq a eB n p o T e x a ^ a KaK 6 h b c£op- we 6 o p b 6 h i 3a «pojiOBbie» H H Tepecbi. /laH iiu e qepTbi o 6- meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH JKH3HH K a3aX 0B , B OC06eHHOCTH y K o q eB o ft e r o qacTH , c HeKOTOpbiMH H3MeHeHHHMH c o x p a H H - AHCb b o c h o b h o m a o H anajia X X b e x a . H e y c T o flq H B o c T b M a T ep n a A b H oro npoH3BOACTBa h h c t o h - 1 MapKc K. h SmeAbc 0 . Cov., t . 4. M., 1955, crp. 330—331. 2 MapKc K. H dmeAbc 0 . Cow., t . 3, CTp, 19. 377

HHKd CpejlCTB CymeCTBOBaHHB K233XCKHX KOHeBHHKOB, CBH33HH3H C n p HMHTHBHOCTbK) KOHeBOTO CKOTOBOAHeCKOIX) X03HHCTB3, odyCAOBHAa He TOAbKO HHmeTy UIHpOKHX HapOA* Hbix \\iacc, ho h nenajia heyctohh h bw m nojiox<eHHe caMoro rocnoa,CTByK)in.ero K/iacca. C hmoh MHoroqHCJieHHoft h HMy- iuch rpynnow cpeAH npe^cTaBHTejieH naTpHapxaAbno-(})eo- AaAbnon BcpxyuiKH Ka3axoB 6buui dan. Ho Aiodoif' daft- noAy(j)eoAaA, noTepHBiiiHH Bee cboc cocTosiHHe — Becb ckot b '0,3hom 6 o j im iio m AwyTe, bo MHorwx cjiyqa^x yxce He Mor doAbiue BepHyTb cede npe>KHee noAo>KeHHe. O h caw h ero nOTOMKH b KaqecTBe cepeAHHKOB h a h deAHHKOB motah B.THTbCH b TaKOM cAyqae b H apoAH yio waccy, yw e Hnqero ne HMen o d iu e ro c naTpHapxaAbHo-c()eoAaAbHOH Bepxywkoft. BoraTCTBo Ka3axoB, ocHooaHHoe rAaBHbiM o6pa30M Ha ckotoboactbc, 6biJio BccbMa HenpoqHbiM. « Y hhx npowcxo- aht Becbwa db icT p u e noBbiiiieHHH h iioHHxceHHa MaTepnaAb- Horo 6.narococTOHHH5i, 3aBHCHmne itohth HCKAioqHTeAbHO ot noroAbi h ypo>K aeB ( TpaB); ot stoto Ka>KAbiH Ka3ax npHBUK K MhICAH 0 BO3M0>KH0CTH BO BCHKOe BpeMH J70HTH COBepHJOH- hoto aah H ero pa30pe»HH. HecKOAbKo ahihhhx rpaAycoB Mopo3a, BHe3anHo HacTuruiero 3HMHHe nacTduma, MoryT b caMbiH kopotkhh cpoK doraroro Ka3axa odpaTHTb b deAHH- Ka»1. Tlo.io>KeHHe, OTMeqeHHoe B. IO3e(|)0BHqeMf no.iHO- CT,bK> COXpaHHJIO CBOK) CHAV CpeAH «BeHHbIX KOHeBHHKOB> Ka3a;iHHCKoro, riepoBCKoro h Ap. VC3A0B npeApeBOAiouHOH- noro Ka3axcTaHa. HanpHMep, deAHHK crapHK Opa.idaw T a y- daeB b a yjie N° 3 KapadacryraHCKofi boaocth Ka3a/inncKo- ro ye3Aa dbiA BHynoM KpynHoro CKOTOBJiaAeAbua 6an Kadan, xajB u iero b cepeAHHe XIX Bexa. EeAHHK crapux Koftdarap TO>Ke dbiA cwhom KpynHoro dan Mawradan, a >KeHa ero KaA u m dH K e dbiAa A onepbio Apyroro Kpyrmoro dan AAaMdan H3 poAa K apada3ap-K eTe. KorAa K a jiu m - dHKe BbiAajin 3aMy>K 3a Kofidarapa b 60-x roAax XIX Bena, ee oTeu Kynnji b B yxape aah Aonepn BMecTe c npHAaHHUM cAyjKaHKy-padbiHio. A iiotomkh daeB AAawdan, MaHrbidan h Kadan dbiAH deAHHKaMH. TaKHx (J>aKTOB Macca. Hah ko* neBHHKa-Ka3axa rypTbi ckot3 coct3bahah h npeAMeT nepBOH HeodxoAHMocTH h doraTCTBo; BMecTe c hx rHdeAbio norndaA H OH, HAH >Ke AeABACH HHIAHM2. ! K)3e(poauH B . O 6bne KHpnuoB TypraficKofi o<5;iacm-~ Pvcckhh BecTHHK, T. 146, 1880, cTp. 803. ? Cmuphoo E . Cwp-ZIapbHHCKaa ofoacTb. Cn6., 1887, CTp. 149. 378

n o BceM cbohm npH3H3Kam naTpHapxaJibHo-c^eo/xaJibHbie OTHOIIieHHH He TOKfleCTBeHHU pa3BHTbIM cjieOAaJIbflhlM. Meamy naTpHapxaJibHO'(j)eoAaJibHbiM CTpoeM h. (JjeoAajib- Ho-KpenocTHHqecKHM HMeiOTCfi cyLuecTBeHHbie pa3JiwqHH. 3 th pa3J!HHHH BMpa>KaJIH pa3HbIH ypOBeHb p23BHTHH IipOH3- BOAHTCJIbUblX CHJI H pa3^HHHVIO CTeneHb 3peJI0CTH npOH3BOA* cTBcmibix OTHouieHHH. FlaTpHapxajibiio-cjjeo/iajibiibie h (j)eo^ajibHO-KpenocTHH^ecKHe othohjchhh— 3to Aue cra- AHH B pa3BHTHH O^HOH H TOft >Ke o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqe- CKOH (j)OpMaUHH. SKOHOMHHeCKHe yCJIOBHH B paMKSX OAHOH h toh >Ke odmecTBeuHOH (J>opMauHH no Mepe ee pa3Burnn C HeH36e>KHOCTbIO £OJI>KHbI H3MeHHTbCH. B cBoeM pa3BHTHH Kansan odmecTB.eHHaa cjiopMauHH npoxo/XHT pa3jinqHbre CTajiHH. E cjih b3htb nepBo6hiTHyio o6mecTBeiiHo-3KOHOMHHecKyio cj)OpMauHio, to oHa npouijia B CBOeM pa3BHTHH, riOCJie OTAeJICHHB HeJIOBeKa OT >KHBOTHOrO Mnpa, qep03 MHoroqucjieHKbre CTynenw MaTpuapxajibHo-po- .BOBoro h naTpHapxa^bHo-poiiOBoro CTpoa; paGoBJiajxejibne- CKan (J)opMaLUf5i — qepG3 naTpHapxaJibHoe h aHm woe pa6- ctbo; tohho TaK >xe ({jeo^ajibnan c})opMauHfl — qepe3 paunecpeoAajibHyio hah naTpuapxajihHO-fyeoAajibnyio h Kpe- nocTHHHecKyio CTajiHH. 3noxa nepBOHaqajibHoro HaKoruie- hhb 6biJia nocjieAHHM 3TanoM pa3Jio>KeHHH cj)eoaajiH3Ma h nepBbiM 3TanaM 3apo>K^eHHH KanHTajiH3Ma. riepexo/tHhift nepno/x ot 4>eoa.ajiH3Ma k KanHTajiH3My xapaKTepH3yeTcn Kax (J)eoixajibHo-KanHTaJiHCTnqecKaH cTa^HH pa3BHTHH. Ca- Ma KanHTajmcTHqecKaH c|)opMaixHH b cbogm pa3BHTHH npo- xojiht qcpe3 snoxy npoMbiuiJieHHoro Ka nHTajiH3Ma h HMne- pnajiH3Ma. riepexoAHbiH nepwoix ot KanHTajiH3Ma k couna- jiH3My ecTb neo6xoAHMa5i nojioca HCTopnqecKoro pa3BHTHH, Kor\\na ripohcxojxht npouecc pcBOJiiouHOHHoro npeo6pa30Ba- HHH KariHTaJIH3M3 B COUHaJIH3M, KOTOpblH HBJIHeTCH nepBOH HJ1H HH3UieH (J)a30H KOMMyHHCTHHeCKOH -(})OpMaLlHH, 3a KOTopoft 3arew cnejiyeT Bbicwan <j)a3a — 3peJioe KOMMyHH- CTHqecKoe o6mecTB0. Kawxxan cTajxHH hjih (})a3a pa3BHTHH Toft hjih jxpyroft otfmecTBeHHoH (J)opMaiiHH xapaKTepH3yeTcH cbohmh cneuH^iHqecKHMH qepTaMH, npeACTaBJinioinuMH co- 6oft Te HJiH^pyrne CTopoHbi xxaHHoro cnoco6a npoH3BojxcTBa. CyniHocTb MapKCHCTCKo-JieHHHCKoro MeToaa anajiH3a HBJieHHH 3aKJIK)qaeTCH B TOM, MTO BeiiXH H HX MBICJieHHbie 0T06pa>KeHHH paCCMaTpHBaiOTCH B HX B33HMHOfl CBH3H, B HX CIXenJieHHH, B HX ABH>KeHHH, B HX B03HHKHOBeHHH h Hcqe3H0BeHHH. J^HajisKTHqecKaH jiorHKa TpedycT paccMo- 379

TpeHHfl npefl'Mera b ero pa3BHTHH, «caMOABH>xeHHH», H3Me- HeHHH. MapKCH3M-^eHHHH3M BCHKyiO HHyKD (])OpMyJIHpOBKy pa3BHTHH OTHTaeT «OAHOCTOpOHHefi, <5eAHOH CO£ep)KaHHeMr ypo^yioiueH h Kajieqaiueft AeftcTBHTeAbHbift xoa pa3BHTHH (HepeAKO co cxaqxaMH, xaTacrpo^aMH, peBOJiiouHflMH) b npnpoAe h o6m ecTBe»l. JIx)6yio o6mecTBeHHyio ^opMauHio Hejib3H paccMaTpH- BaTb ksk 3acTUBiuyK), pa3 h HaBcer.ua AaHHyio, He HMeiomyio onpeA(vieHHbix 3TanoB p 33bhthh. Hence^aHHe cqHTaTbcn c 3Thm npHBCJio, HanpHMep, H. JI. 3^aTKH«a k TOMy, mto oh nacTaBHJi HenpoxoAHMbifi 6apbep M e*Ay kohuom crapoft nepB06bITHO-o6mHHHOA (})OpMaHHH H HaWIOM HOBOH pa6o- BjiaAejibqecxoft hjih ({jeouajibHofi (})opMauHHMH. Oh nHrnei: «To, mo Mapnc h 3nre;ibc bcaca 3a MopranoM Ha3HBaJiH «BWcmeH CTyneHbio BapBapcTBa» — 1bmcctc co CBoficTBeHHOH 3T0H CTyneHH nOJIHTHHeCKOfi H3ACTpOHKOH B BHAe BOeHHOfl AeMOKpaTHH,— HBAfleTca He HaqaAOM cj)eoAa;ibHofi (JjopMa- hhh, a kohuom nepBo6biTHo-o6uXHHHoro, erpoa, nocAeuHHM aranoM ero pa3jio>xeHHfl»2. no H. 3 jiarKHHy bhxoaht, hto nocAeuHHft 3Tan pa3Jio>xeHH5i erapow otfmeciBeHHOH (J)opMauHH coBepuieHHO ne cbh33h c 3apo>KAaiomeficH ho- Boft. Bmxoaht, uto cTapajn})opMauHH yMHpaeTAO noaBJieHHH HOBOft. H TOJIbKO nOTOM K3KHM'TO qyAOM B OAHH IipeKpaC- Hbifi MHr noHBJineTCH HOBaa o6iu.ecTBeHHaH $opMauHH co- BepmeHHO <CHHCTeHbKOH£, «HOBeHbKOH» H «OAHOpOAHOH». KoHeu CTapoft cJ)opMauHH BMecTe c TeM hbahctch h Ha- qa/ioM HOBOH. B nepexoAHbift nepHOA cocymecTByioT 3Ae- MeHTbi KaK cTaporo, Tax h Hoi^oro o6mecTBa^Pic(yieAOBaHHe ocotfeHHOCTeft Taxoft craAHH P33bhthh o6meciBa HB^neTca OAHHM H3 TpyUHUX H Ba»HbIX BOnpOCOB MapKCHCTCKO-Ae- HHHCKOfi HayKH.. * »-V MapKCH3M-AeHHHH3M yMHT, HTO «HI* PAHa 06meCTBeHHaH 4>opMauHHHe norn6aeT paHbUie, ireM£asoBbX)TCH Bee npo«3- BOAHTeAbHbie CHJIbI, JIJIHKOTOp&IX0H3 ZtaeT AOCTaTOHHO npo* CTOpa H HOBbie, BfcJCIHHe\" npOH3BOACTBeHHHe OTHOUiekHH HHxorAa He noHBAHioTCg paHHne, ueM co3peiOT MaTepwajib- Hbie ycAOBHH h x cymecTBOBaHHH, b AOHe caMoro craporo o6mecTBa»3. ripHueM, co3peBaHHe h nouBAeHHe MaiepHaAb- 1JlenuH B. ff . Con., -t. 21, crp, 37, 2 3aqtkuh H. fl. K Bonpocy o cymnocTH naTpHapxaabHO-^eoAa/ib- Hbix OTHouieHKft y KoneBbix HapoaoB.— Bonpocw HCTopim, 1955, 4, crp. 72. 3 Mapnc K. K KpwTHKe noJiHmecKoft bkohomhh. JI., 1952, crp, 8. 380

Hbix h cou H aJ ibH M x ycjioBHH n e p e x O A a ot nepB o6h iTH o-o6- lUHHHoft ^opMauHH k aHTHHHO-paCSoBJiaAeJibqecKOH hah ^ eo A a jib H o ft npOHcxo^HT c r o p a 3 A o MeHbiiieH pe3K0CTbib, qeM b nocAeAyiomHx bmcuihx <|)opfMauH5ix. B. H. JleHHH Ha npHMepe n e p e x o A H o r o n ep H oaa o t Kanw- TaJIH3M3 K COUHaJIH3My R&J1 K O H K peTH blH y p o K T o r o , K a K H3AO n O A X O A H T b K a iia ^ H 3 y T3K H X HCTOpHqeCKHX S TanO B o 6 m e c T B e H H o r o pa3BHTHH. O h -paa'bHCHHA, mto nepexoA- HblH nepHOA OT KaiTHTaJIH3Ma K COUHa^IH3My eCTb T a K O f i 3Tan B oC m eC TB eH H O M pa3BHTHH, B 3K0H0IMHK6 KO TO pO - r o «e C T b 3 A e M e H T h I MaCTHqKH, KyC O H K H KailHTaJIH3Ma H c o - U H ajiH 3 M a... H o He b c h k h h , n p H 3 H aB a$ i s t o ,— r o B o p H T B. H. JleHHH,— pa3MbiuiJiHeT o t o m , K axoB bi >xe HM eHHO SACMCHTbl pa3AHHHbIX 06lAeCTBeHHO-3KOH0MHqeCKHX y K A a - AOB, H M eiO IA H eC H HaJIHUO B P oC C H H . A B 3T0M BeCb T B 0 3 A b B o n p o c a » ! . B A p y r o M C A y q a e B. H . JleHHH ro B o p u A : « M b i OTHIOAb He paCCM aTpHBaJIH X03HHCTBeHHbIH CTpoft PO CCH H , K aK HeHTO OAHOpOAHOe H B bIC O K O pa3B H TO e»2. Taxon nepexoAHUH nepHOA, xapaKTepH30BaBuiHficH iHoroyKAaAHoft s k o h o m h k o h , HapoAbi CoeefcKoro Cio3a b o c h o b h o m npouiAH 3a nepBhie ABaAUaTb ;ieT. 3 t o 6 h a o b o a h o h CTpaHe. H o s th m He HcqepnhiBaeTCH coAepx<a«He noHHTHH nepexoAHoro nepnoAa o t KanHTaAH3Ma k couna- AH3My B MHpOBOM MaCIHTa6e. B AeftCTBHTeJlbHOCTH BCH HCTopHH HeAoBenecTBa nocjie pacKOAa MHpa Ha ABe chc- T6MH eCTb HCTOpHH COCymeCTBOBaHHH H 6opb6bI HOBOH pa3BHBaiOmeftCH KOMMyHHCTHqeCKOH o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMH- qecxoft <J)opMauHH co CTapoft, pa3JiaraiomeftcH KanHTaAH- CTHqeCKOft o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqeCKOH (})OpMaUHeft. no* 3T0My ocHOBHbiM coAepxcaHHeM nauiePi anoxw hbahctch nepexoA ot KanHTaAH3Ma k couHaAH3My, HaqaThift BeAHKoft OKT«6pbCKOfi COAHaJIHCTHqeCKOHL peBOAIOUHefi B POCCHH. TpyAHO CKa3aTb ToqHyio AaTy, KorAa 3Ta ctbahh pa3BHTHH B MHpOBOM MaCUITa6e 3aBepiHHTCH. H o HeT COMHeHHH B TOM, qTO 3aBepuiHTCH o6a3aTeAbHo nodeAoft KOMMyHH3Ma HaA KanHTAAH3MOM. * n o onpeAeAeHHio 3>. SHrejibca, noAHTHqecKan skohomhh no cBoeMy cymecTBy hbahctch HCTopHnecKofi HayKOH. OHa HMeeT AeAO C HCTOpHqeCKHM, TO eCTb C nOCTOHHHO H3MeHH- ioiahmch MaTepnaAOM: OHa HccAeAyeT npe>KAe Bcero oco6bie 1 Jlenun B . H . Coq., t. 32, CTp. 309. 8 JlenuH B . H . Coq., t. 33, crp. 381, 381 s

3aK0HbI OT^eJIbHOH CTyneHH P33BHTHH npOH3BO^CTBa H O^MeHa H JIHUib B KOHUe 3TOrO HCCACAOBaHHH M07K6T yCTa- lroBHTb HGMHorne, caMHe o6mwe 3aKOHU, npHMeHHMbie k npOH3BOACTBy H o6MCHy BOOtfme. ri03T0My CTpeM^ieHHC OTAeAbHbIX HCTOpHKOB IlOflBeCTH rTOA OAIIH H Te )Ke 3aKOHbI nojiMTHnecKyio 3kohomhio nojiy^eo^a^bHoro h noAypatfo- B^aAe;ibMecKoro KoqeBoro oCmecTBa THna Ka3axcKoro, cyiuecTBOBaBiuero b XV—-X V III bb., h noAimmecKyio sko- homhk) pa3/iaraiomerocH (J)eoAaAH3Ma, ocuoBaHHoro Ha KpyriHOM 36MJieB«naA6HHH 3auaAHOH EBponbi h Pocchh Toro >Ke nepnojia, oqeBHAHO, HHqero a j ih HayKH He AacT, «KpoMe caMb/x 6aHa^bHbix otfiUHx'MecT*1. B. H. JleHHH HCTOpiIKO-3KOHOMHHeCKHe TepMHHH «naipn- apxa.lbHblft», «naTpHapXa^bHO-KpeCTbHHCKHC OTHOHieHHH», «narpHapxajibm.HHa» h «no,iycJ)eoAajibiibie othoiiiciihh» yno* Tpe&iJiA b abohkom 3HaneHHH: b oahom CAyqae, KaK o6pa3- Hoe Bupa^KeHHe a m i Toro, MTo6bi noAHepKHyrb aKOHOMH'ie- CKyio h KyjibTypHyio OTCTa.nocTb boo6 iuc, OTCTaAOCTb Aepe- BeHCKOH 3KH3HH npH KariHTaAH3Me, OTOpB3HHOCTb Aepeomi « ot MaTepnajibHOH cbh3h c KVAbTypon, c KanHTajiH3MOM, c KpynHOH npOMbllHJieHHOCTbK), C 6 0 AbUIHM TOpOAOM*2, a B ApyroM c jiy q a e — aah xapaKTepHCTHKH nepe>KHTOiiHoro o6mecTBeHHo-3KOHOMHHecKoro y n jia zu c HaTypaAbHbiM xo-' 3HHCTBOM B0 0 6 me, HaTypaAbHbIM KOHeBbIM H nO.iyKOHeBblM CKOTOBOAHeCKHM X03HHCTB0M, B HaCTHOCTH. Ha IV Konrpecce KoMHHTepna b 1922 r., eme pa3 nacancb riHTH odmecTBeHHO-SKOHOMHHecKHx yKAaAOB b P oc­ chh, B. H. JleHHH roBOpHA, hto nepBbiH ymiaA — 3To « naipHapxajibHaH, t. e. Han6oAee npHMHTHBHaH (j>opMa CeAbCKOrO X03HHCTBa»3. HMeKHO B 3 T0 M CMblCAe B. H. JleHHH riHcaji: «riaTpHapxaAbHoe xo3hhctbo, sto xorAa KpecTbHH- CKoe xo3hhctbo patforaeT tojibko Ha cetffl hah ecAH Haxo- AHTCfl B COCTOHHHH KOHeBOM, HAH noAyKOHCBOM»4. MapKCHCTCKo-AeHHHCKan TeopHH BcerAa paccMaipuBa- Aa pa3AHHHbie yKAaAbl X03flftCTBa b paMKax tor hah Apy* rofl o6mecTBeHHOH (JjopMauHH Kax cocymecTBOBaHHe era- poro h HOBoro. npH paccMOTpeHHH h H3yqeHHH Ka>KAoro HOBoro ■o6mecTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqecKoro yKAaAa Heo6xoA)HMO 1StueAbc <t>. AiiTH-^iopHHr. M., 1957, cTp. 138. 2 JlenuH B. H. Com., t. 32, cip. 329.- 3 JlemiH B. H . Com., t. 33, CTp. 381. 4Jle w m B. H . Com., t. 32, ctp. 272—273. 352

craBHTb Bonpoc Tan, « ksk eeTecTBcmcnbiTaTe.it nocTasmi 6bl Bonpoc O P33BHTHH HOBOH, CKaJKGM, OHOAOrHqCCKOH paBHOBHAHOCTH, pa3 'MbI 3HaeM, HTO OHa TaK-TO B03HHKJI3 h b TaKOM-TO onpeAejieHHOM HanpaBaeunn BHAOH3MeHHeT- ch» !. XX c*be3A K n C C noTpeCoBaa nojiHoro ycTpaHeHnn a o t - M3TH3Ma B HayKe, nOA^epKHyJl Heo6xOAHMOCTb TBOpMeCKO- ro noAxoAa k peiucHHio nayqHbix npoOjieM »h P33bhthh Hay- kh b TecHeftmefi cbh3h c npaKTHKoft KOMMyHHCTHqecKoro CTpoHTCJibCTBa. Haynnoe hccjieAobahhe aoa>kho npaBHjibHo oueHHTb Ka>KAoe BBAeHwe peaJibHoft hch3hh b CBeTe ochob- HblX nOJIOKCHHft MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHHCKOH TeopiiH 6e3 AOr- M3TH3Ma IH uiaSjioHa. CTpeMJieHne OTAeJibHbix h c t o p h k o b naftTH oTBeTbi Ha KOHKpeTHbie Bonpocbi, KacaiomHecH cym nocTH KoqeBoro x o - 3BfiCTBa Ka3aXOB B X V II— X V I I I CTOJieTHHX, B npOCTQM AOrHqeCKOM pa3B‘HTHH o6m eH iHCTHHbl O VCj)eOAa.TH3M€, HX nonbiTKa H a«H 3aTb yM03phtcjibHbie cxeMbi, ne CB5i3aiiHbie C aHaAH30M KOHKpeTJIO-HCTOpHHGCKHX (j)3KTOB, otfyCAOB- ACHHblX COOTBCTCTByiOmHMH MaTepHaAbHblMH yCAOBHHMH >kh3iih o6mecTBa, 3aropa>KHBaeT nyTb k nayqHOMy nccJie- AOBaHHio peaJibHoro HCTopnqecKoro nponecca pa38HTH$i o6mecTBa. npHMCpOM Taxoro noAxoAa k onpeAeJieHHio CyiUHOCTH COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX OTHOLIieHHH y Ka3aXOB B X V II— X V I I I BB. K BOO^me COUHaAbHO3K0HOMHqeCKHX OTiiomenHH y KoqeBiiHKOB jibahctch CTaTba Jl. n. noTano- na, onyCJiHKOBaHHaq b >Kypnajie «Bonpocbi HCTOpHH», K q 6 3a 1954 r. « E cah we npH3waTb c k o t rjiaBHWM cpencTBOM npoH3BOACTBa h ochoboh (J)eoA ajib iioH coOc tb c iih o c th ,--- nHcaji o h ,— to b TaxoM cAynae n cq e3 a eT pa3.iHqne Me>KAy (})eOAa.7IbHOH CO6CTBeHH0CTbK) Ha OCHOBHbie CpeACTBa npOH3- BOACTBa H eAHHOAIiqHOH COGCTBeHHOCTblO HenOCpeACTBGH- Horo npoH 3BO AH Teji«, ocHonaHHOH Ha jihmhom TpyAe. C jieA O * BaTejibHO, o (J)eoAaAH3Me npn s t o im h rosopHTb He npHxo- AHTCH. OTCJOAa BHAHO, MTO OCHOBOH (|)eOAaAH3Ma y K O H e B - HHKOB, KaK H y ApyrHX HapOAOB, 6 u J ia TOAbKO 3eMeAbHaH Co6cTBeH HOCTb»2. B 3TOM nojio>KeHHH coAepjK'HTCH pHA ohih6o k. Bo-nep- 1 JlenuH B . H. Co«i., t. 25, CTp. 430. 2 F lo r a n o e J l . 77. O cymHOCTH naTpnapxa/ibHo-(J)eo;ia;ibiibix o t h o - lucitHii y KO'ieubix napo/ion CpcAHCft A3tw u Ka3axcrana.— Bonpocu MCTopHH, 1954, N s 6, ctp. 85. 383

BblX, 3A€Cb ‘ OCHOBHOH npH3H3K p a 3BHTOrO <J>eOAajIH3Ma— (feoAa^bHan co6cTBeHHocTb Ha 3eMAio —■ACK/iapaTHBHO, npoH3BOjibHo HaBH3biBaeTCH nepexo^HOMy na.TpHapxajibHO- (JjeoAaJibnoMy KoqeBOMy o6mecTBy. Bo-BTopux,, b rieM nojiHOCTbio HTHopapyioTCH onpeAeJieHHbie ctbahh pa3- bhthb AaHHoro otfmecTBa, hto ABJiflercfl CBHAe.TfcflbCTBOM no;iHoro oTBJie^eHHH ot peajiLHoft xch3-h-k h CTpeto/ieHHeM pyKOBOACTBOBaTbCH 06IHHMH TeOpeTtHMeCKHMH no^oxceHHH- mb, KOTapbie HH^ero « e roBopaT o cneun^HKC' pa3BHraa (J)eOA3AH3Ma B Toft HJTH HHOft CTpaHe. B-TpeTbHX, OCHOBHOft bha MaiepHaJibHoro npoH3BOACTBa b KoqeBOM otfmecTBe— CKOTOBOACTBO — BO BHHM3HH6 He IipHHHMaeTCH. 3AeCb BCe CBoeo6pa3-He KoqeBoro o6mecTBa noAroHaeTca boa odmyio cxeMy pa3BHToro <}>eoAa;iH3Ma. JI. II. IloTanoB Tax h roBO- Put: «FIaTpHapxajibHO'4)eoAaAbHbie OTHOiiieHHfl — sto ot- HoujeHHa 4>eo4AajibHue, BupociiiHe y KoqeBHHKOB, xax h y 3eMAeAejibqecKHX HapoAOB, noA B03AeftcTBHeM o6meft 3a_. KOHOMepHOCTH <})eOAaJIH3Ma, Ha OCHOBe P33BHTHH H ynpo- qeHHH (})eoAajibHOH coCctbchhocth Ha rjiaBHde cpeACTBO npOH3BOACTBa — SeMAK)*1. * Run noHHMaHHH oGwefi aaKOHOMepttocTH pasBHTHH AaH- Horo aHTaroHHCTHqecKoro KJiaccoBoro o6mecTBa, xapaKTe- pa 3KciuiyaTauHH qejioBexa qenoBeKOM, npnpOAbi KJiaccoB h ihx OBHouieHHfi peiuaiomee 3HaneHHe wMeeT BHHCHeHHe Toro, mto H3 cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa HBJiaeTCH qacracft co6- CTBeHHocTbio. Mto kacaerca Bonpoca 0 tom , nanne npeA- Meru BpHpOAbI HBJIHIOTC8 OCHOBHbIMH CpeACTB3MH HpOH3-._ BOACTBa B npOH3BOACTBeHHOfi A^HTeJIbHOCTH JHORefi, TO 9TO BCeue^O 33BHCHT B K3XCAOM KOHKpeTHOM CJiytte OT rOCITOA- CTByiomero b h a £ MaTepHa^tHoro npoH3B0ACTBa b ash h o m o<$mecTBe. . OnpeAeAeHHe JI. n. FIoTanoBhiM cymjHOCTH naipHap- xa^bHo-cjj.eoAaJibHbix oTHOiueHHft y KoqeBbix CKOTOBOA^e- ckhx (HapoAOB 3Toro ae ynHTUBaeT. JI. n . IloTanoB cTasuT 3H3K’ paceHCTBa MexcAy noHHTHHMH «naTpHapxa;ibHo-<{)eo- AaabHhie oTHomeHHa* h «4>eoAajibHbie OTHomeHHH*, xax M€)KAy aASKBaTHHMH. KpoMe Toro, noHHTHe «naTpHapxaJib- HO-(})eOAaabHhie OTHOlHeHHH* OH CBa3bIBaeT TOJIbKO C KOHe- bum X03HftcTBOM. B AcflcTBHTejibHocTH xce aepe3 3Tan naT- rioranoa J I . 17. 0 cywHocTH narpHapxa^bHo-^eoAa.ibHbix otho* uienwR y KOMeBbix HapoAOB Cpe^Hcft A3hh h K a3axcTaHa.— Bonpocw HctopHH, 1954, N i 6, crp. 85. 384

pHapxaJibHo-c^eoAajifHbix OTHouiemifi npouiAH Bee H'apoAU MHpa, c o B e p u ia B U iH e nepexoA o t A o $ e o A a A b H b ix (j)op M au H fi K $ eOAaJlbHOH. P yccK H H i i a p o A nepe3 TaxyK ) C T aA H io pa3BHTha n p o m e ji a V I— IX b b . K STOMy nepwoAy y ca aiBH>Hc-KHx 'iuieMeir « a TeppHTopHH ApeBnefi P y c ii cymecTBofiaA naTpiHapxajibno- p-OAOBoft 6biT n p H urapoKofi o d m H H H o ft 4>opMe 3eMAe©Aa- AenHH. . Tanaa o6mHHHaa <f)opMa 3eMJieBjiaAeHHa npoHBAHAacb B TOM, HTO K a iK R b lii HJieil po^a ' 30MJI10 T3M, TAC xoTeji h b TaKHX -paaMepax, b kanax o h Mor. FIpaBo Ha 3 e M - jiio onpeAejiHJiocb o6menpH3HaHHbiMH n a n a j i a M H : «xyAa t o - nop h c o x a x o a }h a h » , «pacciHCTH — h TBoe», « m t o k T O M y ceJiy « 3 C T a p b n.n - O T H r J i o » w t . He cymecTBOBaAo h tohhhx rp an n u nJieMeHHbix BJiaAe- hiih, a Te-M 6oAee ©JiaAeHHH OTAejibHbix ceMefi h abopob1. TaKOH CT3AHH fHCTOpHHeCKOrO pa3BHTHH COOTBeTCTBOB3AB B ochobhom nAeMeHHan cotfcTBeHHOCTb Ha seMAio. «riepBafl (J)OpMa COdCTBeHHOCTH, 3TO — IIAeMeHHaH C0 6 CTBeHH0 CTb. Oha cooTBercTByeT HepaaBHToS ctbahh up oh3boactba , Kor- Aa J\\K>m HCHByT OXOTofi H phl60A 0BCTB0M, CKOTOBOACTBOM h ah , ca M oe C oA b m ee, aeMAeAeAHeM. B nocAeAHeM c A y q a e OHa n p e A n o A a r a e T orpoM H yio w a c c y e m e HeocBoeHHofi 3eM - a h ... 0 6 m e c T B e H H a a C TpyKTypa o rp a H H H H B a efcH n o s T O M y a h in b paoiu H p eH H © M ceMbH: n a T p H a p x a A b H b ie rAaBbi n A e M e - h h , noA'JHHeHiHbie h m HAeHbi n A eM eH H , HaKOHeA, p a 6 u . P a 6 - ctbo, b cKpbiTOM b h ac cym ecT B yiom ee b ceMbe, pa3BHBaeT- ch a h in b n o c T e n e H H o , BMecre c p o c r o M HaceAeHHH h n o - T p e^ H o c T e fi h c pacuiHpeHHeM B iieu iH H X choluchhE: — K a n B BHA6 B O #H £l, T a x M B BHJX6 M e H O B O H T O p r O B J I H » 2. BeCb npeAIlieCTBOBaBIIIHft B03HHKHOB6HHK) KHHJKeCKOfi rocyAapcTBeHHOH babcth h o6pa30BaHHio KHeBcxoro ro- cyAapcxBa b ApeBHeft Pycw nepHOA <5h a nepexoAHMM nepnoAOM k paHHec})eoAaAbHhiM hah naTpHapxaAbHO-4)eo- AaAbHbiM OTHomeHHHM3. 3 to 6u a nepHOA, xorAa b boctoh- HO-CAaBHHCKOM O^meCTBe B yCAOBHHX pa3A0)KeHHH O6- 1 Jlnmenno 77. H. McTopiia HapoAHoro xo35iflcTBa CCCP, t . L M., 1947, ctd. 80— 81. 2 MapKC K . h Sn zeA bc <P. Co*i., t . 3, CTp. 20. 3 «HoBbie apxeoAonmecKne AaHHbie H.noKa3aHHB nucbMeHHbix hc- ToqHHKOB, paccMOTpenHbie b cBeTe MapKCHCTCKoro ynenan o 6 a 3 u c e H HaACTpoftKe, n03BOJIHK>T TpaKTOBaTb V I-- VI I I BB. B HCTOpHH BOC- TOMHoro c/iaBHHCTBa KaK nepexoAHHH nepHOA ot nepBo6hrrno-o6mHH- 25—10.>7 385

iUHHHo-naTpHapxajibHoro cTpoa npoHcxoAWio CTaHOBJieiiHe (j)eo^ajibHbix oTHomeHHH, Koraa na ocuoBe pa3BHBaioiu.eroca HMymecTBeHHoro « noanTHaecKoro iiepaBeHCTBa bo3Hhk;ih Kviaccbi, d a jia noaBaarbca HacTHaa codcrBemiocTb na 3eM* jik), cTajio pa3BHBaibCH KpyriHoe 3eMJieBJiaAeHHe h 3Kcn;iy- axauna 3eMJieB;ia/te;ibuaMH KpecTbflH-odiHHHHHKOB. Tl. H. TpeTbHKOB CW'HTaeT, HTO H3BeCTHyiO pOJIb b npo* uecce B03HHKH0BCHH51 K/iaccoBoro odmecTBa curpajia y bo- CTOHHblX CJI3BHH, KpOMe TOrO, eilie OAHa ((jopwa npHMHTHB- HOH 3KCnJiyaT3UHH— B3HM3HHe AaHH C nOKOpeHHOrO Hacc- JienHH. XUbho H3BecTnaH Ha cjiaBHHCKOM lore 3Ta (jiopMa SKcnjryaiauHH b VII—IX bb. noAyHHJia untpome pacnpo- cTpaHCHHe. J\\aHb c noKopeHHoro Hace.ieHHa nocjiy>KH^a oahhm H3 cymecTBeHHbix hctohhhkob HaKonJieHHH dorar- cTBa b pyKax (J)eoAaaH3JipyioiueHCH 3HarH. Bnoc.ieACTBHH, yx(e bo BpeMeHa RpeBHeii PycH, Kor^a npouecc npeBpame- HHH odilIHHHbIX 3CMC.1b B aaCTHyiO COdCTBeHHOCTb 6JIH3HJI- ca k CBoeMy 3aBepuieHino, 3KcruiyaTauifa cejibCKoro «ace- JieHHH nyieM cdopa ashh nperepnejia 7paHC<j)opMai;<Hio, npeBpamjiacb b paae c.iyaaeB b peHry nponyKTam1. Cdop AaHH 6 hiJi oaho# H3 apxaHHecKHx (j)opM aKcrwiya- TaUHH, KOTOpaX CymeCTBOBa.fia B HCTOpHH MiHOrHX HapOAOB. HaHb — cjiopMa ^Kcn.iyaTauHH, MMeBiuaa mccto y ®cex n;ie- M6H C pa3RHTblM CBOeHHO-fleMOKpaTHHeClCHM* yCTpOftCTBOM. Bo BpeMeHa «BejiHKopo nepeceJieiiHH napoAOB» AaHHvme- CKHe OTHomeHHa no^iyaH.iH oaeiib umpoKoe pacnpocipaHe- HHe. Tpe6 oBaHHe naaraTb aaHb HBJiaJiocb cJieacTBHeM juo- 5oro 3aBoeB3 HHa hah no^aHHenna. JlaHb cod»paJiiH tot- CKHe « kopojih», Aimaa, aBapbi, noAqHHHBnme cede, b aacTHOCTH, h HenoTopbie c.TaBaHCKHe iLnejweHa. Ocuosy 0 6 - meCTBeHHOH CTpyKTypbl 3HTCKHX H CJia'BHHCKHX JIJieMeH B VI—VII bb. cocTaB.naaa, no-BHAHMOMy, naTpHapxajibHaa odmHHa, HaxoAHBmaacfl b coctohhhh pacnaaa h bxoahb- UiaH B COCTaB TeppHTOpHaJIbHOft nO3eMe*1bH0H OdlUHHbl. 3to 6t*jia ra VaMaa « 3aApyra» — doAbiuaa ceMba, koto- Horo d p o H (na noc.ieAHefl d a w n ero pa3BHTHa) k K.naccoBoMy, 4>eoAa.<ibHoMy oCmecTBy, KaK nepexoAHbifi nepHOA ot «BoeHHofi acmo- KpaTHH> k paHHe4>eoAa;ibH0My oTHocHTejibHo eAHHOMy rocyAapcrBy. 3tot nepHOA mojkho na3BaTb nojiynaTpHapxajibHKM — noAytjjcoAajib- HbtM>. (OqepKH HCTOpHH CCCP, IX—XV BB., M. .1, M., 1953, CTp. 6 8 ). > i TpeTbHKoe n . H. B ocT oqH O C.iaB qn cK H e ii.ne.MeHa. M ., 1953, CTp. 281, 294, 296. 386

pan ooxpaHJijiacb b HCKOiopbix Meetax ika Ba;n<aHCKOM no- jiyocTpoBe jxo XIX — na^ajia XX bb1. B V I — V II bb. c-iaBHue cTajm o6pa3C>BbiBaTb «nojiyro- cy^apcTBeHHbie oObeAHHCHwa nepexoAHoro T«na». JXo IX Bena npH oceA-noM 3eMJieAeJibqccKOM xapaicrepe skohomh- kh n Gbira HaceJiennH, npn MiioronHCJiennocTH njieMeHHbix od'beAHHeHHH H otflHHpiIOCTH TeppHTOpHH «M6JIKHft 3eMJie- AeJIb^eCKHH npOH3BOAHT€.lb — odm'HH.HHK COXpaHHJI CBOKD AHHHyio h 3KOH«MH4ecKyio CBotfoAy ot weSojibuioH- Bep- xyuiKH roonoACTByiomHx KAaccoB h He 6lia saKpenomeH hmh» 2. KweBCKoe rocyAapcTBo IX — X bb., KOTopoe bo scex OTHOLLIeHHHX CTOfl^O Ha 60 Jiee BbICOKOM ypOBiHe pa3B'HTJiH no cpaBHeHHio c jno6biM Ko^eBbiM odmecTBOM, MapKc Bee >k c cHHTaJi « ba peapcKHM» rocyAapcTBOM nepexoAHoro THna, noAo6Ho HMnepHH Kap.ia BejiwKoro Ha 3anaAe, o6pa3o- BaBuiencH « a noHBe o6T>eAHHenHH h aaBoeBaHHH «BapBap- ckhx» njieMeHHbix rocyAapcTB (j>panKOB, AaHro6apAOB, cax- COB, OCTrOTOB, BeCTTOTOB H AP-, B03HHKUIHX Ha pa3BaJIHHaX P hmckoro pa6oBJiaAeJibnecKoro rocyAapcTBa. 3 t h « B a p B a p c m e » r u ie MeHHbie rocyAapcrBa ocTroroB, BecTroTOB, AaHro6 apAOB h Ap-, no HameMy MHennio, naxo- AHJiHCb npH-MepHo iHa oahom ypoBHe pa3BHTHH c njieivieHHo- CpeOAaAbHblMH, BOeHHO-KOHeBbIMH rOCyAapCTB6 HHbIMH o 6 - pa30BaHHH-MH, BKJHOMaH rOCyAapCTB0 HHbie 0^pa30BaHlHH, cymecTBOBaBinne y MOiiroaoB 3itoxh MuHnne-xaHa :h Kone- Bbix xaHCTB Ka3 axoB XV—X V III b b . MapKc KOMeBoe o6 me- ctbo mohix)jiob anoxH MmirHC-xaHa He caynaHHO Ha3biBaa « noJIyIJiHBHAH30baHHblM», to ecTb «nojiyBapBapcKHM» .0 6 - mecTBOM, b KOTOpOM y>Ke cymecTBOBaaa aKcn/iyaTaTopcKaa BepxyiiiKa, noJib30BaBUiatfCfl n p n m u i e r n e i i , nanoMHHaiomeft B HeKOTOpOM OTHOHIGHHlH (})eOAaJIbHOe npaBOJ HO 3TO 6 bIJIO noaycJjeoA a^ib H oe, n aT p napxajib H O -cpeoA aJibH oe n p a s o , H-MeB- m ee MecTO « y Bcex noJiyuHBH«/iH30BaHHbix H apoAO B b pe3yJibTaTe BOHHCTBeHHoro o 6 p a 3 a >kh3hh» 3. CnoBa «Bap- BapcKO-njieM eHHoe* h «noayuHBHAH30BaHnoe» M a p x c yn o - Tpe6jiHJi n o OTHOuieHHK) k o d m e c T B y , HBAHBiueMycH n e p e - XOAHblM K 4>eOAaAbHOMy, H d 3TOM CMbICJie 3T0 nOHHTHe coBnaAaer c jiohhthcm «naTpnapxaJibHO-cj)eoAa;ibHoe». Bo 1 TpeTbxtcoe TJ. H. BocTOMHOCJiaBHHCKHe rweMCHa, M., 1953, CTp. 175— 176. • 2 JlnmenKo 77. 77. McTOpHH HapoAnoro T03flHCTBa CCCP, t . I, M., 1952, CTp. 101— 102. 3 ApxHB -MapKca h SurejJbca, t. V, 1938, crp. 220. 25* 387

Bcex paC oTax K . MapKca, O. 3 n r e jib c a , rj& ynoTpef)JiflK>TCH noHHTHsi «B apB apcTB o» h «no^yB apB apcTB o», ohh ynoTpeG- jihiotch KaK paBH03Haqnbie noHHTH^M «naipiiapxajibH H ft» h «naTpHapxajibHo-cJ)eo(aa;IbHbift». OieAOBaTejibHo, cTaAHfl ncTopHHecKoro pa3BHTH5i o^m ecTBa, HH3BaHHaa 3nrejibcoM «Bbicmefi CTyneHbio BapBapCTBa», Majio qeM oTAHqacTCH ot CTaAHH naTpHapxa.7bHO-(Jxx)^ajibHOH. K. Mapxc h <P. 3Hre;ibc npHAaBaAH cnoBa-M «raapBap- CKne» h «noJiyBapBapcKHe» t o t ate caMbffi cmhca, xaxofi npiuaBa^ B. H. JleHHH CAOBaM «nojiy<})eoAajibHbifi» v m «naTpHapxajibHO-())eo£a'JibHHH». rioHBTHe «nojiy<})eoAa^bHbiii» y B. H. Jlcuwra Bcer^a hmcjio ABOBKoe 3HaqeHHe. B o a h o m cn yq a e, oho o3Haqajio HBjieHHe, n epexoA H oe ot naip’Hapxa.nbHoro x (|)eoAa;ibHOMy, a b ApyroM — nepexoAHoe o r (peoAajibHoro x xaiiHTajiH- CTHMecKOMy. 0 6 a sth hbachhh n ap aju iejib n o cymecTBOBaAM B pa3Hb!X pafiOHaX 06lUHpH0& TeppHTOpor-H AOpeBOAK)UHOH- Horo K a 3 a x cra H a . E cjul b qncro cxoTOBOAqecxoM xoqeBow ay;ie mm m o iv ih bhabtb (J)Hrypy Ko^ieBoro 6an — cxoTOBAa- Aejibua, O T craA oro, naTpftapxajibHo-cpeoxajibiioro Tuna, to b ocejjJioM h noAyxoqeBOM a y jia x m h bhacah 6aeB, 33HH- MaK)lAHXCH 3eMAeAeAH6M, CXOTOBOACTBOM H OT^aCTH TOp- TOBJieft. X03HHCTB0 H o6pa3 HGH31FH ACJiajiH hx 6a«MH (j)eo- AajibHo-xanHTaAHCTH<qecxoro Twna, npn6AH>xaiomerocH x THny xo3flftcTBa K yjiaxa1. npH Bcefi OAHOpOAHOCTH COUHajIbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOro CO* Aep>xaHHH naTpHapxaAbno-{f)eoAaAbHbix othouichhh x a x y oceAAwx 3eMAeAeJibqecwHX, Tax u y xoqeBbix CKOTOBOAqe- CKHX HapOAOB, OHH HM&TH CBOH CnCUH(J>HqeCKHe OCOtfeHHO- cth. 3Ta cneuH(J)HKa 3ax;uoqa,nacb b tom, qio oce/uioe 3eMAeAeAbqecxoe h xoqeBoe ckotoboAqecxoe xo3hhctba co3- • '’ * . ; ‘ / •<-. __ . 1 «..Xo3HfiCTBeHHblfl 6UT TypKeCTaHCKHX-.'XasaXOB OTJlHHaeTCH OT xo3«HCTBeHHoro 6biTa Ka3axoB ceBepuux oOAacreft n ye3A0B: hmchho, b AH(J»<})€peHmiauHH Ka3axoB Ha HecxoAbKo pe3K0 Apyr o f Apyra otah- naiomHxcH cjioeo hah kasccob. Afl<JJ(l>ePeHI*Hai*H,I» H Toace pe3Kaa, 3aMeHaercH h b ceBepHhix crenax; rf,Taii OoranH-OaH, pe3K0 bi,[A€ahiotch H3 Maccbi aaypHAHux, cdcahhx nasaxoB, h 9th nocAeAHHe, ormb-TaKH, peaxo OTAHnaiOTCA ot ooAee hah MeHee 3aKa6aAeHHbix CafiryuieA hah AwaTaxoB. Ho Ha ceaepe 9ia AH(t)4)epeHHHauHH — rA&BRUM o(5pa30M, ecAH mojkho Tan Bbipa3HTbCH, KoAHHCCTBCHHaa: 6oran HMeer scero wee,6oAbiue, HejKeAH cpeAHecocTo«T€AbHbifi Ka3ax, a TeM 6oAee — HeateAH AxcaTan; ho oh HMeer ece to hto hm&ot ohh. ByAyw KpynHbiM cko- toboaom h b CHAy 3Toro coBepmaa co cbohm ckotom AaAbHHC nepe- KoqeBKH, oh b to * e BpeMH b CoAbuiHX pa3Mepax aaHHMaeTCH 3eMAe- 388

AflBaJIH pa3JIHqHH€ nOTeHUliaAbllbie B03MOXCHOCTH JZJIH JiaJlb- Hefimero pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTejibHbix cha o6mecTBa. Pa3- Hbie BHjubi MaTepwajibHoro npoH3BQAcrBa — KoneBoe ckoto- boactbo h oceAJioe 3eMjeAejine c npncymeH KaxcAOMy H3 hhx TexiiojiorneH npdH3B0ACTBa h counajibHO-SbiTOBbiM yKJiaAOM >KH3HH, o6yCJIOBHJIH pa3JIH^Hbie (j)OpMbI 3eMeJlbHHX OTHOiueHHH. CneuH4>HMecKHe ycjiobhh KoqeBoro ckotoboa- CTB3 H BOeHHO*nOXOAHMH o6pa3 >KH3HH y KOHeBHHKOB C03Aajra uiiHpoKyio odmHHHyio $opM y 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH npH qacTHOH co6cTBeHHOCTH 'Ha e r a j\\a ih Ta6yHbi. 3 to hh b Ka- koh Mepe we npoTOBopenaf oCmeft 3 akohomephocth o6me- CTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH, a noKa3biBaeT jihiub MHororpaHHoerb, cao>KHocTb 6oraToro cbohm co/iepxKaHHeM npouecca hcto- pnqecKoro pa3BHTH5i. 0 6 m y io 3akohomepHOCTb o6mecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH a6- COJUOTHO HeB03M0>K'H0 BTHCHyTb B paMKH KaKOfi-HHdyflb CXOMbl, #K3K 3TO IlblTaiOTCH AeJia.Tb OTAejlbHbie HCTOpHKH H K>pHCTM. Kaxcxbiu Hapox b 3aBMCHMOCTH ot npeo6.JiaAaio- mero Btfjxa CBoero MaTepnaAbHoro npon3boactba, ot kohk- peTHO CJIOJKHBUI'HXCfl COUHaJIbHO-0KOHOMHHeCKHXt IipHpOA- Hbix h n p o t e x ycjioBHH, coBepmaer 3akohomepHbiif npouecc pa3BHTHH OT HH3IIieH CTa^HH K BblCUieH, C03AaBaH npH 3TOM cbok) c o 6 cTBeHHyio HCTOpHK). H ctophh oAtforo Hapo^a He MOJKeT 6biTb <rrepeoTHnoM hctophh Apyroro Hapojxa. riaTpHapxajibHo-c})eoAaJibHoe o 6 mecTBo aBjineTCH na- qa/ibHoft, paHHefl CTajXHeft P33bhthh c[)eoAaAH3Ma. riojiHoro CBoero pa3BHTHH tf)eo/iajiH3M y KoqeBbix HapoAOB AOCTHraeT TOJibKO Toraa, xorAa itpohcxoaht hx oceAaHHe h ckotoboa- ctbo HavHHaeT coqeTaTbca c 3eivuieAeAHeM h ceHOKomeHHeM. «Be3 nepexoAa Ha oceAAoe cocTOHHHe KoqeBHHKH-CKOTO- boah AaAbiue naTpHapxajibHo-cj)eoAaAbHbix oTHomeHHH He HAyT*1. Be3 oceAaHHH KoqeBbie HapoAbi He moivih nepefiTH .nejieHHeM, HMeeT 6ojibiuoH aom, 3aroTOBJiBeT MHoro ceHa h bo bccm btom H^eT, o6biKHOBeHHo, BnepeAH cbohx cpeAHecocTOHTejibHbix h . 6eAHbix copoAHHefr. CoBceM He to y TypKeeraHCKHX Ka3axoB.# y hhx jzft<p<pe- peHHHaUHH HB.THeTCH He TOJIbKO KOJIHHeCTBCHHOK) HO H, TaK CKa3aTb, Kaneereenno/o: 6oran HMeeT He tojibko 6oAbiuee no pa3MepaM, ho h coeepuieHHo dpyzoe no xapaKTepy xo3Hhctbo, h BMecre c Ten bca^t H COBepilieHHO HHOH 0(5pa3 JKH3HH, HOKeJIH OeflHJIK, npHHeM epeAH Cup-AapbHHCKHx Ka3axoB 6oraHH. hb.thiotch He To/ibKo nporpeccHBHbiM, ho Hao6opoT — HaH(5o/iee oTcraJibiNf 3JieMeHT0M». (Kay(|)MaH A. A. K Bonpocy o pyccKoii KO^iOHH3auhh TypKecrancKoro xpan. Cn6.f 1903, CTp. 141— 142). 1 1 HKy6oecKu£t A. Cepbe3Hoe HCCJieAOBanne no hctophh t s a >khk- exoro HapoAa.— K omm>'hhct, 1953, jNs I, CTp. 109. 389

hh k aHTmiHOMy pa60B.uaAeJibnecKOMy, hh k pa3BHTOMy (J)eo^a*7bHOMy o d m ecT B y. OroyKAecTBJicHiie naTpnapxajibHO-tJjeoAajibHbix orHoiire- HHH C 4>eOAa.lbHbl'MM H nepCOUCHKa B03M0>KH0CTH p33BHTHfl rrpoH3B-oAHTCJibHbix chji KoneBoro o 6 m ecT Ba BbiTeKaeT H3 c y 6beKTHBHoro jKejiaHHH HCKyccTB en h o «BbipaB«HBaTb», to eCTb «HHBe.THpOBaTb» ypOBeHb pa3B'HTHH HpOH3BO^HT€JIb- HblX CHJI H npOH3BOACTBeHllblX OTHOUIGHUfi y KOHeBbIX HO- jiy^eo^a-nbHbix cKOTOBOAuecxiix h o c e ^ jib ix <j>eoAaJibHbix aeMJie^eJibHecKHx napoAOB. CjieayeT o6ipaTHTb BmiMamie ha onpcACJiCHiie cocraB- HbIX 3JI0MOHTOB npOH3BOAHTCJIbHbIX OHJI KOMCBOrO oGlUeCT- Ba, KOTopoe flano JI. 17. IloTanoBbiM: «npoji3Bo(aHmnbHwe CHJIbI y CKOTOBO^OB-KOUeBH'HKOB iHMeJEH HaCTHblH XapaKTep, a co^cTBeiHiocTb na rJiaBHoe ycjioBHe npon3B0ACTBa: k o - qeBbe, nacT6mna h t . a ., to ecTb na 3ew jno — otfiiuiHHbrii, 3 to ji poth bo p e iih e h Gbuio nocTeneHHO ycrpaneHO h o b u m h npOHSBOACTBeHHbIMH OTHOllICH'HHMH, OTHOHieHHUMH KJiacCO- BhiMH, KOTopbie Hepe^Ko, BripoueM, *b TeHemie AOJiroro »p e - MewiH cocymecTBOBajih co crapbiMH naTpHapxa.ibHbiMH o t - HomeHHBMH»l. n o noTanoBy ocHOBiroe cpeACTBO npoH3BOA- CTB3 B KOHCBOM ofilljeCTBe— 3eMJIH, HO, OKa3WBaCTCfl, OHO BHe paMOK npoH3BOAHTejibHbix c h ji KoneBoro o6mecTBa. FlapaAOKcajibHo, h o (jiaKT, «rjiaBHoe ycjioB iie npoH3BOA- CTBa» KOHOBHHKa — 36MJIH HCKJIK)M6Ha H3 TIOHHTHH npOH3- BOAHTejibHbix chji. B AeftcTBHTejibHocTH, Kax y>Ke hc pa3 h3mh oTMeHajiocb, 3CMJHO— eciccTBeHHoe nacrGnme y ko- qeBHHKOB B eAHHCTBe C nacyiUHMCH CTaAOM HeJIb3H; HCKJHO- HHTb H3 npOH3BOA'HTeJIbHbIX CHJI ' KOHeBOTO CKOTOBOAUCCKO­ TO o6mecTBa. JI. 17. rioTanoB oihh6 ouho riojiaraeT, 6 yAT0 6bi Kjiacco- Bbie OTHOUieHHH y KOHeBHHKOB He IMOTJIH <B03HHKHVTb AO Tex nop, Tioxa cymecTBOBa.uo o6mHHHoe BJiaACHHe 3eMJien. O h oTBepraeT npH3HaHHe po.au ctha h Ta6 yH0B nan cpeA- CTBa TipoH3BOACTBa B006me H OTpimaeT BO3M0)KH0CTb 3KC- njiyaiauHH nejioBeKa ueJioBeKOM Ha ocHOBe nacTHoft co6- CTB6HH0CTH Ha 3TH CT3A3 HTa6yHbI. Kan y w e BbiacHHJiocb, b ycJioBHHx KoneBoro ckotoboa- 1 IJoranoe JI. 17. O cymHocrH naTpHapxa.ibHo-cfceo.aa.-ibHbix otho- memiH y KOMeobrx Hapo,iOB Cpe/iaefi A 3hh h K a 3axcraHa MaTepHa.iw nay«nioft cccchh no neropHH napojiOB Cpefliievi A3hh h K a3axcraHa. (TaiuKem), 1954, cTp. 27 (oTAejibHaa Cpomiopa). 390

necKoro o d m e c T B a SKcruiyaTauHH nejiOBeKa HeJiOBeKOM JipoHcxonHJia Ha ocHOBe nacTHon co6 cTBeHHocTH Ha c ra jx a h TaCyHbi npn o6 w.hhhom BJia^eHHH nacTCHuieM. rio 3 T O M y KjiaccoBbie OTHomeHHJi cKcfiaAbiBa.iHCb Ha ocHOBe qacTH oft co6 ctbciihocth Ha CTa^a h Ta6yHbi, a o 6 m H H H oe 3 eMJieBJia- ACHHe Ha «H co6 HTaeMbic npocTpancTBa» Bcer^a 6 u.no jiHiub TJiaBHblM eCTCCTBeHHbIM yCJIOBHCM CyiUeCTBOBaHHH KOHeBO- ro CKOTOBOJXCTB3. T e o p e T H n e c K o e noJio>KeHHe K. M a p n c a o tom , m o 4>op- Ma o p raH H 3 au H H Tpyaa onpcA e^neTCH cpe^CTBaMiH npoH3- BOACTBa, 6jiecT5rme no^TBepjK^aGTCH h b yc/iOBHtfx KO^e- Boro CKOTOBO^cTBa. KoqcBoe ncpe^BH ^eH H e* ck o to b o a o b ObiJio C B o eo 6 p a3 H o ii (JwpMOH: o p raH H 3 au H H hx Tpyaa. Tanan (j)opMa opraH H 3au'H H T pyaa 6 b i^ a Bbi3BaHa k XCH3HH t ©m , HTO OCJIOBHblM Cpe^CTBOM npOH3BOACTBa BblCTynaJI >KHBOH ckot, nocpeacTBOM noToporo npH CBaiiBa.iacb AHKOpacTy- m an TpaBa. H 3BecTH0, m o «TexHt>JiorHB K aw aoro npoH3- BORCTBeim oro n p on ecca h rexHHKa na.H uoro npoH3BoacTBa co3aaiOT cooTBeTCTByiomwe c e 6 e >p h t m r p y a a , ca e a o B a T e Jib - ho, <})opMy opraH H aanH ^ Tpy.ua>>1. F lp o u e cc BOcnpoH3BOA- c t b 3 c r a j i -h ra 6 y H O B 6bwi h n p o iie c c o M KoveBamifi. U o j i H a n 3a BHCHMOCTb CyUXeCTBOBaH.Kfl KOMeBHHKOB OT SKCTeHCHBHO- ro CKOTOBOACTBa, Tpe6oBaBiuero n ocTon H H oro nepeaBHJKe- HHH C UeJIbK) yTHJIH3aUHH TOTOBblX ITJIOaOB npHpOjTbl --- A'H- K o p a c T y m w x T p a B ecTCCT B eH iioro n a c T 6 m n a , o n p e ja e JiH Jia H C O O T B e T C T B y iO IU H H 5KH3 HOHH bIH y K J i a a y KOlie B H H K O B . KOHeBHHK'H TICnO.Tb30Ba^H CCTeCTBCHHOe 6oraTCTBO 3eM - jib h rpadHJiH roTOBbie M aiepH ajibirbie uennocTH y o c e a jib ix JKHTejieft, yHHHTOJKaJiH naMHTHHKH KyabTypbi, co3AaHHbie o c e ju io ft >KH3Hbio, u pa3pywa,TH B ee n p erp a jb i, npenHTCTBO- BaBUT’He MX CBodoAnoM y nepejxBHsKeiiHio, cwerajiH c jin u a 30MJIH Bee, hto M e m a a o 3eMJie cTaTb ecTecTBeHHbiM nacT- 6HiueM. « y BapBapcKoro Hapoaa-3aBoeBaTcafl caMa B om ia BBjiHeTCH eme... ^peryjiapHOH (})opMOH cHouieHHH, KOTopan Hcnojib3yeTCH Bee iiinpe, no \\icp e toto Kax npnpocT Hace- JieHHH, npH TpaAHHHOHHOM H e/UlHCTBCHHO RJIH Hero B03- MO)KHOM n p H M H T H B H O M OlOCOtfe npOHSBO^CTBa, C03&aeT n o - Tpe6 Hoe.Tb b HOBbix cpeacTBax npOH3BO^CTBa»2. 3 thmh 0 6 - CTOHTeJIbCTB3MH BbI3bIBaJIHCb KpOBaBbie HaweCTBHfl TyHHOB h MOHrojioB, a TaK>Ke tfconpepbiBHbie bo ^hm n n e p e c e jie m ia 1 n AexciHOQ r . B . HcKyccTBo h .nHTepaTypa. M., 1948, cTp. 6 6 . 2 MapKC K . h Sm eA bC 0 . C o li., t . 3, CTp. 21. 391

cpe/w MiHorax iipyrnx- KOMeBbix napoAOB. Hx ueAbio 6 m 3axBar hobo8 TeppHTOpHH, H eodxoO TM ofi AJiJt Ko^eBoro ne- peABH>KBHHH, orpadAeHHe oce ju io r o HaceAewafl, nopadome- H«e h nojiyM eHne Aann c noKopeHHbix HapoAOB. K o^eB oe o6iu©ctbo pa3BHBaAOCb rjiaBHbiM o6pa30M BiuHpb. F ion a oho ocraBajiocb KoneBbiM, b HeM OTcyTCTBO- B3JIH SKOHOMHHeCKHe npeAIIOCblAKH AAH P33BHTHH flaTpH- apxajibHO‘ (j)eoAaJibHbix oTHomeHHH Brjiydb, to ectb b pa3- BHTyK) CTaAHio (J)eoAaAH3Ma. 0 6 3tom M apxc nHcaA: «B ApeBHHx rocyAapcTBax, b TpeuHH h PHMe, BbwyxcAeHHaa aMHrpauHH, npHHiiMaBiuaH (})opMy nepHOAHAecKoro ocHosa- huh koaohhh, cocraBAHAa nocTOHHHoe 3BeHo odmecTBeH- Horo cTpoa... HeAOCTaTOHHoe pa3BHTne npoH3BOAHTejibHbix cha CT3BHAO n p a s a rpaxcAaHCTBa b 3aBHCHM0CTb ot onpe- ACABHHOro KOAHHeCTBeHHOrO COOTHOIUeHHfl, KOTOpOe HeAb- 3H 6uao H apyw aTb. EAHHCTBeHHHM cnaceHiieM dHAa b h - HyjKAeHHaa 3MHrpauHfl. - '* To xce caMoe AaBAeHHe H36hiTKa H acejieH M Ha npoH3- BOAHTCAbHfcJe CHAbI SaCTHBAHAO BapBapOB C IIAOCKOrOpHil A3hh BTopraTbCH b rocyAapcrBa J lp e B H e ro MHpa. 3 a ecb , xoth b A p yrotf 4 )° P Me» A e u c rB O B a jia Ta xce npwiHHa. Ht o - 6bi rrpoAOAjKaTb dtJTb Bapsapawn, nocAeAHHe ao ajkh u ' dblAH OCtaBaTbCH HeMHOroqHCAeHfHbIMH. T o d«A!H nA6MBH3 , 3aHHMaBIUHeCH CKOTOBOACTBOM, OXOTOH H BOHHOft, H HX CnO- cod npoH3BOACTBa TpedoBaA odumpHoro npoerpaHCTBa aah KaJKAoro OTA^AbHoro wAeHa riAeMeHH, K&K 3to HMeer mccto eme noHbiHe y hhacSckihx riACMen CeBepHofi AMepum Poct HHCAeHHOCTH y 3THX riA€M6H IlpHBOAHA K TOMy, MTO OHH CO- KpamaAH Apyr Apyry TeppiHTopHK), HeodxoAHMyio aab n p o- H3B0ACTB3. IloSTOMy H3dbITO^HOe H3CeA6HiH€ 6bLJIO BWHyXC- aoho coBepmaTb re noAHbie onacHocTefi BeAnicHe nepeceAe- HHH, KOTOpbie nOAOHCHAH HanaAO otfpte30BaH*nO HapOAOB ApeBHeH H COBp-eMGHHOfi EBponbl^1. . MotHroAbi ^HHrHC-xaHa h Apyrne 'ko^ibbhhkh yBBAHH'H- b 3ah doraTCTBa CBoefi naTpHapxaAbiHo^eoAaAbHofi Bep- xyuiKH we TOAbKo nyreM S K o ru iy a ra u m . naTpnapxaAbHbix padoB h noAy3 abhc h mwx 6€ahbkob b cBoefi cpeAe, ho b 3tna- HHTenbHofi Mepe rpadexcaMH cxoTa h HMymecTBa y Apynnx* HapOAOB. MHHrHC-XaH, THnn^HblH BOeHHWH aBaHTlOpHCT, BHa- HaAe — B05K3K pa3doftHHHbefi daHAU, yMeAo HcnoAb3yeT HeAOBOAbCTBO 0de3A0AeHHblX HapOAHbIX Macc, BbIXOAHT no- l MapKc h 3nzeAbc 0 . C o y ., t. 8, C T p . 5 6 7 — 5 6 8 . 392

tfe^H TejieM H3 6opb6w co c b o h m h MorymecTBeH-Hbim h npo- THBitHKam h h coaAaeT BoeHwoe nojiy4)eoB.ajibHoe r o c y ^ a p - ctbo, c p a 3 y BCTynaiom ee Ha n y T b nmpoKoft BHeuiHeft 3 k c - naHCHH, y c n e x KOTopoA b b jih c tc h ycAOBHeM c a M o ro e r o c y - IH e C T B O B a H H H 1. • y ryH H O B , MOHrOAOB H A-pyrH X •K0H6BHHK0B He GbIJIO H He M o r j i o 6 b iT b paBBHTbix (f>eoA aA b H b ix OTHouieHwft, o h h w e 6 lu ih HOCHTejiHMH n p orp ecca h K yjibTypbi. H x iiam ecTB H H h HenocHJibHbie aaHH 3a^ep>KHBaJin nporpe'cciiBHoe pa3BH- THe A p y r n x H apoaoB, c to h b u ih x Ha 6oAee bm coko m y p o B - He CDUHaJlbHO-SKOHOMHHeCKOrO pa3BHTH5I. K- M a p K C O H a- uiecTBHH 'M OHrojioB Ha C p e A H io io A 3 !Hio riHca^i: «...o p A W c o - sepuiaiOT BapBapcTBa b X o p a ca w e, B yxape, C aM apK anAe, B a J ixe h A p y r n x H3BecTHbix r o p O A a x . H cxyccT B o, 6 o r a T b ie 6H6AHOTeKH, npeBocxoAH oe cejib C K o e X03mlcTB0f a b o p u b i h MeqeTH — B e e a c t h t k q e p T y » 2. CAeAOBaTeAhHo, H H jfa x o r o «30JiO Toro B e x a » b hctoph h KoqeBHHKOB He 6m a o . H a o 6 o - poT, B ee k o h c b h h k h , xoTopbie 3aBoeBHBaAH 6oA ee KyJIb- rypa bie cv p a H b i, caMH noAWHHJTHCb 3T0# bmcoko# K y A b T y - pe, nepexojuw iH k occaaocth h TOAbKo b pe3yAbraTe s r o r o ohh M orA H A ocT H qb ypoBHH p a 3 B H voro (peoxajiu3M3. K o q e B o e CKOTOBOA^ecKoe o 6 m ecp B O b ero qncTOM b h a c HiHKaK He M OrAO AOftTH AO ypOBHH pa3B H T0ro p a 60B A a A e A b - q ecK o ro h a m <J)eoAaJibHoro xo3 H ftcT B a 6e3 n epexoA a k o c e A - ao c tw . riepexoA k ocbaaocth 6 w a nepBhiM h o c h o b h lim y c - AOBweM A a A b H e fim e ro pa3BHTHH K o q e B o ro o6m ecTBa. IT p eo6 A a A aK )m H A b h a M a T ep n a A b H oro npoH3BOACTBa b KOHeqHOM c n e T e onpeAeAaeT 4>opMy o6m ecTBa h Tew nbi e r o n p orp eccH B H oro pa3BHTH$i. «K a > K A a H (^opwa o 6m e c T B a HMeeT onpeAa-aew H oe npoH3BOACTBO, KOTOpoe o n p e A e A a e T MeCTO H BAHHHHe BCeX OCTaAbHblX ( t o ecTb Bcex o6 m eC T - BeHHblX HBAeHHH — C. T.)... 3 tO --- OCOdblH 3Cj)Hp, KOTOpblft on peA eA aeT yA ^A bn u ft Bee b c h k o to cym ecTBa, b neM Ha- xoAHiuerocH»3. N Bca HCTOpWfl 6op b 6bI peBOAIOIX'HOHHbIX KA3CC0B, TTpO- rpeceHBHbix couHaAbiHbix rp yn n , -n a p T H # h nepeAOBbix a i o - A efl JI10608 anoxH 6 biAa no c y m e c T B y -wcTopHeH 6o p b 6 bi 3 a 33MeHy o T C T a A o r o BHAa o 6m e cT B 0H H o ro npoH3BOACTBa n e - 1 TOACTOQ C . 17. F lo C Jie a a M A p e B !ie X O p C 3 M H H C K O ft UHBH/lH3 a U H H , M—JT.,' 1948, c T p . 290, 2 A dxhb M a p n c a h S n r e .i b c a , t . V , C T p . 2 2 1 . 3 MapKC K. K K p H T H K e n o .™ ™ w e c K o f t skohomhkh. Jl., 1952, c.T p . 220. 393

pe^oBbiM, 3a 3aMewy oTCTaJiofi MaTepHiajibHo-TexHHnecKoft 6a3bi npoMSBo^cTBa nepenoBofi, 3a 3aMewy crapofi OTcra- Jiofi (JiopMbi co6 cTBeiiHocTH Ha cpeACTBa npon3BOACTBa ho- Bofi, 3a 3aMCHy oTQra-ioro o6pasa >kh 3hh tfojiee nporpec- CHBHblM. Bopb6 a worna nponcxoAHTb b cawon pa3Hoo6pa3HOH (J)Op-Me B aaBHOHMOCTH OT AOCTHTHyTOro ypOBIlfl pa3BHTHH npoh3Boahtejibhbix chji otflmecTBa h cymecTayioiixeH hcto- pHMCCKOH CHTyaUHH, iHO BOA K3KHM 6 bl IMOTHBOM Olia He Bbicrynajia, m a Cbijia Bccr^a 6 opb6 oH peBOJUOUHOHHoii. JI. n. rioTanoB, yTBep^aeT, hto cj)eo:AajibHbie onHomeHHH y KoqeBHHKoB no6 e>K^aioT 6e3 peBOJiiomw, 6e3 peBojiioiui- OHHOH JIOMKH H yHHHTO>KeHHH CTapbIX OtfmeCTBeilHblX (j)OpM. Oh jihihct: «O eoA an bH bie no CBoeMy 3KQH0MHwecK0My co- AOp>KaHHIO npOH3BO^CTBeHHbie OTHOW0HH5I y KOVSBHHKOB BbicTynaior ne tojilko b (j)opMax, npucymux <J)eoAajibHbiM OTHOLueHHHM, ho h ib 3HaHHTe^bHOH CTeneifH © cTapbix, naT- pHapxa.ibHbix po/joBbix (j>opMax, xapaKTepHbix a.th nepBO- 6bITHO-o6miHHHOrO CTpOJL riOHCMy 3TO T3K npOHCXOAHT? OdbaoHeHne axoM y HyJKHO ncxaTb He tojilko b tom, hto 3th <J)opMbi BcnnecKH coxpaHHjm h. nojc^epjKHBa.iH ((jeona- jibi b 3KonjyaraTOpcKHX uejinx, ho tbkjkc h b yc.*OBHHx 3a- po>K^eHH5i ^eo^ajibHhix othohichuh y kohcbhhkob, koto- pbie B03HHKaK)T B HOApaX nepB0 6 blTHO-o6 mHHHOrO CTpOH, hto AaeT B03Mo>KHOCTb (JjeoAajiaM nafiojib30BaTb ero naT- pnapxa-TbHbie (popMbi. 3aponjHBiiJ'HCb b ne/xpax inepBotfbiT- Ho-o6mHHHoro cTp on , ohh, KaK h naTpHapxaJibHO-pa6oBJia- AejibqecKHe oTHouieHHH, notfejKAaiOT 6e3 peBOJnouwH, 6e3 peBOJHOUHOHHOH JIOMKH H yHHHTOJK-effHH CTapbIX otfmeCT- BGHHblX 4>OpM, a, HanpOTHB, HCnOJIb3yiOT HX, OpHCnOCa6jIH- BaiOT k ce6e. HeKOTopuc ciap u e narpHapxajibHbie (fiopMbi, KOHenHO, BbtroAiiee 6 mjio coxpaHHTb h Hcnojib30Baib, a He pa3pymaTb»1. TaKHM o(5pa30M, JI. II. IloTanoB 0Tp,HuaeT B03M0>K- Hocrb cymecTBOBanwH Kaxoro 6u to shih 6 lijio nepexoAHoro axana P33bhthh b HCTOpwi komcbhhkob. FIojiyqacTCH naKoe- to «BpacTaHHc» nepBo6uTHo-o6mHHiioro crpon xoneBMiKOB b ())eoAajiH3M 6e3 bchkhx nepexoAHux 3TanoB pa3BimiH, 6e3 peBOjnouHOHHbix npeo6pa30Bamifi. y JI. n. IIoTanoBa 'JloTanoG JI. 17. O cymirocTH naTpHapxajibno-djeo^a.UHbix otho- jS S T % 6 , ^ . CPM\"e* A3\" H ” Ka3axcTa,,a— Bonpocu 394

nojiyqaeTcn, tito y ko^cbiihkob A^ftcTBue SKOHOMfmecKoro 3aKOHa COOTBCTCTBHfl npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOUieHHH Xa- paKTepy npoH3BOAHTejibHbix chji He BeAeT k peBOJiiouHOH- HOtl JIOMKC CTapbIX O^meCTBeHHblX c})opM. JI. n . noTanoB CBOHM yTBepn<AeHHeM o tom, hto 4)eo- flajiMian cJiopMa npoh3boactb&hhbix oTHouieHHft y kohgb- •hhkob, «3apo/XHBUJHCb b HeApax nepBo6 bITHO-0 6 lH.HHHOrO cTpo5i, Kak h n a T p u a p x a j i b n o - p a 6 o B J i a n e j i m e c K i i c oTiiome- hhh, no6e>KAaeT 6e3 pebojiiouhohhoh jiomkh m yHHHTOJKe- HHH CTapbIX oCmeCTBCHHblX <J)OP'M», B03BbHIiaeT n>a-TpiHap- x a j i b n o - p a 6 o s j i a n e j i m c c K n e OTFioniettHH ao ca moctoJtTejti>- HOfi 0 6 meQTBeHlHOft (J)OpMaUHH. B ACfiCTBHTeJIb*HOCTH 3TH naTpiiapxaJibHO-pafjOBjiaAejib'iccKHe OTHomeHHa cymecTBo- eajiH npH inepexoAe ot nepBodbiTHO-odimfiHFiotf (j)opM.au>nn k patfoBjiaAeJibnecKOH tomho Tax >xe, x ax narpnapxajibHO- 4>eoAaAbHbie othohichhh HBJinjiHCb nepexoA'HbiMH k t y e o - AaAbHblM. Haw n p excT a B jiH C T cn , vto nepexoA kotcbhihkob Aa>xe k aiaTp'HapxaAbHo-^eoAaJibHOMy 3Tany pa3BHTHn 6ma xoth h nocTeneHHbiM, iiio KanecTBCHHbiM cKawcoM b bhac nepexo- Aa cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa — cTaA « radyHOB H3 odmecT- BOHHOH (pOAOBOH) COdCTBCHHOCTH B HaCTHyiO, 0dpa30BaHHH couHa.ihiibix rpynn h KJiaccoB, tiohbjighhh aKoruiyaTau'HH MCJiOBCK'a HGAOBexoM b cjyopiMe naTpHapxaAbHoro padcT®a H naTpnapxaAbHO-cjDeoAajibHOH sKciuiyaTauHH, xoth rioji- hbiA n e p e x o A kohe-B'HHkob k pa3BHTOMy 4>eoAaJiH3My He mot dbiTb 3aBepmen de3 nepexoAa mx k occaaocth. O rJiydo-Fco p cB O Jiiou'HOhhom x a p a K T e p e taxnx c oh h aa bHo-bkchomh he- CKHX HBMeJieilHH, npOHCUieAIUHX B KOqeBOM CKOTOBOAHe- ckom odmecTBe, O. 3nrejrbc micaji: «K a x h KorAa nepeuiAH cTa^a H3 odmero B Jia jie im n m i omoh.h mji’H pOAa b codcTBeH- HOCTb TJla© OTACAbHblX CeMeft, 0 6 3TOM Mbl JHHHerO AO CHX nop He 3 naeM. H o b ochobhom nepexoA stot jotojiHceH dbui np0H30HTH Ha 3TOH CTyiieHH (t. e. B 0BH3H c nepBbiM xpyn- HfaiM odmecTBCHHbiM pa3ACAeHHGM TpyAa — C. T.). A c n o - RuidAAae npueeBuOAcKT)dUdfUnu»l n p o n u x noebix d o sa rc re Co. cTeM.).be npou30- (noA^epKHyTO 11a mh — OumdoHHbre yTBepHCACHHH JI. I\"I. IloTanoBa BbiTexaioT H3 HenpaBHAbHoro onpeACAennn cyiUHOcTH naTpuapxaAb- HO-(J)eOAaAt>HbIX OTHOIIieHHH V KOlieBHHKOB H OTO)KAGCTBJie- » dmeAbC 0 . ripOHCXOJKAeHHC CCMbH, HaCTHOH C06CTBeUH0CTH H TO- cyAapCTBa. JI., 1953, cTp. 166— 167. 395

HHH HX C pa3BHTbIMH (t>eO,aaJIbHHMH, H3 OTpHUHHHfl HX t nepexoAHoro xapaxTepa. 3 to npHBejio k cMemeHHio abvx pa3AHqHHX (J)OpM npOH3BOACTBeHHblX OTHOU1CHKH; Oa HO AeAo, Kor^a 6a3Hc odmecTBa cocTaBAxeT nepexoAHax (J)op- Ma npoH3BOACTBeiiHHx oTHonieiiHft, KorAa 6opb6a MeacAy HOBbiMH cj^oAajibHhiMH H cTapbiMH naTpHapxaAbHo-pOAO- BbiMH OTHomeHHHMH eme npoAOJi>KaeTCH. Xlpyroe a^ao, KorAa HOBan (})OpMa IipOH3BOACTBeHHblX OTHOIU6HHH OKOH- naTCAbHo OAep>KHBaeT noJinyio nodeAy HaA crapofi, KorAa 3aBepmacTC5i nepexoA ot oahoh odmecTBemioft cjjopMauHH K ApyrOH. * ‘. CMemeHHe 3thx abvx ATanoB ncropHqecKoro, pa3BHTHfl npHBejio Jl. n . TIoTanoBa k ero oiiiHdoqHOH TeopHH de3pe- BOAiouHOHHoro nepexoAa KoqeBbix HapoAOB ot nepBodbiTHO- OdlUHHHOft, ^OpMaUHH K T3K H33bIBaeM0My «xoqeooMy $eoAaAH3My». JJax Hac deccnopiiMM xbahctcx tot (paKT, qTo Kax naTpHapxaAbHO-pa6oBAaAeAb<iecKHe, rax h na- TpnapxaAbHo-^eoAaAbHHe OTHbmeHHx, -cymecTBOBaah tot- Aa, KorAa peBoAiouHOHHbie npeodpa30BaHnx erne He dhi- ah saBepmeHH, ho axpHOMHqecxyK) ocHOBy hx cocTaBAHAa y » e qacTHaa codcTBeHHocrrb Ha cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa. PadcTBO b KoqeBOM odmecTBe hochjio naTpHapxaAbHbifi xapaxrep, to ecTb padbi pafarraAH BMecTe c vuiesaiCH ce-MbH KoqeBHHKa'CKOTOBAaAeAbua, xak npaBHAo, HMex bo3mo>k* HOCTH o63aBeCTHCb CeMbefi H X03HHCTBOMI rioAHoe adcTparxpoBaHHe •ot KOHxpeTHbix ycAOBHft npeodAaAaiomero BHAa MaTepnaAbHoro npoH3BOACTBa xo- qeBHHKOB npnBeAO JL\\IT.; HpTanoBa, x B03BBJimnBauiuo cKOTOBAaAeAbqecxoH BepxywKH naTpuapxajibHo-fyeojiaJib- Horo xoqeBoro odmecTBa b paHr THntfqHbix «(j>eoAaAbB», HMeBUIHX HKodbl npaBO COCJIOBHO-MOHOHOAbHOft, Kpynwoft (J>eoAaAbHoft 3eMeAbHoA co6ctb6Hhocth. Jl. FI. FIoTanoB noAHOCTbio OTpHuaeT sxoHOMHqecxoe .3HaqeHHe„ qacTHOft codcTBtfHHocTH Ha ciaAa n Tadynbi -h ycAOBHJix xoqeBoro cKOTOBOAqecxoro odmecTBa, HBAHK)mHecH gpbactbom TpyAa h cpeACTBOM cyiuecTBOBanHfl xoqeBHHKOB, h ynycxaeT H31 1«ripH OTCyTCTBHH BCMeJlbHofi CoGCTBeHHOCTH, npH KpaHHeft npOCTO- Te (SbrroBbix ycjroBHft k npii rocnoacTBe naTpHapxa/ibHux oTHOiueHHfi He MOftio o(3pa30BaTbCH y komcbhhkob tocto cocjiOBHoro pa3BHTHfl, a TaK*e He MorJio B03HHKHyn> n pa6cTBa Ha norae arpapHux OTHomeHHft, TaK xaK h caMoro 3eMJie,aejiH5! He cymecTBopajio... TeM He Menee pa6- CTBO, XOTfl H B H3M6H6HH0H $OpMe, npJICnoCo6^eHHOfl K nOTpetfllOCTH KoneBoro 6uTa, y Ka3axoB cyuxecrBOBajio*. (Kpa<J)T H. H. H3 KHprH3* CKOH CTapHHbi. Open6ypr, 1900. ctp. 95). 396

BH£y, qto cocjioBHo-MOHonojibHaH co6 cTBeHH0CTb (JieoAajioB Ha 30m jiio M orjia B03HHKHyTb> TOJibKo b ycjioBHsix oceAJioro 3©M jie^ej]bqecKoro odmeciBa h toj9bko Ha 3pejiow cTa^HH pa3BHTHH 4)GOAa*HH3Ma. 3 T a C T a ^ H H B03HHKJ1B T o rA a , KOTA a BCH HJIH noqTH b c h 3eMJiH c T a j i a codcTBeHHOCTbio 4 >coA ajiO B , a KpecTbHHe, o 6 - pa6aTbiB aK )iu,H e ee, npeBpam aJincb b KpenocTHbix. H 3 B e cT - h o , h to T a n a n cocjiOBHo-M OHonojibHaH 3eMejibHan co6 c t b c h - HocTb (freoA a jiO B CKJiaAbiBajiacb b 3an aA H otf E c p o n e b V I I — V I I I b b ., b P occhh He p a H b iu e I X — X b b . h n p o u e c c e e y K p e n jie H H H AOCTHr CBoeft K yjib M H H a u H H TOJibKo b X I I — X I V BB. PaccMaTpHBaa cocjroBHO-MOHonojibHyio (JjeoAaAbHyio 3e- MeJIbHyiO COdCTBCHIIOCTb He KaK npOAyKT A^IHTeJlbHOrO HCTOpHqecKoro p a3BHTH5i b ycJiOBHHx oceAJioro 3eMJieAejiH5i, a KaK K a T e r o p H io , noflBAfliomyiQCH qyTb jih He c M O M eH Ta 3apojKAeHh h naTpHapxajibHo-padoBJiaAejibqecKOH h naTpH- apxa;ibHo-(J)eoAaJibHoft 3KCfiJiyaTau,Hn b ycJioBHnx KoqeBoro cKOTOBOACTBa, JT. FI. rioTanoB itoctohhho o n e p w p y e T T o j i b - ko noHHTHeM (J^eoAaAbHo-KpenocTHHqecKoro cTpon. B e e npH3HaKH KpenocTHHHecTBa oh m exaHHMccKH nepenocHT na naTpHapxajibiio-(J)coAa^bHoc kohcboc o6lucctbo. « C o 6 c t - BeHHocTb Ha cko t,— riHiiieT oh,— He Morvra cJiyx<HTb o ch o - boh 4>e°A a jiH 3Ma y KoqeBHHKOB y>Ke noTOMy, hto on a H e HBJIHJiaCb MOIlOIIOJIbHOfi COCcTBeHHOCTbK) (})eOAaJIOB. CKOT 6 mji b q a cT H O H co6cTBeHHocTH T a o < e pHAOBoro k o h c b h h - K a » 1. y J I. n . Ilo T a n o B a Bee B p a m a e T C H BOKpyr cxeMW COCJlOBHO-MOHOIIOJIbHOrO 3 e M A e B A a A e H H H (JjeOAaJIOB. O T p H - u a a 3 k o h o m Hq e c K o e 3 H aqeiiH e q a e m o H co6 c t b 6h h o c t h n a CTaaa n r a d y H b i, K an ocuoD bi naTpH apxaAhH o-cJieoAajib- hoh 3 K c n A y a T a u H H b ycjioBH H X rK o q eB o ro c k o t o b o a c t b a , JI. n . I lo T a n o B BMABHraeT b K a n e c T B e ocuoB H oro A O K a 3 a - TejibCTBa C B o e ro m h €hhh to n o jio x c e H H e , hto b n a T p n a p - x a jib iio -4 )€ O A a J ib iio M , KoneBOM o d m e c T B e ckot H a xoA H J ica B qaeTHOH CO^CTBeHHOCTH H y «pHAOBbIX KOHeBHHKOB». J X a J ie e o h c n p a m H B a e T : « M o >k h q j ih npeACTaBHTb c e d e b ycAOBHHx (})eoAaAH 3M a y 3 eMJieAeJib*iecKHX HapoAOB T a K o e nojio>KeHHe, n p n KoropoM 3eMJin HaxoAHTcn b q a c T H o ii i fJoranoe JI. 77. O cyiHHOCTH naTpwapxaJibHO'^eoAa.ibHux oTHouie- hhh y KoneBbix HapoAOB CpeAHefl A 3 HH h I\\a3axcTaHa. B on p ocb i ffcropHH, 1954, K s 6 , cTp. 85. 397

cotfcTBeHHocTH y noMciUHKa h KpecTb5iH?»!. Tanafl nocta- hobk3 Bonpoca caMa no ce6e, nBjmeTcn Heacnojl: HeH3BecT- ho: cnpainHBaeT jih Jl. n . IloT an oB o bo3mo>khocth cy- meCTBOBaHHH qaCTHOfi C0 6 CTBeHII0 CTH «H nOMeiUHKa H KpecTbflHHHa» Ha oahh h tot >Ke yqacTOK 3cmah OAHOBpe- MeHiio, h ah >i<e o bo3mo>kiiocth napaAAeAbHoro CymeCTBO- B3HHH HaCTHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH ^eO ^aJia H KpeCTbflHHHa Ha pa3Hbie yqacTKH 3eMJiH. Mu c k a o h iih cnHTaTb, hto oh HMeeT B BHAy BTOpoe. Ha 3T0T BOnpOC MO>KHO OTBeTHTb yTBepAHTe;ibHo. Bee 33bhcht ot MecTa h BpeMenw, ot cTa- AHH pa3BHTHH (J)eOAaAH3Ma, TO eCTb OT KOHKpeTHO CAO- >KHBUJHXCH COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHHeCKHX yCAOBHH. Be3 yCA0 B- ho oha npaB anaA. B. TpeKOB, KorAa nncaA: «0(j)opMJie- HHe Toro HAH HHOrO CTpOH npOHCXOAHT He BApyr, 4T0 TVT neH36e>KHu 6 oA ee hah weHee AAHTGAbHbie nepcxoAHbie mo- MeHTbi... O t nepBo6biTHo-o6mnHHoro cTpon k (J^eoASAbHOMy cjiaBHHe ( th k >Ke, naK h Apyrnc HapoAu cpeAHCBeKOBbH) nepeuiAH He cpa3y. «BapBapcKHe» rocyAapcTBa, B03HHKUiHe Ha p33B3AHHax aHTHHHOrO paCOBAaAO/ibHCCKOlO MHpa, He cpa3y ct3a h (J)eoAaAbHbiMH. 3 to AO(f)eoAaAbHbiif ( hah naipHapxaAbiio-^eoAaAbiibiH— C. T .) nepHOA b hx hcto- pHH, cymHocTb Koroporo coctoht b t o m , hto b ocHOBe npo- H3BOACTB3 3THX rOCyAapCTB eiHe He KpeiTOCTHOH TpyA, a TpyA CBo6oAHoro o6mHHHHKa»21. HeT Hunero neAonycTH\\toro b tom, HTo6bi npoBecTH H3BecTHyio napaAAeAb Me>KAy nacT- HOH C0 6 CTBeiIH0 CTbK) 06hI4HbIX KOHeBHHKOB Ha CKOT H H3CTH0H 3eMeAbHOii C0 6 cTBeiIHOCTbIO KpeCTbHH nOA Ha3Ba- hhcm «3 a a o a » o6pa30BaBiuyioca b cpeAe repwaHCKHx h Apyrnx nAeMeH b hpobhhuhhx 3anaAHOH P hmckoh nwnepHH nocAe ee naAeHHfl b VI—VIII bb. n o cAOBaw 0 . 3 Hresib- ca, naxoTHaa 3eMAa h Ayra, npeBpaTHAHct b 0Tqy>K- AaeMyio nacTiiyio co6cTBeHHocTb — « 3 aao a* OTAeAbiibix X03HHCTB odmHHbl3. flo AHHHblM K . H. TapHOBCKOrO, b VIII—IX bb. 11a Been ca3bhhckoh TeppHTopHH coceACKaa odmHHa coBMeuiaAa b ce6e wacTiioe BASAeime h hhahbh- AyaAbHyio o6pa6oTK y « aoah» h «>Kpe6HH» c koaackthbhoh co6cTBeHHOCTbK) Ha BuroHu aah CKOTa. TaKoe uacTHoe 1 rioranoe Jl. II. O cymnocTH naTpHapxajibno-(J>eoAajibHbix otho* uieHiifi HapoAOB Cpe^neA A3hh h Ka3axciaHa (iio o a A ). MaTepna-iu uayqHOH ceccvm no hctophh HapoaoB CpeAiiefi A3hh h Ka3axeraHa. TaujKeHT, 1954, c m 29 (oTflejibHaa 6pouj»opa). 2I'penoe B. Jt. KneDCKan Pycb. M., 1949, CTp. 111. 3 BmeAbc <P. rTpoHcxoaueHne ce.Mbit, qacTHon coGctbchhocth h r0 - cyAapcTBa. Jl., 1953, CTp. 156. 398

3eNyieBJiaACHne KpecTbHH npeACTaBAHAO « co6oh He hto HHoe, K a K a ju io A , cbo6oaho oTqy>KAaeMyK> 3eM eA biiyio c o 6 - CTBGHHOCTb»1. T a n a n >k g nacTHan coCc t b c h h o c t l na 3gmaio c y m e^ T B O - Ba.ia e m e b X I V — X V I' bb. cp eA H CBo6oAHoro K p e c T b H H - CTBa, H a n p H M e p , b BeA03epCKOM K p a e . A. H. K o n aH eB nn- ih c t : « M bi HMeeM MiioroHHCJieHHbie (J>aKTbi npoAa>KH, o 6 M e - Ha H 3 aB em aH H H B MOHaCTblpb BOAOCTHbIMH KpeCTbHHaMH cbo h x 3eM eJib. 3 to yKa3biBaer n a t o , hto KpecTbHHe BJia- Aejiw 3eMJie.H na npaBax qacTHOH c o 6 ctbchhocth» 2. Cyme- CTBOBaiiHc «a jijio A a » u v a c r u o r o 3eMJieBjia^emiR y cJiaB nu- ckhx KpecTbHH y6eAHTeAbHO rioKa3biBaeT, hto b a n o x y cTaHOBJieHHH (j3eoAajiH3Ma, to ecTb Ha paHHefi, n o A y c ^ e o - AajibHOH h a h naTpuapxaAbno-c^eoAaAbHOH c tsah h pa3BH- thh y 3eM AeAeAbqecKnx HapoAOB cymecTBOBa/ia M e jin a ji KpCCTb^HCKaH qaCTHaH COftCTBCHHOCTb Ha 3GMJH0, H a p H A y c 3apO>KA2K)IueHC51 (|)COAHAbHOH 3eMeAbH0H C0 6 CTBeHHOCTblO, KOTOpan b n p o u e c c e A a jib H e ftm e ro pa3BHTHH y c K o p H A a K A a ccoB yio AH(j)(j)epeHUHio n a ceA eiiH H h cnocoficTB O B aAa o6 pa30 B aH H io KpynHOH co cA O B iio-M oiion oA b n oii cf>eoAaAb- HOH 3eMeJIbHOH COOcTBeHHOCTH. B o3H H K n oB eiiH e aJiJioAa 6 l ia o HensOexcHbiM p e 3 y A b T a - to m n e p c x o A a k occAAOMy o 6 p a s y >k h 3iih h 3 e M A e A e A H io rcp\\iaHCKHx h ApyrHx iwieMen, K o ro p b ie em e a o naAeHHH PHMCKoft HMnepHH, oceAan BnepeM e>KKy c TpaAHUHOiiHbiMH 3eM A eA eA bu aM H — puMAfinaMH, nocTencH iio ycB aH BaAH pHMCKyK) 3eMAeAejibMecKyio T e x u n x y , puMCKHe 3GMeJib* Hbie n opH AK H h Muorwe A p y r n e SAeMeHTbi p h m c k o h K y jib - Typbi. rio A B A e H H e qacTHOH co6 c t b c h h o c t h Ha 3eMAio n o c A y - xtHJio n p o 'iu o f i ocHOuoii x o ro iip o u e c c a , npn k o t o p o m b o6mecTBe, rA e pem aiom yio p o jib H rp a jio 3CMAeAeAHe, r o c - noACTByioluhm KAaccoM n o c T o n e im o c poctom H M ym ecT- B e H H o ro nepaseiiCTBa c t s h o b h a c h k a s c c KpynHbix 3eMJie* BAaAeAbueB. Ho stot npouecc b pa3AHHHHx cTpanax w npa iiica n o -p a 3 H O M y . HanpHMep, n o H B J ie H n e K p y n H o ro c o c a o b - H o r o cjbeoAaAbHoro 3e.MAeBAaAeHHA b P occiih He y H H q r o > K H - ao ceAbC Kyio KpecTbflHCKyio o ^ m n iiy , a npeBpaTHAO e e b 1 TapnoBCKud K . H . npeanocu/iKH BO3HHKH0BeHHa <J>eoAaJiH3Ma y BOCTOMHblX C.»iaBflH.— BoilpOCbl HCTOpHH, 1954, Js& 4, CTp. 91. 2 K o n a n e e A . H . HcTopna 3GMJieBJiaACHHB 5e/io3epcKoro npaa XV—XVf bb. M.— A., 1951, CTp. 190. 399