Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

CJia6o cBH3aHbi h JierKo pacna^ajiHCb, «rro HepeflKO np«BO- ^hjio k pacnajxy h Bcero KoneBoro xaHCTBa. Mexmy npoq«M, 3THM >Ke nOJIOJKeHHeM HaflO 06'bHCHHTb HeCOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb odsmTejibCTB xaHa A 6yjixawpa h ero nocjieAOBaTejieft, B3flTbIX HMH Ha CC6n nepefl pyCCKHM npaBHTGJIbCTBOM npn npHHHTHH nOAAaHCTBa PoCCHH. TaKaH HeCOCTOHTeJlbHOCTb 06'bHCHHjiacb, ,aajiee, erne Tew, hto k npHHaTHio xaijOM Mjia^uiero my3a poccuHCKoro nozmancTBa npyiiHefinme Ka- 3axcKHe CKOTOBjia^e^bUbi, bopothjih CTennofi XH3HH — 6a- Tupw, 6hh h 6an OTHocHJincb b CBoefr Macce Bpa>Kiie6HO. Ohh npo^ojijKajiH jkhtb npe>KHeH xcH3Hbio, He CHHTaacb co- BepmeHHo hh c KaKoft npHcarow xaHa,' flaHHOH hm pyccxo- My npaBHTejibCTBy. Ohh no-npe>KHeMy ycrpaHBa^H Ha6erw Ha pyccKHe noce^ieHHH h apyr Ha apyra. Aawe b pe3yJibTaTe K p y n H u x BoeHHbix co6biTHH — 6opb- 6bi xa3axoB c /J^yHrapneH, KOTopyio ohh bcjih b 1729 ro- Ry noA pyKOBO^cTBOM xana A6y;ixaHpa, BJiacTb xaHa cyme- CTBeHHO He H3MGHHJiaeb. B 3TOH BOHHe Ka3aXH pa36HJ!H • cbohx BparoB — .zuKyHrapoB h 33hhjih 3HaqHTe/ibHyio qacTb npexcHHx cbohx KoqeBHH. 3to HaMHoro no^HH^o no- nyjiapHOCTb h aBTopHTeT A6y^xawpa b Hapo/ie, ho ocrajicft OH T3KHM TKe KOHeBblM X3HOM— no CymeCTBy CTapUIHM «aKcaKa^0M» HecKOJibKHx KoneBbix ruieMeH h poaob M/iazt- mero x<y3a. OKpyxceHHbift He6ojibuiHM kojimhcctbom cbohx pa6oB h TiojieHryTOB, oh nac cboh cra^a b necxax Kapa- KyMOB, BopcyKH h y pen HprH3, Typrafi h Cup-XUpbJi, K3KVbchkhS .npyroft Ka3axcKHH xaH hjih 6oraTbiH ckoto- B.ia^ejieu. HwKaK He^b3H OTOxcaedBJiHTb MecTo o6HTaiiHH Ka3ax- CKoro xaHa c BJiaaeHHHMH, ^onycTHM, BeJinnoro h yziejib- Horo KHH3H Ha PycH. «BjiaAeHHe» Ka3axcKoro xana BKjiioqajio b ce6a jiniub npH6jiH3HTejibHo onpe^eJiaeMue TeppHTopHH KoqeBaHHH no^B.aacTHbix eMy poaowieMeHHbix ofrbeziHHeHHH; sth Tep- pHTopHH He 6bum pacnpe;ie*ieHbi Mevuny nocjieAHHMH, rpaHHu HHKaKHx He yciaHaBJiHBajiocb. B 3tom He 6hjio - HHK3KOH SKOHOMHqeCKOfi He.06xOAHMOCTH H nOJIHTHHeCKOH ue^ecoo6pa3HocTH. Bee «BJia,neHHe» xancTBa npeacTaB/in- jio co6oh o6mee KoneBbe 6o;ibuiOH Maccbi HacejieHHff. Tax Kax rpaHHiibi KoqeBHH Meway po;ionjieMeHHbiMH rpynnaMH npn H306h/IHH Ce30HHbIX nad6HHJ. H CB060£HblX KOpMOBUX npocTpancTB He onpese.rrflJiHCb, kohcbiirkh nojib30Ba;iHCb HMH HHCTO HBOHHblM IIOpH^KOM, 6 e3 BCHKOH pcrjiaMeHT3UHH 250

co cTppOHbi pojxonpaBHTejieft h xaHa. FIpn TaKOM noAO>Ke- HHH He 6bIAO HHKaKOH Heo6xOAHMOCTH 6 qaCTHOH COdCTBeH- hocth Ha 3CMJHO. Kan TOjibKo CTaAo noe^ajio Tpasy BOKpyr ay^a, KoqeBHHK nojimen 6hj\\ cHHMaTb cboio lopiy h nepeBo- 3HTb ee » a hoboc MecTO. J\\jw Hero 6buio 6ojiee BbiroAHhiM HMeTb CBo6oAy nacTb6u cbohx ctba Ha npocTpaHCTBe Bcefi CTemi, weM o6jiaAaTb npaBOM HacTHoro co6cTBeHHHKa Ha KaKoii-Hii6yAb orpaHHqeHHHH yqacTOK 3cmjih. OrpaHHneH- Hbift ynacTOK 3eMAH hhk3k ne Mor cAyxoiTb ocHOBoft BeAe~ hhh xo3HHCTBa h 6AaronoAyqH5i KoqeBHHKa. KoHTypbi «BAaAGHHH» Toro hah hhoto KoqeBoro xana onpeAeAHAHCb Aiimb pacnoAO>KeHHeM MecT KoqeBaHHH h OpueHTHpOBOHHblM Hanp3BAeHH©M AeTHHX H 3HMHHX, OCeH- hhx h BeceHHHx KoqeBaHHH noAHHHeiiHbix eMy nAeivien w Poaob. MHMOJieTHbiH xapaKTep 3eMAenoAb30BanHH hckaio- qaa Heo6xoAHMOCTb 3aKpermeHHH 3eMAH 3a oTAejibHbiMH KoqeBbiMH ayAaMH, reM 6oAee 3a OTAeAbHhiMH AHuaMH. TaKOH THIT KOqeBOrO X03fl#CTBa 3H3A TOAbKO 06lAHHHOe 3eMJieBAaAeHHe. ' Ecah pyccKan otfmHHa ripw (j)eoAaAbHow 3©MAeBAaAeHHH cymecTBOBaAa BHyipn ba3aghhh Ka>KAoro (j)eoAaAa na noAoxceHHH KpenocTHoft o6mHHbr, KOTopoft oh pacnopn- xcaACH, to Ka3axcKaH KoqeBan odmHHa HMeAa Ty oco6en- HOCTb, HTO OHa He 6bIAa CBH33Ha C (J^OflaAbHblM 3eMAeBAa- AeHHeM h KpenocTHbiM npaBOM. IloaTOMy OHa HMeAa noA- Hyio CBo6oAy KoqeBaHHH na Been TeppuTopnH KoqeBoro xaHCTBa, He pa3rpaHHqeHH0H we>KAy OTAeAbHbiMH poAonAe- MeHHblMII odlbeAHHeHHHMH. Ecah KpenocTHaa pyccxan o6mHHa 6buia cok>30m KpecrbHH no BAaAeiiHfo HaACAbHOH 3eMAen AaHHOH BOTqn- Hbi, to Ka3axcKan Koqeeaa o6mHHa 6buia coio3om avAOB, Poaob h nAeMeH no BAaAeHHio nacT6HmeM Bcefi TeppHTo- PHH xaHCTBa. .O CyiAHOCTH KpenocTHoft KpeCTbHHCKOH o6- uiHHbi b P occhh B. H. JleHHii nwcaA: «ByA3rHH o6beAHneHbi o6lAHHOH B KpOXOTHbie aAMHIIHCTpaTHBHO-^HCKaAbHbre H 3eMAeBAaAeAbqecKHe coio3bi, KpecTbHiie pa3Apo6AeHbi Mac- coh pa3HOo6pa3Hux AeAemiH hx Ha pa3pHAbi, Ha KaTeropmi no BeAHqHHe HaAeAa, no pa3MepaM nAaTe>xeH h rip.*1. ECAH H30AHpOBaHHOCTb OTAeAbHbIX pyccKHx o6iuhh h o6oco6AeHHOCTb hx Apyr ot Apyra cociaBAHAa ocHosy npoqaocTH uapcKoro agciiothbma, to otfmiiocTb kohcbuh 1 JleHiw B. H. Coq., t . 3, crrp. 332. 251 .

Ka3axcKHx ayjioB, poaob h njieMeH co3 flaBaji3 ochoby He- npoquocTH h homhhaJibHoro xapaKTepa BJiacTH Ka3axcKoro xaHa. TpaHHuw xaHCKoro «B^a<aeHHH» 6hiJiH HacTOjibKO Heonpe^ejicHHbi, hto hh oahh H3 Ka3axcKHX xaHOB, BepoHT- ho, ^a>Ke ne 3aAaBaJica ueJibio tohho hx ce6e npeacraBUTb; 3T0 He BbI3bIBaJIOCb SKOHOMHqeCKOH Heo6xO^HMOCTbK). Oflna 3Ta HeonpeAeJieHHocTb rpaHHU TaK Ha3HBaeMoro «B/iaAe- hhh» xaHa OTpaxKa.ua hh3KHh ypoBeHb h cyia6ocrb caMoro xaHCTBa Kax rocyaapcTBeHHoro o6pa30BaHHH, cBH33HHOro co bccmh oqcHb MeijJieHHo pa3JiaraK>mHMHCH HHCTHTyraMH «BOeHHOft iieMOKpaTHH». HcyCTOHMHBOCTb H IflaTKOCTb SKOHOMIfqeCKOft OCHOBbI Ko^eBoro o6 iu ecT B a onpeAeJuuw HeycTofiqHBOCTb h aMop<j)- HOCTb rOCy^apCTBCIIHblX 06pa30BaHHH KO^eBblX HapO^OB B006me, K333XCKHX XaHCTB B qaCTIIOCTH. TOJIbKO 3THM (J)aKTOM MOHCHO oG'bflCHHTb, qTO Ka33XCKHH HapOA HHKOTAa bo Been CBOen h c to ph h £0C0BCTCKoro nepHOAa He 3Han. hh o^Horo npHM epa cymecTBOBaiWH n p o n n o r o e^HHoro ueH- TpajiH30BaHHoro rocyAapcTBa. T a K o e r o c y n a p c T B O hhk3K h He M orjio B03HHKHyTb Ha 6a3e o T c r a n b i x n a T p u a p x a j i b H o - ([)e0^aJIbHbIX OTHOilieHH# KOHeBHHKOB. BceMH 3THMH otfCTOHTeAbCTBaMH ' otf'bflCHfleTCH TO, HTO B^acTb xa3axcKHx xaHOB ira/c iiacejieH H eM , KoqviomuM na Heod'bHTHOM o6ih h ph o m ripocTpaHCTBe, nom H Bceraa o c ra - Ba^acb HOMHHaJIbHOfi H VCJIOBHOH. KoqeBbie xaHCTBa, Tax Ha3biBaeMbie KoqeBbie HMnepHH, - HHKor,aa He 6biAH npoqHbiMH, ohh o6biKHOBeHHo fibicrpo p a c n a z a j i u c b Ha MejiKHe qacTH h Hcqe3aAH. ripiiotfpecTH 6 o jib u iy \\ o h ah MeHbinyio npoqnocTb oh h moivih AHuib b tom CAyqae, ecAH hx HacejieHHe noAb30BaAocb TpyaoM 3CMjie- ^e^bueB hah caMo nepexo/jHAo k oceAAOH jkh3hh. 3 t 0 flCHuft noKa3aTejib Toro, hto onpe^eJieHHan CTeneHb pa3BHTHH c n o c o 6 a Tpy^a c cooTBeTCTByiomeft e\\ty npoH3- BoxiHTe.TbHocTbK) Bcei\\aa onpeAeAHAa noAHTHqecKyio ^ o p w y rocnoACTBa h noAqHHeHHfi, to ecTb cneuH^HqecKyio $opMy BCHKoro ro cy ^ a p cT B a . OTCTa.nowy 3KCTeHCHBH0My nacT- 6HinHo-KoqeBOMy CKOTOBOACTBy h He3pe*abiM no.ay^eo- Aa^bHblM npOH3BO/lCTBeHHHM OTHOLtieHHSIM COOTBCTCTBOB3 - J\\a H He3pejian noAHTHqecKaa H aACTpofixa b BHAe KoqeBoro xaHCTBa Ka3axoB. X 03HHCTB0 Ka3aXCKHX KOqeBHHKOB AO KOHIja XVITI B. b ue.noM Cbuio HaTypa.qbiibiM; rroqTH bch ToproBJin y hhx cocroHJia b npocTOM o6Mcne CKOTa h p a 6oB na pa3Hbie 252

Benin. B 3t o m otfmecTBe ne 6 biJio, nona oho ocTana^iocb KoneBUM, AOCTaTOHHbix counajibHO-3 KOHOMHHecKHx ycjio- bhh a ah o 6 mecTBeimoro pa3AeJieHHH Tpy^a h a m noHBJie- hha HOBbix nporpeccuBiibJX KJiaccoB, Morymux Aajibiuc ABHraTb B n ep eA pa3BHTne npoH3BOAHTejibHbix chji. C a\\ ia naTpnapxajibHO-(}}eoAaAbHa5i BepxyuiKa KoqeBoro o6 mecTBa Ka3axoB we tojilko « e 6u jia b coctohhhh AHKBHAHpoBaTb 3Ty oTCTaJiocTb, ho OHa b cBoeft Macce He 6 biJia cnoco6 Ha Aa>Ke nocTaBHTb 3aAa*iy Kaxoro 6 bi to iih dbiJio o6m,ecTBen- noro nporpecca. x TaKHM o6pa30M , Ao6poBOAbiioe npHcoeAHHeHHe K a3ax- CKHX }Ky30B K POCCHH, BbI3B3HHOe HX BHyTpeHHHM COUHaJIb- HO-3KOHOMHqeCKHM H BHeUIHe-nOAHTHHeCKHM flOAOKeHHCM B 30-x r o A a x X V III ctojicthh, H ecwoTpH ua HMeBiuHe b HeM MecTO OTpHuaTeAbHbie HBJieiiHH, 6buio 6oAbuiHM n p o rp e c - CHBHbiM co6biTHeM, oTBenaBiHHM KopeHHbiM HHTepecaM x a - 3axcKoro H ap ooa. nocTenem io oho oKa3biBajio csoe d jia ro - TBopHoe BjiHHHHe Ha Been xoa AajibH enm ero pa3BHTHH o6mecTBeiiHo-3KOHOMHqecKOH JKH3HH Ka3axcKoro o6meCTBa. IlpHcoeAHHeHHe K a3axcTana k P occhh co3Aajio nee Heo6xOAHMbie yCJIOBHH AAH CtfjIHXeHHH K333XCKHX njieMeH C pyCGKHM HapOAOM, nOAO>KHAO «OCHOB3HHe pa3ACJieiIHH BnocjieACTBHH Ka3axoB 11a oojiocTHbie h ceAbCKHe o 6 m e - CTBa»1. *. 3aBepmeHne npHcoeAHHeiiHH Ka3axcKHx >xy30B k P oc­ chh nojiyqHAO cBoe topHAHqecKoe oc})opMvaeHHe b pe(}>opMe 1867— 1868 rr. Flo 3toh pe<j)opMe 6biJia nepecTpoena bch cucTeMa rocyAapcTBeHHoro ynpaBAeHHfl xa3axaMH, bch Ka3axcKa5i 3eMAa 6biJia otfbHBAeHa rocyAapcTBeHHOH co6- CTBetiiiocTbK>, npeACTaBjieHnoH KoneBHHKaM b 6eccpoqnoe noAb30BaHHe Ha ocHOBe odfcwaeB. 3 a B e p m eH H e npHCOCAHHCHHH K a3 axcK H x >xy30B coB n a.no c HOBbIM 3TanOM B pa3BHTHH P o c c h h , KorAa x p e n o c T H o e npaBo CbiAo oTM eiieu o h n poM hiim ieH iibift xanHTaJi b s k o h o - MHKe CTpaHbi y>Ke 33h h m 3A ro c n o A C T B y io m e e nojioaceH H e. H en p o q H o cT b , aMopcf)HocTb nAe.MeHHO-^eoAaAbHbix r o - cyAapcTB eH H bix o6pa30BaHHH y K a3axO B b BHAe x o q e B o r o XaHCTBa C rOCnOACTByiOmHM BJIHflHHeM B HeM BOHHCTByiO- m iix 3ACMeHTOB — 6aTbipoB 6h iAa odycAOBAeHa n a T p a a p - Xa;ibHO-(J)eOAaAbHbIMH OTHOIIieHHflMH, 3KCTeHCHBIlbIM KOHe- BblM X03HHCTBOM H BOeHHO-IIOXOAHblM o6pa30M >KH3HH. 1 u r n A KasCCP, <J>. 78, a 153, cb. 12, j i . 7. 253

KoqeBoe xo3hhctbo Ka3axoB b X V III h HaqaAe XIX bb., HcqepnaB Bee bo3m o>khocth cBoero AaAbHeHiiiero pa3BHXHH, nepe>KHBaJio nepHOA noAHoro ynaAxa h pa3AO>xeHHfl. Iloa- TOMy AodpoeoAbHoe npHcoe^HHeHHe Ka3axcKHx «y30B k POCCHH 6blAO KOHKpeTIIblM' Bbipa^GHHGM KOpeHHbIX HHXe- peCOB HapOAHfeIX Macc, HX CTpOMJieHHH BbIHTH H3 C03A3BIlie- rocH KpHTHqecKoro noAoxceHHH. naTpHapxaJibHO-cpeoAajibHan BepxyLuxa xoqeBoro o6me- CTBa Ka3axoB b Jiime cyATaHOB, tfaThipoB, 6neB -h 6aeB (Myp3) b cBoen ochobhoh Maece A^HTejibHoe BpeMH BeJia aKTHBHyio peaKUHOHHyio 6opb6y n p o x H B AotfpoBOAbHoro npucoeAHHeHHH Ka3axcKHx >xy30B k P occhh, 6opb6y 3a coxpaHeHHe CTapux ycroeB omHBLuero cboh Bex nacTtfHiA- Ho-KoqeBoro xo3nficxBa, naxpHapxaAbHo-<J)eoAaAbHhix ot- HomeHHft. y B qacTHOCTH oahhm H3 peaKunoHHux BhicxyrweHHft b KOHue X V I II BCKa npOTHB npHcoeAHHeHHH njieweH MAaA- , uiero >xy3a k P occhh 6 u j i o abhhcchh© 6 axwpa CpHMa. TeopeTHHecxyio ocnoBy a ah BOcxBa Jienm h HAeaAH3a- Uhh peaxuHOHHHx Bbicryn-ieHM/i (5axbipa CpNMa, cyAxaHa KeHecapu KacbiMOBa, GaxupoB ^KoAaMaHa TAeHuiHiia, Eceia KoTH6apoBa h Ap. b CBoe BpeMH jxaji M . n . B htkhh. HcTopHqecKan Hayxa b K a3axcTaHe a o chx nop, k co>xa- AeHHio, eme He ocBo6oAHAacb ot oihh6ok b ocBeiueHHH 3THX ABH>KeHHH. ,Ho6poBOAbHoe npncoeAHHeHHe Ka3axcKHx >xy30B k Poc­ chh aah HCTopHqecKOH cyAb6bi Ka3axcKoro HapoAa HMeAO pewaiomee 3HaneHHe. IloBTOMy hh oaho o6mecTBeHHO- axoHOMHqecKoe hbA en n e b hctophh K a 3axcrana, HaqHHan c 30-x toaob X VIII Bexa h ao no6eAH BeAHxoft Oxxatfpb- cxofi COUHaAHCTHHeCXO^ peBOAK)UHH, BHe CBH3H C, 3THM 4>axTOM npaBHAbHo oxapaxTepH30BaTb h oueHHTb HeB03- MO>KHO.

rAaea tinman riP O U E C C riP H C O E flH H E H H fl KA3AX C K H X > K y 3 0 B K POCCM M B X V I I I — X IX BB. H F lP O rP E C C H B H b lE H 3 M E H E H H A B 3E M E JIbH bIX O TH O llIE H H flX y K O H E B H H K O B n p H e o e A H H e H H e o 6 u i h p h l i x K a 3 a x c K H x CTcnen k P o c c h h He 6 h IJIO K p a T K O B p e w e H H b lM H O A H O K p a T H h I M n O J IH T H H e C K H M aKTOM. 3 t O 6 b IJ I CJIO}KHbIH, A A H T C J Ib H b lH H 6 o r a T h l f t n O J IH T H - KO-3KOHOMHqecKHMH co6hthhm h npouecc. Ben n o H T H no^yTopaBeKOBan h c t o p h h npncoeAHHeHHH K333XCKHX XCy30B K POCCHH xapaKTepH3yeTCH nOCTeneHHHM H HeyKAOHHHM pOCTOM nOAHTHHCCKOrO H 3KOHOMHHeCKOrO bjihhhhh P occhh Ha comiaAbHO-3 KOHOMHqecKyio x<H3 Hb Ka- 3aXCKHX >Ky30B, nOJIOHCHTeJIbHbIM pa3BHTHeM X03HHCTBeH- Hbix CBH3en Men^Ay pyccKHM h KaaaxcKHM HapoAaMH, rjiy- 60KHMH npOrpeCCHBHbIMH H3MeHeHHHMH B KOqeBOM o 6 meCT- Be Ka3axoB, nepexoAOM k nojiyKoneBOMy h oceAAOMy o 6 p a - 3y >KH3HH, pa3pymeHHeM CTapbIX H BO3HHKH0BeHHeM HOBHX 3eMeJibHbix OTHOiueHHft cpeAH Ka3axoB, npoHBjieHHeM 3Jie- MeHTOB qacTHoro 3eMJieBJiaACHH5i. Ho 3TOT npouecc He 6faIA pOBHJMM H BO Bcex OTHOUieHHHX CnOKOHHbIM. HiMeJIH MeCTO MHOrOHHCJieHHbie 3KCUeCCbI, Bbl- CTynjieHHH HapoAHhix Macc npoTHB KOAoiiHaAbHoro raeT a, xaK, HanpHMep, aHTH<})eoAa«JibHoe h aHTHKOJioHHaAbHoe BoccTaHHe b ByneeBCKOH opAe noA BOAHTeJibCTBOM H c a T an TafiMaHOBa b 1836— 1837 n\\, BoccraHHe Ka3axoB poAa IIIeKTU b HH30BbHx Cup-,HapbH (1855— 1858 rr.) h AP-, a TaioKe peaKUHOHHbie BoftHbi c uejibio coxpaHeHHH cBoero rocnoACTByioiuero nojio>KeHHH b ycjioBHHx KoqeBoro o fiw e - cTBa HanCoAee BpaacAedHo HacTpoeHHbix k P occhh cy jrra - h o b , 6 aTbipoB, 6neB h 6aeBl. 1 Bo/iee iioapoCho 06 btom cm. T ojiuCckob C, E. 0 peaKUnoiinofi 6opb6e Ka3axcKHx cy^TanoB h GaTbipoB M jiaAm ero a<y3a npoTHB Ao(5po- BOJibHoro npHcoeAHHeHHH k P occhh.— BecrHHK AH Ka3CCP, 1955, Ns 8. 255

ripouecc npHCOeflHHeHHH K33aXCKHX XCy30B k P occhh npoTei<aji o ochobhom b <j)opMe 6opb6bi mokay hobhm h CTapWM, MOKAy npOrpeCCHBHbIM H KOHCepBaTHBHbIM, B (j)opMc 6opbCbi Me>KAy tpyahiuhmhch MaccaMH bo niaBe c OTAejibiibiMii nporpeecHBiibiMH jhoabmh h ochobhoh Mac- con KoncepBaTHBHOH naipHapxajibHO-(})eoAa;ibHOH Bepxyui- kh Ka3axcKoro Koqecoro ofiiuecTBa. rioA^eM Ha 6o;iee hah MeHee BbicoKyio ciyneiib o6me- CTBeHHOro np0H3B0ACTBa H 3aMeTHbIC H3MeHeHHH B COUH- ayibHO-3KOHOMHlieCKOM >KH3HH K33axCKHX H<y30B 6bIJlH He- MbicAHMbi 6e3 aomkh cTapon, BeKaMH cymecTBOBaBiueH CHCTeMbI KpaHHe UiaTKOrO, MaAOnpOH3BOAHTCAbHOrO H3-3a CBOefi npHMHTHBIIOCTH, KpyrAblH rOA KOqyfOmei'O CKOTOBOA- HeCKOrO X035IHCTB3. 3 tH H3MCH6HH5I 6blAH HCMhlCAHMbl 6e3 AHKBHAauHH rpatfHTeAbCKHx HaderoB ua coceAHHe HapoAti, B3aiiMHbix rpadejKen h Me>KAoyco6HU cpeAH K33axcKHX x<y30B h poAonjieMCHHbix rpynn. Taxwe KopeHHbie H3MeHe- HHH 6bIAH HeMbICAHMbI 6e3 OCeAAOCTH. HeCMOTpH Ha CBOIO KOAOHH3aTOpCKyiO UtVIb, nOJIHTHKO-3KOHOMHHCCKHe Mepbl, npHHHTbie pyccKHM npaBHTejibCTBOM b yKa3aHifOM nanpaD- JieHHH, ABHAHCb KOHKpeTHOH (])OpMOH IIOAOKHTCAbHOrO B03- AeftcTBHH P occhh Ha naTpHapxaAbHO-c|)eoAaAbHoe KoqeBoe o6mecTBo Ka3axoB. npHcoeAHHeHHe Ka3axcKHx >Ky30B k P occhh co3AaAO H3BecTHbie ycAOBHH aah 3HaHHT6Jibnoro h doAee duarporo pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTejibHbix cha b Ka3axcTane; OHO na- BeHHO CBH33AO BOCAHHO K333XCKHH HapOA C pyCCKHM HS- POAOM, C03AaAO Heo6xOAHMhie yCAOBHH A^H COBMeCTHOH OCBOdOAHTeAbHOH 6opb6tJ IipOTHB SKCHAyaTaTOpOB. Kan cBHAeTeAbCTByioT HCTopnqecKHe AOKyMeiiTbi, 6ojiee BblCOKIie Cj)OpMbI SKCTeilCHBHOrO naCT6HIAHOrO CKOTOBOA- CTBa, coneTaBuierocH c cenoKouienHeM h xAedoname- ctbom, HaqaAH B03HHKaTb HMeHHo c nepHOAa npwcoeAHHe- hhh Ka3axcTana k Pocchh. X o3hhctbo Ka3axoB ctaao npHo6peTaTb qepTbi noayKoqeBoro h Aa>xe b OTAeAbHbix cjiyqaax oceA A oro cKOTOBOAHecKO-3e\\iACAevibqecKoro xo- 3aficTBa. SKOHo-MHqecKaa cymHocTb nporpeccHBHoro 3Haqe- HHfl A06pOBOAbHOrO npHCOeAHHCHHA K33aXCKHX >Ky30B K Pocchh 3aKAioqaeTCsi npe>KAe Bcero b stom . B pe3yAbTaTe b xonue XIX h naqaAe XX bb. y Ka3axoB npoH30iiiAH cymccTBeHime h3mchchhh b xapaKTepe 3e.\\iAe- 256

.BJiaAeHHH. B. H. JleHHH, 0TMe4aa xoiByqecTb MHoroqHc- jieHiiux ^)opM 3eMwieBJiaAeHHq, cooTBeTCTBOBaBumx pa 3 - JiHqHUM HCTopHqecKHM anoxaM pa3BHTHa odmecTBa, n n c a ji: «BcnoM HHTe «K a n H T a A » M a p n ca . B bi Haftaeie TaM y x a 3 a - Hne Ha qpe3B biqafiH oe pa3Hoo6pa3He (})opM 3eMAeBJiaAe- hhh — (JjeoAaJibHoe, K.aaHOBoe, oOmHHHoe (Ao6aBHM*. npH- MHTHBHO-3axBaTHoe), rocyAapcTBeHHoe h npoq.,— KOTOpbie 3acTaeT K a n w ra A npH cBoew noxBJieHHH Ha HCTopHqecKyio cueH y*1. 3 to «qpe3BbiqafiHoe pa3Hoo6pa3He <J>opM 3eMJie- HMejio MecTO h b npeApeoojiicmHOHHOM K a 3 a x - cTaHe. ' C KOHua X V III b., b MecTax, 6jih 3ko pacnojio>KeHHbix k pyccKHM rpaHHuaM, iiohbjihiotch n e p B u e npH3HaKH h o b o A (J)OpMbi 3eMJieBJiaAeHH« y KoqeBHHKOB. O hh HaqajiH boc- npHHHMaTb HaBblKH K HOBhIM BHAaM TpyAa. B qaCTHOCTH, Ka3axH cTaJiH yqnTbca crpoHTb nocTOHHHbie xHJiHma, 3aHH- MaTbCH cenoKoiiieHHeM, p £j 6ojiobctbom h xJiedonauiecTBOM, B CBOeM X03HHCTBe CT3JIH ynOTpe6AHTb CeJIbCK0X03HtlCTBeH- Hbie OpyAHH, HMeBUIHeCH y pyCCKHX KpeCTbHH, BeCTH o 6- weH c pyccKH M Hace^eHHeM cbo h m h npOAyKTaMH npoH3- BOACTBa. PyccKoe npaBHTe/ibCTBO, b u,ejinx kojiohU3a u m , 6 bUio 33HHTepecpBaHO b ycT3H0B/ieHHH rpa^aaH C K oro MHpa, OC6AJIOCTH H P33BHTHH 3eMJIGACJIHH B Ka3aXCK0ft CTenH. nosTOM y o h o oxotho yAOBAeTBopHAo b 1764 m a y n p o c b 6 y cyJuaHa A O jia a npnc;iaTb AecHTb qeAOBeK pyccKHx c 3e- MJieAeJIbqeCKHMH OpyAHHMH H C0THMH A7IH phltfHOfl AOBAH a a h odyqeHHH Ka3axoB 3ew;ieAe,/iHio h putfoAOBCTBy h npocHAo A d J i a n , b cboio oqepeAb, npwcJiaTb AecaTb qejio- Bex xa3 axoB j\\Jin otfyqeHHH 3eM A eA eA H io.. JlpaBHTeAbCTBO o6cmaAO om ycT H T b hx aom oA c o p y a h h m h npon3BOACTBa, BbiaaHHbIMH H3 K33HbI2. B 3THX JKe UeJIflX Uapb K3RQJ1 B 1768 roAy y n a 3 o nocTpoAxe a o m o b xaHy Hypajw h c y ji- TaHy R o ca jin . B yxa3e CKa3aHo: «IlpH stom cTapaTbCH joieCHyqHHioTbceKHaa3, anxoocBe,ByKOTxojipeu6ea >KHByT npH flocaAH, 3ar0T0B- h 33BeAeHHio oropoAOB h caAOB»3. XaH Hypajin b 1770 roAy «xoAaTaAcTBOBaji nepeA OpeH6yprcKHM ryOepHaiopoM b t o m , qiodu pa3pemeHO 1 Jlem iH B . CM1TH8.p.9.C8,C1o16%c3or.ppHt. .H1K2023,y.3CaTKpO, H4e6t,fnfl o KHprn3ax cTcnH bix o6.ria- 2 OTKappMae<HpfT»iyepH,r,. 3CTefi. 17—1. 67 257

6hjio xaHCKOMy HapOAy HaHHMaTb HJieuKHx Ka3axoB aah o6yqeHH5i xocbGe. XoAaTaficTBO 6biJio yAOBAeTBope- ho>! .. C ueAbio AajibHeHiuero ycnjieHHH noAHTHqecxoro h 3K0H0MunecKoro BAHHHHfl Ha Xa33XCXOe KOHCBOe odmecTBO uapcKoe npaBHTejibCTBO 23 Man 1808 roAa npHHHAo peine- HHe 06 yCTpOHCTBe pa30pHBIUHXC5I Ka3aX0B, KOHeBaBUIHX no OpeH6yprcKOH ahhhh. B 3tom peuieHHH «noBejieno npn- pe3aTb 3eMJiio ceAeHHHM, KOTopbie npHMyT xa3axoB, a cbmhm xa3axaM npeAOCTaBHTb 10-AeTHioio Jibroiy ot noAa- Ten h cjiy}K6 h BhiAaeaTb noco6He»2. «B BHAax cftflHJKeHHH KOHeBblX HHOpOAUeB CO CMOKHhl-M pyCCKHM HaceAeHHeM, erne b 1808 r. aAMHHHCTpauHeio CnGnpcxoro xa3aqbero Botfcxa 6buio noAOjxeno npHBJienb 3apeHHWx Ka3axos (KOqCBaBHIHX K lo r y OT TeppHTOpHH, 3aHHT0H BOtfCKOM) Ha BHyrpeHHioio cTopoHy xa3aqbnx a h h h h ,% ueAbio nepeqncAe- HHH HCeAafOIUHX H3 HHX B xa3aqbe COCAOBHC, AAH 06pa30- B3HHH OCeAAbIX HaCeJieHHbIX nyHKTOB H ju IH p33BHTHH MexcAy KoqeBHHKaMH 3eMJieA6AHH»3. J la jib iie n u ie e odmeHHe MexcAy pyccKHM h Ka3axcKHM HacejieHHeM xax OpeHtfypr- CKoro, Tax h CnGnpcxoro BeAOMCTB oxa3biBaxo cBoe nojio- XKHTeAbHOe BAHHHHe Ha H3MeHeHHe KOHeBOrO X03HHCTBa xa3axoB o CTopoHy nocreneHHoro e ro nepexoAa k occaao- CTH H 3eMACAeAHK). KpynHUMH coGhthhmh, HMeiomHMH nporpeccuBHoe 3HaqeHHe b h cto ph h xa3axoB, Ch a h jihkbhabuhh peax- UHOHHoro xa3axcK oro xoneBoro xaHCTBa b CpeAHew m M^aAineM >xy3ax b 20-x rbaax XIX Bexa h npHMeHeHHe CHCTeMbi poccHHCxoro rocyAapcTBeHHoro ynpaB.aeHHH b CpeA«eM xcy3e b cooTBeTCTBHH c «ycTaB O M o chGhpckhx KHprH3ax». YcTaB 6 h a pa3pa6oTSH pyccxnM rocyAapcx- BeHHbiM AeaT&neM M. M. CnepancKHM h yTBepx<AOH npa- BHTejibcTBOM 22 h k>a h 1822 roAa. CorAacuo ycTaBy, Hace- JieHHe CpeAHero >xy3a aoajxho 6h ;io rpynnnpoBaTbCH , b aAMHHHCTpaTHBHbie ayAbi no 50—70 xo3hhctb; 10—12 Ta- khx ayAOB cocTaBAHAH BOAOdb, 15—20 BOAOdeft — oxpyr. B 1838 roAy b ceBepnofi qacTH K a3axcTan a HHCAHAOCb 7 1 npouuioe K a3 axcrana b HCTO^HHKax h MaTepna-nax, M., J935, ctp. 156—157. 2 Kpcupr H. H. C O o p H H K y3aKOH6Hnfi o K H p r H 3 a x CTenHbix o&naCTeft. OpeH3fiyKporJ,iOH18H938a,uHcHrp.Ch164h6.ph b CBH3H c oOiuhm nepccejieHMCCKHM Bonpo- com, Cn<5., 1900, dp . 84. 258

BHeiUHHX OKpyrOB, KOTOpblMH 6 blJl OXBaMCH BCCb CpCAHHH x<y3. 3 to MeponpHJiTHe • HJMejio nojio>KHTejibHoe 3Hane- iine. B ojibu ioe nporpeccHBHoe 3HaqeHHe b couHajibno-SKOHo- MnqccKOH >k h 3h h Ka3axoB, n a p «A y c co3A3HHe\\i BnepBbie B HCTOpHH K33aXCK0r0 HapOAa CTpOHHOH CHCTGMU TOCy- jxapcTBeiinoro ynpaBACHHH, HMejio ocHOBaime OKpy>KHbix ropoAOB, K O T o p tie nocreneuHo npeBpau^ajincb b r/iyxoft K33aXCKOH CTeriH B nO/IHTHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKHe H KyJIbTypHbie ucHTpbi. KoKqeTaBCKHft, KapKapaAHHCKHH h K yiu M yp yfi- ckhh o x p y r a ObiAH o6pa30Banbi b 1824 roAy (K y iirn y p y H - CKHft o x p y r Bnoc;ieACTBHH, b 1859 r., Cbiji ncpcHMCHOBan b A T 6acapcK H H ); b 1831 r. 6 u j m o6pa30BaHbi Anry3CKHH h K oKneKTHHCKHH OKpyra,’ a b 1832 r.— BaaH-AyjibcKHH h A kmoahhckhh. OcHOBHyio jihhhk) nojiHTHKH pyccKoro npaBHTeJILCTBa b 3tot nepHOA, HanpaB^eHHyio Ha pa3BHTHe oceAJiocTH h 3ewjieAeJiHH cpeAH Ka3axoB, oTpaxtaeT AOHecenHe ot 22 aeKatfpn 1826 roAa KowaHAyiomero KoKqeTaBCKHM ot- PHaom coTHHKa OeAopoBa. Oh nucaA: «r . BponeBCKHH yBeAONLiHeT npn ceM odmecTBO1, hto MHorne H3 Ka3axoB b npocb6 ax cbohx k Hewy hs^ hbahiot JKejiamie HaqaTb xjie6 onamecTBo, TpeOyn jiioAen a a h noKa3aHHH, nax o6 pamaTbCH c naxoTHUMH opyahhmh h ccmhh aah noceBOB, hto no bo3 mo>khocth yAOBAeTBopneTCH, h Omckhm o6 jiaar- HbiM CoBeTOM onpcAejieHa b KajKAwft BtieiiiHHfi oxpyr, b Ka3axcKoii cTenw ycTpoeHHbift no YcTaBy o ch6 hpckhx xnp- rn3ax. BbicoqaHiiie KOH(pnpMOBaHHOMy b 1822 r., cywwa Ha noKynxy opy&uh h ceMHH, kohch, >KejiaiomHe 3aHHTbcn xAedonamecTBOM, Ka3axa ccyxcaioTcn. K cewy ohh ocoOeH- ho noACTpeKaiOTCJi boabophbwhmhch m o k ay KoqeBbeB Ka- 33K3MH, COCTaBJIHBIHHMH CTpa>Ky O K pyra, TAe TpeTHH TOA y>xe Kax nojio>KeHO Haqajio x jie O o n a iu e c T B y , a KorAa b K33axcK0H CTenH HaceJiHTCH K333KH, K yA a y>Ke n epeexaA o ohijx okojio 200 ceMeftcTB, h HaqHyT nau iH io b HaAAextameM nopnAKe, to K a3axH eme 6o;iee yO eA flT cn b no.ib3e ceft n p o- MbllilJieHHOCTH H KOHCHHO 6yAyT BpeMH OT BpeMeHH o 6 p a - maTbCH b 3eM AeAeAbueB »2, Tax oho b ochobhom h bbiujao. Pe(J)opMa, npoBeAeHHan b 1824 r. b AtnaAweM x<y3 e 1 PcMb hast 06 HMnepaiopcKOM Mockobckom o6mecTBe ce.ibCKoro X03HHCTBa. 2 O natiajie x/ieOonaiuecTBa b KHprH3CKOH CTenw.—3ew;ieAeJii>«jecKHfi JKypHa/i, 1827, Ms 19, cip. 10—11. 17* 259

cpeAH Ka3 axoB Open6 yprcKOro bcaomctbs ino jihkbhMUHh Ka3axcKoro xancTBa, 6 buia MeHee yAaHHa, qeM cpeAH ch- 6hpckhx Ka3axoB b tom orHoiueHHH, hto oaa ; He- BBeaa HHK3K0H HOBOH CHCTOMbl TOCyAapCTBCHHOTO ynp3BAeHHH H nomH He KacaJiacb BonpocoB ynopHAoqeHHH '3eMeJibHfaix OTHomeiiHH. Bee AeJio cBOAHJiocb k TOMy, qTO HeofrbflTHaa TeppHTopHH opeH6yprcKHx Ka3axoB or rop. ypajibcxa ao Meda cahhhhh pen To6 oa h y6araH , ot ropoAa lypbeBa ao ropbi y^y-Tay, ot no^yocTpoBa MaHrbmiAaK ao ropu Kapa-Tay 6 biJia pa3AejieHa Ha Tpn nacTH; 3anaAHyK>,~CpeA- HioK) h BocToqHyio, Ka^KAan H3 kotopwx no cymecTBy 6 bwia HOBbiM xaHCTBOM. Ha3HaweHbi 6huiu TpH cyATaHa-npaBHie- ah: KapaTaw HypajmeB, TeMHp EpajineB h fljKyMa XyAafi\\ MCHAHeB. 3 th cyjrraHbi-npaBHTeAH BnepBhie ( b 1824 roAy) HCTopHH KoqeBoro xaHCTBa Ka3axoB, ecAH He HMeTb b bh- Ay ycTaBa M . CnepaHCKoro o ch6 hpckhx ka3axax, HaweTHAH Koe-KaKHe h BecbMa ycAOBHwe rpaHHUhi cbohx Tax Ha3biBaeMMx baba^hkh1, ■hto He motao BnecTH HHHero HOBOrO B 3eMeAbHbie OTHOHieHHfl CpeAH OCHOBHO# Maccbl KoqeBoro HaceAeHHH (cm. cxeMaTHHecxyio xapTy ycjioBHO- ro pa3Me>xeBaHHH TeppHTopHH open6yprcKHx h ch6 hpckhx Ka3axoB h cyATaiioB-npaBHTeAeft opeH6yprcKHx Ka3axOB), B YcTaBe o chPhpckhx xa3 axax PoAbiuoe BHHMaHHe yAeAHAocb ynopHAoqeHHio 3eMAeBAaAeHHH h 3eMAenoAb30- BaHHH B HHTepecaX pa3BHTHH cpeAH HHX OCeAAOCTH2. T.poonHhihoHer.ohrapBfoyHtT4roAoao,1AChaf,tboo«qrHijnninCehpba.opoapu^HeCjHeIHH3,nApHHeXpHeayaunAoepn.MehfH6otioO2Hjoei7eqitMHoM4amiycu,aHaoTqeo^HAAkcahaMebcaKiBneu.ryHbypnxxaaIiooShAB-oBrOTheJopoeom,HieeppnhHHHraceconmyO.Hpa(xpoioy(Hi7B5bpeA4yxwrKpc)cbn.axrhlckoHokJxh.xrlhH>p’ayaxejsnbKinoatxobaKpcoecw3Ho-ontaBpeoeAxTrO:rAokHeppAHByM3aa«*fi0H.olH—riBbiHioope,cueyC(xaUCpp.oxneaAaTroTqsooeHMAjx.i)waepAeyMAneweenonxBrAHaoopbyyMcwaHKapr,aMiao3sBo«HafaCacArABnoir;CeKaeao,HBPxooca$Hy**t--- MHreTe, rAe npHcyrcTBOBaAH cyATanu AlacyMa h TeMHp, nocTaBAewa rp a m n a m a n M e » A y o h w m h . qepTa, iia n K H a n o t OrenH oft xpenocTH h Ta,npoBOAH q e p e 3 B e p u iH H b i p e x T o r y 3 a x a , K a p a - A A H - A a T a , K a p a r a fi- A a - A * H A x y 3 e p a h T o 6 o A a c tc m , m o 6 b i B e e T ea en a e hx b KHprH3* exofi CTena npH H aA-nejxaAO x aacTH B o c T o q H o ft, ho to m qepe3 03epo Kyp*K o p c a x - B a u iw H a n e p e n p a B V K m a w h H a C b i p - A a p b K ) x m o t h a c K yi a o pa3BaAHH K y n a -K a A a ; o ir y A a n o A o p o r e aepe3 flHHqxe qepe3 4, 274, 180, 108).KOAOAe3b C y 3 - K a p a a o nepBoro O y x a p c x o r o KAiona K hhaopah*, ( u r H A K a 3 C C p , cf). on. I, a . cb. a. Ha HeyAOBAeTBopHTe.ibHbifi xapaxTep pe(}>opMhi b MAaAineM >xy3e b 3HaameAbHoft CTenenH noB.inaAa pcaxnHOuHaa noAHraxa opeHtfypr- 260

ycraB * T p c 6 o B a ji Tomioro ycraHOBAeHHH 3eMeJibHHx rpannu M CTK jxy bhcluhhmh OKpyraMH h ' hx oxpaHbi, xoth 3th Tpe6oBaHHH n e motah 6biTb ocymecTBJieHu cpa3y b cH Ay rocn o^ cT B yiom ero TorAa oObman h B3rAHAa b HapoAe, hto « bch cT en b ecT b oOmecTBeHnoe AOCTOHHHe Ka3axoB»! . Ho BMecTe c TeM Tpe6oeaHHe Y c T a e a o tom, hto «Ka>KAbifi oxp yr H M eeT onpe^eJieHHue Ha^JiexcamHM pa3rpanHqeHHeM 3eMJiH h >KHTejiH A p yroro OKpyra He nepexoAHT na oHbie 6e3 Tom ioro no3Bo;ieHHfl MecTHoro naqajibCTBa», nocTenerm o OKa3biBajio cB oe noAox<HTeAbHoe BAHHHHe Ha H3MeHeHHe xapaKTepa 3eMJieBJiazieiiHH Ka3axoB b tom OTHOiueHHH, hto ycTaHaBJiHBajiHCb rpaHHUbi C H aqajia M exA y OKpyraMH, BOAOCTHMH, a 3aTeM A f e x a y aAMHHHCTpaTHBHHMH ayJiaMH. «CymHOCTb H3M6HeHHH 3eMeJIbHbIX (})OpM B K333XCKOH CTe- nH ao chx n op 3 aKJHOHaeTCH b o6oco6AeHHH seweAbHOH co6ciB eiiH ocTH : CHaqa;ia poA o 6 o c o 6 h j i c r .ot pOAa, 3aTeM BuyTpn HaqaAH o6oco6.iHTbCH 6 o jie e mcakhc poAOBbie CAHHHUhl, HaKOHen, no OTHOUieHHIO K HCKOTOpblM yrOAbHM (ueHHbie otfeperaew h ie nacT(5nma, n o K o c u ) o 6 o c o 6 j ie u n e aohiao a o n p e A e ^ a , to ecTb ao ceMenHOH co6ctb6hhocth» 2, B BHAe T3K Ha3bIBaeMbIX K0H-6yJIHK H aTa-6yAHK H nOKOC- h h x naftKOB3, k o t o p u x paHbiue y KoqeBHHKOB He 6h a o . llp o rp ec cH B H o e 3HaqeHHe Y c r a B a o ch6hpckhx K a 3 a x a x b tom h c o c to h a o , hto oh BnepBbie b hctophh K on eB oro o6mecTBa Ka3axoB cnocoGcTBOBaA co3AaHHio aAMHHHCTpa- THBHblX eAHHHU — OKpyrOB, BOAOCTeft H ayAOB H HOBhIX (j)opM 3©MeAbHbix oTHomeHHS. B x o A e AaAbHenmero pa3- bhthh noHBHAacb h npwoOpeAa b KOHue XIX h H anaAe XX bb. rocnoACTByiom ee 3Haqe«He cpeAH oceA^bix h n oA y-312* ckhx r e H e p a A - r y t f e p H a T o p o B C y x r e . i e H a h f l e p o B C K o r o . H a r r p H M e p , r e - H e p a ^ *ry 6 e p H a T o p C y x T e jie n «cHHTa/i B p eA H b iM noom pH Tb x -ie 6 o n a in e c T - bo c p e ^ H K a 3 a x o B h H e ao3boahji hm c e j i H T b c n . C H c r e M a 9 T a n oJ iyM H J ia em e G ojib u iee pa3B H TH e npH npeeMHHKe C y x T e ;ie H a re n ep a .ie riepoB C K O M , h b to B p e M H .’ K a K b c n G H p c K o ii CTenH p a c n p o c T p a H e H n e w e> K A y K a 3 a x a - mh 3 e M A e A e A H H h A a > « e occaaocth A C J ia A o n o c T e n e H H b ie y c n e x H , b oTH om eiiH H M a j i o f t o p A U Ao/rro n poA O JO K aJiH npiiAep>KHBaTbCH y n o - M AH yTO ft JlOXCHOft T e o p H H , TOpMOSH ReJJO M U pH O TO ycnOKOGIIHfl C T e ilH * . (J Io d b ic e B H H <I>. H, ilo c T y n a T e jib H o e ' A B H > K e H H e b C p e A H io io A3hk> b T o p ro B O M h A H n A O M a T H q e c K o -B o e H H O M O TH O iu eH H A x. C n 6 ., 1900, CTp. 8 1 ). 1 Kpacoocicuil M . O&iacrb ch6hpckhx K H prH 30B , q. HI. Cn6 ., 1868, CTp, 159. IJ.2 XeopOCTHHCKtiCL Pa3B H TH e (J)OpM 3eM Jien0Jlb30BaHHH B 33B H C H - m o c t h ot x o 3 5 ific T B a .— T y p r a f i c K a a r a 3 e T a , 1906, 26 M a p T a . 3 KoH-6yjiHK — O T A e.ib H oe o s e q b e n a C T O w m c , aTa-6y.iHK — o T A e / ib - n a * O TU O BiAH H a, ceMefinan co6cTB eH H O C T b. 261

KoqeBbix Ka3axoB oCmHHHO-ayjibHan $opMa 3eMAeBJiaAe* hhh. 9 ia (J)opMa 3eM^eBJiajieHHH 6bi;ia o6cTOHTe;ibHo H3yqeHa b 12 ye3Aax CrenHoro Kpan SKcneAHuneH O.IUep- 6hhli b 1896--1901 rr. OrpoMHoe counajibHO-3KonoMHqe- CKoe 3iiaqeHHe YciaBa M. C nepancK oro coctohao eme b TOM, HTO B HeM BHABHraJICH psux. nOJIOJKeHHfi 0 qaCTHOM 3eMAeBjiaAenHH cpeAH Ka3axon c uejibio HacajKAeHHH h KyabTHBHpOBaHHH ceHOKomeHHH, x^e6onamccTBa b ueJiax H3MeHeHHH KoqeBoro o(5pa3a >kh3hh Ka3axoB, nepexoAa hx k noayKoqeBOMy h oceA^owy r n n a M xo3HHCTBa. «HoBhie xce yCAOBHH >KH3HH HapOfla BO MHOTOM nopOWAeHbl VCTpOH* ctbom d e rm no VciaBy 1822 r o ^ a » 1. FIoa BJiHHHHeM hobhx nOJIHTHqCCKHX yeJIOBHH H pOCTa SKOHOMHHeCKHX CBH3eK C pyccKHM Hace.neHHeM nocTeneHHo im ieHAAocb npewHee ot- HOixieHne Ka3axon k 3eM;ie. ycTaBOM BnepBwe peKOMenAO* Baa'ocb BBeAGHne cpeAH K a3 axcK o ro nacejieHHH, naqiiHan co ciapuiero cyjiraH a — raaBbi o K p y x H o ft aAMHHHCTpauHH h KOHqaJI p5IAOBbTM CKOTOBOAOM, HaCTHOro 3eMAeB.TaAeHHB Ha ocHOBe pa3BHTH*i oceAaocTH h 3cmjieaejiwi. CoiviacHO YcraBy, crapuiCMy cyATany Bbwejifuiocb or 5 jio 7 kb. Bepct yAO^HOff A-TH 3eMAeAevTHH, CKOTOBOACTBa H ApyrHX HaAO<5- HOdeH 3eMJiH2, 3aceAaieABM no 2 kb. BepcTW, BoaocnibiM CyATaHAM H PVCCKHM qFIHOBHHKaM OKpy>KHOH KaHUeAnpHH no oahoh kb. BepCTe, nepeBOA^HKaM h npo>KHBaiomHM b oxpyre Ka3aKaw no 15 acchthh Ha Aymy. Jlanee b YcTaBe cKa3aHo: «PoccHHCKHe 3aceAaTejiH b np«Ka3ax h Ka3aKH, cocTaBAaiomne cipa>Ky, aojdkhbi noAaTb nepBbin npHMep k B03AeAWB3HHK) 3eMeA&... Ha OTBeAeHHhIX' HM 3eMAHX AOJDK- Hbi ohh CTapaTbCH 3aBCCTH x/ie6onamecTBO h, 6yAe npeA- CT3BHTCH B03M0>KH0CTb, CaAOBOACTBO, nqeAOBOACTBO H npoq. ... Ohh aoa^ hhi ynoipetfAHTb Bee ciapaHne, qTotfu cyjiTaHbi, cTapmHHbi h npoMHe Ka3axn, y6e>KAenbi 6biAH b nOJlb3e TaKOBbIX 3aBeAeHHH, AOCTaBAHTb HM K TOMy see Cn0C06bI H nOMOraTb HyHKHblMH COBeTBMH»3. H3 3TOTO crp. 11K5p9.acoacKutl M . 06;iacTb chOhpckhx KHprii30B, q. III. Cn6., 1868, 3 «KHpr«3CKHM cy.iTaHaM CiidHpcKoro BeAOMCTaa... npejiocTaB/jeHbi npaBa noTOMCTBeHHoro * ABOpflHCTBa npH ycjiobhh npocnyweiiHH no Butfopaw Tpox Tpex^eTHfi b 3B3HHH cTapuiHx cyjrraHOB*. (Kpac^T H. H. H3 KnprH3CKOH crapnnbi. Cyjrram>i, tapxaHbi k 6 hh. Opcn6ypr, 1900, dp. 81). 3 YcTaB o chOhpckhx KnprH3ax §§ 181, 182 h 183. B kh.: riojmoe coOpaHHe 3aKonoB Pocchhckoh HMnepnH c 1649 ro.ua t. XXXVIII, 1822—1823. Cn(5., crp. 426. 262

JlOKyMeHTa b h a h o , mto p yccK o e npaBHTejibCTBo, b b o a h AH ^iJjepcHUHpoBaHHoe qacTHoe 3e\\iJieBJiaaeHHe KaK o a h o H3 -ycJiOBHH oceAaiiHH KoqeBHHKOB, o c o 6 o e BHHMaiiHe y A e - jihjio TOM y, q T o d b i Bee pyccK H e jtioah, pafioTaBuine b OKpy>KHOM npH Kaae, CTaJiH (})aKTHqccKH yqHTeJiHMH K a3a- xob b o6 / ia cT H 3eMJieaeJiH5i. O h h c b o h m jihahlim npHM epoM Ao;i>KHbi dbiJiH y6eAHTb npe^KAe B c e ro Ka3axcKHx cyjiTaHOB h CTapuiHH KaK npeACTaBHTejien rocn oA C Toyiom ero KJiacca cpeAH K a 3 a x o B h cjiy>KamHx poccHHCKoro rocyA ap cT B en n o- r o a n n a p a T a b nojib3e 3eMJieAeAHH h o c e z u io c m IlpaBo co6 cTBeHH0CTH Ka3axoB Ha Bbi/iejieHHbie hm yqacTKH 3eMAH npH3HaBajiocb b tom cjiyqae, ecjiH ohh Ha 3thx yqacTKax 3aHHMajincb 3eMAeAeJineM. B qncjie Apyrnx noompHTeAbHbix wep, kotopbimh Hy>Kiio 6 biJio Bbi3BaTb HHTepec y Ka3axoB k 33hhthk> 3eMJieAeAHeM, 6 bUio to , hto «Ka3ax, KOTopuH nepBbiH b OKpyre pa3BeAeT 3HaqHTejibHoe xjiedonamecTBo, nqejiOBOACTBO h npon. paBHO h bco Te, KOTopwe oKa>KyT b chx AeAax OTJiHHHbie ycnexH, nojiyqaioT npabo Ha ocotfeHHVio Harpa/jy, o Ha3HaqeHHH KOTopoft npeacTaBJixTb Ha Bbrcoqafimee ycMOTpeHHe»I. Hejib3H lie BHAeTb nporpeccHBHoro 3naqeHHH YcTaBa b hctophh ko - qenoro ofimecTBa Ka3axoB. H mh KpafiHe yah bachhi, hto JI. n. IloTanoB cqHTaeT ero no cyTH ne.jia peaKUHOHHbiM 33KOHOM. O h nHiueT: «M. M. CnepaHCKHH nbrrajicH HcnoJib- 30BaTb no cymecTBy y>xe H3>KHToe y Ka3axoB poAonjieMeH- Hoe AejieHHe, npncnoco6 HB ero, KaK h b Ch6 « ph, k aAMH- HHCTpaTHBHblM UGAHM»2. KcTaTH 33MeTHM, HTO B 3TOT nepwoA poAon/reMeHHoe AeAeHHe y Ka3axoB eme He 6biJio h3>kh to , oho npojioJDKajio nrpaTb pemajomyjo pojib b o 6- mecTBeHHO-sKOHOMHqecKOH >k h 3hh HapoAa3. Kacancb 3Ha- qHTeAbHO no3Anero nepnoAa KoAnaKOBCKHH nHcaji: «Bopb- 6a napTHH npn Bbi6opax bojiocthbix ynpaBHTeAen HeH36e>K- na h oco6eHHa CHJibna noTOMy, h to bojtocth cocTaBJienbi, b rpoMaAHOM 6ojibuiHHCTBe cjiyqaeB, H3 necKOJibKHx p o a o b , 1 YCTaB O CH6HDCKHX KHprH33X, § 187. 2 U o ra n o e J J . 77. 0 cymHocTH naTpHapxajibHO-(J)eo;ia.nbHbix otho- uighhh y K o u e B b ix H a p o a o B C p e ^ H e w A3hh h K a 3 a x c T a n a . — B o n p o c w hctophh, 1954, No 6, CTp. 86. 3 «P o A C T B e H iia H c b b 3l y K a 3 a x o B ^pc3B biM 3H H 0 y B a w a e T c a , a m h c - jieH H ocTb A a im o r o ceM eficTB a co cT a B J in eT e r o c n .iy . CTapHKH c m e n o M - h 5i t T e o p e M e H a , K o r a a a o B B e A e H H a n a u i H M n p a B H T ejib C T B O M H 3 B e c T - Hbix n op B A K O B M H o ro q u c A e H H w e ru iC M e n a h ceM eficT B a n o a b 3 0 B a .in c b o c o 6 l im 3 H a *ie iiH e M h AeAa.nn m to x o t c j ih * . (fO 3e(|)0B H H B . O 6 b iT e K a - 3 a x o B T y p r a n c K o f i o G j i a c m — P v c c k h h b c c t h h k , t . 146, 1880, CTp. 803). 263

KcDKAblft pOA CTpeMHTCfl, BO MTO 6bl TO HH CTaAO, IipOBeCTH CBoero copoAHqa Ha A0A>KH0CTb BOJiocTHoro ynpaBHTeJifl, - 3 to BpejiHoe hbjishhc, neycipaHHMoe HHKaKHMH aAMHHH- CTpaTHBHblMH CpeACTBaMH, IipOHCXOflHT HMeHHO nOTOMy, HTO poAOBoe Haqajio eme oqeHb cHJibHO h, kohchho, He mojkct 6wTb ycTpaHeHo 3aKOHOAaTeAbHbiM nyreM no ,TOMy He- npejio>KHOMy 3aKOHy hctophh, hto AeKpeiaMH, HeAb3H OTMeHHTb HapoAHbie HpaBti h o6biqaH»l. ycTaB M. CnepaH- CKoro' cnoco6cTBOBa./i He coxpaHeHHio poAonAeMeHHoro Ae- jieHHH y Ka3axoB, a, HaotfopoT, ero pa3pymeHHio. 'YcTaB 6mji HanpaB^eH Ha noAAep>KaHne h pa3BHTHe occaaocth h 3eMJieA^«nHH. A oceAAOCTb Hen36e>KHo Beact k pa3AO>KeHHio poAOBoro ycTpoHCTBa. n. n. PyMHHUeB BepHO OTMeTHA, qTO BBeACHHe aAMH- HHCTpatHBHoro AejieHHH y Ka3axOB «He cqHTaAocb c poAO- BbiM CTpoeM Ka3axoB, oho ycTaHaBAHBajio wexaHHqecKyio,. b ayqmew cjiyqae, TeppHTopnaAbHyio rpynnnpOBKy Ka3ax- nckhx « kh6 htok» b ayAbHbie o6mecTBa, a sthx nocjieAHHx — b boaocth. pOBOAHAaCb aHaAOTHH C AeAeHHeM pyCCKHX KpecTbHH Ha ceAbCKHe o6mecTBa h boaocth... TaKHM o6pa- 30M BHOQHAaCb AOMKa B eCTeCTBeHHO-CAOJKHBIHHeCH OTHO- UieHHH; pOAOBbie 0 6 iLt.HHbI AOA>KHbI 6 bIAH BTHCHyTbCH B HOBbie lopHAHqecKHe paMKH»2.3 3 to noATBepxcAaeTCH h AOKyMeHTOM KaHueAHpHH ' OpeH^yprcKoro reHepaA-ry6 ep- HaTopcTBa: «C nocTenenHHM BOABopeHHeM b CTenw 6e30- nacHocTH h rpa>KAaHCKoro nopnAKa nocpeACTBOM yqpe>KAe- hhh aAMHH|icTpaTHBHbix BAacreft, no Bbi6opy pyccxoro npaBHTeAbCTBa, poAOBoe HaqaAo Me>KAy Ka3axaMHOco6eHHo npHAHHefiHbIMH, HaqaAO OCAa6eBaTb, HBHAaCb B03M0>KH0CTb )KHTb 6e306HAH0 nOMHMO 3aiUHTH pOAOBHqen, H BOT Ka3axH oahhx poaob HaqaAH npHceAHTbcn k Ka3axaM Apyrnx, to eCTb B npHAHHeHHUX AHCTaHUHHX 06pa30BaA0Cb CMeiliaH- Hoe HapoAOHaceAeHHe*5. 06 stom ace JI. Koctchko nwcaA: «B HacTonmee BpeMH poAOBbie noApa3AeAeHHH 1 Ka3axoB 1Uht. no paCoTe B. Ocia^beBa. KoAOHH3aiiHn crenHux otfjiacTefi B CBH3R C BOnpOCOM O KOWCBOM X03flflCTBe.— 3anHCKH 3anaAHo-Cn(5Hp- cKoro oTAeJia HPrO, kh. XVIII, Bbin. II. O mck, 1895, crp. 53. * MaiepHajiu no o6c;ieA0BaHHK) Ty3eMHoro h pyccKoro crapowHAb- MecKoro xo3aflcTBa h 3eM.ieno.nb30BaHHn b CewnpeqeiiCKOH otfnacTH, co6paHHbie h pa3pa6oTaHHbie noA pyKOBOACTBOM n. IX PyMBHueBa, t. 1. JlencHHCKHA ye3A, KnpmcKoe X03hhctbo. Cn6., 1911, crp. 154— 155. 3 UfHA Ka3CCP, cj). 4, on. I, a. 3877, cb. 516, a. 25. 264

Hcqe3aioT BCAeACTBHe toh ajxMHHHCTpauHH, KOTopyio nana- ah BBOAHTb 3Aecb p y ccK H e ... lloHBHJiHCb HOBue pa3AeAe- hhh: boaocth h ayAbr, HecoBnaAaiomHe c npe>KHHMH pa3Ae- JieHHHM« Ha noKOJieHHfl h ayjibi^1. Ho pa3Jio>KeHHe poiionjieMeHHoii o<5iuhhh Ka3axoB ihao Kpanne MenjieHHO. Oho n p o A O Ji> K a Jio c b ao Bcahkoh Okth^pbckoA couw aA H CTH - qecKoft peBOJiiouHH. Jlaxte nocjie tio6eiUJ BeJiHKoft OkthOpb- CKoft counaJiHCTHqecKoft peBOJiiouHH nepe>KHTKH rocrroA- CTBOBaBiiiHx b npeApeBOjnouHOHHOM Ka3axcTaHe naTpwap- x a ^ b H O -4 > e o A a jib H h ix othoujchhA h poAOBOro 6 u T a n p eo A O A e B a A H C b AOBo/ibHO AOJiro. JIjih 3Toro noipe6oBajiacb uejian noJioca HCTOpnqecKoro pa3BHTHH yxce b ycAOBHHX AHKTarypbi nposierapnaTa. . 3eMeJibHbie othoiughhh, cAO>KHBiuHecH bo BHyTpeHHefi ByKeeBCKOH opAe b 30-x roAax X IX b ., JI. n. rioTanoB onHTb-TaKH oueHHBaeT HesepHo. Flo ero mhchhio, « o6ihhh- Hoe 3eMJienojib30BaHne y Ka3axoB OTHiOAb «e npenflTCTBOBa- jio KpynHWM (JjeoAaJiaM pacnopfUKaTbcn 3eMJien no cBoeMy ycMOTpeHHio. Kor^a y xaHa ByKeeBCKOH opAbi bo3hhka3 Heo6xOAHMOCTb JOpHAHqeCKH OfpOpMHTb TipaBO BA3ACHHA 3eMeAbHHMH yroAbHMH, oh 3aKpenHA 3a co6oft 400 thc. Ae- CHTHH C3MOH AyMUiefi 3GMAH, OTBeA 700 TbIC. A6CHTHH CyA- Tanaw MyneraAHio h HuHraAHio ypMaHOBHM, 400 th c. aecHTHH dpaTy CBoeMy MeHJiHnipeio h t . a. H3 ocTaBuiHxcfl 800 thc. AecHTHH xaH npOAaBaA 3eMeAbHne yqacTKH MeA- khm cyATaHaM, cTapiuHHaM, xoA>«aM, cAaBaA b apeHAy h r. a . 3 a nepHOA c 1830 no 1835 r., Hanpnuept xan bh as a p33HbIM AHUaM 1 517 3KTOB Ha BAaACHHe 36M6AbHHMH yqacTKaMH b OpAe»2. C hum corAacHH C. 3nMaHOB h A. EpenoB: am p-xan bo BHyTpeHHeH opAe cnnTaA ce6 n eAHHCTBeHHHM BAaACAbuCM Bcefi 3 ©MAti opAH. Oh mot nepe- pacnpeAeAHTb, OTTopraTb KoneBbH, CAaBaTb b apeHAy h npo~ AaBaTb 3 eMeAbHHe yroAbfl opAH»3. JI, II. FIoTanoB h noA~ Aep>KHBaioiixHe ero aBTopw HeBepHO noAaraioT, 6yATO 6h npHBeACHHue hmh (J)3kth noATBep>KAaK)T HCKOHHoe cyme- 1 KocreHKo J I . CpeflHflH A3hh h BO ABopeim e d Hew pyccxofi rpa>K- flaHCTBeiiHocTH. Cn<5., 1870, CTp. 37—38. 2 FJoranoe J I . 17. O cyiuiiocTH naTpHapxa.ribHO*cf)eofla/ibHbix o th o - uieHHH y KoqeBwx Hapo^oB Cpejineft A 3 HH h Ka3axcTana.— Bonpocw HCTOpHH, 1956, 6, CTp. 86. 3 3 um qh o8 C. h Epe.H08 A . O xapaKTepc (fceojia/ibHOH co6cTBeniio- cm na 3eM^Jo b Ka3axcTaHe.— TpyAb! A.flMa-ATHHCKoro lopHAHHCCKoro HHCTHryTa, t . I. A^iMa-Ata, 1955, crp. 49. 265

CTBOBaHHe 4>eOAaJlbHOH 3CMeJIbHOH CO6CTBeHH0CTH B BOeHHO- KoqeBOM, nJieweHHo-^eoAajibHOM o 6 mecTBe Ka3axoB h boo6- me y noAoOHbix hm KoqeBHHKOB. OiundKa JI. n . rioTanoBa, C. 3HManoBa h A. EpeHOBa coctoht b to, hto ohh paccMaTpHBaiOT h ouemisaiOT npHBe- AeHHue hmh $aKTu, OTHocHiunecH k 1830—1835 rr., BHe CB5I3H C KOHKpeTHO CJI0XHBIUHMHCH K 3T0My BpeMCHH, B pe3yjibTaTe AoOpoBOJibHoro npHcoeAHHeHHfl Maa^uiero x y- 3a K POCCHH, COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHqCCKHMH yCJIOBHHMH KaK b Ka3axcKOM o6in.ecTBe b uejiOM, ran h bo BHyipeimefi By- KeeBCKOH opae. O hh ynycnajoT H3 bhay tot BaxHuft $aKT, qTo 3th 3eMe^bHbie caeAKH bo BHyTpeHHeft ByKeeBCKOft opAe npoHCxo^HJiH pobho qepe3 cto act nocJie npucoeAH- HeHHH n^eMeH Mjia/miero xy3a k P occhh.. BHyTpcHHHH )Ke ByKeeBCKan op.ua o6pa30BaHa no yxa3y uapcKoro npaBHTeAbCTBa b 1801 roAy, cnycTa 70 JieT nocJie npHcoe^HHeHHH M.qajimero xy3a k P occhh, Ha TeppHTOpHH pyccKoro rocy^apcTBa 3a p. ypaji. 3Ta reppHTOpria ao Toro BpeweHH 6 biJia 3 aHHTa nostrahhmmh P occhh KaAM&ucaMH, KOTOpbie noKHHyjiH ee b 1771 roAy. Ben 3eMA5i BuyTpeHHeH op^bi 6biJia noxa^iOBaHa uapew cyjrraHy Byneio HypaJiH- xaHOBy. B 1799 r. cyjrraH Bynew HypaAHxanoB oOpanuicH k pyccKOMy npaBHTe.ribCTBy c npocbOow pa3peuiHTb ewy c npHsepxeHHbiMH eMy Ka3axaMH KoneBaTb MexAy YpajioM h Bonrofi. H MapTa 1801 roAa nocJieAOBajio Bbicoqaftiuee noB&neHHe HMnepaTopa llaBJia I: «ripeAceAaTejibCTByioiiie- ro b XaHCKOM coBeTe KnprH3-KaHcauKOH MaJiofl opAbi ByKen cy^iTaHa, ctina Hypajm-xanoBa, npHHHMan k ce6e oxotho, no3BOA$no KoqeBaTb TaM, r^e noxejiaeT, h b 3HaK woero O.iaroBo.qeHHH Ha3Haqaio h eMy Meaajib 30Ji0Tyio c mohm nopipeTOM, KOTopyio HocHTb Ha mce Ha qepHo# AeHTe h npoq.»l. JJajiee, «no BbicoqaHiue yTBepxAeHHOMy 19-ro Man 1806 r. nojio>KeHHK) o HaAeJieHHH Konyiomiix HapoAOB 3eMJiHMH, KasaxaM npeAOCTaBJieH yqacTOK 3aBOJijKCKoif cre- nn (ot p. Y 3eHH qepe3 ropbi BorAo h ^anqax ao Kacrmfi- CKOrO MOpft), BXOAHBUieH B COCTaB AcTpaxaHCKOH ryOepHHH. 3aTeM b 1828 r., no Bbicoqaftiue yTBep>KA6 HH0 My noJioxeHHK) A3HaTCKoro KOMHTera, hm ota3h yqacTOK YpajibCKofi CTeriH b HepHoapcKOM ye3Ae ao 670 000 acchthh. Bee npocipaH- t XXVI°^feei 9 7 7 3 6paHHe 3aK0H0B p° CCHfiCK0« HMncpHH, 1801 r., 266

ctbo 3aHHMaeMbix Ka3axaMH 3eMejn> npocTHpaeTC5i a o 7000000 AecJiTHH»1. TaKHM o 6 p a 3 o \\ i By'Kefi h e r o itotom kh bo B H yT p cim eft ByxeeBCKoft o p A e npHo6peAH n p a e o b ji3ziohhb Ha 3Ty 3cmjiio Ha ocHOBaHHH pyccK oro rocy^apcTBCH H oro 3aKOHOAaTe;ib- CTBa, a He n o a pg b h h m oObiqaHM K oqeB oro o6mecTBa Ka3a- xob. 3 to x o p o m o noHHMaji caM cyA TaH ByiceH. B 1806 r o A y , y3»aB o t o m , h to A dpaxaH C K oe naqajibCTBO HaMepenaeTCH OT^aTb q a cT b c r o 3eMAH KaAMbiKaM, oh b nucbMe BoeHHOMy MHHHCTpy HanOiMHHJI, MTO 3eMAH 3Ta «BCeMHAOCTHBeHULie HaM no>KaJioBaHa a a h komgbbh M o e r o »2. XaH BuyTpeHHen ByxeeBCKOH opAbi Bcer^a HaxoAHJica b nojiHofi 3aBHCHM0CTH ot OpeiiOyprcKoro HJ1H AcTpaxaH- CKoro ryOepnaTopa. T htvji xana 3Aecb 6 biJi Hcnojib30BaH BpeMeHHo a a h noAroTOBKH ycJioBHH pacnpocTpaHeHHH Ha BiiyipeHHioio opAy cahhoh chctgmh rocyAapcTBeHHoro ynpaBJieHHH P occiihckoh HMnepHH. 0 6 stom b noAO>KeHHH 06 ynpaBJieHHH BHyrpeHHeH ByKeeocKOH opAon cKa3ano: «Ka3axH, uaxoxncb BcerAa noA oco6h m x3hckhm ynpaB- jieiiHeM, He 6hiJin eme noAroTOBJieHbi k cmab Ba/KHOMy nepexoAy; bchk3h Ae Biie3ariHafl KopeHHan nepeweHa cpeAH HapoAa nojiyAHKoro Moivia 6 bi npoH3BecTH TpeBory, BecbMa onacHyio no cbohm nocJieACTBHflM b norpaHHqHux cTennx, yAajieHHbix ot uempaAbHOH b ascth . H3 Taxoro noAOKenun BHyipemieH opAbi nponcTexa/ia Heo6 xoAHMOCTb pa3AejiHTb wepbi ycTpoftcTBa ee Ha-npnyroTOBHTeAbHbie hah riepexoA- Hbie h na OKOiiqaTeAbHbie. rio3TOMy npeAnoAarajiocb: 1. riocTaB H Tb xancKoe ynpaoAeHHe b 3aBHCHM0CTb T jiaB - Horo noneHHTCAH AerpaxaHCKHx HHopoAueB, ho o6/ieqb 3 Ty 33BHCHMOCTb CKOAb B03MO>KHO npHHTIIOK) RJ191 XaHa H OpAH 4)opMoio b b h a g coaghctbhh x a n y h ynpoqeHHio O ^ a ro co - CTOHHHH K33aXOB; AAfl npOH3BOACTBa >Ke AeA XaHCKHX yqpeAHTb npn n ew Pyccxyio xaHueJinpuio... 6. Jla 6 b i noAGHCTBOBaTb na c6 jm>KeHHe xa3axoB c pyc- ckhmh, yqpeAHTb npn X ancxon CTaBKe, xpoMe cymecTByip- IAHX qpMapOK, nOCTOHHIiyK) TOprOBJIlO B TOCTHHOM ABOpe. 3 i a w epa, npn pacnpocTpaHeiiHH p y c c x o r o HaceACHHH b C iaBKe, M o rjia c o BpeweHeM o6 p a 3 0 B a T b H3 3Toro M ecTa xopouiHH ye3AHbiH ropOA h , t 3 k h m o6pa30M, iie3a\\ieTHO 1 U rH A Ka3CCP, (j). 78, on. 2, a . 153, cn. 12, cip. 2 (cnocxa 2). 2 MaTepHa.au no HCTopnn Ka3axcKOH- CCP (1785— 1828 rr.), t . IV . M.— 71., 1940, c t p. 268. 267

. npnyroTOBHTb b CTcnH ueHTpajibHhin n y H K j^ j^ Hainefl ye3AHOft aAMHHHCTpaUHH H TH^bAeHCKOH TOpBQp-lH. 7. Op^blHCKHC 36M^IH pa3^eJiHTb n o po^ail H TeM CaMhIM nojio>KHTb ocHOBaHHe k HeKOTopoA ocea-iocTH H;: yAo6cTBy pa3fle;ieHHH BnocjieacTBHH Ka3axoB Ha BO/iocwye h cejib- CKne o6mecTBa. \\*“ v * , 8. Jinn pacnpocTpaHeHHH b O p ^ e pyccKoro H3UKa ynpe- ^HTb npw CiaBKe yqn;iHme. R9. jih pacnpocTpaHeima xo3HftcTBeHHbix y;iyqweHHA yqpeflHTb b O p jie , no wepe bo3mo>khocth, oOmecTBeHHbie 3anacbi xjie6a h ceHa, a ajhi y^ymueHMa nopoabi Jiouia-. AeA — cyiyniibie kohiouihh. 10. OnpeAejiHTb b Opay Me^HKa, BeTepnnapa, noBHBa;ib- nyio 6 a6Ky h ocnonpnBHBaTeJieH. 11. JXjm ycTpoHCTBa chx ynpe>K,aeHHH h Boo6me juix no- COOllH B.qpeSBbHiaHHbIX C^yqaHX COCTaBHTb X03BHCTBeHHblA Kanmaji, coo6pa3HO c npe,ano^o?KeHHeM xaHa, H3 oco6 oro e^Kero^Horo c6 opa no 50 K. c khChtkh, H3 c6opa 3a nac- nopTbi h H3 ocTaTKOB ot coAepataHHa ynpaBJieum: Ckmh cpejicTsaMH npejino^ara^ocb no/io>KHTb ocHOBa- H«e k BBeAeHHio b Op^e pyccKoro ynpaBJienHH; oho Morjio nocreneHno 03HaK0MHTb Ka3axoB c BbiroaaMH Harneft a.n- MHHHCTpaUHH H C T6MH yjiyqilieHHHMH, KOTOpbie BnOCJie/I- CTBHH MOrJIH 6 bITb BBe^eHbl AJW nOJib3H HapOJia^1. H3 aToro AOKyMeHTa bhaho, na kbkhx ycJiOBHnx 6 h;io coxpaHeHo xaHCKoe 3BaHHe bo BHyipeHHeii EyKeeBCKOH opae npn JiHKBH/iaHHH xaHCTBa b Ka3axcKHX denax b 1822— 1824 rr. XaHOM ByxeeBCKOH op^u c 1824 no 1845 r. reHepaji-Maftop pyccKofl c jiy m .6 b it chh Bynea — /I>KaHrep. Oh HMea pyccKoe ABopancKoe BocnHTaHHe, o6 pa- 30B3HHe h nojib30Bajica Bcewn npaBaMH pyccxoro khh3h — KpynHoro 3eMJieBaaae^bua2. «KpoMe 3HaaHTe^bHbix aeHe>K- Hbix nocoOwA ot MOHapuinx meapOT, neTMpe cuHa xaHa, no BHcoqafiuieMy noBe;ieHHK) BOcnuTbraajiHCb b nawecKOM _i —— .______ coc6Kkphoamro32J,0xUB«ZaaKTnlHwooHHaMAeBHpri6eeiKoMupaa-;oaxiiiaCHpXnyClKwoPOnTa,BoKHO3praANe6CpToT7H-TBx8HfO,al ^Maboc.nfOlA.KcpA2aieO,pnHCaa6Txn.yaaopBH1AHr5eCyT3qKb,BHoopcrBoebywHc.HHrcy1xfoOt2oro,eexpojyinnpj^iaao.Hnmio/a1mpeji0beam-H1aoA2eRpB. AyyocKp<cee5KeepoBBae--- 30B3HHe H CBOHM nOAnHHCHHHM, Ha*iaB C (UIHJKaftllJHX CBOHX pOACTBCH^ hhkob». JBacH/ibeB A . B . HctopiroecKHft oqepK pyccKoro o6 pa30BaHHH b TypraifCKofi oftnacTH h coBpeMeHnoe ero cocTOHHHe. OpenGypr, 1896, crp. 13). 268

Ero BejiH^ectBe Kopnyce. CaM xaH hmcji hhh renepa/i- Maftopa, a b 1839 r. eMy 6hjih no>Ka;iOBaHbi aAMa3HHe 3H3KH OpAeHa Cb. Ahhu 1-h CTeneHH HMnepaTopcKoio kopohojo yKpaiueHHoro^1. no aaKOHaM uapcKoro npaBH- Te^bCTBa «Bce HMeroiUHe o$HAepcKHfi *ihh opahhah riojib- 3yK)TC5i npa^aMH jiHHHoro ABopHHCTBa; b noTOMCTBeHHoe bo3boahtch jiHua, 0Ka3aBmne oco6 ue 3acjiyrH h npeAaH- HOCTb npaBHTeAbCTBy*2. JlHcaHrep-xan 6 ha noTOMCTBeHHbiM ABOpHHHHOM. BOT IKWeMy H3 (J)aKTOB ACHTeJIbHOCTH KaH- rep-xaHa uejib3H nejiaTb bbiboabi OTHocuTe.'ibno o6 mecT- BeHHO-3KOHOMHqecKHX OTHOIIleHHH B K333XCKHX KOHeBblX xancTBax b XV—XVIII bb. Ha caMOM AeJie Me>KAy n p a A e- Aom ,CUKaHrep-xaHa AtfyjixaHjpoM h reHepa^-MafiopoM pyc- ckoS c,ny>K6 bi jX>KaHrep-xaHOM ac>kht uejian HCTopHqecKan anoxa. * nepecejiHBiimecH 3a p. YpaJi Ka3axH BHyipeHHeil Byne- 0BCKOH OPAM CpaBHHT6AbHO tiucrpo nepexoAHJiH K nOJiy- Ko^eBOMy h oceA^iOMy o6pa3y >kh3hh. STOMy ciioco6ctbo~ B3JI0 BJIHHHHe COCGACTBa J10HTH CO BCeX CTOpOH OCeAJIhlX pyCCKHX XKHTeJiefi H POCT OTHOCHTeJIbHOft nAOTHOCTH Hace- jieHHH b OpAe. Mto KacaeTCH 3ktob pa3Aejia, npoAaxtn, nepenpoAajKH. h cashh b apeHAy 3eMAH JxtaHrBp-xanoM, to Bee 3th 4>aKTbi 6uah pe3yjibTaTOM noHBJieHHH ^eoAaAbHo- ro 3eMAeBJiaAeHH^( nocAe npncoeAHHeHHH Ka3axoB M asa- rnero x<y3a k P occhh h 6oJiee ycHJieHHoro nponHKHOBeHHH b ByneeBCKyio opAy (JjeoAaJibHO-KanHTajiHCTHqecKHX otho~ uieHHH. «KynAH-npoA3JKa npodyKToe 3eMJiH Beact k pa3- bhthk) KynAH-npoAaxcH caMO& 3eMAu (apeHAa h cAa'ia), a 3aieM h k KynAe-npoAajKe pa6oneil cuau» z. Pa3BHTne (J)eoAaAbHbix OTHomeHHH b ByxeeBCKOH o p A e npe>KAe B c e ro Bbipa3HJiocb b noxBAeHHH qacTHon co6cTBeH - hocth Ha 3eMJiio. XaH JXw.aH rep c b o b m poACTBeHHHKaM h A p y r«M BAHHTeJIbHbIM JIHU3M BUAeJIHJI yqaCTKH 3eMAH B qacTHyxo co6cTBeH nocTb, Ha npaBO BJiaAeHHH ko To p h m h BbiAaBaji o4)HUHaAbHbie AOKyMCHTH. «,H>KaHrep-xaH n p o- 1 Uapb n o cjiyqaio CM epTH x a n a ,H x < a H r e p a 11 a B r y c r a 1845 r . nnca;i; «BecbMa majib, oh Gmji qejioBCK BecbMa npeAaHHbifi, kaJKCTCH b n a x c a x ero crajpuiHfi cmh, Ma^ibiA BecbMa cnocotfHbjfl, ho cjwuikom mojioa, htoGu eMy mo)kho Gnjio BBepHTb ynpaB^eH«e». (U fH A Ka3CCP, <t>. 78, on. 2, a . 153, cb. 12, cTp. 7). 2 KpacOBCKuH M. OfaacTb chGhpckhx KHprH30B, q. I. Cn6., 1868, CTp. 408. 3 Jle n u n B . M . Con., t . 20, crp. 116. 269

H3B0AIM b opAe JiOMKy 3Toro (ciaporo — C. T.) ctpoa, iiacajK^an (J)eoAa/ibHO-noMecTHyio CHC?eMy»l. «noAo6Han CHCTewa nonejia k TOMy, hto Ka>KAbin B^HfiTeJibHbift Ka3ax, c 3HaqHTejibHUM cocTOHHneM, cTapaAca npHo6pecTH yqacT- KH B COdCTBeHHOCTb H lie AOnyCKaTb lia HHX flpyrHX OpflhlH- ueB H3 JiHqHoro nmepeca^2. B CB5i3H c sthm Zlataiirep-xaH ycTaHOBiui c6 op odpoxa c HaceJieiiHH iioa Ha3BanneM 3eKer h coryM. 3 to h 6 biao KOHKpeTHbiM npOHBJieHHeM nepepa- CT3HHH AodpoBO^bHbix npHHouieHHH, HMeBiiiHX xapaKTep ashh, b (jjeoAa^itHyio peHTy3* no ^aHHbiM A. Xapy3HHa, cyM.wa 3eKeia, cotfnpaeMoro co CKOTa Bcero iiace;ieHHH opAbi, cociaBJinjia ot 72 000 py6 - Jiefi ao 92 000 py6^ew, hah b cpcAHeM 82 000 py6jiefi. CoAep>KaHHe 14 BecTOBbix cocTaBJiHjio 1792 py6jin. KpoMe Toro, nacejieHHe xany nAaTHJio cme coryM. «CoryM coctoha H3 npHHomeHHH Ka3axa\\iH xaHy c 5 kh6 htok no oaho# po* raTOH cKOTHHe hah no 6 6 apanoB — oto euxoduT na ecto opdij 4 000 eoAoe poeawao cKora uau 24000 dapanoe. Ha posaryfo CKOTuny e to epejia 6biAa onpedenena yena 8 pyOAeu, a na 6apana 2 pydAR, cAedoeareAbno, na ecto opdy npuxoduAcn cosyM cpednuM hucaom e 40 000 py6- Aeu»4. TaKOfi orpoMHhin o6poK xan qacTuquo acaha c tcmh cTapuiHHaMH, KOTopue HenocpeacTBeHHo npoH3BoAHAH cdop c HaceJieHHH. A CTapuiHHbi h cyjrraHbi, ynpaBAHBiiiHe poAaMH, nojib30Bajmcb ocoOum corywoM b $opMe Ao6 po- BOjibHbix npHHouieHHH ot BBepeHHoro hx ynpaBJieHHio Ha- poAa5. ycHAHBiiiaHCH (jieoAaJibHaH sKciuiyaTauHH innpoKOH waccbi Ka3axcKHx noAyKoqeBbix H OCeAAbIX CKOTOBOAOB B ByneeBCKOM xancTBe Bbi3BaAa aHTH(J)eoAaAbHoe KpecTbHH- 1Pr30H08 A. 0 . BoccTauHe Hcaian TafiManoBa (1836—1837 rr.). K3bi;i-Opfla, 1927, exp. 5. 2 U rH A K a 3C C P , $ . 78, on. 2, a . 153, cb. 12, crp. 2. 3 «rio ycTaBaM MaroMeiaHCKoA pejrarHH noA HMeHeM 3eKeia pa3y- MeeTCH nO^aTb (copOKOBHHH) CO CKOTa H CO BCHKOrO ABHWBMOrO HMy- mecTBa ua coAepwauHe deAHhix h Boodme Ha npeAMeru doroyroAHtie. CoryM — AodpoBo.ibHoe npHHouieHHe Ka3axoB 6htwm h.ih jkubhm cko- tom b no.'ib3y cbohx npaBHre^eA. Xan JA>KaHrep oda 9th cdopa odpa- thji b ACHe>XHbie, no onpedeAeHHOu pacKAadKe». (U r H A Ka3CCP, 78, A. 153, cb. 12, cTp. 2 (noA^epKHyTO —h 3 m h C . T .), * Xapy3un A . KnprH3u ByKeeBCKofi opAbi, t . I. Cn6 ., 1889, CTp. 198—199. 5 U fH A K a3C C P , (J). 78, a . 153, cb. 12, crp. 3. 270

cKoe BOccTaHne b 1836— 1837 i t . non, BOAHTeabCTBOM Ha- poAuoro repo* Hcaiafi Ta&MaHOBa1. KaK bhaho, npHBeAeiiHufl Bbiwe Jl. I\"I. IloTanoBbiM (J)aKT H3 HCTOpHH BuyTpeHHeH ByKeeBCKOM OpAbI He MO^KeT CJiy>KHTb AOKa3 aTeJIbCTB0 M cymeCTBOBaHHH HenOKOH BeKOB y K33aXCKHX KO^ieBHX X3H0B H CyJITaHOB COCJIOBHO-MOHO- nojibHoro 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH. H c to ph h KoneBoro xaH dB a noAO^Hbix $aKTOB He 3HaeT. HaM He n 3BGCTeH hh OAHH cayqafi npHKpen/ieHHH k 3eMJie KOHeBHHKa-CKOTOBOAa, TO eCTb KpenOCTHHHeCTBa. HcTopimecKne AO^yw^HTbi roBopHT, hto poAOHaqaAbHH- kh Ka3axcKHx xaHOB — cyjuaHbi rwpeft H Jl>KaHbl6eK B cepeAHHe X V b. 6ex<a;iH ot Konenoro xaHa y36eKCKoro yjiyca A6yjixaHpa h npHioTHjmcb b nycTUHe BeTnaK-AaAa B HH30Bb5IX peKH Hy B C(})epe BJIH5IHHH MoroAHCTaHa. ripH- Bep>KeHU.bi hx, denceHUbi, HMeHOBaJincb «Ka3axaMH». IlocJie cMepTH xana rnpea xaHOM Ka3axos CTaJi ero cwh Eypyn- AyK. B KOHue X V Bexa KoqeBHHKH 6pocHJiH xaHa BypyHAy- xa h crpynnnpoBaJiHCb Boxpyr ero AsoiopoAHoro 6paTa, - cbiHa /IxcaHbideKa-KacbiMa, a xaH BypvHAyx yMep b OAHHOHecTBe rAe-TO okojio CaMapKaiiAa. flocjie Kacuwa xaHOM cTaA ero njieMHHHHK, cbiH fl^aAHKa — Tarnp. >Ke- CTOKocTb xaHa TarHp& no oTHomeHHio k noabaacthbim eMy KoqeBHHKaM npHBeAa k TOMy, hto Bee Ka3axH noKHHyAH Tampa h OTKOMCBajm ot Hero, a xaH «ociaACH oahh c CbIHOM, H BMeCTe C HUM npHCTaJI K KHprH33M»2. MbI He AonycxaeM mbicah, hto sto Morjio cAyqHTbca-, gcah 6bi Ka3axcKne xaHbi 6biAH noAHOBAacTHbiMH rocyAapHMH, a KOHCBHHKH Ka3aXH— KpenOCTHWMH, npHKpenAeHHbIMH K 3eMAe, HaXOAHBUieHCH B COCAOBHO-MOHOriOAbHOH COfiCTBeH- HOCTH y 3THX XciHOB-CyATaHOB. Mo* ho B3HTb 6oJiee iio3ahhh nepnoA H3 hctophh xa- 3axcKoro xaHCTsa. flocAe roAa BeAHKoro 6eACTBH5i (aKTa6aH-my6ypyHAbi) b 1729 roAy Ka3axn pa36HAH A^KVHrapoB noA npeABOAHTeAbCTBOM xaHa A6yAxa«pa h 3aHHAH B OCHOBHOM IipeJKHHe CBOH TeppHTOpHH. Ho OT 3TOrO xaH A6yAXaHp He CT3A BepXOBHbIM COfiCTBeHHHKOM Bcex K333XCKHX 3eMeAb. «CaMbIG yCAOBHH JKH3HH H XO- 1 LUaxMdToe B . <t>. BuyTpeiiHflH opAa h BoccTamie HcaTaa Tafr- MaHOBa. A.nMa-ATa, 1946. 21 B e A b H M U H O O '3 e p H 0 6 . HcCJieAOBaHHH O KaCHMOBCKHX uapflX H AapeBH'iax, >r. I I , Cn<5., 1864, crp. 201. 271

3flfiCTBa Ka3aX0B, B npOTHBOnOJIO>KHOCTb CpeAHeBeKOBHM yc^OBHHM EBponu, He OnaronpHHTCTBOBaAH 6opb6e $eo- A3.7H3Ma C pOAOBbIM CTpoeM (TO eCTb pOAOBUM OblTOM— C . T . ) , TOJIbKO no6eAHB KOTOphIH $eOAaAH3M MOr 6hl pa3- BHTbCH. K a K npHKpenHTb K MeCTy KOqeBHHKa-CKOTOBOAa, KOTOphIH CB060AH0 CpOAHT no Heo603pHMbIM cTen«M?.A 6e3 TaKoro npHKpeiyieHHH Heoo3Mo>KHa cKOAbKO-HHtfyAb npomiaa BjiacTb HaA hhm. B CAyqae nonuTKH xana k npn- HyxtAeHHlO HAH H3CHAHK), Ka3aX B M ede CO CBOHJHH COpO- AnqaMH npocTo yxoaha ot Hero b Apyroe Mecro d e n n * 1. B 1742 ro A y xaH CpeAHero >Ky3a A6yA-MaM6eT otko- qeBaji c HecKOJibKHMH ayAaMH ot peK Xoftna h Opb b Typ- KecTaH, oTAaA CBoero china AacyHrapcKOMy xaHy b aMaHa- ThI, OTKa3aACH OT ITOAAaHCTBa POCCHH H npHHHA nOAAaH* ctbo jJjKyHrapHH. Ho xaHy A 6 y A -M a M 6 e iy He yAaAOCb yBAeqb 3a co6oft OoAbinoro KOAHqecTBa a k w h . B hahnkv 3to cjiyqHAOcb noTOMy, q io xaH He HMeA to# peaAbHoii BAacTH, c noMOiAbio KOTOpOH oh M or 6bi 3acTaBHTb nace- AeHHe nocvieAOBaTb 3a hhm; He 6 u j io HHKaKoro noAHO- BAacTHoro xaHa-rocyAapn, HHKaKoro xaHCKO-cyAraHCKoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH h HHKaKoro KpenocTHHqecTBa2, a 6biA0 HeycrofiqHBoe h KpafiHe ycAOBHoe oOmHHHoe BAaAOHHe HeodbHTHoft TeppHTopneft, no KOTopon flOCTOHHHO nepeABH* raAHCb KoqeBHHKH. • v 06mHHHbiH xapaKTep 3eMAeBAaAeHHH pacnpocrpaHHA- ch He TOJibKo Ha poAH OAHoro xcy~3a, ho Ha poAbi Aaxce n.AByX CMe>KHbIX >Ky30B. H . PhiqKOB, noApodHO onHCUBaa OCHOBHyio TeppHTO* pHio KoqeBaHHH CpeAHero h M ^iaAinero )Ky30B, OTMeqaeT: «O ahbko hc CAyqaeTCH HHorAa h to, qTO no ohhm penaM h peqxaM, ocoGahbo >k no Opn, M .H jm 6aio, KaMhiniAe h no ApyrHM b pexy Opb BnaAaiomHM, Taxonc no flpAbiKe, Ky- Mane h no CyiOHAyKe h CpeAHeft o p A u Ka3axH no HecxoAb- 1 PyMRHi^ee n . 17. KHprH3CKHft HapOA b npoiibioM h HacToniueM. Cn6,, 1910, crp, 10. * % «CyjrraHti aaace BMecie co cbqhmh TiorieHryTaMH 6tuth cahih* kom Ma^oHHCJieHHLi, m ote yuepjKaTb 3a coOoft JipaBO n0Ab30BaHHfl CKOJIbKO-HHCSyAb oCuiHpHOft T€ppHTOpHH>. B nepHOA OCe^aHHJI Ka3ax- ckhx poAOB c KOHua XVIII h Hanajia XIX b b . cyjrraHaM cnpHxOAHJiocb HMeTb npHcepweHueB H3 KaKoro-jm6 o CHJibHoro poaa, bmcctc c koto- pbiMH ohh h cejiHJiHCb o6biKHOB6Huo Ha KCTay. TaK no/iyqmiocb to, ato cyjrraHhi. b HacTonmee opcMH 0Ka3a;iHCb DKparuicHHbiMH b 3eMe;ibHO. BOAHbie rpynnu noToMKOB «qepHofi kocth». (PyManueB 17. II. KHprH3- ckhm HapoA b npoiu/ioM h HacTOHiueM. CnO., 1910, crp. 55), 272

Ky KoqyioT. M 6o y h u x Meofcdy co6oto e t o m h u k c ik o s o pa3- deAa ner u cnopoe ue dbieaer (noAuepKHyTo HaMH.— C. T.).' O^naKo >k n o npocipaHCTBy CTenn TaK ohh pacnojiaraiO T- ca, mo H H orA a a h h ABa hjih Tpn, a HHorAa h 6ojibiue, k o h - hok) e3 A oio a o yjiycoB hx nycTOThi 6biBaiOT»l. TpaHnua 3 eMe/ib Ka3axoB OpeH6 yprcKoro h CH6 npcKoro BeAOMCTB, TO eCTb B OCHOBHOM TpaHHUa 3eMe;ib Me>KAy M^aAinHM h CpeAHHM >Ky3aMH, 6 ujisl ycTaHOBAeHa Bnep- Bbie pyccKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM b 1838 roAy. B AOKyMeHTe 06 3tom aKTe CKa3aHo: «1. Ilojio>KHTejibHo: HaaHHaa ot xan Ha3biBaeMoro KpacHoro cTo^i6 a, onpeAejieHHoro npn reHepajibHOM Me>KeBaHHp Me>KAy peAyTaMH Ajia6 yrcKHM h Ch6 hpckhm, BecTH rpaHHuy k lory Ha o3epo Thmok h 3a- naAHuft 6 eper 03epa UlaBpHHo k AytfpaBe PafioBOH h 03epy P a 6 oBy, Me>KAy 03epaMH Bojibinoro h Majioro C0 6 0 - JieBa ao 3aftMHiAa h 03epa yjiyKyjibCKoro (KOTopoMy ocTaBaTbca b C h6 hpckom BeAOMCTBe). flajiee rpaHHuy Becm k 3anaAHOH okohcthocth Ay^paBbi Kynn-Arau, MeacAy 03epaMH TocKadaHb h HpKyjib ao 03epa KocnyAb h peKH A d y r n u iju i y 6 araHa. Flo TeueHHio ceft nocyieAHen peKH rpaHHua ao a>kh3 hath ao <5oAbinoro 03epa JJ^aHrnc- Kyjib, noTOM qepe3 caMoe 03epo; Aa/iee no p. BepxHeft A 6 yre h peune BypbiKTH-Taji, ao ee HCToaHHKa, ocTaBH npaobiH 6 eper Bcex sthx ch6 rpckhm, a JieBbift 6 eper opeH- 6 yprcKHM Ka3axaM. IIotom no xpeCTy, oTAejiaioiueMy peKH Typran ot boa, BnaAaioiAHx b peny H iiihm, ao BepuiHHbi peaKH KapbiH-CaAAbi-TypraH (TeKyiueft no 3eMJiaM OpeH- 6 yprcKoro BeAOMCTBa). 2. FIpHMepHo: ot BepuiHHbi peaKH KapbiH-CaAAbi-Typraa, rpaHHua AOAJKHa hath no toMy ' xpetfTy, OTAeJiaiouieMy Typraft ot peuen, BnaAaiomHx b penny H luhm ao rop y^y-Tay ( otxoahiahx k CHtiupcKOMy BeAOMCTBy) h; HaKOHeu, ot hhx b npaiMOM HanpaBJieHHH Ha lor ao oaepa TeAbKyjib. FIoApo6 Hoe ate onpeAeJieHHe MecT, no KOTopbiM noAo>xeHa BpeMeHHO 9Ta nacTb rpaHHUbi, OTAOJKHTb AO OKOHUaHHa TOnorpa(J)HUeCKOH peKOrHOCUH- P0BKH»2. B 1837 roAy b AOKyweHTe, npeAiuecTBOBaBUieM 3TOMy pa3Me>KeBaHHio, yKa3biBaeTca: «ynpaBAHK>mHft Omckoio od^acTbio r. nojiKOBHHK TaAU3HH, HMea b BHAy, uto c 18'87,1cPTbpm. t9c8oe. IT. H. Tonorpa^nn OpeHCyprcnoA ryGepmin. Ope n 6 yp r, a. 329, cb. 195, .1. 16, h 2 U fH A Ka3CCP, cj). 4, on. I, o6. 18-7106

caMoro OTKpbiTHH AMaH-KaparaficKoro oKpyra ece BomeA- inne b cocTaB ero KaaaxH Be3Ae cboGoaho KoqeBajin, b ocoGchhocth b AeTHee BpeMH, h co ctopohu OpeHCyprcKoro HanajibCTBa HHKaKHx Ha 3to npnTH3aHHH He 6tiJio h He AOJDKHO 6 bITb B TOM ABHJKeHHH, HTO AO CeTO BpeMeHH He cAeJiaHO HHKaKoro pa3rpaHHqeHHH Me^KAy Ch6hpckhm h OpeHdyprcKHM Ka3axaMH, cAeAOBaTeAbHO, HeH3BecTHO Ha KdKHX 3CMAHX KOHyiOT aprbIHOBUbI»I. Bee 3TH AaHHbie ro- BOpHT 0 6 o6 lUHHHOM 3eMAeBJiaAeHHH H o6mHOCTH 3eMAe- no^i>30BaHHH y Ka3axoB MjiaAinero h CpeAHero acyaoB b XVIII Bene. BonpeKH npHBeAeHHbiM AaHHHM, C. 3 HMaH0B h A. Epe- hob nniuyT: «B cBoefi. pa6ore «Tonorpa<j)HH OpeH6yprcKoA ry6epHHH», ony6 AHK0BaHH0H b 1762 roAy, n. H. Phhkob yKa3biBaeT Ha «3HaTHue KoneBbH», no-BHAHMOMy, HMea npn 3TOM B BHAy 3eMeJIbHbie BJI3A6HHH KpynHOH ^eOAaAbHOft 3HaTH»2. ABTOpbl 3THX CTpOK JM6 o COBepUieHHO He nOHHAH CMhICAa npHBeAeHHbIX HMH CAOB H3 pa60TH 17. M. PhlHKO- Ba, ah6o co3HaTejibH0 HCKa^aiOT hx. ynoTpetfAHA cAOBa «3HaTHHe» H «3HaTHeftlUHe» B T3KHX BbipaJKeHHHX, KaK, HanpHMep, «CpeAHHfl KnprH3-KaHcauKaH opaa 3HaTHbie KOMeBbH HMeeT b HHxceonHcaHHbix MecTax»3, n. H. Puhkob HMeA B BHAy He 3eMeAbHhie BABAGHKH OTAeJlbHblX 3HaTHbIX AHU. EcAH COTAaCHTbCH C MHeHHeM 3THX BBTOpOB, TO BblXO- AHT, HTO TaKHe Bbipa>KeHHH, KaK «IITHUbI 3HaTHbie» 4 «pw6 bl 3HaTHeHiHHe»5, «3HaTHeHiiiHe MecTa, noAHHHeHHbie hc6tckoh ynpaBHTeAbCKOH KaHueAHpHH*6, «3HaTHeftniHe b stom ahct- pHKTe 03epa»7, «3HaTHaa apMapKa» 8 cBHAeTeAbCTByioT o HaAHHHH Bcero 3T0T0 B HaCTHOH CO6 cTBeHH0CTH «4)OOAaAb- HOH 3HaTH». Bo BpeMeHa PUHKOBa TOBOpHAH: «3HaTHbIH Aoxoa*, «3HaTHan cyMMa» hah Aaace «3HaTHan rioxAeG- Ka» h t. a . Ecah corAacHTbca c C. 3 HMaH0BHM h A. Epe- 1 UrHA Ka3CCP, $. 4, on. I, a * 329, cb. 195, ji. 4. 2 3uManoe C. h Epenoe A. 0 xapaKTepe (fceoAa.nbHOH co6ctb0hhocth ' na 3eMJiK) b Ka3axcTaHe.— Tpyabi AjiMa-ATHHcnoro lopHAHnecKoro H18H8C7T8,HcTTypia.,Pbt1i0H. 1KI.o. e AjiM a-A iaT,on1o9rp55a,(J)cHrHp, O4p9e. HCyprcKoft ry6epHHH. Opentfypr, n. M. 4 PbWKoa 77. H. OpeHtfyprcKHe creriH b Tpy^ax IT. H, PbiHKOBa, 9. A. SBepcMaHHa, C. C. HeycTpoeBa, M., 1949, crp. 95. 5 TaM we, crp. 97. 6 TaM we, CTp. 171. 7 TaM we, CTp. 177, 8 TaM we, crp, 102< 274

hobhm, to TorAa nojiyqHTC5i, qTO «3HaTHaa noxAe6xa» ecTb Taxan noxJie6 xa, KOTopyio ynoTpedJineT TOAbxo Bbicman apucTOKpaTHH KJiacca (J)eoAa;iOB, *ro ecTb <J)eoAaAbHaH 3HaTb ( ? ) , hah >xe «3HaTHan npMapxa» — Taxaa apMapxa, Ha KOTopoft TopryeT TOAbxo (j)eoAaAbHaa 3HaTb (? ). C. 3 h- n. H.MaHOB h A. EpeHOB, Aaaee xoMMeHTHpyn b TaKOM >Ke Ayxe pa6 oTy PbiqxoBa, nnixiyT: « H to ao CpeAHen opjibi npHHaA^ie^KHT, to OHa ( to ecTb 3eMji« — aBToptr) BcerAa oco6a h b h x cbohx BAaAeAbues HMeJia»1. Ho b AaHHoft $pa- 3e cjiobo « 0 Ha» 03HaqaeT He 3eMAio, a CpeAHioio opAy. E cah BbimenpHBeAeHHbie CAOBa HL H . PnqKOBa Bbipa3HTb cospe- MeHHHM 5i3biKOM, to noAyqHTCH CAeAyiomee: «H to KacaeTCH CpeAHeii opAbi, to OHa BcerAa HMejia cbohx BAaAeAbneB», to ecTb OHa HMeAa BcerAa cbohx xaHOB. B stom Hac y 6 e>x- AaeT nOAHUft TeKCT A3HH0H LXHTaTbl, KOTOpblH TAaCHT: «H to ao CpeAHew opAbi npHHaAAOKHT, to OHa BcerAa oco6 - AHBbix cbohx BJiaACAbueB HMeJia. B to >xe bpcmh, KaK K hphaaob H3 CaHXT-neTep6 ypra oTnpaBJiaeM 6ha, Haxo- ahach b cew opAe IIIeMHKa-xaH, qero paAH c hhm, Kh- pHAAOBbiM, wa hmh cero xaHa h rpaMOTa Aana 6bwia oco- 6 an»2. B cepeAHHe XVIII Bexa hh oahh H3 xa3axcxnx xoqe- Bux xanoB, cyjrraHOB, 6 aTbipoB, 6 neB h 6 aeB iioctohhho 3axpenAeHHoft na npaBax qacTHOH coOctbchhocth 3eMAH He HMeA. S to mo>kho noATBepAHTb coodmeHHeM JI. JlamiHa, AarHpoBaHHbiM 30 aBrycTa 1743 roAa o KoqeBbnx MAaAiue- ro >xy3a: «K.HprH3-Kaftcauxofi opAbi xak BAaAeAbUhr, Tax H HapoA KoqeBbew cbohm noiiiAH b Typraft, rAe h b 3HMy xoqeBaTb HaMepeHbi. S p a m me caATaH He 3HaeT, rAe cBoe xoqeBbe uaPirmb h6o CTenx Bee noropeAH, oAHaxo >x, Ayqiue >xeAaeT no Opn hah no HprH3y, a ZExaHbiGex TapxaH HaMepeH HeoTMeHHO no HprH3y xoqeBaTb; o A6yAxanp m e xaHe cAbiiiiaAH, qTO oh xoqeBbe CBoe 6yAeT HMeTb Ha Cbip-flapbe, a o npoqnx HeH3BecTHbi»3. TAaCbnueB b 1744 roAy o CpeAHeM >xy3e nnuier: « y bcaomhach >xe h qepe3 HexoTopbix AioAeii, qTO KnprH3-KaHcauxaH opAa 1 3 um cm o8 C. h Epenoe A. 0 xapaKTepe (J)eo,aa;ibHoft coCcTBeH- hocth Ha 3eMJiio b Ka3axcTaiie.— T p y w AjiMa-AmHCKoro jopHAHqe- CKoro HHCTHTyTa, t . I. AjiMa*Aia, 1955, cTp. 49. 2 PbiHKoe n . H . TonorpacbiiH OpendyprcKofi ryfiepHHH. OpeH6 ypr, 1887, ctP . 106. 3 Maiepnajibi no h c t o p h h Ka3axcKofi CCP, t . II, qt 2. AjiMa-ATa, 1948, CTp, 59, 18* 275

CpeAHHfl, KOTopaa KoqeBajia npoiiijiora roAafijihsb fiepx* ’ hHx KajiMHK, a HUHe (vibiuiHo, hto OHaa.iCpeABa^op^^ r, B03BpaTHJiaCb H KOqyiOT K POCCHH, OliacaHCb TBX. ACpSKHX Kam uK»l. O KoaeBaHHH naTpHapxaJibH0-(J)eaA3A&&oft sep- xyniKH Mjiaamero H CpeAHero my30B 3hmoh<\\1Y46 roaa coo6maiOT K). ApieMbeB h A. A htob: «KnprH3CKHe m BJiaAeJibUbi c yjiycaMH cbohmh KoqyiOT b pa3HM Mecrax,.. A6yjixanp xaH npw ypoqHiue KapaxyMe ( b 1744; r. oh npoBeji 3HMy Ha Cbip-jlapbe — C. T.).., BapaK-cajrraH k hx ch6hpckoh CTopone 3a peqKaMH Capbi-TypraeM^; Spajw- • cajixaH okojio Tex me wecT ( b 1743 roAy oh npoeeji ? 3HMy no p. Opb — C. T.); JTmaHbiOeK TapxaH Ha pewe Typraft ( b 1743 roAy oh npoBeji 3HMy no p. MprH3 — C. T.)... HceT TapxaH npH ypoqnme_3jxejw (AmHAOJiH) MaMbrr*2. O pacnojiomeHHH KoqeBbeB xaHOB h ^pyTHX H3Becmbix poAonpaBHTe^eft MjiaAwero h CpeAHero myaoB 3Hmok> 1747 roAa cootfmaeT caxMapcKnA TaTapHH K. BaS- Ha3apoB: «A 6 y jix a u p xaH HWHe KoqyeT k Cup-Aapbe npH Bapcyxe ( b 1746 r. oh npoB&zr 3Hwy b KapaKyMe — C. T.)... HypaJibi ca«/iT3H KoqyeT 3a 3 m6oh •peKofi, npn ypomme Kapa-raMaKe, k KacmmcKOMy Mopio... /ImaHhitfeK TapxaH noBbime KapaKyMe,'np« ypoqHiue yqio3eK (b 1746 roAy oh npoBeji 3 HMy Ha^peqxe Typraft— C. T .)... AmaGaft 6 hh h - TOBapHiuH k KacnHHCKOMy me Mopio, 3a 3m6oh, npH ypo- q«me KyKTio6 e... HceT me TapxaH noGjinme ciOAa, okojio KapaKyjm ( b 1746 roay oh npoBeji 3HMy Ha ypoqnme.: 3acjih MaMbiT — C. T .), a A 6 y jix a u p xaH, AGjiafi, BapaK h 3pajm cyjiTa.HH k TypnecraHy, npn K a ta me ypoqn- max,— He cjnaxaji*3* ■' B 1746 roAy cyjuaHbi BapaK h 3pajw 3hmob3jih okojio peKH Capw-Typran, KOTopaa H3xoahtch Ha paccroflHHH ot TypnecTaHa no npawoft okojio 1300 BepcT. A6yjixanp xan 3HMHee KoqeBbe 1747/48 rr. HMeji Mem- Ay ypoqnmeM Bopcyitn h ropoiTTyjiyraft, BapaK cyjrraH— Ha 03epe TejieKyjib, 3paJiH cyjiTaH — Ha Typrae, HypajiH cyjiTaH— Ha ypoqnme Kyran, flmaHH6eK TapxaH — Mem- Ay KapanyMOM h TyjiyraeM, HceT TapxaH — Ha Kapany- 1948, crp. 2,1 M a T e p H a .ib i n o hctoohh K a 3 a x c K o w CCP, t , II, q, Artwa-Ata, . 88. 2 Tbm * e , CTp. 161. 3 TaM Mce, crp. 214. 276

Jie1. Kan bhaho h b 3HMy 1747/48 i t . ikhith Bee ohh (H c e T TapxaH BTopoft pa3 3HM0B3J1 Ha KapaKyjie) nepeMeHHAH CBOH MeCTa 3HMHHX KOqeBHH. OicyTCTBHe BCHKoft 3aKpenjieHHOCTH npe^KAe Bcero MecT 3hmhhx KOHGBaHHH — ochobhoh noKa3aTeAb noAHoro KOHe- Boro o6pa3a jkh3hh h cymecTBOBaHHH odmHocTH 3$MAeBAa- AeHHH. 06mHHHoe BjiaAeHHe 3eMAeft y Ka3axoB KoqeBHHKOB noATBep^KAaeTCH eme TeM, m o oahh h Te >xe Mecta cJiy>KH- AH AAH OAHHX pOAOB MeCTOM BeceHHe-JieTHHX, a AAH Apy* THX — OCeHHe-3HMHHX KOqeBaHHfr. HanpHMep, b CpeAHeM xcy3e aah CapixeHTHMCKoro po- Aa, HMeBiueM 8 000 ceMen, BeceHHe-JierHHMH KoqeBbHMH dbum peKH Typraft, To6oa h BnaAaiomHe b hhx peqKH; b to >kc BpeMH aah MaKqaKCKoro poAa c 6000 ceMeft, sth >Ke peKH Typraft, T o6oa h Apyrwe cAy>KHAH ocbhhg-3hmhhmh KOqeBbHMH. Xlajiee, «HepHbie necKH»— Kapa-KyMu cayjkhah oceH- ne-3HMHHMH n a c r6 uuiaMH b CpeAHeM >Ky3e aah poaob To- phraHrap KnnqaKCKoro c 3 500 ceMeft h BaranaAH-HaHMa- HOBCKoro c 6 000 ceMeft. B to >xe BpeMH sth >xe «HepHhie necKH» — Kapa-KyMbi cay>khah BeceHHe-AetHHMH KoqeBbH- mh b MjiaAUieM >Ky3e aah Bypqn AAqHHCKoro poAa c 1 200 ceweft, TeJiHBCKoro poAa c 2 800 celMeft, KwpHftTCKoro poAa c 4 000 ceMefi, KapacaKaAbcnoro poAa c 1700 ceweH, KapaneTHHCKoro poAa c 2 500 ceMen, aah UIoMeKencKoro poAa c 18 500 ceMen, TypTKapHHCKoro poAa c 11 000 ceMeft h t. a. 3 th MHoroqncAeHHhie poAonjieMeHHbie rpyrmbi, bxoahb- iHHe b MjiaAUiHft }Ky3, KoqeBaAH napaAAeAbHo hah Bnepe- MexcKy Apyr c ApyroM, HcnoAb3yn bcio 3aHHMaeMyio TeppH- TopHio KaK nacTOniue. Ohh HcnoAb30BaAH AeTHHe KoqeBbH Kax odmwe « b Tex >xe Meciax c HeKOTOpoio nepeMeHoio no BpeMeHaM roAa»2, to ecTb oahh paHbiiie, Apyrne no3>Ke3. 1 MaTepwa^bi no hctodhh Ka3axcKoft CCP, t . II, h. 2. A^Ma-ATa, 1948, CTp. 218. no HcropHH Ka3axcKofi CCP, t. IV, M.—JI., 1940, CTp. 25M13a.TepnaJiu 3 B Konne XIX b. y 3HaHHTejibnoH nacTH Ka3axcKoro HacejieHHH, coxpaHHBiueft mhcthh KoneBofi oCpa3 JKH3HH, cymccrBOBaAo eme 06- mHHHoe 3eMJieBjiaAeHHe. «y tfaraHaAnnueB He cymecTByeT TaKoro CTpororo pa3fpaHHqeHHfl MOKAy pa3AHHHoro po^a nacrtfHiuaMH — 3HMHHMH, BeCCHHHMH, OCCHHHMH H ^ICTHHMH, K3KHe MbI BCTpenaeM y 277

«B to BpeMH Ka3ax qyBCTBOBaji ce6 a iiojihwm xq3Hhkom Been crenn h cboOoaho nepexoAHJi co cbohmh ciaaaMH k ce- Bepy, cbo6 oaiio me nepe^BHrajicsr,— b wiyqae Heo6xoAH: mocth,— k iory; oh He ctcchhjich rpanHHHUMH py6e>KaMH h ABHraJicH bo Bee CToponH... BcJieACTBHe npocTopa creneH He 6uno h noBojia k pa3Aopy H3-3a ypoqnm bo BpeMHxoqe- bok h b oahom h tom me ypoqnme qacTO KoqeBa^H h nacAH CBOHCTaAa Ka3aXH pa3HHX POAOB, HO TOAbKO Bpa3HOe Bpe- Mfl, riOAO^HWH nopHAOK Bemeft yAeptfCHBaACfl BnAOTb no BpeMeH BOABopeHHH pyccKoro BAaAbiqecTBa*1. B 1806 roAy I\\ C, BojikohckhA o xapaKTepe 3eMAeBJiaAeHHH Ka3axoB nnca.n: «Kan H3 Ae.i h MHoroKpaTHux onwTOB H3BecTHO, hto opAHHuu, 6yAy^H HapoA KoqeBOH, He HMeiomHft no- CTOHHHoro HCHJiHii;a, He MoryT HHKorAa npetfhiBaib Ha ojh hom MecTe, a nepexoAHT no BpeMeHaM KyAa hm paccyAHTCfl h rAe HaHAyqmee ycMOTpHT npoAOBOJibCTBHe aah ckotb, to no cewy, hhk3K HeAb3H orpaHHHHTb npeAeAOB hx MecTonpe- 6biBaHHH»2. B 1820 roAy b wypHajie A3HaTCKoro KOMHTeTa o TpyAHOCTHx h HepeaAbHOCTH pa3AeAeHHH open6yprcKnx xa- 3axoB na ABa xaHCTBa cjca3aH0, hto «HeyAO(5cTBa chh co- CTOHT B HeBO3MO>KH0CTH OnpeAeJIHTb C TOHHOCTbK) H3BeCT- Hbie OKpyrH h rpaHHuu aah npeObiBaHHfl HapoAy, 6ecnpepbiBHo cKHTaiomeMycfl c oahoto MecTa Ha Apyroe*3. B. riepOBCKHH, npaBHAbHO nOHHMHH cymHOCTb 3eMeAbHbIX oTHouieHHH Ka3axcKnx KoqeBHHKOB, b 1834 roAy nncaA: «...no KpaHHeft Mepe Ka3axH He noqHTaioT HapyuiHTeAHMH HX COOCTBeHHOCTH o6bIBaie^efi H IIpOMblllJAeHHHKOB e>Ke- AHeBHO b cTenb oTnpaBAHiomHxcH, hm Aaxce He npnxoAHT Ha Mbic^b Tpe6 oBaTb KaKoro-;m6 o B03Me3AHH 3a /iec, cojib h pu6y, Ao6 biBaeMbie b cTenn; h b caMOM Ae^e, MOHceT ah KTO H3 Ka3aXOB Ha3bIBaTbCH X03HHHOM yroAbfl, npHHaAAe- 6o.iee oceA/iux ckotoboaob. GiOBa «A>Kaft:iHy» (jieTOBKa), «Ky3ey» (oceHHHe n a c r f m u a ) h « K c r a y » (3HMH»e n a c T fin m a ) ynoTpe6/iaioTCfl rviaBHbiM o6pa30M A-na onpejiejieHHH BpeMewH roAa, ohh He cBB3faiBaioT c 3thmh Tep.MHHaMH npeACTaBJieHHH o6 ocoOwx h dporo onpe^e^eHHblX nacTCHiuHtix r u io m a flH X * . (MaTepnajibi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM/ieno.ib3o- BaHHio, c o O p a H H b ie h o6pa6oTaH H bie axcne/iHUHeH no HccJie^oBaHHio cTenHwx o6^a<rreft. T y p r a ftc x a fl o6jiacrb, K y c r a H a A c x H ft ve3A, t. V . BopoHew, 1903, CTp. 22). 1 UImuBt 10. To.ioiiHaH crenb, h.ih nycTbiHH BeTnax-Aa-fia h Hyfi* CK3 H AOJiHHa.— 3anncKH 3an. C h6 . OTfleJia H P r O , kii. X V II, Bbin. I h 2, 22138M894a. ,TCCpTpH.a^1u17—iio11H8.cropHH Ka3axcKOfi CCP, t. IV. M.—JI-, 1940, ap. 3 TaM we, CTp, 349, 278

>Kamero nooqepeAHO Ka>KAOMy 6AH3b oHoro KoqyiomeMy n^eMeHH?»l . B AOKyMeHTax, othochlahxch k 1850 roAy h Kacaioiunx- ca BonpocoB Hey^o6cTBa ynpaBJieHnn KoqeBUM HacejieHHeM OpeH6yprcKoro BeAOMCTBa, cKa3aHO, hto xa3axH KoqeBajiH «c oahoto MecTa Ha Apyroe h b stom nepeABH>KeHHH He TOAbKO Ka3aXH, HaXOAHIUHeCH B BeAOMCTBe OAHOrO MeCTHO- ro HaqaJibHHKa nepexoAHT b bcaomctbo Apyroro, ho Aaxce caMH AHCTaHUHH nepeMeimiBaiOTCfl: Ha oahom h tom tkz He60AbIIIOM npOCTpaHCTBe 3eMAH BApyr KOqyiQT HeCKOAbKO AHCTaHOHHblX HaqaAbHHKOB, Me>KAy T€M, KaK C HHMH HCT H noTpeTbeft ao ah noABeAOMCTBeHHbix hm Ka3axoB. neypo- H<aio TpaB h no ApyrHM npnqHHaM, MHorne Ka3ax« He bo3- BpamaioTCH Ha npouiAoroAHHe cboh KoqeBKH,— bot npnqn- Hbl 6ecnpeCTaHHbIX HeAOHMOK bo B3HMaHHH KHtfHTOqHHX AeHer,— ... bot npnqHHa, noqeMy AHCTaHoqHbift h MecTHHfl HaqaAbHHKH He MoryT npeACTaBHTb TpetfyeMoro k cAeACT- bhk) K a3 axa»2. 3 to hmcao MecTO em e TorAa, KorAa Ka3axw OpentfyprcKoro BeAOMCTBa y>Ke caga3ah H3BecTHhie ycnexn b cBoeM oceAaHHH h b TeqeHHe 20 AeT ynpaBAHAHCb ah c t3h * UHOHHbIMH HaqaAbHHKaMH. T a n o e >«e noAO>KeHHe OTMeqaeTcn b 1862 roa y b Cbip- HapbHHCKOH o6a3cth. M ecTHoe HaqaAbCTBo. nocTaBAeHHoe uapCKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM HaA nocTOHHHo KoqviomHM H ace- AenweM, cqH TaAo Heo6xoAHMbiM npe>KAe Bcero «A0CTHqb, qTotfbr Ka>KAbiH poA Ka3axoB, yn paB A aacb cbohm poaobhm 6weM, K oqeB aA KynHo, a He cM em aHHo, xaK huhc noqyiOT Ka3axH, r A e b oahom craHOBHme mojkho BCTpeTHTb Bee pa3- JimHbte poAti. I7o3TOMy Hy>KHO chaqaAa onpeAeAHTb hhcao afiMaxoB, BBecTH, motfbi Ka>KAbiH an Max vnpaBAHAca cbohm CTapiIIHHOJO H He MOr npOH3BOAbHO MeHHTb KOHeBOK*3. Bee npHBeAeHHbie $aKTbi roBopaT 06 oahom — y Ka3a- XOB npH HHCTOM KOHeBOM 06pa3e >KH3HH He 6bIAO HHK3KHX pa3rpaHHqeHHH nacT6nmHbrx TeppHTopnfi. hhk3koh perAa- MeHTaUHH H Bbipa60TaHHbIX npaBHA nOBTOpHOrO HCn0Ab30- B3HHH Toro HAH ApyrOrO yqaCTKa 3eMAH. B03MO>KHOCTb throw perAaweHTauHH 6buia HCKAioqeHa cawoft cneiiH(j)H- Koft KoneBoro CKOTOBOAnecKoro xo3HHCTBa. MHoroqncAeHHbie ayAbi h poAOBbie OTAeAeHHH HaceAe- 1 U r H A K a a C C P , $ . 4, on. I, a . 312, cb . 189, ji. 2. 2 TaM >Ke, c}). 332, on. I, A. 45, cb. 5, ji. 9. 3 TaM >«e, (p. 382, on. I, a - 42, cb. 5f ji. 12. 279

' . : '-TvS hhh nepe&Bura/iHCb bo speMeHH h npocTpaUCTBe, oahh 9^: ApyrHMH h napajuiejibHO. «HeJib3fl CKa3aTb/.qTo6$ npH' nepeKoqeBKax ayjioB cofijiipAajiHCb oco6we npaBHJi£;o6biK? HOBeHHe, ocuoBaHHoe Ha oahom yAo6 cTBe hah npHpUHKev 3aMeH«eT Bee npaBH.ia, kotopum cjieayioT H3ApeB«ne opAHfl? UbI. O^Ha MeCTHOCTb, ^OCTaB^HIOmaH KOpM CK0THH6, ^onper AejineT BpeMH, b Koiopoe AOA>KeH ayji oTKoqeBaT*,. CAeAQ- BaHHe ay^a npn nepeKoqeBKe He mojk'ct npeACTaBHTb HHqero TaKoro b qeM, 6bi mohcho 6hi;io 3aMeTHTb oco6b[p npaBH^a 6/raroycTpoHCTBa^1. I7o3TOMy Ha o6niHpHOM' npo* crpaHCTBe KoqeBoro nepe^BHJKeHHH, npe^cTaB^HBineM , co- 6oh ciuioihhoh KoqeBOH nyTb h * cnJioniHoe nacT&HQe,, qepe3 k3>kahih yqacTOK 3eMJiH, qepe3 KaxcAoe MecTO boao* iron b TeqeHHe OAHoro ce30Ha roAOBoro UHKAa KoqeBaHHfl MorJiH npoHTH MHoro AecflTKOB ayjiOB h pa3jmqHbixpoAQ- BUX^OTAeJieHHH.. 3T0 HCK^IOqa^O BCHKyiO B03M0>KH0Ctb. ycTaHOBJieHHH KaKoro-ro onpeAejienHono nopflAxa b otho- meHHH Toro, kto nepBHM, kto BTopbiM HvKorAfl AOJiaceH HaxoAHTbCH Ha tom hah Apyrow yqacrxe 3 e u m . T a m * per/raMeHTauHH b ycAOBHax KoqeBoro cxoTOBOACTBa, rpa-j 6HTeJIbCKHX BO#H H CymeCTBOBaHHH o6 lHHHHOfi (JlOpMbl 3e- MAeBAaACHHH b Ka3axcKHx CTennx h nycTHHe He TOAbxo He 6ujia HyacHa, ho Boo6me 6ujia HeB03MoxcHa. • AyjiH, poAOBHe OTAeAeHHH h uejibie poAH caMH onpeAe- AHAH pe)KHM CBOHX KOqeBaHHH, C006pa3yflCb C TpaAHUHOH- ho ycTaHOBJieHHbiM o6uqaeM, b onpeAeAeHHoe BpeMH roAa,; b onpeAeJieHHOM HanpaBAeHHH, GecnpepbiBHo naca cboS cxot, nepeABHrancb b rpOMaAHOM noroKe KoqyiomeH Maccw HaceAeHHH 6 oAbiuoft poAormeMeHHOH rpynnu (HanpHMep, AprHH, HaftMan, UlexTbi h t. a .) Ha cpaBHHTeAbHO. ofiuwjp^ hom npocTpaHCTBe CTeneft, nycTUHb h noAynycruHbV. flpff A--/i-M-1-a--MA--iaa-i-,e-p-1w9a48jib, i cTpn.o 14K0a.3ax<rraHCKOMy oPuqHOMy npaBy, C0v. ? i• 2 «PofloBwe rpynnu He noTOMy KonyioT oahhmh h tcmh «e ny- THMH H 3H M yiO T n o COCCACTBy, RTO 3TH n y T H H SHMHHe naCTCHm a K o rA a -J m 6 o y K a 3 a H b i h p a 3 rp a H im e n u , a B C jie jjC T B H e T o r o , hto KaH tffuft ay.T ^c o B e p m e H H o cT H X H fiH o, T a x CKa3a*ri>, n p H A e p x c H B a e T c a T e x ko bok h octhhobok, n a K O T o p u x oh Mower c K o p e e BCTpeTHTb cbohx 6ah* an- whx p oa cT B eH H H K O B ; 6^H30CTb h o O m e H H e c n ocjieA H H M H oC ecn ^ n fB a eT . v Bc3CBK0OjoaeB>CpHn3KToyHHOAHjKOHHueAHMKxwHe)y,.,HocKK1OKo9oaOAP0q3ppa3eMaac.BxHTOKyCeHBHiTfb.3pHr.eaHTmH2yiOH3ip3Hr)TrO.paMyAafHi3UcbHpK»ea.ac0^aO(oMyCTnaTaoaaTiOeiHHenOpuaKBHecKaaTHKAbSo,KbfMtlc-nKenAHeyoHaHcHPITKOoUaHTHHCpoearHnHfAta3ccCBnKnKooi3Oirc3fMTHBHyHcycCe3AH3heeMaMA,0nOJCioeBtTnMaHO.Ho^HmVIObioTt*. oor»

3T0M KoqyiomHe ay;iu h poAOBbie OTAeJieHHH ycTaHaBAUBa- JIH MeXCAy C0 6 0 H BCeB03M0}KHbie X03HftCTBeHHhie H AO(5pO- coceACKHe oTHomeHHH (cbi6 anjiac, KOHUCTac). Ho 3th B3aHMOOTHOIlieHHH ayjIOB, pOAOBblX OTAeJieHHfi M0I7IH BH- A0H3MeHHTbCH H npHHPJM3Tb pa3JIHqHbie (j)OpMH B 33BHCH- mocth ot co3AaBiuerocH noJio>KeHHH, to ecib b cjiyqae soft- hu, pe3Koro H3MeneHH5i noroAU, A»<yTa h a p . .floKyMeHTbi, co6paHHue no o6 hiqHOMy npasy xa3axoB b 40-x roAax X IX Bexa hcho yxa3biBaK>T Ha cymecTBOBaHne b cTapHHy innpoKofi o6iuhhhoh (})opMbi 3eMAeBAaAeHHfl h. xapaKTepH3yioT H3MeHeHHH, KOTopue npoH30uuiH yme k TOMy BpeMeHH B 36MeAbHbIX OTHOIIieilHHX CpeAH Ka3aXOB, npoHCHBaBumx Ha ceBepo-3anaAe, ceBepe h ceBepo-BocTOKe Ka3axcTaHa. Hanpawep, noneqHTejib Ka3axoB iJacarajitfaii- jiHHCKoro poAa, xoqeBaBiiiHx Ha TeppnTopHH k BocToxy ot KpenocTH Opcxa, AjiexcaHApHHCKHH nncaji: «Coo6pa3HO p0Ay >KH3HH Ka3axoB, tiuBiueMy Hepacnojio)KeHHio k 3eMJie- AejiHio h o6hihphocth 33HHMaeMbix hmh creneft, y HHX BOB- ce He bh# ho nocraHOBJieHHH, othochiuhxch ao onpeAeJieHHH npaB Ha BAaAeHHe no 3eMeAbHbiM. 3 to otfcTOHTeAbCTBO nopo>KAaeT mhoto 3anyTaHH0CTH, cnopoB w pacnpeft MexcAY' npHJIHHefiHbIMH Ka3axaMH, npHHHMaiOlUHMHCH 3a 3eMAe- AejibnecTBo, oco6jihbo b pafioHe Mex<Ay ahhhhmh, rAe no OTCyTCTBHK) HCHHX rpaHHil, C BJiaACHHHMH BOfiCXOBblMH Ka- 3axH noABepraiorcH BceB03M0>KHbiM HenpHHTHocTHM qepe3- nojiocTHOCTH»\\ Kax bhaho H3 AOKyMeHTa, y 3thx npHJiHHeft- hux xa3axoB rpaHHuu 3eMAeBJiaAeHHx ycTanaBJiHBajiHCb b npouecce hx oceAahhh h P33bhthh 3eMJieA£7iHH. IToneqHTeAb xa3axoB BeA03epoB b AoneceHHH ot 17 hio- hh 1846 roAa yKa3UBaeT, mo xa3axH c BecHbi nepexoqeBbi- Bax)T c MecTa Ha Mecro, a b Hiojie o6a3aTeAbHo npHKoqeBH- B3IOT K MeCTaM 3HM0B0K, npOH3BOAHT CeHOKOUieHHe h 3aro- TOBxy TonAHBa Ha 3HMy (XH3HKH). B HaqaAe 3H\\ih ohh npHXOAHT K 3THM 3HM0BX3M H HaXOAHTGH T3M AO BeCHBI. «MeAxyio cxoTHHy coxpaHHiOT b ycTpoenHbix xapAax h Bbi- puTMx b 3eMJiio HMax BpoAe 3 eM»THHOK, xax paBHO h pora- Tyx) cxoTHHy, a M uiaw b xocHxax nacyrcfl no crrenn h Bu6nBaiOT H3-noA CHera xopM HoraMH»2. 9to 6 hjih nepobie marH Ha nyTH nepexoAa x noJiyxoqeBOMy hah nojiyoceAAO- JMaTepnaau no xaaaxcKOMy oCbinnoMy npaBy, C6. I. A/iMa-ATa, 1948, crp. 92. 2 TaM >xe, CTp. 116. 281

My o6pa3y >k h 3h h . E. C mhphob, roBopn o KoqeBHHKax Cup- flapbHHCKOH otfjiacTH, coBepiuaBiiiHX nepexoA k nojiyxoqe- BOMy o6pa3y >k h 3hh oTMeqaeT, m o hmh «... a m yxpUTHH TeJiaT, arHHT h Bep6jno>KaT ycTpaHBaiOTCH ne6o;ibiiiHe 3a- rOHbl H3 KyCTOB H KaMUIIia H BUKapUBaiOTCH HMU, HHoraa 3aKpbiBaeMue xbopoctom h KaMbiinoM»1. B juaJibHeHUieM 9TH 51MU CT3JIH npHCnOCO^.'IHTb 3HMOK) H £JIfl }KH^b5I JIIO- “ flew. TaKHe 36mjihhkh — «>xepTy.7ie» cymecTBOBajin b 6oJib- iuom Kojin’iecTBe cpeflH 6eAHUx nojiyKoqeBux npncup- AapbiuicKHX h Apyrux Ka3axoB eme b nepBue roflbi' nocjie peBo^iouHH. rio;xo6Hue 3eMJi5iHKH cymecTBOBa.qn b nepaux Bexax Hauieft spu y nonyKoqeBux repMaHues, Ha qio y&a- 3UBa;i O. SHrejibc. Ohh Ha3Banbi hm «noA3eMHUMH KJiazio- bumh>. «TepMaHuu HMeiox yxce no£3eMHue KJiaflOBue— • pofl nOABajlOB, B KOTOpUX 3HMOH npHTajIHCb OT XOJIOfla H rae, no cBHAeTejibcTBy ILhihhh, xceHiUHHU 33HHMajiHCb TKaqecTBOM. 3eMJieflejine, cJic^oBaTeJibHO, HMecT yxce 6o^binoe 3HaneHHe, ho ckot Bee eme ociaeTcn rviaBHuM ^0d0BHHeM»2. Ta-M >fce 0TweqaeTC5r, h t o y hhx jiem Bee 6erajiH tojihihom, a B3pocviuM meHHe h nHCbMO, tobho t3k >xe, KaK Ka3axaM npe^peBOJiiouHOHHoro nojiyicoqeBoro h KoqeBoro ayjioB, 6m;ih HeH3BecTHu. O Ka3axcK0M HaceJie- hhh Ka3ajiHHCKoro h riepoBCKoro ye3AOB Cup-flapbHHCKoft o6.iacTH b 189t) roAy H . Bacn^beB nwcaji: «Oaho mribKO b HeM nopa>Kajio HenpH5iTHO. Ero MaJieHbKHe acth, a to h jioapoctkh 6erajin b ayjie coBepmeHHO Harne, ToqHo 3Bep5i- Ta»3. To ace OTMeqaeT B. K)3e(})OBHq y Ka3axoB TypraftcKoA o&iacTH: «£ e T H n o Tpex h qeTu pex JieT HHor^a BOBce hh- Kaicoro KocTiOMa He HMeiOT h tferaioT coBepmeHHO HarHe»4. B e e 3TH a a H H b ie roBopaT o n o ;iH o ft aHajioniH ochobhux qepT >KH3HH h 6biTa nojiyKoqeBux Ka3axoB X I X Bexa h ApeBHHx no^yKoqeBtix repMaHueB, KOTopue MexAy co6 ok> He HMeJIH HHK3KOH STHKHeCKOH H 5I3U K 0B0H 06lUH0CTH. CxOACTBO o6meCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa, SKOHOMHqe- CKOS )KH3HH JIIOAeH, )KHByiHHX B COBepillGHHO pa3JIHqHUX qaem x 3eMHoro mapa, nopow/iaeT cxoactbo hx 6 u ia 5. 1 CMupnoe E . Cwp-ilapbHHCKaH oCjiacTb. C n 6 ., 1887, erp. 150. 2 dnzeAbc 0 . K hctophh Apeomix r e p M a n u e B . M ., 1938, CTp. 19. 3 Bacu/ibee H . K omcbhhkh TypKecrraHa (onuT aKOHOMmiecKoro 0 6 - 3opa). CaMapKaHfl, 1890, crp. Q. 4 K)3e(po6UH B. K). 0 <5irre Knprn30B typraftcKofi oC/iacTH.— Pyc- ckrh BecTHHK, t . 146, anpc.ib, 1880, CTp. 801. 5 «<l>opMH o6uxec.TBCHHoro CuTa CK.naAUBaiOTca y caMux pa3Hbix 282

MaTepnaJiH no Ka3axcKOMy-o6 biqHOMy npaBy, co6 paH- Hbie b 1846 roAy b 3anaAHOM Ka3axciaHe hhhobhhkom oco6 hx nopyqeHHlf A'AHApe npn HenocpeACTBeimoM yna- cthh anaTOKa Ka3axcK0H >kh3hh BOCTOKOBeAa B. B. Tpa- ropbeBa, OTJiHqaioTCH 6oraTbiM cbohm coAepacaHHeM. f l ’AHApe oTMeqaeT: «HeorbeMAeMoe npaBo na oAHy h Ty >Ke 3HMOBKy opAHHeu MO)KeT HMeTb TorAa jimiib, KorAa b ohoh ycTpoHJi noBTopHbie npniOTbi Rjin cKoTa CBoero,— naK- to: hmu aah moaoahx Bep6AK)AOB h t . n. Ho b nponnx cAy- qaax KaK na Bee AeTHee, TaK h 3HMHee BpeMH npaBo na MecTHocTb He cymecTByeT. A nocewy dyAe ayji HMen He- CKOAbKO JieT CpHAy H nOCTOHHHO OAHO H TO >K6TMeCTO AAH 3HMOBOK H HG MOJKeT H3b5IBJIHTb npeTeH3HH, eCAH KaKHe-AH- 60 npHiueJibixbi pacnoAoxoTcn na tom Mecre h ocraHyTcn 3HM0BaTb»l. 06 3tom roBOpHT waTepnaAH, co6paHHbie no 3aAaHHio OpeHdyprcKoro ry6 epHaTopa JI. E>aAAK>3eKa b 1870 roAy noA Ha3B3HHeM «HapoAHbie o6biqaH, HMeBiiiHe, a ornacTH h HbiHe HMeiomne b M a jio ii opAe cHAy 3aK0Ha»: « y Ka3axo6, no ycAoeuRM u x KOHeeod oku3hu u npu eotce- dneenou n o m a nepeMene Mecra Koneeanun cozjiclcho no- TpeGnocTHM u x cKOToeodcfea, He m osao dbiTb u Her no3e- MeAbHoti co6 cTeeHHocTu»2 (noAnepKiiyTo hbmh — C . T .) , to ecTb He 6 hao nacTHOH coOctbchhocth Ha 3eMAio. 3 to >Ke oTMeqaeT h H. H. TpoAeKOB*. «,JIo pyccKoro BAa- AbiqecTBa 3eMA5i He cqwTaAacb ahhhok) coOcTBeHHOCTbio. OHa npHHaAAe>KaAa AHuy TOAbKo ao Tex nop, noxa oh Ha Hen HaxoAHAcn»3. A KoqeBofi ckotoboa Ha aioGom nacT6 h- uje BcerAa naxoAHACH BpeweHHO. Koneson o6pa3 x h 3hh y qacTH Ka3axcKoro naceAeHHH COXpaHHACH AO OKTfldpbCKOft peBOAIOUHH. B 1904 roAy B, A. CnaAOB nncaa : «Xo3aftcTBO Ka3axoB 7 io>KHbix boao- cTew TeMnpcKoro ye3Aa,— KoniKapaTHHCKOH, floHry3Tay- AKKOAKHHCKOft, CaMMaTBeBCKOH, YAycaMCKOH H 3 AAaeB- HapOAOB, He33BHCHMO OT MX B3HKOBOft n pH IiajU iejK H O C TH H 3 T H H »ie - cKoro npoHcxo>KAeHHH, n p H M e p n o oahh3kobo, cooTB eTC TB eH H O o n p e / ie - jieHHOH c T y n e H H pa3B H Tnn hx MaTepnaJibHbix n p o H 3 B O A H T e;ib H b ix chji» . (ToKapen C, A. O Ky/ibTypHOH oOiuhocth BOCToqHocAaBancKHX Hapo- AOB.— CoBCTCKaj? STHorpa^HH, 1954, K i 2, crp. 26). C6.1 M a T e p n a A b i n o K a 3 a x c K O \\ iy o tfb iH H O M y n p a B y . I. A ^ M a -A T a , 1948, crp. 140. 2 3anncKH OpeHtf. OTAeAa H PTO , Bwn. 2, Ka3aHb, 1872, cT p . 149— 150. 8 r p o d e K o e H . H , KnprH3bi h KapaKHpni3bi Cbip-jlapbHHCKofi ofi.nacTH, t .. I. lOpHAHqecKHH <5b!T. TauiKeHT, 1889, CTp. 102. 283

ckhx ao cero BpeMenn HMe.no qepTu topo. ^koTOn. BOAnecKoro xo3nftcTBa, KOTopoe HeKorAa BeAH Bee Ka3^XH»V Flo MaTepnaAaM, co6paHHHM KpacoBCKHM^Mo^Ho npo-. CAeAHTb npouecc nepexoAa k nojiyKoneBOMy o6pa3y s<H3HH y ch6 hpckhx Ka3 axoB b 60-x roAax XIX Bexa. < vv - «B ycjiOBHH ycneuiHoro pa3BeAeHHHCTaA bxoaht ueod- xoAHMOCTb qacToro hx neperoHa b jierHee Bpewa c BHtpaB- ; AeHneM MecT na HOBbie; npenaTCTBHH xce k TOMy, npH ot- CyTCTBHH qaCTHOH n03eMeAbH0# COdCTBeHHOCTH He 6bijio>2. - Ha 3«wy KoqeBHHK orucKHBaA ce6 e b CTenn cTOHHKy* r^npH' roAHyx) jljih npoKopMAeHHH h yKpwTHH ero ctba. «G AaB- hhx BpeMeH TaKHe, 6oAee hah Merfee nocTOHHHbie ctohHkh onpeAeAHA aah ce6 a Kax<Abifi oTAeAbHhin pOA, ho npexcue He ocodenHo npueH3bieaACH K hum tioroMy, hto e cuAy zoc- nodcTBoeaeuiux e to epeMx ixohhtuCI 0 6 o6iyuHHOM eAade- HUU 3eMJietO, 3UM06KU UHOZdd npUXOdUAOCb MeHHTb TOKOKe, KdK u Mecra odbiHHbd AeTHux nepedeuotcenud, neMy 0 oco- 6enH0CTu cnoco6 cT6oeaAu eu{e nopowdaeMbie OapbiMToft Myotcdoyco6un»s (nojwepKHyw hbmh -— C . T.). IlepexoA k noAynoneBOMy o6pa3y jkh3hh c conyrcTByK)-. iuhmh eMy ceHOKomeHHeM h xAe6 onamecTBQM Buec H3weHe- HHe b npe^Hioio (JjopMy seMJieBAaAeHHfl. 0 rpaHHuax 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH Ka3axcKHx xoqeBHHKOB Ha ceBepe JI. Koctchko roBopHji Tax: «npeAeJibi pacnpocTpa- HeHHH K333XCKHX KOH6BOK TpyAHO OIlpeAeAHTb CTOHHOCTblO, noTowy ^to HapoA 3T0T noAo6eH BeTpy, cbo6oaho pa3ryji«- .BaiomeMy b nycThrae, h KOTopwfi yjicreHTb HeB03MO>KHO. Oa- waKO xc npw BceM tom ceBepHyio rpammy xa3axcKHX Kone- bok onpeAeJiHTB Aerqe, neM KHKHyjo, noroMy hto 3Aecb eme C IlpQIHAOrO B6Ka pyCCKOe ApaBHTeJIbCTBO CTpeMHAOCb 0 6 0 - 3HaqHTb npeAeAbi HatferaM cTermflKOB ycTpoftcTBOM yxpen- •JieHHhlX JIHHHH»4. MoxaH BaAHxaHOB He 3pa nucaji, ^to « b CTapHHy hc- XOAHblM nyHKTOM Bcex K333XCKHX MOTHBOB H 3a60T 6bUI 1 M aTepH a/ibi n o KHprH3CK0My 3evuieno;u>30B aH H K), coGpaHHue h o6pa6oraH H w e craTHCTHqecKoft napTHeS T y p ra fic K o -y p a ^ b C K o ro n epe- ce^eH M ecKoro p a ftO H a . TeM HpcKHft ye3fl. OpeHOypr, 1910, o rp . 27—28. CTp. 21K4.pacoecKuU M . OfriacTb entfHpcKHx K«prH30B, q. III. Cntf., 1868, 8 TaM me, crp. 14. Mm no^araew, hto KpacoBCKiift, roBopfl 0 c/wbhhx BpeMenax^, hmcji b BHjy nepHOA He panee Konua XVIII h Ha- qa.ua XIX bb. 4 KocTeHKO P. C p e ^ H s iH A 3 h b h B O A B o p e n n e b iie fi p y c c K o ft rp ax<- A3HCTBPHHOCTH. C n 6 ., 1870, CTp. 30. 284

CKOT. MbI yCTp3HB3JlH CB010 3KHSkHB».?! npHHOpaBAHBaHCb K TpcCOBaiiHHM CKOTOBOACTBa. V HaiUHX npeAKOB IlOCTOHHHblX 3hmobok He 6 hiJio, TOHHQ TaK>Ke KaK h npHypoqemibix MeCT aah jieTHHx nacT6 Hiib KorAa b oahom Mecie 6u a toaoa <HMeeTCH b BHAy Heypoxcaft TpaB.— C . T.), Ka3axw yxeAHAH Ha Apyrne 6 ojiee dAaronpHHTHhie, He erecHHHCb HHKaKHMH paccTOHHHHMH. Ka3axH MjiaAinero >Ky3a A6T0 M KoqeBaAH noA OpeH6 yproM b ropax MyroA>Kapa, a 3HMy npoBOAHAH «a Cbipe h b necKax BopcyK h KapaicyM. Ka3axH CpeAHero >Ky3a b oaho jieTO H3-noA CeMnna^aTHHCKa iuah k TponuKy h o6 paTHO»1. IloqTH T3K0H )Ke o6pa3 }KH3HH BeAH B TOAbl peBOAIOUHH «BeqHbie KoqeBHHKH* (KomneAHHUbi), xapaKTep 3eMAeBAa- AeHHH H o6pa3 JKH3HH KOTOpbIX HMeA CBOK) HCTOpHK), yXOAH- myio b oTAaJieHHoe npoiuAoe Ka3axcKoro o6mecTBa, a He 6 biJi CAyqaHHHM hbachhcm, KaK nojiaraioT HeKOTopwe hcto- pHKH H lOpHCTbl2. B 1880 roAy qAeH-coTpyAHHK OpeH6yprcKoro OTAeAa PyccKoro Teorpa^HqecKoro oOmecTBa E>. ijayji6aeB nncaA: «Ha3aA TOMy 50 Jier, Ka3axH KnnqaKCKoro poAa, Kapa6a- jibiKCKoro, TaHa6 yrHHCKoro h KyAbAexcKoro OTAejieHHft, okoao 3 000 kh6 htok... bo BpeMH Jiera KoqeBaAH no BceM o6ihhpnbiM cTenHM, HaqHHaa ot peKH To6oa ao 03epa ypraq, a k 3HMe OTKoqeBbreaAH k penaM Aht h Tory3aK... Ohh nepeKoqeBbiBaAH 3Aecb c MecTa Ha MecTO, co cbohm CKOTOM H CO CBOHMH ceMefiCTBaMH AAH IipHHCKaHHH KOpMS cKOTy, TaK KaK TorAa hhkto H3 hhx He 3ardTOBAHA ceHa Ha 3HMy h xAedonamecTBOM He 3aHHMaACH... floMOB h 3eMAH- HOK He 6 bIAO HH y Koro H3 Ka3aXOB... B 3HMHee BpeMH B KH- 6htk3x Ka3axoB, BMecTe c ceMencTBaMH, noMemaAacb Aaxxe cKOTHna, OTomaBuian, Tax KaK He 6 hao eme hh a36apoB (3aroHOB), hh capaeB aah cKOTa»3. A 3aroHM, capan aah 1 B a A u x a n o e */. V. O KoneBicax KHprH3.— 3anHCKH H PrO no stho* rpat})HH, t . X X I X . C n 6 ., 1904, CTp. 322— 323. 2 «B cBoeft MHCToft nepBHHHoii 4)°PMe ay**1 ^ma GecnpepuBHo ABH*y- meficH, Koqyiomeio o6mecTBeHHoio eAHHHueio. H BecHofi, h Aerow, h oceHbio, h Aasce 3hmoh cocraBJiaiomHe aya poaobikh nepexoAHAH c Mecra Ha MecTO co cbohm ckotom, no Mepe Toro, xax HcromaAHCb xop- Ma. riOCTOHHHBIX JKHAKIA AAH AlOAeft H KaKHX-AHtfo 3amHTHbIX CTpoe- hhh aah ckot3 b ary nopy y Ka3 axoB He 6 m ao. XOiAHmeM cAy>KHAa iopTa». (IUepdHHa O . KHprH3CKaa napoAHocTb b MecTax KpecTbHHCKHX noceAeHHfl. C n 6 ., 1905, crp. 17). 8 RayAO aee B . Pacci<a3bi o X H 3H H K H prH 3 H nKO AaeBCK oro y e 3 A a , T y p r a H C K o fl o&nacTH, c 1830 n o 1880 r o A . — 3 a n n c K H O p e n d y p r c K o r o oTAe.aa HPTO, B u n . IV . OpeHCypr, 1881, C Tp. 98, 99, 101, 285

CK0T3 He MOryT B03HHKHVTb npH HHCTOM KOHeBOM 06pa36 xch3Hh, Kor^a HeT 3aKpenjieHHhix xoth 6h Ha 3HMy 3a ot- Ae^bHbiMii rpynnaMH HaceAeHHH yqacTKOB 3eMAH. Hx BQ3- HHKHOBeHHe npeAnoAaraeT yjxe noHBJieHHe noAyxoqeBoro Tuna xo3HHCTBa h HanaAo pa3pyuieHHH crraporo hhcto ko- qeBoro oCpa3a jkh3iih. 3.aeweHTH occaaocth b cbh3h c nepexoAOM xa3axoB k noJiyKoneBOMy o6pa3y jkh3hh nonBHAHCb AMiib c KOHua XVIII h Haqajia XIX cmnerHH. 06 stom n. n. PyMHHueB nncaA: «... npH6AH3HTeAbno c cepe^HHU XVIII no cepeAH- Hy XIX cTOJieTHn nponcxo^HT occ^aHHe (Ka3axcKHX C. T.) poaob. B 3to Bpewn Ka3axH, no KpaHHew Mepe b CeBepHOH qaCTH 3aHHMaeM0H HMH TeppHTOpHH, CTajIH npo- BOAHTb 3HMy y>Ke B 3HM0BK3X B nDCTOHHHbIX JKHAHIIjaX. EcTecTBeHHo, hto npe)KAe Bcero 3aKpenji5Uiocb npaBO noAb- 30B3HHH KCTay h npHAeraiomen k new nAomaAbio. 3aTew BbiABHiiyAcn Bonpoc o6 HCKAioqHTejibHOM ripaBe onpeAeJieH- Hbix poaob h hx qacreH Ha nojib30Banue Ky3ey, to ecTb BeceHHe-oceHHHMH nacT^nmaMH, AAca'ftnay ocTaBaAHCb cbo- 60AHHMH AAH nOAb30B3HHH pa3HbIX pOAOB HJIH pa3HbIX qacTefi OAHoro MHoroqncAeHHoro poAa»]. CpeAH ochobhoh Maccu Ka3axoB Typrancxoft o5.aacTH noAyKoqeBOH o6pa3 >KH3HH h cBH3aHHbie c hhm «3hmobkh CT3AH B03HHK3Tb B HaqaAe MHHyBUierO (XIX — C. T.) CTO” AeTHH, ho noAyqHAH oco6eHHoe pacnpocTpaHeHHe AeT 50 to- My na3aA (to ecTb b 50-x roAax XIX Bexa — C. T.). Ha 3hmhhx cT0H6Hin,ax xa3axH ceBepHbix ye3A0B ctoht c no- aobhhh okth6ph ao noAOBHHbi MapTa, hah ao HaqaAa anpeAH, to ecTb okoao 5—6 Mecnuee, b joachhx x<e ye3Aax CHOfltfpHAO KOHAa ^)eBp3AH, TO eCTb OKOJIO 4 MecnueB>2. O . B03HHKH0BeHHH TaKOTO THna X03H#CTBa TOBOpHTCH B AO- KAaAe 0peH6yprcKOMy reHepaA-ry6 epHaTopy b 1862 roAy: «Bce 3aHHToe xa3axaMH npocTpaHCTBo crenH pa3AeAHAH OHH.MexcAy codoio no poAaM, npnqeM CHAbHeiiiiiHe 3axBa- thah, pa3yMeeTCH, Ayqmne hah o6 niHpHeHUiHe 3bmah, a CAatfefiuiHM AocTaAHCb xyAHiHe hah MeHbiuero o6*beMa. npH 3T0M KaXKAblft pOA HK3>KA0e OTABAeHHe h noAOTAeAe- 1 PyManned 17. T7. KnprH3CKHH HapoA b npouiaoM h HacTO»meM, Cn6., 1910, ctp. 53, 2 BeHbKeauH B . H . >Khbothoboactbo b TypraftcKoS 0 6/iacTH h cro BKOHOMHqecKoe h xo3HiicTBeHHoe 3Ha«ieHHe aah Hace-iGHHA.—TpyAW TypraficKoro o & rc a c T n o r o 3eM e:itH oro K o .M H ie T a , Bbin. 3. OpeHOypr. 1918, ctp. 17. 286

HHe poAa npHCBOHJiH ce6 e, coo6pa3Ho c noipediiocTHMH CTennoro ckotoboactb3, MecTHOCTH AByx pa3AHqHbix poaob: ro^Hbie a -hh nacTb6hi ckots jieTOM h roAHbie jxnn TeOeneBKH ero 3hmok), hjih ApyrwMH cnoBaMH, Ka>KAoe oTAejieHHe h noflOTaeJieuHe Ka>KAoro po^a HMeeT cboh BpeMeHeM yTBep- AHBUJHeCH 3a HHM npOCTpaHCTBa, Ha KOTOpbIX KOqyiOT co CKOTOM CBOHM B JieTHCe H Te6eHIOeT 3T0T CKOT B 3HMHee BpeMH, HMeeT, TaK CKa3aTb, CBOH 3HMOBbfl H JieTOBHIl^a,— MeCTHOCTeH YA 0 6 HUX RJlfl 3HMOBbH, TO'eCTb T3KHX, m e 6 u HaxoAHJiHCb BOAa h ;iec hjih KawHiu»1. Taxon xapaKTep 3eMJienoJib30BaHH*i h (jiopwa KoqeBoro nepeABH>KeHHH nojiHocTbio coBnaj^aeT c onHcaHHOH KpacoB- ckhm (JiopMOH KoneBoro nepeABH>KeHHq Ka3axcKHx ayjiOB CpeAHero >Kyaa b 6 0-x roAax X IX Bexa. 3 th HOBbie HBJie- HHH B X03HHCTBeHH0H >KH3HH y CH6 wpCKHX Ka3aXOB B03HHK- ji h c KOHua X V III h Haqajia XIX bb. h ocoOeHno ycnjiHJiHCb b cbh3h c npoBe^eHneM b >KH3Hb YcTaBa 0 CH6 HPCKHX Ka3a- xax. B atom oTHomeHHH npHMepoM MoxceT cjiyxcHTb o6 pa3 >kh3hh yx<e b 3HaqHTenbHoft CTeneHH oceBiuHX Ka3axoB KoKweTaocKoro BHemnero oxpyra b KOHue 30-x toaob XIX BeKa. ToAOBaH AJMHa KoqeBoro nyTH y sthx Ka3 axoB CbiJia yjKe naMHoro coKpamena. KoKqeTaBCKHH OKpyjKHOH np«Ka3 10 hiohh 1839 roAa ao- nec norpaHHHHOMy HaqanbHHxy ch6hpckhx Ka3axoB o co- CTOHHHH H H3MeHeHHH JieTHHX XOqeBaHHH B KoKMeTaBCXOM BHeoiHeM oxpyre, B bcaomocth, ' npnjio>KeHHOH k aTOMy AOHeceHHio, yKa3biBaeTCH, qio Ka3axn MaHJintfanTHHcxoft bojiocth KoKqeTaBcxoro oxpyra b xojiHqecTBe 1289 iopT, 0 6'beAHHeHHbix b 20 ayjiax, b Mae MecHue HaxoAHJiHCb ot ropu KoxqeTaB h ee oKpecTHocTetf, rAe ohh, bhahmo, npo- boahjih 3HMy, k lory Ha paccTOHHHH ot 80 ao 150 BepcT; b HiOHe — ao 170 BepcT, a b Hione— ao 200 BepcT, HaxoAHCb okojio 03epa KeqydaH-ManKap, KOTopoe, oqeBHAno, 6 biJio KOHenHofi h caMOH AanbHen tohkoh BeceHHe-JieTHero Koqe- BaHHH y 3thx Ka3axoB. HaceJieHHe BaCacaH-BajibimeBCKOH BOJIOCTH B 3T0M >Ke OKpyre B KOAHHeCTBe 949 iopT, 0 6 'beAH­ HeHHbix b 15 ayjiax, nepeKOHeBbiBa.no b Mae Mecnue c ypo- hhia TaHHqa-KyAb h Benb-araq Ha 03epa CaHAH-xyjib h TeHTH3 Ha paCCTOHHHH OT 80 AO 120 BepCT K BOCTOKy; B HiO­ He h Hione HaxoAHJiocb b oKpecTHOCTHx yponnma KaJindexa Ha paCCTOHHHH OXOJIO 45 BepCT K BOCTOKy OT 03epa CaHAH- *. U r H A KaaCCP, 4, on, 2, a . 3877, cb . 516, ji. 24. 287

Kyjibj qio cocTaBeTHeT Bcero 165 BepcT ot hcxoahoII tohkh •’ BeceHHe-JieTnero KoneBbJi. _ ■ Ka3axH AHAaryji-opa3-6aHM6eTOBCKOH bojiocth Konqe- . xaBCKoro OKpyra b KOJmqecTBe 1 163 iopT, 06'beAHHeHHbix b : 17 ay;iax, b Mae Mecaue OTKoqeBajm « c peqex Eyp^iyKOB no HanpaBJieHHio k npHKa3y h k 3anaAy Ha ypoqnma flacajiOa h TapaHryjib ot 35 ao 95 BepcT»; b woHe — c ■ypoqwm >; Zlncajtfbi (ZtJKaM^ydaa) h TapaHryjia Ha peqxn EypAyKH ao 100 Bepcr k ioro-3ana,ay; b Hjojie — oAHa qacTb nacejie- hhh 3toh bojiocth HaxoAHJiacb Ha reppHTopHH OKpyra, a iipyraa qacTb KoqeBajia b r;iy6n c re ra , MecTonpedbiBaHHe KOTOpOH 6bl^(0'HeH3BeCTH01. 0 coKpaui.eHHH jxjihhu nyiH KoqeBaHHH opeH6yprCKHX Ka3axoB A. H. floOpocMbicjiOB iwcaji: «B Tex MecTax, W denb Ooraia pacTHTe^ibHOCTbio h 3eMJieAe.aHe ynce Aocrnr- ao HeKGToporo pa3BHTHH, TaM h KoqeBaHHe yrpam/io cboh . nepBOHaqajibHhiH ^xapaKTep. Ka3 axn A ktk)6 hhckofo h Hh- • KOJiaeBCKoro ( to \"ecTb KycraHaHCKoro -7- C . T . ) ye3AOB b HacToaiuee BpeMH, 3a HetfojibuiHMH HCKJnoneHuxMH, koqyioT He Aajiee KaK Ha 20—40 BepcT ot cbohx 3hmhhx ncHAHm, to ecrb pe^Ko BWKoqeBbiBaioT 3a npe,aejibi csoero HOMepa ayjia h eme pence -3a npe^ejibi CBoew boaocth. HanpoTHB, . Ka3axH lonciibix ye3AOB — HprH3CKoro h TypraftcKoro — 3a HeaocTaToqHOCTbio xopouinx nacT^Hm h MecT, npwroAHbix Aah 3eMjieAe^HH, aoahchh KoqeBaTb Ha AaAbHHe paccToa- hhh, HepeAKo AeJian 200—400 BepcT; Ka3axH nee Cbip-Zlapb- HHCKoft oO^acTH— Ka3aJiHHCKoro h IlepoBCKoro ye3A0B;— BKoqeBMBawmHe actom b TypraftcKyio otfAacTb, npoxoAHT 600—1000 BepcT h 6ojiee»2, TaKHM oOpaaoM, B3HTUH pyccKHM npaBHieabCTBOM eme b XVIII Bene noAHTHKo-3KOHOMHqecK«ft xype Ha oce- AaHHe h pa3BHTHe 3eMJieAejiHH cpeAH KoqeBHHKOB nocTe- neHHo npiiBeji k oceflantuo KpynHbix poAonjieMeHHbix rpynn Ha ceBepe, ceBepo-3anaAe h ceBepo-BoeroKe Ka3axcKHX CTeneS h k pa3BHTHio y hhx 3eMJieAejiHH. npeAycMOTpeHHbiH YcTaBOM M . CnepaHCKoro nopflAOK BWAejieHHH 3eMeJib b qacTHyio coOcTBeHHocTb cTapiiiHM h BO^iocTHbiM cy^TaHaM, a Taxnce phaobum Ka3axaM c neAbiM Phaom KoppeKTHB, BHeceHHhix ncH3Hbio, b ochobhom cno- • LirHA KaaCCP, <p. 374, on. I, a. 193, c b , 29, m . 5-6, 7, 9. M o o p o C M b ic A 0 8 A . M . Ckotoboactbo b TypraftcKofl o6;iacTH, OpenGypr, 1895, crp, 12. 288

co6 cTBOBaji, Hapa/iy c oceAaHHeM poAonAeMeHHHx rpyrin, B03HHKHOBeHHK> qaCTHOTO 3eMAGBAaAeHHSI epeAH Ka3 aXOB. MHHUHaTopaMH oce^auKH, KaK npaBHJio, 6 hah Te npeACTa- bhtcah naTpHapxa^bHo-(J)eoAajibHoft BepxyuiKH Ka3 axcKoro o6 mecTBa, Koropue coctohah Ha cjiyyahe y uapcxoro npa: BHTejibCTBa b KaqecTBe cy^TaHOB-npaBHTeJiefl, CTapuinx CyjITaHOB, AHCTaHOHHblX HaqaJIbHHKOB, BOAOCTHbIX ynpaBH- TeJiefi h ayjibHux ciapiuHH. C MOMeHTa BBeAeHHH ycTaBa M. CnepaHCKoro pyccKoe npaBHTejibCTBo noBceAHeBHo cacahao 3a npoueccoM pa3BH- thh occaaocth h 3eMAeAeAHH cpeAH Ka3axoB. HanpnMep, 8 MapTa 1825 roAa KoKqeTaBCKHft 0Kpy>KH0H np«Ka3 aoho- cha OMCKOMy o 6 ;iacTHOMy HaqaAbCTBy o tom, mo Henoxo- pbie Ka3axcKHe cxapuiHHti, H3'bHBHB xeAaiiHe 3aHHMaTbcn xjiedonamecTBOM, npocHT CHatfAHTb hx 3eMAeAeAbqecKHMH OpyAH5IMH H C6M6H3MH. Ha 3TO OdJiaCTHOe HaqaAbCTBO OTBe- thao: «Cosex od/racTHoro ynpaBAeHnn, yBax<HB b noAHoft Mepe npocbOu Ka3axcKHx cTapmHH h Aa6 bi HbiHe x<e yAOBAexBO- pHTb OHyio, no/raraeT: 1) iKmHMcxBOBaTb na cefl npeAMeT H3 uiTaTHOH cyMMbi BHeuiHero onpyra ao 1000 pydJiefi h npeACTaBHTb flpHKa3y CAe^aTb pacnopn>KeHHe o noKyriKe Ha oHbie AeHbrn 3eMAeAeAbqecKnx HHCTpyMeHTOB h ceMeH- Horo xjie6 a Ha ahhhh hah rAe yAo6 Hee h BbiroAnee npeA- CTaBHTCH; 2) no 3aTOTOBAeHHH XBKHM o6pa30M npOH3BOAHTb npoAa>Ky hah MeHy npn Oxpy>KHOM npHKa3e no TeM ueHaM, HTO 6 yAyT CTOHTb HHCTpyMeHTbl H CeMeHa C AOCTaBKOK); 3) copa3MepHo xpedoBaHHHM or Ka3axoB cAeAaTb HOBoe 3aroTOBAeHHe Ha BwpyqaeMHe AeHbrn hah Bemn, ecAH He OyAeT AOCTaBAHeMO BOAbHhIMH TOprOBUaMH OTKpbITb Ha tom }Ke nopnAKe npoAaxty 3eMAeAeAbnecKHx HHCTpyMeHTOB h ceMeHHoro xAeOa h b KapKapaAHHCKOM BHeuiHew onpyre, pa3peuiHB no3anMCTB0BaTb Ha cne H3 oeraToqHofi cyMMbi ao 1000 py6Aefi, 6yAe Bcxynax xpetfoBaHHH ot Ka3ax0B. O qeM npeAnncaTb KoxqexaBCKOMy n KapnapaAKHCKOMy npn- Ka3y aah HaAAe>Kainero HcnoAHeHHH n aohccth r. reHepaA- ry6epnaxopy»l. /HaHHbiH AOKyMenT, napHAy co mhothmh ApyrHMH, cbh- AereAbCTByeT o HaqaAe pa3BHXHH occaaocth h 3eMAeAeAHH cpeAH Ka3axoB CnOnpcKoro BeAOMexBa. I U fH A KasCCP, 338, on. I, a . 417, cb. 73, jui. 2 - 3 . 19~ !(K J7 289

25 aBrycTa 1832 roAa HaqajibHHK A kmo.ihhckofo BoeH- Horo oKpyra noJiKOBiiHK UIy6 HH cooGmaeT Omckomv oGjiacTHOMy HaqajibCTBy o coctohhhh 36mji6A6JIhh cpeAH Ka3axoB h yKa3UBaeT, mto noKOHHbifr oTeu TopiyabCKoro cyjiTaHa Baftrapbi flaHpoBa c TiojieHryiaMH Ha 03epe Myn- TbiKyjie HaqaA npoH3BOAHTb XAeGonaniecTBO TpHAnaTb act TOMy na3aA. CyjiTaHOM flanpOBbiM «Ge3 nocoGHH ot Ka3Hbi COGCTBeHHbIM HJKAHBeHHeM B Ce\\I IDAy BCnaxaHO 3eMAH H noceaHO nmeHHmj 2 V2 AecflTHHU»l. >5a;ibiiie IUydHH npw- BOAHT CnHCOK 16 Ka33XCKHX A0M0X035ieB, KOTOpbie pflAOM C flanpoBbiM b o6 m,eft caokhocth BcnaxaAH h nocenAH 12 Ae- chthh npocoM h niiieHHueft, u cnncoK 17 xa3axcxnx aomo- xcmeB, KOTOpbie Ha 03epe KypraJibA>KHHe b oGmeft wiojk- hocth Bcnaxa«nn h nocea/iH 39 acchthh npocoM h mueHHiiefi. B 3tom ace AOKyMeHre U ly 6 m nHiueT: « H hkto H3 03HaqeH- Hbix Bbnue Ka3axoB aomob h Apyrnx o63aBeAeHHH He HMeiOT, qio }k Kacaerca codcTBeHHO ao xaedonauiecTBa, to 3eMJIH BCnaXHBaiOT HedOAbUIHMH pyqHhIMH COHIHHKaMH, HcxanbiBaiOT Tax Ha3hiBaeMhiMH qeTaMH, noAHwaa OHyio r.iyGHHOio He 6 oJiee Ha ABa BepuiKa, ot qero caMOro ceMeHa BUAyBaeT BeTep, xjieG GbiBaeT bcxoaom peAOK h npoH3pa- CT3HHH nocpeACTBeHnoro hah Aa>Ke npn 6e3AO)KHH xyAoro, ho b ceM nocAeAHeM cAyqae Ka3axH HanoHT 3eMAio H3 naxoAHBUiHxcH okoao nauieH 03ep h pen qpe3 BOAOJieHHue MauiHHbi (aT6 a — C. T .), npoBOAfl-OTBOAbi KaHaBbi ao na- weH paccTOHHHeM ot 50 ao 100 h ao 150 caweH, rayGHHOK) >xe CMOTpn no BbicoTe GeperoB, qeM AOK33biBaeTCH TpyAO- AioGne h ycepAHe Ka3axoB, noA 03HMb 3eMJiH He namyT h xjie6a He ceiOT, waTBy hpoh3boaht hoxk3Mh h mcaiot x n e 6 HeGojibiUHMH pyqHbiMH >xepHOBaMH, ecJiH >xe cAeAaTb Ka- 3axaM nocoGHe, cHaGAHTb hx hcoOxoahmumh 3eMAeAeAbqe- ckhmh HiicTpyMeHTaMH, to 6ojiec ycyryGHTCH ycepAHe hx h pacnpocTpaHHTCH iiexcAy hhmh xJie6 onamecTBo»2. B cBOAHofi BeAOMOCTH, cocTaBAeHHoft KaHuejiHpneft O mckoto oG jiacTiioro naqaAbCTBa Ha ochob3hhh AOHeceHH# OKpy>KHbIX HaqaAbHHKOB B 1832 TOAy, npHBOAHTCH GOAbUIOH cnncoK Ka3axoB, 3aHHMaiomHxcH 3eMAeAeAHeM b pa3Hux oxpyrax CnGnpcKoro BeAOMCTBa. flp n stom yKa3UBaeTCfl, KTO H3 HHX riOAyqHA nocodne OT Ka3HbI. B qaCTHOCTH OT- MeqaeTca, hto b K okGckthhckom BHeumeM onpyre cyATaHU 1 LirHA KaaCCP. $. 338. on. I, a. 72G, cb. 11, a. 43. 2 TaM >ko, jt. 45. 290

ocaH XaH6a6HHl h Kawm AocaHOB naqajiH npoH3BOAHTb xjie6onauiecTBo c 1832 roAa h no.ny4HJik ksk nocodne ot Ka3Hhi no AecnTb nyAOB nineHHUH. B tom >xe roAy ohh BMec- Te noccHjin nuieHHueii 11, obcom 4 n npocoM 3 AecaTHHU. noco6nn ot Ka3Hbi b tskom >xe pa3Mepe nojiynHJiH 6hh TapOaxaft ApxapoB, Mokoh TyryjibfiaeB h BwMyp3a M yp- 3acOB n npoH3BOAHJiH xJieOonainecTBo b tom >Ke roAy. FIomhmo 3thx cyjiTaHOB h 6neB, b K okOckthhckom oKpyre nojiynnjiH noco6ne ot Ka3Hbi b pa3Mcpe no nsm> ny^OB niue- HHubi 32 Ka3axa, KOTopbie b tom >kc 1832 roAy 3aBejin noceBbi2. B BeAOMOCTH Baan-AyAbCKoro oKpyra o Ka3axax, npoH3- boahbuihx noceB x,ae6a h hmcbiiihx Aowa, cothhk Ky3He- uob cooBmaeT, ,hto H3 TopTyjibCKon boaocth AnAa6 yjiOB- CKoro pOAa 6 nft BoqTaft TypcyHdaeB, «noayqnB b HHBape Mecnue cero roAa ot rocnoAHHa nanajibHHKa urra6 a qepe3 ecayjia MaxoHHHa b noco6ne na 3aBeAeHne x;ie6onaxoTHhix HHCTpyMeHTOB AeHer 25 py(5/ieft, koh AeftcTBHTeAbiio yno- Tpeft/ieHbi Ha HyxcHhie aah Toro HiiCTpyMeHTbi h ceMeHHOH x jie 6 ... n a v a ji npoH3BOAHTb xjietfonarnecTBO c 1832 roAa c nOMOlUbK) Ka38K0B C pycCKHM HHCTpyMeHTOM, OT 3H.M0BbH CBoero b 5 BepcTax na yponniue HrnHb Byjiax, ot o t p h a - Horo noMemeHHH b 20 BepcTax, 3ace*iHo 3eMJin nmeHnueio 2, npocoM 2 AGCHTHHbi, HMMeHeM 2, obcom 2 3aroHa h ropoxoM oahh... H3 nncjia pa3B0AHTeJieft naniHM Co.aee Bcero npHHH- Maet ynacTne 6 hh Boman, BceMH MepaMH crpeMHTCH k yjiyqineHHio oho>i pyccKHM HHCTpyMeHTOM, aah nero npn- yqaeT cbohx paCoTHHKOB, a nponne M3ao eme Ha to o 6 pa- IAaiOT BHHMaHHH»3. . B BeAOMOCTH KoxweTaBCKoro oxpyra OTMeqeHo, hto BAOBCTByiomaH xaHiiia AfixaiibiM BajineBa «6AH3b AOMa, nocTpoeHHoro ajih Hee no pacnopn>KeHHK) npaBHTeJibCTBa, HO B KOTOpOM TOAy H HTO CTOHT HCH3BeCTHO, Ha ypOHHLlie CbipuMdeT, paccTOHHHeM ot npwKa3a npnMepno b 100 Bep­ cTax, Ha OTnymeHHHe b 1831 roAy ot r-Ha O mckoix) naqajib- HHKa H3 SKCTpOOpAHHapHbIX CyMM 150 py6. npOH3BOAHTCfI xAeOonainecTBo c 1831 roAa, no nocenimbiH 03HMbin x^e6 1 «...CyjiTan £ocaH XaH(5a6HH d 1833 r. nojiyqn.q Tona3HHH nep- CTeiib b narpaAy 3a o(5pa6oTKy nojien oko;io KoKnexTOB*. (K ohiuhii H. K Bonpocy o nepexoae KHprH3 CeMHna.iaTHiicKOH o6/iacTn b oceA-noe co- CTOflune.— B kh.: naMsnuaa KHH>KKa CeMHitajiaTWicKoft oC.iacTH na 1898 r., cTp. 29 ( chocks). 2 U T H A K a a C C P , 338, on. I, n. 726, cb. I l l jui. 2 - 3 . 3 Taw >Ke, jui. 10— 11. 19* 291 /

*.&***Y'*:+ •*’• ••_ “ Ha 4-x AecHTHHax ot He6uBiiiHx bo BpeMfl Aokmeif, k npo- H3pacTaHHio desHaAejKeH^1. AHaAornqHbie $akrbi;.: Kacaio* mwecH 3eMJieAeJiHH, oTMeqaiOTCH b 1832 roiy b KoKqeraa* ckom, O mckom, YcTb-KaMeHoropcKOM, Kapnapa^HHCKOM « AMaH-KaparaficKOM onpyrax. Ho 3 to 6 biJio ViHiiib Haqa^oM pa3 BHTna 3eMJieA€AHH h oce^ocTH cpeAH Ka3axoB Ch6 hpckoto BeAOMCTBa h. iiwo oho c HeMa«qhiMH TpyAHOcTHMH. B 1824, 1825 h 1827 n\\ OTaeJTbHbie BJiHHTejibHbi6 Ka3axH ot HMeHH onpeAejieHHofi rpynnu KoqeBiiHKOB npocHAH pyccKoe npaBHTe^bcrBO ot« B6CTH hm 3eMjiH r jm oce^aHHH h 3eMAeAeAHa, HO KOraa AeJio aoxoahjio ao npaKTHqecKoro: ocyiAecTBjieHHH 3Toro MepOnpHHTHH, TO 3TH >Ke Ka3aXH 0TKa3hIBaJIHCb OT TaKOIX): naMepeHHH, ccbb/iaacb Ha He^e^iaHHe HaceneHHH, «B 1824 ro- Ay AiaraeBCKofi bojiocth KoKqeTaBCKoro oxpyra . 3aceAa- Te.lb OT Ka3aXOB BaHTOKHH npOCHA OT AHUa TOfi BOJIGCTH OTBecTH y3aKpHeHHoe koahioctbo Ha ochobahkh YcTaBa b 22-# AeHb h k 1822 r. 3eMAH iioa XJie6onawecTBO k Apy- rHe yroABH, -O&nacTHoe nanajibCTBO, yAOBJieTBopuB s r y npocb6y BacPiTOKima, o6bsicHHJio eMy* hto exejin Ha OTBe- AeHHoii 3eMAe b reqeHHe 5 AeT He 6y&er 3aBeAeH0 HHKako­ to yCTpOHCTBa, TO 3eMAH 3TH OT6 epyTCH OT HHX HOTABAyTCfl ApyrHM, Ha sto BafrroKHH 0T03Ba;icH, hto Ka3axH b otboac 3eMAH y)Ke HaAo6H0CTH He HMeioT»2. Tohho TaK Hce « b 1825 roAy crapuiHHa KoKqeTaBCKoro oxpyra Myp3a- TaeB npocHA otbccth eMy,c OAHoayjibuaMH b 115 kh6htk3X noA xAedonamecTBO 3eMJiH h CHa6AHTb hx coxaMH h 6opo- naMH. KorAa xxe Haqa;n>cTBOM CAeJiaHO pacnopjDKeHHe 06 oTBOAe npocHMoft 3eMAH, to Myp3araeB BnocAeACTBhh o6i »hbha, hto Ka3axH ot Hero oTKpqeBaAfc H oh 6e3 coivia- chh hx npHCTynHTb k np0H3B0ACTBy xjie6onamecTBa He MoxceT, noqeMy h nepenHCKa o cek^peKpaiueHa*3, B 40—50-x roAax XIX Beica na^AioAaeTCH y>xe 6oAee 3HaqHTeAbHoe pa3BHTHe oceAtfocta h 3eMJieAeAHH KaK cpe- AH Ka3axoB Ch6 hpckot0 Be^oMCtaa, TaK h Ha ceBepe h ce- v Bepo-3anaAe OpeH^yprcKoro BeAOMCTBa. B sto BpeMH na- TpHapxaAbHo-4>eoAaAbHaH BepxyuiKa, yace b 3HaqHTejibHofl wepe oceBUian, cTpeMHTCH 3aKpenHTb 3a coGoio h cbohmh copoAHqaMH xopouiyio 3eMAio, nocTpoHTb AepeBHHHufl aom H 33HHMaTbCH 3eMAeAeAHeM. 1UrMA KaaCCP, 4>- 338, on. I, a. 726, cb. Ill, ji. 16. 2 TaM we, t|). 345, on. I, a. 2385, cb. 381, ji. 61. 3TaM we, 4>. 345, on. I, a. 2385, cb. 381, a. 62. 292

HcTO^HHWiH coo6maiOT, q'To MHorne H3 BJiHHTeAbiibix Ka3axoB b 3tot nepnoA «o6pamaioTCH c npocbdaMH' o fl0 3 BOJienHH hm cTpoHTb AOMa h pa3B0AHTb xJieOonamecT- bo Ha npHHaAAexcamux hm c pOAHqaMH 36Mahx, • KaKOBhie npocb6bi, no HaAAexcameM yAocTOBepeHHH o npHHaAAe>K* HOCTH MeCT, YAOCTOBepHAHCb»1. HanpHMep, b 1840 roAy b norpaHHqHoe ynpaBAeHHe ch-^ OnpcKHMH Ka3axaMH oOpamnHCb c npocbOofl H3 KoKqeTaB- cKoro o n p y ra MaftjwOaATHHCKOH boaocth ayjibHbift cra p - uiHHa CeJieMec JXmypyKOB h Ka3axn H3 ero ayAa MyjKKTan T iohkob, CaxnaH MyeaKOB, UJaHTH TaHaTOB h BeKTaqn Y 3ioh 3eHrapoB o pa3peweHHH h m nocTpoHTb AepeBHHHbie AOMa Ha npHHaAJie>KameM hm ypoqm u e /IxcyAyaeice2. B 1841 roAy ayjibHbie CTapuiHHbi AHAaryji-opa3-6aftM- OeTOBCKOH BOJIOCTH KoKHeTaBCKOTO OKpyra BaHT03bI Kyjlb- A>Ka6aeB h Ka3H6afi BaHceHrnpoB otfpaTHAHCb c npocb6ofi «0 A03BOJICHHH HM IIOCTpOHTb AepeBHHHbie AOMa H BMeCTe c TeM npoH3BOAHTb xAetfonaiueCTBo nepBOMy Ha ypoqHiue CaruHAbiK-Kyji h nocjieAHeMy AroBAH-6oqaft»3; b 1842 roAy boaoctho# ynpaBHTeAb Kapaqa ZlJKayAbidaeBCKon bojiocth. cyjiTaH CeftTKyji ^ hhthcob, AOHec KoKqeTaBCKOMy oKpyxc- HOMy npHKa3y o tom, qTO ayAbHhifi cTapimiHa JJjKaHTaHaT ABaji6eKOB h Ka3ax KHprH36aft Bafi6yAOB H3 ero boaocth «HMeioT TKejiamie Ha npHHaAAejKainHx hm Mecrrax npH ypo- qniixe KauiKap6afi C o6k£ BHCTpOHTb AOMa h npoH3BOAHTb xAeOonainecTBo, npocHAH cHa6AHTb hx Ha Mecra micbMeH- hhm bhaom , Aa6bi Apyrwe Ka3axn He nejiajw hm npHTecHe- HHH»4. AHaJIOrHqHHX (f>aKTOB H3 apXHBHbIX AOKyMeHTOB MO>KHO npHBeCTH MHOrO. B 1832 roAy npH ocHOBaHHH BaHH-AyAbCKoft Ka3aqb'eft CTaiiHUH b CBH3H c o6pa30BaHHeM BaHH-AyAbCKoro BHeuiHe- ro onpyra qacTb HacHxceHHbix mcct Ka3axcKoro poaa MaA- ro3u oTOiiiAa stoS CTaHHue. B 1843 roAy CTapuiHH cyATaH BaaH-AyAbCKoro BHeuiHero onpyra Myca MopMaHOB ueAH- KOM BbJTeCHHA pOA MaAr03bI C AKKeAHHCKHX TOp H nOCeAHA cpeAH poAa TanKeAbTup cBbime cTa xo35I&ctb cbohx copo- AHqeft H3 pOAa Kapwac5. B pe3 yAbTaTe Bee sth oceAAHe h 2» THarMH A>KeK, a4a>.CC34P7,, on. 34I,5,Ao. n1.0I7.0.A-cb23. 8857,, cb. 13.81, ji. 64. n. 34 TTaaMM >*Kee,, a. . 110n07o752,,KccHbb.p.8rn783,7C,jKi.JOi.M3.y1. 3eM/ieno/ib30BaHHio, co6paHHbie 5 MaT epna a h jiu 293

jTcviyKoqeBbie Ka3axw H3 pona Kap>xac oxa3a;iHCb noHTH b KpenocmoH 33BHCHM0CTH ot cTapuiero cyjuaHa — Mawopa pyccKOH cJiyxcCu Mycu HopwaHOBa. TaKHe axTbi, cbh33H- Hue C B03HHKH0B6HH6M (j)eO#aJIbHOrO 3eMJieB/iaAeHHH, CO- BepmajiHcb bo MHornx Mecrrax TeppHTOpHH Ka3axciaHa 0CCA2 B1UHMH 6oJiee BJiHKT6JibHbiMH npeACTaBHTejiBMH na- TpHapxajibiio-^eo^ajibHOPi BepxymKH. MriorHe H3 thkhx ax- tob, HanpHMep, b BanH-AyjibcxoM oKpyre, o$opM;iff;iHCb b BHAe Kyn^H H npO,aa>KH 3HMOBOK. 0 6 3T0M B qaCTHOCTH roBopHT ztOKyMeHT, cocTaBjieHHbiH 7.ceHTfl6pfl 1853 ro/ia, H3 KOTOporO BH£HO, HTO K33aXH /[>KaHr03bI Afuady^bCKOft bojiocth b npucyTCTBHH CTapuiero cyjiTana M. MopwaHOBa aajin no^niicKy 3ace^aieJiio BaaH-Ay^bCKoro oxpy>KHoro npHKa3a ot Ka3axoB coTHHKy Majire^b^HHy h 6hfo Bok- Tbi6aio AKnaHOBy o npo^a>Ke cbohx 3hmobok. TaM cKa3aH0.* «ocTaBiiiHecfl HaM b Hacjie/icTBe ot otuob HaiiiHx npH ypo- HHme no penxe Amn-cy KyHxyp.nex h Hkhih ^ypadaft 3hmobkh c npHHa£Jie>xamHMH npn hhx oceneBKawH AwaH- Taft Hoxy h H hjih y3eK, ilacajinax xh h x c xojioauaMH h «Kofi-TacoM», 06a^w Bhhx, KuMAbi 6a3 noxy, TepeH y3ex no caMbin Kapa-xy^yx na Amn-cy, A xhhh c 4 xo;io/maMH y Capbi xaMbica, ycTynHjw bo Bcer^auiHee BJia^enne h m , MaJire^b^HHy h AxnaHOBy h hx noTOMCTBy, 3a xaKOBbie B3turn ot h h x 22 K o 6 m u c >xepe6HTaMH h c TeM, HT0 B 3THX 3HM0BK3X HH H3 OAHOpOflUeB H aiilH X , HH H3 A p y rH X BojiocTen h h x t o npehaTCTBOBaTb He 6 y A e T » 1. Kacancb cymecTBa aaHHoro jzoxyivieHTa, Jl. A. HepMax npaBH.TbHo nHcaji: «Bpaa'JiH sto t AOxyMeHT oipa>xaeT o6nhho npaBOBbie B033peHHH xa3axoB Ha no3eMe«flbHhie o t- HomeHHH, cx o p e e HaotfopoT oh HJuiKJCTpHpyeT, xax no# BJIHHHHeM pycCXHX nopn^KOB OHH JIOMa.7IHCb»2. Kax b h a h o , MHorne H3 BnepauiHHx xa3axcxHx n ojiy^ eo- ^a^oB-cxoTOB.naAejibueB, HaaeJieHHhie pyccxuM npaBHTejib- ctbom npaBOM co6cTBeHHHxa onpeAejieHHOro ynacTxa 36MJIH — «(})eo<a a », 3aHHMaacb ceHoxouieHHeM h x;ie6ona- pa3pa6oraHHhie sKcne^HUHeS no ncc^e^oBaHHio CTennux oOjiacreft, no# ofimuM pyKOBO^CTBOM patfoTaMH no ye3,ay JT. A . MepMana. CeMnna;ia- THHCK3H oCaacTb, naB/ionapcKHft ye3,a, t . IV . BopoHew, 1903, cip. 30. 1 MaTcpwa^bi no KHprn3CKowy 3eMjieno/ib30BaHHK>, coCpaHHhie h pa3pa6oTanHbie 3Kcrre;iHUHef< no HCCJiea.oBaHUK) d en H u x o6.iacTeft, noa o 6iuhm pyKOBo^cTBOM J l . A . MepwaKa. CewnnanaTHUCKan otf/iacTb, naBaoAapCKKii ye3A, t . IV . Boponew, 1903, CTp. 23. 2 Taxi JKe, c ip . 23. 294

mecTBOM b n p o u e c c e cB oero o ceA aH H n , n pnodpeTajiH c B o e - o6pa3Hbie q e p T b i (j)eoAajioB-3eMjieBJiaAeJibueB. B aoK VM enTe, AainpoBaHHOM 1844 toaom, b k o t o p o m OMCKafi o(5jiacTHa» aAMHHHCTpau,H5i noABOAHJia HeKOTopbie HTOTH pa3BHTHfl 3eMJieAeAHfl H OCe/UIOCTH epeAH Ka3aXOB C n d H p cK oro BeAOMCTBa, b co o tb ct ctb h h c YcTaBOM M . C n e - pancKoro, CKa3atio: «Ka3axH qpe3 o6pameHHe hx c pyccKH- MH BpeMH OT. BpeMeHH CMflrqaiOTCH B HpaBaX, HMeiOT 6oAbUJHe H3KJIOHHOCTH K OCeAAOH >KH3HH; MewAy h h m h no- CTcneHHo yBeJiHqHBaercfi xJie6onamecTBO. B 3Toft npoMhiui- JieiiHocTH b MHnyBiueM ro A y 6oJiee OTJinqajiH cedn Ka3axw A flry3 C K oro u KoKCeKTimcKoro o K p y ro B , KoqyiomHe o k o jio rop T a p 6 a r a T a n , ot H36biTKa y p o K a n ohh cHa6>KajiH p y o ckh x, >KHByiii,Hx b cejieHHflx 3a A eH b rn h npoMen Ha BeuiH, Aa>KC B03HJIH Ha JIHHHKP)1. 3 tot me n p o u e c c npowcxoAHJi b cepeAHHe X I X B ena h cpeAH K a 3 a x o B O p e H 6 v p rc K o ro rieAOMCTBa. B 1862 r o A y OTMeqaeTCH: « ... h Ha caMOH jih h h h , HecMOTpa Ha B o c n p e - niemie ycrpaHBaTb 3%ecb npovHyio ocennocTh w 3aBOAHTb naniHH, B o c n p e m e n n e sto , BCAeACTBHe nocTOHHHo y n p e n - jiniomeHCH BJiacTH npaBHTejibCTBa n a A Ka3axaMH h yM H p e- hhh hx 6 y H H o r o npe>KAe xapaKTepa 6 o jie e 6jw3KHM o 6 m e - HweM c p yccK H M HaceAeHHeM O p e H 6 y p rc K o ft jih h h h , a paBHo h BCJieACTBHe pacnopH>KeHHH 6ojibiu ofi qacTH rjia B - Hbix HaqaJibHHKOB Kpan (K p o w e re H e p a ji-a A tio T a H T a r ie p o B - cK oro) noKpoBHTeJibcTBOBaTb pacnpocTpaH eH H e oceAJiocTH h 3eMJieAeJiHH Me>KAy opAUHuaM H,— o cjia 6 eB a jio b a c h c t - bhh cB oeM c r o A y Ha roA, r a n hto M H orn e Ka3axw H3A3BH3 yme mietOT n au in n , a HeKOTopbie n a m e BbiCTponjiH c e d e H36bl OKOJIO Ca.MOH JIHHHH»2. FIoneqHTejib npHJiHHeHHbix Ka3axoB FlepByxHH b CBoeM AOHecGHHH OpeHtfyprcKOH norpaHHqHoff komhcchh ot 9 Ae- Ka6pn 1851 roAa coo6maeT, hto Ha cBoefi 3HMOBKe Me>KAy CTapoft h HOBoft AHHHeH 3aypaA xopyH>KHft MaTeHb M yTa- hob H3 KHnqaKCKoro poAa KyKKy30BCKoro oTAejieHijn c p o a - CTBeHHHKaMH noceaA 25 agchthh xjie6oM ; oh HaqaA 33h h - MaTbCH 3eMAeAeAHeM c 1842 ro A a; Ka3axw Z(>KaraH6eHAHH- CKoro poAa By36euKoro otagachhh y . KyHaeB, A. M vw tfaeB , B. K y q y p 6 a e B h T. Upru3(5aes noeenJiH b tom >Ke roA y 72 1 U T H A Ka3CCP, $. 374, on. I, A- 3, cb. 2, ji. 649. 2 Taxi >Ke, cj). 4, on. I. a . 3877, cb. 516, j i . 29. 295

flecflTHHhi xJie6oM no peqKe CyioHAyKy, 3amfMajiCb aeMJie* Ae^weM c 1849 ro.ua; Ka3axH £>KaraA6aft;iHHCKoro poAa ypMaHiaeBCKoro oTAeJieHHH C . Ky^ioB, JL HprH36aeB, M . BycTanoB, K . MyBaKOB, A. KapaqaeB h B. flhwibAflTOB b 1852 r. nocenjiH xJietfa ot 2 ao 4 aochthh KaaKAWft, saHH- Maacb 3eMjieAejiHeM c 1849 roAa no p. CyioHAyny. fla^ee, FlepByxHH yKa3biBa^T, mo 30 Ka3axcKHx ceMeftctB nocenjiH 316 AecamH 3CMJIH1. 3 th uH(j>pu, HaAO noAaraTb,..npeyBe- JinqeHbi, TaK KaK b t8kom cjiyqae bm xoah t, qTo Ha KaxcAyio ceiomyio Ka3axcKyio ceMbio b cpeAHeM npnxoAHAOCb 6o.nee A6CJTTH.AeCHTHH, MTO HBJIfleTCH MaJIOBepOHTHhIM AJIH TOrO Bp6M6HH. JXpyrne AaHHue coAepJKaTca b AoxyMeHTe Ha- qaAbHHKa Open6yprcKoro Kpaa: «norpaHHqHaa komhcchh, npn AOHeceHHH ot 8 npouworo HHBapn 3a N® 296-m npeA- •CTaBHJia KO MHe BeAOMOCTb 0 qHCJie K333XCKHX ceMeficTB, 3aHHMaiomHxcH xAe^onainecTBOM b pawoHe Mex<Ay dapoio H HOBOK) JIHHHHMH. H3 BeAOMOCTH 3T0A BHAHO, qTO B 4-M nojiKOBOM oKpyre 3aHHMajoTCH x;ie6onamecTB0M 2287 Ka- 3axcKHx ceweftcTB, 3aceBaa ao 3 t. Aechthh, h b 6-m oxpyre 73 ceMencTBa, KQTopue otipaiafuBaiOT 138 accxthh. Mext- Ay TeM H3 nocTynHBmero ko MHe npeACTaB^eHHH B ohcko- Boro FIpaBAeHHH OpentfyprcKoro Ka3aqbero BoftcKa 0Ka3bi- Baeritf, q-ro H3 KoqyiomHx b patfone hoboA jihhhh Ka3axoB, aaceBaioT b nojiKOBux onpyrax: 4-A 833 kh6htkh 1 666 Ae- CHTHH H B 6—2 KH6HTKH— 25 AeCHTHH»2. OCTaBJIflH B ctopoHe Bonpoc o tom, Kanan H3 yKa3aHHbix AByx UH(j>p OTHOCHTeAbHO HHCJia Ka3aX0B, 3aHHMai01UHXCH 3eMAeAe- .JineM b 3tom paAone HBJineTCH BepHoA, mu otfpamaeM BHHMaHHe Ha to, qTo KaK b nepBOM, TaK\"-h bo btopqm crcyqae BUHB/iHeTCH MaccoBUH xapaKTep safta-Tiur K33axoB 3eMAeAeAHeM. VAC ' To, ato nepexoA k 3eMJieAeAHK> >.h :>pceAA0 CTH cpeAH ceBepHUx Ka3axoB OpeHOyprcKorp. ft^OMCTBa Tan ace, KaK h Ka3axoB CndHpcKoro BeAOMcria, c Haqajia XIX BeKa HaqaA 3aMeTHo ycHJiHBaTbca cfryeqaeTCH oahhm H3 none- qHTe^eft npH^HHeAnux KS3axOB b panopTe OpeH6yprcKoA norpaHHqHoA komhcchh or IS hoh6ph 1851 roAa: «Xoth no yBepeHHBM HeKoropux H3 opAUHueB, KoqyiomHx npH hoboh jihhhh, KaK na BHyipeHtten, TaK h Ha 3arpaHHHHoA ee CTopoHax, a paBHo h b panonax, coctohiuhx b 3aBeAbi- ‘ UrHA Ka3CCP, 4>. 4. on, l, a . 3592, cb. 480, jui. 7—8. 2 TaM ace, ji. 15. 296 •

BaeMOH mhok) AHCTanuHH, xjie6 onauiecTBo, CyaTO 6 u h 6 hijio hm H3BecTHO, TOMy Ha3aA 6 ojiee nojicmaeTHfl, ho npHHHMan b coodpaxceHHe h hx cKa3aHHH, mo b to BpeMH noqTH no Bceft opAe nponcxoAHJiH 3HanHTejibHue 6ecnopHA* kh h 6 apbiMThi, MeacAy TeM KaK 3aHHTHe afo Tpe6 yeT 6 ojiee cnoKOHHoro BpeMeHH h Aocyra,— to a h npeAno;ia- raio, m o BOo6 me Bee Ka3axH HaqaAH 3aHHMaTbca B03Ae- jiHBaHHeM nojieft h cbahhcm x;ie6 oB He Gojiee 15 hah 20 /iet>!, « H a q a j i o 3eMJieAeAHH y K a 3 a x o B T y p ra fic K O H o 6 jia c T H C. T.),H 3 A 0 O TH eCTH eiU .e K n pO IU A O M y CTOJieTHIO (t o eC T b XVIII c T O A e r H io — ho H a n a T K H e r o b o 6 jia c T H HMeFOT A H iiib H C T o p n q e c K o e 3 H a q e H H e . C o B e p w e n H o K o q e - BOH o 6 p a 3 JKH3HH Ka3aXOB He C O OTB eTC TBO B aA B TO B p e M fl 33HHTHFO 3 e M A e A C A H e M . OHO C T a jlO 3 a M e T H O pa3B H B aTbC H A H iiib c 70-x toaob c n e p e x o A O M K oqeB H H K O B Ha n o ; i y o c e A - JIblH o 6 p a 3 2KH3HH, q e M y CriOCOOcTBOBaAO H BJIHHHHe p y o ckhx n e p e c e A e n u e B , iiohbhbuihxch c stoto BpeMeHH b o 6 j i a - CTH»2. CyATaH-npaBHTeAb cpeaHeft qacTH QpeHtfyprcKoro se- AOMCTBa AxMeT JI>KaHTK)pHH b 1851 roAy aohocha OpeH- OyprcKOH norpaHHHHOH komhcchh, hto H3 qHCJia Bcex Ka- 3axCKHX POAOB, HaXOAHBIIJHXCH B erO BAaaeHHH, 3eMAeAe- jineM 3aHHMaioTCH 4 265 xo3Hhctb h saceBaiOT okoao 20 TbIC. AeCHTHH. 3 t0 qHCJIO X03HHCTB COCTaBJIHAO okojio 5—6 % HaceAeHHH £peAHeft qacTH OpeHtfyprcKoro BeAOM- CTB3. 3ewAeAeAHe h oce^aHHe xa3 axoB 6 ojiee hhtchchbho nponcxoAHAO b ochobhom b c(j)epe pyccKoft norpaHHqHOH ahhhh. Gna6 o pa3BHBaJiocb oceAaHHe h 3eMAeAeAHe b raKHx M ecTax, KaK BoAbiHHe BopcyKH, p. Hpni3 b6ah3H Ypajib- CKoro yKpenjieHHH, K a p ca K 6 a K C b r, KapaKyjib, AKcaKdA, Typrafi h t . n. OAHaxo npw Been m aJionpuroAHOCTH sthx MeCT AAH pa3BHTHH 3eMJieACAHH B CBH3H C OCHOBaHHeM B 1847 m a y ypajibCKoro yK p eru ieH H H Ha p. HprH3 (JKapMO- A a ) h OpeHOyprcKoro yK peru ieH H H na p. Typraft h 3Aecb nojiBHAHCb oqarH oceAJiocTH . > U rH A KasCCP, tj). 4, on. I, 3591, cb. 480, s\\. I. 2 TypraficKan o6 ;racm B kh.: CnSHpcKHfi ToproBO-npoMWiiiJieHHbift Ka.ieH^apb 1899 roaa. T omck, CTp. 330. 297

HanpHMep, HaqanbHHK 54 wiCTamimi Ajimr To6^6ep- reHOB, HMeBUiHft 3B3HHe 3aypH.ua xopyn*ero, BjiHHTejibHbifi po^onpaBiiTejib cpeaH KoqeBHHKOB yaxe Be# no;iyKoqeBOH o6pa3 >KH3HH CO CBOHM pOflOBMM OT£e;ieHHeM (Ta'fi<j)off) Wo6nap H3 po^a BexeT woMeKefiueB, HMen oko/io 03. Ka- pa-xyra h p. Caphi-03eK pnxoM c yKpeiuieHH.ew nocTOHH- Hyio 3HMOBKy H CeHOKOCH. BciO TeppHTOpHK) 3HM0BKH OH cqHTa.i CBoefi codcTBeHHocTbio; nocJieAHHfl CTporo oxpaHH- ;iacb ot noTpaBbi ckotom nocToponHHX, cneunajibHO ociaB* JieHHHMH 3/jeCb ira JieTO 6e^HbIMH- poacTBeHHHKaMH— A>KaiaKaMH, Kor^a oh OTKoqeBbmaji £a;ieKO na /iwafijiay. HecKO^ibKo no3>Ke b cbh3h c BBe^eHHeM riojio>KeHHJ! 1868 ro^a BOJiocTHoft ynpaBHTe/ib TayncKOH bojiocth Hp- rn3CKoro ye3^a CaiOan c ochobhhmh po/iobumh oTAeJie* HHHMH ToKHHCKOrO pOfla LUOMCKeHUeB B KOJIHqeCTBG npw- Mepno 1,5 t u c . xo3flflcTB Be;i noJiyKoqeBOH o6pa3 >KH3HHt HMCH nOCTOHHHyiO 3HMOBKy H CeilOKOCbl 113 paCCTOHHHH okojio era BepcT Ha loro-BocTox ot ypajibCKoro yxpen^eHHH Ha p. Tayn. B KOHue X IX h Haqajie XX bb. npo£OJi>KHTeJib- Hoe BpeMH bojiocthejm ynpaBHTejieM 6bui cbiH CaT6an C ay- na CaT6aeB. nocJieAiwPi nojib30BaJicn orpoMHbiM bjihhhh- eM cpeAH nojiyKoqeBhix ckotoboaob BnjioTb iio 1917 rojia, Aa>Ke Torjja, nor/ia oh yx<e ne 6biJi bojiocthum ynpaBHie- jieM. B 80-x roaax X IX Bexa CTapuiHft cbin BbimeynoMHHyToro naqa;ibHHKa 54 jxHCTanuHH CaMbipaT AjiMaTOB, 6yayqH bojiocthhm ynpaBHTe^eM KeH>xerapHHCK0H bojiocth Hprn3- CKoro ye3^a, 3aH5m MecTHocTb Ax-xyM Ha paccTOHHHH okojio 200 BepcT Ha ceBepo-BocTOK ot noc. HprH3 h 3ajio- XCHJI TaM ce6e 3HM0BKy C nOCTOHHHHbIMH nOCTpOHKaMH. Bch oOuiHpHaH npuKTcaBHan TeppHTopna h ceHoxocbi Ca- Mbipaia CTporo oxpaHHJiHCb ot noTpaBbi c/ranaMH h Ta6yHa- mh KoqeBHHKOB. X o3hhctbo CaMbipaTa HaKanyHe peBOjiio- uhh hmgjio Bee qepTbi nac/roHmero (^eo/iajibHoro noMecTbH. Bo BTopofi nojioBHHe X IX Bexa b HH30Bbax p. Typraft 6o;iee hjih Menee KpynHhie 03epa y>xe 6biJiw 3aHHTbi oceBiim- mh poAOBbiMH rpynnaMH H3 Bo3ryjiOBcxoro po^a moMexetf- ueB, KaK HanpHMep: Ky;nd-Kyjib, An-xyjib, BaHTax-xyjib h ap. Oce^aHne xa3axcKHx KoqeBHHKOB b 6acceHHe p. Cbip- JXapbn Haqajiocb bo BpeMH npoBe^eHUH cbip-^apbHHCKOil jihhhh. HanpHMep, 6an>ip }KaHxo>xa HypMyxaMe/iOB, HMeB- WHH qHH ecayjia, co cbohm KHinKene-iucKTHHCKHM po^oM 298

oceji b HH30BbHx p. Cb ip-A apbir b 40—5Q-x ro A ax XIX Bexa1. riojiKOBHHK pyccKOH cjiyjKdbi cyjrraH EjiHKeii KacuMOB b 60-x roAax XIX Bexa oce;i BMecTe co cbohmh po a ct b ch - HHK&MH H TIOJieHryTaMH Ha COBpeMeHHOH TeppHTOpHH Kap- MaKHHHCKoro paftoHa K3bi;i-0pAHHCKOH odjiacTH Ha 6epery Cwp-ZUpbH b MecTHOCTH Typt-Kyjib. O ero noTOMKax b 1896 Tony H. A hh^kob nncaji: «... npoHcxo^HT nocTo- HHHue 3eMejibHbie pa3Aopbi Ha ocTpoBe Kapay3HK (BepHee: T.)Ha ocTpoBe Me>K/iy Kapay3HKOM h J^>KaMaHCbipoM — C. Me>K^y noTOMCTBOM cyjiTaHa E jih k c h KacHMOBa h Ka3axa- MH ZI>KaMaH-CbipCKOfi BOJIOCTH, OKOJIO KapMaKMH»2. FIohth o^HOBpeMeHHo c cyjrranoM EjiHKeeM oceji b MecT- hocth XoxyT Ha Cbip-,Hapbe bo jio cth o h ynpaBHTejib daTbip Typedaft ribiuiaHOB co cbohm p o a o b h m otabjichhcm EpHa- 3ap H3 KapaTaMHpoBcKoro poAa uioMeKeftueB; b MecTHOCTH KeH-Tio6eK Ha depery Cwp-XIapbH oceji co cbohm p o a o b h m OTACJICHHeM KoUIKap^M B K0JIHHCCTB6 OKOJIO 150 X03HHCTB H3 poAa CyioH moMCKHHueB bojio cth o h ynpaBHTejib K ap a- GacTyraHCKOH bojiocth 6aTbip CaMbip3a Mbip3adeKOB, k o - TopwA yMep b rJiydonoH cTapocTH b 1890 rojiy. Em e npn >kh3hh CaMbip3bi BOJiocTHbiM ynpamiTejieM AaHHOH BOJIO- cth 6biJi ero rmeMHHHHK YBaK BaHMbip3aeB. ToJIbKO B 3TO BpCMH B 3 0 H e Cblp-AapbHHCKOH JIHHHH, B ocoOeHiiocTH b 6a h 3h oTAeJibiibix yKperuieHHH, tbkhx KaK ApaJibCKoe yKpenjieHHe, Ka3aJiHHCK (c{)opT JV? 1), KapMax- hh ($opT N° 2) h riepoBCK (0opT N q 3) noHBHJiHCb 6oJiee hjih MeHee npomibie 3Hmobkh Ka3axoB. OceAaHHe qacTH KoqeBoro HaceJieHHH flepoBCKoro h K a3ajiHHcKoro ye3AOB Ha npoTOxax peKH Cbip-jjapbii, H3- BecTHbix noA Ha3BaHHeM KyBaw-JIapbH h XCaHa-ZlapbH, nojiyqaeT dojiee uiHpoKHH pa3Max n o cjie onycTOiiiHTejibHoro A>Kyra 3HMbi 1879/80 r. (yjibKCH KynH) h b ocodeH- Ka a/iHHCKoro1 «B OKpecTiiocTHx 3 (popTa oTBpamaioT Ka3axoB ot >3K3MKeeOeHMMHT/I^e^oHMeep^nuIeVae.HimiaH3BeHBrHcoeTbTcnlBMOTpaHHB: obAirnnioiOpp3HBKa,AOxHWHBA>3OpKkTKMaHnHhxTKhobhmAB>wOhKyCaHCKA»Tan,m33oHhac(Hx*TUiKbb),bH,rcTMcK>yKA3OneaTpMAooHIKpeIoOurapcer3TaOCHbbCCpPHT1y8,aBcc5cae6K,.icHefry)Hx.oAHsonHy64o,«chnbeoijei0nAe1oH3.c3iAz»;einyaBIa--,, A. 3 936, cb. 519, a . 4). 2 A h u h k o b H . 04epi(H napoAHofi 3KH3HH CencpHoro TypKecraHa, TauiKCHT, 1899, cTp. 37. 299