Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

Ho KOHKpeTHan (J)°PMa Bemeft h h x nojie3Hbie cbohctb3 i KOHe^HOM cqeTe onpeAejiaiOTCH: 1) ue;iecoo6pa3HOH AenTejibHOCTbio qejiOBexa b npouec ce Tpy^a; • 2) cBOCo6pa3HeM h MaTepwajibHHM cojxepxcaHHeM oo'beK Ta Tpy^a hjth c tjp o ro MaTepnajia, KOTopbiH b o6pa6oTan , hom MOMceT cjiyjKHTb BemecTBeHHbiM coAep>Ka»He5 roTOBoro npo^yK Ta; 3) cBoco6pa3HeM cpeACTBa T p y A a , Koxopoe mo^kct 6biti npHMeHeHO A«nfl M3 roTOBJieHH5i TOJibKO onpeAe^eHHbix npeA iMeroB. npn 3aBepmennH Ka>KAoro nep-HOAa npoH3TOACTBa qe jioBex no^yqaeT pe3yjibTaT CBoero TpyAa b FHAe roTOBorc npoAyKTa. CBOHCTBa -Benin, KOTopyio BbipadoTa^i we/iOBCK b ochobhom onpeACJiHK)TC5i cneun^HKOH npouecca^ npona boactbb c npH cym eii eMy TexHOJiorneH, ABJiaiomeHCH koh KpeTHbiM Bbipa>KeH'HeM o6 Mena Bem ecTB Me>KAy qe;i0BeKON H npnpOAOft. E cJIH T3KHM npOUeCCOM npOH3BOACTBa 6bIJI( KoqeBoc cko to boactbo, to pe3yjibTaTOM TpyAa 6y^eT xchbo* cko t h ero npoayKTbi; ecjin TaKHM npoueccoM npoH3BOA ctb3 6biJio pacTeHHeBOACTBo, to pe3yjibTaT0M TpyAa 6y.nw 3epHO, oboihh, tppyKTbi, KopMOBbie KyjibTypbi h t . n.; ecjiF TaKHM npoueccoM npoH3BOACTBa d b ijio TKaqecTBo, to pe- 3yjibTaTOM T p yA a 6y;*er TKaHb. Ka>KAan OTpacJib npoH3BOACTBa A a e T B03MO>KHOCTb qe jioBexy no3HaTb n p exyie Bcero oco6eHHbie CBOHCTBa (J)yHK- UHOHHpyiomHx b Hen cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa. K a n s a s OTpacvib npoH3BOA*cTBa, cnadxiaH qejioB ena oco6biM*H cpeA- CTBaMH npoH 3BO ACTB a, yxce n p e A o rrp e A e J ifle T cB o eo 6 p a 3 H b ie npweMbi qejiOBeqecKoro TpyAa. Ka>KAan OTpacjib n poH 3B O A - CTBa pa3BHBaeT y qejiOBexa cBoeo6pa3Hbie HaBWKH, CHopoBKy b npouecce TpyA a h AaeT B03MoxcHOCTb 6oJibiiie h rjiy6>Ke noHHMaTb HBjieHHH, cBH3aHHbie c AaHHbiM npoueccoM npo- HSBOACTBa. B xa>KAOH oTpacjiH npoh3bo ac tb a pa3BHBaiOTCH, b Tex- HHKO-3KOHOMHqeCKOM CMblCJIC, 0C0 6 blfl Cn0 C0 6 npOH3BOACT- Ba H 0C0 6 bie npOH3BOAHTeJlbHbie CHJIbI --- KaK Cy6beKTHB- Hbie, T3K 'H o 6 'beKT!HBHbie. HanpH'Mep, 36MJieAGJIGll nOHH- MaeT, KorAa h Kan «y>KHO naxaTb cB oe nojie, xorAa h K3K'HMH CeMCHaMH II aAO nOCGHTb T O T iHJIH Apyroft yqaCTOK 30M.1H npn SaHHbIX nOMBeHHO-K.THMaTHqeCKHX yCAOBHHX. KoweBbiM cko TOBOA3M H3BecTHbi TOHqaftnjHe cnoco6bi naCTbGbl H n o e H H H KaJKAOfO BHAa AOMaiUHHX >KHBOTHbIX, 50

HM H3BeCTHW MHOrne ({)H3HOJIOrO-6HOJIOrHMeCMHe CBofiCTBa AOMaLlIHHX >K'HBOTHblXj HM H3BeCTHbI, IipOHBAfllOUI.HeCH B TO HA H HHOe BpeMH rOAa CBOHCTBa OCHOBHbIX naCT6nmHb!X TpaB, HAyLUHX B KOpM )KHBOTHbIM; HM H3BCCTHO, Ha KaKOe paCCTOHllHe, C KaKOft CKOpOCTbK) MOXKeT CKaKaTb AOHiaAb onpeAe^eHHoro B03pacTa, noAa h yriHTaH-HocTH npa orape- AejieHHoii TeMnepraType B03Ayxa, npH tom mah ApyroM peabec})e m g cth o cth h t . a . A TKan 3 iiaeT (J)H3HqecKHe CBOHCTBa CBOeH npH>KH H IIpHMeHHeMbIX OpyAHH TpVAa. H cxoah HMeHHO H3 3THX noJio>KeHHH Heo6xoA«MO p ac - CMarpHBaTb KoneBoe ckotoboactbo h oce/uioe 36MAeAeAne Kax coBepmeHHO pa3Hbie OTpacAH MaTepnaAbHoro rrpoH3- BOACTBa. Pa3JiHHHbie OTpacaH MaTepwajibHoro npoH3BOACT- Ba oTOH^aioTCH A p y r ot Apyra ne CTOAbKO t©m , hto npo»H3- BOAHTCH, CKOAbKO T0M, K3K H B KaKOM pOAe HCIlOJIbSyeTCSl Bceo6mee cpeACTBO TpyAa — 3eMA5i. 3 to 03HanaeT, hto onpeAejieiiHbiM -b h a o m MaTepmajibHOro npoH3BOACTBa orcpe- acahctch to h a h Apyroe OTHquieHHe HeAOBexa k npupoAe, k 3eMJie. HeM npHMHTHBHee 6 bi.io odmecTBeHHoe npoH3BOA- CTBO, TeM 60Jlb U ie AK>AH HaXOAHAHCb BO BJiaCTH OKpyjKaiO- iahx npnpoAHbix ycAOBHfi, tom 6 oAbine hx xo3HHCTBeHHaa ACHTeAbHOCTb OnpeAeAflJiaCb 3THMH yCAOBHHMH. ripHpOAHbie yCAOBHH 5IBAHIOTC5I 0 6 lHHM (j)OHOM, Ha KQ- ropoM pa3BepTbiBaeTCH npoH3BOACTBeHh a h AearejibHOCTb AioAeii. HeAOBenecTBo b npouecce CBoero pa3BHTHH Bee 6oAbme h 6 oJibiiie npHcnocadAHBaAO npnpoAHbie ycAOBHH k HOBHM Hy>KA3M npOH3BOACTBa. FIpH 3TOM AIOAH A06HBaAHCb TeM 6oAbuiHx pe3yAbT3T0B CBoero TpyAa, neM 6oAbine ohh noHHMajm o c o d e H H O c m oKpywafomHx hx npwpoAHbix ycAO- bhh npoH3BOACTBa h hqm 6 oJib iu e yMejiH ueAecoo6pa3no HX KCn0Ab30BaTb. Ka3axH, 3aHHMaBiuHecH BexaMH KoneBbiM ckotoboact- BOM, xopoiuo 3HaAiH IipHpOAHbie 0C0 6 eHH0CTH o6uu|HpHOH TcppHTopHH CBoero Ko^eBoro nepeABM>KeHHH. OcHOBareAb- ho H3yHHBUiHfi Ka3 axcKoe xo3aficTBO b KOHue X IX h n a- najie XX b b . O . LUepfoina coo6 maeT, hto «x a 3ax — n p e- BOcxoAHbift 6 oTaHHK; y Hero cymecTByeT AOBOJibHo c ao >k - Han h pa3Hoo6pa3Han HOMeHKJiarypa a ^ih o6o3HaneHHH pa3HOrO pOAa 'paCTeHHH H HI'HpOKOe 3H3KOMCTBO c KOpMO- BbiM 3HaqeHHeM Ka>KAoro pacieHUA a a h pa3Hbix b h a o b CKOTa ih b pa3Hbie BpeMeHa roAa... K a3axH BooCme yMeioT npeBOCXOAHO ri0Ab3OBaTbCfl HO TOAbKO pa3HbIMH BHAaMH paCTeHHH, HO H pa3AHHHbZMH H3CTHMH CTenH. CaMH Ka- 4* 51

saxcRHe KO^eBWHicH h coeAHHeHHaH c hhmh otfmaa cobmcct- • kaa jKH3Hb OTAejibHbix ay/ioB, npHcnoco6jieHbi k HaHJiyqiue- My Hcnojib3 0 BanHio crenefi*1. Ka3axcKHH KoqeBofi ckotoboa • 6bui He m abKo 6oTaHHKOM, ho . h reorpac^OM CBoeft Teppn- TOpHH. «HapOAU-KOHeBHHKH‘ 6hjih TOHKHMH Ha6jIK)AaTe- JIHMH H npCKpaCHbIMH 3HaTOKaMH npHpOAH. OHM AaBajIH • Ha3BaHHe KaacAoi* peJibe(})a h JiaHALU^73- noaTO- My, HT06u 03HaKOMHTbCH C TeM, KaK BbirJIHAHT pa3JIHHHWe THnu nycTbiHb, no>KajiyH npome o c e ro noacHHTb, hto odo3naqaioT HexoTophie hohhthh -HenncaHHoro napoAHoro reorpa^HHecKoro cjiOBapH, Bee ui'Hpe ih ninpe BH.eApaiome- roca cenqac b HayKy>>2. KoHeBoe. c k o t o b o a c t b o ih oceAJioe 3eMJieAeJiHe, k s k pa3^HHHbie cc^epbi (MaTepna^bHoro npoH3BOACTBa, tfax pa3- jiH^Hbie ccj)epbi xpyAa, HMejm pa3JinqHbie opyAHH h cpeA- CTBa npoH3BOACTBa. OnepHpyn pa3HbiMH opyAHHMH h cpeA- CTBaMH npOH3BOACTBa H pa3H0H TeXHOJl OrHeH npOH3BOA“ CTBa, ohih no-pa3HC>My Hcno;ib30BajiH 3eMJiio h nojiyqajia pa3^nqHbie npoAyKTbi. Bee sto h oripeAeJiHJio cneuH<f)HKy Ka>KAOft H3 3THX C(})ep MaTepHaJIbHOrO npOH3BOACTBa. Ecjih oceA^iMe 3eM/ieAejibqecKHe HapoAH pa3HHx qa- CTeH CBeTa h pa3JinqHbix HCTopnqecKHx anox bhochjih cboh BicnaA b o6mecTBeHHyio xyjibTypy H3odpeTCHHeM HOBbix opyAHH 3eMAeAeAHH, hobux cnoco6oB o6pa6oTKH h oporne- HHH 3eMJIH, BHBeAeHHeM IIOBbIX BbICOKOypOH<aHHbIX BHAOB H COpTOB CeJIbCK0X03HHCTBeHHHX paCTeHHft, a TaK>Ke OTKpbl- THeM cnoco6oB ynoTpe6;ieHHH cTpoHTeAbHbix MaTepnajiOB - H COOpyJKeHHeM UeHHeHHIHX IiaMHTHHKOB 30AqeCTBa, H3o6- peTeHHeM ciioco6ob Ao6biBaHHH h o6pa6oTKH weTajuiOB, to KOqeBbie CKOTOBOA^eCKHe HapOAbI pa3BOAHJIH H BOCIipOH3BO- AHJiH onpeAejieHHbie bhah . jkhbotjhwx, npHcnocoGjieHHbix ■K A3HHHM npHpOAHbIM yCJlOBHHM H K yGJIOBHHM KOHeBOH JKH3HH. Bee BHAH H IIOpOAhl HCHBOTHbIX KO^eBHHKaMH, o6h- thbiuhmh Ha onpeAejieHHoft TeppHTOpHH c npHcymHMH eft noqBeHHO-KJIHMaTHqeCKHMH yCJIOBHHMH, 6bIJIH BMBeAeHbl H BocnpoH3BeAeHbi b TeqeHHe » h3hh mhothx noKOJieHHft. 3 th BHAU H nopOAH JKHBOTHbIX 6bIJIH OTHOCHTeJIbHO npOAyKTHB- HblMHH HaH6oAee npHCnOCO^JieHHblMH K MeCTHHM yCJlOBHHM. KoqeBoe ckotoboact'bo c ApeBHeftuiHx' BpeMeH Morjio nojiy- 1 lU ep6una 0 . K « p r H 3 CKaH H a p o a H o e r b b MecTax K p ecT b H H C K H x n o - cejieHHH. Cn6., 1905, cT p . 26—27, 28. \" _ 2 (PedopoeuH C. A. JIhk liycruHn. M., 1954, CTp. 37. 52

^HTb CBoe HaHBHcuiee pa3BHTne tojibko b cTenHHx npocTO- pax b coneTaHHH c noAynycTbiHHOH h nycTWHHoft 3ohoh, a He b jiecy h He b ropax.1 TpoMa^HHe CTenHbie, nojiynycTbiHHue- h nycTbiHHHe npodpaHCTBa Ka3axcraHa b onpe^ejieHHyio qacib roAa npe^cTaBJiHiOT co6oio KaK 6ecnpeAeAbHhiH sene.Hbift OKean. B KaqecTBeHHOM OTHomeHHH TeppHTopwa K a3axera- Ha AeJiHTCH h a KOBbuibHyio d e n b c itjioaopoahoh qepHo- 3eMHOft nO^BOH, C AOCTaTOqHbIMIJ aTMOC({)epHhIMH oca^KaMH h Ha c yx yio necqaHO-coAOHqaKOByio TaKbipHyio n ojiv- nyCTUHK) H nyCTbIHIO, nOKpMTyiO B OCHOBHOM*nOALIHblO, KO- JHoqxaMH h OTqacTH necqaHHMH 3JiaKaMH.- PaBHHHa no- cjieAHero THna oxBaraBaeT ofiiiiHpHoe npocTpaHCTBO, Kyaa BxoAHf bch ueHTpAABHan qacTb, ioro-BocTOK, ioro-3anaA h noqTH Becb K>'r TeppHTopun Ka3axcTaHa. B ch 3Ta reppHTO- ~ pnq ripwroAHa ajih nacTb6i>i OBeu, K03, BeptfAioAOB h OTqa- cth JiomaAeft. ToAbico b 3to& 30He MorJio pa3BHBaTbcn h cymecTBOBaTb KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo b e ro caMoft bu co ko - P33BHT0H (pOpMe. ’ - «K oqeB oe mieMH naciyxoB hah ckotoboaob, jKHBiuee Ha paBHHHax 3eMJiH, Hy>KAajiocb b TaKOM >Ke KOjmqecTBe 3eM- ah; KaKoe 6 h a o 6 bi HeoGxoAHMo a a h o xo th Ha Tex >Ke, ho AHKHX JKHBOTHUX»2. TeM H6 MCHee KOHeBOe CKOTOBOACTBO no cpaBiieHHK) c oxoto& 6biJio 6ojibuiHM nporpeccoM. n p n neM oCmecTBo CTaJio 6o;iee o6ecneqeHHHM, qeM npn oxoTe. 3 to noKa3biBaeT, hto KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo Ha onpeAeJieH- Hofi cTyneHH pa3BHTHH o6iuecTBa h npn onpeAejieHHbix npn- poAHbix ycjiOBHHx HMejio npeHMymecTBa xoth 6m noTOMy, qTo npn 3tom 3KcnAyaTHpoBaAHCb h AaBajiH BbiroAy jiio- 4 ahm TaKHe MecTHOCTH, tac 3eMAeAeAbqecKafl KyAbTypa 6 u - Jia coBepmeHHo HeB03M0>KHa. KoqeBOH o 6 p a 3 jkh3hh, Tpe6yiomHft nocTOHHHux n epe- ABHjKeHHft Ha HOBbie MecTa c uejibio o 6 ecneqeHHH n a c f6 n- IUCM CTaA H T a 6 yHOB, HCKJIIOqaeT BCHKyiO B03MO>KH0CTb a a h KoqeBHHKa ocrraBaTbCH Ha oahom h to m ace Mecre CKOAbKO- HHdyAb npoAOAJKHTeAbHoe BpeMH. riosTOMy ■ o6p a 6 oTKa 3eMjiH, TaKjKe KaK h 6ojiee hah MeHee cAoxuiaH OTpacAb 1 1 <P. SHreAtc, Kacaacb ApeBHnx repMamxeB, mica/i: «Ohh Aa^exo He TaKHe HOMaAU. Kan coBpeMeHHwe a3H3TCKHe KoneBbie napOAbi. KoqeBOMy ouTy Mecro b erenH, a repMatwu xchjih b nepBotfhiTHOM .necy, Ho ohh oumi TaKwe aaJieKH h ot cTa^HH oceA^iux KpecrbHH*. (SHrejibc <P. K hctopkh ApeBHHx repMaHueB. M ., 1938, CTp. 1 7 ). S e p H d A R o te . H a y K a b hctophh o d m ecT B a . M ., 1956, crp . 60. 53

AofibiBaiomeH npoMbiiiLneHHocTH, H e coBMem,aeTC5i c Kone- BUM 0dpa3OM JKH3HH nOAO(5HO TO M y, K a K He COBMemaiOTCH C HHM yCTpOHCTBO 6 0 AblHHX, H0nOABH>KHbIX, nOCTOHHHblX >khjihih.; cjie A O B a T e jib H o , c h u m H e coB M em aeTca 6oJiee aKTHBHoe Bo3AeHCTBHe nejiOBeKa Ha npH pO Ay. Hp3iiaqHTeAb- Hoe B034encTBHe kohcbhhkob Ha 3cm jik) nponojiHJiocb TOJlbKO B 3nH3O^HHeCK0M pbITbe KOJIOAUeB B 6e3BOAHbIX MecTax a a h nHTbH h BOAorroa cKOTa. B CHJiy T o r o , h t o ycJiOBHGM y c n c u iH o r o bgachha aKCTeH- CHBHoro n a c r C H m H o r o CKOTOBOACTBa h b jih g tc h « hco6 x o a h - MocTb b H 3B ecTH oe BpeMsi roA a q a c T o nepeMeHHTb nacT6H - .me, to Bee ocTa.7ibHbie y A o 6 c T B a , KaKH e M orjia 6 u ziocTaBHTb K a 3 a x y oceAJiocTb, c B b iroA a M H KOTopow, B n p o - *ieM, oh eme h H e y c n e ji 03H3K0MHTbC5i, 6biAH, pa3yMeeTCH, TOT'iac >xe n p H H e c c H u b >KepTBy K p a H H en h 3a o 6 hocth k o - neBaTb. Be3 CKOTa cym ecTBOBauHe K a 3 a x a cT a :io h c m b ic jih - MblM*1. B x a p a K T e p e 3eM Jienojib30BaHiin K o q e B o e CKOTOBOA'ie- CKoe xo3hhctbo He HMeeT HHHero n o x o > K e r o Ha 3eM AeAeAH e. C n oco6 BezieHHH xo3H ficTBa, ocuoBaH H biH TOAbKO Ha n p o - CTOH yTHJIH3aUHH AHKOpaCTyiAHX T p a B , A e A a A X03HftCTBO KoqeBHHKa npuMHTHBHhiM; oho n epH O A H 'iecK H TepHJIO r p o - MaAHoe KOJinqecTBo noroAOBbH ckoth b pe3yjibTaTe M a cco - Boro naAe>Ka npw he6AaronpH htho c a o >khbihhxch 3hmhhx yCJIOBHHX H OT 3riH300THH («A > K y T » H « H H A 6 T » ). «/I>KyT>> (nO-KaAMblUKH — « 3 y T » ) 6bIJI OAHHM H3 CTpaill- HblX CTHXHHHbIX 6eACTBHH, npHCyiUHX O TCTB AO M y KOHeBOMy ripnCKOTOBOACTBy. O h noBTopHACH qepe3 onpeAeAeHHbie npOMe- >KyTKH BpeMeHH. K3XCAOM AJKyTG KOHeBHHKH TepHAH waccy CBoero c k o t a . J3>KyT m ot 6biTb cjieACTBHeM H e d A a r o - npHHTHO CAOJKHBIUHXCH • MeTeopOJIOrHHeCKHX yCAOBHH. 3THMH OCHOBHbIMH yCAOBHHMH npHHHTO CHHTaTb CAeAyK)- mne: 1) MHorocHe^KHan npoTHB o6biHHOH b ashhoh mcctho- cth 3HMa, conpoBOKAaiomaflca AAHTeAbHbiMH 6ypaHaMH H 60AblHHMH XOAOABMH. 06bmHO TaKOH 3HMe npeAlHeCTBO- Bajio 3acyuiAHBoe jieTO, Heo6ecneqHBiijee aoct3toiihoh HaJKHpOBKH HAyiAHX B 3HMy >KHBOTHbIX; 2 ) iiacTynAeiiHG OT- TeneAH hah BbirraAeHHe ao>kah na cner, hto Bbi3hiBaAO ro- AOAeAHuy; 3) 3aTH>KHa5i h xoAOAHan BecHa, npHBOAHBiiiaH K rudeAH HCTOUXeHHbIX OT 3HMHHX XOAOAOB H rOAOAaHHH cTp. 139K1p.a c o e C K u d Af. Odjiaen* ch6hpckhx KHprn30B, q. I. Cn6, 1868 54

>khbothux; 4 ) BuropaHHe nacTtfmuHbix Tpao ( b xcapKHx cipaHax). CTHXHHHOe 6e^CTBHe fl>KyT 6bUI nOCTOHIIHbIM CnyTUH- KOM KCBieBOrO CKOTOBO^CTBa C ApeBHeHIlIHX BpeweH. _ fl>KyT 6bIJI xoporno 3HaKOM TaK>Ke H K833XCKHM KO- qeBHHKaw1. IlepHOAHqecKH noBTOpHiomnecH A>KyTH 6u jih pa3JiH^HOH pa3pyuiHTe/ibHoft chjibi. BbiBa^H /ixcyTbi qacTHq- Hue, MecTHbie h a ^ Y th KpynHbie, onycTomHTCJibHbie h Bce- o6mne ajih Bcex K33axcKHX cienefi h nycTMHb. ripw KaxcAOm 6oJibuiOM jx>KyTe rpoMaAHan Macca kohcbhhkob m m a jia cb CKOia h npeBpama^acb b o6e3AOJieHHbix JiioAen. «K an npo- KJIHHaJIH OHH Cy/^bChl 3a TO, qTO, JIHUJHB HX CK0T3, A>KyT He yHec h hx caMHx, a o6pex Ha Me/yieHyyio roAOAHyio cMepTb... Taxwe A^yTbi yHociuiH h Tbicnqn qeAOBeqecKHX >KH3HeH... MorJIO JIH ifpH TaKHX yeJIOBHHX pa3BHBaTbCH xo- 3aficTBo b nycTUHHx? M or jih qejioB eK qyBCTBOBaTb ce6n BJiaCTGJIHHOM npnpOAbl?»2 Ecjih KpynHbie BceoOmnc A>KyTbi noivropHJiHCb nepHO- AHqecKH, npHMepHO qepe3 xa>KAbie 6— 7, a HHor/ia qepe3 10— 11 jieT, to qacTHqnhie MecTHbie A>Ky™ npoHcxoAHAH noqTH exceroAHO. KoqeBHHK BcerAa oc.TaBa.ncH iioa KOBap- HOft BAaCTbK) BHeiUHHX CHJI npHpOAbl. KoqeBHHK, 3aHHMaBiuHHCH HCKjnoqHTejibHO • nacTfinm- HblM CKOTOBOACTBOM, He UpHJiaraBlIIHH TpyAa AJ1H o6pa6oT- KH 3eMJIH H B03ACJIbIB3HHH KOpMOBbIX TpaB, MOT BeCTH TOJIb- ko naccHBHyio 6opb6y co CTHxnftHbiMH hbachHhmh npnpo- a h . Ona CBOAHAacb b ochobhom b nepeKoqeBKe c MecTa Ha wecTo. H3yqHBmnft >KH3Hb Ka3axoi? CpeAHero >Ky3a b 30-x roAax X IX Beica C. B. BpoHeecKHri 3a\\feqaeT, qTO «ecAH CAyqHTCH b a yjie k axoe HecqacTbe, nanpwMep, neotfbiKHO- 1 no AaHHbiM n . B. HBanoBa HanfioJiee naMHTHwe «a>KyTbi» b X IX h naqa/ie XX b b ., 3axBaTUBaBiiiHe qacTHMHo h;ih noanocTbK) nbmeimuoio TeppHTopHio Ka3axcTaHa, iiponcxoflHJiH b roabi: 1826/27, 1829/30, 1838/39, 1844/45, 1848/49, 1853/54, 1873/74, 1875/76, 1879/80, 1888/89, 1891/92, 1897/98, 1902/3, 1907/8, 1911/12, 1916/17, 1918/19, 1920/21 1924/25, 1926/27, 1927/28. B TypraficKOft o6.nacTH, no aaHHbiM rytfepH- ckhx omeTOB, b 1879/80 r. H3 o6mero MHCJia 3 662 737 fo/iob Bcex BimoB mhbothmx norH6.no ot £>KyTa 1 528 679. hjih 42% Bccro Ha.iwq- Horo cocTaBa; b 1891/92 r. H3 o6mero qncna 3 355 743 ronoRbi norH6/io 36% (cm. paOoTy A. H. Ao6pocMbic.noBa «C kotobo^ctbo b TypraftcKOfi o6aacTH», CTp. 29, 37); no aamiuM AiwuKOBa H., ot an<yTa 1891/92 r. KoneBHKKH MHorHX BO^ocTefi Ka3a;iHiicKoro ye3Aa iiotgph.ih r o 95% Bcero noroTioBbn ckot3. (A hhmkob M. OiepKH Hapo^noft KH3HH CeBep- noro TypKecTana. TaiuxeiiT. 1899, CTp. 150— 169). 2 wedopoeun B. A. JIhk nycTHHH. M., 1954, ctp. 26. 55

BeHHan cMepTHOCTb h ynaAOK cko ts, to ohh, noqHTan sto MecTO HeqHCTHM, ocTaBJiHJOT ero h HiuyT Apyroe*1. B oco6o Tpy^HWX 3HMHHX yCJIOBHax, eCJIH CKOTOBOAaM B AaHHOfi MeCTHOCTH rp03HJl AHCyT, OHH, He CHHTaHCb HH C K3KHM MOP03OM, HH C K9KHM 6ypaHOM H TyMaHOM, K0qeB3AH AO Tex nop, noxa odeccHAeBiuHH ot HCTomeHHH ckot Mor nepe- ABHraTbca. 3 to TO>Ke 6h ;io (J>opMoft 6op b 6 u c npnpoAoft. H o Taxyio 6opb6y KoqeBHHKOB c npnpoAOH hh -b KoeM cJiy- qae Hevib3a cpaBHHTb c co3HAaTejibHoft p a 60Toft 3eMJie- AeAbua, nocTeneHHO noKopaBiuero npwpoAy. npnpoAa ocTaBajiacb ajir KoqeBoro ckotoboa3 HeyMo- jihmoh. OHa nepHOAHnecKH yHHnTOJKaJia roAaMH BbipameH- Hbie craAa h Ta6yHbi. IlpeKpacHo 3HaBiimft xo3HftCTBeHHyio >KH3Hb Ka3axcKHx KoneBHHKOB JI. K . ^lepMaK nHcaA, HTO y hhx*«6opb6a c npnpOAoio, noAqHHeHHe c e 6 e ee cha noHTH OTcyTCTByeT, hto Bee 6jiarococTOHHHe KoneBHHKa 33bhcht nOMTH HCKJHOHHTeJIbHO OT tfAaronpHHTHO HJIH He6jiaronp,HHT- ho cjioxchbihhxch ycAOBHft noroAu: x o p o u ia n oceiHb, Mnrkan MajiocHejKHan 3HMa 6e3 6 ypaH0B h rojioA eA H U u — h xoqeB- Hitfx npouBeTaeT, h o cjryqHJiacb CHJibpaA roJioJieAHua h a h BbinaA^eT Tak &Pi rJiy6oKHfi cner, hto noAHo>KHbiH * xopM CAe^aeTca HeAocTynHbiM — h KoqeBHHK OKa3HBaeTCH coBep- nieHHO 6ecc«AbHbiM b 6 opb6 e c 6 eAOK>,— c k o t na^aeT Mac- caMH, h BqepauiHHft 6 oraq AejiaeTcn 6 c a h h k o m » 2. T sk h m pa3opHBiuHMCH KoqeBHHKaM He TpedoaaAHCb Tenepb o6 nAb- ho Bupocmne n ocjie AX<yTa coqH ue TpaBbi h cTaBiuee MOrHJIOft HX COCTOHHHH MeCTO 3HMOBKH, TaK KaK OHH V>Ke He HMeAH opyAHft TpyAa, to ecrb craA h Ta6yriOB ajm xo3$ih - CTBeHHOrO HCn0JIb30BaiIHA 3THX TpaB H 3TOTO yqaCTKa 3CMAH HH ACT0M, HH 3HMOIO. B mCCTC C PH6CJIbK) CTHA H Ta6yHOB 6biBuiHft 6oraq — BAaAeAeu MHoroqncJieHHWx ra6yH0B h cTaA — Tepqji h oboe o6mecTBeHHoe noAOJKeHHe, oh yxce He 6 h a 6aeM. O rcioA a, cTapHHHan Ka3axcKan nocAOBHua: rntfeJiH 6aa AocraToqHo oahoto A>KyTa, a a -hh rn6e- AH CaThJpa — OAHOH CTpeJIbl»5. x. SKCneAHUHH O . I_U,ep6HHbI 06 ypOBHe pa3BHTHH X03HH- CTBeHHOft JKH3HH y Ka3aXOB, BeAUlHX B . KOHUe X IX Bexa noAHHfi KoqeBOH o 6 p a 3 >kh3hh, n n c a jia : « F I phm hthbho b 1 BpOHcecKuH C . B. O KHprH3*KaficaKax CpeAHeft Opaw .— OTeqecr- BCHHbie 3anHcKH, q. 43. Cn6., 1830, CTp. 75. 2 HepMaK JI. K . Ocemiue KnprH3H-3eMjieAejibuu Ha pexe My.— SanncKH 3anaAHO-CH6. ota. H P ro , kh. X X V II. O mck, 1900, crp.' 22. 3 Baft 6ip H cyrTuK, 6aTbip 6ip o k t w k . 56

3tom x o 3HHCTBe B e e : h oTHOuieHHe k n p H p O A e , H yXO£ 3a CTa^aMH, h coAep»:aHHe nacTyxoB, H.Ao6uBaHHe npo^yKTOB CKOTOBO^CTBa, h caMoe noTpe&rceHHe h x . BjiaroAapa hmchho 3T0H npHMMTHBHOCTH Ka3aXCKOe XO3HHCTB0 H RBJIfleTCH KpaHH'e rnaTKHM h HeyGTOH^jhbbiM. M ajiefiuiaa cjiyqan - HocTb — h xo3aiforrBo ckotoboah cp a3 y ynte 6biCTpo na^aeT h noAPbiBaeTc« BKOHeu. Oco6eHHo rytfHTejibHHM o6pa30M AeficTByiOT Ha CKOTOBOA^ecKoe xo3h6 ctbo HedJiaronpHaTHbie 3HiMbI... n o MHeHHK) <Ka3aX0B, H3 AeCaTH 3HM TOJIbKO IIjeCTb 6biBaeT xopouiHx, CTporo roBopa, A>KyTbi npeAcraBjiaiOT co5oft CBoero po#a KocBeHHyio oueHKy nacTyuiecKoro xo3flft- CTBa h creneHH Ky;ibTypHocTH ca M oro xosaHiHa*1. 3 r a xapaKTepHCTHKa ®epHa. H aao Tip'H3HaTb, hto ® cbohx ochob- Hbix qepTax BCHKO.e Koqesoe ckotoboactbo, cymecTBOBaB- rnee b ycjioBHHX.nycTbiHb h cyxnx cren efi, BKJiioqaa KoqeBoe CKOTOBOACTBO Ka3aXOB B X V — X V I I I BB., 6HJIO T3KHM HC6. H. H. 3jiaTKHH « ero ctopohhhkh cqHTaiOT, qro ecjiH KoqeBHHKH 3riH30AHqecKH Kona«aH .Ko^ioAUbi b nycTbiHe ~h CTenH H 0praHH30BbIBajIH T3KHM o6pa30M nOnyTHbjft BOAO- noft cKory, t o 3to 03HaqaeT o6pa6orKy 3eMJiw, b pe3y;ibTaTe Hero noc/ieAHHH BbicTynaeT hko6h KaK ocHOBHoe cpeACTBO npoH3BOACTBa. O h nmiieT: «HcKyccTBeHHoe Ao6biBaHHe boau hbjih€tch cepbe3Hofi Tparoft qe-KOBeqecKoro Tpy/ja, Heo6xoAHMoro AJia BOcnp.on3BOACTBa nacTCnmHbix yroAHH xax cpeACT&a npoH3BOACTBa»2. TaK oe yTBepxcAGHHe aBJiaer* ca HeBepHUM. OpraHH3aiiHa KoqeBHHKaMH 3riH30AHqeoKoro BOAonoa ckota H3 KOJioAueB hhkopab He 6biAa npoH3BOACT- BOM H BOCnpOH3BOACTBOM naCT^HUiHblX Tp3B. Hcjih CTaTb Ha Toqxy 3peHHa H . 51. 3jiarKHHa, cqHTaio- mero, hto BCHKaa 3arpaTa Tpy#a qejiOBenoM Ha BbipbiTHe aM c uejibio noAyneHHa boam aBJiaeTCH o6pa6orKofi 3eMJiH h BoonpoH3-BOa c t b o m nacT()Hm, t o /rorAa, noxcajiyft, c t h k h m ycnexx>M mo^kho cqHTaTb o6pa6oTKoft 3eMJiH ycrpoficTBO BCaKHX OKOnOB HJI-H aM OXOTHHKaMH -AJIH JIOBJIH AHKHX 5KH- BOTHblX. flaJibHefiuiee JiorHqecwoe pa3BHTHe mhchhh H. 3jiaT- 1 Maiepna^bi no KHprX3CKOMy 3eM-nenojib30BaHHio,‘ codpanHwe h pa3paCk>TaHHbie 9Kcne/iHUHeii nd nccJieAOBaHHio cTenHux od.iacTefi. A k- Mo/iHHCKan odJiacTb, KoTcueraBCKHii ye3A- BopoHOK, t . I. 1898, CTp. 111—I 112. 2 M a T ep H a jiu oe-beAHiiem ioii naym ioft c e c c iin , nocBJimennoft h c to ph h C peAHefi A 3hh h K a3 axcTaH a b AOOKTHdpbCKHft ncpnoA- TamKenT, 1955, d p . 93. 57

khhs no noBO/iy xoAOAUeB xoneBHHKOB Tpe6yeT Tax>xe npH3HaHnn 3 aTpaT bi TpyA a pbiOaxoB, A e jia io m n x n p op y6 n b jjeAHHOM npocTpaH C TB e BOAoeMa a a s i jiobjih pbi6 bi TO>xe a 6 pa60TK0 H 3CMJIH, T 3 K KaK B nOHBTHO 3 eMJIH C 3KOHOMH- neCKOH TOHK'H 3peHHH BXOAHT H BOAS. OAHaKO .BpHA BQ3MOJKHO CepbC3 HO TOBOpHTb O6 3TOM. Te.M 60Jiee HCAb3H Cepbe3HO rOBOpHTb O B0A 0 n0Ab3OBaHHiH KOneBHHKaMH H3 KOJiOAUeB k a x npoH3BOACTBe h BOcnpoH3BOACTBe n acT 6 n m - Hbix yroA n ft, h 6 o b TaKOM c jiy n a e cA eA O B a J io 6bi npH3HaTb KOHeBOe CKOTOBOACTBO CaMblM BbICOKOKyjIbTypHHM, BHCOKO- npOAyKTHBIIblM XO3HHCTB0M. KCTaTH, H . $1. 3AaTKHHy CJieAO- Bajio 6 u 3HaTb, iit o b o6m eM 6ajiaH>ce BOAOCHa6>xeHHH b ycAo& nnx K o n e B o r o cKOTOBOACTBa K a 3 a x o B kojio aubi HMeJin yAeJibHbift Bee He 6ojiee 20 — 25% . «rio e H H e >KHBOTHbIX BO BpGMH nepeXOHCBOX npOH3BOAHT- cn Ka3axaMH, c m o t p h no m 6c th o cth , H3 ipeK, 03ep, 6 o ao t, H3 OBparoB, k o t j io b h h , b KOTopbie c o 6 HpaeTCH BeceHiinn b o a s , HAH >Ke H3 BbIpbITbIX XOAOAUeB*1. B 3HMHee BpeMH, xorA a Ha 3eMAe 6 biJi CHejKHbift noxpoB, xoqe^HHXH BOBce He noHJin CKOT. E cah np'H3HaTb MHeHne H . 3 jia T K H H a npaBHAbaihiM, to T orA a m o >k h o yTBep>KAaTb: T a x x a x napO B 03 nocTOHHHo nOTpe6AHeT BOAy, T o OCHOBHbIM CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa Ha >KeAe3HOAopo>KiioM Tpan cn op Te HBAsieTCH BOAOxanxa; ecjrn MeTajuiyprHnecKHe, MauiHHocTpoHTeAbiibie h A pyrn e aaBOAbi b npouecce npon3BOACTBa noTpeC jin ioT M accy b o a m , to OCHOBIIbIM CpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTBa BO Bceft (J)a6pHHHO- 33B0ACK0H npOMblUIJieHHOCTH HBAHCTC5I BO A3. JJeftCTBHTeAb- HO, >KeJie3HOAOpO>KHbIH TpaHCnopT, 3aB O AbI h 4>adpHKH 6e3 b o a h p a6 oT aT b n e M oryT. Ho sto He MO>xeT cAy>xiiTb Aa>xe b KaKOH-TO OTAaAeHHOH cTeneHH ocH O B aH H eM a a h 3aKJiioqe- HHH, HTO OCHOBHbIMH cpeACTB3MH npOH3BOACTB3 Ha >XeAe3HO- AOpO>KHOM T p aH C n O p T e H B $a6pHHHO-3aBOACKOH n p o - MbllHJieHHOCTlH HBABIOTCH BOAOXaHXH. KojioAUbi a a h KoneBiiHKOB npHo6 p e T a jiH 6 o jiee h ah MeHee cepbe3Hoe X0 3 aHCTBeHHoe 3HaneHHe TOJibxo b xa xoft-T o OnpeACAeHHOH 3 0 H e o 6 lUHpHOH TeppHTOpHH XOneBaHH^, H TO b onpeAeJieHHoe BpeMH roAa. K o j io a u b i 6 h a h oah-hm H3 3nH30AHHecxH Hcnojib3yeMbix 3AeMeHTOB npeAMeTa TpyAa HAH OAHHM <H3 BCnOMOraTeAbHbIX MaTeplHaAOB, HeodxOAH- 1 CnfiHpcKnii ToproRo-npoMuui^eHUbifi KaACiiAapb na 1899 ro/i. I omck, 1899, CTp. 236. 58

MUX AAH BeAeHHH KO^eBOrO CKOPOBO^CTBa, HO HC OCHOBHbIM cpe^cTBOM T p ya.a. Ilp H h o j ih o m KoqeBOM o 6 p a 3e x c h s h h b c r e n a x K a 3 a x - cTaHa KOJioAHt>i 3 a OTflejibHUMiH a h u a m h He 3axpenAHAHCb h OHH HHK3K l ie MOTAH CAy>KHTb 06'beKTOM HaCTHOH CoOCTBeH- hocth , cjieflO B aTeJibH o, ohh He M o rjiH 6 biTb o p y a h cm S K c n jiy - aTauHH qejioBeKa neAOBexoM. K o j io a u u b K a 3axcTa,He no TJiy6 HHe m o >kho 6 u a o p a 3- AejiHTb H a T p n rp y n n u : k nepnoft r p y n n e othochahcb H e r jiy - 6okwe k o j io a u h — «TaH3>, — r jiy 6 HHa KOTopbix KOJie6 a jia c b ot oAHoro a o q eT u p ex MeTpoB; ko B T op oft rpyn ne — r jiy d o - khc K ojioAAbi — «T e p e H » — c raytfHHOH o t naTH ao A eca T H MeTpoB, a k T p eT b efi rp yn n e — k o a o a u h m n a «u iH H r p a y », r a y 6HH0H 6 o jib in e a ^chth MeTpoB, H iio rA a A ocT H ra io m efi 40 — 60 M eT p oB . TlocjieAHHM t h o o m k o j io a u ^b . n oA bsoB a- Jiacb HHHTO^KHan nacTb xon eB oro K a 3 a x c K o ro HacejieHHH, xoTopaa K oneB aJia He ma S oA biim e paccToaH H a h o O irra jia b A e m e e B p ew a b TaKHx 6e3BOAHbix nycTU H n x, x a x K h 3H A - Kywbr, y c n o p T h MaHrbiLUAax. Jln u ib HeMHorwe xoaeBHHKH, h to b peAKHX CAyqaax, aa h pa30Boro BOAonoa n6Ab30BaAHCb «u iH H rp a y», HanpHMep, npn 3 an o3 A aaoM BeceHHeM h ah 5xe npe>KAeBpeMeHHOM ocghhgm KoneBaHHH. K a n npaBHAO, npH - 3H3K0M « m H H r p a y » HBAneTCH y K p en A eH H e ero ctchok A e p e - bom (ca K ca y A O M ) hah xaMHeM. B KOHue X I X h wanaAe X X b b . b MiaHrhiuiAaKCKOM ye3 Ae Bee koaoaubi no npHnaAAe^KHocTH mohcho pa3AOAHTb Ha Tpn KaTeropHH: « o a h h , OoAbiuefi qacTbio ycTpoeHHbie HeaaBHo, OOCT3BAHIOT CO()CTBeHHOCTb OTAeAbHbIX AHA, KOTOpblMH OHH BbTpbiTbi H ycrpoeHbi hah xynAeHbi, Apynne, ycTpoeHHbie B OoAee AaBHHe BpeMeHa, npHnaAAe>KaT noxoAeHHaM h ayAaM , TpeTb'H, OH0Hb AaBHHG, C^HTaiOTCB np&HaAAOKHOCTblO Bcex Ka3axoB h TypKMOHOB MaHrbiuiAaKCKoro ye3Aa... Ko a o a u w , Kax o6mne a a h Ty3eMueB ye3Aa, ayAbHbix oOmecTB h n o xo - AeHHft, Tan h np.HHaAAe>KauuHe orAeAbHbiM AHuaM, pacnoAO- >KeHhi oneHb CMeuiaHHo, Tax hto nonTH Bee rpynnbi noaT H3 K0A0AU6B pa3HbIX BOAOCTeH H a y A O B »I. 3T0T AOKyMSHT, cocTaBAeHHbiH b kohuo X I X Bexa, noKa3 biBaeT, Kax no Mepe nepexoAa KO^eBHHKOB k noAyxoneBOMy THny xo3ai1cTBa a ^- >xe 6g3 ceHOKouieHHH h xAe6 onaiuecTBa, x ax no Mepe H3Me- 1 U rH A KaaCCP, 4). 40, M a H f b iu u ia K C K o e y c 3 A « o e y n p a B J ie i iH e , o n . 2, A o n . a e j i o 1 3 , ^ j | . 99— 100. riepcnncKa n o p a 3iio r o p o A a a a a B J i e - h h 3 m h ) K a .io 6 a M K H p m a o D , 1892 r . 59

h6hhh. xapaKTepa KoqeBawHH h o 6 p a 3 a jkhshh nsMensiAacb (^opMa co6cTBeHHocTH Ha KOJioflUbi y KOHeBux ckotoboaob • Ka3axoB h TypKMeHOB MaHrbiiiuiaKOKoro ye3Aa. Ho BwecTe e TeM BHAHO, qTO HHK3KOrO 3anpeTa B HCnOJlb30BaHHH BOAH, Aaxce KOJioAUeB, rcpHUaa a e>Kabibhm OTAeAbHbiM AHuaM, He 6bUio. B BbiuienpHBeAeHHOM AOKyMeHTe rosopHTCH, qro y m ahrbiiiia aKCKHx Ka3ax0B .cymecTBOBaA ycTaHOBAeHHbih o6biqaeM TaKofi nopHAOK, no KOTOpOMy-npaBo noAb30BaHHH KOAOAUaMH, COCTaBAHIOlUHMH HaCTHylO CotfCTBeHIIOCTb OT- ACAbHUX AHU, npHHaAAeXCHT npCXCAe BCerO 1HX BAaAeAbHaM, 3aTeM ero poactbohihihkam no CTeneffH h x poACTBa h noTOM yxce sceM n ocxop oh.hhm >KHTeAAM Ma.HrbiiuAaKCKoro ye3Aa H ApyrHM KOHeBHHKaM. «EcAH K T3KHM KOAO/mam np.HKoqyer nocTOpOHHee ahixo b to BpeMH, KorAa o koao hhx HaxoAHTcn co CTaAaMH BJiajiejieix, to ecAH boaw oKa>KeTCH AocTaToq- noe KOAiHnecTBo a a h BOAonon cTaA, np.HHaAAejKaiUHx o6ohm , npHKoqeBaBiuHft HeBAaACAeu MonceT TOHte ocTaTbca y koaoaqcb, b npOTHBHOM ace cAyqao o h toabko oahh pa3 HanoHT cboh CTaAa h noTOM AOAHceH OTKoqeBaTb b Apyroe MecTO. E cah BAaAeJieu npHKoqyeT k cbohm koaoau2m b j o BpeMH, KorAa o k o j i o hhx HaxoAHTcn c o CTaAaMH noeropoH- Hee ahuo, to nocJiejinee MoxceT ocTaBaTbcn y koaoaucb TOAbKo b tom CAyqae, ecAH boah b hhx 6yAeT aoctstomho aah CTaA o6ohx KoqeBHHKOB, b npOTHBHOM nte cAypae, OH AOAx<eH HanoHTb cboh CTaAa, HeMOAAeHHo nepeKoneBaTb b A pyroe MecTO**1. K a k bhaho, Aa>Ke KOAOAUbi, KOTopwe cmh- TaAHCb qaCTIIOH COSCTBeHHOCTblO OTAeAbHbIX ahu , He oxpa- HflAHCb OT nOCTOpOHHHX. EcAH BOAbI B KOAOAUe XBaT3AOx TO H3 HHX MOTAH nOHTb CBOH CKOT H He Co6CTBeHHHKH KO- AOAUa coBepmeHHo 6ecnAaTHo. CAeAOBaTeAbHo, onyjaHHue eme naTpnapxaAbmHHofi aAeMeHTbi qacTHowf coOctbchhocth Ha KOAOAUbi y MaHrbiuiAaKCKHx Ka3axoB h TypKMeHOB qa- CTH9HCJ nOHBHAHCb TOAfeKO B KOHUe X IX BeKa2. / 1 U rH A Ka3CCP, cf). 40, MaHrmimaKCKoe ye3Anoe ynpaB^eHHe, on. 2, Aon. agao 13, jiji. 99— 100. riepenHCKa no pa3Horo poAa 3aaBAe- HHHM H 3Ka.106aM KHprH30B, 1892 r. . * SKCJie/umHH A H CCCP b 1926 roay yeraHOBHAa: «Ha wejiKHe KOAOAUbi npaBa co6ctb6hhocth He cymecTByeT, mnurpay npHHaAAe>KHT OTAe^bHbiM ayjiaM, poaobwm rpynnaM h Aa>Ke oTAeAbHbiM jiwuaM. npe- HMymecTBenHoe npano nojib3oBa»Ha coxpaHaeTCH b nepeyio onepeAb 3a CTpOHTeJieM, ero pOAHHaMH, 3a POAOM, H 33TCM TOAbKO rTOJIb3yiOTCH nocTopoHHHe jiHua. TaK KaK oHeHb MHoro u iu m p a y cymecTByeT ym e necKOJibKo noKo;ieHHfl, a Ha neKOTopux coxpaHH/iHCb Aance eme M€Tkh ' TypKMeHCKHX POAOB, TO <})aKTH»ieCKH H lUUHCpay HBAHIOTCH CC/1H He 60

* Ka3axcKHe o6*mTejiH nycTUHH ■Kw3hiJi-KyMbi b Kotiue XIX h iiaqajie X X b. mmcjih KOJfoAUbi b necKax, Kan npaBH- JIO, 6JIH3KG K rOpHCTofi MeCTHOCTH, KOTOpan HaHHiHaBTCH c iora n e e q a H o r o npocTpbhctba, Hjih ate Ha ceBepo-BOCTOKe, no6jIH>Ke K p. Cup-flapbe. 3 tH KH3hIJI-KyMCKHe CKOTOBOAbI paaBOAHJiH npeHMymecTBeHHo KapaKyjieBbix emeu, OAHorop- 6ux Bep6jiK)AOB h b He6o;ibmoM KOJinnecTBe K03; Apyrnx b-haob c k o t h y h h x He 6huro, 3a iHCKJiioqeHHeM BepxoBbix k o - H6H, HaCHHTblBaeMblX TOJIbKO eAHHHijaMtf H TO y 3a>KHTOHHO- ro cjioh nacejieiHHH. TaM aficxwnoTHo « e 6wjio ycjioBHft ajih KOHeBOACTBa h pa3B€AeHHH npyriH-aro poraToro cKOTa, He roBopH ynce o 3eMJieAe;ntH. KuabiJi-KyMCKHe ckotoboah h m cjih ToproBbie cbh3h c Byxapoft h x h b h h c k h m h ropoAaM H , r A e , noMHMo c 6 u T a c k o - Ta h npoAyKTOB c k o to b o a c t b a, 6 e A H e fiu ia a q a o r£ HaceJieHiHH nocTOHHHO 3 a «H M a jia c b c6h t o m c a K c a y ju > H o ro y m a . y KbI3bIJI-KyMCKHX K83aXOB, IipHBH3aHHbIX K KOJIOAUaM B nycTbiHe, He 6 lijio h h k b k h x ceH O KO cH ux h naxoTHbix yroA H H , KpoMe necqanoro npocTpaHCTBa, Hcnojib3yeMoro Kak nacT- 6HIAe AJIK -CKOTa. HHKaKHX OrpaHHHeHHfi B >HCn0JIb30BaHiHH nacT6Hm ne cymecTBOBaJio. KojiOAUbi b K u 3 b i^ -K y M a x , Aa h K a p a - K y M a x (TypKMe- hhh), He 6biJiH oa3HcaMH, Boxpyr KOTopux jiioah Bbipa- lUHBa^H 6bi nojie3Hbie ajih hhx, a TaKHte aah >khbothhx, nojie3Hue 3ejieHHe pacTeHHH. IloaTOMy, noHBJieuHe TaKHx KOJIOAUeB B nyCTUHHX HeJlb3H paceMaTpHBaTb KaK 33HH- THe 3eMJieAeAHeM b whpokom CMbicjie stoto cjiOBa. 3 th KOJIOAUH CJiy>KHJIH TOJIbKO HCTOHHHKOM BOAbI AA51 yT0JieHH5I >Kax<AbI AlOAeft H 2KHB0THHX. OHH HJW. }KHTeJI6H HMeJIH npuMepHo TaKoe >Ke 3HaqeHHe, KaK CHeaKHbie xhjkhhm jin n oxothhkob h pbidojioBOB KpaftHero CeBepa, KOTopbie cna- ca/iHCb b h h x o t JKyTKoro xoAOAa h 6 y p a H a * He3HaHwe >k h 3 « h KoqeBHHKOB nopoio iip h b o a h t k th k ih m HejienbiM yTBepjKA€>HH5iM, spoAe: «BoraTbie CKOTOBOAbI, odecneqeH H bie BepdjnoAaiMH, na-cryxaMH h r;iy6oKH.MH «, - ______ _- — --- BnOJIHe ofilUeCTBeHHoft CO<5CTBeHHOCTbK>, TO COdCTBeHHOCTbK) Hpe3BW»iafiHO uiHpoKoro Kpyra jihu. Bee npenMymecTBO jihu hjih poaob, BbipbiBiiiHx kojioaum, 3aKJHOMaeTCH b oqepe^H BOAonoa: xo3hhh KOJioaua HMeeT npeHMymecTBeHHoe o6uqHoe npaao noHTb cBoft ckot b xcapxoe BpeMn b nepByio onepeAb, Taioxe— Bee rpaxcAaHe Toro me poaa; b ocTajibHoe BpeMH KOJiOAUaMH nojib3yiOTCH Bee xcejiaiomHe b nopH^xe jkhboA o^epe- ah>. (MaTepnaJibi komhcchh 9KcneAHUH0HHbix HccjicAOBaiiHH, Bbin. 13. Cepvia Ka3axcTaHCKaa. OcoCchhocth cejibcxoro xo35iflcTBa AAaeBcxoro ye3Aa. JI^ 1928, crp. 65—66). 61

Ko;io;maMH, M oran KoneBaTb na 6 ojibiuH e paccTOHHHH»'. Bo-nepBbix, b h x o a h t , mto eepSjiioAbi h rJiyCoKHe KOJioAUbi nepeABHra/iHCb BMccTe no BceMy a jih h h o m y KOlieBOMy nyTH 6oraTbix ckotoboaob; bo-bto ph x, cJieAyeT yna3aTb, hto HaJiHHHC r^yCoKinx kojioaacb ne c n o c o 6 cTBOB-ajio yAJiHHe- bhk) iKoneBoro nyTH; B-Tperbnx, rjiytfoKne KOAOAUbi HHKorAa He o6^erqa^iH r p y x ko^ bhhkob a we cnoeoCcTBOBaJiH hx o 6 oraineH:Hio. H e cJiynaftHo KoneBHHKH bchhcckh H3(5erajiH pbITbfl TJiy6oKHX KOJIOAUeB. 3T0T BaJKHblft MOM6HT xoporno noHHmaji Mypaa TeBKejieB, kotopmh 6 h ji oahhm H3 sktu b- Hbix yqacTHHKOB axTa npHHHTHH xasaxaMH MjiaAUiero >Ky3a noAAancTBa P occuh b nanajie 30-x doaob X V I I I CTOJieTHH. O h nHcaji: «T A e ohh (x a 3axH — C. T .) 3 HMyJ0T, jieTOM b Tex MecTax Tenyiunx pen HeT, TOJibKo KosioAe3b, mhojkcct- bo HMeiomerocH y hhx ckot3 H3 o hh x kojioaucb yAOBOjib- cTBOBaTb He MoryT»2. >K«Tejin necnaHbix nycmnb, HMeBinne rviydoKHe kojioa- Ubi, Bjia^HAH noHTH xtajiKoe cymecTBOBiaHHe, 6buui coBep- inesHHO nOAaBJICHbl TpyAHOCTfl'MH JKH3HH, TpyAHOCTH>MfH 6opb- 6bi c npnpoAOH. n o HauiHM jiHqubiM HadjiioAOHHfiM, Bonpyr rviy6oKHX KO^OAUeB B K bI3bUI-KyMCKOH nyCTbIHe CKyAHblfi paCTHTG/Ib- Hblfi nOKpOB neCKOB Sbicrpo yHHHTOJKaJICH OKOHHaTeJIbHO. TeppHTopHH MecTopacnojio>KeHHH t b k h x KOAOAUeB npeA- CTaBJiHJia co6 oh cbinyqHe necKH, THHyBiiiHecH bo Bee CTopo- Hbi iia AecHTKH KHJioMeTpoB. C K a x A U M roAOM nacT6 Hme OT KOJioAueB Bee 6 ojibuie h 6o;ibiiie oTAajiHJiocb, hto Aejrajio HeB03M0>KHhiM a a b cTaA JieTOM exeA H eB n o 6 biBaTb Ha nacT- 6 nmax h B03BpaiuaTbCH Ha BOAonon. 3 to npHBOAHJio k t o - My, HTO KhI3blJI-KyMCKHe Ka3aXH JieTOM B ep 6JIK)AOB nOHJIH jiHinb qepe3 2— 3 aha, a oBeu nepe3 AeHb. MaHrbiniJiaKCKHe H KbI3bIJI-KyMCKHe K333XH CHHT3JIH HOKeJiaTeAbHblM yBeJIHHe- Hue KOJIHHeCTBa KOJIOAUeB B 3THX nyCTbIHHX Ha 6j]H3KOM pac- ctohhhh Apyr OT A p y ra . n o 3T0My noBOAy o 6 pa3iio roBopHT nocJioBHua: « LIeM 6ojibme Myjiji — tg m x y x e HapOAy, neM 6 oJibuie Ko^oAUeB — - Tew x y x e 3eMJiH». B Kbi3bw-KyMCKOH h Kapa-xyMCKOH nycTbiHHX jictom o t HeAocraTKa k o pm o b , BOAW h o t necTepnHMoii » a p u ckot HCTomajiCH h norn6 aA. 1 AnoAAoea H. 7\\ npucoeflHHeHHe Ka3axcraHa k Pocchh. A;ma* A t2. 1948, CTp. 37. ApyrHX AOKyMeHTOB, KacaioinHxcH ynpaBjieHHH h Tf * ™ , OpeH6yprcKoro Kpa,,, 1734, r.,T. I, cocraBJieHHHft A, H. Ao6- pocMbJCJioBLiM. OpcnOypr, 1900, ctp. 100. 62

)KHTe«nHM cTaHOBHJiocb jierqe jiHiiib c HacTyrmeHHeM oceHH H 3HMbI. TaKHC yCJIOBHH >KH3HH BblHy>KAaJIH KhI3bIJl-KyMU.GB 3anacaTbCH sh m o io cH-eroM Ha ©ecHy caMUM nepBo6 biTHbiM JXcnoco6oM. jw stopo ohm BbipbiBajni orpoMHbie b m m c ceBepHofi cTopoH bi necnaH ux d y r o p n o B , HMetomwx p a c - THTejibHbift n oK p oB , ycTH/iajiH h o6 K Jia/abiBajiH CTeHbi « OOHOBaHHe 3TlHX TpaBOft H Ky CTap*H'HK3MH, a IIOTOM Hano.THJijiH cn ero M . C o e p x y t o >k c noKpuBajiH TpaBOH, KycTapHHKaMH h 3 acbina^H 3eM^en. TaKHM 3anacoM «BOAbi» OHH MOrjlH npOXKHTb B TCHCHHe BeceHHHx MecaueB. A noTOM y>xe 6 ujw BbiHy>KAeHbi nepeKoqeBbiBaTb b M ecra n a - xo>KAeHHH TaK Ha3biBaeMbix «rJiy6oKH x KOAOAueB», r&e >KH3Hb ajih LunpoKOH TpyAOBoft M accbi Hace.ienHH CK opee 6ha a 3eMHbiM «aAO.M», qeM >KH3Hbio. H o noxa croflA a >Ka- pa, nacejieHHe He Morjio HHKyAa oTKoqeBhiBaTb. nplHMepHO T3KHM >Ke CnOCO^OM HCII0JIb30BaJIH aTMOC- (f)epHbte oca^KH — nyTeM ycTpoflcTB*a Tax Ha3biBaeMbix «KaKOB» — Kapa-KyMCKwe TypKMeHbi. « B necnaiHOH nycTbiHe aTMOC^CpHbie OCaAKH 6bICTpO npOCaHHBaiOTCH CKB03b to ji- my necKOB. H a TaK bipax BJiara HeKOTOpoe BpeMfl ocraeTCH npecHwxHa DOBepxHOCTH, noxa He Hcn-apHtcn. coxpaHeHH$i TaKbipHbix boa b TeqeHHe 6 o jie e AJiHTeAbworo Bpe- MeHH Ha T aK bipax poiOT b m w — «KaKH». «K aK o©ofi» b o a o h nOHT CKOT»1. HnKaKott qacTHoft 3eMejibHOH c o 6 cTBe*HH0CTH « a nacrCH - Lua y KbI3b!JI-KyMCKHX H Kapa-KyMCKHX CKOTOBOAOBHe 6 UJIO. KojiHqecTBO HajiHqHoro ckotb y Ka>KAoro cKOTOBJiaAeJibixa xax 6bi MexaHHqecKH onpeAeAHAo - pa3Mepw 3e.MAenoAb30- b3hhh Ha BceM n a c i 6nmHOM npocTpaHCTBe. Hew 6oAbine 6mao y Hero c k o t 3, TeM 6oAbiue oh H3BAexaA a -nh c e 6 n BbirOAbl OT 3eMAH. 3 t0 6 bIAO CBOHCTBeHHO BCeM KOqeBblM CKOTOBOAaM. He to Cbijio y 3 eMJieAeAbqecKHX HapOAOB. XapaKTepHoft oco6eHHOCTbio 3eMJienoAb30BaHHH, c y m e - CTBOBaBiuero y oceA^ibix 3eMAeAeAbiteB, b OTAHqne ot Koqe- aBbtx ckotoboaob, hbahotch ero iipoAO*N>KHTeAbHbiH n o c ro - HHHHH XapaKTep, HTO 06'b5I0HfleTCH npOHHblM OCBOeHHeM H OKyAbTypHBaHHeM orpaHHqeHHoro y q a c T K a 3eMAH qeAOBe- kom; ocTaBHTb 3to t yqacTOK o3H aqajio 6bi a ^h Hero rroAHyio noTepio 3aTpaqeH H oro TpyAa. OieAOBaTeJibHO, B03pacTaio- uian 3aTpaTa T p yA a Ha B03AeAbiBaHHe »3eMAH 6biAa o c h o b - 1 QpeiiKUH 3. r . TypKMCHCKan CCP. (3KOHOMHKO-reorpac|)HHecKaH xapaKiepHCTHKa). M., 1954, crp. 40. 63

1 • . -■ v s ,^ ■f jfbiM, ycjioBHeM, npHBH3biBaiomnM k AaHHOMy yqacTK y 3eMJi>H h noAHHM aiom iiM ee xo35ificTB em iyio ueH - HOCTb. B ycJiOBH^x nycTbiH b TpyaOM m 'HOp h x noKOJienHH 36MJie- AejibueB nyTCM HCKyccTBeHHoro opom eiHHH .co3AaBaAHCb TyqHbie ru io A o p o A H b ie 3eMJin: cjjpyKTOBbie c a a h , BHHorpaA- jhhkh, o6m H pH bie nojisi xjiotlq anHHk a , plHCa, 01X>pOAHO-6aX- MeBbix h Mpyrh x ueHHefluiHX KyjibTyp. B p e 3yjibTare noKO- peHHB pen h nycTbiH b co3jzajnicb, HanpHMep, oa&Hc>i njio^opoAHOH O ep ra H b i na p en e C b ip -A a p b fl, Xope3M a b HH30Bb*ix A M y - jla p b H , C a M a p K a H A a h B y x a p h i Ha p en e 3epaBtuaH h M ep B -a « a p ex e M y p r a 6 ; a p ^bhh€ KHTaftubi c^e^a/iiHCb 3aM eHaTejibHefim HM H 3 eM J ieA ejib u aM H b AOAHHax pen HHU3bi-u3HH, X y a H x a , JTaoxa h A p ., n pou B eTaji E rn n eT b aeJibTe pewH H h j i; opouiaeM bie oa3HCbi H hab h T a n ra , MecconoTaM HH h A p . 6 hjih ApeBHeftuiHMH onaraMH SeMJie-- jxejiiiH. 0 6 orpoMbnoM aHayeHifH b p<a3BHTHH oCm ecTBa n oA - HHH'eHiHH chji n p H p o A H jno^bMH M a p n c n n c a ji: «H e o 6 x o A H - MOCTb o6m eorB eH ,H o ftOHTpoJiMpoBaTb K a K y io-jiH 6 o CHJiy npnpoAbi b H H T e p e c a x xo3b h c t b 3, H e o 6 x o ^ H M o c T b H cn ojib - 30BaTb ee hjih noAHHHHTb e e .n p n noMomn coopyxteH H H KpymHefiuieno 11^30111x 3 6 3 , B0 3 be^,eH H u x p y x o n q e jio s e K a , arpaeT p e m a io m y io pojib b hctophih npoMbiui;ieHHOCTH. F I p « - \" MepOM MoxceT nocjiy>KHTb p e ry ^ H p o B a H H e b o a h b E r a n T e , Jl0M6apAHH, ToJl^iaHAHH H T. A. HJIH B HHAHH, IlepCHH H t . a , r ^ e opoixi-eHHe HCKyccrBeHHUMH K aH ajiaM H He TOJibKo AoeTaBJiaer n oqB e Heo6xoAHMyio a jih pacTeHHH boA y ,\"h o b to >Ke BpeMH npH H ocH T BMecTe c h jio m M H H e p a ^ b H o e y A o 6 p e - H «e c rop. T a n n a xo3aficTBe>HHorp pacuBeva JicnaHHH h C h - AHJtHH npH ro cn o A C T B e apa5oB 3 a K J iio q a jia c b b HCKycdTBeH- HOM OpomefHHH»l. B e 3 OCeAJIOCTH H 3eMJI€Ae71HH JllOAH HHKHK He M0I7IH 3TOTO CACJiaTb. OceA^iwe 3eMAeAejibm>i 6w ah c n o o o d H b i wa Taxwe noABH- rH HMeHHO nOTOMy, HTO OHH 3aTpaHHB-ajIH TpyA Ha HOAHHTHe X0 3 hftcTBen ho ft a c h h o c t h onpeA ejieM H O lx) y q a cT K a aeMJin orpaHHqeHHOH njion;aAH2, He «n^aBaH», nan KoqeBHHKH no BOJinaM 6e36pe>KHoro «OKea*ia» nycTbiHb h CTenefi. 1 MapKc K . KanHTaji, t. I. 1952, crp. 517. 2 «CaMUH nporpecc eciecTBenHux 3naHHft h HepOBHoe hx pacnpe- ae^eHHe, 6yAynH o t m 3Ct h npHMHHaMH, c jiy x c a T OTHacTH CJieACTBHHMH coctohhhh, b KaKOM naxojiHTCH npoH3BOixcTBo h pacnpeACJieHHe 60- raTCTB*. (HepHbiuieBCKHft H. V. H3(5paHiiuc 9KonoMH4ecKKe npoH3Bejie- HHfl, T. Ill, M. 1. M.f 1948, CTp. 35). 64

K'OHeBHUKH 3Ke HCn0JIb30BaJIH A«HH CBOerO npOH3BOACTBa roTOBhie im opM npupoAbi. KorAa Tpana crbeAena ckotom riOA CaMhlH KOpeHb, nOAHOCTbK) HCTOLLUiACH CHe>KHbIH TIOKpOB HAH BUcoxAa T aA an b o a s , TorAa KoneBHHKH hck3Ah HOBbie MeCTa C HeTpOHyTOH HAH M3AO TpOHyTOH TpaBOH H C AOCTyn- HblM A^IH CT3A H T a 6 yH0B BOAOnOGM. T aK aH npOH3BOACTBeH- Haa AeaTeAbHOCTB aeActeexa co3AaBaAa ueAyio cHCTeMy nacT6HiuHO-KoqeBoro ckotoboactb3 . r ip n ato m paAHyc Kone- Boro nepeABHHceHHH, hah aahhb KoneBoro nyTH, b TeaeHHe roAa onpeAeAHAHCb ypOBHeM pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTeAbHbix qha KoaeBoro o 6 iuecTBa h oKpy^KaBiuHMH ero npnpoAHbiMH yCAOBHHMH. /^AH TAKOfi yCTaiHOBHBUieHCH CHCTeMbI KO^eBOrO X03HHCTB3 C XapaKTepHOH AAH Hero pyTH'HOH peryA^piHbte ■ cTpahctbobaHiHH c oajhoto nacT^nma Ha Apyroe no cymecTBy H 6bIAiH OCHOBHblMH nepeMOHaMH B IIpOH3BOACTBCHHOfi >KH3- hh KoaeBHHKioB CTeneft h nycTbinb. O hh He MorAH npHKpe^ iTHTbca k 3eMJie, KOTOpaa x ax 6bi 6 eiK a A a H3-<noA hx hot. B cHAy cneuH(J)HKH TexiHOAOr*HH cB oero npoH3BOACTBa KoqeaHHKH He MorAH RJin xo3aficTBeHHbix uejfeft Hcn0Ab3O- BaTb nocToaHHo o a h h h tot xce yn aeroK 3eMAH, nweiom-HH orpaHHaeHHyio nAOmaAb. Beciipepbm uoe KoaeBaiiHe 6h a o H6o6xoAHMOCTbio, AHKTyeMoft cneu«4)HqecKoft npapOAOio caMoro ocHOBHoro cpeACTsa irpoH3BOACTBa y KoaeBbix CKOTOBOAOB --- CT3A H Ta6y,HOB. FIOBTOMy KOq6BHHK3<M 3eMAH AaBaAa tcm 6oAbiue moAb3bi, aeM wenibiiie o<hh 3aAep>KHBa- AHCb 00 CBOHMH CTaA^MH H T a 6 yHaM H-Ha OAHOM MGCTe. Ka3axH roBOpHAH: «H p H qacTOH KoqeBxe ckot acnpeeT, a n a cToaHKe 6a6a jKHpeeTV. KoneBHHk nyxeM yaeAHHeHMa KOAHqecTBa xoaeBOK p a c - WHpaA nAom aA b HcnoAb3oB3HHa ecTecrBeHHbix nacT6 nm, o6ecneaHBaA yAyqixieHHe HaryAa jkh'bo th bix, Ao6 HBaACH yB€AHaeHHH yAOH MOAoka, HopMaAbworo pocTa rnepcTH h 6bICTporo pa3BHTHH MOAOAHHKa, OAHHM CAOBOM — nOBblUie- HHa irpOAyKTHBHOCTH XCHBOTHbIX H paCIUHpeHHH BOCnpOH3- BOACTBa noroAOBba CKOTa. C a o a o b aTeAbho, yBeAHaeHHe KOAHaecTBa KoaeBaHHH hah yA^HHeHHe KoneBoro nyTH npn • HOpAfaAbHhIX yCAOBHHX XKH3HH HaCTOMUjHX KOHBBHHKOB 6blJ10 CAHHCTBeHHO B03M0JKHLIM cn0C0 6 OM HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH KO^e- Boro xo3ancTBa. OTCioAa BbiTenaAa Heo6xoAHMOCTbrpo- MaAHoft nAomaAH ecTecTBeHHoro n a c T 6 nm a Aaxce h jih cpaBHHTeAbiio He6oAbuioro KOAHnecTBa KoaeBbix xo3h h c tb . 1 Kerne 6epce, MaA ceMis, Kemnece naTUH ceMi3. 65 5 C. E. To.m6cKOB

B TaKHX yCJIOBWHX, q©M 6oJIbIUHM KOJllWeOTBOM- CT3A H TadyHOB pacnoAarajio xo3hhctbo, TeM 6 oAbUie h<AaAbuie, no ' cp&BH6HHI0 c MaJIOCKOTHbIMH XOSHfiCTBaMH, eM y npMXOJOGH-■ ' Jiocb Kio^eBaTb. H e 6 o«flbuit)e xoJiHqecxBo ckotv Morjio 6 biTb yAOBJieTBOpeHO paCTMTCAbHOCTblO C OTOOCHTeAbHO He6oJIb- 1HOH nJIOIUa.HH 3©MJI!H. rioaTOMy MaAOMOiHHUe HAH MaJIO- cKOTHbie xo35rficrBa coBepma^H HaxMeHbmee KOAHqecrBO KOHCBaHHft -h hmcjih caMbiii KOpoTKHft xcmefioft nyTb b roAy. Kasaxn xopouio 3iHanx, hto Bcawoe Hepa3y.MiH©e coxpame- hh€ KOAjiqecTaar KO«eB<aHHfi b A iotfoe Bp ©m b t©a & 03Haqa.no roJiGAa^ae CKOTa. YAJiHiHenue cp oxa n p e 6 bibanna ayaa » a oahom M-ecTe, oco6 emio 3hmoio, B eer^a narydHOvOTpawa- AOCb Ha JKHBOTHblX* 0 6 3THX MOMeHTaX B KOqeBOS JXH3HH; roBopwr Ka3axcKaH noroBopxa: «HocTpaAaBiuH& or A^xyTa xBajiiiT cboh xcypiV . Oh a ocyxtAa^a- xos-jsima, noTepflBiu ero cboh CTaAa h Ta6 yiHbi wa-aa HexcejiaHHH ero coBepiuaTb qacTbie xoqeBaHHH, xa x stoto ipe6 aBa.no xoqeBoe xo3h£ictbo. 3HaqiHT, CHCTeMa xoqeeoro xo3HHCTBa Mottia cymecTBO- Barb TOJisxo tjum, rjxe 6hji 6a/ibinoft n p o cro p aah KoqeBoro nepeABHXcejiHH h Kpaftne HH3 xaH mioTHocTb HaGeAeHHH. •Hi F. ^epHbHueBCKHfi Bepno OTMemcji, hto «KOJi«qecTBO qeAoseqecKofi ithiuih, upon3B0A»Moe 3eMAeio, Aaxce r*p,H caMofi HAoxofi cacTeMe aewwieAejrHH, qpe^Bbiqafino npeBoc- xoaht M accy rmmH, nojiyqaeMoft b hhcto xoqeBOM cocto- hhhh, Tax qTO HenpeMeHHbiM pe3yjibTaT0M nepexoAa ( k oceAAOCTH) 6 uBaer orpoMHoe y B e jim e u n e HaceAeHHH*2. O xoqeBOM xo3 $iftcTBe xa3axoB b X IX Bexe T. H. T hxohob nncaA: ^/la^ke caMue xHmHHqecxHe <J)opMbi 3eMAeAeAH« noSBOAHjOT Bee xce HSBAexaTb-c ejiHmmjbi rKm epxHocm 3©m- jih 6oJiee AoxoAa, qpfeM cymecTBykdiixhe (f>opMbi xa3axcKoro CKOTOBOACTBaXopOlBO 3HaBflIHft BKOHOMHKy SKCTeHCHB- ■noro nacT6 HnxHoro ckotobo actba• x a 3 axoB b - X IX Bexe M. BaAHxa«oB BbicxaaaA Ty ace ca&iyio Mbicjib, qro h MepHfiinxeBCKHfi, roBopn, qro coBepuieHHo HeB03MoxcHo H3BAexaTb H^H6 oAbmyio nojibsy c Mem>meft ruiomaAH 3 eMJin, noxa cxotoboactbo 6 yAer b xa3 axcKx>ft' OTenH eAHHCTBGH- Hbiic cpeACTBOM cyuieCTBO saH H x4. — — . ■■ \\ V- ' o 5r^VPT» — Mec-ro CTOAHKH, ayaa. «^CyTapan >kyptmh MaxTaftAhi). 2 HepHumeecKuH H . /'. H36pa»Hfaie aKOHOMH^ecKHe npoH3BeAeHHa, t « III, q. T. M.t 1948, cTp. 22. 3 Tuxonoe X . H . Xo3aftcTBeHHiifi 6mT: KKpnisoB CTenHoro KpaH.— TypraftcifHe bcjiomocth, 1901, 10 MapTa, 4 B c u iu x a n o e Y. FIojiHoe co6paHHe coqHHeHHft^— 3an«CKH hm. pycck reorp. o6-Ba, t. X X IX , Cn6 „ 1904, crp. 323. 66

KotieBUHKJK nwstoiffiKVfl axoAHAtfcb b npouecce nepeABH- JKCMWH <Ha 60JIbUIOft T£ppfcTOpHH, TTSfBiJlfeK&H MHMTOWHyK) H HerrponopuHOHajjbHyK) ee BeAHqHHe BMroAy; ohh AOAxcHbi 6h a h H-Merb Gojibrnne aaiiacbi GB6 6 oAHbix atewejrb, jia&'aB- iifhx n p o c T o p o t h 'BeA'BHMH npHm h t h b h o r 6 xoaafccrBa. H M e w - HO 3Ta npHMHTHBHOCTb HCKAIOqaAa OCeAAHH o6pa3 XCif3tfH H B03MO>KHOCTb Iipif&03KeHHrt TpyAB: ATOAefi K 3eMA6 AAH nojiyqeHHH 6ojibinefo KOAH^ecTBa npoAyktob~c He<5oAbH*ofi IUTOIUaAH 3eMJlH. • . > \\ Kan H3B©cmo, noBhiu}&m& npansBo^wrejJbmcrn ofejecT- BeHHoro TpyAa recHO &b z 3$h o c nnoTHocTbK) tfi^eAeHtfH Ha onpeAejieHHOfi n/iOima^H seNtAH. TpyA ooeAAOro 3e»aeAeJibua rpetfyer (MaHbme $eMeABifc)tf ruiomaAH Ha eAifanuy n-poAyK- U «h no cpaBHenmo c 3KcteHcHBHbLM ckotoboa-^tbom RoneB- ttHHKa h ynce noaTOMy, Ka3ajiocb 6 u y HeH&6ex»?o AOJnKea BbiTecHHTb rtocjjeAHee na H3©e£TH6& cryneHH yiutothokhocth HaceneHHH A&HHoft crparHH. Ho caMa ero nAOTHOCTb HBJiner- C5P piOCTa- flp<OH3BOAHTeAbHOGTfe o6mecrBe(H«orO* TpyAa. « H eOA# 6ht 3ra rtpcrasBOAHTeAbHocTb H3 paeq^ra na eAHHHUy npOAYKUHH 3KBH#aAOHTHOfl nHTaTeAbHOCTH,— CKawetf, Ha‘ 1 000 yCBoaeMHx «aM H KanopHft— fibJAa b KoqeBOM CKOTOBoXcTbe OoAbine, new -B’ 3eMAeAeAKH- to y HauiHx npeA^oB He oKasanocb 6 bi HHKa'KHx skohomhqecKHx CTHMyAOB. fiblTeOH6HlHH nepBOPO BTOpbyM. FlepBHHHblM H pemaKJEAHM (^ftCTOpe^f B 3TOM A ^ O HBAHIOTCH, CTaflO 6liTb AHuib opafiHH^eAtaibie TeMnfep pocrra' n-poHsbo ahtcabiHoeTH AaHHwx oTpacJteft TpyAa. B 36maga^ ihh arm TBMnw oxasa- jiucb Bbime, qeM a KoqesoM acoroHOACTBe, h no3TOMy a m npeTeneHHo BjyTec»nvio noarieAHee».1 3 to noHHMa/r h cy^ran CeflAaAHH, KOToptaft iw c a ji: «3affflTHe Ka3axoB ckotoboactbom , h KoqeBan * H 3Hb hx Aah noAAop»:aHHH nocAeAHero, hbahctch He npnxoTbia Ha- pOAa, a A^AOM'CaMbZM OTBeTCTBeHHtlM; H Bfa 7KH3Hb CO cbohm naerytHecTBOM He ycryiTHT MecTa occaaocth c 3eMJie- AeAbqecTBowr ao Tex nop, noxa ecrreoTBeHHbiM npnpamerHHeM Ka3axcK0P0-H’aoejteHHH He nonyBCTByexon Kpaftnan recnora/ BMecro npexcHero-^ npoeTopa b cT en n »2. RoqeBoe ckotoboa' CTBO M0I7I0* CyilXeCTBOBATb TOAbKO TaM, TAe 6hbTa HHHT03K- 1C T p y M U A tm C . R HCtopun 3eMJieAeAtqecKoro xpy^a b Pocchh.— Bonpoeu skobomhkhv' 1943, Ns 2, CTp. 48. . C ed d d A u H C y A T a ti 2 -u . O pdaBHTHH x s ie d o n a w e c T B a n o CaccefiHy peKH Typran.— 3anncKH OpeHO. ota, H P r O , Bbin. I, Ka3anb, 1870, crp; 237\", 5* 67

Han n;ioTHOcffe (HaceneHHfl h AocTaTo^Hbifi npoerop cbo6 oa- hoA scmjth; nocjieAH H H o t K-paTKOBpem eHHofi 3Kcn^yaTauHH ee KaK nacTdnma He AOBOAHAacb a o KpafiHero HcromeHHH h coxpaHH.ia cnoco6HOdb BOCCTaHaBJiHBaTb cboh eciecTBeH- Hbifi pacTHTejibHbifi noKpoB 6e3 3aTpaTbi qeAOBe*iecKoro TpyAa. Taxon AHKOTpaBHbiH xapaxTep KoqeBoro cko to bo actb3 noA^epKHBaeTCH b c a o b s x Mapicoa: «HanpHMep, MOHroJiu npji onycTouieHHH P occhh jipftcTBOBajm cooTBeTCTBeHHO hx cnoco6y npoH3BO/icTBa; a a h cxoTOBOACTBa tfoAbiiiHe Heo6H- TaeMbie npocTpaHCTBa h b ah io tch rJiaBHbiM ycAOBHeM*1. Haao nojiaraTb, h t o Mapxc b a s h h o m cjiyqae noA CAOBaMH «cnoco6 npoH3BOACTBa» MOHroAOB npe>KAe Bcero noA- pa3yMeBaeT opraHH3auHio npoH3BOACTBa, to ecTb ero Tex- HHKO-3KOHOMHHeCKyiO CTOpOHy. CymecTBO opraHH3aAHH xoneBoro ckotoboactba cboah- jiocb k KpyrAoroAHHHOMy coAepncaHHio CTaA h Ta6yHOB Ha noAHo^KHOM KopMy b neo6HTaeMbix npocTpancTBax nycTHHb h CTeneft. EcrecTBeHHbiH pacTHxe^ibHbiH noxpoB cocraBAHA HX OCHOBHOe HpHpOAHOe 6oraTCTBO. B 3TO.M 3aKAK)HaeTCA paaraA^a TaflHbi, inoneMy hmchho b sthx Mecrax noAyHHAo CBOe pa3BHTHe H TbICHHeAeTHHMH COXpaHHAOCb OTCTaAOe KoneBoe ckotoboactbo xax oco6an c(j>epa MaTepnaAbHoro npOH3BOACTBa. B OTAHHHe OT KOHCBOrO CKOTOBOACTB3 CBM3 TeXIHOAOrHH 3eMACAeAHH cnoco6cT©OBaAa TOMy, hto 3 cma eAC/ibUbi nepe- AeAbiBBAH oBOHCTBa noMBbi B k HceAareAb'Ho& aah ce6n HanpaBACHHiH. C ApeBHefiiuHX BpeMeH B. pawoHax opomae- MOrO 3eM AeAeAHH B C p eA H efi A 3H H B A O A b OpOCHTeAbHbIX xanaAOB Bbica^KH'BaAH ApeBecHbie HacaACAeHHH, c BeAHHaft- UI1HM HCKyCCTBOM Bblp 3B1HHB3AH nOJlHBHUe ITOAH AAH A y ^ C - r o pacn peA eA en H H opocH TeAbH on b o a b i.^ /Ja h MeAHopauHH necnaHhlX IlOHB 3AeCb H3Ap6BHe npHMCHHAH 3eNfAHCTbie rAHHHCTue y A o d p e H H H , a a a h y A y n iu e H H H THJKeAbix 6ec- CTpyKTypHbIX TAHHHCTblX I10HB — «T a K b Ip O B » — HCri0Ab30Ba- Jin necoK. B p e 3 y A b r a T e tfecruiOAHbie «T a K b ip b i» h ah necna- HHe noHBbi n p eB p am a A H C b b nA O A O poA H hie. O TaxoM jx e n peo6 p a3 yiom eM xapaicrepe T p y a a 3eMJieAeJibueB,- b jio k c h - Horo b 3eM Aio, roBO pHT npHMep A p e B H H x 3eMAeAeAbueB ErHnTa. TaiM o 6 p a (5 o T x a 3eMAH, 33H eceH H 0H h a o m , 6biAa HacTOAbxo HHTeHCHBHa, hto nepBOHanaAbHaH $ A o p a CTpa- 1 MaPKC K- K KPHTHKC no^HTHqeCKOH 9KOHOMHH. Jl„ 1952, crp. 210. 68

/- / hu 0Ka3ajiacb coBjepuieHHO HSMeHeHHoft. PacreHHH, npoH3- pacTaBiuHe iia y3KoA nojioce HaHoca ao Toro, KaK qejiOBeK 3aBJiaAeJi 3toA CTpaHOK), noqTH coBepmeHHo ncqe3AH, KaK 3TO npH3HaeTCH H 6oTaHHKaMH, p a6 0 TaBUJHMH HaA 4>Jiopoft ErnnTa; Jimnh nepBOHaqaAbHan (}>AOpa B03BumeHHoro nAa- TO nyCTUIIb COXpaHHAa HeH3MeHHBIIieAcH CBOIO (})H3HOHO- mhio. /[.aAee, (J)aKTU roBopHT o BecbMa paHHeM, Hcqacjine- mom MHorHMH BeKaMH ao Haiuero BpeMeHH, Haqajie b K wTae KpynHbiX' rHApoMeAHopaTHBHbix pa6oT no o3AopoB- jieHHio cTpaHbi h npeBpameHHio AeBCTBCHnoA noqBU b KyAb- TypHue 3eMjiH. B npoTHBOBec 3eMAeAeJibuaM KoqeBoA ckotoboa Becb CBOH yM, B ecb JKH3HCHHUH OnUT H BCe 3H3HHH B o6JiaCTH npoH3BOACTBa nanpaBAHA «a to, qTo6u ero CTaAO AOCbira nacAaAOCb nacT6muHOH TpaBoft. B stom cocroHAa rAaBHan 3aAaqa n^cTyxa, ochobhhm «HHCTpyMeHTOM» MacrepcTBa KOTOporo 6hjio nacymeeca CTaAO. Hayiooft h npaxTHKoA AOxasaHo, hto c pc^To^ otaothooth HaceAeHHa Ha onpeAeAeHHoA TeppHTopHH, Aaxce caMaa tforaTaa ecTecTBeiiHUM nAOAopoAneM noqBa, hcnoa L3y cm ah c 6 oAbuioft Harpy3K0H TOAbKO KaK nacr6 Hine, otfecueHHBa- jiacb ckotom. riacymHHCH H3 roAa b toa ckot BhrrpaBAHA HCKAioqHTeAbHO hoAe3Hyio pacTHTeAbHocTb — 3A3KH, 6 0 6 0 - Bue, Boo6 me to, mto Tpe6 yerca aah noAAep>KaHHH ero opra- HH3M3. B nepHOA UBeTCHHA H o 6 ceM€HeHHH Heo6 xOAHMbIX ewy KopMOB, ckot, hah no cTenw MaccaJ4H, BueAaeT HaqHCTO KopMa, ne Tporaa b to >Ke BpeMa HeroAHoA aah Hero pacTH- TeJIbH O C TH . P a H H e f l BGCHOli, B R O T K J lb H T7pH BJiaXCHOH n O ^ B C oh BTanTbiBaA c J ia O b ie pacTeHHa kopmobux TpaB, ocTaBAaa Maao noBpe>KAeHHUMH pa3Horo poAa, noqTH He HweiomHe X03HACTBeHHOrO 3HaqeHHJT, paCTeHHH B BHAe dypbHHOB. B 3acyxH, KorAa pacTHTeAbnuA nonpoB noqBU 6 hWi cxyAHhiA, onHTb'TaKH CTpaAaAH ot cKOTa b 6 oAbiueA cTeneHH noAe3- Hue TpaBbi.1 HpesMepMaa sKcnAyaTaunn 36mah npn woqeBOM ckoto- BOACTBe BcerAa -npHBOAHAa k yHHqTOJKejfHio AecoB h pacTH- 1 HanpUMep coo(5iUa;iocb, qTO b iojkhmx bojiocthx TeMHpcKOro ye3^a «6ecnpepuBHoA, ycHJieHHofi nacrbCoft ckot3 xnneu ynHVTO>KeH nouTH coBepmeHHo — wa npocrpaHCTBe uejibix Bepcr BCTpeqaioTcn 11c- CKOJIbKO KyCTHKOB-- KOBblJIb * e BblTpaB^eH HflCTOJlbKO, MTO OT Hero ocTajiHGb crbeAeHHbie no 3eMJiH kophh npe»Ae Morytmx KycTOB». (Ma- TepHaau no KHprH3CK0My 3eM^enojib30BaHHio TeMHpcKOro ye3^a. OpewCypr, 1910, crp, 217), 60

:;v n TeAbHoro noxpOBa nycTHHb h nojiynycTi^Hb, npespawan hx . b cwny«me necKH1. O ahhm H3 mhofomhcjichhhx npHMepoB b 3 tdm oTH ouieHHH 'MpjK.eT cJiyxcHTb B n y T p e H H 5 & ByKeeBcxan _ ' opAa, orpaHHqeHHa^ co Bcex ctopoh BoegHMMH ahhhhmh c pacnojio>KeHHbiMH .BHyTpH Opribi qacTHtJMH^aeMejibHbiMH yqacTKaMH h cojidHqaKaMH. «C kot H3 ro#a btoa orpoMHbi- mh MaccaMH « tqjttaacji» Ha oahhx h Tex m e naeiGHmax. B pe3yAbTaTe 3th nacT6 nma, pacnojiojxeHH-ue BiuiOTHyio k necKaw, HCToma^iHCbj BuranTbmajiHcb h npeBpama;iHCb b necqaHbre cTenw. B e e coBpeMeHHHKH h HccjieAOBaTeAH BHyT- peHHeft OpAH cBHAeTejibCTByiOT o tom , hto KOAHqecTB© nec- . xqb b OpAe k H-aqajiy btopoh jiojiqbhhh X IX Bexa 3HaqH- TeAbHo yBeJinqHJiocb. TaM, rAe paHbiue 6bktth npexpacHbie nacT6 nma, qepe3 20—25 Jiet o6pa30Bajiacb 6e3>KH3KeH*fafl necqaHHaa cxenb. Hepe3 HecxoAbKO jieT necKH yme bitaot- Hyio noAouiAH k CTaBKe h erajiH 3acbinaTb e e HeMyApeHhie CTpoeHHH»2. 3 t o t 4>aKT npeiKAC Bcero roaopHT o t o m , hto nacitfHm- .fto-KoqeByK) C H c r e w y CKOTOBOACTsa, K O T o p a n rocn oA C T B oea- M y K33aX0B B X V —X V Iir BB., B03M0JKH0 6hIJIO B6 CTH TOAbKO Ha H eo6i>H TH M x n p o cT O p a x c r e n e f i , rA e K axaH -TO qacT b b T e q e ir a e Bcero roAa o c T a B a jia c b HeoOHTaeMofi. T a x a a «eo6'bHTHOCTb TeppiHTOpHlH AHBaJia KOqeBHHKaMv CBOtfOAy nepeABHxceHHH H a OojibuiOM n p o c r p a H C T B e 3eMJiH c lx e jth k > , \\ H a H A y q m e r o o O e c n e q e H H fl c k o t s k o -p m o m b o B c a n o e B p e M a roAa. B 3t o m 6 b u ia nnaBHaa ocoOensHiocTb xo3HftcTB6HiHofi' jkh 3h h B cex <5ojiee *pa3BHTbix K o q e B b ix a a ip o A O B m b s t o m nee 3a»KJiK>qaAacb ih x o T C T a jjo c r b . O r M e q e H O , h t o <cb c T a p b ie v B pew ena, x o r A a x a 3 a x o B 6 m ro 3HaqHTeau*Ho MeHbuie, c k o t o ^ b o a c tb o BbiAep»cHBaAO s e e HesaroAbi KoqeBono xo3HHCTsa, 'HonoAHHH c b q h m , n p H p o c x o M K a x n p o u e H T n a A ea ea , Tax 1 <riycTbiHH KH3WJi-KyMbi HcrtoabaoBajiacb em e HepaBHOMepHee, qeM Kapa-Kywu.. Bojibine Bcero HcnopqeHM scmjih jojkhhx Kbl3bui-KyMOB M owho h ceAqac Hacmrraxb Tyr 700—800 b h ao b. pacTeHHH, ho Ha\" 3Ha- w w fc p w x npocTpaHCTsax naciOHiua CHJibHo o6eAHeHH»... H ah ace b KpaHe: « O buu h ko3h , Kax CpHTBoft, o6phjih Bee bofOHbi rop. H e oera^oeb na hhx pociijhx npexcAe AepeBbeB h xycTOB, peAxoA CTa.ia Tpasa. .H c kbacabim ao jka^m Bee cn^bHee pa3MbiBaK>Tca ,6ecwHc.ieH- Hbie puTBHHbi h oBparn, npcBpamaacb b ym eAbe. Tophi, napHsuiHe ripe>K^e b on y, to iiah bo h nacT^Hma, npespaTHAHCb b rpoanux Bpa- roB, 3aHocamHx n ojw KaMCHHbiM caBawoM^ j(<J>eAopoBBu B. A. JIhk nycTNHH. M., 1954, ctP . 288. 303). 2 111axMQTQB B . <P. BHyTpeiiHHH OpAa h BoccTaHHe HcaTaa Taw- MaHOBa. AaMa-ATa, 1946, crp. 57< \\ 70

npoflawH h noTpe6^eHim. 3a Hoc;leflHHe ace rojibi Ka3ax- CKoe HacejieHHe cra/ro yBeJiH^rnBHTfe<2H, ckotoboactbo »<e 6/iaroaapH npexcneNiy-kpa&He HBKyjibTypHOMy cnoco6y Be- aeHHH xo3H#cTBa He T<wn>Ko yTMewwtraerea, ho h Bbipoxc- aaeTCJo1. • JOtpyroe noJioHcemte B BeM^eSe^HH.' OrpOMHOe pa3JIHWie WpOMBB0£HfenbtfOrG HCliO.flb30BaHHH 3eMjiH, KOTopoe eymectBOBairo are^Kfly KoqeobiM ckotobo./x- CTBOM H OCeflJTMM BefeUfeAeJlHeM, MOJkHO nOHHTb H3 o6pa3HO BbrpaHceHHoft mx ic m Mapxca: cTpyfl ectb oreu 6 o ra T ctB a » f KaK roBopHT BHJibHM fleirrH, seMJiH ero meti>»2 h H3 Hapoji- Hofi nocJiOBHUH ^KSsaxciaix KoqeBHHkoB, Kotopaa rjiacHT: «3eM;iH — Matb, ckot ee jxhth» 3. KaK bhjiho, Ka3axcKan nocjiOBHita ^iHiiiena cmmcjib, KakOft WMeeT BbiiiieynoMHHyToe H3peqeHHe BHJibHMa nerrH, npHBeAeHHoe MapxcoM. OHa KOHCTaTHpyeT'TO*r (JyaKT, qfo «3eM/iH._K0pMHT ckot» hjih « ckot>kopmhtch paCTeHneM 3eMJm», hto cyjibtfa KoqeBoro CKOTOBOBCTBa B KOHeqHOM cqefe HOHTH liGJIHKOM 33BHCHT or flHKofi npHpoAH HHkeM-HeotfpaSoraHHOH 36MJIH. •Otcio- na h noHHTHO, noqeMy b Hefi HHqero He cKa3aHo HacqeT cosH^aTejibHOro Tpy.ua qeJioBeKa, npHJiarae\\ioro k 3eMJie. Ka3axcKan nocJioBHija riiacHt: «T\\zie 3eMJiB 6oraTa, TaM h Hapoft 6 o r a T »4. Ho non CoraTdrBOM aew^H Ka3axw noa- pa3yweBa^H 6oTaTHe TpaBbfi h BOfloft ecrecTBeHHbie nacT- 6wiua. CjieitOBay^fbHO, h SAeeb yKa3iiBaetcH hh nojm yio 3aBHCHMOCHb OCfiOBHOrO tfGTatfCTBa KOqeBHHKOB— CKOTa ot BHKoft npHpo^bi — ecfecTBeHHHX nacrttaiH. 3 to noKa3a- Te/rb Toro, hto «npH ecTecTBeHHo bo3Hh kiiihx opyakax npoH3- BO^CTBa, HH£HBHAbI rfO^HH5HOTCH npHpO;*e»8. Ec/th TaxoBa tffbia po;ib HeoSpatfoTaftHoS IreMah npn KoqeBOM cKoTOBOiicTBe, to B yaftOBHHX oceMoro 3eM.ne- AeJivm 3eM^H rrepeCTaBaJia 6biTb Matepbio-KopMH.ftHuefi’, KaK TOJibKO npeKpamatfacb ee o(5pa‘<5otka. MapKc itucaji: «...Pa3fce kpecTbHHHH, xoropOMy « e xBaraeT caMbix Heo6- xo^HMbix feeuteft bjih o6pa6oTkH ero tpex aec$miH, 0Ka>KeT- ch b ^yqikeM noJKWKeHHH, KOrAa KojmqecTBo ero aecHTHH yaecflTepHTCfc?6 ]& 6 stom >fce rmcaji h B . H. JleHHH: 1 LirHA-KaaCCP, <t>. 40, qn. I, fl. 934, cb. 52,^ 6. 2M a p K c K . KanHTa/i, t . I, 4953, erp. 50. 3 >Kep — aHacti, Ma;i Ca^acw. f■ > * 4 eJif 6aft. ^ M aptcc K . *H S m e A t c <t>. Co1?., t . 3, cTp. 65. 9 MapKc K . h dnzeAbc <t>. Com., t. X X V II, ctp. 684. 71

' « y Maccbi poroJKHHKOB 3eMJie,neJiHe naAaeT, h ohh GpocaiOT 3eM^io; «n y c T u p e H » okojio */$ 03H M oro h V2 apoBoro nojia. H o AJIH «3a>KHTOHHHX My)KHKOB3> «30MJIH y>Ke He 3JiaH Ma-' „ qexa, a MaTb-KopMHJi>ma»: AOCTaToqno cxoTa, ecTb yAC>6- peHHe, apeHjiyioT 3eM^io, CTapaioTca HCKJiioqHTb cbo h ' iio- jiocm H3 n e p e ^ e jia h Jiynuie yxaacHBaioT 3a hhmh» 1. 3eMJIH npH KOqeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe HCn0JIb30BaJiaCb b CBOeM ecTecTBeHHOM coctohhhh KaK BCHKaa nojie3Han BeiUb npHpOAbi. « T a x 6biBaeT, Kor^a. ee no;ie3HOCTb ajih qe^OBeKa He onocpe/jcTBOBana TpyzjoM. TaKOBbi: BC>3Ayx, AeBCTBennaH noqBa, e c T ecrB eH H H e Jiyra, A H K o p a cT ym H H Jiec h t . a . » 2. 3 to HCHo e yx a sa H H e Mapxca, cT a B a m ee p h a o m «ecrecTBeH Hbie jiiy r a », to ec T b ecT ecT B eH H h irn a cT ^ H m a , c t 3k h m >Ke A a p oM npapo^H — BO3iiyx0M,^3H^CH onpO BeprH yTb H. 3./iaT- khh. O h n n iu eT : « B . 4>. IUaxMaTOB h C . E . To^bi6eKOB nb1- TaiOTca y6 eA H T b H ac, hto aeMJia y KoqeBHHKOB He TOJibKo He HBJIHeTCH OCHOBHbIM cpeACTBOM npOH3BOACTB3, HO OHa BbinojiHHeT n a c cH B n y io po^b ecT ecT B eH H o ro BHetuHero (j)aK- T o p a , q e ro -T o B p o A e B03Ayxa, KO TopbiM AhiuiaT >KHBbie cym ecTBa>3. llo BceM AaHHHM y Ka3axoB b X V — X V I I I b b . xo3*hctbo Bejiocb nocpe^cTBOM KpyivioroAHqHoro KoqeBaHHH. TaKofi THIT X03HHCTB3, KaK nepe>KHTOK KOf^a-TO rOCriOACTBOBaB* rneft (J)opMbi KoqeBoro xo3«ftcTBa, cymecxBOBaji y MHoro- qHc^eHHbix po/ionjieMeHHbix rp y n n aAaftneB, TadbiHixeB, meKTHHueB, uioweKeHneB, KeTHHueB h Ap. eme b npeA- peBOjnouHOHHOM Ka3axcTane. B 1 9 1 2 ro A y oahh H3 AymiiHx 3H3TOKOB C ren H oro Kpas? JI. K. H epM aK nHcaji: «Xo3atfcTBO .nepBoro THna — BeqHbie KoqeBHHKH. riopHAOK hx >kh3hh b TeqeHHe roAa TaKOB: paHHen BecHoft, KaK TOJibKo naqneT OXCHBaTb npHpOAa, OHH IlOAHHMaiOTCH CO BCeMH-CBOHMH CTa- AaMH'H AOMauiHHM CKapGoM, h HAyT k ceBepy, cHaqajiav He6ojibuiHMH rpynnKaMH o6beAHHeHHbiMH b oaho — He- CKOJIbKO X03flftCTB, a 33TeM COeAHHHlOTCH B 60AbliIHe pOAO- BHe rpynnbi. B p a3 rap e JieTa ohh npnxoAHT Ha JieTOBKy, • rAe npOBOAHT M ecau — nojrropa, a BaTeM HAyT o6 pafno; BCjieA 3a oceHbio. riocjie Toro KaK npoftAyT ao>kah, bw>k - JKeHHbie C0JIHU.eM nyCTHHH JOta OJKHBaiOT H GKOT HaXOAHT 1 JleuuH D. H . Com., t . 3, crp. 324, 2 MapKc K. KanHTajx, t . 1, 19§2, crp. 47. 3 MaTepiia/iu o6i>ejiHHenHoft HayqHoft ceccHK, nocBmueimoft hcto- Phh CpeAHefi A3hh h Ka3axcTana b aookthOpbckhA nepHOA. TamKeuT. 1955, CTp. 92, 72

ce6e Ha hhx nponuTaHHe. KorAa HacTynHT 3HMa h CHer HOKpoeT 3eMJlIO, TO npHBblHHMH CKOT KOHeBHHKa — OBUbl, AOiuaAH,— AOCTaeT ce6e KopM H3 -110A CHera, KOTopbiH TOJib- KO B HCKJirOHHTeJlbHO peAKHX CAyqaHX* J103KHTCH 3AeCb TOJI“ CTbIM CJIOeM. Bep6jHOAbI AOBOAbCTByiOTCH KyCTHKaMH pa3- JiHHHbix cvOJiOHqaKOBhix <J>Jiop, TopqamHMH noBepx CHera h OTBepraewbie npoqHM ckotom. .B o BpeMH 3hmbi KoqeBHHK T3K>Ke MeHHeT CBOH CTOHHKH, no Mepe HCTOmeHHH naCT6HIU, Kax h JieTOM... KoHenHQ hh o KaKHx rpaHHiiax TiacTtfnma 3AeCb H pe^H H o c 3t h m He cor^aceH JI. n . Ilo T a n o B . O h cqH TaeT, «ecJiH b n e p n o A 3apo>KAeHHH K o q e B o r o c k o t o b o a c t b a e m e MOJKIIO 6bIAO OCBaHBaTb HOBhie, H H KeM H e'3aH H Tbie T e p p H - TopHH, t o n o 3 A H e e , bo b c h k o m C A y q a e k nepBbiM B e n a M Ao h. a., T a K H x TeppH Topw fi b U e H T p a A b H o fi A 3 hh h b n o A O c e CTenefi o t A j i T a n acl K p H M a h A y H a n 6 w a o He .t 3 k -t o y>K MHoro, h 6 o K oqeB O e c k o to bo actb o . n o B c io A y noAyqHAO 6 o A b - m o e p a c n p o c T p a H e H H e > 2, «M O H o n o A b H o e p a c n o p H A te H n e KoqeBbHMH, nacTdHmaMH h ApyrHMH 3eMAHMH bcao cj^aKTH- qecKH k q a c T H o ft cotfcTBeHHOCTH K o q e B o ft 3H3th Ha s t h 3 eM - n h » 3. 3 t h CAOBa JI. n . rioTanoBa m o >k h o noHHTb b t o m cMbicAe, qTD noHBAeHHe q a cT H o ro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH c p e A H a3H3TCKHX KOqeBHHKOB OTHOCHTCH K TAytfOKOH ApeBHOCTH, TO CCTb K n e p B b iM B exaM H. 3. B AeftCTBHTeAbHOCTH B03HHKH0- BeHne h cym ecTB O B aH H e K o q eB o ro cKOTOBOACTBa e m e He roBopHT o BO3HHKH0BeHHH h pacn p ocT p aH 6 H H H q a c T H o r o 3eM AeBA3AeH H H c p eA H KOqeBHHKOB. OAHHM H3 CTHMyAOB K OCeA^HHIO KOqeBHHKOB HBAHeTCH pocT HaceAeHHH h noHBAeHHe 3eweAbHoft «TecHOTbi». OceA- alih >xe o6pa3 >k h 3hh npeAnoAaraeT 3eMAeAeAne h nocTe- neHHoe B03HHKH0BeHHe qacTHoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH, TorAa KaK KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo motao cymecTBOBaTb TOAbKo Ha «Heo6HTaeMOM», no cAOBaM M apnca, npocrpaHCTBe, rAe He 6bIAO HHKaKOTO qacTHoro 3eMAeBA3ACHHH. JI. n. IloTanoB B03po>KAaeT «Teopnio» BeqHoro (J)eoAa- AH3M3 Ha BoCTOKe. EcAH COTAaCHTbCH C yTBepJKACHHeM o B03HHKHOBeHHH qacTHoft 3eMeAbHofi co6 cTBeHHocTH y cpeAHe- 1 VepMciK JI. K . KHprH3CKoe xo3aficTBo b CTenHOM Kpae. B kh.: FTeTponaB^oBCK-CnaccKHft 33boa (b SKOHOMmiecKOM oTHomeHHH). Cn(5., 1912, dp. 225. 2 rio T a n o e J I . I I . O cymnocTH naTpHapxajibHo-(t>eo,na;n>HMx otho- uieHHfl y Ko*ieBbix napoAOB CpeAncft A3hh h Ka3axeraHa.— Bonpocbi hctoohh,,1954, Jfe 6, CTp. 80. 3 TaM >Ke. CTp. 81, 73

v aaKflTCKHX KOqeBHHKOB OT AtfraH AO KpMMa H v JlyHaH *eme b nepBux Benax ao h. 3., to mbi riOAaBHO aojihchn npw- - 3HaTb cymecTBOBaHHe ee b stot nepHOA y apcbhhx KeAbTOB, repMaHueB h cji&bhh. Taxoe noHHMaHne cymnOcrH skoho- MiniecKoft ^kh3 hh ApeBHero KoqeBoro h HeKoqeBi>ro 0 6 - mecTB HCTopw^ecKofi nayKOH AaBHO oTBeprHyro. 0 6 OTCyTCTBKH qaCTHOft Co6CTBCHHOCTH Ha 3eMJIK) B ycyioBHHx naTpHapxaAbHO“$eoAaJibH oro 3eM/ieAeAbqecKoro o6mecTBa, tcbichm 6 h;io o6 iacctbo repMaHueB Ha py6 exce V — V I bb. <I>. OHreAbc nwcaji: «Ilp H . peAKOM Hadertenmt' B cerAa ocrraBaJiocb A O C T aroq^o cbo6 oahlix nycTOiuefi, T a x HTO BCHKHe c n o p w H3-3a 3eMJIH 6b3JIH Ha HajiHqne orpoMHbix npocTopoo e w e cfco6 oAHbix h HHKeM He 3 3 HHTbix 3 eMejib b Ch6 hph, ;'Ka'3'a*cTaHe h Ha lore P occhh b X IX b. yKa3HBaji JleHHH: « B Haqa^e nope^opMeH- hoh snoxH b v6 0 - x roAax loxcHHe-n iBOCTOTObie OKpaHHW EBp. Pocchh 6ujih b aHaqureAbHo# crencHH neaaceAeHHoft Tep- pHTOpHeft, Ha KOrTOpyiO HanpaBJIHJTCW TpOM0AHblfi TTpHTOK nepecejieHAeB hs ueHTpaAbHofi 3eNWiGAe,pbHecKofi P occh« > 2< ilajiee B. H . JleHHH, cpaBHHBan arpapHhie oTHomeHHH b UeHrpa;ibHO# P occhh h b Ch6 « p h , nncaji: «JIeA0 b tom, qTO b Ch6 hph HeT hmghho Tex ycjiOBHH, KOTopue coaA&JfH 3T0 npaBHAo, Her o6H3areAbHoro h «ypaBHHTeAbHoro» waAeJia, h&t cjiojKHBUieftcfl qacTHO# co6 cTBeHH0CTH Ha 3eMjno. 3an<HT0HHuft KpecTbHHHH He noKynaeT h He apeH- AyeT seMAH, a 3axBaTbiBaeT ee (TaK 6 hjko, no.KpaHHeft Mepe, ao chx n o p )»3. •. ficji* He 6 hiao cAo?K«&uieftcH qacTHOH co6ctb6hhoctH Ha 36MJU0 a TOHue X IX Bexa b TaitoM 3 eMAeAeAbqecKo& h Jiec- hom Kpae, kbk C n6 Hpb, to Bnojme 3aKonoMepHo, hto ee He twbuio Ha orpowpHwx, hh 3a xeM He 3aKpenAeHHbix CTenHbix, nycTbiHHbix h HpAynycTbiHHbiK npocTopax '& ycjiOBHHx nAe- MenHO-(})eoAaAT>Horo oduiecTBa h BoeHHO-KoqeBoro o6pa3a JKH3HH Ka3axoB b X V — X V I I I b b . 3 th npocTpancTBa HC- n0Ab30BaAHCb KOHeBHHKHMH B caMofi IUHpOKOft 0 6 lUHHH0 ft - (jjopwe, coo6pa3Ho TpeGoeaHHHM hx npoH3B0ACTBa — Koqe- Boro CKOTOBOACTBa. \" OuiHCoqHocTb KOHAenunH 0 6 H3 BenHoft qacTHo# co6 - CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3fiMJZJO y KOqeBHHKOB HaxOAHT CBOe BHpa- 1 dme/kbc & npoHcxojKWHHe cexbH, nacTHofi co6cTB€HH0crH h rocy^apcTBa. J l . t 1953, cTp. 146. 2 JleHUH B . f f . C om., t . 3, ctd. 494. ' 3 TaM m e, CTp. 97. 74

'. \" - \\( aceHHe (raicxe b bmeirate 06 H3eeqHOH oa h h aKOBOCTh ypoBHH pa3BHTHH o6lUeCTB£HHO-3KOHOMHqeCK€$U . 3KH3HH XOqeBbIX cxotoboaob h oGeAAtK ,.aeM/ieAeJii>ueB. :*B. C. BaTpaKOB yTBepa^AaeT, hto «xapAKTep npQH3BOACTB/eHHbix OTHomeHHH Ajih Bcex qacTeft BOCToqHoro otfmecTBa 6 u a oGiuwft. H h h m h cjioBaMH, Ann KoqeBofi H oceAab# qacTefi BocToqHoro o6 m e- ctbh 6biJio xapaKTepno eAHHGTBO'odmecTBeHHoro cnoco6 a npOH3BOACTBa, KOTOpUH OiipeAeAHJI COUHaJlbHO-3KOHOMHqe- cxyio 4>h3hohom« io flaHHoro odmeoTBa b ero ue-fiOM, Ha Toft HJ1H HHOH CtyneHH^HCmpHAeCKOrO pa3BHTHH»4. Taxaa no3HijHH -uejiiiKOM npoTHBOpeqHT HCTopHqecxHM (J)aKTaM. He^i>3 B jpaccwaTpHBaTb Becb 'Boctok xax eAHHoe uejioe.' ,_ Mw oTB^praeM wucjib o tom, q m j i a Bcew BocTOxe, to ecTb y Bcex HapoAOB A3hh, ceBepo-Bocf'oqHOH A<}ypHKH h K>ro-BocToqHoii EBponu 6wjio oaho mohojihthoc, Tax H33bi- BaeMoe «BOCToqHoe» otfujecTBO, m e xapaxrep npoH3BOACT- BGHHLIX OTHOIIieHtfft tiuJl oGlHJHM y Bcex HapOZlOB BoCTOKa. Iiejib3H cKa3aTb, qTO «Ha to# hjih hhoB cTyneHH HcropH- qecxoro pa3BHTHH» y eraim iH n tfypHTOB, B3BH/iOHueB h xypAOB, HpaHixeB h xa3axoB, corAHaHueB h caxoB, ryHHOB h KHTaftueB, MOHrojiOB h hhabhubb, BKyTOB h apMHH, najie- CTHHUeB H KHprH30B, apatfOB H KOpHKOB, T8A>KHK0B H TypK- MeHOB 6HJ1 OAHH 0(5lIiHH AAH BCeX/o6meCTBeHHO-3KOftOMH- qecKHfi cTpofi. *. •- Bhahmo, T axa a CTpanHaa «TeopH H » HMeer uejibio 0 6 0 0 HOBaTb HajiHqne «Bwcoxofi» xyjibTypw y ApeBHHx h cpeAHe- BeKOBUX KOqeBHHKOB, KOTOpbie HKOtfbl HBCAH C CO60IO Ha 3ana£ xyAbTypy h nporpecc. rioaTOMy B. C. BaTpaxoB ro- BOpHT, qTO KOqeBbie HapOAbl «npOIHAH CT3AHK) p33BHTOrO $eoAa^H3Ma, xajs; h oceAAbie HapoAw h b tot ace HCTopnqe- CKHfi nfep^oA, to ecTb, HaqHHaa c X A - X I b b > 2. Ecjih coivia- CHTbCH c THKHM yTBepjKAeHHOM B. C. BaTpaXOBa, TO OCTaeT- CH npH3HaTb, HTO BCe a3H3TCKHe H OTHaCTH a(})pHKaHCKHe KoqeBHHKH npoiHAH CTajxHK? $eoAaJiH3Ma eme b X — X I b b ., a pa3 ohh vyxce npomjiH ctsahio pa3BHToro (J)eoAaAH3Ma, 3aTeM, HaAO^ nojiaraTb, ohh BCTynHAH b cra^Hio «xoqeB oro KanHtajiH3Ma». B TaxoM cjiyqae h xa3axcxHe imeMeHHbie 1 MaTepHajiw 06'beAHHeHHofl Haywofl oeccnif, nocBHtueHHOH hctophh Cpe^Hefi A3HH h Ka3axcraHa b ^ooKTaOpbCKHii nepHOj. TaiUKeHT, 1955, CTp. 79. * TaM >Ke« 75 \\

c o io 3bi KoqeBH H KO B , bo 3h h k ih h c b X V , cn e A y e T xapaicrepH- 30BaTb y>Ke K a K «K o q ep o ft K.anH TajiH 3M ». 0 6 ocH O B b iB aq cboio Mbicjib o pa3BHTHH KoqeBoro (jjeo^a- jiH3Ma, B . C . B a T p aK O B 'nH u ieT: « K o r A a >Ke P occhh CTaJia na nyTb KanHTaAHCTHqecKoro pa3BHTHH, b KoqeBHX pawo- Hax, B o m e A U iH x b e e cocT aB h n peB p aT H B ixiH xcH b HCTOqHHKH cbipbH h pbiHKH c6biTa e e KanHTajiHCTHqecKOH npOMbiuuieH- HOCTH, CTaJIO pa3BHBaTbCH TO B ap H O e npOH3BOACTBO H H3- po>KAaTbCH KanH TajiH CTH qecKH e oTHom eHHH, B&ieACTBHe qero npe>KHHe OTHomeHHH, x a p a K T e p H b ie a -tch paaBHToro „ 4)eoAajiH3M a, CTajiH pa3pym aTbCH h cMeHHTbcn hobw m h OTHOUieH H H M H * (TO eCTb KailHTaJIHCTHqeCKHM H— C . T . ) 1. CjieAO B aTejibH o, c ToqKH 3peHHH B . G . BaTpaxoBa, H eqero roBopHTb o n a T p H a p x a jib H O -^ e o A a jib H b ix OTHomeHHHX b KoqeBbix paftoH ax, BomeAiiiHx b co cT a B P occhh, ecjiH b s t h x paHOHaX 6bIJI HaCTOJIbKO pa3BHTbIH (|)€OAaJIH3M, HTO OH yxce d a j i p a3 p ym aT b C H h CMeHHTbcn KanHTajiH3MOM. E cjih 3TO T a x , t o B m v iH e JiornqHO c K a 3 a r b , . h t o n o c j i e n o 6 e j i b i BeJIHKOH OKTHdpbCKOH pCBOJIIOIXHH K O V C B h e H a p O A b I, BO- meAHiHe p a H e e b cocTaB P o c c h h , n epexoA H Jin npHMO o t —KanHTa/TH3Ma k couH a^H 3M ^, a n e o r AO KanH raAH C TH qecKH x oTHomeHH# k couHajiHCTHqecKHM, MHHyn d a A H io KariHTa- JIH3Ma, KaK 3TO CqHTaeTCH B 'MapKCHCTCKOH HayKe.% JleHHHH3M yq H T , hto K oq eB tje cKOTOBOAqccKHe HapOAbi, noAo6Hbie K a3axcK O M y, k MOMeHTy B ejiH K ow OKTH6pbCKOH counaJiHCTHqecKoft peBOAKmHH e m e H e ao u ijih a o CTaAHH KanHTaJiHCTHqecKoro pa3BHTHH, h o T a K H e HapoAbi c n o - _Mombio p a 6 o q e ro K jiacca nepeAOBbix CTpaH w oryT nepefiTH k «coBCTCKOMy c T p o io i f qepe3 o n p e A e jie H H b ie CTynenn pa3- BHTHH — K KOMM yHH3My, MHHyH KariHTaJIHCTHqeCKyiO CT3AHIO pa3BHTHH»2, h t o nojiHOCTbio n oA T B ep x< A aeT C H npaK TH K oft couHaJiHCTHqecKoro crpoHTejibCTBa b C C C P . B. H. JleHHH roBOpHJi, q io TpyAHiUHecn TaKHx OTCTajiux CTpaH, Kak TypnecTaH h Ap., «naxoAHm HecH b nojiy(})eoAaJib- HOH 33BHCHMOCTH, OTJIHqHO MOryT yCBOHTb HACK) COBeTCKOft opraHH3auHH h o cym e c T B H T b ee Ha A e j i e » 3. JleHHHCKoe cjio - bo «n o J iy c })e o A a A b H o e » m u noH H M aeM , npHMeHHTeJibHo k * Ka3axcTaHy, KaK «naTpH apxajibH o-c{)eoA ajibH oe». „ ft, ' ^ aTePf,a^IbI °6i>e? HHeHH0fl Hayquoft ceccHH, nocBjnnenHofi hcto- ?955 cTpH79 ^ 3MH H ^ a3axCTaHa B AOOKTn6pbCKHft nepHoa. TauiKeHT, \\ A chuh B. H. Coq., T. 31, CTP. 219, 3 TaM * e , cTp, 218. 76

OflHH H3 3aiHHTHHK0B «TeOpHH> H3Be^HOft O^HHaKOBOCTH ypoBHa pa3BHTH5i KoqeBoro cKOTOBOAnecKoro h oceAAoro 3eMjieAe^bqecKoro odmecTBa H.. JL. 3jiaTKmi roBopnT, hto «pa3JinqHH m o k a y KoqeBUM jkhbothoboactbom. h OCeAAbIM 3eMJieaeJiHeM He Tan rjiydoKH. >Khbothoboactbo h pacTeHHe- BOACTBO — ABe rJiaBHbie OTpaCAH CeAbCKOX03HHCTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa, Ka>KAan H3 KOTOpbIX HMeeT B CBOeft OCHOBe onpeAejieHHoe, ueAeHanpaBAeHHoe HcnoAb30B3HHe 3eMAH, b oahom cA yqae a a h pa3BeAeHHH AOManiHHx jkhbothux, b ApyroM — a a h BbipaiAHBaHHH noAe3Hbix pacTerfuft*1. Fl0A06H0e Cy>KAeHHe 0 CeAbCK0X03HHCTBeHH0M npOH3BOA- cTBe bo3mo>kho AonycTHTb AHiiib b to m cAyqae, eCAH peqb HAeT 06 op ra m m ecK H cBA3aHHbix MeacAy co6ok> ckotoboa- cTBe h 3eMAeAeJiHH b ycAOBHax oceAAO-3eMAeAeAbqecKoro o6mecTBa, nocJie Toro, norAa npoH3ouiAo noAHoe otacabhhc ropojia or AepeBHH. Ho 3to cyx<AeHHe h b a a 6tch 6e3ycAOBHO — ouiHGoqHbiM TorAa, KorAa peqb HAeT o KoqeBOM ckotoboa- CTBe, KPTopoe e m e He AOCTHrAO TaKoro ypoBHH pa3BHTHH. CejibCKoe xo3hhctbo He cyiAecTByeT H3BeqH0. O ho b o 3- HHKaeT Ha CpaBHHTeAbHO BbICOKOM ypOBHe pa3BHTHH o6 m e- CTBa, b ko to pom npoH3ouiAo OTAeAeHne ropoAa o r AepeBHH. KoqeBHHKH noTOMy h Ha3biBaioTCH KoqeBHHKaMH, qTO y . hhx eme HeT oceAAbix ceAeHHfi c >kh t6a h m h , 3aHHMaiomHMH- CH >KHBOTHOBOACTBOM H 3eMAeAeAHeM B CSMOM UlMpOKOM* CMbicAe 3Toro CAOBa, ToqHO Tax ace y h h x eme HeT ropoAOB c >KHTeAHMH, 3aHHMaK>mHMHclB peMecAOM h ToproBAen; nosTOMy -y hhx He 6tJAO hh ceAbCKoro, hh ropoACKoro X03HHCTB3, a 6hIAO TOAbKO KOqeBOe CKOTOBOAqeCKOe X03H#- CTBO. ^KhBOTHOBOACTBO H paCTeHHeBOACTBO CTaHOBHTCH COCTaBHhTMH qaCTHMH CeAbCKOrO X03HHCTBa TOAbKO TorAa, KorAa y>xe HeT KoqeBoro cKOTOBOACTBa. KoqeBoe ckotoboa- ctbo, o kotopom h a c t peqb, HCTopHqecKH h AornqecKH npeA- uiecTByeT ceAbeKOMy xo3aAcTBy. Be3 oceAAoro 3eMAeAeAHH ceAbCKoxo3HftcTBeHHoe npo- H3B0ACTB0 B03HHKHyTb H pa3BHB3TbCH He MOrAO. IloSTOMy, KorAa H. 3.v3AaTKHH pacueHHBaeT KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo Kax ceAbCKoe xo3hActbo, oh tcm caMHM paccMaTpHBaeT caMo ceAbCKoe xo3flficTBo He HCTopHqecKH, a KaK npOH3- boactbo Boodme, BHe BpeMeHH h npocTpaHCTBa. OHAOAOrH He t>e3 OCHOBaHHH o6t>HCH5UOt npOHCXO>KAe- 1 3aqtkuh H . H. K Bonpocy o cymHOCTH naTpHapxa;ibHO-4)eoAaJib- hux OTHomeHHH y KoqeBbix napoAOB.—Bonpocbi hctophh, 1955, Ns 4, CTp. 74. 77

HHe Gaworo cjroua «caneHwe> or c«no®a caaca/ioHitoe uecro*, TO ecTb MeCTO, TAe nOCeAWIHCB JIIOAH. CeJIHTbGHv— 3HOTHT ycTpanaaTb ce6 e nocroaHHoe acHJibe Ha Heo6>K**TOM Mecre. ... McTopw^ecKHe AOKyMeHTbi roBopHT, q*ro npouecc 3ac£- jieHHH b ApesHeft PycH rneJi c V I no I X bb; b bhac o6 pafao* B3HHH «ce/l, ABOpOB, ABOpHIIJ, ne^HIU^1. C^eADBaTeJIBHOv. noHBjieHHe ce/ieHH# h Hace^ieflHbix.jiyHKTOB npeflnojiarajra. y>K najiwqHe o e e ^ o r o o6pa3a-\\>KH3HH. Pa3BHTHe peMeceA w. TOprOBAH: TIpHBeJIO K nOHBJieHHIO H pOCTy rppOflOB. Ilpo- H30IUJI0 OTi5eJI€HHe TOpOflOB OT HapOJXOB C OGQ®* jiwm seM^ejiejiHeM,— ara oceAJiocTb ynce 6oAbmo$r npo* rpeec,— r^e 3eMJiej\\eJim npeo&qaAaer, kbk b aHTH^now h cJjeoAaabHOM o6mecTBe, caM& npoMbmuieHHOCTb, ee opraHH* 3ayHH h cooTBerctByiomHe e# <})opMbi co^ctbchhocth HMeiOT b 6ojibiiieft h/ih weHbiueft CTcneHH^ 3eMmBJia&ejrbn& ■CKHH XapaKTep;- (o 6 lU.eCTBO) H71H HeJlHKOM 3aBHCHT OT 3e\\iJieReJinsif Kaic y ’ApeBHKX phmjihh, hjih* ksk b cpeAHne Bexav, nepeHociio* npmmHnu opraHHaauHH 3eMtfieAej?HH b ropoAa i f ropo^rcKHe oTBomeHHH^2. \" I '• B T3KHX 0(5meCTBaX CKOTOBQACTBO He MOFJIO CymeCTBO- • BaTb noAotfwo Ko^eBOMy cKOTOBOACTBy, oTAejrbHo or 3eMJie- Aevwfl, oho BticTyna^o icaic oah3 hs oTpacrceft cejibcxoro X03HftCTBa, HBJIHHCb }OKe OCeAAbIM CKOTOBOACTBOM. 3 tO AaeT . HaM B03MOHCHOCTb IlOHHTb, IIOqeMy CKOTOBOflCTBO, B 33BH* CHMOCTH OT ypOBHH p33BHTHH IipOH3BOAHTeJIhHbIX CHJI, HTpa- ao paaAHqHyio pojib b-* h3hh odmecroa w motjio BbicrynaTb b paaHoe BpeMH h pa3Hbix cTpanax b (})opMe KoqeBoro^ , noAyKoqeBoro n ocejxiioro. KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo KaHV c3Moe npHMHTHBHoe H3 3thx Tpex bhaob <6buio npeo0AaAaio- IUHMi BHAOM npOH3BO,aCTBa B OtflAeCTBe, HaXOAHIUeMCfl, H3K npaBH/io, Ha naTpHapxa/rbHO-^eoAajibHow CTa^HH paaBHrrHffc 3Ty cTa^Hio -o 6 iiecTBo mofjio irpoftTn TeM (hiCTpee, qewr 6i2CTpee npoHcxoAHji npouecc oceAaHHH KoqeBHHKoa.' Bear: SToro y(yioBH» KoqeBoe OKoTOBOAqecKoe o 6 u;ecTBo m opjio v 6 h cyiuecTBoaaTb BexaMH b dxopMe naTpHapxajibHO-djeo- AaabHoft. Hro xacaeTCH oceAJioro cxoTOBOACTBa, to orfo, xax 6bi^o cKa3ano, HMHJioGb oahoh H3 OTpacjieft 3 eMAeACJiHHf OAH©ft H3 oTpac-neft. cevibCKoro x035iftcTBa bo bcox o6mecTBenBio- 1JIxtyeHKo 77. H. H ctophh HapoAHoro xo35iftCTBa CCCP, T..I, M., . 1947, ctd. 81—82, 2 Mapnc K. K KpHTHKe nojnrrHqecKofl skohomhh. J?., 1952/ ctp. 220—221. 78

3K0H0MH»*eckHX (^QpWQUHHX, T^e y»Ce HMeJIOCb OtfmeCTBeH- Hoe p.aa^ejieHHe Tpyia* ft rha^ oTAejieHHH- ropo^a ot AepeB- hh, ropoACKoro peMecjj&or cejibCKoro xo3hmctbq; «C co3Aa- hhcm rapoAa-noHBHJio<»:H<:HOBoe AejieH»e.— neaKfty ropoAOM h AepeBHen. 3 fo * npQH3ouiAo He cpa3y — b TeqeHHe bckob 6ojibUiHHCTBo ropojKaft>^BiaaAeAH 3eMAen 3a CTenaMH ropo- Aa h o6 pa6 aTHBaA» ee. I?pH6 aBoqHbiH[ npoAyKT, o6pa30BaB- uiHfteH dJiarpAap#. 6 ojimh8h 34)$eKTHBH0CTH 3eMJieAeJiHH, nocTynaji B^ropoA^J. floaTOMy xoneBoe ckotoboactbo Hejib- 3h nyiaTb co. gkotoboactbom oceAAtix 3 eMJieAe;ibneB, TeM 6oAee co ckotqbcm^ tbo^ b KanHTaAHCTHqeeKOM -o6 mecTBe. KanHTaAH3M:. noeTeneaifco noAquHHji cede cejibcicoe xo3HH- ctbo h upeB^ailJtaAf, npoAyKTbi npon3boactba Bcex ero OTpacjje# b. To&api* «B toh Meper b KaKOH aeiwieAeAHe CTaHOBHTCH npocxo oacok Ha^OTpacAeft npeAnpHHHMaTejib- CTBa h KanHTaAHCTMqecicoe npOH3BOACTBO BOABopaeTCH b AepeBHe; r t o ^: Mepe, b Kaxoft ,3eMAeAejme np0H3B0AHT na ptiHOK,.. niirettHuav ce«o, ckot, BCHKoro poAa ceMeHa h t . a . npodmoTcn xax TOB3 pH»*2, B KanHTaAHCTHqecKOM odmecTBe c xapaxTepHoft rjiti Hero npoTHBonoJioHCHocTBK* MejKAy ropoAOM h AepeBKeH, 3KOHOM>|qeCl€Oft\\ OGHOBOft KOTOpoft'. 6 h*Jia 3KCnAyaTaUHH AepeBHH ropoAOM, 3KCHpOHpHaAHH‘ HpeCTbHHCTBft pa3*> penne doAbiiiHHCTBa AepeBeHexoro HaceJieHHfl bccm xoaom pa3BRTHH irpOMbHIWieBBOCTH, TOpTOBJIH, KpeAHTHOft CHCTeMH* CeJIbCHOe XQ3aJte.TBjO CSaHOBUTCft BeCbMai CJIOTKHblM, OXB*aTbtT BaiomHM pa3Hue orpaejiH pacTeHHgboa’Ctba h jkhbotho- BOACTBa.' B. M. JleHHH, paccMaTpHBan Bonpoc o nporpeceBBHOM pa3BHTHH KariHTaAH3Ma b nope(j)OpMeHHoft Pocchh, cono- CTaBAHH. OTAHHHTeJIbHbie 4epTH 3KCTCHCHBHOrO CeJIbCKOTO X03»fiCTBa C HHTettCHBHWMv 'tAe CKOTOBOACTBO HPpaAO IIOA- qHHeHHyio -poAb no otHomeHmo k 3epHOBOMy xoaxftcxBy, nHcaAi^EcAB npuw 3epHoaofr c«cTewe: XQ3»toBai h npn SKCTeHCHBHOMi 3eMAeAOn«H 3TOT rrporpecc MOXteT BbipaSHTb- ch b npocroN^ paonuspeHint noceBa h - coKpamenHH qncJi^ padoqHx, KOAHHecfBa^ ekoTa. h np. Ha eAWHHuy noceeaf to npH CKOTOBOACTBeHHOfij TeXHHqeCK©& CHCTeMe X03HH- CTBa, npn nepexoAc k HHTeHCHBHOMy seMAeA^iHio, tot ace nporpecc Mo/xcex •Bbipa3HTbC•H•, *x,a•*nprHM•• e«p.,. b *noceBe xopHe- * BepucLA Rote. HayKa b hctophh otfmecTBa. M., 1956, errp. 65. 2 MapKc K . TeopHH npHtfaBoqHoft ctohmocth (IV tom dCam rrajia*), h. II. M., 1957, crp. 50—51, 79

/' itjicwob, Tpe6 yK)iii.Hx 6o^btuero KOJiH'iecTBa pa6oqnx h> e^HHHuy noceBa, hjih b 3aBeAGHHH MOJioMHoro cKOTa, b noceBe KopMOBbix TpaB h np. h n p . » l « TaKHM o 6 p a 3 0 M , B pa3BHTOM (})eOAaJIbHOM H KanHTaJIH- CTnqecKOM o 6 m e c T B a x , rA e c e jib c x o e x o 3hhctbo n pH o6 peTa- eT M H orooT p a cjieB O H xap aK Tep, o c h o b h o h OTpacAbio ero, Kax npaBHJio, o c T a e T c a pacTeHHeBOACTBO. B sthx y c jio - BHHX. CKOTOBOACTBO BhICTynaeT KaK O^Ha H3 OTpaCJieft 3eM^eAeJiHH, cjieAOBaTejibHo, c ejibc xo ro x o 3nficTBa. 3naqHT, ca\\10 CeAbCKOe X03flftCTB0 HMeeT HCTOpHIO CBOerO B03HHKHO- B6HHH h pa3BHTHH. OTcioAa cvieAyeT b b ib o a * tto MeaCiy KOqeBbIM CKOTOBOACTBOM H OCe^JIhlM 3eMJieAeAHeM, Me>KAy KOqeBbIM CKOTOBOACTBOM H OCCAAblM . CKOTOBOACTBOM, ^B^HiomHMCH cocTaBHofl qacTbio 3CMJieAeAHH, cymecTBO- Ba^o KaqecTBeHHoe pa3JiHqne, onpeA^JinBuieecH ypoBHeM o6mecTBa.. pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTe/ibHbix chji H. H- 3jiaTKHH >xe nnuief: «H eM ace oTJiHqaeTCH oceAJioe JKHBOTHOBOACTBO OT KOHeBOrO JKHBOTHOBOACTBa? Pa3B6 He reM, tto b o a h o m cJiyqae npoH3BOAHTejib HMeer Aejio c 6ojibuieft, b AepyroM — c MeHbixieH 3eMeAbH0H rmomaAbio, Hcnojib3yeMOH b KaqecTBe KopMOBbix yroAHft, b oahom CJiyqae C MeHblllHM, B ApyrOM — C (jOJIblilHM KOAHHeCTBOM MexaHHqecKHx opyAHH TpyAa, HcnoJib3yeMbix a ah o 6 ecne- qeHHH >KHBOTHbIX' KOpM3MH? C TOqKH 3peHHH HapOAHO- X03HHCTBenHOH H COUHaJIbHOH M U BIipaBe paCCM^YpHBaTb o 6e 3th cHCTCMbi Kax HeqTo OAHOTHnHoe, pa3AHqaiomeecH Me>KAy co6 ok> KOJinqecTBeHHO, ho He -KaqecTBeHHO»1. B sto m bch cyTb Bonpoca, b stom bch cyTb pa3JiHqHoro noAxoAa k ero ITOHHMaHHKD. IlepexoA o t KoqeBoro ckotoboactba k oceAAOMy HeAb3H noHHMaTb Kax hh cto MexaHHqecKHft a in y Kax skt, He Bbi3bi- BaJOIAHH HHKaKHX H3MeHeHHH B COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKHX OTHOIUeHHHX AIOAeft. H3BecTHOf q r o ypoBeHb pa3BHTHH xo3HHCTBa, ero otct3- AOCTb HJIH nporpeCCHBHOCTb, MeHblH^H HAH 6 oAbuiaH deneHb HHTeHCHBHocTH, BcerAa H3x o a h jih CBoe Bhipa>KeHHe b BeJinqHHe Hcnojib3yeMofi. 3eMejibHOH ruioinaAH. B . H . JleHHH HeoAHOKpaTHO yKa3hiBaji, hto KOAHqecTBO 3eMAH, KQTQpoe 3aHHMaeT AaHHoe x o 3h 8c t b o , ecjin 3Ta 3eM- 1 J le n u n B . M . Cow., T, 3, 'ctp< 53. 2 Ma-repHajiLi o6i>eAHHeHHoA HayqHofi ceccHH, nocBameimofi hctophh CpcAueH A3hh h#Ka3axcTaHa b AooKTaOpbCKHH nepwoA. TauiKeHT, 1955, CTp. 92. 80

Jia we o6 pa6 aTHBaeTCH, He AaeT HHKaKoro npeACTairjieHHfl o pa3Mepax xo3hhctb3 h o6 odkeMe npoh3boahmow hm npoAyKUHH. ripaBHJibHocrb 3Toro nojio>KeHHH noATBep- >KAaeTCH Been HCTopHeft pa3BHTHH HeJioBeHecTBa. nporpec- CHBHOe pa3BHTHe npOH3BOflHTeJIbHbIX CHJI OdmeCTBa H nOBbl- rneHHe kyjibTypHoro ypOBiia JiioAetf aaKOHOMepno hphboah- ah k HeyKJiOHHOMy yBe^iHqenHio KOJiHqecTBa npoAyKUHH, no;iyqaeMOH c eAHHHUbi ruioma&H 3eM.JiH. Ocode.HnocTbio 6 o^ee HHTencHBHoro xo3HHCTBa Bcer^a 6 biJio to, hto, 33hh- Man HedoJibmyio njiomaAb 3eMJiH, AaBan dojibinoe KOJinnecT- bo npoAyKUHH, oho npeBpamajiocb b Kpymioe no pa3MepaM npOH3BOACTBO C BbICOKOpa3BHTOft KyjIbTypOH. BCH HCTOpHH 3eMAeAeJlHH, BKjnoqaa oceAAoe ckotoboactbo, noKaBbieaeT, HTO npouecc P33BHTHJI meJI no AHHHH HHTeHCH^HKaUHH 3eMJieAeJiHH? flpH HHTeHCHBHOM x03HHCTBe Ha onpeAeAen- hom yqacTxe 3cmjih Bee doAbine KOHueHTpnpoBajiocb cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa h Tpy^a, hto iio3boa$ijio nojiyqaTb c gahhh- Ubi 3eMeJibHoft njiomaAH Bee doAbmee h dojibuiee KOAHqecT- bo upojiyKT^oB. Uo9T0\\ty xoqeeoe h oceju ioe ckotoboactbo Hy>KHo paccMaTpHBaTb c yqeTOM HCTopnqecKoro nyrn hx pa3BHTHH, a He Kax HeH3MeHHhie h pa3 HaBcer;ia AaHHbie THTTbl X03HHCTB3. HcTdpH<ieCKHH >Ke nyTb p33BHTHH KOHe- boto odmecTBa c HeH36e>KH0CTbio Beji k noAyKoqeBowy h k oceA^iOMy 3eMAeAejTbqecKo-cKOTOBOAnecKOMy xo3hh- CTBy. Oh m eji no jihhhh nepexoAa ot CTaporo, oTCTajioro k HOBowy, nepe^oBOMy, ot MaAonpoH3B0AHTeAbHoro k BHCOKOnpOH3BOAHTeAbHOMy HCnOJIL^OBaHHIO 3GMJIH, OT HC- 3H3HHJI TaftH npHpoAH k nocTeneHHOMy no3HaHHio hx^ ot padcKoro noAHHHeHHH qeJioBexa cthxhhhbim cujiaM npnpo- Abl K nOKOpeHHK) H G03HaTeJIbH0My HCnOJIb30B3HHK) HX. H. 3jiaTKHH He H3XOAHT pa3HHUH Me>KAy «KOqeBbIM noMein.HKOM» h occajibim fyeo&aJiOM. O h cqHTaeT, hto KoqyioiuHH (JjeoAaA OTjimajica o t oceA^oro c})eoAa.na TOJih- KO TeM, HTO nepBblfi HBAHJICH COdCTBeHHHKOM COTeH H TbICHq KBaApaTHUX KHJIOMeTpOB, a BTOpoft— COTeH H Tbl- caq reKTapoB; nepBhifi co cbohmh KpenocTHbiMH nepeABH- ra^cH no onpeAeAeHHOH TeppHTopHH, a BTopoft jkhji oceA^o. XapaKTep 3KOHoMHqecKHX cBH3eft, cymecTBOBaBiiinx Me>KAy oceAJibiM <J>eoAajioM h ero KpenocTHbiMH, HHqeM ctymecTBeH- hhm He oTAHqajicH ot xapaKTepa CBH3eft, cymccTBOBaBinnx we^KAy KoqeBbiM noMemHKOM h ero KpenocTHbiMH. B a 3 hhom cjiyqae H. 3jiaTKHH no;mocTbio HCKJiioqaeT pa3HHuy b 6 C. E. TcwibiCaeB 81

ypoBfle paaBkTHH npoH3BOAtt«£JibHbix chjI K o q e B o r a .h oceAAoro o 6 mecTB. . ■* z:' - KaqecTBeHHoe pa3AHqne MeacAy naTpHapxaAbHO*tj>eo- AajibHhiM,Ko^eBbiM ckotoboa^cckhm odmecTBOM h <j)eoAa«n*>- HhiM o c c a a m m 3eMJieAeJib4ecKHM odmecTBOM o6 yGJiOBAHBaer- Cfl HMeHHO pa3JIHqHHM ypOBHeM pa3BHTHH IipOH3BOA0TeAbj , hlix chji. K o q e B o S ' hah oceAAhifi o6 pa3 jkh3Hh a lOAefl pa3AHqaeTCH He TOAbKO ypOBHeM pa3BHTHH MaTepHBAbHOrO npOH3BOACTBa, HO H nOTeHUHaAbHLJMH BO3MOJKHQCTHM0 erO AaAbHeftmero P33bhthh. «roB opH o cpeACTBax npOH3BOACT- Ba,'Tbi TeM caMbiM roBopHiiib o 6 oCm ecTBe h o tom ]4M£hho - ■ o(5mecTBe, KOTopoe onpeAeAaeTCH (m ibectim m tj • sth m h * CpeACTBaMH np0H3B0ACTBa>*, .CTOpOHHHKH reapHH <KOqeBO- ro $eoAaAH3Ma B . JL BAaAHMHpaeBa HPHopHpyioT HMeH* HO 3TO OAHO H3 OCHOBHUX nOAOHCeHKH /MapKCH3Ma-AeHH- HH3M3. ^- ; ■ . ! j/|J4 JJjih cymecTBOBaHHH KoneBoro xo3HiicTBa BcerAa 6tJAa Heo6xoAHMa odmHpHaH TeppHTopHH h • Heo^HTaeMoe n po- CTpaHCTBo. J I io a h KOH6BQJIH b reqeH H e OAHoro roAa Ha * ofpoMHhie paccTOHHHH, upeBpaman bcfo cboio >KH3Hb b 6 e c- npepbiBHoe KoneBoe nepeABHxceHHe c MecT& Ha Mecio He HOTOMy, qTO o h h . a io 6 hah Taxyio BeqHyio «npofyAK y», a IIOTOMy, 4TO 3TO 6 bIAO SKOHOMHqeCKOft Heo6xOAHMOCTbK)t oOycAOBAeHHow crreuH^HKoft ocHOBHpro cpeACTBa npoH3BOA- cTBa. KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo, 6a3HpoBaBiueeca HCKAioqn- TeAbHO Ha yTHAH3auHH AHKOTpaBHbro nacT6nma, He m otao . HHaqe cym ecjBO B aTb.; KpqeBaHHe 6 u a o nepBUM noxasaTe- > AeM OTCTaAOCTH « npHMHTHBHOCTH, KOHCBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa KaK onpeAeA^HHoro BHAa MaTepjraAbfforo t np0H3B0ACTBa. 3 th HoqeBHHKH Ha rpbMaAHOH TeppH TopH H 3aHHMaAHCb, He HMen yCAOBKfi AAH 06pa60TKH 3eM AH , TOAbKO CHHTKeM c Hee « cahbok» nyreM HcnoAb30BaHHH rotoB oro pacTHTeAb- * *•* Horo h cHencHoro nOKpoBa noqBbi, He A aean eft HHqero. - OceA^ioe yke ckotoboactbo BcerAa 45u j io coeraBHoft qacTbio seMAeAeAHH h npeACTaBAHAO coGoft, no cpaBHeHHio c Koqe- b u m . KaqecTBeHHo Apyroft bh a CKOTOBOACTBa. OceAAOe CKOTOBOACTBO B yCAOBHHX v3eMAeAeAHH HTpaAO paaAHqnyio poAb. C kot CAyxcHA THrAOBoft ch ao S xJie6onam - - uaM, naBtyi HaB03 a a h yAodpeHHH noAeft, m h co , moaoko a a h HHTaHHH AioAeft h cupbe aah peMecAa. K axan H3 s t h x - noAe3Hux cropoH cKOTa BucrynaAa Ha nepBoe MecTo,— • > ApxHB Mapnca h 3nre*bca, t. I, (V I), M „ 1933r cip. 262. 82

onaft-TaKH onpeAeAHAQCb o6 mHM ypbBHew pa3BHthh KyAb- Typu 3 eM/ieAe«nH5i, npoH3BOAHTeJibHbix ch^i o6 mecTBa b uejiOM. • v..' ^ - .. B ycJioBHHx oceAAoro 3 e M A e A e A b q e c K o ro xo3HftcTBa KOJinqecTBo ckot3 h paaMepbi ri&cesa, KopfoneHHe.cKOTa h yAo6 peHHe nojiew, yxoA 3a ckotom :h o6 pa6 oTKa noHBbi B33HMHO odycAOBAHBaiOT Apyr gpyra. Flocyie 6ypxcya3HO- AeMOKpaTHHecKoft peBOAioimH b TepMaHHH, O. B ureJibC, OTMeqan ocBo6 o>KAeHHe KpecTbHH ot KpenocTHO# 33Bhch- mocth h yHHqTOxteHHe • y hhx o6 mHHHoro 3eMAenoAb- 30BaHH«, n u c a ji, hto « 6 e3 ofoiiHHHoro noAb30BaHHH yroAbH- MH M6AKHH KpeCTbHHHH He MOXCeT COAep>KaTb * CKOTa; 6e3 CKOTa HeT HaB03a; 6e3 HaB03a HeB03Mo>KH0 paunoHajibHoe aeMAeAeAHc*1. B. H. JleHHH * b cBoeft pa6oTe «Pa3BHTHe KanHTaAH3Ma b ' P occhh* npHBOAHT AaHHHe, roBopamwe o dojibiuoM SHa^eHHH naB03a aa» jiojieBOACTBa. «... y 3a>KHTOHHHX KpeCTbflH CKOn HaB03a OT 1 . rOJIOBhl KpynHoro ckotb tiohtu o d e o e e t iu ie , qeM y HecocTOHTeAbHbix (391 n yA Ha 1 roAO By npw 7,4 u iT y ic a x ckot3 Ha 1 ABOp npoTHB 208 . nyAOB Ha 1 roAOBy .. n p n 2,8 iiiT. ckotb^ Ha 1 ABopv .H 3to t bhboa noAyqHACH n p n rpynnH poBKe j i o Ha^eJiy, k o T o p a n ocAatfAfleT AeHCTBHTeAbHyio r jiy 6 «H y p a 3 - AO)KeHHH). npOHCXOAHT 3TO OT TOTO, HTO 6eAHOTa BbIHy>K- AeHa yn oTpeO jiH Tb coAOMy n HaB03 Ha toiuihbo, n p oA a a a T b e r o h n p . «H o p M a jtb H b iH * ex on H aB 0 3 a ot 1 ixwiobh ckotb (400 nyA O B ) AOCTnraeTCH, cjieAOBaTeJibHO, AHuib y K p e cT b - . HHCKofi 6 y p > K y a 3 H H »2. HeAOCTaTOK H aB 03 a rjih yA o6 p eH H A nOAeft 6hIA OAHHM H3 nOKa3aTeAefi MaAOMOIAHOCTH KpeCTb- • HHCKoro x o3 H ficT B a . 3 to em e p a 3 n oA T B ep x ta a eT npaBH Ab- HocTb T o r o ; hto o ceA A o e ckotobqactbo HMeeT noA^HHeHftoe no oTHom eHHio k noAeBOACTBy 3H'aneHHe h HBAHeTca b cym - HOCTH e r o 4CBTOpbIM UeXOM*. n p n 4)eOAaAbHOfi H KanHTaAH- CTHHeCKOfi CHCTeMax X03HHCTBa OTCTaAOCTb MaJIOMOIUHOrO MeAKoro’ 3emaeiieAhh npoHBAHAacb n p e »A e Bcero b .tom, HTO OHO - He HMeAO B03M05KH0CTH OCymeCTBHTb XOpOUiefi o6pa6oTKH 3eM AH, npHMeHHTb yA O ^peH H H , 3aceBaTb 3eMAK> BbicoKocopTHbiMH ceMeHaMH h o6ecn eH H T b xoponiHft yX O A 3a CKOTOM C HOpMaAbHUM erO KOpMAeHHCM. PoCT KyAbTypbl : ceAbCK0X03HftCTBeHH0r0 npOH3BOACTBa BhipaHtaACH b KanecTBeHHOM yAyqmeHHH nopoA jkhbothmx h pacTeHHft. CTapbie bhaw pacTeHHft h nopoAbi >khbothwx, 1 /• 1d m e A b c 0. K HCTOpHH apgbhhx repMaHueB, M., 1938, ctp, 128. 2 J le n u u B . H . Com., t, 3, erp, 88 (cnocKa),

coaaaHHhie ecTecTBeHHHM noAtfopoM, 3 aMeHHK)Tca « o 6;ia- rOpOJKeHHbBMH» , HOBbIMH, KOTOpue C03AaHhI HCKyCCTBeHHbIM no^6opoM. PacTeHHH h >KHBOTHbie CT3HOB5ITCH doAee- nexc* HHMH, 6oJiee TpedoBaie^bHhiMH1, h o 3 aT0 6o;iee npoAyK- th bh u m h . P a3 B H T «e KanHTa«JiH3Ma h pocT ropOACKoro HacejieHHH bo mhokhx cTpaHax MHpa Bbi3BaJiH Ha Kanwra- JIHCTH^eCKOM pbIHKe prpOMHhIH CnpOC Ha npo^yKUHIO >KH- BOTHOBOACTBa. 3 tOT CnpOC CJiyWLUJl CTHMyjIOM JXJIH Aa-flb- Heftmeft HHTeHCH(J)HKaUHH nOJIBBOACTBa H >KHBOTHOBOACTBa. H eo6xoAHMo 6 bi.no BBeAeHHe hoboh naynHOH CHCTeMbi 3eM- ^eAejiHH, KOTopan npe/iycMaTpHBajia 3aM eny crapoft cHcre- Mbl CeB006opOTa HOBOH, C03A<fHHe-HCKyCCTBeHH0H 6oJiee 3(J)~ (J)eKTHBHOft KOpMOBOft 6a3bl ajih CKOTH H 3aMeHy crapbix MaAOnpOAyKTHBHbIX nopOA CKOTa BbICOKOnpOAyKTHBHlWMH. B TO >Ke BpeMH B KanHTaAHCTHMeCKOM CeAbCKOM X03HH- CTBe npoAOA>KaiOT cymecTBOBaTb A e a KpaHHHX BHAa OCeA*aorO CKOTOBOACTB3I C OAHOH CTOpOHbl, 3KCT6HCHBHOC, MaaonpoAyKTHBHoe nacT6 HmHO-HaryjibHoe MHCHoe ckoto- BOACTBO, C A p y roft,— HHTeHCHBHOe, BblCOKOnpOAyKTffBHOe MOJioqHoe ck o to bo actbo , M e*A y KOTopb^MH cymecTByeT u e - JlhlH pHA npOMOKyTOqHblX BHAOB OCej\\JlOTO CKOTOBOACTBa pa3AHHHOH CTeneHH HHTeHCHBHOCTH. B . H . JleHHH, HMefl B BHAy PoccHio, y K a3 biBa^, hto nacT6 HiUHO-HaryAbHoe m h c - Hoe ckotoboactbo TpeOyeT 6o/ibme 3eMeAbHofi ruiomaAH, no cpaBHeHHio c caMbiM aKCTencMBHUM n o acboactbom, h h - TeHCHBHoe ck o to bo actbo , Hao6opoT, T p e 6 yeT MeHbuie 3e* MeJibHOH njiom aAH, no cpaBHeHHio c caMhiM HHTencHBHbiM nOJieBOACTBOM. •- npHMeHeHHe yAotfpeHHH h y^iyqmeHHH Apyrnx yc/io- bhS KanHTajiHCTHqecKoro 3eMJieAejiHH HeMHHyeMo BejiH « k yMeHbmeHHio njiomaAH xo3h h ctb, Koropbie, HanpHMep, b EBpone Me^ibqe, qeM b AMepHKe. Ile p e x o A ot nojieBOACTBGH- HOH CHCTeMbi X03HHCTB3 K CKOTOBOACTBeHHOH OITHTb-TaKH Tpe6yeT yMeHbiueHHH naomaAH x o 3 h h c t b 3 i b A htjihh b 1880 T. CpeAHHft pa3Mep CKOTOBOACTBeHHblX X03HHCTB 6 u a 52,3 axpa, a noAeBOACTBeHHHx, 3epHOBbix xo3hhctb 74,2 axpa. rio3TOMy coBepmaiomHHCH b A hivihh nepexoA ot 3^M^eAe/IHH K CKOTOBOACTBy doAOfCeti nopOJKAaTb T e H A C H - uhk) k yMeHbineHHio nAomaAH x o 3 «ftc T B a »2. yMeHbweHHe w e 3eMeJibHofi iuiomaAH-xo3HHCTBa b o Bcex 3thx cAyqanx COnpOBOJKAaAOCb o 6 blKHOBeHHO pOCTOM 3 aTpaT TpyAa Ha 1JleHUH B. H . Coq., t . 4, ctd. 133. 2 TaM JKe, ctp. J17, M

onpeAe-fleHHOM yqacTKe 3eMAH h yBeAHqeHHeM KOAHqecTBa npo^yKTOB c e/iHHHUbi 3eM ejibH ofi im o m a A H . B 90-x roAax XIX Bena b P occhh KanHTaAH3M b ceAb- ckom x o 3 B ficT B e cAeAaA 3HaqHTejibHue ycnexH. O c e A ^ o e ckotoboactbo b pa3Hbix pafionax P occhh np«o6peTaeT pa3- jiHMHoe H a3H aqeH H e. B. H . JleHHH ycraHOBHA, qTo ckotoboa- CTBO B npHdaJITHHCKHX, CeBepHbIX H OTHaCTH B Pfl3aHCKOH, OpaoBCKoft, TyAbCKofi, HHxteropoACKOH rytfepHHax n p a - o6peTaeT mo^ ouhhh xapaKTep. B A p y r n x odAacTHX P occhh ckotoboactbo HMeeT Apyroe Ha3HaqeHHe. HanpHMep, Ha KpatineM lo r e h ioro-BocTOKe yTB epAH Aacb caMan 3kctch- CHBliaB <})OpMa CKOTOBOACTBa, HMCHHO HaryAbHOe MHCHOe ckotoboactbo. CeBepHee\"poraTbiH ckot noAyqaeT 3HaneHHe padoqen ch aw . HaKOHejL, b cpeAH efi qepH03eMH0H noAOce OH CT3HOBHACH «MaLUHHOH», npOH3BOAHmeH H3B03H0e yA06- peHHe1. H3 cKa3aHHoro BUTexaeT, qTo MextAy kohcbum h oceA A U M ckotoboactbom cymecTByeT H e n p o c T o e koahhcct- BeHHoe pa3AH4He b pa3Mepax HcnoAb3yeMhix, hmh BeMeAb, a doAbiuoe KaqecTBeH H oe couHaAbHo-aKOHOMuqecKoe - pa3AH - qwe. ‘■ TaKHM o6pa30M, eraAa h ra6yHbi KoqeBHHKOB h o6pa- 6oTaHHbie noAH 3eMAeAeAbueB c a y>khah pa3AHqHUMH cpeA- CTBHMH H 0 6 l>eKTaM H T p y tfa B A B y X CaMOCTOHTeAbHO c ym ecT B O B a B n iH x b hctophh B H A a x M a T e p H a A b H o ro n p o H 3 - BOACTBa — KOqeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe H OCCAAOM 3eM AeAeAH H . KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo h oceA J ioe 3 eM J ien ejin e K ax pa3AHH- Hbie cc})epbi M a T ep H a A b H o ro npoH 3BO ACTBa, OTAHqaBWHtiCH npHCymHMH KaX^AOfi H3 HHX pa3AHHHhIM H OCHOBHbIMH C p e A \" CTB3MH H n p O A yK T 3 M H npOH3BOACTBa, o6yCAOBAHBaAH p a 3 - HbTH o6pa3 JKH3HH AJOA6H. /IlOAH IipH TOM HAH ApyrO M o 6 p a - 3e>KH3HH n O -p a 3 H O M y HCn0Ab30BaAH 3eM AIO , CAeAOBaTeAbHO, OKa3biB3AH p a 3 A H q H o e B03AeHCTBHe Ha n p w p oA y h n o -p a 3 - Ho\\iy H3MeHHAH ee h c e 6 a . JleuuH B . mH. C om., t. 3, dp. 222 (cHoCKa).

rjia e a e n to p a fi CKOT KAK OBT>EKT HACTHOH COBCTBEHHOCTH H CPEflCTBO 3KCnjiyATAUHH HEJIOBEKA MEJIOBEKOM B KOMEBOM CKOTOBOflMECKOIW OBIUECTBE MapKCK3M-jieHHHH3M ycTaHOBHJi, m t<3 b HCTopnH qejiOBe- qecTBa, KaK Bhipa>KeHHe 3H a q H T ejib H oro pa3BHTHH npoH 3- BO/iHTejibHbix cHJi obm ecTB a, n e p B o e K p y m io c o b m ec T B en - Hoe pa3AeJieHHe T p y a a , npoH3ouiJio T o rzia , K oriia ckotoboji- ctbo oT^eJiH jiocb o t 3eMJie^eJiHH. H a M e c T o o6m ecTBa, 3a- HHMaBIIierOCH O^HOBpeMeHHO KaK MOTbDKHHM 3eM./ieneJiHeM, TaK h nepB06biTHHM nacTyinecTBOM, b o 3H hkjih flBa h o b m x : oceflJioe 3eMJie;*eJib,qecK oe h K o q e B o e CKOTOBOiiqecKoe. 3 t h /iBa o6m ecTB a OTJinqaJiHCb x^pyr <5't . n p y r 'a , KaK y>Ke p a c - CMOTpeHO, He TOJIbKO OCHOBHbIMH CpejlCTB3MH TIpOH3BOflCT- Ba, cneixH^HKofi nponecca Tpvaa h o6na30M >k h 3hh JiKXnefi, ho h 0 6 'beKTaMH qacTHofl co6 ctb6h h o c t h . BMecrre c nepBbiM KpynHbiM o 6 mecTBeHHbiM pa3jiejieHHeM Tpv.ua bo 3hhkjto h nepBoe n£J\\eune o 6 mecTBa Ha Kjiaccbi — Ha pa6oBJianejrb- ueB h pa6oB. lO iaccoB aa AHcb^epeHUHauHH naceJiemisi h SKcftjiyaTauHH qejiOBeKa qeJiooeKoM - m o iv ih B03HHKHyTb TOJIbKO }ia OCHOBe qaeTHOff /Co6 CTBeHHOCTH Ha OCHOBHbie cpeacTBa'npdH3BOjicTBa KaK y K o q e B b ix c k o t o b o a o b , r a n h y ocejjibix 3eMJienejibHeB. flo BceM j^a^HbiM KoqeBoe CKOTOBo^qecKoe otfmecTBO b CBOeM p33BHTHH H6 MO1710 HATH flaJIbllie nepeXOJlHOft^ CTa- o t h , to ecTb ziajibuie noJiypa6oBJia.aejibqecKoft, noJiy^eo- AajibHofi: cTa^HH. narpHapxa;ibHoe pabcTBO h poAonjieMeH- Hoe ycTpoftcTBo HB.jisnoTCH aTpH6 yTaMH KjiaecHqecKoro Ko^Boro obmecTBa. KoqeBoe otfmecTBo 6 buio cnocobwo b c - KaMH COXpaHHTb, KOHCepBHpOBaTb H JiaHCe peCTHBpHpOBaTb bo m hothm c jiy q a n x bcc OTCTajibie (f)OpMbi ' o6 mecTBeHHbix oTHomeHHS n o Tex nop, noxa He . HpOH3 onuio KopeHHoe H3MeneHHe b o 6 .nacTH ero M aTepnajibHoro npOH3BojicTBa, noxa KoqeBoe c k o t o b o u c t b o He CMeHHJTocb ocejyiMM 3eM/ie- ixejineM hjih no Kpannefi Mepe nojiyKoqeBbiM . CKOTOBOflqe- 86

✓ cK0-3eMjieueJibqecKHM, xo3sificTBOM, cnoco6HbiM em e B tin ie nO^HHTb ypOBeHb pa3BHTHH np6H3BOUHTeJIbHhIX CHJI o 6 m e - CTBa. CaM n p o u e c c oceaaHHH KoqeBHHKOB Ha npoTH>KeHHH Been HCTOpHH qeJioBeqecTBa 6h j i rjiy6 o K O nporpeccHBHbiM h peBOJiiouHOHHbiM npoueccoM, K O T opu ft co3jaaBaji GoJibiuyio B03MO>KHOCTb; JU IX pa3BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX CHJI 0 6 m e - CTB3. n p o u e c c OCe^aHHH KOqeBtfHKOB 03Haqa^ B03HHKHOBe- HHe HOBoro h pa3pymeHHe c r a p o r o BHua MaT.epHajibHoro npOH3BOACTBa, BO3HHKH0BeHHe HOBUXJ^JieMeHTOB IipOH3BO- AHTejibHHx chji o5mecTBa, HOBoro o6mecTBeHHoro pa3u e- jieHHH T p y a a , hoboS (fiopMbi h o6T>eKTOB coCctbchhocth b KaqecjBe cp ea cT B np0H3B0£CTBa, o w h m cjiobom — iio j ih h h nepeBopoT b =-coukajibHo-SKOHOMHqecKHx oTHOiueHHHx, b o6pa3e 3KH3HH JlUOUeft. y• T a x o n n p o u e c c p h 3bhthh qejiO BeqecTBo nepexcnjio b pa3- /nraroux qacTH x CBeTa h b pa3Hbie BpeMeHa no-pa3HOMy b 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CneHH(j)HqeCKH CJI05KHBWHXCH COUHaJIbHO- 3K0H0MUqeCKHX H IIOqBeHHO-KJIHMaTHqeCKHX yCJIOBHft. r i e p e x o u H o e n o jiy p a 6 o B J ia <a e j i b q e c K o e hjih n o jiy t J ie o a a jib - Hoe K oqeB oe, aH TH qkoe pa6oB Jia^eJibqecK oe h (JieojiajibH oe otfm ecTB a n p eu cT aB J iaiO T c o tfo io p a3 JiH qH b ie ct3hhh p a 3 B H - thh n p o H 3 B O U H T e jib H W x chji. O n p e a e jie H H O M y y p o B H io p a 3 - BHTHH npO H 3BO AH TeJIbH bIX CHJI B TOM HJIH ZipyTOM H3 H aSBaH H H X 0 6 m e C T B COOTBeTCTBOBaJIH CBOH COUHajIbHO-3KO* HOM H^ecKHe OTHouleHHH. n o jiy p a 6 o B J ia * ie jib q e c K a H hjih n o - jiy (})e o a a jib H a H cra jiH H pa3BHTHH K a n n e p e x o m ia fl 'cTajiH S f 6biJia x a p a K T e p H a ajih HH3iueft C T yn eH H pa3BHTHrt x a x K o q e - boto, T a x h o c e jy io r o npH M H TH B H oro 3 eM J ie;ieJ ib qecK oro o 6 m ecT B a , m e e m e He 6ujio qacT H O H c o c jio B H o -M O H o h o jib - HOH C0 6 C TB eH H 0 CTH Ha 3eMJIK). T a K O e O dllieC TB O B OCHOBHOM x a p a K T e p H 3 0 B a jio cb H aTypajibH H M x o 3hhctbom n p n n o q T H HenojiHOM O T cyT C T B H H o 6 m e c T B e H « o r o p a 3 u e jie H H H T p y u a . to 6hjio b aH TH qH O M p a 6 o B J ia u e jib q e c K O M o b m e cT B e , oho yreex a p a K r e p H 3 0 B a jt o c b pa3BHThiM 3eMJie/iejiHeM h r o p o a - ckhm p e M e c jiO M ; p e m a io m e e o6 m ecTB eH H O -3K O H O M H qecK oe 3HaqeHHe b HeM UM ejio q a c rH o e 3eM JieBJiaaeH H e H a p a a y c o 3naqH TejibH biM pa3BHTHeM o b m e c T B e H H o r o pa3iieJieHHH T p y - JXa h T O B a p H O -M eH O B H x o T H o u ie H H ft. n o c jio B a w O . 3 n r e j i b - ca, B JJpeBHeftx 'FpeU H H BMeCTe C TO B apH W M npOR3BOZlCTBOM noH B H jiacb o 6 p a 6 o T K a 3eMJiH oT a eJ ib H M M H jiHuaM H 3 a c o 6 - CTBeiiHbik c q e T , a B c x o p e saT eM h 3 eM eJ ib H aa coG cT B eH H ocT b OTflejIbHHX JIHU. C AaJIbHeHIIIHM p a3B H TH eM npOMblUIJieHHO- cth h T o p r o B b ix CHotueHHfi B ee n o j m e e p a 3 B H B a jiocb p a s - 87

aeJieHHe TpyAa MeacAy P33jihmhhmh oTpacAHMH npoH3BOA- cTBa: 3eMACAeAHeM, peMecji'oM, a b peMecjie — 'Me>KAy 6 ec- qHCJieHIlblMH pa3HOBHilHOCTHMH e r o , a T3K)Ke ToproBJieH, CyAOXOACTBOM H T. A-1 CocjioBHo-MOHonoJibHo.e 3eMJieBJiaAeHHe, pa3BHroe 3eM- jicAejiHe h ro p o A C K o e peMecAO x ap aK T ep H 3 yioT raicxce (})eo- AaAbHoe o6m ecTBO. 3ana'AHO-eBponeftcKoe «(J)eoAaAbHoe pa3BHTHe HaqHHaeTCH Ha rop a3 A O 6 o A e e uiHpOKofi Teppn- TOpHH, nOArOTOBJieHHOH pHMCKHMH 3aBOeB3HHHMH H CBH- 3aniibiM c h h m h BH aqaAe p a cn p ocT p a H eH H eM 3eMAeAeAHH»2. • Ecah B3HTb noAypa6oBAaAeAbHecKoe hah noAy^eojiaAb- Hoe pa3BHToe K o q e B o e •6m ecTBO , t o TaM p em a io m ee skoho- MHqecKoe 3H aqeH H e hmcao qacTH oe CKOTOBAaAeHHe, 6a3H po- BaBiueecB Ha o6 iuhhhom 3etoAeBAaAeHHH. CAeAOBaTeAbHO, aKOHOMHqecKHM ycAOBHeM paaBHTHH HMymecTBeHHoro HepaBencTBa h SKcnAyaiauHH qeAOBena qeAOBeKOM b occa- aom noAy(|)eoAaAbHOM h (J)eoAaAbHOM o 6 m ecT B a x 6 uao Ha- pHAy C qaCTHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTbK) Ha ABH>KHMOe HM ym ecTBo noBBAeHHe q a cT H o ft co6ctbchhocth Ha 3eMAK> KaK Ha rA aB - Hoe cpeACTBo T p y A a 3eM AeAeAbua. A SKOHOMHqecKHM ycAOBHeM H M ym ecTBeH H oro HepaBeHCTBa h SKcrmyaTauHH qeAOBena qeAOBeKOM npn KoqeBOM cKOTOBOACTBe 6biAO n o - HBAeHHe qacTHOH c o Cctbchhocth Ha C TaA a h TatfyHbi n a p H A y C APyrHM ABH>KHMblfo HMyilI.eCTBOM. «06bIKHOBeHHO Mhl BH- ahm Ha paHHeft CTyneHH pa3BHTHH B b iA eA en n e H3 M accbi HaceAeHHH 3eMACAeAbqecKOH apwcTOKpaTHH, a b o6m ,ecTBax nacTymecKHx — cKOTOBAaACAi>qecKOH, h 3aTeM BbiAeAeHHe HeCBOdOAHbIX SAeMCHTOB, KaApbl KOTOpbIX (j)OpMHpyiOTCfl OTqacTH H3 c o c T a B a AaHHoro o 6 m ec T B a , oTqacTH H3 b o c h h o - iuieHHbix»3. CymecTBeHHoe pa3AHqne b TeM nax nporpeccHBHoro pa3- BHTHH 3THX AB yX C3MOCTOBTCAbHO CyLUeCTBOBaBUIHX B HCTO- pHH OTpacAen M aTepnaAbH oro npoH3BOACTBa coctohao HMeHHO B TOM, HTO qaCTHafl COfiCTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMAK> M eA- KHX 3eM AeBAaAeAbueB nocAy>KHAa oAHofi H3 ochobhhx npeAnocbiAOK noHBAeHHH KpynHofi patfoB A aA eA bqecK ofi h c o - CAOBHO-MOHOnOAbHOH1 $eOAaAbHOH 36M eAbH 0ft C0 6 CTBeHH0 - cth, TorAa K an q a cT H a a co6cTBeHHOCTb MeAKHx KoqeBbix CKOTOBOAOB Ha CKOT MOTJIO GAy>KHTb TipeAnOCblAKOft B03HHK- 1SmeAbc 0. ripoHcxoK^eHHe ccmbh, qacTHofi co6ctbchhocth h rocyaapcTBa. Jl., 1953, CTp. 116. 2 M a p K c I<. H S tte e A b c 0. Coq., t. 3, CTp. 22. 3 X-eocToe M. M. Hctophh apeBHero BocTona. M.— Jl., 1927, CTp. 10. 88

HoseHHH T.ojibKo no;iy<j)eoAajibHoro K oqeB oro cKOTOBJiajie- hhh, He cBH 3aH H oro eme c qacTHoft 3eMeJibHoft c o 6cTBeH- HOCTbK). 3THM otfCTOHTeJIbCTBOM 06'bHCHHeTCH TO, qTO B KoqeBOM cKOTOBOA'iecKOM o6 mecTBe Ka3axoB He m q ivih no* JiyHHTb AOCTaTOMHOrO pa3BHTHH (J)eOAaJIbHbie OTHOUieHHH, nona He n p o H 3 o n u io ero oceAaHHe b c b h 3H c A o6 poBOJibHbiM npHcoeAHHeHHeM k P occhh. He roBopn y>K e o pa3JiHqnoM ypoBHe h p a 3AHqHbix no- TeHUHa^IbHblX BO3M0JKH0CTHX p33BHTHH OtflUeCTB, B OCHOBe KOTOpux jiejK a T pa3JiHqnbie b h a h M aTepwajibH oro n p o n 3 - BOACTBa, CJieAyeT OTMeTHTb, 4TO ypOBeHb pa3BHTHH (}>eoAa- JiH3Ma Aa>Ke b ycjiOBHHx oceA^ioro 3eMJieAeJiHH He 6 biJi Be3,ne oAHHaKOBHM. M a p x c yK a 3biB aji, qTO « oahh h t o t ace 3K0H0MHqeCKHft 6a3HC — OAHH H TOT >Ke CO CTOpOHbl TJiaB- h h x ycjiOBHH— 6 jiaroA ap a <5ecKOHeqHO paa^H^HUM 3Mnn- pwqeCKHM odCTOHTeJlbCTBaM, eCTeCTBeHHbIM yCJlOBHHM, p a c o - BblM OTHOllieHHHM, A^HCTByIOH1.HM H3BH0 HCTOpHqeCKHM BJIHHHHHM H T. A-— MOKeT otfHapy>KHTb B CBOeM npOHBJie- hhh 6ecKOHeqHbie BapHaunn h rpaAan,HH, KOTopue bo '3- MOJKHO nOHHTb JIHIlib npH HOMOmH aHaAH3a 3THX SMIIHpH- qecKH AaHHbix o 6 cTOHTeAbCTB»1. TaKoe yKa3 aHHe Mapnca npHo6 peTaeT eme 6 o;ibiiiee 3HaqeHHe npH cpaB'HHTejibHOM BbIHBJieHHH CneilH(J)HKH KOqeBOrO CKOTOBOAqeCKOrO H ocea- Jioro 3eMJieAeJibqecKoro o6 mecTB. FIpaBHJibHoe pa3peuieHHe HayqHoft npotfjieMbi, .Kacato* mefica o6mecTBeHHo-3K0H0MHqecKoro CTpoa Taxoro KoqeBO- ro o6 mecTBa, KaK Ka3axcKoe b X V — X Y I I I bb., bo3m o >k h o TOJibKo Ha OCHOBe iviytfoKQro H3yqeHHH h o6 o6 meHHH k o h - KpeTHblX 4)aKT0B OTHOCHTeAbHO (J)OpM 3eMJieBJI3AGHHH H CKotOBJiaAeHHH, cAeAOBatejibHo, (})0pM co6cTBeHHocTH Ha aeMjiio, cTa^a h T a 6 yHu, cneuwcJxHKH opraHH3au,HH npoH3- BOACTBa, cneu«(})HKH opraHH3auHH TpyAa b ycjiOBHHx k o - qeBoro c k o to b o a €t b 3 xax oripeAeAeHHofi c^epu MaTepnajib- Horo npoH3BOACTBa, a Taioxe BbiHBAeHHH h aHa.iH3a $opw h cymHocm SKcnjiyaTauHH qejiOBeKa qeJioBeKOM, KOTopan cymecTBOBaJia b npouecce stoto npon3BOACTBa. B c h k h h KOHKpeTHbiH b h a npOH3BOACTBa «npeAno;iaraeT odu^enue (verkehr) h h a h b h a o b MescAy co6 o h . OopMa aToro o 6 me* hhh, b cbofo oqepeAb, o6 ycjiOBJiHBaeTca npoii3BOACTBOM»2. OaKTbi roBopHT, q'To pa3BHToe h ocHOBaHHoe na KJiac- cobom AeAeHHH KoqeBoe cKOTOBOAqecKoe oGlucctbo 6bi/io ! MapKc K . KariHTaJi, t . Ill, 1951, CTp. 804. 2 MapKc K. h dmeAbc 0. Co<i., t . 3, 1955, crp. 19. 89

oAHoft H3 pa«HHx craAHft 3apo>KAaBiiierocH •$eoAaAH3Ma, Kor^a eme nepenAeraAHCb ' MeacAy co6 oh sjieMeHTH na* TpnapxaAbHO-padoBAaAeAbqecKHx h naipHapxa^bHO-$eo- AaAbHax OTHomeHHH. HanpHMep, b ycjiobhhx oGmeCTBCH* Ho-npoH3Bo^cTBeHHofi 3KH3HH Ka3axcKoro KoqeBoro o6 meCT- Ba XV— X VIII bb. He 6 hao <J)eoAaAbHoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH, no 3Tofi ate npH^HHe He 6 uao KpenocTHHqecTBa, a SKcnaya* TaiiHH naTpHapxa^fbHhix pa6oB h nojiy3 aBHCHMbix, 'saxatia* ^eHflwx KpynHUMH cKcn'OBJia&ejibuaMH-tfaHMH JtejigaHiL ckotoboaob— MaAaS h kohcu — ocymecTBAHAacb HCKAK)* -^qHTe^bHO Ha pcHOBe qacTHofi co6 cTBeHHOCTH Ha craAa h Ta^yHbi. MapKc nncaji, qio «KoqeBbze HapoAbi nepBbie pa3- BHBaiOT y ce6 « (JjopMy AeHer, TaK x a x s e e ux uM ymecreo HaxoflHTCfl b noABHJKHofi, cAeAOBaTeAbHo HenocpeacTBeHHO * OTqyjKAeHHofi tfcopMe.V (noAqepKHyTO mhoio — C. T.). 3 to yKa3aHHe MapKca cAeAyer noHHMaTb, BO-nepBHx,.; b tom CMHCJie, qTO y KoqeBbix napoAOB see jmymecTBo HaxoAH- aocb b no4BH«Hoftt HenocpeflCTBeHHo OTqyxcAaeMOH <}>opMe B BHAe HCHBOrO CKOT3, CKOT BOIIAOmaA B ce6 e H Cpe/ICTBO npoHSso^cTBa h cpe^cTBO noTpe^JieHHH, HMymecfBeHHoe HepaBencTBd h KAaccoBoe paccAoeHHe cpeAH KoqeBHHKOB ^OTAH B03HHKHyTb TOAbKO Ha ■noqBe .HaCTHOft cotfcfBeHHO- cth Ha cTa^a h Ta6 yHbi; bo-btopmx, HcnoAb3t>BaHHe CKOTa b xaqecTBe BceoCmero sKBHBajieHTa noKa3UBaeT y c y m e - CTBOBaHHe y KOneBHHKOB MeHOBfcJX OTHOUieHHH, B03HHKIHHX Ha ocHOBe nepBoro KpynHoro o6 meCTBeHHoro pa3AeAeHHH TpyAa h yKpenjieHHH qacTHofi co6 ctb0hhocth Ha ocHOBHbie cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa, CAeAoaaTeAbHo,—* miaccoBHx otho- rneHHft. 3Ta Mbicjib Mapnca BepHo OTpa>xaeT . peaAbHyio >KH3Hb paaBHToro KoqeBoro CKOTOBOAnecKoro -jqPiAecTBa, rAe HMymecTBeHHoe noAo>KeHHe . jiioach Aeftcf&HTeAbHo - onpeAeAHAocb KOAHqeciBOM CKOTa, HaxoA^mKMGH b qacT- HOft C06cTBeHHOCTH OTACAbHbIX JIH1*. B 3 T0 M o6m6CTBe TOAb- ko ckot Mor BbicTynaTb b KaqecTBe ^ochobhoto cpeACTBa SKcnAyaTauHH^qeAOBeKa qeAOBeKOM.v.^.: •• ; Oahhm H3 BejiHqaftuiHx oTKpbiTfrii MapxcHcrcKo-AeHHH- CKOft HayKH HBAHeTCH yCTaHOBAeHHe B$aifMHOft OfiyOAOBAeH- . HOCTH qaCTHOH CO6 cTBeHH0 CT&-.Ha CpeACTBa iripOHSBOACTBa, He33BHCHMo ot ee HaTypaAbHoft ^jopMbi-i t})H3«qecKHx cbo«[ctb, h 3 KcnAyaiauHH qeAOBexa qeAOBeKOM. H a ocHOBe Taxoro othputhh Phao ycTanoBAeHo, qto TaM, rAe1 1 MapKc K. KanHTa^, t. I, 1952, CTp. 96. 90

rocnoACTByej qacTHaa co6cTBeHHOCTb Ha cpeACTBa npoH3- BO^CTBa, TaM c HeH36e}KHOCTbio ycTaHaBJiHBaeTCH KJiaccoBoe paccjioeHHe otfmecTBa. B TaKOM- o 6 mecTBe 6ojibiuaH r o j i h o6mecTBeHHoro 6 oraTCTBa HaxoAHTCH b -pynax MeHbiiiHH- ctb3 — KJiacca 3Kcn^yaTaTOpOB,— TorAa KaK na aojiio a 6 - cojnoTHoro 6 ojibiiiHHCTBa — sKcnjiyaTHpyeMbrx — BbinanaeT ropa3Ao MeHbman ero aojih. C SToro BpeMeHH HaqHHaeTCH anoxa, no cjioBaM O. 3Hre;ibca, K oraa bchkhA nporpecc b nOJIO>KeHHH OAHHX B TO JKe BpeMH 03HaqajI H OTHOCHTeJIb- Hbifi perpecc b nojiojKeHHHApyrHx, KorAa tfjiarococTOHHHe H pa3BHTHe OAHHX OCymeCTBJIHeTCH UeHOH CTpa^aHKH H noAaBJieHHH pa3BHTHH Apyrnx. 3 tot 33koh fleftcTBOBaji h b nojiyc})eoAajibHOM kohcbom cKOTOBOOTecKOM otfmecTBe. H ajiH qne qacTHofl; co6 cTBeH- HOCTH B B H fle CTaA H Ta6yHOB y KOqeBHHKOB Bbl3bIBaJIO B pa3JiHqHOH. <J>opMe h CTeneHH 3aBHCHMocTb ot ee BJiaAeJib- ueB MaTepnajibHO HeotfecneqeHHoro hjih msjio otfecneqeHHo- ro cjtoh HacejieHHH. Gra^a h T ad yn w b pyxax KpynHbix cKOTOB^a^e^ibixeB cJiyxcnjiH qchobhwm opyAHeM 3KcnjiyaTa- uhh Maca x KOqeBHHKOB. H e noflJieHCHT comhchhio, hto « 6 o ra - thh nacTyx hjih.. CKOTOBJia^ejieu, yBaxcaeMwfi 3a cBoe 6oraTCTBo, 3a 6 ojibiuoe KOJinqecTBo JiiOAefi, 3aBHCHmnx ot Hero b cpeacTBax cymecTBOBaHHH, 3a 6 jiaropoACTBo CBoero npoHcxojKAeHHH, He3anaMHTHyio ApeBHOCTb cBoeft 6jiccth- mefl 4>aMHJiHFf, ecTecTBeHHo, HMeeT BJiacTb hsa BceMH MJiaA- hihmh nacTyxaMH hjih ckotobjiaAeji bii,amh CBoew opAU hjih n/ieMeHH. O h mojkct KOMaHAOBaTb coeAHHeHHoft chjioA 6ojibiiiero KOjmqecTBa JHOAcfi, qeM ohh. Ero BoeHHan m ouib 6ojibme, qeM y Koro-jmtfo H3 hhx. B o BpeMH boShli ohh Bee CKopee cKJioHHbi codpaTbCH noA ero 3HaMeHeM, qeM noA 3HaweHeM Korp-JiHtfo Apyroro; ero npoHcxoxcAeHHe h 6 o- raTCTBo, ecrecTBeHHo, npeACTaBJinioT eM y CBoero poAa hc- nojiHHTeJibHyio BJiacTb*1. ^ H M y m ecT B eH H o e HepaBeHCTBO.. h cp u H ^ A b H o e no;io>KeH H e o6mecTBeHHbix rpynn b KoqeBOM o d m e c T B e , iio a o 6 ho K a 3 a x - CKOMy B XV— XVIII BB., Becb KOHTpaCT . B 06meCTBeHH0- SKOHOMHqeCKOH H«f3HH HaCeJieHHH, BbipaHCaiOmHScH B npO TH - BopeqHH M ejK A y ^oraTCTBOM - h . H H w eToft, npaBaMH h 0()H3aHH0CTHMH,rOCnO/JCTBOM H nQAHHHeHHeM — Bee 3TO B KoHeqHOM c q e T e o n p e A ejrn jio cb p a 3 M e p o M qacTH pro c k o t o - BJiaAeHHH. - 1 Cmut AdaM. HccjiG^oBauHe o npHpOAe h npHMHHax tforaTCTBa HapoAOB, t . II. M., 1935, crp. 252. 91

MacTHoe CKOTOBJiajxeHHe bo3hhkjio KaK pe3y;ibTaT pa3* bhthh npoH3BO^HTe^bHHX cha K o q e B o r o o6mecTBa. n o CJIO- BaM SHrejibca, npHpyqeiine AOMamHHx » hbothhx h pa3Be- Aenne era a co3AajiH HecAbixaHHbie j\\o Toro hcto9HHKH 6oraTCTBa h nopo/WJin coBepuieHHO HOBue odmecTBeHHbie OTHOIIieHHH. ^ K oqeB oe cKOTOBOAqecKoe o 6 m ecT B o h m w io cboh cneuH- $nqecK H e o c o 6 eHHOCTH pa3BHTHH, o 6 ycJioBJieHHbie CBoeo6 - pa3HeM e r o M a T e p n a A b H o ro npoH3BOACTBa h o6pa3a >k h 3h h . AIOAefi. CaM 0 6 'beKTHBHbIH XOA p a 3BHTHHTOqeBOrO CKOTOBOA- qecKoro.H o c e A ^ io ro 3eM AeAeAbqecK oro o 6mecTB OTBepraeT BCHKHe CTpeMJieHH51 «yHH(J)HUHpOBaTb» o 6 meCTBeHHHe HBJie- HHH, B03HHKIUHe B pa3HbIX yCAOBHHX H £TopH qecK oro pa3- BHTHH. H e x o T o p b ie HCCJieAOBaTe^iH c q H T a io T , qTO 6e3 qacTH oft COCJIOBHO-MOHOnOJIbHOH 3eMeAbHOH Co6 CTBeHHOCTH B y c jio - bhhx K o q e B o ro o 6 m ecTBa He w o r y T n w e T b MecTO K jia ccoB b ie OTHOIIieHHH. K^iaCCOBbie OTHOHjeHHH, 3KOHOMHqeCKyiO H no/iHTHqecKyio 3aBHCHM0CTb OAHoft co u w a A b H o ft rp yn n b i o t ApyroH-B KoqeBOM o 6 mecTBe c pOAoruieMeHHbiM ycrpoH CT- bom ohh noAroHHiOT aoa o 6iune TeopeTH qecK H e nojiOKeHHH, KOTOpue npH M eH H M H HCKAIOqHTeAbHO JIHLLIb k o ceA A O M y 3eM AeAeAbqecKOM y o 6mecTBy. O hh «HCKyccTBeHHO» n p n - xpenAHioT KoqeBHHKOB k 3eMJie, q T o 6 b i AOKa3aTb H ajiH - q «e K pen ocTH H qecK ofi tjiopMbi 33b h c h m o c t h b KoqeBOM 0 6 - m.ecTBe. X apaK TepH O B 3TOM OTHOIIieHHH BbICK33bIBaHHe H. ft. 3AaTKH H a. O h roBopHT: « IO ia c c H K H MapKCH3Ma-AeHH- HH3M3 ABBHblM A3BHO yCT3H0BHAH^ a KOHKpeTHaH HCTOpHH Bcex CTpaH h HapoAOB HeonpoBep>KHMo noATBepAHJia, hto C0Aepx<aHHeM npouecca $eoAaAH3auHH hba^ctch y3ypna- uhh 4)eoA aA H 3 H pyiom ericH 3HaTbio 3eMJiH, npeBpameHHe 3eMAH b MOHonoAbHyio co6cTBeHHocTb KAacca (})eoAaAOB, a Maccbi HenocpeACTBeHHbix npoH3BOAHTeAeft— b KJiacc 33bh- CHMbix, KpenocTHHx. TaxoBO HayqHoe MapKCHCTCKO-JieHHH- CKoe noHHMaHHe npouecca crraHOBjieHHH h pa3BHTHH $eo- AaAbHoro cnocoda npowsBOACTBa*1. CKa3aHHoe b CBoe BpeMH MapKCOM O MHXaHAOBCKOM MO>ftHOvUeAHKOM OTHeC- th k aBTopy 3 Toro OTpbiBKa. MapKc nHcaji: «EMy HenpeMeH* 1 MaicpwaJibi o6T>eAHHeHiioH Hayloft ceccHH, nocBHineHHOH hctophh CpeAHefi A3hh h Ka3axcTaHa b AOOKTatfpbCKHfi nepHOA. TauiKeHT, 1955 ctp. 93.

HO Hy>KHO n peB paTH Tb MOH HCTOpJHMeCKHH OHepK B03HHKHO- B6HHH KanHT2JIH3Ma B 3aiiaAHOH E B pO n e B HCTOpHKO-(|)HAO- co(J)CKyio T e o p n io o B^eoCmeM nyTH , n o KOTopowy j o k o b u m o6pa30M o d p e q e H b i hath Bee H a p oA b i, KaKOBbi 6u hh 6 h a h HCTOpHHeCKHe odCTOHTeAbCTBa, B KOTOpbIX OHH' 0 K a 3 U - BaiOTCfl*1. ■ TaKan cxeM a, ocyxcAeHHaH MapKCOM, ndAHOCTbio pacxo- Ahtch c peaAbHoft >KH3Hbio njieMeHHo-c^eoAaAbHoro, bochho- KoqeBoro CKOTOBOAnecKoro o6mecTBa. B peaAbHoft >kh3hh TbicnqHbie T a 6 y H U h cia A a KoneBHh k o b , HaxoAHBiuHecn b MaCTHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH OTAeJIbHfalX JIHU, HrpaJlH pOAb oc- HOBHOrO cpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa H OCHOBHOrO OpyAHfl 3KC- njiyaiauHH qeAOBexa qejioBeKOM Taw, rAe He 6hao HHKa- KOft (J>€OAajIbHOH COCJIOBHO-MOHOnOAbHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3e\\wuo. B TaKOM o6iuecTBe a 6 c o A K )T H o e 6 o a m iih h c tb o k o - HOBHHKOB 6bUIO HOAHTHHeCKH HenOAHOIipaBHblM H B pa3AHH- hoh cjjopMe h cTeneHH HaxoAHAoeb T a n h a h HHaqe b s k o h o - MHHeCKOH H nOAHTHHeCKOH 33BHCHMOCTH OT 3KCITAyaTaTOp- ckoh BepxyiiJKH o6mecTBa — x p y n H U x - cKOTOBAaAeAbueB. BoraTCTBO b b h a b c ia A h ra6yHOB, naxoAHmeeca b qacT- HOH C06CTBeHHOCTH OTAeAbHbIX ceMeHCTB, 6bIAO MaTepHaJIb* HOft OCHOBOft CHAhl H MOrymeCTBa OTAeAbHUX AHU H AeAbIX couAaAbHbix rp y n n b KoqeBoar c ko to bo ah c cko m o6mecTBe. KaxcAuft npeACTaBHTeAb sKcnAyaraTOpcKOH BepxyuiKH n p e- CAeAOBaA c b o h KAaccoBbie HHTepecbi, h t o 6 h yxpenHTb cB oe BAHHHHe h BAacTb HaA HapoAHoft Maccoft b Tex npeAeAax, Koropbie 6biAH BO3M0>KHbi b AaHHhix ycAOBHHx o6mecTBeH- Horo npOH3BOACTBa. COBOKynHOCTb Bcex C0UHaAbH0-3K0H0- MHqecKHx ycAOBHft KoqeBoro o6m ecTB a co3AaAa onpeAeAeH- Hyio (j)opM y OTHOineHHft h CBH3eH npeacAe Bcero MexcAy npeACTaBHTeAHMH 3KcriAyaTaTopcKoft BepxyuiKH h a x cn A y a - THpyeMOH Maccoft, a TaK>Ke MexcAy pa3HbiMn rpynnaMH rocnoACTByiom ero KAacca, c ueAbio 3amHTbi h npny.MHo- x<eHHH CBoero 6oraTCTBa. « B oco6eH H ocTH 6oraTbie- a io a h HeH36e>KHO 3aHHTepecoBaHhi b noAAepxcaHHH Toro nopHAKa Bemeft, KOTopuft o a h h MoxteT yK p en n xb 3a hhmh o6AaABHHe hx npeHMym ecTBaMH»2. KAaccoBbift xapaK Tep criAoqeHHH b c})opMe noAHTHqecKoft, 3KOHOMHnecKOH h 6uTOBoft CBH3H M ex cA y 6oA ee h M eH ee 1 riepenHCKa K. MapKca h <D. SHrejibca c pyccKHMH no/iHTHHecKHMH AeHTeaaMH. JT., 1951, CTp. 222. 2 C mut AdaM. Hcc^eAOBauHe o npHpOAe h npHMHnax OoraTCTDa wapoAOB, t . II, M., 1935, CTp. 252—253. 93

KpynmjMH CKotOBAaAeAbuaMH tffciA niMpoKO ^tnpoctjpaHEH' cpe^H na3axcKHx kohcbhhkob. 0 6 stom roBopat h Kaaax* cK«e noc^ioBHUbi: «Baft &aer 6aio, .pena BnajiaeT & peKy, a jxaAKoft HMo^Ke HeT HHqero*1; « E cah 6oraTa poAHH MatepH h 6oraTa acenbi, xax tu 6or (KyAafi) MOJKewb CACAaTb MCHfl 6eAHbIM?>2 \\ N /*.\"• B KoneBOM o6mecTBe 3aBHCHMOCTb-6o^bMHHCTBa TpyAO- Boro HapQAa ot He3HaqHTeAbHoro MeHbiiiHHCTBa RpynHeftniHX CKOTOBJiaAejibueB npoHBAHAacb b caMotf pa3AHqHofi <|)opMe • h creneHH. HanpHMep;.cTeneHb 3aBHCHM0CTH naTpHapxaAb- • Horo pa6 a (xyA ) HecKOAbKO OTAHqaAacb ot creneHM 3aBHCH- Mocxri naynepa-KoqeBHHKa (MaAaH), xax 6bi iioctohhho npHKpenJieHHoro k CTaAaM h Ta6 ynaM . CKOTOBAaAeAbua; deneHb 3aBHCHMOCTH MaJiaeB Taione OTAHqaAacb ot noAy- SaBHCHMOCTH KQqeBhlX 6 eAHHK0 B (HCapAbl), KOTOptie 3IIH30- • AHqecKH nojiyqaAH ot KpynHoro GKOTOBAaAeAbua Tax Ha3hi- BaeMyio poAOByio noMomb xax 6 eAHbre poACTBeHHHKH hah • noMoiAb b xaqecTBe kohch xax oAHoayAbuw; ofimecTBeHHoe- noAOHceHHe cbo6oahhx o6iahhphkob .{m a p y a ),o6ecne*ieu'i . Hbix h HenoAb30BaBMHxcfl MaTcpHaAbHOH «noMombio» 6ora» • ;TbIX, OTAHHaAOCb OT 0 6 lUeCTBeHHOrO nOAOHCeHHH 6 eAHHX •pOACTBeHHHKOB H KOHChl. B3aHM00TH0IUeHHH Me)KAy KpynHeHUIHMH H KpynHbIMH cKOTOBAaAeAbuaMH crpoHAHCb Kan 6 u b • HepapxnqecKoft. <J)opMe. KpynHhie cKOTOBAaAeAbUbi HaxOAHAHCb iioa hoahth- • qecKHM h aKOHOMHuecKHM BAHHHHeM KpynHeHUiero HAH ca- . MOTO -BOHHCTBeHHOrO CKOTOBAflAeAbUa, HeCMOTpa Ha TO, ’ qrp Bee ohk C h u m npeAcraBHTCAHMH oahoA couHaAbHofl rpynnu. ‘Taxan conoA^frHeHHocTb AHfcroBaAacb cBoeo6pa- 3HeM opraHH3auHH npoh^boactba, BHyTpeHHHMH counaAb-. HhIMH, nOAHTHHeCKHMH yCAOBHHMH. H 06pa30M HCH3HH KOqe- Boro HaceAeHHH. Ka>KAOMy H3 3TJKX KpynHblX CKOTOBAaAeAbUeB 6 bIA0 IIOHHTHO, qTO OH MOJKeT COXpaHHTb *• CBOe nOAOJKeHHe KaK 9WcnAyaTaTop h basa^a^U 6 oAbuiHx TadyHOB h ctsa h bccth ycnemHyio 6 opb6 y b nepByio oqepeAb npoTHB HenocpeA- CTBeHHO 3KcnAyaTHpyeM0fi hm rpyrrnbi 6 eAHOTt4 h naTpnap- xaABHbix pa6 oB b cBoeM KoqeBOM xo3 *iftcTBe to'AbKo Haxo- •AflCb noA noKpoBHTeAbCTBOM CHAbHefimero. Chaa h Mory- mecTBo CKOTOBAaAeAbua, xax npaBHAO, Shah* npHMo nponopuHOHaAbHbr pa3MepaM ero cTaA h Ta6 yH0B, KOAHqecT* » Baft fiafiFa XV«AU, caft cafiFa k ¥*AU, myKanaKxa AhiMAa jkok. HaFaiuhiM (5aft, KafiHUM (5aft, Hapun jKapjiu KMAacwHKVAaftbiM-aft? 94

By 6 oecn oco6 H B zx qaeHOB ceM tH , qH C A y pa6oB, M a ^ a ea h KOHChJ, HaXOAHIUHXCB B 3<1BHCHM0CTH OT H ero, M e/ IK H e COOCTBeHHHKH HAH pHAOBHe KOqeBHHKH, He pOAyqHBWHe OT KpynHbix cKOTOBJiaAeJibiteB M aTepnaAbHOH noMomw, nan npeAdaBHTejiH AaHHoro poAa h ah nJieMeHH, HaxoAHAHCb B IIOJIHTHHeCKOH 3aBHCHM0CTH OT HHX. OAHaKo Bce^ 3TO. nejib3H noHHMaTh ynpomeHHO BpOAe Toro, qT.o HKo6hi BciOAy h Be3Ae b KaqecTBe BepxoBHoro BoeHHoro bojkah y KoqeBHHKOB Bhi6HpaJiCH caMufi 6oraTHA cKOTOBJiaAejien H3 m icjia npeACTaBHTeAeH naTpnapxaAbHo- $eoAaJibHofi BepxyuiKH o6mecTBa. HeMaAOBaxcHofe 3HaqeHHe r a h ycHJieHHH aBTopHTeTa Kpynnoro cKOTOgAaAeAbua, h ero aKOHOMHqecKoro bahhhhh na Maccy KoqeBHHKOB hmcjih nepHOAnqecKH ycxpaHBaeMbie nHpinecTBa h cncTeMa rocTenptfHMCTBa. „• rinpuiecTBa ycTpa.BBBJiH b b h ag iiomhhok yMepuiHM — ac,— cBaAedHux h hhbix# TopxcecTB — toh •— h lueAptix yromeHHft — KOHaK-acbr. riHpmecTBa h yromeHHH o<ieHb b h - COKO UeHHAHCb IMaCCOH nO^TH BeqHO rOAOAHbIX KOqeBHH- kob1, KOTOpbie iimpOKo pacnpocxpaHHAH caaBy o TaKOM meapoM 6ae, 6ne, 6aTupe h cyaTane AaaeKO 3a npeAeaaMH AaHHoro poAa h naeMeHH. KaxcAtifi roaoAHbift KoqeBHHK, KOTopbift BpeMfi 6t BpeMeHH y ro m a a c a AoctiTa KpyrmuM CKOTOBaaAea^.u,eM, He mof He cqHxaTb c e 6 h cBoeo6pa3HUM ero AoaxcHHKOM. Mto a fo hmchko 6biJio xan, roBopHT Ka3ax- cKaa nocaoBHu.a: « O aho cuToe yron^em ie aah CeA&HKa—- HanoaoBHHy o6orameHHe»2. jjp y r a a Ka3axcKaa nocaoBHixa roBopHT o to m , qTO TpyAOBaa Macca KoqeBHHKOB noqTH Bceraa HaxoAnaacb b noayroaoAHOM coctohhhh:* « E c a h t h . KajKAuft AeHb 6yAeiub clithh, to pa30pHiHbc«, a ecAH b Heaeaio oahh pa3 He HaeuibCH, to yM peuib»3. . TaKOH HH3KHH }KH3HeHHblfi ypOBeHb MaCCbl MeaKHX KOqe- Btix h noayKoqeBbix Ka3axcKHx ckotoboaob X I X Bena onwcaH 3KcneA«UHeH O . UlepdHHbi, «CaMhift $aKT HeAoeAaHHH, cymecTBOBaHHH BnporoaoAB b cpeae GeAHbix Ka3axoB, HMeiomax oqeab Maao cKoia, Tan L«Ha 'npa3AHHKax (acax) BcerAa mojkho BCTperHTb HecKOAbKO yAaamofl, xBacTaiomHX nepeA coCpaHHeM h Bcex yAHB/iHidmHx cBoeio npoKopaHBocTbio, ho ropa3AO -.6oaee tshhx nporoAOAaBUiHxca cxyrmoB, KOTOptae BTHXOMOJlKy npHHHB HCHMOBCpHOG KOAHqeCTBO MHCHOfi naaTBTca noxoM 3a sto 3AopoBbeM», (KpacoBCKHfi M. 06/iacTb ch6hp- CKHX KHprH30B, Ht I. Cjt<5., 1868, CTp. 399), 2 )K.ap;ibiHbiH 6ip ToftFaHbi uia^a 6afiMFaHbZ. 3 KyHAe Toftcau dyjiepciii, anTaAa 6ip TofiM acan eAepcin. '95 .

me He no/yie>KHT coMHeHHio. Flo paccKa3aM, oqeHb MHorne Ka3axH npOAOBOJibCTByioTCH MHCHbiMH npoAyKTaMH 6oJiee hjih Menee yAopjieTBopHTeJibHo TOJibxo b nepBbie Mecaubi 3H- Mbi, a aaTeM, no Mepe Toro, KaK HCTomaeTCH 3aroT0BJieHHoe BnpOK mhco, MHCH3H nopunn Bee yMeHbuiaeTCfl H yMeHb- uiaeTCH, 6eAHoe HaceJieHHe k BecHe TaK>Ke TomaeT h xyAeeT, K3K.K33axCKHH CKOT, H 6bIBaiOT, 6yATO 6u, CJiyqaH, KOI\\aa 6eAHHKH, HTo6bi ocjiadHTb ^eHCTBHe rojioaa, Tyro 3aTarH- BaioTca noHcaMH. Boo6me tfjiaroAapn TOMy o6eroHTejibCTBy, hto o^ny liacTb ro w Hacexemie npoAOBOJibCTByercn >kha- KHMH MOJIOHHblMH npOAyXTaMH, ApyryiO — TBepAHMH MHC­ HbiMH, C OHHOH CTOpOHbl, H MaJIOft nopuH^ft paCTHTeJIbHOH nniun, c Apyroft,— Ka3ax 6hiBaeT t o xpaHHe He ywepeH b riHiue h 6yKBajibHO-TaKH o6T>eAaeTcn, t o He AoeAaer h >k h - BeT BnporoJiOAb. B 3TOM oTHoineHHH nHiueBaa HopMa MeHHeTca no BpeMenaM roAa h npn pa3JiHHHbix o6cTOHTe/ib- CTBax Aa>xe y Ka3axoB cpeAHero* c o c to h h h h h 3a>KHTOHHbix. C 9HCT0 3KOHOMHHeCKOH TOHKH 3pGHHH Ka3aX Be^eT CBOe HeCJIO>KHOe npHMHTHBHOe X03HHCTBO TOJibKO 33TCM, HTOdbl ecTb. / Ip y rn e noTpedHocTH — noTpetfHocTH b wmimnax h o6cTaHOBKe, b paGoqeM HHBeHTape, noTpetfHOCTH AyxoBHO- ro h HpaBCTBeHHoro xapaxTepa, cJia6o pa3BHTbi h oneHb CKpOMHo yAOBjieTBopniOTCH, HapHAy c ' npeBajiHpyiomeio noTpe6HocTbio b nHiue*1. BoeHHO-noxoAHUH o6pa3 >k h 3h h , noABepraBiiiHH xoneB- HHKa 6ecK0HeqHbiM npHKJiioqeHHHM, JiHiueHHHM ot rojioAa, xojio^a h 3Hoh 3acTaBjnui ero Bcei\\na noMHHTb Ao6po qe/io- Bexa, KOTopbift HaKopMHJi ero npn rojiOAe, corpeji upH xojioAe h HanoHJi npn xca^Kne.. OKa3biBaTb yBa>xe- HHe, noqeT h noMomb qe;iOBexy, KOTophiH Aaji riHmy, chh- Tajiocb b KoqeBOM o6mecTBe caMbiM b u c o k h m a o c t o h h - CTBOM. Taxofi cnoco6 npHBjieqeHHH Jnojxeu noA CBoe BJiHHHHe nyTeM napuiecTB h rocienpHHMCTBa cymecTBOBaji noqTH y Bcex HapoAOB, cto hbuihx Ha nepexoAHOH, noJiycJieoAajib- Hogf (naTpHapxajibHo-(J>eoAaAbHOH) CTaAHH pa3BHTHH, a He TOAbxo y Ka3axoB b XV—X V I I I bb. MeTOA co3A3Hhh onopw ce6e b Maccax HapoAa nyTeM 6oraioro yromeHHH y xa3axoB 6bin BecbMa AexcTBeHHhiM. HeM o6iuibuee h 6oraqe 6biJio yromeHHe, qeM 6 oji^ lu hm 6 h ji 6ecnpepbiBHbift MaTepHajiw no KHprwscKOMy 3eMjieno^i>30BaHHio, cotfpaHHbie pa3paCoTaHHbie axcne.nHu.HeH no uccJie.aoBaiiHio crenubix o 6 jia c T e fi, t . I. BopoHe*, 1898, CTp. 155— 156, 96

ndfOK rocTen, Teta 6oAbtne yfeeAHHUBaAbck kbAHHecfeo AlOAeH, KOTOpbie CT3H0BHAHCb npHBep>K6HnaMn h opy>K e- HocuaMH b Copb6 e AaHHoro cKOTOBAaAeAbua c ApyrH M H . Ka>KAbifi, k t o n o6 b iB a ji y 6 o ra n a na TaKKx npneM ax, a KaKOH-TO c re n eim HyocTBOBaji ce6 h o 6 n3aiiHbiM ewy. E cah n o e tic T a K o ro xAe6a-coAH k t o -a h 6o coB epm aji b OTHomeHHH xo3H H H a HebAaroBH AH ue nocTyriKH, to Ha r a k o ­ to He^OBena c o B ceft chjioh o b p y u iH B a jio c b obm ecTBeHHOe MiieHHc. K a 3 a x c K a a trocAOBHua r o B o p w r : « E cah O TA aiiib cbok) nwm y ^py3bH M , to Apysbfl n oA a cK a ioT tboio rojroB y, ecjiH OTiiamb cb o io nwmy cob axaM , to o h h pacTep3aiOT t b o io rojioB y^1. 3 r a nocAOBHua cAy>KHAa HacTOHiunM H paB oyn e- HneM, 3am H m aBiuH M HHTepecbi K p y n H b ix CKOTOBAaAeAbueB. T a x o fi c n o c o 6 ycHJieHHH CBoero b a h h h h h Ha M accy K oneB- Ka3ax-HHKOB B CBOe Bp€MH yMeJlO HCri0Ab30BaA Xa>KAHft ckhh 'KpynHbiH CKOTOBJiaAeJieu. Ka3aXCKHe cfyjITaHbl H 6hH, OTAHHaBHIHCCH TOHKOCTblO cBoeA f io a h t h k h , 6oraTUM ro c re n p h h m c t b o m , nepeAKo c k a o - H5UIH Ha CBOK) CTOpOHy Aa>Ke CBOHX HptJX npOTHBHHKOB. LUeApoe yrou;eH H e — « chhjpjk» — b h x pyxax rrpeBpa- majiocb b CBoeo6pa3Hoe opyAHe B03AeftcTBHH. B HapOAe roBopHAH: « T o r o , kto yAapHT Te6a KaMHeM, Tbi yAapb e r o - nHiuew»2. C m h c a h counaAbHoe 3 H au eH «e noAobHhix y r o - tu,eHHH em,e a c n e e pacKpuBaer A p y r a a Ka3a'xcKaH iio c ao b h - ua, jcoTopan rA a cH T :'«C o 6 a x a , KOTopyio yAapHT. jKHpHofl KocTbio, HHKorAa He iihiuh t^3. B flaHHOM cAynae nOA c a o - bom « c o 6 a K a » 6oraHH noApa3yM eBajiH npocTOH H apoA, KOTopbiH o h h noA^HHHAH CBoewy b a h h h h io nyTeM y r o m e - hhh, xopM eacK otf. 9 to 6biAa • CBoeo6pa3Han TaxTHKa naTpHapxajibHo-(j)eoAa;ibHOH BepxyuiKH, HanpaBAeHHan Ha obMaH, h ah noAjcyn npoTHBHHKa. B napoAe roBopHAH T a n : «KorAa npHAyT b tboio ropTy, t o He Bbicxa3«BaH CBoefi o6h a h , xoth 6bi OHa 6biAa BeAHHHHOio c io p T y »4. . riHpmeCTBaMH H roCTenpHHMCTBOM IHHpOKO n0Ab30BH- AHCb Ka3axcKH e cyATaHbi h 6h h . HanpHM^p, b 20-x ro A a x X D C B exa o cyATaHe ApbiHra3bi A 6 y A r a 3 H30Be b HH30BbHX peKH Cbip-JXapbK coo6maAocb, h t o b «opAe ate k o t a u e ro e rocTenpHHMuoio nHmeio OTBepcrn KaJicAOMy. O h m eAP 1 AocKa bepceit aqwHAu Aociap cyftep 6actnuu, HTKe Cepcen acbiKAW Hrrep TapTap 6acuKAU. i 2 TacneH ypraHAW acnen yp. 3 CyfieKneH ypraH ht KbWCbiJiaMaftAbi. 4 Ynme KejireHAe vfiAefi QKnenai afima. 7 C. E. TaibiGaca 97

(M h rp3a), q r o 6 b i n o x a s a ib n p e a p e n n e k cicynocTH (cap aH ), no xapaK Tepn cTH K e Ka3axoB, o t n o c A e A «e ro ao caMoro x a n a » 1. T an n o c T y n a jin B ee K a 3 a x c K H e xaHbi h cy ju a H H . B 1865 roAy H . 3aBaJiHuiHH nncaji: «BorarhiH xa3ax B cerA a o K p y> K eH npn c*be3Aax H e TOJibKO CojibiuHM noneTOM, ho h K jiH eH T aM H , Kax BOAHJiocb b ApeBHeM MHpe h AOceAe BOAHTCH y TaKHX 6H6jieHCKHX HapOAOB. T oA n a BCaAHHKOB oK p yjK a eT e r o , h KajKAbifi: H3 * caMOAioOHH cqeA 6hi a a & ce6 a yHH>KeHHeM, OTnpaBAHHCb H3 a y j i a , He HMeTb iipn ce6e IieCKOJIbKHX KOHHbIX. 3 t HM T lU eC A a B H eM nOAb3yH)TCH, pa3y- MeeTCH, 6eAH H KH , CTapancb n o n a c T b b hhcao conpoBOiK- A aiom H X 6 o r a n a , KOTopbiH h k o p m h t h x Ha CBOft cneT. B n p o q eM , b Ka3axcKOM 6 b iT y rocTenpH H M CTBO — nepBeH- cTB yiom aH A o 6 p o A e T e jib ... y t fo r a q e ft ecTb ocerA a HaroTOBe Tanne k h 6 h t k h h npw h h x o c o 6 a « n p w c jiy ra . H HorAa 6bmaer T ax , h to r o c T b , npnexaBiiJHfi . h o ^ b io , HanHBiiiHCb h naeB- inHcb, y e 3 > K a e r Ha p a c c B e ie He n oB H A a B u in cb c x o 3HHHo m » 2. riepe>KHTKH 3Toro cTaporo MeTOAa yKpenAenHfl cBoero SKOHOMHHeCKOrO h noAHTHqecKoro bjihjihhji Ha Maccy nace- jieHHH nyTeM rocTenpHHMCTBa — KopMe>KKH — npoAOAXtaAH cymecTBOBaTb b pa3AHHHOH cj)opMe b pa3AHqHbix qacTHX AopeBOAiouHOHHoro Ka3axcTana. HanpHMep, b 1906 roAY M. HopMaHOB o Ka3axax IlaBAOAapcKoro ye3Aa nncaA: «Ka3axH m erojunoT Apyr nepeA ApyroM cbohm rocTenptf- h m c tb o m . Ka3axH,* npHHHMaK)in,He Bcex, cnHTaiOTCH Mbip3a- m h (6 A a r o A e T e A b H b iM H )»3. B H aqaJ ie X X oexa cpeAH k o h g b h h k o b K a 3aAHHcKoro ye3 A a Cbip-/JapbHHCKOH o 6a 3c t h b ruieM eH H LU oM eK en >khji neBeu K o p r a n S a ft H3 pOAa AK-BaAXH. O rocTenpHHMHOM 6 a e T o ro ace p o A a Knp6ace o h ro B o p H A : «H e n c q e p n a e M O ooraTCTBO y K n p 6 a ca , nax 6 o A b m o e 03epo, Hain HapoA yrom aeTCH y H e ro , x a x CTaAa h T a 6 y H b i Ha BOAonoe*. OcHOBHbie a y A u KpyriHhix 6 a e B C biB in ero Ka3aAHHCKoro; H ep o B C K o ro h H p rH 3 C K oro ye3AO B n o n ™ Ha o ecb AeTHHft ce30H, b T e q e im e He Menee T p e x M ecn u eB , ocTaBaAHCb Ha OAHOM M e c T e . Ka>KAbiH H3 HHX HMeJi npH c e 6 e 6 oA b in oe KOAHqecTBo .Ta6yH H bix AomaAefi, n e 6 o A b iiio e CTaAO oT 6 op - 1 Maicpna^u no hctophh Ka3axcKon C C P (1785—1828 rr.), t. IV. M.—JL. 1940, c t P . 378. a 3aeaAuiuuH H . OnHcaHHe 3anaAHOH C h6hph, t . III. CuonpcKO' KnprH3CKan crenb. M., 1867, cip, 119— 120. 3 yopMQHoe M . 3aMeTKa o KHprnaax F la B JiO A a p c K o r o ye3Aa.— 3anHCKH 3an.-CH<5. ota- HPTO, kh. X X X II. O mck, 1906, ctp. 25. 98

Hbix aniH T h AByxjieTHHx 6apaH0B b KOAHqecTBe 50— 60 ro - aob a ah noBceAHCBHoro yromeHHH MHoroqucjieHHbix cbohx rocTew. JX j ih o co 6 o noqeTHbix rocxeft pe3aJin KHpuoro xcepe- 6eHKa. y K a 3 a xo B jiymiiHM AeAHKaTecoM cqHTaAacb x<cpe- 6hthh3. y x a iK A o r o T a xoro 6aa Ha A>KafiAay 6 uao lie Meiiee Tp ex k>p t . B o a h o h >KHJia ceMba 6 a h , B Top aa 6 w ia npeAHa3Ha- HCHa cn e u n a jib H o a a h npnewa ro c re H . 3 th lo p ra OTJinqa- jrncb O ojib u ioii Ky6aTypoA (noAe3Ha5i riAomaAb cocTaBJiJiJia OKO.no 30 k b . MeTpoB), noKpbiBajiHCb coBepmeHHo tfeAWMH KOIUMBMH, BHyTpH H CHapy)KH yKpailiaAHCb KOBpaMH H ULIH- pOKHMH KOBpOBbIMH T6CM0MH, a CaM OCTOB K>pTbI 6bIA CAeJiaH MaccHBHO h pacKpameH m a ca ji h bi m h KpacnaMH c h h c - ro, OopAOBoro h 6ejioro uBeia. A TpeTbH 6biAa oObiKHOBeH- Haa npocTan iopTa, KOTopaa HcnoAb30BaAacb Kan k y x h h . XopOUIO 3HaBIUHH X035IHCTBO H 6bIT 3THX Ka3aX0B A . H./toCpocM bicjiOB iiHcaA: « K h 6 h t k 3 cocTaBAweT BaxcHyio qacTb ABH>KHMoro HMytuecTBa K a3axa. y OoraTbix aioaoh hx OwBaer HecKOJibKo (2— 6 ) ; ho ohh oxoTHee pacxoAyioTCH Ha yK pam eiiH e oahoh kh6htkh, qeM Ha CHapm'eHHe m h o t h x . 3HaTHbiH K a3 ax m eroAaeT CBoen k h 6 h tk o h , ycTpaHean ee CO BCeB03MO>KHOfi pOCKOUIbK) H3 AOpOTOTO BOHAOKa, C pa3- HblMH BHyTpeHHHMH yKpaUieHHHMH, COCTOHIAHMH H3 UeHUbIX KOBpOB H UICAKOBblX HCKyCHO CWHTbIX H BbHHHTbLX 3aHaBe- ceft, KOTopbiMH oh b npa3AHHHHHe a h h yKpamaeT BiiyTpeH- HOCTb CBOerO JKHAHlUa*1. HHoe noAo>KeHHe 6hao b topre 6eAH«Ka. «C peA« oqenb 6eAHux Ka3axoB 6wBaioT cAyqan, qTO OAHy KH6i!TKy pa3- AeAaeT HecKOAbKO ce.MeficTB; npH o6 h ah h AeTefi y Ka3a- xob 3to co 3 A a e T HeBoo6pa3HMyio TecHOTy, oco6chho 3H- moio; AeTOM 6oAbWHHCTBo npeAnoqHTaeT cnarb Ha OTKpbITOM B 03Ayxe, H HOqblO BOKpyr KH6HTKH M03KHO BH- AeTb CBepTKH pa3AHqH0ft BeAHqHHbl H3 BOfiAOKa H KOBpOB, KOTophie npH 6AHJKafimeM paccMOTpeHHH BbiAaiOT cboio HCTHHHyio H aTypy^2. . Ka3axcKHe 6 a « Konua X IX h n a q a jia X X BeKOB bo m h o - tom COXpaHHAH TpaAHUHH IIOAy(})eOAaAbHbIX CKOTOBA3- AeAbueB X V I I I Bexa, o KOTopbix nncaAH eme fla A A a c h 1 JJoOpocMbic/ioe A. M. C k o t o b o a c t b o b Typraficnofi o6.riacTH. 0peH6Ypr, 1895, CTp. 336-337. Xopt/rq P. CpeAH KHpm^oB h TypKMeiioB Ha MaHruimiaKe. Cn6., 1910, ctP. 110— 111, 99