cejiHneb no 3toh TeppHTopnH, ohh BbiTecHH^iH Apyrwx KOqeB- HHKOB KaJBMblKOB, _6 aiIIKHp H Aa>Ke CBOHX COIIJieMeHHHKOB. *H. A. ApHCTOB 0 Mecrax 06HTaHHH K33aXCKHX >Ky30B B Haqa;ie X V III Bexa nncaji: «BbiTecHeHHwe xaiiMbixaMH H3 BOCToqnbix cbohx 3eMeAb K33aqbH njieMeHa KoqeBaJiH b sto BpeMH 3a Ba^xameM b 6acceHHax HrnuMa, Hypu |i-Capw- Cy, OTKyAa KHirqaxcxHe opAbi no.Heo6 xoAHMOCTH noAaJiHCb k ApajibCKOMy h KacnwiicKOMy MOpHM, a raiOKe Ha ceoepo- 3anaA^ noABHran - 3Aecb ajiqHHOB h <5auixHpoB AaAee Ha 3anaA. OTTecHeHHbie TaxuM o6pa30M tc pyccKHM rpammaif •* Ha HiiiHMe, T o 6 o jie h ypajie.H saHHMaq qacTbio 3cmah pyc- cKO-noAiiaHHHx 6 auiKHpoB h HoraeB, M ajiaa h CpeAHHfl opAbi BWHy>KAeHbi 6mah b TpHAuarax roAax XVIII Bexa npHHHTb pyCCKOe nOAAaHCTBO, 0>KHAaH HaHTH ,3amHTy OT AaAbHeftlllHX HanaA€HHH KaAMbIKOB»l. «B XVII Bexe nocpeAH a3naTcxHx xoqeBbix HapOAOB B03o6^aAa^H AJKyHrapw, BbrrepHHBinHe coiweMeHHhK c hhmh ToproyTOB H3 ApeBHero oftpaTcxoro xoqeBbH. Toproy- Tbi yniAH k pp. ToGoJiy h flnxy, noAHHHHJiH ce(5e TaM ocTa*r~ kh HorancKHx rr^feMeH h HaqaAH BpaaxAOB2Tt> c xaaaiixuMH opAaMH... A b n o jio BHHe XVIII BeKa..,BcJieA 3a oTxo.qesxoft ToproyTOB Ha HH30BbH BoJirn,— K daWKHpCKOMy KOqeBbK) u k C h6hph npH6jiH3H.aHCb xa3axn»2*.3 riocjie yHHqTOH<eHHH AxcyHrapoB MaHbq>xypcxo-KHTaH- CKHMH B0HCK3MH B 1758 T. Ka3aXH riOAOUUIH K JieBOMy 6 e- pery HpTbima h Ha BOCTOxe aoiujih ao 03epa 3aftcaH8. «Ka3ax, no-KHTaficKH xacax, ecTb 6 ojibiuoe BJiaAeHwe, Jie- ^ 1 Apucroe H . A . 3aMCTKH o6 STHHqecKOM cocTaBe rypeuKHx njie- MeH H HapOAHOCTefi H CBe^eHHH 06 HX HHCACHHOCTH.-^) K u b b h CTapHHa, Bbin. I ll H IV . C n 6 ., 1896, CTp. 319. 2 3anncKH 3 an . C h6. or a. H P rO , kh. I I I . O mck, 1881, CTp. 2—3. 3 cTIoKopeHHaJi Jl>KyHrapHH tiwia pa3AWena Ha qerbipe nacTH, npe- BpameHHbie b KHTaticKke iipobhhuhh; ho tan KaK KaflMbiKH npoH3BejiH HOBOe BOCCTaHHe, TO TpH KHTafiCKIie apMHH nOJiyHHJlH OT neKHHCKOrO ABopa npHKa3aiiHe npofiTH bcjo BoccTaBiuyio crpany ornew h MeqoM. 3 to npHKa3aHHe 6bi;io wcnonHeHo CyxBa.ibHO b. 175B roAy. Bo;iee MHjuiHona KaJiMWKOB pa3Horo no/ia h B03pacra 6hao yOHTo MaHbqjKypo-KHTaftcKH- ' mh coAnaTaMH h bch CTpawa onycTomeHa b KOHeu. CnaaiiHeca xa/iMbm- KHe ceMefictBa Cexajw jih(5o b CHfiHpb, tag 6o/ibuieio qacTbio nepeKpec- THJlHCb H n0Ce.7HJIHCb B OiMHIia/iaTHHCKe, JIH6o K CBOHM C06paTbflM— BoaJKCKHM KajiMbiKaM. noaae Hcrpe6^eHHH OojibiueA qacrn kh^mukob, 3eMJiH, 3aHHNfae.Mbie hmh ao chx nop,, onycTejiw; Kaaaxn, )KHBuiHe npe*Ae To^bKo Ha qacTH HbiHeuiHeft CBoeft TeppuTopHH, c ao3Boachhh KHTaftcKOro npaBHTC^bCTBa pHny.iHCb Ha boctok h sansiAH Bee CTenw ot ypana ao MepHoro HpTbima h 03epa A^a-Ky^in^. (TeHHHc A. H . KiiprH3CKHe onepKH. — BoeHHbifi c6o})hhk, 1866, J\\9 5, CTp, 324). 200
>Kainee ot H jih k ceBepo-3anaziy. 3 to ecTb a P^bhah ZlaBaHb (KaHnoft). B 21-e Jieio npaBJieHHH U hhb-jiyh (1756 r.)» Kor^a KHTaHCKHe bohck3 BCTynmiH b 3eMJiH Ka3aqbH, xaH hx, A 6^aft, Bbiiueji HaBCTpeqy wm h BCTynnji b noxmaHCTBo KHTaHCKoe, noHeMy h noJiyqHJi ot rocyAapn rpaMOTy Ha KHH>KeCKOe AOCTOHHCTBO»1. flo 80-x toaob X V III b. Ka3 axH Aa>Ke He aoxoahjih ao SeperoB p. yp aji. BnepBwe b 1785 r. xaH MjiaAwero >Ky3 a Hypa’JiH nojiyqHJi ' nncbMenHoe pa3pemeHHe (oTKpbiTbift ahct) ot epeH6 yprcKoro ry6 epHaTopa O. A. HreAbCTpoMa Ha 3HMo&Ky Ha jieBOM 6 cpery Ypajia npoTHB KaAMbiKOB- ckoh KpenocTH2. B oKTBdpe 1786 r. HrejibCTpOM BbiAaji pa3- pemeHHe (oTKpbiTbiH jihct) 17 CTapuiHHaM c noabjiacthbim HM HapOAOM B KOAHHCCTBe OKOJIO 45 THCHq X03H&CTB pac- nojioxcHTbCH b 3HMHee- BpeMH KoqeBbeM Ha BHyTpeHHen crropoHe b cjiyqae HaAo6 HocTH b KopMax3 CpeAHHH >Ky3 npHHHA nOAAaHCTBO PoCCHH B OCHOBHOM b 1782 roAy, KorAa 6 hji yTBep>KAeH xaHOM stoto 5Ky3a Bajiu, cpiH A&raH-xaHa. B 1798 roAy AftTxojRe KoqHHy 6 bi- Jio pa3peineHo pyccKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM xoqeBaTb MencAy CeMHnajiHTHHCKOM h Omckom Ha npaBOM 5epery HpTbima c 15 TbIC. CeMeHCTB B CBH3H C npHTeCHeHH€M HX BajiH-xaHOM. 3 th nepeceJieHUbi Ka3a^H Ha3biBajiHCb «ciaHHqHbiMH Kwp- rH33MH». EAHHCTBeHHan noBHHHOCTb 3aK,nioqaAacb B-ynjiaTe HaTypoii 1% co ckotb4. IlpHMepHO TaKHte b 1801 roAy 6 hjio pa3penjeHO cyjrraHy Byneio HypajiHxaHOBy c 5 th c . xo- 3HHCTB3MH nepefiTH 3a ypaA Ha 3eMAH, noKHHyTbie b 1771 r. 6 e>KaBHIHMH H3 pOCCHHCKOH HMITepKH KaJIMhIKaMH. ri03T0My coBepweHHo HeBepno yTBepxcAeHHe M . FI. BflTKHHa o 6 ot- T^cHeHHH b 40-x roAax X V III b. Ka3 axoB b « 6 eamoAHbie nycTUHH». HaotfopoT, TOJibKO b stot nepnoA dAaroAapn npHHHTHIO pOCCHHCKOrO nOAASHCTBa Ka3aXH qaCTHHHO Bbl- ujah H3 cnAoiuHoft nycTbiHH h 3an*uiH Tanne MecTa, rAe ! OnHcaHHe MrcyHbrapHH w Boctomhoi-o TypKecraHa b apeBHeM h HbiHeuiHeM coctohHhh. FlepeBeAeHo c KirraHCKoro MOHaxoM HaKHH(J>oM, Cn<5., 1829, crp. 144. 2 MaTepna/ibi no hctodhh Ka3axcK0H C C P (1785-1828 rr.), t . IV . M.—-JI.f 1940, cTp. 68, 3 TaM >ne, crp. 84, 4 «yKa30M ot 30 ceiiTHgpa 1797 r. Ka3axaM pa3peiueHo cenHTbcn BHyTpn HMnepHH. BoJibuie 15 Tbic. kh6htok TOTHac me nepenuio na npa- syio cTopoHy HpTbiina*. (TepeHTbeB M . A. H ctophh 33B0CBaHHH CpeA- Hefi A3hh, c KapTaMH h n.iaHaMH, t . I. Cn6., 1906, crp. 84— 85). 201
! * ■• . * , * * • mojkho 6hjio b AaJibHefliueM ocecTb, 3aHflTB$a ofcHOKome* hh6m h 3eM^eAeJineM (cm. cxeMaTH^ecKyio Kapfy.H3MeHeHHft TeppHtOpHH KOMeBHH Ka3aXOB B X V — X IX BeKax)* OTCTaJlOCTb H Ma^OnpOAyKTHBHOCTb Koqeaoro XQ3HScT- Ba, 6eACTBeHHoe rioJio>KeHHe TpyAHmHxcH Ka3axcKHx mieMeH 6fai;iH BB^eHHflMH .xpOHHqeCKHMH; OHH 6hIAH HOCTOflHHblMH - cnyTHHKaMH o6mecTBeHHo-3KOHOMHqecKofi » h3HH KaB^x- - ckhx KoqeBHHKOB. K a3axH CTpaAajiH ot TaKHX HBJieHHft eme Torxa, Koraa ohh coBepmeHHo He conpHKacaJincb c^pyccKH- mh h KoqeBa^H . Ha Heo6'bHTHbix nycTbnmbix,. •nojiyny- CTBIHHbIX H CyxOCTeilHblX npOCTOpaX B UeHTpa^bHOft qaCTH coBpeMenHpfl TeppHTopHH Ka3axcTaHa. B stot nepnoA Tpy- AamnecH Ka3axH CTpa^a^H He CTOjibKo ot 3eMejibHWx orpa- HwqeHHft, cKOJibKo ot OTcyTCTBHH ,ycAOBHft, co3AaiomHx HexoTopoe orpaHHqeHHe b hx 3eMJienoAb30BaHHH h bo3Moho hbix TOAbKo n p n oceAAoii XCH3HH. H3BecTHoe orpaHHqeHHe b 3eMJienojib30BaHHH b oTAejibHbix pafionax b cbh3h c noaBJieHHeM 3eM«neAeJiHH c Haqa^a npHcoeAHHeHHH K33ax- ckhx xcy3pB k , P occhh 6u jio y#:e uiaroM BnepeA, iioaojkhb- uihm Haqajio nocTeneHHOMy-H3MeHeHHio xo3nftcTBa rf o6pa3a XCH3HH KoqeBHHKOB. : r‘ ‘ . ‘ FIoHBAeHHe o6mefi rpaHHAbi MejKAy pyccKHM rocyAapci- BOMH K33aXCKHMH HCy3aMH, yCTaHOBJieHHe TeCHOH nOAHTH- qeCKofl HSKOHOMHqeCKOft CBH3H MeJKAy HHMH, A06pOBOAbHOe npHcoeAHHeHHe k P occhh CHaqaJia MjiaAiuero xcyaa, 3aTeM noHBJieHHe noJiyKoqesoro h oceAAoro o6pa3a >kh3hh, b nep- * Byio oqepeAb cpeAH KS3axcKHx poaob, KoqeBaBuiHx tb(5ah3h pyccKHX yKpen^eHHhix nyHKTOB, hqbhmh h nporpec- CHBHHMH HBJieHHHMH B JKH3HH BOH«CTByiOmHX KpqeBHHKOB. HeAb3H dorAacHTbCH C yTBepjKAeHHeM M. It. BflTKHHa o tom, qio b Haqa^e 9G-x roAOB XVTII b» HHiiieTa xa3axcKHx Macc B03pocJia oco6eHHO b6ah3h k iiorpaHHqHOH ahhhh, hto 3T3 HHHjeTa npOHBHJiaCb B M3CCOBOM..33HHTHH Ka3aXOB phi6ojioBCTBOM no HHHCHeMy TeqeHHio ypajia1. Flo mhchhio A U 1. BHTKHHa, (SeACTBHf B }RH3HH KOqeBHHKOB Ka3aXOB , Bbi3MBaAHCb He ycjioBHHMfc HeycTofiqHBoro KoqeBoro ckoto- BOAqecKoro xosnftcTBa a rpa6HTeJibCKHMH Bo&HawH, a ycyio- BH5TMH, CBH3aHHbTMH TOJIbKO C npHCOeAHHeHHeM Ka3aXCKtiX n^eMeH MjiaAiuero xcy3a k Pocchh, 'pe3yjibTamc kojiP- tHHajibHOH SKcnAyaTauHH. B AeficTBHTejibHOCTH KaSaxcKHe 1 B htkuh M , (7. OucpKR no HcropHH Ka3axcKoft CCP, t. I. JI 1941. d p . 205. 1 ^ . - . ^ -■ 202 \" .
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mwio&HHbi X IX BeKa jkhah Tax ace, KaK b XWrXVIH Benax >kh.'i Becb Ka3axcKHfi HapoA. BaaHMooTHomemia j>a3AHqHhix K33HXCKHX pOAOB HpeACTaBAHAH C060I0 AeTOtfHCb Kp0B3B0H Me>KnjieMeHHOH BpajKAH h HenpeKpaiuarouieftcH' '.dapuMTU. Hx rpaCnjiH h BpaxgiedHbie coceAHHe Hapo^u, CyjiTaH ApyHra3bi coodmaeT, hto «ua ypoqHiue Majihie Bapcyior 6 jih3 p. Cup-JHlapbH, <J)eBpaAH b 25 AeHb 1820 r. MyxaMMeA- PaXHM X3H, BHe3anH0 HBHBUlHCb C CHAOH, COCTOHlAefi ripH- 6jiH3HTevibHo H3 10 000 qeAOBeK, b KaqecTBe ee fryKQBOAHTe- Jin h jinn no/uiep>KKH JKaKam cyATaHa •Uinp-fasbi • • .coBepWHJi na6 er Ha decneuHO JKHBymHH noABAacTH&ft MHe/ HapoA h na MeHH h, pajrpadHB MHoro ' CKOTa, cxapSa h HMymecTBa, nepeOHA MHoro AioAefi, a “ Oojimuhhctbo >KeH- iuhh h A6bhu yrnaji b iuieH»2. v-; _• •> .' B AOKJiaflHOH 3anHCKe OpeHdyprcKOMy BoeHHOMy ry6 ep- HaTopy b 1821 r., CKa3ano:«CyATaH MatteHdifi* npeABOAK- . TejibCTBya 10 0 0 -jo xhbhhucb, hto oh a Oxoaha Aax<e ao npa- Boro Oepera Chip a... h rpadHJi^cex ^KaaaxoB, MyMeKeauBB, apr^HueB h AiopTbKapHHueB, KoqeBaBiiiHx MeMny KysanoM h CupoM h 0 6 'bHBHBiHHx cedfl npeAaHHbiMH ApyHra3HA 6 yji- ra3HeBy»4. B tom nee 1821 roay 3 a$HKCHpOBaHOt qTO «rpa- dHTeJiH Boopy>KeHHUMH ckonniuaMH pacceHBaioTCfl b yayeax h Tep3aioT B3aHMHO Apyr Apyra... b A^KarajidafijiHHCKoM ‘ poAe 0AHHM%pa3OM oTornano 1500 AouiaAefi B3aMeH paBHo- ro noxHmeHHH, npeA TeM yqHHeHHoro chm poaom»®* B 1825 r. coodmaeTCH, qTQ_«q>a3rpadAeHHe b cTeitH Ka3axoB, ot ah- HHH KO«iyiOIA;HX, 6hIAO npOH3BeAeHO TOAbKO K33axCKHMH poAA.MH> npHBfip>K£HHMMH (pyATaay) KapaTata;. TIpHqeM nodHTQ OHHX, KaK FOBOpAT,.'AOJ0Q *ieAOBeKr B, JIAeH B3HTO AO 60-th, ho AO n pH6bmiA Ha ' jjfhhhio*; %a&rt>r H3 ohux ocBodoxcAena KapaTaeM, a 37 OTOCAanw b VpaAbCK; noxn- meHo ot 2 000 ao 3 000 AomaAeft,: ' OpAbiiJoe koah^cctbo . uepdAioAOB H 15 000 hah 20 000 dapakoB... KapaTaeM He- KOTOpoe KOAH^eCTBO AOdbWH pg3AaHO Me>KAy npHBej))KeH- / 11 ilBpiopoAHufl 6paT ApyHra3u^ .^ \" ’ * OTp.•40M3a.T'•epHaAu no HcfopHH.Kamve-KQi'T CCP•, t. IV, M.—, • ;1;9•*4\\0, ' ' 3 MaHenOafi, oh >Ke )KaH-Fa3bi— poAHbin 6paT BbiuieynoMHHYToro cy/mma >KaKama. 4 MaTepnajibi no hctophh Ka3axcKofi CCP, t . IV. M.—JI., 1940, CTp. 371. 6 TaM >Ke, exp, 376. 210
iifcrtoa e M y k a3axaM H , d ojib iiiyio ;>ke ±t\\etb.< oho# o c t a s H jl ce6e»*, - . - Flo TiaHHHM OTqeTOB' OpeHdyprcKoa ‘ vflorpaHHqHOH KOMHCCHH bhaho, qto b ROHu,e anpejia 1851 r . Ka3axn Tjrny- K a 6 a K C K o r o poAa b qacjie 600 qertOBeK no# npeABOAHTejib- ctbom cuHa H3BecTHoro 6 aTbipa Mceta KyTe6 apoBa #rHa- najiw Ha Ka3axGB A^aeaCKOFO, HcchTKCKor.o h Ta30BCKoro po^OB, nepeKoneBaBUiux c MaHrhim^aKCKoro no/iyocTpoBa Ha Kapa-KyM, h pa36n;iH y hhx 15 ayjiOB, 3axBaTHB-200 BepO^tioAOB, 100 Jiomaneft, 300 r 6 apa hob h hcckoabko HceHiuHH; • ... •/< -V. ‘ ~ . b tom xce roAy Ka3axn HyMHqjiH-Ta6biHCKoro poAa Ha- najiH Ha ayjibi TaaoBcicoro po^a, .ot6hah 5 Bep6siiOAOB, 200 JiomaAeja h y6HAH HecKOAbKO qeAOBex; Ka3axH Ha3apoBCKoro, HypeneBCKoro h KapaKHCHKCKO- ro po aob OTorna^H y Ka3axoB HepxceccKoro poAa, KoqeBaB- ihhx Ha ypoqmne TawcyfiraHe, 300* AowaAefi, npHqeM b cxBafKe To>Ke 6hag y6HTo HecKOAbKo qeAOBex; Ka3axH /IiopTKapHHCKoro h KnqKeHe-IIIeKTHHCKoro po- AOB 6 apaHTopajiH^y Ka3axoB UIoMeKeeBCKoro h ,H>KanaccK;o- ro poaob, KoqyiomHx Ha npaeoM 6 epery Chipa, npwqeM c o6 eHx CTopoH 6 hao y6 HT0 ao 50 qeJioBeK h t. a *2 B 3 th >Ke toah 6 aibipu Byxap6 aft, £eHAb h 6 hh Bafi- K3ABM H3 .pOAa TaCblH,.* KOqeBaBUJHe B MepHAHOHaAbHOM HanpaBAeHHH qepe3 Cup-JXapbja Ha nppctpaHCTBe Me>KAy KOKaHACKHMH KpenOCTHMH AK-MeHCTblO (HbIHe I\\ K3UA- OpAa) h Kom-KypraH (HbiHe noc. KapMaxqH), HanaAajiH BMeCTe C KOK3HAU3MH Ha Ka3aXCJfHe ayAU H3 pOAOB UJeKTbl, TypTKapa, UJoMOKefl h Kere, KoqeBaBumx Ha 3anaAHOH cTopo^je Koui-KypraHas, CTap'HKU KyAyH6 afl >KaMeHKHH h Eahkch BAeK6 yAaTOB, jkhbluhT ” b 6 biBiueM Ka3aAHHCKOM ye3Ae Kapa6 acTyraHCKoft boaocth, b ayae N? 3, Kotopbie 6biJih oqeBHAUaMh^3T0H >kh3hh, paCCKa3biBaAH, b qacTHO- cth, 06 oahom cjiyqae, HMeBiiieM-MecTo npn6AH3HTeAbHo b 1851 roAy. «PaHo BecHOio KoqeBbie ayjjibi ocTaHOBHAHCb Ha npaBOM 6 epery Cwp-,flapbn. OAHanvAH no3AHO BeqepoM BApyr kto-to nptfcKaKaA/H3 coceAHero.ayJia h coo6 iah a, hto ero ayA yace 6 e>KHT ot HaABHraiomeroca KokaHACKoro CTp. 14. 7M8,a T epna^u no hctophh Ka3axcKofi CCP, t. IV . M.—JL. 1940, .v. KHpr1H3PHx53i,dH109825, A. 5r—ipo6i.iuioe K3biJi-OpAbi (AK-MeneTb).— CoBeTCKan Ns 3 TaM » e , '. . / 14* 211
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ma^Hx nanpaBH JiH Cb nperpa^H Tb n yT b HenpHHTeAio. B 3t o t nepHOA y A a H H o fi poAOBoft r p y n n u H e 6 biAo^ H3BecTHbix 6 a- TbipoB, 3a HCKJnoqeHHeM pH AO B oro 6 a T u p a 6p a ia K e T e 6 e n - Mbip3a6an, K O T o p u ft 6h a > y n c e r A y 6 oKHM CTapHKOM. y Mbip3a6an 6 b iA c u h X o A ^ e n e , K O TO pow y TorA a 6 u a o jieT 20— 21. B ayjie a o 3T o r o MOMeHTa ero Ha3biBaAH lO H o m e ft.c nAoxHM xapaKTepoM, cKaHAaAHCTOM. K a3 axH B crynH A H b 6oft c K O K aH A U aM H . B 3tom 6 o io C B o e f t x p a 6p o c ib io , a o b - KOCTbK) H CHAOfi OTAHHHACfl XO A>KeKe. B A a rO A a p fl re p O H 3 M y X o A > K eK e M b ip 3 a 6 a e B a B p a x cecK o e b o h c k o 6m a o 0T6 p o u ie H o H a3aA, HM6H 6 0 AblU0e KOAHHeCTBO yOBTblX H p aH eH bIX . A yA b i p o a o b o h rp yn n u 6h a h c n a c e H H o t pa3rp a 6AeHHH. C 3 T o ro M O M eH Ta XoA>K6Ke M b ip 3 a 6 a e B 6 wji npHSHaH 6 a T b i- poM, He 3H aiom H M d p a x a b 6 o p b 6 e. O aio ah x n o A o 6 Hbix X oA >K eK e M b i p 3a 6aeBy A A e x c e ft X a p y 3HH rm caA: «npeA- BOAHTeAH 6 a p b IM T a iieH OTAHHaiOTCH CMeAOCTbK), CMeTAHBO- CTbK) H yMeHHeM BAaAeTb THJKeAbDM H H eyA06HbIM K a 3 a x - CKHM BOOpyjKeHHeMJ HX AOBKOCTb BbIXOAHT H ep eA K o 3 a n p eA eA b i B e p o H T H o ro h q a c r o b c T e n n BCTpeqaiOTCH 6 a T b ip b i H A^KHTHThl, KOTOpbie c 6paCbIBaAH nHKOft C AOUiaAeH AeC H T- k h Hae3AHHKOB, He npHHHHHB h m h h iM aA eftm efi U a p a n H H b I»1, rpa6uTejibCKHe HanaAeHHH 6aTbipoB oahhx K33axcKHX' poAOB na Apyrne nopoAHAti cAeAyiomwe BbipaxteHHH, npo- H3H0CHMbie c 6oAbiuHM B03Myiii,eHHeM b HapoAe: «pa3o6- meHHbie h pa3HorAacHue 6aTbipH»2; «BMecTe c BparaMH pa3rpa6HBiiiHe CBO'ero OTua OaTbipu^3. T a K a H >KH3Hb K33aXCKHX KOHeBHHKOB 6 bIAa H3BeCTHa pyccKowy npaBHTeAbCTBy oqeHb a 3bho. B 1734 roAy OTMe- qaeTCH: «KHprH3-KaftcauKHe opjibi c 3ioHrapcKHMH KajiMbi- K3MH B HenpeCTaHHO^ BOHHe, H MOTAH 6hl Tex KaAMbIK OAOAeTb, exceAH 6bi otfme corAacHAHCb, a y hhx oahh xaH C BOHHOH nOHAGT, 3 Apyrofi OCTaBAfleT, H TaK CBOe BAaAeHHe y KaAMbiKOB TepxeT»4. 06 stom tobophtch b oahom H3 a o - KyMeHTOB 1821roAa: «Bce Ka3axn Tenepb qyBCTByiOT CBoe OeccHAHe h npnnHCbiBaiOT OHoe BHyTpeHHHM pa3AopaM. M u 1 Xapy3UH A . KnprH3bi ByKeeBCKofi opAbi, Bbin. I, Cn6., 1889, crp. 75. * bInTUMaKCH3, a^ayu3 tfaTupjiap. 3 0KeciH >Kay manca, 6ipre rnanKan 6aTbipjiap. 4RodpocMbiCAOe A. M. MaTepnaJiw ito' hctophh Pocchh. C6ophhk yKa30B h Apyrnx AOKyMemoB, KacaiomHxca ynpaBaeHHH h ycrpoftcTBa Open6yprcKoro Kpaa, 1734 toa, t. I. OpeHOypr, 1900, crp. 35, , 213
ottoTo a ta 6 b L , t o b o p h t o h h , q T o BCHKHfr H3 Hac x o q eT tfbiTb Hai?aJIbHHKOM»1.' B3aHMHaH Bpa>KAa HacmribKo ocAadJiHAa xa3axoB, qT o ohh He MorjiH h MeqiaTb o npoTHBOAeHCTBHH cbohm coce- ahm,* pacno^araBiiiHM Bnojwe *opraHH30BaHHbiMH Boopy- JKeHHblMH CHJI8 MH-. ' PaayM eeTCH , 3TH MBOrOHJHCvIfiHHHe \" KoneBbie nJieM eH a em e He o tfjia A a jia o 6 iae»^p<mHbiM. T^M ^o^ee^H au H O H a/rbH biM caM aco3HaHHeM. BoefeHO-KoqeBaa >KH3Hb C rOCTIOACTBOBaBUJHM ITOJIO>KeHHeM 6 aTbIpOB • ( b OO- Haqa^bHHKOB) rtpeACTaB;iH.ri a -c o 6 o h K aK oft-TO 3axoJiAOBaH- HbiH x p y r , H3 K O T o p o ro rie 6 h u id j B u x o j i a 6e3 BHeniHero m /iqxa. F Io H o 6 Hbie * ycjioBHH • couHaAbHo-axoHOM Hqeckoft ' )KH3HH BeKaM H O tfpexajIH Ha H H m eH CKO e cymeCTBQBaHHB - H apoaH yio w a c c y h cjjy>k h ;ih H en p eoA P A H M b iM n p e iu n tT * BHeM Ha nyTH n p o r p e c c a h pa3BHTHH npon3BOAHTeAbHbix • chji o 6 m ecT B a . 4: \\ •- - • *: TajxeAbie ycjiOBHfl * k3HH Ka3axcKHx xcysoB HaiiiJiH CBde o?pa>KeHHe b pHAe-JiereBA> K qHCAy k x othochtch mHpoKO . nonyjiHpuaH AereHAa «AcaH-Kaftrw». B He# pHcy&fca 05jpa3 My^poro h ryMaHHoro crapua Acaffa-Efa&tii/S Kdrbp&ft - ropeBaji o THJKevioft Aojie CBoero napoAa: bck) xH3Hb Hcxaji 6^aroHaTHyio 3eMjix>— yk)K>Ttab HapoA Mor 6bi 3a>KHTb cnacTJiHBo h MHpHQ&Ho:;( faKoti ,6jiaroAaTHoft. 3eMJiH oh HaftTH He Mor. Bcfj .Kaaaxcxaa 3eMJia <5bi;ia no-- CTOHHHOH apeHOH rpadHTeJIbCKHX' KpdBaBbIX BOflH. ndaTOMy. ; AcaH-Kafiru Bcerna noBTGpHA cboh ropbxne CJiOBa: «KaK/ >Ke MoxceT cymecT^OBaTb h 3amumaTbCR ot 6ypana xyjiaH,' - KOTopbifi He HMeeT hh rpHBbr, hh xBocTa, 3 xaxjne cyme- • CTBOBaTb 3Mee 6e3 pyx h £e3 how ^to b o6pa3e AcaH-Kaftru 6biJi catf &fxopifaift CBoe Tflwejioe nojio>xeHHe cpaBHHBd»7;V^di^^H eM r' tfe3- 3amHTHoro h fcyuero xyjiaHa, u w & m lw r T-yjioBHiua, jih- . meHHoro pyx h Hor. . y n a T p H a p x a ^ b H 0-(J)e04S4 B ^ : B e p x y iiiK H BoeHHO-xoqe-. B oro o d m e c T B a c y i u ^ # 0B i ' i ^ ^ i 6 j ^ p p a j i b , onpaB AU B aB - ’ m an a x c i ui y a Ta uHi b, h caMoynpaBCTBO. A . M opa;ib 6biJia T a H O B ^ t o t \"SojisseH noxa3biBaTb CBoe n p eB ocxd A C ^^.^O 'S 'ej^B afl HaCHJine Ha a eJiaduM, a k t o 6 aTHp, TO^ A 6A « e H ir5ka& B aTb c b o k > C H jiy, rp a 6n TpyAH- ihhxch K ax q y s c o r o , T a x h CBoero p o n a ; k t o d o ra x , Aoa>xeH . 1 MarepHajibi no HCTopHH Ka3axcKoii CCP, t . IV< M,— JI.,1940. crp, 374, 214 .
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Bcei\\na 6 bui bcpxobhhm BoeHanaAbHHKOM, kotopHft hmoji 3aMerHyio BAacTb HaA HaceJieHHeM bo BpeMH 6oeBbix Aen- ctbhh. Ka3 axcKHft xaH KacuM b KOHue XV h HaqaJie XVI bb., y3 CekcKHH xaH1— coBpeMGHHHK xaHa Kaeuwa— UIeft6aHH h MorojiHCTaHCKHH xaH CyvrraH-CaHA 6hjih to- >Ke ,6 aTbipaMH. Ka3axcKHft xaH AdyAxanp 6u ji H36paH npeacTaBHTCAHMH Tpex K33axcKHx >xy30B BepxoBHbiM npeA- BOAHTejieM Hcex 6 oeBbix cha npoTHB AJKynrapoB, nocAe crpaiiiHoro b hctophh Ka3axoB 1723 roAa. TaKHM me 6 aThi- poM 6 h j i h xaH A 6jiaft. CyATaH Apynra3bi A6yAra3H30B b 1815 r. 6 bm H36pan xaHOM «ka3axaMH, KoqeBaBiiiHMH o6 biK- HOBeiiHo no Cbip-TIapbe h KOTopwe npex<Ae noA^HHenu 6biAH omy ero cyATaHy A6Aa3H, Ha3B3 HH0My hmh me xa- hom. B 1815 r. ApyHra3H hmca noA naqaAbCTBOM cbohm TOAbKO MaAoe hhcao npuBepwenueB orua cBoero,-KOH qy>K- AaAHCb ot P occhh, 6 yAyqn ot Hee oTAaAeHHbi»1. B AoxyMeH- Tax, KacaioiUHxcH ahmhocth ApyHra3bi h ero oma cyATaHa A6yAra3H3a KannoBa, oTMeqaeTCH, hto qhh 6hah OaThipa- mh. «06pa30BaHHe ero (ApyHra3i>i) a3HaTCKoe: npHMepw xpa6pocTH h MyA<ecTBa oma ero Ha Cbip-flapbe, yBepen- HOCTb,' q r o OAHHMH TOAbKO BOHHCKHMH^riOABHraMH MO r Oil npHo6pecTH n p a B o Ha nacAeAHe, n p a B o Ha noKopeHHe h B03BumeHHe b O p A e — noOyAHAH e r o noneeTb rAaBHeftuiHM B o6pa30BaHHH HCKycCTBO ynpaBAH Tb KOHeM, AyKOM h c a 6 - Aeio. C a 6AH e r o , K o io p y io a hmca - C A ynaft BHAeTb, ecTb qpe3BH qaftH ofi A o 6 poTbi h p eA K o ro 6 y A a T a » 2. TaKHMH m e 6 hah h Bee A p y r n e H3BecTHbie b hctophh Ka3axcKne xaHbi h cyATaHH. 3 thm >Ke oO bH C H seTC H ,'noq£viy cyATaHa, hmcho- . BaBiuerocA xbhom b LlioM€Ke£fecKoto'-'H K othhckom p o A a x b 40 h 50 r o A a x X IX b., EAHKea K acbiM O B a, npaBHyKa E paA H - xaHa A 6yA xaH p O B a, TO>xe B eA n qaA H . 6 aTHp-EAHKeft. Oco6o noneTHoe noAoxceHHe 6 aThipoB 0Tpa3HA0Cb b • co^CTBeHHUx HMCHax Ka3axoB. Ka3axH Hepeako AaBaAH TaKHe HMeHa cbohm acthm: BaTbip-xaH, BaTbip-6 eK, Barup- 6 aft, BaTHp-HcaH, Cap-6aibip, Kapa-6 aTbip h t. n. B noAb3y Hainero mhchha roBopHT (J)aKTbi, npHBeAeHHue C. A. OyK- com. Oh mimer: «FIo cAdBaM JleBiiiHHa, h b XVIII b. Ka3axn Tpe6oBaAH or xaHa npe>KAe Bcero «x p a 6 pocTH h noABHroB My)KecTBa». PbiqwoB h TeBkeAeB CBH3biBaAH o6beM bAacm • 1MaTepHa.nu no hctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP, t . IV. M.— JI., 1940, dp. 372. 2 Taw we, cTp. 379. * 216
XaHa C ero BOHHCKHMH flo6JieCTHMH. TaBepAOBCKWH yTBep- w^aA, hto xaHhi Boo6me He hmcah hhk3koh ba3cth «KpoMe npe^BOAHTeJibCTBa HaA CKonnmaMH bohhckhmh npn BnaAe- hhh b HenpHHTeAbCKHe 3eMAH». O KacbiMe h TeBeKKeAe coBpeMeHHbie BocTOHHue aBTopw riHcaAH npe>KAe Bcero Kan o bo>k a h x, Koropue cjiaBHAHCb xpa6pocTbio no BCeMy flemT-H-KwnqaKy^1. AHaAH3 >MaTepwajioB, xapaKTepH3yiomHx KoneBoe o6me- ctbo Ka^axoB b XV—XVIII Bexax, AaeT B03MO>KHOCTb chh- raib, hto 6aTbipcTB0 bo3hhkao BMecTe c nepexo^oM Kone- BblX CKOTOBOAOB OT naTpHapxaAbHO-pOAOBOH CT3AHH pa3BHTHH k naTpnapxaAbHO-cJieoAaAbHOH, ot OecKAaccoBO- ro o6mecTBa k KAacconoMy. Oho 6mao nocTOHHHHM cnyT- HHKOM H H3ACJKH0H OnOpOH Ka3aXCKOrO KO^eBOrO XaHCTBa. Be3 6aTbipcTBa HeMbiCAHMo 6uao cymecTBOBaHHe caMoro KoneBoro xaHa, Kak rjiaBHoro tfaxupa. BepHO yKa3biBaA HdopHK AA-Xope3MH, hto caw THTyA xaH 03HanaeT npeA- BOAHTeJib hah 6aTbip. «XaraH— 3TO xaH xaHOB, to ecTb npeABOAHTeAb npeABOAHTeAew, noAo6Ho TOMy xax nepcH roBopflT maxHHmax»2. IIoaTOMy HeAb3H npH3HaTb npaBHAb- HbiM yTBep>KAeHHe C. B. lOiuKOBa, KOTopbiS c^HTaA, hto TOAbKO 6opb6a Ka3axoB c A>xyHrapaMH b KOHue XVII h na- naAe X V III BexoB BUABtfHyAa Ha oGmecTBeHHyio apeHy 6aTbipOB, KaK HOBblH COUHaAbHblH CAOH (j*OAaAOB3. . Bee 3th AaHHbie KpacHopeqHpo roBopaT o tom, ^to ao * npHcoeAHHeHHH K33axcKHx >xy30B k P occhh noAycjieoAaAb- Han h cawa no ce6e cjiadan BAacTb h sa napoAOM npeABO- AHTeAH poAa — 6hh, cyATaHa hah -xaHa 6biAa 6oAee peaAb- hoh b tom cJiyvae, earn xaH, cyATaH h 6hh 6uah 6a ru pa - MH. BAHHTeAbHhltf tfaTbip BO MHOTHX CAynaflX (jiaKTHHeCKH mot pacnopHHcaTbcn HMymecTBOM h ckotom «cBoero» p o a o - eoro OTAeAeHHH, BbicTynan noA bhaom ero 3amHTHHKa, no-.. KpOBHTeAH H npeABOAHTeAH. B TOH -HCTOpHqeCKOH o6CTaHOBKe JKH3HH K333XCKHX KO- neBHHKOB HeycToiiqHBocTb hx X03HHCTB3 onpeAeAHAacb He .%T0AbK0, nOAHOH 3aBHCHM0CTbK) 3KCTeHCHBH0r0 naCT^HLUHO- 1 <t>ijKC C. A. HeKOTopue Bonpocu hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocyAapcT- Ba.—H3BecTHfi A H K a3 CC P , cepHH jopHAtmecKan, Bbin. 3, 1951, c rp . 100. 2 MaTepnaAW no hctophh TypKMCH h TypKMeHHH, t. I, V I I — X V bb. M . - J I . , 1939, cTp. 218.’ 3 lOuiKoe C. B. 06 ochobhmx MOMeHTax hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocy- AapcTBa.— H3BecT»H A H K a3C C P , ccpwn HCTOpH«iecKaa, Bun. 4, 1948, CTp. 55—50.. 217
KOMeBOrO CKOTOBO/XCTBa OT CTHXHHHbIX CHfl^p&pOAU, HO H nocTOHHHUM B3aHMHbiM orpatfjieHHeM h yroHOM Bcero ckot3. CTapHHHaa Ka3axcKaa nocAOBHua TJiacHT: « C kot npHHaa^ie)KHT jnoTOwy dypaHy h cHAbHOMy Bpary»*«TaK Hce 6 h /io y MOHrojibCKHx KoqeBHHKOB ap h nooae 'MHHrfi^xaHa. y hhx cymecTByiOT ueAue paccKa3bi o tom, Kan «6oraTwpb, mcth 3a cMepTb 6p aTa, y6H.n yOwftuy, yrHaA; e ro ; HapOA (pa6oB) BMecTe co ckotom h cotfaKaMH/ aaxeajwi ero 3ojioto h cepe0po, oma ero 3acTaBHji cotfHpaTh aprucuH H JiaCTH CKOT, 3 MaTb — AOHTb KOpOB H BHHOCHTB 30Ay», hjih o tom, Kan 6a*Tbip «y6HBaeT y6Hfiu h aaTeM 6eper ce6e b ycjiyxceHHe bcio hx ceMbio, Koro b nacTyxn, koto b-crpe- riHKH>2. 06v aHaAorHqnwx ycaobhhx ;kh 3hh domhjjt 'hyaiy- -tu: «B CTapHHy Mu He 3Ha/iH hh 3aKOHOB,-HHj5ora:.; Kto 6u A CH.TbHblft, TOT H npaBUH».;/ \\«B CTapHHy CHAbHUft h tforaTUH, qro xot&t, to h nejiaji>..~ «B crapHHy aioah nocTOHHHO MeJKAy co60io BoeBaviH, oTHnWajiH Apyr y Apy- ra ckot, yBOAHAH. a<eHmHH.v Kto hto xoTeA h Mor, to h Aejiaji»... «/lpeBHHM HfcyraM y6nrh qe-aopeKa Kaaa'Jiocb Tax* >Ke npocro, Kan y6pTb eBpamny^ ' ^ npHHUHn xo3flfiHHqa|ibH'. A^3axcKHx , 6aTupoe ; -weTKo BHpaXCeH B HapOAHUX nOCAOBHUaxr «E<VIH X03HHH A3CT>— 6 aTup 6epeT H3 ero pyx, a ec/w He AacT, to oh caM B03b- MeT»4; «BaTup h H jik HafiayT rmiuy Ha Aopore»5. Barapu npHCBaHBaJiH qy>xoe Ao6po> rae TojibKo oho nonaA'BJiocb,4 BOpOBCTBOM HAH CHJIQ#. ' OTpa>xeHHeM HAeojiorHH BoeHHo-KoqeBon jkh3hh K a 3 a -‘ xob 6 ujja jca3axcKafl nocAOBHua, Koropan\" niacHT: «M oao- p u ib n o to <r •jpacTymero ay^a Apyr- #pyra^ Ha3UBaef (5aTupaM^ a MOAoiejKb ,v ia 6 6 ro jh pa3opeHiiOro~-ayAfA Apyr Apyra Ha3UEraeT xaTUHaMn .(6 a6 aMH)>^HMeQrto - sthmh couHaJibHO:3Ke^ioMHqecKHMH ^eAoBHHMHf pkh3Hh' 6 u ji nc^ ' po)KAeH reponqecKHH anoc Ka3axcKoro:Hapoaa. '•v-y KaaaxcKoe 6aTupcfBo b nepHOA TipucoeAHHeHHH\\Ka3ax-' CKHX »y30B k P occhh b OCHOBHOM npeACTaBjisuio caMyio- •.■* 1 Ma-rTafiaaca 5KayAiKirrHCK®Pca.':2KejiAiKi. KasH2H(M Ka ApoUfHeaOBeacHK uMd eHcT. i>).-trrt.a3^abnHt!daCHHVc.HTPpraoHnHouaOTHA3e;iehHcHtoKp)hahTHCoMrpeapdTJHHOHft^' t. X9XXTIaVM,-CiKfle<,5,crp19. 029,07/ ’ t T : V: ' • ;\\ ^ 4 Bcpce KOJiuHan, GepMece ^KaibiHan ajiaAU. * ■ v* . 5 Ep a3biFu MeH 6©pi asbiFbi >Ko^Aa. V• 6 0CKeH ayujiAUH 6a^acu (JipiH 6ipi OaTwp AefiAi, BuineH ayHAAMH • dajiacbi 6ipin 6ipi K,aTbiH.AefiAi. : •• 218 '
peaKUHOHHyio h BecbMa BJiH5rrejrbHyid, rpa6HTejibCKyio npocyioftny cpe/jH ruieMeHHO-<{)eoAajibHOH h BoenHO-KoneBOH 3HaTH o6 mecTBa. *••• * B Ka3axcKHx KoneBtix xaHCTBax b 3noxy.pacnBeTa 6a- TUpcTBa- HapoAHaH; Macea cHereMaTHqecKH noABeprajiacb HHMeM He npHKpbiTOMy HacHJiHio. 3 to 6ujia anojca, .Koraa 6^afa >KH3HH H UBeTbl JIK)6bH AOCTaBaJIHCb TOJIbKO CHJIb- HUM H JIOBKHM. 0§IUeCTBeHHO-9KOHOMHqeCKaH >KH3Hb Ka3ax- CKoro HapoAa b stot nepHo# xapaKTepH30Bajiacb nouuioH >K^H0CTbio, rpydoft CTpacTbK) k HacJiajKAeHHHM, rpH3- Hofi ayiMHOctbio, rpa6e>KOM cnjitHbiMH cjia6ux h 6e33amHT- Hux.*Bce rnycHbie cpeACTBa Tanne, Kan HacHJiHe, pa36ofi, bopobctbo, o6nuih, H3Mena nBKcnJiyaTauHH qejiOBCKa qejio- BexoM, 6u jih b nojiHOM xo,ny!:Bce3TO npHBejio k pa3o6iueH- HOCTH H nQCTOHHfibIM pa3AOpaM; K3K BHytpH pOAOB, TaK H MOKAy OTACAbHUMH pO/iaMH Ka3aXOB, BbTjXOAa H3 TaKOrO noJ!OJKeHH5t 6hIAO Heo6^(OAHMO npexcAe Bcero H3MeHHTb noJWTHqecKyR) o6cTaHOBKy b CTpa- He nyTeM o6y3AaHHa h JiHKBHAamwi 6aTHpcTBa, H3MeHHTb xo3fTHCTBeHHyio jKH3Hb, ocym.ecTBHTb coqeTaHHeCKOTOBOA- ctb3 c aeMAeAejiHeM, nocTeneHHo npeo6pa30BaTb cwcTeMy 3KCT6HCHBHOrO naCT6HUI.HO-KOqeBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa c ero poadBbiM 6biTOM^ nyTeM nepexoAa k oceA-nocTH/Ro Ka3ax- cKHe KcmdBbie njieHeHa b te x eouHajibHo-aKOHOMH.qecKHX yCJIOBHHX, B KOTOpblX OHB H&XO&HJIHCb/ PBOHMH C€>6cTBeH- hbimh CHJiaMH r© MoiviH CAejiaTb hh Toro, hh Apyroro, - 6e3 CBe>Kefi npprpeccHBHog CTpyn H3BHe, KOHKpeTHo roBopa, 6e3 npHCoeAHH'eHHH k Pocchh. -; Ka3axcKoe KoqeBoe xaHCTBo 6bi.no o6opoHHTe/ibHO-Ha- CTynaTeAbiibrM BoeHHbiM cojo3om OTAejibHbix iv|e«nKHx od^e- AHHeHHft K33axcKHx poaob, npeABOAHTe.nbCTByeMhix cyjiTa- HaMH. H3 TOTOj/KaK VierKO,. 6bICTpO H MHOrOKpaTHO 3TPT co!Q3 pa^a^aA^,/cyieayeT 3aKjno'mTb, qto stot BoeHHUft cok)3 He , nepepr^K^Tajii; Aaxce b cKOJibKO-HH6y^b ripoHHWH- BOeHHO-nOAH'fH^epKHfi C0I03. — - ' V Ka3axcKoe7 KoqpBoe xaHCTBo X V — XVIII bb. npeACTaB- jihjio co6oh ' HaqajibHyio cTaAHio rocyAapcfBeHiiPcTH. O ho no^HocTbio coxpaHHjio b’ ce6e Bee ocHOBHwe qepTbi h npn- 3H3KH «BOeHHOH ACMQKpaTHH». r'- Bohhw BeAHCb rjiaBHWM o6pa30M. paAH rpa6e>xa.. O hh CTaHOBH^WHcij irocTOiJHHbiM 3aHHTHeM naTpHapxaAbHO-cfceo- Aa^bHofi BepxyuiKH o6inecTBa. Tpa6e>K -cqnTa.'icfl «6oJiee 219
jierKHM h n a m e dojiee noqeTHUM, qeM co3HAaTeAbHbift TpyA>*. - OpraHbl «BOeHHOH AeMOKpaTHH»,'-COXpaHHBUlHeCH b na- 33XCKOM o6lUCCTBe B BHZie Bbl6opHOCTH TJiaBHOrO BOeHa- qajibHHKa hah xaHa, HajinqHB coBeTa cTapeftiiiHH hah co- 6paHHH poAonpaBHTeJiefi, y>Ke nepepoAHAHCb b CBoew ocho- Be h HBJiHJiHCb yqpe>KAeHH5iMH KAaccoBoro rocnOACTBa. OpraHH «BoeHHOH AeMOKpaTHH», BMecTe B3HTbie, npeBpa- THJiHCb H3 opy^HH HapoAHoft boah b opraHbi nopa6omeHHH h yrHeTeHHH, • HanpaBJieHHhi^ npoTHB HapoAHoft Maccu. «H o 3Toro HHKorAa lie motao 6hi cAyqHTbca, ec;iH 6h aAqHoe CTpeMJieHHe k 6oraTCTBy He pacKOAOAO qAeHOB . poA% Ha 6oraTbix h 6eAHbix, ecjin 6bi «HMymecTBeHHbie pa3AHq«H BHyTpH oAHoro h Toro xce poAa He npeBparnnH o6mHOCTb HHTepecoB b aHTaroHH3M Me>KAy qAeHaMH poAa» (MapKc) h ecjin 6u pacnpocTpainjBiueecH-pa6cTBO ne noBejio y>Ke / K TOMy, hto Ao6uBaHHe cpeACTB k cymecTBOBaHHio co6ct- BeHHHM TpyAOM CT3AO npH3H3BaTbCH AeflTeAbHOCTbK), AO- ctohhoh AHtub pa(5a, 6oAee no30pHofi, qeM rpa6exc»12. B XV—X V III bb. Ka3axcKHe y o n y f y e o n a j i b i ' bo r/raBe c X3HOM B UeJIHX o6orameHHH OTKpbITO CHapHJKaJIH AlOAefi Ha pa36oft. r p a 6e>KH h pa36o# ohh He cqHTaAH no3opoM, Hao0o- poT,- kto 6ojibine coBepmaA TaKHx achhhh, noAb30Baji- ch 6oAbiu»M noqeTOM h b CBoeA cpeAe,. ero bocxb3ahah h BbicraBAHAH Ha noKa3 K a K qeAOBena BbiAaiomeHCH c h a u , xpa6pocTH h aobkocth. «CaMbie 3iiaTHbie Ka3axw Aa>Ke o > 6HpaioT Bonpyr te6n wafiKH aa*h rpa6e>xa b% coceflHHx CTpaHax. KapanaAnaKH,. apaAbiuj,. TauiKeHUbi hbahiotch BcerAauiHHMH ncepTBaMH HacHAbHHqecTBa*3. 17. C. Tlajuiac • TaiOKe OTMeTHA, qTO ecAH Ka3axH cotfnpaiOTCfl Ha BOHHy c CHAbHbIMH napTHHMH> TO 3TO O0Cy3KAaiOT Ha CO0paHHHX H BblAeAHIOT OAHoro H3 CTapiUHH HAH HaqaAbHHKOB npeABOAH- - TeAeM. MaAbie rpa6e>KH ohh coBepmaiOT 6e3 bchkoto^oG- cy^KAeHHH Ha co^pahhhx. Ecah ohh c rpaHHuw KaKoro-AH- 60 rocyAapCTBa orift>HfliorVa6yHbi AomaAeft hah XBaTaioT AioAeft, to 3to AeAaiOT He HHaqe, Kan TorAa, KorAa ohh co . . CBOHMH CT3A3MH AOCT3TOqHO yA3AHAHCb OT A3HH0H CTpaHbl. 1 d m e A b c <t>. ripoHcxojKfleHHe ceMbH, aacTH oft coCctbchhocth* h ro- cyAapdBa. J IX 1953, cTp. 170. \\ 2 TaM ?Ke> / CTCH8H b 1771 TOAy. Cn6., 177a2a,nHcCtKPH. 2n6.yTeiuecTena b KnprH3-KaficauK'ofi ' 220 • _
Boo6me o h b M36npaioT n.jin rpa6HTeAbcKHx Ha6eroB ra n o e apeMH, KorAa h x TpyAHo nofiMaTb1. IlaTpHapxajibHO-^eo- AaAbHan BepxyiiiKa Ka3axoB 6buia BecbMa noxorca Ha apn- CTOKpaTHio «BapBapcKoro rocyAapcTBa» opxohckhx Tiopox. «OnHpaacb Ha cnjiy .. h GoraTCTBO, itoctohhho npnyMHo- >KaeMbie b o h h o h , AaHbK> h noAHeBOAbHhiM rpy^oM 33b h c h - Mhix h pa6oB, opxoHCKaa apHCTOKpaTHH Bbipa6oTajia lie ToabKo cBoeo6pa3Hyio, nopaacaBiiiyio coBpeMeHHHKOB a h - koh pocKoiiibio MaTepnajibHyio KyjibTypy KoqeBHH, ho h xapaKTepHyio HAeoAonno CTenHbix pbiuapeH-xHmHHKOB»2. IlepBuft cboa HapoAHbix o6biqaeB noA Ha3BaHHeM «XbKeTbi->Kapra», cocia&neHHbifi ceMbio 6hhmh (A>KeTbi- x<opra — ceMb hhoxoaugb) npn xaHe T ayxe bo BTopoft no- jiOBHHe X V I I Bexa, Aaer B03MO>KHOCTb noHHTb cymnocTb Ka3axcKoro xancTBa Kax rocyAapCTBeHHoro o6pa30BaHHH. 3 thm cboaom CTaBHJiHCb 3aAaHH: BO-nepBbrx, ao6htbch b creiiH e>KeroAHbix oceHHHx cbe3AOB H3 Bcex cTapefiiiiHH h npaBHTejien OTAeAbHux poaob a a h paccyjKAenHH b npHcyr- ctbhh xaua o AeAax, KacaBUinxcH Bcero HapoAa, bo-b to pw x , BMeHHTb b HenpeMeHHoe pyxoBOACTBO, moShTBce h bah b- lUHeca Ha 3th cbe3Abi Ka3axw 6 h a h c opy>KHeM, KOTopoe TOJibKo h AaBajio Ka>KAOMy npHcyTCTBOBaBiiieMy Ha co6pa- hhh npano roA oca3. 3 th e>KeroAHbie CT>e3AH, Ha KOTopue Bee AOAJKHbl 6bIAH HBAHTbCH BOOpyXteHHbIMH, 6bIAH HBHbIM nepe>KHTKOM co6paHHfi «HapoAa-BoftcKa» shoxh «BoeHHoft AeMOKpaTHH>, a He KaKHM-TO HOBHM HHCTHTyTOM, C03AaH- HbiM xaHOM T ayxe. C. JI, O yxc npaB, KorAa oh nniiieT: « M o>kho BOo6me c n m a r b ycTaHOBAeHHbiM, hto Ka3^xcKaa TpaAHHHH HanpacHO upunwcunajia T a y x e pojib oMeAoro coixuajibHoro pecpopiuaropa. B ero AeftcTBHTeAbHo 3Hep- rnqHOfi AeHTeAbHOCTH UCHTp TH>KeCTH. Ae>KaA He B - C03Aa- HHH KaKHX-AH6o HOBbIX pW^aTOB KJiacCOBOrO TOCnOACTBa Ka3axcKHx (J)eoA3A0B, a b y K p e n J i e m u i craphix. Yx<e Ta- BepAOBCKHft BHCKa3biBaA npeAnoAOHceHHe, ^to Ka3axH «n o npHCTpaCTHK) HAH He3H3HHK)» «H6CnpaBeA^HB0 npHIIHCbl- BaiOT ceMy hx BAaAereAio H3o6peTeHHe otfmecTBeHHhix 3a- ‘ llaAAac 17. C . nyTeinecTBHH no pa3HUM npoBHHUHAM PoccnftcKoft *5HMnepHH B 1771 ro A y^. PCenB6H.,,!H177h2c, CTp. 26.IO>KH0fl CnGnpH. M ., 1951, Q ^ ceAe6 ^ ' tophh 3 HyAoumuKoe A . 17. OiepKH no HCTopHH Ka3aK-KHprH3CKoro napoAa B CBB3H C 06mHMH HCTopHMCCKHMH CyAbfiaMH flpyrH X TIopKCKHX nJieMeil, *i. I. OpeHfiypr, 1924, cTp, 212, 221
K6tid8», b to BpcM5i kaK 6tt «tojibko itpflAepB^\" yr^cal6: myio Me>KAy HapoAaMH cnjiy oHbix». o cocxaBHTejiHx^ «3aK0H0B TayKe» roBopkx,ip^:iB«B,-t:oeAH- hhjih b «>KeThi->Kapra» «qHCTyio ^opory. xana vKacbiMa» h «ApeBHioK) Aopory xana EcHMa»1.*. * Xoth xaH Tay-xe cqHTaeTcn oahhm H3 caMwx nonyAflp- Hbix xanoB KOHua XVII h Hanajia X V III BB.t pkjH^.dMeJi . cymecTBeHHOH BAacTH naA-poAonpaBHTeAHMH. ^Bjaije Bce- o6mee npH3HaHHe nojiyqaeT xapaKTepncxHk&v^babcth Tayxe, AaHHan ero coBpeMeHHHKOM BacH,iHC^^Qi5w>BbiM, ' KOTOpuH AOKjiaAbiBaji b ChGhpckom npHka^e*Hfg/ikaaaxH jKHByT noBOAbHocfbK) CBoeio, a\\ Tfesxk Sana^ ■(yiyaiaiOT noMajiy»2. ' 5\"•'*'’* w>;• .*.*.'7\\% ;i’vlv*•’ •\\; 0 cjia6oM noAy(J)eoAaabHOM-: xapaKT>pe pJiacTH^f^sa?- CKoro KoqeBoro xaHa b X V III Bene 3feirA^rabcrByK)t^ roHHC^eHHtie. AOKyMeHTbL B -AOHeceHAH t ot 27 niopn 1785 r. EnaTepHHe II rydepHatQp-HreAbc^ow. nncaa^ Ato . Ka3axH «HcejiaiOT ocTaTbca. p p H ^ obchhh: HMeTb xaHa, otacah ::;jiappAOM, noneMy chm nocjiaiiHHKaM o6iahm £ y k B~it2MeTCR nphatch* 3.. • B 06'bHCHeHHH axyaa. 1785 r. cna- 3aHo: «Xan k TOMy Aa^^3iixH ero He cjiyinaiOT... OTHOCHTeAbHO 2Ke -BbpOB KHprH3-KaficaK, s TO-Ae oh k TOM3& He B coctohhhh»4. B nncbMe . A. P. BopoHuoBfe^ ^ 4?eBpaAH 1787 r» HreAbcrpoM eme pa3 nHca^ij^g>a^HKy xaHbi Ka3.axcHHe h3a noABJiacT-: HbIMH HM He HMeK)T CaMOBAaCTHOrO DpaBAeHHH, o^emaHH^ 6h h 6buin, He MQryr HAoro Aefl- ctbhh HMeT^]^^:^6jibK<^1H^ cpa^Hoe, epeAfa, BpaccyjKAe- HHH TOrO^f^'O^^ ;<5A.ar6ycTpoHCT- aa b c ^ ; $ e P m • • • • ; ’>• B o<5i'SCHeH«rH '>■ ,n < ^ O B f ^ f K a ^ •A .• TpaHKHna ot 13 AeKadpa’ I78$:jr*^asaHor r«EpautfH/CaATaH, no MoeMy' n H C b w y r f KapaBan B03BpaTHTb r o6eiAa^o^^%OHeqHof oh cne bbiiioahha 6 bi xorAa }Kefv , r r . •• '■*-' ''j '&tf&ti *C. JJ. HeKoyopue Bonpocu hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocyjiap- CTB4>^if3BecTHJi A lf KasCCP;cepHa HcropHqecKan, Bun. 4. Avrwa-ATa, • 1948, ctp: 103. . * / • : \\• ._*TaM JKe, crp. 103.' . .. 3 MaTepHa.nw no hctophh Ka3axcKofi C C P, t . IV . M — J I , 1940, - CTp, 57. ‘. . ■ 4 TaM xte, CTp. 70. 5 TaM * e , CTp. 78. *. , • ' *, 222.
6 b t -B CKOpOM BpeMeHU; JXJIA -B&Sitbfl OHBtX T6SapOB nocAaHG 6hiao, ho yace cnyera okoao 2-x MecaueB, norAa ohh Ha 3HMOBue K o n e e b x n e p e u i A u n a C b t p - f l a p b f o , u r a n k q k K 0 3 a x u caM O Q O JibH bi, to , H ecM O T p H H a E p a A U C a A T a n o - , 6 0 n o Q e j i e H t i e , r o e a p u n o c e O e p a 3 d e A U A u » l . y KaaaxcKHx xanoB em e He 6>wio cnjibHOH b a sc th , onHpaiomeficH na nocTOHHHyio Boopy^KeHHyio CHAy, Pemaiomee -3HaqeHHe BCe eiHie,«MC^H TpaAHUHH «BOeHHOH ^eMOKpaTHH», npOHB- jiHBiuHecH b 6oji£»iiio*m bahhhhh Ha HapoA poAonpaBHTeJreH b jiHue 6HeB>k. ctapuiHH (aKcaKajioB)2 s h b ocoOchhocth 6aTbippB. ‘ T, C L B oakohckhh b 1810 r, oTMeqaji, hto «caMa» BJiacTb xaHCKaa orpariHqHBaeTca eAHHCTBeHHO jih^hum thtyjiom XaHCKOrO AOCTOHHCTBa, KaK H3BeCTHO MHe H3 ACJ1 npeAMeCT- HHKOB VL H3 Cp6 CTBeHHblX MOHX HaOyHOACHHH, h60 K33aXH ynpaBJiHioTCB Opjiee qacTHhiMH poAQffaqajibHHKaMH, He>KeAH xaHaMH»3. A . H . JleBiiiHH, AHqHo H3yqaBiuHH 6wt k333xckhx iuieMeH b Haqajie XIX b., b 1823 r. nncaji: « 0 6 pa3 BHyTpen- Hero ynpaBJieHHH Ka3axoB npeACTaBAneT r/iaaaM HatfAio- AaTeton HBJieHHe cTpaHHoe h coBceM HeoObiKHOBeHHoe: aHap- xnqecKyio CMecb AecpoTH3Ma c HeorpaHHqeHHOio cbo6 oaoio na>KAoro qacTHoro Atfua. W iroxoMy B oaho h to wlc BpeivjH bhahm 3AeCb nojiHOMOMHoro BJiacTeJiHHa, KOTopuft BernaeT CBoero noAAaHHoro 3a kpaxcy OapaHa hah AbiuaAH, a B03Jie Hero'TOJiny nojjBAacTHbur eMy nee, koto pan TOpxcecTBeHHO OTKa3bIBaeTCH OT nOBHHOBeHHH H oO'bJiBJIHeT, STO OHa nepfc- xoaht OT Hero noA Bj^acTb Apyroro noBeAHTeAH 3a to, hto oh H3 Hee KaKoro-Hn6yAb xhiahhk3 bbiaha pyccKowy norpa- HHqHOMy H aqaAbC TB y HAH 0TK33aA 3AOAeiO B IIOKpOBHTeAb- cTBe»4. T a n o e coqeTaH H e aAeMeHTOB AecnOTH3Ma xaH C koft BAacTH b OTHouieHBH MeAKHx. h hhiuhx BopHUjeK c e e 6 e c - nOMOIUHOOTblO B.OTHOmeHHH O o jie e HAH ic e fte e MHQPOqHCAeH- Hoft rp yn a tj^ A ioA B fi, .HMeBiiiHx noAHyio AHqHyio oBoOoAy aah Toro, q T o O b i.. b AioO oe BpeMH d p o c H T b CBoero xan a hah cyATaHa, hcho noKa3HfcaeT, qTO 3th K oqeB bie xaHCTBa, rip eA - 1MaTepHaAfci no HcropHH Ka3axeKoft C C P, t. IV, M.— J l . 9 1940, CTP 104. : p * AKcanaA—'6yK3a,ibiig 6ejio6opoAbiA, naTpHapx. * MaTepnaAti ntj^H^TopHK KaaaxcKoft C C P, t . IV, .1940, CTp. 246., . ' . .• x * * 3awe<iaHHHr npeflCTaB^eimbie b A3HaTCKHft AenapTaMeHT CTOAona- Ma.TbiiHKOM 3Toro AenapTaMeHTa A. H. JleBiiiHHUM Ha HHCTpyKUHio MHJX no^K. Bepry 8 anpeAH 1823 r. B kh.: MaTepwaAbi no HCTOpHH Ka3ax- ckom CCP, t . IV. M;— J l . , 1940, crp. 436.
• .I craB-iaBrnfie co6ok> Henpo^Hbie noAHTHqecKite cotosh ime- Men, em/e He hmgjih toh SKOHOMHHecKOH16a3hi' b BHAe (JjeoAajibHoro 3eMAeBAaAeHHH, Ha ocHOBe KOTopon Mor/iH 6h B03HHKHyTb (J)eOAaAbHOC rOCyA.apCTBO H-KpenOCTHHHeCT- bo. K on ek b ie Ka3axcKHe xaHCTBa aa B ee BpeMH cBoero cym e- cTBOBaHHH 6buiH nAeMeHHo-(})eoAaAbHbiMH • rocyAapcTBeH- HblMH 06pa30BaHH5IMH, BO IViaBe KOTOpbIX CT0HAH Bhltfop- Hbie Ko^eBbie xaHbi, «H e o6jiaAaK)m ,H e h r KpenocTbio, hh BOHCKOM AAH OXpaHbl*1. , HeKOTOpue jopHCTbr h hctophkh cRHTaioT, mo. K23ax- CKHe KOReBHHKH B XI—XVIII/BB. HMeJIH AOCTaTO^HO/BHCO- khh ypoBeHb rocyAapcTBeHHOCTH. HanpnMep, cocraBHTejiH npocneKTa «H ctophh rocyAapcTBa h npaBa Ka3axcTaHa» H3BeCTHbie npH3H3KH (JjeOAaAbHOH MOHapXHH oceA-flbix 3eMJieA&nbiiecKHXHapoAOBiicahkom npHiiHCHBaioTKoqeBOMy Ka3axcKOMy xancToy. Ohh yTBepxKAaiOT, mo KakAHH npeA- craBHTeJib ij£TpHapxaAbHo-(j)eoAaAbHOH BepxyiuKH xa3ax- CKHX KOReBHHKOB B XV—XVIII BB. peryjIflpHO npOH3BOAHA cdopbi ckotom b cboio nojib3y (3exeT) h c6opbi H3 ypoxcaa (yrnyp), xotr Tor^a Ka3axH 3eMAeAeAHeM coBepmeHHO He 3aHHM3JIHCb. Ha caMOM AeAe noAaTefi noA Ha3BaH«eM «3exeT» h « ymyp» noAo6Hbix TeM, KOTopue co6HpaAHCb annapaTOM TeoKpaTHqecKOH rocyAapcTBeHHOH BAacTH MycyjibMaHCKoro BocTona h cymecTBOBaflH qyTb jih He c MOMeHTa pacnpo- CTpaHeHHH Hc^aMa, b Ka3axcKOM o6mecTBe XV—XVIII bb. He 6 u j i o . A KoneBoe x3hctbo Ka3ax<iB HHKqrAa He 6hiAO TeOKpaTHReeKHM MycyjIbM3HCKHM_ rOCyAapCTBOMU-/ CpeAH y36eKCKH^ KoqeBHHKOB — npeAKOB Ka3ax©B> HCJiaM Haqaji pacnpocTpaHHTbCH b XIV Bexe. JBbiAeAeHHe xa3axoB H3 y36eKCKoro yjiyca h o6pa30BaHHe xa3axcxoro xaHCTBa b XV b. He npHBeJiH k ycHAeHHia cpeAH xa3axoB bahhhhh HCJiaMa. ~> B Tpy^ax yqacTHHKOB sxcneAHixHH Poccnficxoft AxaAe- mhh Hayx b xa3axcxyio cTenb, cocTOHBuieHCHb 1768—1769 rr. noA pyxoBOACTBOM axaA- n. C. FlaAAaca, yxa3biBaeTCfl Ha- ruioxoe 3HaHHe xaaaxaMH HCAaMcxoft peAHrHH. H. IlOajibK nncaji: «MaroMeTaHe xa3axn oqeHb ruioxne, HesejxecTBeH- Hbie h cyeBepHbie. Hh Meqereft, hh iiikoa y hhx HeT cobccm h Majio cjiy>KHTeAefi xyAbTa, u y j u i . MyAAbi Bee TO>xe oqeHb ___________ N 1 MaTepwa/iu no hctophh Kaaaxcxofi CCP, t. IV, M.— Jl., 1940, d p . 347. 224 . . .
HCBOKecTBeHHbi. B CHJiy Bcero s t o t o K a3axn hc yw eiO T h h lIHTaTL, HH rrncaTb. n o K33BXCKHM CTenflM pa3T>e3>KaeT necKOJibKo o n e p a T o p o B o6pe3aHH*i. 3 a coBepmeunc s t o h HeoCxo^H M O ti npaBOBcpHOMy MaroMCTaHHHy onepau.H n, B3HMaercn x o p o m a n njiaTa — oB u a... H o hx To>xe ne xB aTa- eT. y K a 3 a x o B m o >kho BCTpeTHTb a a>Ke noApocTKOB, M ajib - mhkob j i e t 14, e r n e He o 6 p e3 a H H b ix »1. H . f . fe o p r n yTBep>K- AaeT, h to K a 3 a x H npHHHJiH HCJiaM TO AbKo b Hana^e X V III Be- Ka. C 3THM nOJIHOCTblO COIYiaCHTbCH HeJIb3H. Oop.ViaJIbHOe npnH5iTHe HCJia-Ma npe^KaMH K a 3 a x cK H x kohgbhhkob o t h o - chtch k 6 o j i e e paHHeMy nepHOAy. O A H a x o 3to yTB ep>K Aeiine HMeeT T y a o j iio hcthh u, mto 20-e roAbi XVIII B e x a , (1723— 1729 r r . ) , Kor\\ua Bee TpH >Ky3a Ka3axcKoro H a p o A a HaxOAHJIHCb B H3THaHHH Ha TeppHTOpHH CpeAHea3liaTCKHX xaHCTB, c n a c a n c b ot npecAeAOBaHHH A>KyHrapoB bo BpeMH «A K T a 6 a H — LUy6ypbiHAbi», K a3axn KaK coMHHTeAbHbie M ycyjibM ane m o ta h eme pa3 no Tpe6oBaHHio npaBHTejien h cj]y>KHTejieH pejiH rno3H oro xyjib T a X h b u , Byxapbi h C a w a p - xaHAa n oB Top H Tb uepeMOHHaji npHHHTHH HCJiaMa. T e o p r H nncaji: «B HanaJie ctoactha oCpaTHJiHCb Ka3axn no n p eA b - meHHio TypKecTaHCKHx CBHmeHHOcAyjKHTeAeii ot m a w a f f cKoro H3bmecTBa k MaroMeTaHCKOMy 3aK0Hy. B epy c b o io ohh nonH TaioT; ho xax y h h x HeT llikoji, Aa npn t o m h uejibie y jiy c b i H e HMeiOT Myjui, t o o h h He TOJibxo n p e B e jin - xne HeBe>KAbi, ho h xpaftHC cyeB ep H b i. M a jio e qnc.no H a xo - AHIUHXCH y HHX Myjui, COCTOHT H3 nJieHeHHbIX HMH POCCHH- CKHX HAH A p y r H X K3KHX TaTap, yMeiOLUHX MHTaTb H n H caTb H nOTOMy AIOAH CHH 6btBai0T C^aCTAHBbl, OT^aCTH KaK CBJJlUeHHOCAyyKHTeAH, a OmaCTH K aK nHCUbl H COBeTHHKH 3H3THbIX K a 3 a X O B »2. 0 6 o > K e c T B A e H H e Ka3axaMH o T A e A b H b i x npeAM eTO B n p w - pOAbl H MOTHAbHHKOB OTMenaeTCH nOHTH BCeMH y q a C T H H K a - mh 3KcneAH U H H F la A A a c a . O noKAOHeiiHH Ka3axoB M o n u i e xaHa A 6 y A x a n p a T e o p m rnicaA: « K a 3 a x n npH3HaiOT c e r o y M e p u i e r o x a n a 3a CBHToro, n p o H 3 B O A H c n e H3 c A e A y i o u i e r o 33KA K)neH H H . O t TOrO MGCT3, TAO A e J K H T HoraMH ycon u iH H , BbipOCAO IiapOHHTOH BeJIHMHHH B eT A O B O e A^peBO, n O K p b l- B a iom ee b g tb h m h cbohmh B O CTonnyio n a c T b HaA hhm nocTaB - JieH H oro 3 A 3 h h h ... B ee K a 3 a x H H T y T c 6 A a r o r o B e H H e M e r o 1 ripom^ioe Ka3axcTaHa b HCTomiHKax h MaTcpHaaax, t . I. M., 1935, CTp. 197. 2 TaM >kc, CTp. 196— 197. 15 C. I£. T o.'i u 6ckob 225
Morflwiy, h npHiiHcyioT eMy TBopeHHe pa3JiHqHbix qyaec*1. To xce caMoe oTMenaeT B. HajiHBKHH y y36eKCK«x KoneBHH- kob: «H3ApeBJie y36eKH npHHecJiH c co6o8 oOhinaft 6oro- TBopeHHH AepeBbeB; xa>KAbiH pa3, KaK ohh BCTpenajw oahhoko CToamee 6o;ibujoe AepeBo, jkghiuhhu BemaAH Ha ero BeTKH jiocKyTbi pa3Hhix MaTepHH, nocjie qero AepeBo 3 7 0 CTaHOBHJIOCb CBHmeHHbIM,— Ma3apOM*, ClOAa npHXOAHAH MOJiHTbca, npocHTb 6ora o noMoiun, cnpaBJWTb iiomhhkh, coBepmaTb >KepTBhi h t. n.»2. Ka3axcKHe ko^cbhhkh BnjiOTb A0 XIX B. OCTaBaJIHCb HOMHHaAbHbIMH MycyJIbMaHaMH3. Hc/raM cpexiH Ka3ax0B Open6yprcKoro h CnOnpcKoro BeAOMCTB 6ojiee hjih MeHee ycHJieHHo HacawAaeTCH no hhh- unaTHBe uapcKoro npaBHTejibCTBa q ep ea TaTapcKHx Myjui c Haqajia XIX Bena. «HacTOHHHBO, no noAHTHqecKHM bhasm, HacajKAan h ynpenjinn cpeAH Ka3axoB MycyAbMaHCTBO,— nncaji JI. A. Cjioboxotob,— m u TeM caMbiM c6jiHx<a;iH Ha- poAHbifi cyA c inapHaTOM ncjiaMH3Ma. J X j w npHMepa, KaK b xcepTBy npHHOCHJiH mu HHTepecu HapoAHocTH, yxa>Ky Ha cyAewcKHft cocTaB komhcchh xaHa UlHpra3hi, KyAa bolljah: cyATaHu T eM n p EpaAHeB h MeAeT-FaJiHfi TypAaAHeB, no- qeTHUH cTapuiHHa HceHrejibAH >KaHMyp3HH, uyjuia A 6- ApaxMaH-MaroMeT UJa^npoB, axyH TadAyAca^HM TatfApax- MaHOB h 'MyAAa CyjieftMaHOB>4. TaKHM o6pa30M, 50% co- CTaBa co3AaHHofi uapcKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM cyAencKoft komhcchh xaHa b 1812—1821 rr. 6hjih MyjiJiu. BapoH E. K. MeHeHAop4> b 1820 r. coBeTOBaji MHHHcrepcTBy hho- 1 reopzu H. r. OnncaHHe Bcex oOHTaiomHx b PocchAckom rocyAap- CTBe HapoAOB, q. II. Cn6., 1799, CTp. 44. 2 n a A u e t c u H B . KpaTKaa hctophh KOKaHACKoro xaHCTBa. Ka3aHb, 1886, ctp. 15— 16. 3 He cjiytiafiHO b Hawa^e XVI b. hmsm y36eKCKoro IIIeA6aHH xaHa Py36axaHH roBopHA, hto pa3 Ka3axH eme HAOJionoKJioHHHKH h tbopat HacH/iHe h H3,aeBaTe^bcTB0 naA Mycy/ibMaHaMH, to oaho npoH3HomeHHe cHMBOJia Mycy-nbMaHCKoA Bepu 3Ha*ieHHA He HMeeT. A. A. Ccmchob nw- meT, mo cpeAH Ka3axoB Ghjih pacnpocTpaHeHbi HenoTopbie oCbmaw He- BepHfl, «3tH-TO «06blH3H HeBepH«» H 6b(JlH npHMHHOA oCbflB/ieHHH «CBBmeHHOH BofiHbi* UieA6aHH xaHOM npoTHB Ka3axoB co BKaiOMenneM b (Jjersy, mo ohh noKAOHaiOTCH HAOJiaM. Flo cJioBaM Py36axaHH, rviaB- Hbiw 6ox<ecTBOM y Ka3axoB 6u;io coahuc. BnepBbie KaK Ka3ax 6epeT qamy c KyMbicoM,— nnuieT Py36axaHH,— oh npeauxe, qeM BbiriHTb ee, ofipamaeT CBoe ahuo k coJiHuy h Bbin/iecKHBaeT’ H3 nee HeKOTopoe ko- /iHMecTBO HanHTKa no HanpaB/ieHHio k boctoky h 3aTeM coBepuiaeT seM- hoA iiok/ioh BceMy cojihuv*. (TpyAbi HHCTHTyra hctophh AH TaA>KHK- ckoA CCP, t . XII, CTa/iHHaCaA, 1954, crp. 321). 4 C a o b o x o t o b JI. A. HapoAHbiA cyA o 6biHHoro npaBa KHprH3 MaaoA OpAU. OpeH6ypr, 1905, crp. 59. 226
cTpaHHbix aeji P occhh 6ojiee sHeprHHHo HcnoAb30BaTb HcyiaM a a h npoBe^eHHH iio jih th k h pyccnoro npaBHTeAbCT- Ba b K a3 axcraH e: «IlpaBHTejibCTBo m o m o 6u hmgtb caM oe 6ojibiuoe b a h h h h c na 3Ty opAy, BbiCpaB noAXOAHiuero ne- AOBexa Ha jiojiiKHOCTb nepBoro Myjuibi, KOTopwfi 6 h a 6 bi rJiaBHbiM cyAbeH hah Ka3bi npn xaHe, h, na6jno)\\an, h t o 6 u OH HMeJI AOCTaTOHHO BAHHHHH HaA X3H0M, AA5I TOrO, HTo 6 H OpAa ynpaBAHJiacb rax, Kax x o n e r P o c c h r » x. O Haca>KAeHHH uapcKHM npaBHTeAbCTBOM HCJiaMa cpeAH ch6h p c k h x Ka3axoB M. BaAnxaHOB nnca/i: «K oqyiom H e TaTapu x o t h h HcnoBeAyioT HCJiaM, ho noAotfHo H3biqecKHM C06paTbflM COCTaBJlHIOT COBepilieHHblH KOHTpaCT C OCeAAUMH OAHonjieMeHHHKaMH. MycyjibMaHCKan pejiarna, npHHHTan hmh x o th h AaBHo, He HMejia Ha h h x pa3pymaiomero b jih h - HHH, KaK Ha TaTap H Ap... B KOpOTKOe BpeMH C OTKpbITHH nepB u x onpyroB b 1822 ro A y, HCJiaM, 6 aaroA ap a 3a6 oT aM npaeHTeJibCTBa, cAe-naji qyAOBHmiibiH nporpecc. B KaxcAOM a y jie e c r b T * y j i J i a h noABHXCHoe M eA p ece — mKOJia; k t o He coAep>KHT 30-AHeBHyio yp a3 y h 5-BpeMeHHWH HaMa3, t o t He HMeeT r o A o c a h yBaxceHHH pOAHHeft; c a o b o m : Ka3ax-CTenHflK b 4>aHaTH3M e HHCKOAbKO He y c T y n a eT KaxoM y-H H CyAb CTaM6yAbCKOMy AepBHiuy, KyBbipKaTejiio opAeHa M eB - A e B H »2* . B tot >Ke nepnoA Ka3axn Ha lore nonaan noA' BAacTb KoxaHACKoro h X hbhhckoto xaHCTB. KoxaHACKoe h x h b h h - cKoe BAaAuqecTBO HaA Ka3axaMH conpOBo>KAaAocb ycHAe- HH6M CpeAH nOCAeAHHX BAHHHHH HCA3Ma. KOKaHACKHe H XHBHHCKHe 6 eKH C0(5HpaAH C Ka3aXOB HeriOCHAbHyiO A5Hb noA H33BaHHeM «3exeT» — y KoqeBHHKOB 11 «y m y p » hah « ycyp» — y occaao# qacTH HaceAeHHH BnAOTb ao 3aBepm e- hhh npncoeAHHeHHH Ka3axcKHx >Ky30B k P occhh. B 1848 r. npeAceAaTeAio O peH 6 yprcKOH norpaHHHHofi komhchh 06 «ym y p e» coo6 m.aAocb: «H aqaAO «y m y p a » (y cy - pa) npoH3oniAo bo BpeMH 3 3 KOHOA2TeAbCTBa M aroM eTa B ApaBHH. OTciOAa co BpeMeHeM, no pacnpocTpaHeHHH M aro- MeTaHCKoro BeponcnoBeAaHHH, c 6 op s t o t nepemeA b coceA- CTBeHHbie ApaBHH a3H3TCKHe BAaAeHHH, H, HaKOHen, HBHACH b ByxapHH h XnBe... Koqyiomiie no pene Cbip-^apbH Ka3axH HcnoBeAyioT ( xoth He co Bcefi TonHocTbio) MaroMeTancKyio ’ MaTepnajiu no hctophh Ka3CCP, t . IV, M.— A., 1940, CTp. 365. 2 BaAuxanoa V. */. flo.iHoe coCpanue comhhchhh.— 3anHCKH no ot- AejieHHK) 3THorpa(|)HH, t. XXIX. Cn<5., 1904, dp. 190—191. 15* 227
pejiHrHio, to, coctoh qacTbio ao HacTOflinero bpcmchh n o jx BJiaAbi^ecTBOM ynoMsuiyTbix xancTB, ohh oTnaBajiw napnAy c ApyniMH MaroMeTanaMH Ka>KAoroAHOAecHTyio qacTbnojiy- waeMoro c o6pa6aTbiBaeM0H hmh 3eMJiH xjietfa, pa3yMeeica, Te TOJlbKO, KOTOpwe HCKJUOHHTeJIbHO 3aHHMHI0TCH 36MJie- AeJIHeM, a CKOTOBOAbI nJI3THAH «3GKeT» CKOTOM»1. EAHHCTBeHHblH AOKyMGIIT, rOBOpHIUHH 0 HaMCpGHHH Ka* 3axcKoro xana cotfHpaTb c iiaceAeHHH Hajior b cbh3h c yxyAiiieHHeM BHeuiHenoJiHTmiecKoro rioJioweHHH xaHCTBa,— 3to «>KeTbi->Kapra»,' cocTaBAeHHbift b Hawa.ae XVIII o. npn xaHe Tayxe; H ajior 3tot Aawe hg Ha3 biBaACfl sexeTOM hjih ymypo.M. n o 3T0My AOKyMeHTy xaH xoTeji npoH3BecTH c6op c Ka>KAoro qejiOBeKa, Morymero HocHTb opy>KHe, KpoMe cyjuaHOB, b pa3Mepe x/2o qacTH ero HMymecrBa. SxcTpaop- AHiiapHuft xapaKTep 3Toro BoeHnoro c6 opa bhach eme H3 Toro, mo nocAeAHHH 6hui HeimoBepHO BejiHK. 3nH30AHlICCKHH CAHHOBpeMeHIIblH BOeHHblH c6op rViaBOH ruiewenHoro coioaa KoneBiiHKOB cy mecTBOBaji c apgbhhx BpeMGH. HanpHMep, o MonroAbCKHx KoqeBbix iwieweHax ToroH b Hanajie h . a. cootfmaeTCH, hto «no.iojKHTeAbiibix h onpeAejieHHbix HaJioroB y hhx He CbiJio; b cjiyqae KpaftHo- CTH COOnpaJJH C AOCTaTOqHbIX CeMeftCTB .CTOJIbKO, CKOAbKO Tpe6oBa.iocb Ha noKpwTHe pacxoAOB»2. FIoAodHbift c(3op C COCTOATeAbHbIX CeMeftCTB 6 uJl AaHbK) HAH BOeHHOft noAaTbio, ho He 3eMe,ibH0H penTOH. O h He cJiyxcHJi ochob- Hbl.Vl HCTOHHHKOM AOXOAa IIACMeHHOrO BOJKAH. Taxan AaHb yruiaqHBajiacb b o >k a io KJiaHa — «6ojibiuoM y qejiOBeKy» b X V b . h no3>xe b oceAJiOM cKOTOBOAliecKOM o6mecTBe ceB epH on UJoTAaiiAHH. n o cJiOBaM M apxca, TaM 36MAH HBvTJIAaCb « C 0 6 c T 6 e H H O C T b f O p o d d , BHyTpH KOTOpOTO, iiecMOTpH Ha KpoBHoe po actb o , cymecTBOBaAH TaxHe >xe pa3AHHHH B nOAOKCHHH, KaK H BO BCeX ApeBHHX a3H3TCKHX pOAOBblX 06lAH H ax. riepBan y3ypnauHH npou3omjia nocne H3rH3HHH C n o ap - tob ( t. e. b 1688— 89 rr.— C. T .) nocpeACTBOM yqpe>KAeHHH poAOBbix bohhckhx qacTeft. C sToro 'MOMCHTa nAdTeotcu CAejiaAHCb rjiaBHbiM HCToqHHKOM A o x oA a aah « 6oAbuioro qeA0BeKa»... CxapHHHaJi AaHb npeBpaTHAacb b TBepAue 1 UTHA Ka3CCP, A. 4, on. I, a. 3 516, cb. 469, ji. 2. 2 Maniueeo A . M. HccKojibKo 3aMcnaiiHH o nyTeinecTBHH AweHKHH- coHa B X hb>- b 1559 ro^y.— 3anncKH H PTO no OTAejieiiHio sTnorpa- 4)hh, t. VI. CnC., 1880, ctp. 113. 228
4CHe>KHbie b 3h o c l i» 1, to e d b o n a y m e n epepocjia b 3CMCJih- Hyio p e iiT y . H a ^ o n ojiaraTb , hto naMeqeiiHbiH b «>KaTbi->Kapra» cCop h meji HMeHHO xapaK Tep crap H H H oft a s h h . H e c jie z ty e T 3a6HBaTb T a io n e h to , mto e c jih 6 u T a y x e Aa>Ke xotcji npon3BO/iHTb oKero^HbiH 20-nponeH TH bm c6op y Ka>KAoro 6 o ecn o c o 6 H o ro Ka3axa, to oh e^ B a jih mot ocym ecTBH Tb ero, KaK b c h k h h kohcboh xaii, lie pacnoJiaraBiuiiH noqTH h h - K3koh B jia c T b io HaA HacejieHHew b -m h ph o c Bpe\\ifl2. K a a a x c K H e KoqeBbie xaiibi e m e bo BTopoii nojioB H H e X V I I I B en a, He HMea cocjiOBHO-MOHonoJibHOH (JieoAajibHOH co6cTBeHHOcTH Ha 3eMjno, x a p a K T e p iio fi ajih oceA J ioro 3eM - jieixcjib H ecK oro H apoA a, h TB epA oft BJiac.Tn Haa. nacejieHHCM , 6hiJiH jiH iiieH bi HCTomiHKa p e r y jifip H o r o nocTynjieHHH a o x o - ao b c n oztB jiacTH oro liaceJieHHA. 3 e n e r snepBbie b K a3 axcT aH c coOnpajicn b K o im e X V I I I BeKa dblBLLIHM XHBHHCKH'M X3H0M KaHnOM H B 20-X roAax X I X c e x a ero bhykom cyjiTaHOM ApyHra3bi A d y jir a - 3H30BbIM C nOjlBJiaCTHblX HM K a33X O B B HH30BbflX p. C b ip - jja p b tf, a noTO.v xanow /IxtaH rep oM b 30— 40-x r o ^ a x X IX b . bo BiiyTpeHHefi ByxeeBCKOH opAe. B3H M anH e 3eKeTa h y in y p a b ByKeeBCKoil opzie 6bu io CB5I33HO y>KG C P33BHTHCM (JlCOAaJIbHblX OTHOUieHHH, C IlO- HBJieHHeM c{)eoAa*.ibHofi co6c t b c h h o c t h Ha 3eMJiio c p e a n oceAJibix h nojiyKoqeB bix K a3 axoB , ra.e (JieoAajibi HcnoJib3o- BajiH b KaqecTBeBa>KHOro op yA H H A J in ocym,ecTBJicHH5i CBoew 3KcruiyaTaTopcKO H uejin p e jin r a io HCJiaMa. B 1852 r. Ile p o B - ckhh o e p r io OTMeTHJi, ^To «ca\\iO H BpeaHOH ycjiyro H , K a x y io 0 K 8 3 a j i pyccK O M y npaBHTejibCTBy x aH /Ix<yHrap b TeqeH n e 2 2 -jieT n ero ynpaBJieHHH B H yTpeH H eio opAoio, 6biJio p a c - n pocTpaH eH H e h pa3BHTHe b Hen iMaroMeTaHCTBa n o c p e A - ctbom Ha3Ha*ieHHH coOcTBeHHoft BJiacTbio, 6e3 pa3pem eHHH naqajibCTBa h 6e3 AOJDKHoro HcribiTaHHH, d o jib iu o ro q n c jia wyjui, ocBo6o>KAeHHbix hm , CBepx T o ro , b qncjie n p o q n x no- 1 M a p n c K. h dnzeAbC <P. Con., t . 8, cTp. 524. 2 « H o oaho 6wjio >K6jiaTb oeym.ecTB.ncHH a Bcero SToro, a Apyroe— A0 6HTbCH B03MOJKHOft H AeHCTBHTCJIbHOH erO p6aAH3311HH. H6o CJIHU1KOM HHMTOJKHhi eme <5hjih cpeACTBa, \"kotopumh pacnojiaraA b 3to bpcmh TaBKa, MTotfbi no6eAHTb c iiomoiumo hx npoTHBo6opcTBOBaBuine eMy chjiu, HecoMHeHHo KopeHHBLUHecji rJiytfoKo b caMOM cymecTBe TorAam- Hero no.HHTHHecKoro ycTpoflcTBa Ka3axcKoro napOAa». ( lI>vioiuhh- kob A. n . OnepKH no Hcropifif Ka3ax-KHprH3CKOro HapoAa, «i. I. OpeH- 6ypr, 1924, CTp. 212), 229
qeTHbix ahu, ot c6opoB 3eKeia h coryMa»l. KpOMe Toro, ne^b3H ynycKaTb H3 bhay bahhhhh Xhbh Ha cyjiTaHOB npHChipaapbHHCKHx Ka3axoB b KOHue XVIII h Haqajie XIX bb. HanpHMep, ApyHra3bi 6biA noTOMKOM xhbhhckhx X3HOB H3 Ka33XOB H BOCIlHTaH B Ayxe MycyJIbNfaHCKOrO 4)aHarH3Ma. O h bo Bce\\i noApa>xaA cpeAHea3HaTCKHM xaHaM. B 1821 r. o cyjiTane Apyiira3bi cootfmaeTCH, hto «BJiacTOJiio6He ecTb rocnoACTByioinaH CTpacTb ero h npH- MHHa Bcex nocTynKOB. Oh ribiiueH b o6pa3e >kh3hh, mo6bi B MbICAflX HepHH paBH/ITbCH C X3H3MH XHBHHCKHM, 6yxap- ckhm, mo6bi B03BbicHTbCB HaA IIlHpra3bi2. 3Aecb, no npn- Mepy 33H3TCKHX rocyAapeft, pacchinaeT nAOAbi h {j)pyxTbi bo BpeMH CTOJia Kan 3H3KH pacnoAOJKeHHH CBoero»3. Oh Tax >xe, nan cpe/iHea3naTCKHe xanw, cotfHpaA c HacejieHHH 3exeT h ymyp. nosTOMy yTBep>xaeHHe o tom, hto hko6h «3exeT» h «yiuyp» cymecTBOBajiH b XV—X V III Bexax b xa3axcxoM KoqeBOM o6mecTBe, xax 3eMeAbHan peHTa, He HMeer itoa C060H 0CH0B3HHH. ypOBeHb pa3BHTHH xoqeBoro o6mecTBa Ka3axoB b XV—XVIII BB. yCJIOBHO M03KH0 epaBHHTb C ypOBHeM o6mecTBeHHoro pa3BHTHH BOCTOHHocJiaBHHCKHx h HecAa- bhhckhx njieMeH b V III—X bb. Ha PycH. B 3tot nepHOA b pa3JinqHbix nacTHx Pycn c pa3HOH 6biCTpoToft coBepuiajicH «npouecc pa3jio>KeHHH nepBo6biTHO-o6mHHHHx OTHomeHHH H pa3BHTHH «BOeHHOH AeMOXp3THH». 3 tOT npOUeCC, OXBa- TblBaiOmHft 0 6 lUHpHyK) TeppHTOpHK) OT 6epeTOB JlaAO>KCKO- ro 03epa w ao AyHaficxHx rapA, ot KapnaT ao Okh, ecTb He hto HHOe, xaK B03HHKH0BeHHe (peoAa^iH3Ma»4. npnqeM 3tot npouecc cj>eoAaAH3auHH y oceAAbix 3eMAeAeAbueB, Ka- khmh 6htih cjiaBHHe, u ieji HecpaBHeHHo 6bicTpee, qeM y KOqeBHHKOB Ka3aXOB, X03HHCTB0 KOTOpbIX, XaX OTMeqeHO, Boo6me He motao, He nepeft'Afi k occaaocth, aohth ao ypOB- hh pa3BHToro pa6oBAaAeAbqecKoro hah (J)eoAaAbHoro o6mecTB. MneHHe C. B. lOuiKOBa, BbicKa3aHHoe hm o komcbom o6mecTBe Ka3axoB b XV—XVIII Bexax, xax 0 pa3 BHTOM 1 UrHA K33CCP, 78, A. 153, cb. 12, ji. 2. 1940 7 UJnpra3bi AfiryaKOB — nocneAHHfi xaH MjiaAiuero jxy3a. 3 MaTepwa^u no kctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP, t . IV. M.— JI. CTp. 378. w \\ M aepod un B . B . 06pa30naHHe eAHHoro pyccxoro rocyaapcTBa. M., 1951, dp. 7« 230
4>eoAayibHOM ro cy a a p c T B e, rA e yp oB eH b p 33bhthh r o c y a a p - CTBeHHOCTH 6tJJI npHMepHO TBKHM JKe, KaK B PocCHH B XIV— XVI BB. He COOTBeTCTByeT AeHCTBHTeAbHOCTH. r ip a B C. JI. O y n c , K or^ a oh tobophji: «y^HBHTejibHo, q T o C. B. HDu ik o b , KOTopbiH b cBoeii n ocjieA H eft p a 6 o ie n o A q ep K - Hyjl, MTO KHeBCKHH KHft3b AO X I BeKa «HBAHACH TAaBHUM o6pa30M BOeHHbIM BO>KA6M», OTKa3bIBaeTCH BHAeTb 3T0 Ka- necTBo y K a3axcK H x xaHOB h cyjiTaH O B XV—XVII c t o a c t h h , B TO BpeMH KaK nO ypOBHK) CBOerO SKOHOMHHeCKOrO H nOAH- THUeCKOrO pa3BHTHH 3TO 06lHeCTB0 KOHeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB ctohjio 3HaqHTeAbH0 HH»e K hcbckoh PycH c ee oceAJibiM 3eMAeAOAHeM, peMecjioM, ota o a eHh u m ot ceJibCKoro x o 3 H t f- CTBa H pa3BH TO H T O p rO B A e ft»l . n p H M e p H O TaK >Ke, K a K C. B. IO iukob, HenpaBOMepno npeyBeJiHHHBaeT ypoBeHb pa3- BHTHH K 3 3a xC K O H rOCyAapCTBeHHOCTH B XV— XVIII BeKaX T. M . K y A b T eA eeB , uto npHBeAo e r o k B03BeAnqeHHio K a 3 a x - cKoro K o q e B o ro xaHCTBa h H3o6pa>KeHHK> ero KaK B n o jm e CJio>KHBiiierocH <«})eoAajibHoro ro c y A a p C T B a », hah A aace, KaK BnOAHe C J IO y K H B U lQ K C ft « § e O J i a J l b H O p l MOHapXHH»2. B n e H C T B U T e J l b H O C T H y K 3 3 a x C K H X KOHeBHHKOB H e 6 u a o HH OCeAAOCTH, HH 3eM AeA6AHH H HHK3K0r0 (J)eOAaAbHOrO 3eMAeBA3AOHHH. CneuH<})HKa 3KOHOMHqecKoro 6a3H ca k o - qeBoro o6 m ecT B a o n p e n e j i u j i a cneuHt{)HKy ero noAHTHqe- CKOH HaACTpOHKH — Ka3aXCKOrO xaHCTBa, KOTOpoe 6bIAO HaqaAbHbiM h nenpoqHbiM noAyc|)eoAa a l b u m rocyAapcTB eH - hmm o6pa30BaHHew. T. M . K y A b reA eeB , paTya 3a M H ^n qecK oe cymecTBOBaHHe (J)eoAaAbHOH co6cTBeHHOCTH 11a 3eMAio b KoqeBOM o6mecTBe Ka3axoB b X V — XVIII Bexax, Bee >Ke BhiHy>KAeH 6 h a b h < c K a 3 a T b C H T a K : « H o a r a ( p e o n a j i b H a n cotfcTBeHHOcTb 6 h iA a 3aB yaA H pO B aH a, KaK MH yK a3bIB aA H , CHAbHbIMH pOAOBbIMH nepe>KHTKaMH, HMeBIHHMHCH B SKOHOMHKe h H a A C T p o ftK e K a3axcK oro c^eoASAbHoro o6 m ecT B a. FloaroM y, HMea b BHAy $eoA aA H 3M b K a3axcTaH e, c o B e p m e H H o npaBHAbHO ro B o p H T o naTpHapxaAbHO-^eoAaAbHOM yK A aA e. 3 t o o 6 c T O H T e A b C T e o h o liuao c e o e x p rc o e O Tpaofcenue u 0 K a 3 a x cK 0 M ty e o d a A b H O M o6 biH H O M n p a e e , zd e baotce n e T c n e y u a A b H b ix h o p m , p e z y A u - p y to iy u x n p a e o (peodaA bH O u 3 e M e A b H 0 u c o d c r e e H n o c T u . 1 <t>yKc C. JI. HeKOTOpbie Bonpocbi hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocyaapcT- sa.— H3BecTH« AH Ka3CCP, cepwa HCTopH^ecKan, Bbin. 4. AiiMa-ATa, J948, CTp. 101, 2 KyAbreAeee T. M. Yro/iOBHoe o6 u m ioe npaBo Ka3axoB. A/iM a-ATa, 1955, CTp. 45. 231
3 TO 06'bHCHHCTCH pflflOM OCOGeilHOCTeft 3K0H0MHKH H TCM, mo K J ia c c c ^ e o A a jiO B , nona sto 6 wjio bo3mo>kho, He CHHTaji ueJiecoo6pa3HHM 3a(J)HKcnpoBaTb b nopMax npaBa cboio aeMCJlhHVJO COCcTBCHHOCTb H TCM CaMbIM, XOTH 6bl B H3BeCT- hoh \\iepc of)iia>KHTb ee SKcnJiyaTaTopcKyio cymHOCTb»I (noAHepKHyTO Hawn — C. T .). P a 36op aiiaJionwHbix nhi- CKa3biBaiiHft no cymecrBy Hawn y>KC a s h . 3aecb Jimub cJieayeT cKa3aTb, mto nonbiTKa o6i>HCHHTb, noqe.My b otfbiHHOM npaBe k333xckhx kohgbhhkob He HauiJia 0Tp3>KCHHe «(J)eoAajibnaH 3CMejibHan co6cTBeHH0CTb» TOJib- KO O^HOft JIHUIb «3aByaJIHpOBaifHOCTbIO» npOH3BOACTBeHHbIX OTHOiueHHft KoneBHHKon, XBJineTcn 6ecnoqBeiiHOH. H hkoto ne MO>KeT y6eAHTb KaKan-TO h3Jihujhhh «3acTCHHHBOCTb» hjih «oco6oc 6«aaropOACTBO» KaaaxcKHx «(j)eozia;ioB» He npH3HaBaTb csoero npaBa co6cTBeiniHKa na 3eMJiio, ecjin oho y>Ke bo3hhkjio b pe3yjibTaTe od'beKTHBHoro xoaa skoho- MimecKoro pa3BHTHH odmecTBa. CTponTb ^OKasaTe.ibCTBO CymCCTBOBaHHH ^eO^a.lbHOH COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJIK) B kohcbom o6mecTBe Ka3axoB b X V — X V I I I Bcxax na no£o6- Hbix apryMCHTax, 3H3hht BnacTb b cy6'beKTHBH3M. CnpauiH- BaeTca: nonewy K333XCkhh noJiy(})eo/iajT, He oTpunaBUJHH cBoero npaBa co6cTBeHHHKa Ha rpowa/iHbie TadyHbi h cra/ia, Ha /icchtkh pa6oB h paGbiiib, Ha Apyroe ABH>KHMoe Hwyme- ctbo h ycTpaHBaBWHii c uejibio oCorameHHH Ha Ka>K^0M mary OTKpbiTbiH rpa6e>K, rpyfioe Hacnjine h yGnficTBO, BApyr 0Ka3ajicn 3acTeHHHBbiM h 6jiaropoAHbiM, aa Hacroab- KO, MTO OTKa3aJICH OT npH3H3HHH HaCTIIOft C06CTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMjno? Bccb cexpeT, bh^ hmo, b t o m , mo stoh-to co6 - cTBeHHOcTH Ha 3eM.u0 Toraa eme ne 6biJio. rioJiycj)eo(aajibHbift xapamep Ka3axcKoro xaucTBa o6 Ha- py>KHBaeTcn h b tom, mo ero rjiaBa — xaH — He 6i>iji n a- C-ieACTBeHHbIM BepXOBHbIM CK)3epeH0M, IIpeBpaTHBUJHM BCK) TeppHTOpHIO X3HCTB3 B CBOHI ilOMeH, a H36HpaJICH pOAOBOH 3HaTbio. Ka3axcKoro xaHa H36npajiH noneTHbie npeacTaBH- TeJiH poaoB. 3 th poaonpaBHTeaH na 6 ojibinoM cxoae noaHH- MajiH xaHa Ha 6 e^on KowMe. I I otom 3Ty Koumy, hjih cHHTyio c xaHa oneway, pa3pe3a/iH Ha Me.iKHe KycKH h KajK^biH 3a6Hpaji no Kyconxy b 3H3k CBoero yqacTHH b H36paHHH xana. Ffocae stoto Bee ohh pacxoanjiHCb no aowaM, pacxBaTaB Becb xaiicKHH ckot. 3 tot aKT Ha3biBaacfl KyAbTeAeeo T. M. yro/iouHoe oGumioe npauo Ka3axoB. Ajiwa-ATa. 1955, crp. 28—29. 232-
«xaii-Tajiay» (6yKBajibHo: orpa6neHHe xana) h o3Haqa./i, mto H36paHHbiii xaH Tcnepn cKOTa CBoero He hmcct h nepc- xouht KaK 6bi Ha co.nepwaimc HapoAa. Tlocjie aroro ripen.- CTaBHTeJiH p o a o b HeMeAvieimo npuroHHAH HOBoe n o ro n o B b e CKOTa H3 era a h TadyHOB H apoAa, KOTopoe bobmo>kho 3iia- HHTejibHo npeB biuiajio KOAiwecTBO pacxBaTaimoro x a n c K o ro CKOTa1. Bc$I 3 T a UepeMOHHH rOBOpHT O TOM, MTO 6oraTCTBO Ka3axcKH x xaHOB 3aKjnoqa;iocb b ckotc, a ne b 3C M ejibH oft co6cTBeimocTH, «orpa6jieHHe» xaHa cHMBO.aH3HpoBano b o ohHbiii xapai<Tcp ero AeHTeAbHOCTH, hto oii Jirniib bochhhh BO>KAb KOMeBHHKOB. HanpHM ep, b 1771 r. Bhi6op A 6 jia 5 i xanoM «n p on cxoA H J i B FipHCyTCTBHH C03BaHHbIX H3 pa3HbIX BOAOCTeft CVJITaHOB H CTapiiiHH h npn Be.iHKOM CTCHeiiHH npocToro H a p o ^ a . Pa30CTJianbi 6 bum KOBpbi h b o h j io k h , iia kohx cenn BO K pyr BCe npHCyTCTBOBaBUIHC B TpH H HeTbipe pH^a, no CTapiUHH- CTBy h AOCTOHHCTBy; h Korna n o cope^H H e cero c o 6 p a n H « 33HHJI CBOe MeCTO, Ha nOA^IOXCeiiHOM TOHKOM 6CVIOM BOHJIOKe caM A Gnaw, t o Bee ocbinann e r o noxBanaM H 3a x p a 6 p o c T b h npoB opcTBo ii nepecKa3bmaJiH o 6 onepwaH iibix hm n o 6 e - Aax. F lo o6'bHB.acHHH A 6 n a io o B b i6 o p e cro b xaiibi, n eT B ep o H3 CTapeHLUHx CTapuiHH BCTajiH c M ecT, h noAHHB e r o Ha cboh ro jio B b i, onycmriH na npe>KHee m gcto. C exiy npHMepy nocJieAOBajiH Bee 6biBiiiHe Ha co6paHHH; naKOHeu, ch h b c Hero B ep xH ee 6oraToe ruiaTbe H30pBanH Ha MajieHbKHe JIOCKyTKH H pa3AeJIHJIH OHbie Me>KAy co6oio. B chkhh AOBO- jieH 6 h ji ceio AocTaBiiieiocn e\\ iy 6e3AenKOK) h npoB 03rna- inaji AOCTOHHCTBa H36paHfioro x a n a . B 3aKAioneHHe B c e ro n o j i a j i H H a C o J i b u m x o/iOBHHHbix 6 jn o n a x BapeHoe, MeJiKO H3py6/reHH0e m k co , Kocro no r o p c r u KJiaji caw A 6n aH Ka>K- AOMy b p o T 2; noTOM noTneBann bccx KyMU30M. T omho t h k o h 1 3anncKH OpeHCyprcKoro oTAe.ia HPTO, Bbin. 2, 1871, CTp. 162. 2 Otibmafi y Ka3axoB, BhipaJKaBiuHficn n otfiraanHOCTH ciapiucro H3 «iHc.na cHAflmnx 3a oahhm cto,iom bo npewn KymaHbJi «<5ec<5apMaKa» no ropcTH KJiacTb Kawnowy b pot H3 npHcyTCTByiouiHX awn \\iy>KCKoro no-na «acaTy», bhahmo, ecTb nepexaiTOK cnocoGa pacnpeAejieHHH orpa- HHMennoro KOJiwqecTBa nmnH MexAy bohhbmh BoenaMa^bHHKOM bo Bpe- mh noxoAOB anoxH « boohhoh AeMoicpaTHH*. IloTOM Taxon «acaTy» co- xpaHH.’icn KaK HapoAiiufi oCbinan y KoweuHHKOB, CBH3aHHbin c naTpuap- xa.ibHo.(J)ooAa^bHbiM yiuiaaoM jkh3Hh. 3 to noakpen.iHeien emc TeM 4>aKT0M, mto b Ka3axcK0M ay-ie ,io iieAOBnero npoiibioro KawAbift npn- HHMaiomHft «acaTy» H3 pyx noMCTnoro roern hjik yBawaeworo crapua Ao;ix<eH Ou t BbipaxcaTb cboc yaoB.iCTBopcHWC cjiobom «Ky.iAbiK», mto 3H3MHT «nOKOpHbIH pa6». 233
we o6p*m HaSjiiOAaeTCH KHprH3-KaHcaKaMH npw Bbitfope npoqwx xaHOB h cyjuaHOB»1. Bee sto conpoBOWflaJiocb rpOMKHMH BOCKJIHUaHHHMH H KpHKaMH BOOpyWeHHblX Jiio/ieft. Ho B^acTb Tanoro xaHa 6biJia oqeHb orpaHHqeHa. O h ao-nwen 6 m i c m a r b c n c co 6 paHneM npe.acTaBHTe^eHi poao- mieMeHHOH 3H3TH h HaH6o;iee 6jih3khx eMy poaonpaBHTe- jiew, Koropbie H36HpajiH‘ ero. CoBeT poAonpaBHTeaew (6aTH- pOB H 6hQB) 6hlJl OpraHH3aUHOHHOfi (popMofi yCTaHOB^eHHH «coio3a nJieMeH» c coxpaHHBiiiHMHCH em e qepTaMH «BoeH- HOH ZieMOKpaTHH». MoHrojiH, noca^HB bhobb H3()HpaeMoro xaHa Ha BOHJIOK, TOBOpHJIH: «o 6paTH (OHH CBOh) Ha BOftjIOK, Ha KOTopow Tbi CHAHiiib. Ecjih Tbi 6yaeiiJb xopoiuo npaBHTb cbohm rocyAapcTB o-M , to dyaeu ib B JiaaeTb c o cyiaBoio h Becb CBeT nOKOpHTCH TBOeH BJiaCTH H np.». Flo CJIOBaM riJiaHO KapnHHH, sto AeJia^ocb xax 6bi mflbKo jxjih toto, qio6bi c^eJiaTb HOBO.\\iy xaHy HaciaB^eHne: «ecJiH CTaHeuib AeJiaTb npOTHBHoe, to 6y/ieiiib HecqacTeH h oTBepweH, h cm/ib hhih, hto He 6yAeT y TeOn h BoftjioKa, Ha kotopom tu ch* £HiiIb»2. Bee sto coBna,aaeT c xapaKTepHCTHKOH, aaHHoft <$>. SureJibcoM , ypoBHH pa3BHTHH nojiHTHqecKoro CTpon o6mecTBa repMaHueB IV—V bb. h. 3. « y 06'beAHHHBWHxCH b Hapo^bi repMaHCKHx mieweH cymecTBOBajia Taxaa we opraHH3auHH ynpaBJieiiHfl, xax h y rpeKOB repoHqecKofi snoxH h y phmjihh snoxH Tax Ha3biBaeMbix uapen: Hapoa- Hoe codpaHHe, coBeT poAOBhix CTapeHWHH, BoeHaqajibHHK, CTpeMHBUJHffca ywe K nOHJmHROH KOpOJieBCKOfi BJiaCTH*3. y repMaHueB Ha 3tom 3Tane P33bhthh « 6 bijih Baccajibi, ho He 6njio c^eoAOB. Oeo^aoB He 6hjio noTOMy, qTO y rocyaa- peft ne 6huio 3eMJiH, KOTopyio ohh moivih 6hi pa3/iaBaTb; hjih, cKopee hx ^^o^aMH 6biJin 6oeBbie kohh, opywwe h nnpbi»4. y Ka3axcKHx MieMeH, o6T>euHHHBiiiHxcH b xoqeBoe xaHCTBO, no^HTHqecKan wh3hb xapaKTepH30Bajiacb npH- MepHO 3THMH we npH3H3KaMH. 1 ChGhdckhh BecTHHK, HwaBaeMbifi TpHropweM CnaccKHM, 1820 ro- *a. n. 9. Cn6., 1820, CTp. 117-118. 2 JlaMa raAcan~r0M6aee. 0 apeBHHx MOHro/ibcKHx otfbiqaax h cye- Bepwax, onucaHHbix y n.iaKo KapnHHH.— Tpy^bi BOcroqHoro OTAejieHHJi HMnep. apxeo;r. o6-na, n. 4. Cn<5., 1859, crp. 242— 243. 3 SmeAbc 0 . ripoHcxo>K^eHHe ceMbH, nacTHoft coOcTBeimocTH h ro- cy^apcTBa. 71., 1953, CTp, 150. 4 MoHTecKbe IU. H36panHbie npon3Be;ieHHH. M., 1955, CTp. 658. 234
BecnpepbiBHbie bohhh yc h ah b 3a h bahhhhc BepxoBHoro BoeHaqajibHHKa — xaHa, paBHo KaK n BoeHaqaAbHHKOB — 6aTbipoB. Ka3axcKHH xaH b cooTBeTCTBHH c oGuqaeM h3 6 h- pajicH H3 MHCJia qHHrH3HAOB, y k o t o p h x eme 6 u a >khb naipHapxajibHbiH npHHiwn HacAeAOBaHHH bahcth, b 6 ojib- iiiHHCTBe cJiyqaeB nepexo^amen no cTapniHHCTBy ot 6paTa k 6paTy, o t a h a h k ruieMBHHHKy. BepxoBiibiH BoeHanajib- HHK— X3H, KpOMe BOeHHOH A06blHH, 3nH30AHHeCKH MOT Op- raH«30BaTb c6op c HacejieHHH hckotopoh ziairH (ncaK) c uejieBbiM HaananeHHeM iviaBHHM o6pa30M Ha pacxoAbi BoeHHwx rioxoAOB. B xa3axcKOM odmecTBe cymecTBOBaji CBoeo6pa3HbiH BaccajiHTeT, ocHOBaHHbift Ha 3nH30HHqecK0M c6ope AaHH. O noAo6HOM BaccaAHTeTe Ha 3ana,ne Mapxc roBopHJi: «BaccajiHTeT 6e3 Aehob h JieHbi, cocToam.He TOAb- KO H3 A3Hefi»1. ZlaHb 6 biJia oAHofi H3 ApeBHHx h xapaKTepHbix ajih naTpHapxaJibHO-padoB^a^e^bqecKOH h ah naTpnapxajibHo- c{)eoAajibHOH CTaAHH P33bhthh (J)opM SKcruiyaTauHH HapoA- hoh Macc m . OHa c o 6 npaAacb r o c y A a pctbchhoh BAacTbio, Kor/ia oTKpbiTbiH rp a 6 e>K eme He y T p a m ji cBoew c h a m . Ha- npHMep, b n ep n o A BTopjKeHHH eB poneftues b A w e p n K y hhkh npn noKopeHHH HOBoro ruieMeHH o€>AaraAH ero AaH bio: ypO>KaH C nOAefl, npOAyKTbl >KHBOTHOBOACTBa, H3AeAHH peMecAa. CTapefiuiHHbi noKopeHHbix njieMeH h apucTOKpa- thh hhkob noAyqaAH ot BepxoBHoro H hkh 6oAbinyio qacTb H3 COdHpaBUieHCH A3HH KaK Aapbl B 3H3K MHAOCTH2. I\"Io MHeHHK) C. B. KnceAeBa, B V I—X BB. (J)OpMOft 3 3 BHCH- MOCTH KHprH3CKHX CB060AHMX 3eMAeAeAbUeB H CKOTOBOAOB ot hx apncTOKpaTOB wa nepBOM 3Tane 6 u a h ashh h Bce- B03Mox<Hbie npHHomeHHH, OAHHaKOBO npHcymne h pa6oBAa- ACAbnecKHM h «AO(f)eoAaAbHbiM» rocyAa pcTBam paHHec^eo- AaAbHofi nopbi3. MoHroAbi XIII BeKa npn K3)kaom y a o S hom CAynae npocHAH y npoe3>KaiomHx nOAapKH. npn stom ohh roBopHAH: « y qy>Koro pe6po BbiBepHyTb», to ecTb Bbiiua- HHTb HT0-HH6yAb4. 1 U ht. no pa6oTe n. H. JIhiuchko. HeropHH napoAHoro xo3flficTBa CCCP, t. I. M., 1947, CTp. 108. 2 HHneHUbi AwepHKH. 3riiorpa(}>KMecKOH ctfopHHK. M., 1955, CTp. 195. 3 KuceAee C. B. ApeBHHH HciopHH IO>KHoft ChGhph. M., 1951, CTp. 573. * JIaMa raAcaH-roMOaee. O .npeBHHX MoHrojibCKHx otfbiqaax H cye- BcpMHX, onucaHHbix y Fl/iano KapiiHHH.— Tpyubr boctomhoto OTAe.neHKH HMnep. apxeoii. o6-Ba, h. IV. Cn5., 1859, ctp. 237. 235
B T 3 K H X yCJlOBHHX COUHaJIbHO-SKOHOMHqCCKOH 3KH3HH, H3,npeB;ie cymecTBOBaBiiine <j)opMbi npocToft naipnapxajib- HO -pOAO BO ft B 3 aH M O n O M O lU H M & K A y pOACTBCHHbIMH KOtJGB- HHK3MH B BHAe AOfipOBOJIbHblX nO^apKOB B pa3J1HMHbIX HX npoHBJiciiHHx, n o c T e n e H H O n p n o t f p e T a j i H c n o flB J ic w ie M KJiaccoBbix OTHomeHHH ^ o p w y AaHH. J^o6poBO,ibHbie no/iap- kh, 3nH3o^nqecKH nocTynaBiuHe n oA tcmh >xe apeBHHMH H33BaHH5IMH B IIOJIb3y K a33X C K H X X 3 H 0 B , 6aThIpOB, ()H eB hjih 6aeB b XV— XVIII b b . 6buw H H qe.M h h h m , Kax naiiMO. F Io /n o 6 H b ie n o ^ a p K H . a e j i a j w c b T O J ib K o b o c o 6 o a j ih h h x Top>K ecTB eH H bix hjih H ecn acT H b ix c jiy q a a x . O hh He p a c - n p o c T p a iiH J iH C b H a b c io M a c c y K o n e B H H K O B , He h m c j ih B c e - o(3m ero x a p a K T e p a . riepe>KHTKH 3THX JI06p0BOJIbHbIX IIOJiapKOB — JI3HH C}r- mecTBOBajiH e m e b npe;ipeBOJiiouHOHHOM K33axcKOM ay/ie, nanpHMep, no/xapoK no;* na3BaHHeM 6aHra3bi. Ero npHHO- chjih npH >KeHHTb6e, po>KAeHini HacjieaHHKa, H36paHHH Ha a^MHHHcTpaTHnHvio jiojiKFiocTb hjih npH nojiyneHHH npa- BHTejibCTBeHHOH HarpaAbi h t . n. H pyrH M bhaom jxo6po- BOJibHbix nojiapKOB (5biJi yTeuiHTeJibHbiH noaapoK a3a. O h 03Haqaji co6ojie3HOBaHHe no c jiy n a io CMepTH K oro-jm 6 o H3 HHCJia qjieHOB ceMbH BJiHnreJibHoro neJiOBeKa1. B ro - AOBLUHHV CMepTH TaKOrO MeJIOBeKa yCTpaHBa.IHCb nOMHHKH. Flo 3 T 0 M y c j i y q a i o T on ce J ie jia jin n o j i a p K H n o n H a 3 B a iiH e M «C 0H C TbiK », h t o 3H3HHT « n a y 6 o H » (n o n a p K H n o c T y n a jiH o6H3aTe»TbHO >KIIBbIM CKOTOM, npejUHa3HaqaBIIJHM CH Ha y6oft Ha n o M H H K a x ) . T p e T b H M BHJJOM ^o6pO B O JIbH bIX n O ^ap K O B HBJIHeTCH JKbiJiy h j ih J K y p T H ib i^ b iK . E r o aaBajiu n o c T p a n a B in e M y o t rpa6e>xa h jih p a30pH B w eM ycH o t c t h x h h h u x 6encTB H H . OtfbiHHo B o n p o c o 6 o p raH H 3 au H H >K biJiy c o n p e n e jie H H e M pa3M epa B 3 H M a eM o ro B3Hoca c K a > K n o r o x o 3h h c tb 3 p e rn a ji- ch Ha c o B e T e p on on paB H TeJiefi h j ih aK caK ajiO B . O T K 3 3 3 B - u ih x c h o t B H eceH H H n a 3 H a n eH H oro B 3 n o c a npH H y>Ka,ajiH k y n j i a i e , c cb u ia a cb n a t o , q r o n p H h x O T u a x h n e n a x 6biJiH 1 «np»ie3>KaH juw noMHHODCHnn yconmero, ohh (Ka3axH — C. T.) npHBOAHT c coOok) a3a — nonapoK poncTBeHHHKaM noKOHHoro, coctoh- ihhA H3 cKOTa... K ojihhcctbo cKora b a3a 33bhcht ot CoraTCTBa, ot 6jih- 30CTH OTHomeHHH napniuero k noKOHHOMy. BoraThie Huoraa aapHT nawe <Tioe GacraTKaH Tory3» — neBHTKy ot BcpOjuona, to ecTb oaHoro Bep- 6jhom h BoceMb jioirianeH pa3Hux B03pacT0B», (Bji. O.— Tepn. H3 3a- B KH,: naM«THa« K»H>KKa CeMHiia;iaTHHCKoff ofaacTH na 1898 ron. CeMHnajiaTHiiCK, 1898, cTp. 81), 236
CAyqan B3ah m h o t o >KbiJiy, h ah >Ke n o A yrpo3ofi oTcenb h m noAOa b 3 iia K HCKJiioqeHH5i h x H3 MHCJia Ao6pbix j n o A e w . BbiMoraTejibCTBO noAapKOB 6u a o o a h h m H3 bhaob naTpu- apxaAbHO-cjDeoAa.nbHOH aKcnAyaiauHH. He r o B o p n y>Ke o xaHCKOH a n o x e , Aa>KC b A o p e B O - a i o u H o m i b m nepH O A hcto ph h K a 3 a x c K o r o H a p o A a m Ho r n e BoaocTHbie ynpaBUTeAH w H a p oA n n e cyAbH, He AOBOAb- CTByflCb T C M , HTO C0 6 n p a .lH B CBOK) n O A b 3 y AOnOJIHHTeJlb- Hwe c y M M H c HacejieHHH n o A H a3B a»neM m h t b ih , ohh eilljC A 0 6 HBaAHCb pa3pcmeHHH OT BbmieCTOHlUHX OpraHOB uapcKOH B AacTH co6 HpaTb c H a p o A a >KbiAy h k o Obi n a noKpbiTHe c b o h x AOAroB. Tan , « o a i i h m H3 ye3AHbix H an aA b - h h k o b npeACTaBAeH 6bi.n Ha yTBep>KAeHHe BOCHiioro r y - C epH aTop a n p n roB op BOAocrHbix B b iO o p u b ix JJ/KyAeKCKOH b o a o c t h (fle p o B C K o ro y e 3A a — C. T .) o no>KepTBOBaHHH no oAHOMy pyCAio c kh Ch t k h , a a h iio k p h t h h a o a t o b BOAocTnoro ynpaBHTeAH A n ke BnKA>KaiiOBa... B 1878 r. 6 u a o pa3penreH 0..., npuHHMan b o BHHMaHHe npH M epH oro HcnoAHeHHH h m CAy>Ke6 iibix o 6 n 3 a n H o cT eH b reqeHHe c a h i i i - k o m 10 JieT h K p a iiiie O eA iio ro noAO>KeHHn..., npiniHTb a o - 6poBOAbHoe no>KepTBOBaHHe c o C TopoH bi Ka3axoB iJ jK y A e K - ckoh b o a o c t h , b KOAHqecTBe He O o A e e ceMH t w c a h p y 6 - Aefi»!. B KOHue XIX b . n p en oA H o m eiiH e s t h x noAapKOB 6 bi- a o n p eB p am cH O b o a o c t h n m h ynpaBHTeAHM H, Gh h m h , a y A b - HblMH CTapiHHHaMH H aTKaMHHGpaMH B OAHII H3 OCHOBHbIX MeTOAOB $eoAaAbHOH 3KcnAyaTauHH HapoAHoft waccbi a y A a . Ka3axCKHH XaH B MHOrOHHCAeHHblX Me>KpOAOBblX pac- npnx cpeAH noABAacTHoro eMy naceJieiiHH BbicTynaA b Poah cBoeo6pa3Horo ap d H T p a , ocymccTBAHBwero cyaeOnyio BAacTb, p e iiia n Bonpocbi b noAL3y ciiAbHbix h n oA yqan 3a 3to HeKOTopyio cyAedHyio nouiAHHy — xaHAWK. A caMO cyAe6Hoe pem eH H e Ha3biBaAocb « t o p c a h k » . 3 t o aHaAorHHHo TOMy, h t o HMejio m ccto na naTpuapxaAbHO-^eoAaAbHOH CT3AHH y repManueB. «B ApeBHOCTH bch ocJ)HUHaAbHaH BAacTb B MHpHOe BpeMH 6bIAa HCKAIOHHTeAbHO CyAO^HOH BAacTbK), KOTopan TepjiAa cH Ay b o BpeMH HapoAHbix coOpaHHH no c o t h h m , no oOAacTHM (ray) h a h coOpanHH Bcero nAeM eH H »21. XaH noAynaA xahawk npn b3HM3hhh impac^a 3a y6nft- 1 rpodeKoe H. H. KnprH3bi h KapaKnprK3bi Cup-AapbHHCKOK o6aa- cth, t. I. JOpHAHqecKHri 6h t. TauiKeHT, 1889, CTp. 115 (cHOCKa). 2 dnaeAbc <£>. K hctophh apcbhhx repManueu. M„ 1938, CTp. 120, 237
ctbo, yBe^be, xpawy h Apyrne npecTyruieHHH, a Tame npH IlpHMHpeHHH Bpa>KAyK)mHX pOAOB C B33HMHOH 6apWMTOH. XyH1 y Ka3axoB dbui no CBoeMy cymecTBy pa3HOBHA- HOCTblO BHpbl HAH rOAOBHHqeCTBa, CymeCTBOBaBUJHX B po- AObom o6mecTBe, Hanpnwep b ApeBHeii Pycw, y ApeBHHx repwaHueB h y pn^a Apyrnx napoAOB, KaK BHKynHoft uiTpa(j), BMecTO kpobhoh MecTH 3a ydHHCTBO h yBeqbe. B naipHapxa^bHO-^eoAaJibHyio anoxy counaAbHaa npHpoAa xyHa H3MenHJiacb. Pa3Mep xyHa y Ka3axoB 3aBHceJi ot KJiaccoBon npHHaAAe)KH0CTHt nojia h B03pacTa y6HToro hah HCKaAenennoro. B3HMaAH xyn 3a HenaHHHbie hah 3JiOHaMe- peHHue y6HHCTBa, 3a nocoOHHqecTBo KOMy-AH6o b coBep- meHHH hx. HanpHMep, pa3Mepw xyHa 3a ydHHCTBO MyxwH- Hbi 6hah b ABa pa3a doAbuie, neM 3a yOHHCTBO xceniAHHU. Tohho TaK tkq paaMepu xyHa 3a yOnftcTBO GoraTux h npHBHjierHpoBaniibix AioAefi npeBbimaAH pa3Mepu xyHa 3a ydHHCTBO CBOdOAHblX pflAOBbIX AIOAeft2. B HeCKOAbKO MeHb- uihx pa3Mepax b3hm3ah xyn 3a yBeqbe. XyH h ann3 y Ka3axoB AOCTOBepHo onHcaHW M. T. Teop- th: «Kto ydbeT Myxca, tot noABepraeTca roneKHio ero poACTBeHHHKOB iia ABa roAa, b TeqeHHe KOTopbix MoryT ohh ero y6HTb, He HaBAeKaa Ha ce6n qepe3 to HaKa3a- hhh. Ecah >kc oh >KH3Hb cbok) Me>KAy teM c6epe>KeT, to AO.men AaTb pOACTBeHHHKaM y6HeHHoro cto AowaAefi, OAHOrO HeBOAbHHKa H AByX Bep6AK)AOB. riHTb 6apaHOB HAH OBeu 6epyTc« B3aweH oahoh aouihah. 3a yOneHHe >KeHti, pe6eHKa hah HeBOAbHHKa, Tax >Ke, KaK h 3a ocKBepHeHHe JKeHlAHHbl, 3a KOTOpbIM nOCAeAyiOT 6e3BpeMeHHO pOAH, noAaraeTcn naKa3aHHe b noAOBHHy npoTHBy BbimenHcaHHO- ro... H3ypoAOBaHHe qeAOBeica noqHTaeTch b noAOBHHy npoTHBy AHiiieHHH >kh3hh. BoAbuioft naAeu CTOHT 100, Ma- Abift 20, a npoqne ot 30 ao 60 OBeu»4. 1 XyH — ruiaTa 3a yOnfictBo h yBeqbe. 2 «XyH xaHCKHfi paBHH^ca xyHy ceMH npocTux xa3axoB. 3to ocho- uano Ha tom, hto xaH ecTb noBe^HTe^b no KpaflHen Mepe ce.MH OTAe/ie- hhh hah poaob. 3a y(>HftcTBO xana MaJiofl opAbi, A6yjixaHpa, GaTHpoM CpeAHefi opAbi CbipbiMCeTOM, cuh yOHToro — 3pa;iH, coGcTBeHHopyqno ytnji y6nRuy CBoero oTua h CBepx Toro no npncy>KAGHHK) 6hh BoAbinofl opAbi yflcioneBua Tyjie, nojiymi ABa xyna, a ocraAbHhie 3aieM 4 — 3pa;iH npocTHA». (MaTepna/nj no Ka3axcKOMy otfbiMHOMy npaBy, C6. I. A.iMa*ATa, 1948, cTp. 204). 3 Aftn — njiaTa 3a BopoBcrao h Apyrne npecTynjieuHH, KpoMe y6HHCTBa. 4 npouiAoe Ka3axcraHa b HCTO^HHKax h MaTepHanax. q. I. M., 1935, crp. 186. 238
06 3 t o m >K e H. PbiqKOB n w c a j i : « y K a3 a x o B H e T h h KaKHx-Jin6o npaBOBhix HopM, h h cy^oB /yia peiueHHH npa- BOBblX C n O p O B . ToJIbKO B OTHOliieHHH y6HHCTBa H BOpOBCT- Ba HMeeTCH y h h x cTpaHHbift nopnAOK, 3aBeAeHHbift h x npeAKaiMH. K ap u 3a to h 3a A p y r o e npecTyruieHHe y crra - HOBJieHbi cjieAyiomHe: Y 6 H H u a h h b KaxoM c jiy q a e He OTBeqaeT 3a c B o e n p e - CTynjieHne t o a o b o h . Bo3Meu*eHHeM hbahiotch KapaTeAbH bie miaTe>KH; coBepuiHBiiiHH y 6h h c tb o b h o c h t ; cothio KOHefi, o A H o r o n j i e H i i o r o p a 6 a , A B yx B e p 6 jn o A 0 B , cyKOHHbifi Kac|)- TaH B u c u i e r o K a q e c T B a , (Mex) q e p H o 6 y p o f i j i h c h u u , n c T p e - 6a h ah 6epKyTa, oahh naHunpb h Apyrne npeAM eTu B o e H H o r o o 6 n x o A a . Bee 3t o C A e A y e T 6A H >K afim eM y H a - CAeAHHKy y6 n T o ro . B CAyqae, ecAH AHHHoro HMymecTBa He X BaTaeT, TO OCTaTOK B3HCKHBaiOT C pOACTBeHHHKOB y 6 H H - UM, H pOACTBeHHHKH He MOryT B 3THX CAVHaHX B 0 3 p a> K aT b npoTHB 3 T o r o o6bm Horo npaBa, h B ee hoa^hhhiotch 3T0M y HeHapywHMOMy nopnAKy. 3 to ycTauoBjieHue Ha3biBaeTca y Ka3axoB KyH O M »1. A o 3aBepiueHHH npHcoeAHHeHHH Ka3axcKHx >xy30B k POCCHH X y H H a fin MOrAH B 3bIC K aTb C BHHOBHHKa H e B e e . Ha 3t o 6 w a h npaBOMOMHu TOAbKO T e , y x o r o 6biA a A O C T a - ToqHan CHAa — Bee peinaAOCb cooTH ouieH H eM cha poAO B bix o6*beAHHeHHH h 6oraTCTBOM. rio s T O M y , KorAa KaK0fi-HH6yAb poA B3HCKHB3A xyH c npecTynHHKa 3a yBeqbe hah y6HH- ctbo c B o ero qeAOBeKa, t o b o p h a h : «TeHAiK aAAbi», hto 03H aqaet b aocaobhom nepeBOAe: «n oA yqH A paBeHCTBo». M H o rn e p oA O B b ie o6beAHH6HHH n p n c to akh o b ch h h c 6 o A e e cHAbHhiMH B c e r A a o d a B a A H C b b o 6 H A e , x o t h Bee o h h cqn- TaAHCb noTO M K aM H oAH oro o 6 m e r o oTAaAeH H oro n p e A K a , Kax HanpHMep, U IoM eK efi, UieKTbi, A p r u H Bh t . a . tskhx CAy q a a x t o b o p h a h : « o n H p a a c b H a c H A y , He a 3a h p a B e H - cTB a» (« K Y u iK e caAAbi, TenAiK 6 e p M e A i » ) « c h a 3 He np H 3 H aeT Aa>«e CBoero o T u a » («Kyiii aTacbiH TaHbiM afiAbi»). HeB03MemeHHaa o6HAa, HaHeceHnan oahoh qacTbio Ha- ceAeHHH Apyroft, nepeAaBaAacb b pa3AHqHofi CTeneHH H3 noKOAeHHH b noKOAeHHe h noqTH HHKorAa hc 3a6biBaAacb. JU0 6 0 R npeucTaB H TeJib s w r o o 6 n > K e H iio ro poAosoro noA- pa3AeAeHHH npn yAo6HOM cAyqae BcerAa Mor npeAT>HBHTb hck npeACTaBHTeAio poAQBoro otagaghha KorAa-To Ha hoc- 1 PbiHKOQ H. jAHeBHue 3anncKH nyTeiuecTBHH KanmaHa HHKOAaw PuMKOBa b KHprH3-KaficauK0H crenH b 1771 roAy. Cn6., 1772, cTp. 25. < 239
iuero o()H/xy cro oTuy hjih ACAy. KaacAbiH Ka3axcKHii MaJibHHK c MaJibix JieT BocnuThinajicsi, mo oh aojdkch 6uji xopomo 3HaTb no paccKa3aM oTua, A^Aa h Apyrnx ciap- IIIHX O C B O eM pOjlOCJIOBHH, O B C eX C06blTH5I£ B >KH3HH c b o h x n p o A K O B , n o K paH iieii M c p e , O T u a , AeAa h n p a A e A a , o H eB 0 3 M C iu ciiH ofi oGHAe, H eynjianG H H O M xyn e h aw ne. O T O M m e H n e 3 a C T a p y io o G H A y c q H T a jio c b AeJiOM q e c m Ilo 3 T O M y n p n npoflBJieH H H K p a H iie ii Bpa>KAeGH0CTH K o r o - n n G yA b k K O M y -J in G o , ro B o p iu m : «H e y > K C J m 3a hhm h h c j ih t - xynC5i n e B 3 b ic K a H iih it i 3a y6 n ficT i3 0 T B o e ro Ae~Aa?» (« a ia u - H biii BoK e T T i M e » ) . M H o r n x c jiy q a n x M e>xpoAOBbie B oiiiibi M e>K A y KpynH biM H p o A o n jieM eH H b iM H oG beAH H eH iin- MH, C o n p O B O K A a B IliH e C J I B 3aH M H bIM yi'O H O M CKOT3, B03H II- Kajih no 3toh npnqHHe. Otcioas Ka3 axcKan HapoAHan no- roBopKa: «I1otomkh paBiibix ripeAKOB Mory? coiyiacHTLCH na paBCHCTBo, ho Ha HepaBencTBo HHKorAa» (Ten arranbiu Gajiacbi TCHAiKKe KenceAe, KOMAiKKe KenGeiiAi). B3bicKaiiHe xyHa c BHHOBHHKa, nan Mepa HaKa33HHH 3a yBenbe h yGHHCTBo JiiOAeii c Gojiee cjia6bix poaob, xoth 6li b yMeHbineHHbix pa3Mepax, 6e3 oco6bix 3aTH>KeK h ocjio>k- HeHHH, CTaJIO BO3M0>KHbIM TOJIbKO npH 3KTHBHOM BMeiiia- TeJibCTBe pyccKoii aAMHHHcipauHH nocJie 3aBepmeiiHH npn- COCAHHeHHH Ka33XCKHX ayJIOB K PoCCHH. OfimecTBeHHO-nojiHTHqecKHM HBJieHHeM, cym,ecTBOBaB- WHM B K33aXCKOM KOHeBOM oCllieCTBe B TeMeHHe BeKOB, iioa Ha3BaHHeM GapbiMTa, GbLia npomi3aHa bch >KH3Hb Ka- 3axoB. BapbiMTa oTpawajia b ceCe xaK b (JioKyce Bee cto- pOHbl 06meCTBeiIHO-3K0H0MHHeCKOft >KH3HH 3TOrO HapOAS, MHoroqHCJieHHbie h cawbie pa3noo6pa3Hbie koh^ thktu, B03HHKaBiiiHe no cawbiM pa3noo6pa3HbiM npnqHHaM, Bee $aKTbi yroiia hjih 3aAep>KKH qy>Koro ckot3 no caMbiM pa3HOo6pa3HbIM MOTHBaM, HaMHHafl C 3aXBaTa MHOrOHHC- jieHHhix Ta6yHOB npn Me>xnJieMCHHOH eoiiHe h noman 3axBaTOM 6apaHa 3a jihhhoc ocKop6jieHne KaKoro-HnGyAb cpeAHero AOCTaTKa aKcanajia. BapbiMTa 6buia Bbi3BaHa k >KH3HH nOHBJieHHeM naCTHOii C06CTBeHH0CTH Ha CKOT, pac- kojiom oGmccTBa Ha KJiaccbi SKcnjiyaTaTopoB h 3Kcn;iyaTH- pyeMbix c naTpnapxa.ibHo-pOAOBbiM 6litom. BaphiMTa GbUia Hepa3pblBHO CBH3aH3 C THnOM X03HiiCTBa — KO'ieBblM CKOTO- boactbom. 3 to xopouio noHHMajiH caMH Ka3axcK«e KOneB- hhkh. Ka3axcKan nocJiOBima rjiacHT: «K to Gohtch GapbiM- Tbl, TOT BOoOme He MO>KeT 3aHHMaTbC5I ckotoboactbom» (<N6api>iMTaAaH KopbiKKaii .\\iaji >KbiiiMaiiAbi»). 240
BapHMTa npH CBOeM B03HMKHOBeHHH 6bIJia OTKphlTOH (J)OpMOH B03Me3AHH 3a OCKOp6jieHHe H MaTepHaJIbHblH ymep6 , ohb cJiy>KHAa cpeACTBOM 3acT3BHTb o6 nAHHKa BCTynHTb b neperobopbi c nocTpaAaBuiHM. B AaAbHeftmeM oiia nepepOAHJiacb h npeBpamnacb b opyAHe npeAHaMc- peHHoro BH30Ba Ha mcxcpoaoboh cxaHAaA, b opyAHe ot- KpbiToro r p a 6 e>«a. B Me>KpOAOBblX KOH(j)AHKTaX apOwrpoM BbrcTynaA X3H. Bo BCCH nOJlHTHHeCKOfl AeHTeAbHOCTH KOMeBOrO X3Ha K a3axoB 3to 6 m ia r/iaunaa cro (^y h k u h b . P oab a p O H T p a c o 3 A a B a jia e M y H3BecTHufi ripecTH>K b rjia3ax H a p o A H o ft Maccbi h c A y jK H A a 3nH30AH*iecKHM hctomhhkom ero A o x o A a . riosTOMy ne cAyqaHHo, mto xan A 6a an saBemaA cbohm CbIHOBbHM, HTOObl OHH HHKOrAa AO KOHUa He pemaAH BO' npOCOB MOKpOAOBbIX KOH(J)AHKTOB C peAH Ka3aXOB, T3K KaK TOJibKo T a n a n o6ciaH O B K a h b a h c t c h Heo6xoAHMbi\\i y c A o - BHeM AA5I COXpaHeHHJI BAHHHHH X a H a CpeAH KOqeBIIHKOB1. XaH, KpoMe BoeHHOH Ao6biqH, HexoTopoft «cyAe6 HOH» nouiAHHbi (xaiiAWK) h qacTHqubix AoOpoBOAbHbix npuno- LLieHHH HaceAeHHH AOAJKeH 6bIA B OCHOBHOM >KHTb CBOHM X03HHCTB0M, KaK KpyHHblH CKOTOBAaAeAeU, HMefolUHH p a 6 0 B h cjiyr. B 1771 roAy H. n . O aAbK nncaA: « Y xaHOB see aoxoah — ot h x co6cTBeHHbix CT3A, h OoAbiiie y HHX HeT HHK3KHX HHbIX nOCTyilAeHHH. Y H yp aA H AO 100 BepOAKDAOB, AO 3 000 KOHefi, ao 1 000 rojioB poraioro cnoTa, a o 5 000 OBeu h a o TbicBqH ko3 h cBepx Bcero ao 100 o c a o b . Eme 6oraqe cyATaH A6Aafi, ho xaH 6 epeT TeM, qTO eMy aoxoaht pyccKHe n o x a p K H , ao 600 p y 6 jie u H 'a jim H b ix Ae- Her, He roBopn o npoqeM»2.3 O noAo>xeHHH poAonpaBHTe- AeH H CTapUIHH, KOTOpbIX OH Ha3bIBaeT 'npeABOAHTeAHMH, AaAee nHiuer: « B sthx aoajkhocthx cbiHOBbfl KaK o 6 u;ee npaBHAo BacTynaAH wecTO otuob, ho npeABOAHTeAio He no- AaraAocb k b k h x -a h Oo nocTyrujeHHH ot HaceJieHHa, h y nero He 6 liao HaA hhm cKOAbKO-HH6 yAb 3HaqHTCAbHbix n p a B » s. BbimeyKa3aHHbie aoxoau xaHa, KOTOpwe nocTyrraJiH c HaceAeHHH, He 6 u a h eme 3eweAbHOH peHrotf, a cxopee HMe- ah xapaKTep a s h h . «3aBoeBaTeAb, >KHBymHH 3a cqeT a h h h , 1 BaJiHxaiiOB l I. Afoiaft.— 3anHCKH H PTO no oTAe.ieHHio sTHorpa- 4>hh, t . XXIX. Cn6., 1904, CTp. 4. 2 ripouj.ioe Ka3axcTaHa b HcrouHHKax ii MaiepHa.iax, M., 1935, crp. 185— 186. 3 Ta.\\i >xe, crrp. 185. 16 C. E. T o/iijCckob 241
HAH qHHOBHHK, XCHByiAHH 3a CHeT HaflOfQfe UTJIH 36MJie- •BAaAeAeu — 3a cqeT peHThi, hjih mohax— $ a ch6T mhjio- ctbihh, hjih jieBHT — 3a cneT AGCHTHHbi, —Bee ,ohh noAyna- K)T aojik) oCiuecTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, KOTopaa onpeAe- jiaeTca ApyrHMH 3aKOHaMH, neM aojih padoB h*3\\A-*1 Ka3axcKHH xaH BcerAa aoajkch 6biA' BucrynaTb xax BoeHHbift bokab hah nepBbift BoeHanaAbHHk A noxoAax. riosTOMy h «BAacTb xa«OB h cyjiTaHOB, hx «npaBo» o6HpaTb HaceJieHHe, TpedoBaTb ot Hero noBHHHOCieft, 6a3HpOBaAHCb He Ha tom, hto ohh y3ypnHpoBajiH nacTdHme hah npaBO pacnopH>KeHH5i KoqeBbeM, a Ha tom, hto rpynrca•; xhiu- hhkob, He BcerAa caMan doraTan, ho BcerAa caMafl bohh-' CTBCHHaa, HyjKHa dhiAa poaoboh 3hbth b xaqecTBe doeBbix bo>kach onoAneHHH aah 3amHTbi h HanaAeHHH Ha coceAefi. PoAOBan 3HaTb, 3Ta ochobh3H h pemaioiuaH rpynna naTpHapxaAbHo-(J)eoAaAbHbix SKcnjiyaTaTopoB, coacp^kht xaHa «Ha hjkahb6hhh napoAa», to ecTb 3a cqeT TpyAHiUHx- ch. Hcho, hto xaH He deAHHK, a doraTbifi, KpynHbift ckoto- boa, ho BAacTb npHHaAAOKHT eMy ho kax caMOMy doraTO- My (jieoAajiy, He xak xpynHeHweMy ceHbopy, cTonmeMy Ha BepuiHHe' (}>eoAaAbHOH HepapxHH coGctbchhocth, aah Hero BAacTb He HBAaeTcn «aTpHdyTOM 3eMQAbHOH codcT- BeHHOCTH»2. KoqeBOe Ka3axcKoe xaHCTBO cymecTBOBano Ha pydeace AByx. anox — anoxH nepeponcAaiomeHCH b opraHbi rocy- AapcTBa «BoeHHOH AeMOKpaTHH» h anoxH pa3BHTHH paHHe- 4)eOAaAbHbIX OTHOUieHHH. AHaAOrHHHOe HBAeHHe HMeAO MeCTO b K h o b c k o h PyCH. ' «PacuBeT^ KneBCxoft PycH naAaer Ha BpeMH khhjkchhh BAaAHMHpa •(973—1015 rr.)... BjiaaKMtop ctoHt Ha rpaHH r,AByx anox. O h — nocyieAHHfi KHH3b — bohh ApyxcHHHoft Py- ch anoxH «BoeHHoft AeMOKpaTHH* h b to * e caMoe BpeMH OH— nepBblft KHH3b, KOTOpblH BCefi CBOeft AGHTeAbHOCTbK) noAroTOBHA tot TaniUHii b cede aAeMeHT rpaAymero pac- naAa KneBCKoro rocyAapcTBa pacuBeT paHHero (})eoAanH3- Ma, KOTOpuft naAaeT Ha KHaxceHHH ero BHyxoB... C TeneHHeM . BpeMeHH, OCOdeHHO BO BTOpOH nOAOBHHe XI B., KapTHHa pe3Ko MeHHeTcn. BpeMeHa noxoAOB b «HHue CTpaHu» c •UeAbK)3aXBaTa BOeHHOftA<>6bIHH H B3HM3HHHAAHHKOHH3IOT* 1 MapKc K. K KpHTHKe noJiHTHqecKoft bkohomhh. JI., 1952, cfp, 198. ' 2 <PyKc C. JI. HeKOTopue Bonpocw hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocyAapcr- Ba— H3BecTHH AH Ka3CCP, cepwa HCTopHHecKaa, Bbin. 4. A;iMa-ATa, 1948, ctp. 100. 242
ch... ilaH b nepepacTaeT b peHTy>1. Taicne ^H3MeHeHHH Ha PycH coBepuiaiOTca d;iaroAap$i nonBJieHHio h yKpenjieHHio Kpynnoro (J)eoAajibHoro 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH b ycjiobhhx ocea.^0- ro 3eMJieAeJiHH. MacTHaa co6cTBeHHocTb Ha 3eMJiio dhiJia 3KOHOMHHeCKOH OCHOBOH pyCCKHX KHH>KeCTB, K3K BCHKHX oce^jiux 3eMJie/ieJibHccKHx c[)-eoAajibHhix rocyAapcxB. OTCIOAa 5ICHO, HTO HeJIb3H OTOM<A€CTBJIHTb 3KOHOMH- qecKyio ocHosy KoqeBoro KaaaxcKoro xaHCTBa c 3Koho- M H q e c K o ft ochoboh pa3BHToro c})eojia^b[ioro rocyAap- CTBa. ~ •* K a3axcK H H xaH hmcji H edojibiu yio Apy>KHHy, ccJjopMHpo- BaHHyio b e r o a y^ e H3 padoB h 6e3pOAHbix deAHHKOB. H jie- Hbl XaHCKOH Apy>KHHbI HCn0Ab30BaJIHCb, HiaBHblM. odpa30M , nan n o c u jih u b ie h AHqHue cjiyrw xaH a npH eFo pa3T>e3Aax, a TaiOKe KaK AOMauiHHH npHCjiyra h nacryxH. O hh H asu - B ajw cb Tio^ieHryTaMH, xapaiun h t . n. E cjih b d o jiee OTAa- jieHHOM npouiJioM cjiobo «x a p a u iH » (n a p a q y ) y MOHroJiOB o3H aqajio «n p o cT o ft HapOA», a y HeKOTophix HapoAOB, noA- qHHeHHbix 3 ojiotoh opAe, « K a p a q H » — TH Tyji' coBeTHHKOB xaHa, to BnocAeACTBHH y Ka3axcKH x xanoB oho c t3jio npo3BHmeM xancKHx nacTyxos h AOMauiHHX cjiyr, HaxoAHB- 1HHXCH B JIHHHOft 33BHCHMOCTH OT X3H0B. ElUe n03AHCe CJIO BO «xapaniH» o3Haqajfo «3aBHCHMbift 6eAHHK» b ayjie jiio - doro dan. nOCTOHHHOrO BOHCKa y K33axCKHX X3H0B He 6bIJIO. B mccto Hero no wepe hcoCxoahmocth codnpajiocb HapoA- Hoe onoJiqeHHe, BHCTynaBiiiee noA BOAHTejibCTBOM xaHa, daTbipa, 6hh. «BnojiHe ecTecTBeHHo, qTO b stot nepnoA y Bcex n a p o jx o b bohcko h HapoA — noHHTH* TO>KAecTBeH- Hbie»2. '; TeppHTopHH K33HXCKHX xaHCTB onpeAejuuiacb cyrydo OpHeHTHpOBOHHO no OTHOCHTeJIbHOH AaBHOCTH OdHTaHHH Ha. Heft ocHOBHoft Maccbi noABAacTHoro TOMy h a h ApyroMy xaHy HaceAeHHH, hcxoah H3 nanpaBJieHHH h Mecia KoqeBa- hhh no BpeMeHaM roAa. KoqeBoe nepeABHaceHHe HacejieHHH xaHCTBa no BpeMe HaM roAa npoHcxoAHAo KawAbift pa3 nan MaccoBoe nepe- ceAeHHe HapoAa do;iee qeM Ha cothh h Aa»e thchhh BepcT b oahh KOHeu. B cjiyqae BHeiiiHeft onacHOCTH jih 6o 1 Maepodun B. B. 06pa30BaHHe eAHHoro pyccxoro rocy/iapcTBa. JI., 1951, CTp. 8. 2 fpenoe B . JX. KHeBCKaa Pycb. M., 1949, ctp, 306. 16* 243
no KaKOH-JiH6o Apyroft npHHHHe Hace/ieHHe xaHCTBa noji- HOCTbK) HJIH HaCTHMHO MOWO IIOKHHyTb CBOK) npCJKIHOIO 30Hy KOMeBaHHii 6e3 BCHKoro ymepGa j w h cBoero xo3hh- ctb3 h 3aH5iTb HOByio, Aa>Ke He cnpauiHBaH Ha sto pa3pe- UieHHH xaHa. O6lHHpH0CTb TeppHTOpHH, HaXOAHBIIieHCH B oCmew noAb30BaHHH, cypoBocTb ee npnpoAHbix ycjioBHH, nocTOHHHan noABH>KHOCTb h HeyjioBiiMocTb HaceJieHHH, o6yc.iOBJiHBajiH oiaGyio 3aBHcHMOCTb KpynHbix Ka3axcKHx poAonpaBHTeAefi — 6aTbipoB h 6HeB ot xaHa h hx HenoKop- HOCTb no OTHOUieHHIO K H6My. Taxan KpaHHHH yc/iOBHOCTb cha annapaia npaBJieHHH cocraBJiHjia rjiaBHyio oco6chhoctl rocyAapcTBeHHOH BJia- cth naTpHapxajibHo-c|)eoAaAbiioro KoqeBoro odmecTBa. Ot- ciOAa cjia6ocTb BJiacm xana, KOTOpyio hhkhk Hejib3Hoto>k- AeCTBJlHTb C BJiaCTbK) MOIiapxa B pa3BIIT0M (J)eOA3JIbHOM rocyAapcTBe. XaH 3HaJi npHMcpnoe MecTOHaxo^KAeHne b pa3AHqHbie BpeMeHa roAa ochobhoh Maccw «noABAacTiioro» e\\iy Ha- ceJiennH. H o bccth, Kan sto AyMaioT HexoTophie, yqeT h pacnpeAeAeHHe mokav poAaMH nacTfinm, ewy a6coJiiOTHo He npeACTaBJIHJIOCb B03M0)KHhIM. A KTO XOqeT BHAeTb B TaKOM «BAaAeHHH» KoqeBoro Ka3axcKoro xaHa (J)eoAaAbHyio rocyAapcTBCHHyio co6cTBeHH0CTb Ha 3eMJiio, KaK b ap^bhhx 36MAeAeJibqccKHx rocyAapcTBax Ha BocTOKe, B03HHKmyio b cbh3h c Heo6xoAHM0CTbio ocyui,ecTBJiHTb GojibiiiHe nppHra- UHOHHbie coopy^eHHfl a^h opomeHHH nycTHHb h c noHBjie- HHeM qacTHOH co6ctbchhocth Ha sth coopy>KeHHH,— tot To>Ke HenpaB. Bee AaHHhie, xapaKTepH3yiomHe pa3AHqHbie CTOpOHbl COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOH >KH3HH K33aXCKOrO KO- qeBoro o6iuecTBa b XV—XVIII ctoacthhx, hcho noKa3bi- B3I0T, qTO TaM HHK3K0H TOCyAapCTBeHHOH \"COtfCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMjno lie 6buio. , Ka3axcKOMy xaHy Gujio AocTynHo 3a6oTHTbca Jinuib o tom, qToCbi noAB.qacTHoe eMy HacejieHHe He 6wao noABepr- HyTo HanaAeHHHM co CTopoHbi Bpa>KAe6Hhix coceAen h qTodbi oho oKonqaTeAbHO He oTKoqeBajio ot Hero, KaK sto CAyqHAocb y Ka3axcKHx xaHOB BypyHAyKa, Tarwpa b nep- Boft qeTBepTH XVI Bexa1 h y mhothx Apymx. HeAb3H He corjiacHTbcn c MHenneM C. Jl. Oyxca o tom, hto HajiHqne cBodoAHbix nycTonopo>KHHx 3eMeJib, Morymnx c;iy>KHTb ce- 1 BeAbHMUHoe-3epH08 B. B. HcejiejionaHHC o KacHMOBCKHX uapnx h napeDHMax, m. II. Cn6., 1864, CTp. 201. 244
30HHHM n a crC H iu eM , He m oivio He hbjihtbch peiHHTCJibHbiM n penH TC TBH eM k npeB pa m eH H iO ' 3eM Jin , nacrGmu b m o h o f i o - jihk) xaiicm h cy ju a n oB , b ocHOBHoe opyAHe ^eoAa.abHOH 3Kcn.iyaTau.HH. C ocTaB H TejiH npocneKTa « H c t o p h h rocyaapcTBa h n p a- Ba K a 3 a x c T a H a » , nanpOTHB, c q H T a i o T , h to «c {)eo a.a jibH a H c o tfc T B C H iio c T b Ha 3eMJiio — o c n o B a (jDeo;ia;iH3Ma b K a 3 a x - CTane», h t o b kohcbom Ka3axcKOM o 6 m e c io e cymecTBOBa.no «n p a B o f^ c o zia jib iio H co6 ctb6h h o c t h Ha nacT6H iua», h t o x a H HMeji n p a B O «nepe/jaBaTb 3eMJno c b o h m B a cca ;ia M », h t o « n o j i i i o m o ii h 51 c£>eo;iajiOB na B ^ a .n e H H e n acT ftn m aM H , n p e / i o - CTaB/IHJIHCb HM XaHaMH»*. npH IlOAOtiHOM HCK3>KeHHH HCTO- pHHCCKOH npaBJXbl BpXA JIH OCTaeTCH MeCTO ftJiff npH3HaHHH nporpeccHBiroro 3Haneunfi jxodpoBOJihnoro npHcoeaHHeHHH Ka3axcKnx KoneBHHKOB k Pocchh, Taic Kax (j)eo;za.7ibHo-Kpe- nocTHHqecKan P occhh X V III cmneTHH b t&kom CJiyqae He Mor/ia 6bi 0Ka3BiBaTb nporpeccHBuoro bjihhhhh Ha icoqeBoe odmecTBO Ka3axoB, ecjin noc,/ie/iHee CHHTaTb otfmecTBOM pa3BHToro ^)eojxajfH3Ma co bccmh npncymuMH ewy aTpn6y- TaMH. CTOpOHIIHKH TaKOlll TOHKH 3p0HHH nUTaiOTCfl JX0Ka3aTb, hto pa3BHTHe couHajibHO-3KOHOMHiiecKHx oTiiowenHtf y KO- qeBbix CKOTOBOAHecKHx HapoAOB, b qacTHocTH, y Ka3axoB, HaxoAHJiocb Ha to m tkg ypoBiie, h t o h y 3eMJie/*CJibqecKHx Hapoa.OB C p33BHTbIMH (^eOHa.nbHO-KpenOCTHHMCCKHMH OTHO- LIieHHHMH. MbI He HCK33HM HCTHHbl, eC.riH CK3>KeM, HTO TaK AyMaioT C. 3 HManoB h A. EpenoB, Koi\\n,a ohh nniuyT: «Ka- 3axcKHe xanbi Bcenja npoB03rviaiiia./iH, hto ohh h b j ih io t c h BepxOBHblMH BJiaUblKaMU H C06cTBeHHHKaMH 3eMJIH. Tan, HanpH.wep, A6jiaft xaH b cooeft neperiHCKe c uapcKoft a^MH- HHCTpauHeH HMenoBaji B.nazieiiH5i xaHCTBa «\\ioeft 3eMJiew». PeaKuwoHHbie itotom kh A 6jiaft xaHa, Tuna Kenecapbi h Cap>KaHa, b cBoefi ajmmapo/iHofi 6opb6e ccbuiajincb Ha t o , h to orpoMHbie npocTpaHCTBa KoqeBHH Cpe^nero >Ky3a ocTaBjieHbi hm b HacJiejiCTBO ot A 6nav\\ xaHa»2. Ecjih c sthm cor.nacHTbCH, t o Tonja Ha;jo npH3HaTb 3a h c t h h y h 3aHBJie- HHe Kenecapbi, hto oh cnacHTejib Bcero KaaaxcKoro na- 1 H ctophh rocyaapcTBa h npa»a Ka3axciana, v. I, npocneKr; AjiMa-ATa, 1954, cTp. 8. 2 3uManoe C . u Epenoe A . O xapaKTepc (frco/iasibnoii codetbciihocth Ha 3eM.7K) b KaaaxcTane.— Tpyiibi AjiMa-ATHHCKoro K>pHjiH»iccKoro HHCTHTyTa, t. I, AjiMa-Am, 1955, CTp. 49. 245
pozia, qTo K33axcKHH napox caM Bcerna BoccraBaji npoTHB npncoeAHHeHHH k Pocchh. ' vV.t’ . KHTaficKHe HCToqHHKH o noAEunacTHHx A&iax) xa3axax coo6maioT: «O hh He HMeioT hh 3aKOHOB, hh yftpexAeHH$; Majio cjiymaioT h npHKa3aH«fi cBoero rocyAapfl. Ewenn kto npoBHHHTCH, to npecTynHHKa cyA*T Ha o6meM c6ope. 3a Majiue BHHbi njTpa(j)yK)T ckotom, a 3a 6ojibiiiHe — o6iahm npnroBopoM, npej^aioT CMepm h pa3AeAHK)T mert&y co6ok> HMymecTBO BHHOBHoro, He oTHOCHCb k rocyAapio*1. flpyrofi npHMep. XaH HypaJiH, xaHCTBOBaBiuHH b M^a^meM my3e c 1748 no- 1786 roA h i7octohhho no./ib30BaBiiiwHCH tioa- 4ep)KK0H pyccKoro npaBHTe^bCTBa, hm&h ropa3Ao 6o;ibiiie BwiacTH hsa HacejieHHeM, qeM xan A6jiau, xaHCTBOBablurS b Cpe^HeM >Ky3e c 1771 no 1781 toa. Oahsko h xaH Hy-. pa;m b 60-x roxax XVIII Bexa njiaTHJi xyH 3a HaneceHHoe yBeqbe ero cJiyraMH h pa6aMH Ka3axy noABAacTHoro eMy poAa. 3tot cjiyqaw 6tJ.a onwcaH HttKOJiaeM PwqxoBbiM2. H eme npHMep. B npoexie o6 yTBepwjieHHH b pyccnoM noAAaHCTse xa3axoB h cnoco6ax ynpaBAewna hmh, cocTaB- jieHHOM b Mae 1734 roAa, CKa3aHo: «Ceft napoA rax,.xax h npoqne HHHceynoMHHyThre, Bepw MaroweTaHCKotf, HMeeT xaHa TOjibKo R J i n oahoto hmchh, a BjiaAbiqecTBa ero HaA HHMH HeT, KOTOpbIM XaH HJ1H AAH yTBep>KAeHHH Ce6fl B XaHCTBe, HJIH R J lfl nOMOIAH K OTBpameHHK) OT KoHTaHIHH cbohx npe>KHHx BJiaAeTeJibCTB noA P occhhckvio AepxcaBy c HeKOTOpbIMH C3JITaHaMH H CTapiUHHaMH npmiieA H UiepTb . (to ecTb npHCHry) yqHHHAH*8. Pa3Be see s t o noxoke na ueHTpaJiH30B3HHoe <j)eoAajib- Hoe rocyAapcTBo, cymecTBOBaBiiiee b XV—XVIII Bexax b Ka3axcTaHe?^ Kohcmho Her. Ka3axcK«ft , xaH ctohji hsa CAa6o crraHHHbiMH MeiKAy co6ok> poAon^ieMeHHWMH xoqe- BblMH C0K)3aMH H 06beAHHeHHHMH H BCH eiX> AeHTeJIbHOCTb Kax rAaBbi «rocyAapcTBa» 6buia oxyTaHa naTpwapxajibHo- pOAOBblMH TpaAHUHHMH H CTapHHHHM o6bI9HblM TipaBOM KoqeBHKKOB. CaMo xaHCTBO-FipeACTaBjiHJio co6oh He Hepap- xhk) 4>eoAajibHbix 3eM..ieBJiazie^bueB, B3aHMHbie OTHOtueHHH : 1 OnwcaHHe MwyHbrapHH h Bocroraoro TypKecrawa b ApeBHeM h HKIHeiilHCM COCTOHHHH. llepeBe^eHO C KHTaHCKOrO M0H8X0M HaKKH(|>OM. Cn6.. 1829, cTp. 145— 146. .2 PuHKoe H. AHeBiibie sanncKH nyTemecTBHH KanmaHa HumriaH Pu«iKona b KHprn3-KaftcanKHe ctctih b 1771 rojiy. Cn6., 1772, CTp. 25. 3 CtfopiiHK yKa30B » APyrwx flOKyMeuroB, KacatomuxcH ynpaBjieHHH h ycTpoficTBa OpeH6yprCKoro Kpan, 1734, cocraB;ieHnux A. H. #o6po- CMyCvioBbJM, t. 1. OpeHdypr, 1900, CTp. 8. 246
KOTophix ocHcmaHhi Ha eacca^HTeTe c noAyqeHHeM jieH a, a neCTpMH H MaJIOyCTOHHHBbW KOMnjieKC pa3AWqHbIX KOHeBbIX n^eMeH h p o a o b . CBH3b 3thx KoqeBbtx nAeMeH h po ao b c xaHOM 6buia ocHoeaHa rAaBHbiM o6pa30M Ha' «BaccaAHTe- Te 6e3 JieHa h ah AeHa, cod'oaux.ero H3 AaHefi». 3Ta xa- paKTepHCTHKa K- Mapxca, AaHHaa hm rocvziapcTBeHHOMy ycTpoftcTBy KweBCKoft Pycw eme b 6oAbiueftvMepe otho- CHTCH K rOCyAapCTBeHHOMy yCTpOftCTBy K 333XCKH X KOHeBblX xaHCTB. KaK 6bi hh crapaAHcb cocTaBHTeAH BbimeHa3BaH- Horo npocneKTa nepeoueHHTb ypoBeHb pa3BHTHH Ka3ax- cKoro xaHCTBa h noAHHTb ero Bbime ypoBHH pa3BHTHH KneB- cKoro rocyAapcTBa .IX—XI b b ., HCTopHnecKaa npaBAa h h - KaK He (MO)KeT riOAqHHHTbCH 3T0My. . CBoeo6pa3He Ka3axcKoro KoqeBoro xaHCTBa KaK opraHa rocyAapcTBeHHofi BjiacTH, He AOCTHriuero ypoBHH pa3BHTHH THnHHHoro (})eoAaAbHoro rocyAapcTBa, npoaBHAocb b cneuw- (JwqecKOH opraH H 3aum annapara ynpaBAeHHH. YnpaBAe- HHe HapoAOM npoH cxoaivio no pojxam . ripe>KHHM ocTaBajicn HHCTHryT poaonpaB iiTexeit H3 n u cjia darupOB h 6HeB, xoth aror opraH naTpuapxaAbHO-poAOBoro crp on a 3bho yace H3 opyziHH HapoAHOH boah n p e B p a m jicn b rrarpHapxaAbHo- <J)eoAaAbHOM odmecTBe b opraH yrHeTeHHB Hapo/ia. Bee bo- npOCH COUHaAbHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOH JKH3HH HapO£3 peiiiaAHCb b KpynHbix poAax h hx 'noApa3AeAeHHax. CopoAHqn BMecTe KoqeBaAH h nacAH cBofi ckot, BMecTe ycrpanBaAn Ha6 ern ria HeripHHTejieH h OT6«BaAH HanaAeHHH hx, BMecre ycTpaw- BaAH npa3AHecTBa h o6phaw. P o a 3mh ynpaBAJum caMbre BHAHbie BoeHaqaAbHHKH H3 qHCAa KpynHhix cKOTOBJiaAeAb- ueB: 6aTbipbi, 6hh h 6 a n . XanoM MorAa 6biTb m/ibKo nep- coHa, npHH3AAe>KaiAaH k npocjiOHKe «Tope»— « 6ejia« KOCTb» — H3 nOTOMKOB qHHrH3HAOB. Ka>KAbIH XaH H3()HpaJI- ch, xoth 3a qHHrH3HA3MH h 6hah 3aKpenAeHbi cBoeodpa3- Hbie «AHHacTHqecKHe» npaBa. Be3 6axbipoB, 6neB h 6aeo xaH 6u a 6eccHAe^!. OrpaHHqeHHOCTb ba3cth xaHa npoHB-1 1 B^acTb Ka3axcKoro xana 6 u n a noxoaca Ha B/iacTb apatfcKHx uiefi- XOB y (jeayHHOB. UJeftx «He MO>KeT CBOefl JlHMHOfi B.laCTbK) B3HM3Tb HH Ma^efimero Hajiora, hr peiuaTb KaKHe-JiH(5o ocotfeHHo oa>KHbie Bonpocta, a TaKHce b ero pacnopHJKeHHH ne HMeeTca HHrcaKoro noxodnn hoahuhh hah crpa^H aah noAJiepiKSHHn e r o a B T o p m e r a . Ero npHKa3aHHH b He- 3HaHHTeAbHWX AejiaX HCnOAHHIOTCH, ITOTOMy MTO OClHeCTBeHIIOe MHCHHe Ha ero ctodohc; ho KOr^a nocaeAHero neT, to npHKa3a»HHMH npenegpe- raiOT». (IUep6aTOBa 0. A. BepxoM Ha po^HHe 6eAyHH0B. Cn6., 1903, \\:tp, 123). 247
AHJiacb: BO-nepBbix, b tom, hto ona pacnpocTpaHHjiacb TOJibKo »a oahi! hjih HecKOjibKo poaob, b peAKHx cjiyqaax, Ha OAHH H3 Tpcx K33aXCKHX * y 30B, npeACTaBJIHBUIHX ue- jibift no.TiHTHHecKHH KOHivioMepaT H3 p a3AHqHbix iuieMeH h POaob; BO-BTopbix, h b 3thx npenejiax xaH npHo6petaji 60- jiee hjih MeHee peajibnyio B/iacTb toabko bo BpeMfl KpyriHux BoeHHbix AeiicTBHH. B MHpHoe >xe BpeMH (j)aKTHqecKH Ha- poAOM npaBHyiH CaTwpbi h 6hh, ohh >Ke npeABOAHTe;ibCTBO- B3JIH B nOBCeAHeBHblX Me>KpOAOBbIX pacnpqx, CBH3aHHbIX c yroHOM cKOTa, yBOAOM hah noxHiuenHeM AOByiuex cpeAH KOqeBHHKOB1. B odiuecTBeiiHoft >kh3hh Ka3axoB b stot nepHOA 60 - pOJIHCb ABe npOTHBOriOAOKHblX TeHAeHUHH, KOTOpwe Bbl- AHBaAHCb B (})OpMy 6 opb6 bI HOBOTO CO CTaphIM, 6 opb6 bI 3a- pO)KAaK)mHXCH (J)eOAaAbHbIX OTHOIiieHHH c OT>KHBaK>mHMH naTpuapxaAbHO-poAOBbiMH. Ho ajih ftojihoh no6 eAbi nep- BIJX HaA BTOpblMH He 6 LIAO AOCTaTOHHblX 3 K0H0 MH*ieCKHX ycjiOBHH; 3TOMy npeiifiTCTBOBaA Becb xoshhctbchhuh ymiaA HCH3HH KOHeBHHKOB Ka3aX0B. MeHCAy npOHHM, Hano nOAa- raTb, hto ACAeime Ka3axoB Ha Tpw cothh — ym-»cy3 (Ha- 3B3HHbIX B AOpeBOAIOUHOHHO# JIHTeparype «OpAaMH»), cy- uuecTBOBaBmee b X V —X V III bb., 6 hjio abjichhcm BceueJio CBH33HHbIM C BOeHHO-nJieMCHHblM yCTpOHCTBOM Ka3aXCKO- ro o6mecTBa. Taxoe Aenenne HMejio MecTO y Bcex napoAOB, nepescHBuiHX nepHOA « boghhoh AeMOKpaTHH*2. r io 6eA_a (J)eoA aJiH 3Ma Morvia 6 biTb 3aB epuieH a JiHiiib Ha OCHOBe qaCTHOH 3eMeAbH0H C06cTB eH II0CTH B yCAOBHHX oceAAoro 3eM A eA eA bqecK oro xo 3HHCTBa. Be3 3io r o HeB03- 1 «B Tex (Ka3axcKfix — C . T . ) opAax hg c r o j i b K o x a n b i bjibcth HMe- cOT, CKOJIbKO MX CTapiIIHHa, H AAH TOTO OHH HH J U O R b M U , HH 6oraTCTBOM CBOHX X3HOB yCH.1HB3TbCH HC AOliyCKaiOT H rpaMOTHHX B XaHW lie H3finpaiOT, OAHano >k Be/iyT (chct) nacjieACTBeHiibix xaHOB, a ACTeii xaHCKHX iiaBbrnaioT cyjiTaHaMH». (CfiopHHK yKa30B h Apyrwx AoxyMeH- tob, Kacaioiunxca ynpanAeHHn h ycTpoftCTBa Open6yprcKoro Kpan, 1734, codaB.ieHHoro A. H. /JoSpocmkcaobmm, t . I. Opeu6yprt 1900, CTp. 35). 2 «AecflTHHHaH opraHH3aunB — 3T0 BoeHHaH opraHH3aunfl; MOHroAb- CKHe xaHbi 3acTaioT ee yate totoboh h JiHiiib npHcnocoGjiaiOT ee aah cbohx uejieH... 3 to Ae-nenHe Ha acchtkh, cothh h thchhh B03HHKJI0 b tot v.oMeHT, Kor.ua poAH h n.newena o6-beAHHH.nncb ajih o6iuhx ue;ieft b tfojibuine opranH3anH» Boennoro xapaKTepa, to ccTb b nepHOA Boen- noft AeMOKpaTHH, KorAa Boopyweimbifi HapoA Bbicryna/i b bochhux npeAnpHHTiinx. 3Ta AecHTiimian CHcrewa He oTpnua;ia ucjihkom poao- BUX CBH3Cfi, HO Olia HX BOCHOAHH.ia, BIIOCHAa IIOpHAOK B ABIDKCHHe aioackhx Macc, npcBpaai.a;ia TO.iny b bohcko». (rpeKOB B. J \\ . KneBCKan Pycb. M., 1949, CTp. 312), 243
mojkho 6 h \\ J i o npH KpenjieH H e k 3eMJie 6ecnpepbiBHo n e p e A B H - raiom n xcH n a Heo6'bHTHOM n p ocT p a iicT B e K 3 3 a x c K H x CTenefi K o n e B b ix ckotoboaob. A 6 e3 TaKoro npHKpenAeHHH H6B03MOHCHO 6bIAO KaKOe 6bl TO HH GbIJIO ynpOHeHHe BJiaCTH xana hha KoqeBtiM HapOAOM. / O o p x ia npoHBJieHHH BJiacTH xa H a K ax Boeim oro b o >k a h HaA H a c e A e H H e M 6biJia pa3AHHHoif b ycAOBHHx K p y n H w x 3aBoeBaTeJibiibix noxoAOB — HamecTBHM h b ycAOBHHx 0 6 bIHHOH KOHeBOH >KH3HH. OTOJKABCTBAeHHe (})OpMbI npOHB- a c h h h BJiacTH, HanpHMep, ^ H H rH c -x a H a bo BpeMH n a n ie c T - BHH MOHTOAOB H X3HCXOH BA3CTH C CpOpMOH npaBJieilHfl y x a 3 a x o B HBJineTCH oahhm H3 r jia B H b ix hctohhhxob b c h k h x o u iii6 o m ib ix cy>KAeHHH o counaAbHOH npupoAe K a 3 a x c K o ro xoneBoro xaHCTBa. M m y>Ke oTMenajiH 6ec.cn.riHe xaHcxoft b a 3cth b xa3ax- ckoh CTcnH n epeA BAHHTeAbHbiMh npeACTaBHTe.aHMH Kpyn- Hbix h CH/ibHbix pOAonAeweHHbix rpyniT. Ecjih Ka3axcKOMy xaHy HHorAa yAaBaAOCb Aep>xaTb poAonpaBHTeAeif b cBoeM noBHHOBeHHH, to TOJihKO ao Tex nop, noxa nocAeAnne b h - AeAH b 3t o m KaKyio-HH6yAb BbiroAy a a h ce6fl. Ho xax TOAbXO H3MeHHAHCb 06CT0HTeJIbCTBa, K S K TOAbXO xaH Iia - MHHaA npoHBAHTb xot5i 6bi M a A en m ee CTpeMAeHHe He chh- TaTbCH C HHMH, TO OH CeifaaC HCe TepHA BCHKOe BAHHIIHe cpeAH H36paBiuHx ero npeACTaBHTeAeft poaob — 6aTbipoB, 6weB h 6aeB , h Ha ero MecTO BbiABHraAca xaxoH-HH6yAb ApyroH c y A T a n . Ho sto BOBce lie 3H3h h t , hto xan HHKorAa h iiHKoro He M or Haxa3binaTb. H p n noAAep>KKe 6 o A e e CHAbHbix p o a o n p a bHTea eh xaH H iio rA a noABepraA TeAecHO- My n aK a3aiiH io, HaAaraA uiTpatybi, OTtfnpaA ckot h Aa>xe X33HHA ripOBHHHBIIierOCfl H3 HHCA3 nOABAaCTHbIX eM y AIO- Aen, pyKOBOACTnyacb o6biinibiM npaBOM, ho oii H H xorAa h HH ripn K3KHX O^CTOHTeAbCTBaX He MOT HHKOrO AHIHHTb 3eMAH noTOMy, hto iihkto He HMeAr npaB nacTHoro BAaACAb- ua Ha KaKH e-An6o onpeACAeiiHbie ynacTXH 3gmah. OTCyTCTBHe yCTOHHHBOH npOH3BOACTBGHHOH 6a3bl pOAO- nAeM em ibix od'beAHiienHH, ocHOBannoH Ha 3eMAeAeAHH npH KpynHOfi c|)eOAaAbIIOH 3GMCAbHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH, CAe- AOBaTCAbHO, OTCyTCTBHC XpenKOH SKOHOMHHeCKOH OCIIOBbI Ka3axcKoro xaHCTBa, o6ycAOBAHBaAO o6myio neycTOHHH- BOCTb nOAHTHHGCKHX VlIpe>KACHHH, Hpe>KAC BCerO, BAaCTH caMoro xana. 06mccTBeiiHbie coio3bi, khkhmh h b a h a h c b poAonAeM em ibie o6beAHHeiiH5{ Ka3axoB, KOTopbie bxoahah b to hah Apyroe K33axcKoe xaHCTBO, 6 wah Me>xAy co6oh 249
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