KpenocTHyio. .0 6 HdopimecKOM n pou ecce noaBJieHHH pyc- CKOH KpenOCTHOH KpCCTbHHCKOH odlUHHbl B. H. JleHHH nn- caji: « E cjih mojkho 6 bi.no roBopHTb o pOflpBOM 6u r e b ;jpeB- Hefi PycH, to necoMHeHHO, hto y>Ke b cepe^HHe Bexa, b anoxy MOCKOBCKoro uapcTBa, sthx poaoBbix CBH3eH yx<e He cyiuecTBOBajio, t . e. rocyaapcTBo ocHOBbiBa^ocb Ha coio3ax coBceM He po£OBbix, a wecTHUx: noMeiuHKH h MOHacTbipH npHHHMaJIH K ce6 c KpeCTbHH H3 pa3JIHHHbIX Mecr, H o6iuh- Hbl, COCTaBjlHBUJHeCH T3KHM 06pa3OM, 6 hUIH qHCTO TeppHTO- pnajibHbiMH coio3aMH»l. TaKHe TeppHTopHa-fibHhie o6iuhhu, coxpaHHH BiiyTpH ce6 a CTapwe TpajjHUHH o6whhhhkob, npaB^a, C HGKOTOpblMH OCOtfeHHOCTHMH rjih pa3/IHHHbIX STariOB pa3BHTHH (J)eO,HaJIH3Ma, HaXO^HJIHCb nOA BJiaCTbK) noMemHKOB-aeMjieB^a^bueB, b KpenocTiiOH 33bhchmocth OT HEX. 3 t 0 ABOftCTBeHHOe n0J!0>KeHHe pyCCKOH KpeCTbHH- CKOH 06IUHHH, CBH33HH0e, C OflHOfi CTOpOHN, C COXpaHeHH- ew CTapwx o 6 m.HHHbix TpajjHijHfi, c .npyroft — c HajinqneM (})eoAa^bHOH c o 6 cTBeHHocTH Ha 3eM^uo, nopoJK.aa.fio y Kpe- CTbHH'0 6 mHHHHK0 B .fiojKHoe npe;jcTaB.fieHHe 0 TOM, qTO 3eM- jih hko6h npHHa/yiejKHT hm. O hh He moitih noHHTb, hto ca- mo KpenocTnoe npaBo 6hjio mflbKo JopH^HqecKHM Bbipaxce- HHGM KpynHOfi ^eO^a^bHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH Ha 3eMJIK). Taxoe npeACTaBjieHiie pyccKHx KpenocTHbix KpeCTbHH, KOTOpwe BHAeJIH OCHOBV CBOefi KpenOCTHOft 3aBHCHM0CTH TOJIbKO JIHUIb BO BHe3KOHOMHlieCKOM npHHyJKJjeHHH, 0U1H- Gohho pa3ijejin.fi h T. B. HfiexaHOB. O h nncaji: «K penocT- Hoe npaBo CKOBajio h npHHH3H.no 3CMJieBjiaije;ibija, ho He H3MeHH.no e r o othow £hhh k 3eMJie. «M bi Barnw,. a 3eMiiH Hauia» — roBopHjiH KpecTbHHe noMeujHKaM*2. OurndKa H B. RaexaHOBa 3>uecb 3aKJiioqaeTCH b tom , hto oh p y c- CKHX KpenOCTHUX KpeCTbHH CqKTajI C06CTBeHBHKaMH (})eO- Aa^bHbix 3eMe;ib h He BHije.fi toto H3MeHeHHH b hx npaBOBOM OTHOmeHHH k 3eMJie, KOTopoe npoH3oixuio BMecTe c iio h b - iieHHew K pynH oro 4>eo;ja;ibHoro 3eMJieBJia;jeHHH. T. B. I ljie - xaHOB He h o h h ji, hto cymnocTb npaBOBbix OTHOineiiHH Kpe CTbHH, Kan KJiacca k 3eM.fie, cjiejjOBateJibHO, cymHocTb npo- H3B0ijcTBeHHbix oxHoiiieHHft <J)eoijajibHO-KpenocTHHqecKoro oCmecTBa P o c c h h , onpejje.nHJiacb h m c h h o cocjiobho-moho- noiibHOH <j)eo;jajibHofi co6cTBeHHocTbio Ha 3eM^io. K iiacco- ’ JlenuH B. H. Con., t. I, ap. 137. 2 II/iexaHOB r . B. Com:a.ui3Mh no;iHTHHecKaa 6opb6a. Haum pa3 HoiviacHji. JI., 1939, cTp. 265. 400
Bwe o T H O in e H H fl Me>KAy 3eMJieAe«7ii>u.aMH — K pen ocTH b iM H - K p ecT b fm a M H m noMemuKaMH b PoGCHtf-onpeAeAHJiHCb (£>eo- Aa^IbHOH COdCTBeHHOCTblO Ha 3eMJHO. ■B n epH O A y c K o p e H H o ro p a 3BHTHH KanHTajiH3Ma B P o c - chh H apoAH H K H KaK HAeoAorn M eJiKoft 6yp>Kya3HH, 6 o n c b OCTpbIX KOH<J)JIHKTOB H npOTHBOpeHHH KailHTaJlH3Ma, K pH - Ma/iH 06 «o 6 e3 3 eM eJ iH B a H H H » h « n o T e p e caMOCTOHTejibHO- cth» KpecTbH H CKH x xo3hh ctb. H 3 o 6 p a > K a H pa3BHTHe K a n H - v TajiH3Ma b P o c c h h KaK « p e r p e c c » h «y n aA O K »,'O H H / A O K a - 3HBajiH, h t o coB epuiaeTC fi n e p e x o A o t «caMOCTOflTejTbHoro KpeCTbHHCKOrO X03HHCTB3 K riOAHeBOJIbHOMy», 6 a T p a U K O - My. T a K a n TOHKa 3peHHH n a p o A H H K O B GbiJia n o A B e p rH y T a pe3K0H K p H T H K e B. H . JiGHHHbIM, KOTOpblH nOKa30Jl,- HTO 6a T p a u K O M y x o 3 « h c t b y , n oH B H B iu eM ycH b cbh 3H c p a 3 B H - THeM KanH TajiH CTH H ecKH x o T H o m e H H H , rip eA u iecT B yeT He «CaMOCTOHTeJlbHOCTb» KpeCTbHHHHa, a KpenOCTHH'ieCTBO. «rio 3 T O M y ccHJiaTbCH Ha K perrocTH H qecK oe «H aA eJieH H e 3eM Jieft» AOKa3aTeJibCTBa « h c k o h h o c t h » npHHaA*ae>K- hocth cp e A C T B n p 0H3B0ACTBa n p oH B B O A H T ejiio — c r u io m - Haa (j^ a jib iiib ^ 1. Ha Hon6pbCKOH SKOHOMHqecKOft ah c kyc c h h 1951 r o A a . B bicK a3biB ajiacb neBepnan ToqK a 3peHHH o tom, hto o ch o - Boft c|)eoAa.nH3M a 6 mjio B H e sK o n o M H H ecK o e npHHy>KAeHHe, to ecTb H acH /ine, a He (JjeoAajibH an co6cTBeHHocTb Ha 3eM - JIK). H. B. C T a J IH H , pyKOBOACTByHCb H3BeCTHHM M apK C H C T- CKO-JieHHHCKHM nOJIO>KeHHeM, O TBeTH JI Ha 3TO: «K O H e H H O , BHesKOHOMHqecKoe npHHy>KAeHHe H rp a jio poAb b A e jie yKpen/ieHHH sKOHOMnaecKOH b a s c t h ,noMem.HKOB-KpenocT- HHKOB, O AH aKO , He OHO HBAHAOCb o c h o b o h (J)eoAaAH3M a, a. (JjeoA^AbH an cotfcTB eH H ocTb Ha 3 c m a i o » 2. B AaHHOM c j i y q a e H. B. C t 3 j ih h n o A q e p K iiy ji a b b h o H3- BecTHoe *noJiOHteHHe MapKCH3Ma-JieHHHH3Ma. K pO H cajieiiH io, yxBaTH BiiiH Cb 3 a 3T y uHTaTy H3 p a 6 o T b i H. B. C/rajiHHa, H e- KOTOpue ’ HCTOjpHKH H lOpHCThl CTaJIH AOKa3hIBaTb, ^TO 3TO HOBOe O T K p fcjtu e B iMapKCH3Me, H H a 3T0H OCHOBe CTaJIH T p e 6 o B a T b xn ep ecM O T p a qyTb jih H e B c e x BonpocoB, c b h 3 3 h - HblX C (JjeOAAAfcHblM CnOCOdOM npOH3BOACTBa. rip H BHHMaTeJIbHOM HTeHHH 3TO& UHTaThI BHAHO, MTO C t 3a h h 3 A ecb‘ H M ecr b b h a y p a 3 B H T o e 4>eoAaAbHoe o 6 m e - 1 JlenuH B . H . C oh., T. t , CTp. 469 (BTopaa CHOCKa). 2 Ctciauh //. B . SKOHOMHuccKne npodJieMbi couHaJiH3Ma b CCCP. M.f 1952, ctp. 41, 26— 1067 401
ctbo, r,ne cym ecT B yeT aKOHOMHuecKan BJiacTb noMemHKOB- KpenocTHHKOB, 6a3Hpyioiii.a5icH Ha <}>eoAajibHoft co6cTBeH- HOCTH Ha 3eMJHO. f i . 3jiaTKHH AaJIbllie «paCUIHpH6T» 3TO BHCKa3biBaHHe M. B. CraJiHHa. O h tobopht: «CKa3aHHoe 3Aecb TOBapHiueM CiaAHHbiM BepHO He m abKo no OTHome- hhk) k d p a n a M 3eMJie^e^bqecKHM, ho h crpanaM kohcbo- ro CKOTOBOACTBa»l . B AeftcTBHTeJibHOCTH M. B. OrajiHH, norAa roBopHA o 4)eoAa^ibHO-KpenocTHHqecKOM o6iu,ecTBe, ocHOBaHHOM Ha KpynnoM 3eMvieB.aa/aeHHH, ne HMeji b bhay nepexoAHyio, naTpHapxaJibHo>4)eo£a;ibHyio craAHio ero pa3BHTHH, TeM 6oAee oh He HMeji b BHAy KOHesoe cKOTOBO^qecKoe o6me- CTBO. « M o>kho jih nepeHecra noAo>KeHHe o c^eoAaAbHOH co6- CTBeHHOCTH Ha aeMAio b hhctom BHAe c 3eMAeAeAbqecKoro otfmeCTBa HeAHKOM Ha o6meCTBO KOHeBHHKOB-CKOTOBOAOB? HaM iipeacTaBJinercH, hto HeAb3*i. Tan Kan y Ko^eBHHKOB- CKOTOBOAOB HeT HenOCpeflCTBCHHOrO OTHOUieHHH K 3eMAe, t . e. k n a c T 6 n m y r a HMeeicn onocpeACTBOBaHHoe oTiioiiie- HHe qepe3 Ko/meKTUB (qepe3 pOA h n A C M fl)»2. OcHOBHoe noJioHceHHe MapKCH3Ma-AeHHiiH3Ma, tobo- pHin.ee o ^o m , mo ochoboh cj)eoAaAH3Ma 6ujia $eoAaAbHasi COdCTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eMJlK), BOBCe He HCKJiameT B03MO>KHO- cth cymecTBOBaHHH b paHHe(j)eoAajibHOM oCmecTBe, HapHAy C (J)eOAaJIbHoft H MaCTHOH KpeCTbSlllCKOM 3eMe^bHOH co6- CTBeHHOCTH. He cJieAyeT 3a6HBaTb, hto Me>KAy noHBAeHHeM qacTHoft co6cTBeHHocTH Ha 3eMAK), o6pa6aTbiB aeM yio ahhhnm Tpy- AOM KpeCTbHH, H HOHBJieHHeM KpyilHOft COCAOBHO-MOHOriOAb- hoh co6cTBeHHocTH (JjeoAaAOB Ha 3eMJiio, o6pa6aTbiBae- Myio TpyAOM KpenocTHbix KpecTbHH, AeJKHT uejian noAoca HCTOpHqeCKOrO pa3BHTHH. MeJKAy 3THMH AByMH (J)OpMaMH wacTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH Ha 3eMAio cymecTByeT KaqecTBen- Hoe pa3AHH«e. «BecHHCJieHHhie o ttc h k h nacTHoft co6ctbch- HOCTH, KOTOpbie OTKpbIBaiOTCH H ailieM y B30py, OTpa>KaK)T AHinb npowejKyTOHHhie coctohhhh, A O K a m n e Me>KAy o6en- MH 3THMH KpaHHOCTHMH*3. 1 3actkuh H. fi. O (J)eo^a^bHofi 3eMe;ibHoft coCcTBeHHocru y ko- qeBbix Hapo^oo. C m. crenorpaMMy AOK/iaAa b MHCTHTyie boctoko- Be^eHHB 22/XII— 1952 r. 2flKy6o8CKua A. IO. OqopKH «3 HcropHH TypKMCHCKoro Hapojia H TypKMenHCTaiia b X IH — XIX bb. AiuxaOaA, 1954, cip. 60. 3 MapKc K . KaiiHTa^, t. I, 1952, ctp. 764. 402
ro B o p a o MOHonoJibHoii co6cTBeiiHOCTn (JieoAaAOB Ha 3eMJiio, ucjiL>3si ynycKaTb H3 BHAy t o t cl)aKT, m o iiH K o r- Aa, IIH R OAHOM H3 ailTarOHHCTHHeCKHX o6m.eCTB, HH. y OA“ Horo K Jiacca He cymecTBOBajio cTonpoueH TH ofi h a6coAK>T- HOft MOHOIIOJIHH Ha CpeACTBa npOH3BOACTBa. OCHOBa BCH- koh MOHonojiHH ecTb qacTHan co6cTBeHHOCTb. «...A o T ex nop, n o x a c y m e c T B y e T MOHonojiHH co6cTBeiiHOCTH, a o T e x nop H COOCTBeHHOCTb Ha MOHOnOJIHK) HMeeT OAHHaKOBOe c Hen o n p a B A ^ H n e , h 6o pa3 y>K A a n a MOHonoAHfj — OHa CCTb C0 6 CTBeHH0 C Tb»1. rtoSTOMy HejIb3H 4)eTHUJH3HP OBaTb MOHonoJiHio 3eMeJibiioH co6cTBeHHocTH, paccwaTpHBaji e e K ax HBJieiiHe, n p n cy m ee Bce.M c t 3 A H h m pa3BHTHH (J)eoAajib- noro c n o c o 6 a npoH3BOACTBa h CBHaaHHoe TOAbxo c h h m . OHa b T o ii hjih A p y ro ft cTeneHH c y m e c T B y e T bo Bcex aH Ta- roHHCTHnecKHx o6mecTBeHHbix c^opM auunx. B. H . J leiiH H OTMcqacT cym ccTB O B aiiH e abohkoto pO A a MOHOnOAHH B KanHTaJIHCTHHeCKOM CeAbCKOM X03HHCTBe, OAHa H3 KOTOpblX BblTCKaeT H3 OrpailHqeilJIOCTH 30MAH, KO- Topan « c o B e p w e n u o h63s b h c h m o o t k s k o h 6bi to hh 6 b ia o coC cT een n ocT u na 3eMAio — co 3 A a eT H3BecTHoro poAa m o - HOnOAHK), HMeHHO: T a x KaK 3CMA5I BC5I 3aH5ITa 4>epMaMH, Tax Rax c n p o c npeA^ABAfleTCH Ha B ecb x jie 6 , rzpoH3BOAH- Mbift Ha B een 3eMJie»....2,3 m o n op o> K A a eT An4)(l)e PeiIU«H a jIb \" Hyio peH Ty c A yq u iH x yqacTKOB 3eMJiH. 3 A e c b 3eMAH B bicTy- naeT x a x o C b e K T x o 3hhctb3, a He k b k o6T>exr qacTHOH COOcTBeHHOCTH. BTOpaH MOHOnOAHH BbITeKaeT H3 CymeCTBO- BaHHH qaCTHOH COdCTBeHHOCTH Ha 30MJIK), KOTOpan nopo>K- AaeT a O c o A io T iiy io peHTy co Bcex yqacTK O B 3eMAH, BOBAeqeH- Hbix b xo3HHCTBeHHbiH o6opoT. A S c o A io T H a n peHTa « H e BbinjiaqHBaercH TaM, r u e — 1 (JiaKTHqccKH h ah jophahhcckh — Her c o d c r e e n H o c T u na 3eMAto»*. H h AornqecK H , hh HCTopn- qecxH 3Ta m o h o iio a h h c n p eA U A y m e fi Hepa3pbiBH0 n e c b h - 3aHa4. KanHTaAHCTHqecKoe o6n;ecTBO b ueJioM xapaxTepH3yeT- CH MOHOnOAHCH KAaCCa XanHTaAHCTOB H KpynHUX 3CMAC- BAaAeAbuee Ha BajKHeftuiHe cpeACTBa M a repn ajibH oro n p o - H3BOACTBa. 3H aqH T, no cAOBaM B. H . JleHHHa, h b K&riHTa- AHCTHqecKOM o6m ecTB e ne y c T p a n n e T c n MoiionoAHH Ha 3eMAio. H TaM MeAxue 3eMAeAeAbUbi Bee 6ojiee c t3 h o - 1 Maptcc K . h B m eA bc </>. Con., t . I, c tp. 560. 2 JlenuH B. H. Coq., t. 5, crp. 108. 3 MapKc K. h 3meAbc H36paHHbie nwcbMa. M., 1947, cTp. 131, 4 JleHim B. M. C om., t . 5, CTp. 110. 403
batch- MOHonojiHCTaMH, m cakhm h arpapHHMH1. 3 i y MOHO- noAwo Mo>KeT HMeTb jiio6ofl B.aa&eJieu Aener, KOTopbift no- KynaeT 3eMAio, hto o6TjHCHHeTCH oTcyTCTBHeM 3Aecb CBH3H Me>KAy 3eMejibHofi codcTBeHHocTbio h cocaobhoh npHBH/ie- rnen, KOTopan 6buia xapaKTepna toamco aah pa3BHTOH d a - ahh $eoAajiH3Ma. T ohho TaK >Ke b aio 6oh oipacAH Kann- TaAHCTHMecKoro npoH3BOACTBa Ka>KAbiH BAaAeAeu KpynHOH CyMMbI AeH er MO>KeT CTaTb MOHOnOAHdOM, BJIOXCHB 3TH AeHbra B npOH3BOACTBO. CAeA0BaT6AbH0, B OCHOBe moho- nojibHoro nojio>KeHHH ;no6oro cotfcTBeHHHKa KaK npw (J)eo- aaAH3Mef TaK H npn KanHTajIH3Me „ Ae>KHT KOHUeHTpaUHH b ero pyK ax ochobhux cpeACTB npoH3BOACTBa b BHAe qacT- hoiI co6dBeHHocTH. BoAbwoe KOJiHqedBeHHoe HaKonAeHHe b He.MHornx pynax ctsa h TatfyHOB b koh€Bom ckotoboa^c- ckom o6mecTBe npn GeAHOCTH ochobhoh Maccu HaccvienwH To>Ke nopo>KAayio cBoeo6pa3Hyio MOHonoAHio. .. • Ka>KAHH KpymibiH 3eMAeBAaAeAeij Mor npeBpaTHTbcn b MOHono^HCT^ tojibko b cooTBGTCTByioiiinx ycjioBHsix npe- o6/iaAaiomero BHAa MaiepHaAbHoro npoHSBOACTBa. Cocaob- HO-MOHOnOJIbHaH KpynHaH COtfdBeHHOCTb Ha 3e»MAK), KOTO- pan hbjihotch 3K0H0MHHGCK0H ocHOBoft KpenocTHHqedBa, B03KHKA3 TOAbKO Ha 3peA0# CT8AHH p33BHTHH $eOAaAH3Ma. Il03T0My COCAOBHO-MOHOnOAbHaH Co6CTBeHHOCTb Ha 3eM- ak) He, MorAa CAyjKHTb HenpeMeHHbiM KpHTepneM npn onpe- AeAeHHH CyiUHOCTH IipOH3BOAdBeHHbIX OTHOUieHHH AIOAefi Ha HaqaAbHbix dyneHax P33bhthh (J)eoAaAbHoro o6mecTBa. B ycAOBHHx KoqeBoro cKOTOBOAnecKoro xo3HficTBa ee bob- ce He 6nao. ^ . . K o q e B o e , ckotoboactbo KpaiiHe orpaHHHHBaAo bo3Mo>k - HOCTb pacuiHpeHHoro BOcnpoH3BOACTBa H -pocra odm ecT- BeHHoro 6oraTCTBa. yBeAHqeHne o6mecTBeHHoro 6oraTCTBa h TeMnu pa3- bhthh npoH3BOAHTeAbHwx cha o 6 mecTBa b paMKax aHTa- roHHCTHqecKHX (})opMauHfl onpeAeAHiOTca He npoAOA>KH- TeAbHOCTbK) npHdaBOqHOrO BpeMeHH, a npOH3BOAHT€AbHO- CTbio odmecTBeHHoro TpyAa, KOTopaa HenocpeACTBeHHO cBH33Ha c MaTepnaAbHo-TexHHqecKoft 6a3on AaHHoro 06- meeTBeHHOrO npOH3BOACTBa H ypOBHGM pa3BHTHH KyAbTy- pbl CaMHX npOH3BOAHTeAeft. npHM6HHTeAbH0 K K333XCKHM, rcysaw XVII—XVIII bb. 9to 03HaqaA0, hto HHqeM He orpaHHqeHHue pa3Mepw padoqero BpeMenw rmpHapxaAb- 1 Jlenun B . M. Con., t. 22, dp. 84. 404
hhx p a6oB h CeAHbix saBtfcHMbix h nojiy3aBHCHMhix iiacrry- xob, 3 a fp a q H B a ^ M o r o ahbm h H oqbio H a y x o A 3a CTaAaMH h Ta6yHaMH C TenH bix 6oraqefi, He M o rjiH o6ecneqHTb B o c n p o - H3BC5actbo 6 o j i e e hjih MeHee n p o q H o r o GoraTCTBa o 6 m e - CTB3 H3-3a HH3KOft npOH3BOAHTeAbHOCTH TpyAa, HeCMOTpH Ha oneHb TH JK ejiyio (JjopMy naTpHapxajibHo-cf>eoAajibHOH ASK cnjiyaTauH H . h h 3K3h npoH3BOAHTejibHOCTb o6m ecTBeH - Horo T p y A a otfycAOBAHBa.nacb npnMHTHBHbiM xa p a K T ep ow KOHeBOrO CKOTOBOACTBa. ripHMHTHBHOCTb H pyTHHa KO- qeB oro CKOTOBOACTBa onpeAeJinjincb ycjiobhhmh T p yA a, hc- KJUOHaBHIHMH BO3MO>KH0CTb npOH3BOACTBa H HCII0Ab30Ba- hhh 6 o jiee hjih M cnee caojkhhx opyA H H TpyAa h npHMene- hhh b n p o a e c c e npoH3BOACTBa k h k h x 6 u to hh C b ijio HOBbIX TeXHHHeCKHX yCOBepiHeHCTBOBaHHft, KOTOpbie B KOHUe kohuob m o t j ih 6 w npHBecTH k H3MeHeHHio MaTepnajibHOH OCHOBH npOH3BOACTBa H pe3KOMy nOBbimeHHIO npOH3BOAH- TeJibHocrtH odmecTBeHHoro Tp yA a. CjieAOBaTejibHO, npn T a - kh x y cjio B H H x npoH3BOACTBa cym ecTBO BaBiiiaH T5i>xejiaH SKcnjiyaTauHH TpyAa naTpH apxajibH wx pa6oB, MajiaeB h KOHCbi HHKaK He m oiTia o6ecneqH Tb nocTOHHHoe pacuiH peH H e n p ou ecca BOcnpoH3BOACTBa, pocT 'MaTepnajibHOH h A y x o B - hoh x yjib T yp b i o6mecTBa. Kai^ yTKe BwncHeHO, o c h o b h h m b h a o m MaTepnajibHoro npoH3BOACTBa b naTpHapxaAbHo-c})eoAaAbHOM o6mecTBe xa - 3axoB XV— X V III b b . 6h a o KoqeB oe c k o to b o ac tb o . 3 c m jih uejiHKOM HcnoAb30Bajiacb xax nacT6H m e b ee ecTecTBeH- HOM COCTOHIIHH, JIIOAH BKJiaAtJB3JIH CBOft TpyA HC B o 6 p a - 6oTKy 3eMJiH, a b yxoA 3a cko to m h e fo pa3BeAeHHe. I l o - Ao6Hoe noJiOHceHHe oxapaKTepH30BaHo K . MapxcoM AyiouufM o6pa3aM : « y KoqeBUx nacTymecKHx njieMeH,— a Bee nacTyuiecKHe njieMeHa nepBOHanajibHo KoqeBbie,— aeM- a h , HapaBHe c npoqHMH npHpoAHUMH ycjiobhhmh; npeA - cTaBAHeTCH b CBOeft nepBHqHofi HeorpaHHqeHHocTH, iianpH- Mep, b cTennx A 3 hh h Ha 33H3TCKOM, ruiocKoropbe. E e h c - noAb3yioT n an nacT6Hme h t . a ., Ha Heft kopm htch cra/ia, KOTopbiMH, b cbok> oqepeAb, cym ecTB yioT nacTyuiecKHe na- pOAbl. OHH OTHOCHTCH K 3eMJie, K3K K CBOeft Co6CTBeHHOCTH, XOTH OHH HHKOTAa He (JjHKCHpJHOT 3TOH CO6CTB0HHOCTH»1. CAOBa: «OHH OTHOCHTCH K 3eM Ae, K a K K CBOeft C0 6 cTBeH - HOCTH», B AaHHOM TeKCTe MbI IIOHHMaeM K aK OTHOUieHHe ______________:— • . ■ t*.. . 1 Maptcc K . OopMbi, npeAuiecTByiomne KanHTajiHCTHqecKOMy npoH3- BOACTBy. M ., 1940, CTp. 23—24. 405
jitOAeft k cB oen o6iahhhoh coocTBeimocTH, a cjiOBa: « ohh HHKOr^a He (j)HKCHpyK)T 3T0H CO6CTBeHH0CTH», no-BHAHMO- My, yK a3 b iB aioT Ha oTcyTCTBHe qacnioH 3eMeAbHofi co6- cTBeHHOCTH, Ha OTcyTCTBHe 3aKpenJieHHH OTAejibHux yqaci- KOB 3eMAH 3a Te\\!H HAH HHbIMH KOHeBHHKaMH1. H a p O A , 3aHHMai01UHHCH T3KHM BHAOM npOH3BOACTBa, d a ji uejiHKOM nacTymecKHM HapoAOM. Ckotoboau Bcer^a 6biah BMecTe co cbohmh eraAaMH, a 3eMJiio — naertfHme, MeHHAH noqTH OKeAHeBHO. O hh HcnoAb30B3AH 3eMAio ao Tex nop, n o K a na #efi He Gu^ia BbrrpaBAeHa bch AHKopa- d y m a a T p a B a . Taxan cneuHcj)HKa cKOTOBOACTBa c HeH36e>K- HOCTbio TpeCona^a nmpoKon o6iuhhhoh (j)opwH 3eMAeBAa- AeHHH2. 3 T y ocodeH H oeTb ckotoboahe c K o r o xo3HHCTBa rJiydoKO noHHMa.TH KjiaccHKH Haywnoro 'KOMMyHH3Ma. « . . . y nacTy- urecKRX napoAOB, — nuca.i K. Mapnc, — codcTBennocTb Ha ecTecTBeHHbie npoA)'KTbi 3eMAH,— Ha oBeu, HanpHMep,— 3TO OAHOBpeMeHHO H COtfCTBeHHOCTb Ha Ayra, no KOTOpbIM ohh nepeABHraiOTCH»3. 3 th cAOBa K. MapKCa cAeAyeT noHHMaTb He b tom cm w c- Ae, hto OBUbi ecTb npocTOH Aap npwpoAbi, a b tom, hto pa- CTeHHH, KaK BeAHKHG norAOTHTeAH H xpaHHTeAH COAHenHOH SHeprHH B H3MeHCHH0fl (j)OpMe CAyHCaT KOpMOM AAH CKOT3, HTO npH KOHeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe nepBHHHHM H OCHOBHbIM cpeACTBOM TpyAa (5hah CTaAa h Ta6yHbi. Be3 3Toro cpeA- CTBa TpyAa, to ecTb 6e3 CTaA h Ta6yHOB, He 6hao 6bi B03- MOJKHMM npHCBOeHHe T3KHX npeAMeTOB npHpOAH. KoqeBOH ckotoboa CMorpeA Ha ecTecTBeHHbie Ayra, nacrdnma Kan » 1 «ripaBOBbre othoiiiohhh Ka3axoB, naK BWTeKaiomHe H3 oCbiqaa (ajeT), ne 3HaioT $opMhi qacTHoro BAaAeHHH 3eMJieto, noqeMy pyccKaa Kjpne^HKUHH B CTaTbBX Flo.10>KeHHH O6 ynpaB/ieHHH TypKeCTaHCKHM Kpae.M 1886 r. 270-h h nocAeAyiomHX, npH3HaB Bee 3eMAH rocyjapcT- BeHHbiMH, nepeAa;ia hx b no.ib3oriaHHe Bcex KO'ieBiiHKOB 6es npaBa OTHywfleHHH noA bhaom qacrHoro B.aa^eHHH>. (Teflep H. H. ro;ioA h KojioiiH3auHn b Cup-AapbHHCKOft o6;iacTH. C6. MaTepwaaoB ajiH' era- THCTHKH Cblp-HapbHHCKOft otfjiaCTH, T. Ill, TaiUKeHT, 1894, CTp. 2). 2 «Ho npe>Kfle npii coBepiueHHO komcbom o6pa3e >k«3Hh ckotobo- aob, ... npw uaCTbix nepekoqeBxax (foAHoro ypomiiua Ha Apyroe, HHorAa pacnOjlOJKeHHUX Ha paCCTOflHHH COTeH BepCT, <J)aKTHMeCKH H€JIb3Si 6bIJ10 oTCTaHBaTb npaBO noJib30B3HHH ypoHHiueM b TcweiiHo KpyrAoro rOAa, ne cymecTBOBaJio BOoCme KaKHx-jmCo crponix 3eMCAbHux paarpamme- hhh Aa>Ke MexKAy KpymiuMif poAaMii*. (MaTepnajibi no KHprH3cKOMV 3eM^cno.ib30BaHHio... KycTaHawcKHH ye3A, crp. 54), 3Map/cc K <J>opMu, npeAUiPcfByjoiuHe KanuTa/iHcinqccKOMy npoH3- BOACTBy. M., 1940, CTp. 24. 406
Ha c b o io co6cTBeHHOCTb no Tex n o p , noKa oh npHCBanBan A H K opacT yiu yio TpaBy sthx nyroB nyTeM nacTb6br, n o r e x nop, noKa n a c n n c b Ha sthx Jiy ra x ero CTana h Ta6yHbi. K. M a p K C , npOTHBonocTaBJiHH\" xapaK Tep 3eM JieB nane- hhh y K o n e B b ix mohtojiob x a p a K T e p y 3eMJieBJianeHHH y o c e n Jib ix re p M a H u e B , CMHTan n e p B b ix CKOTOBonaMH, a b t o - pw x a e M Jie n e jib u a M H , n u can : « M o n r o Jib i npn onvcTom eH H H ■* P occhh n en cT B O B an n c o o t b q t c t b q h h o hx cnocoOy n p o H 3- B oncTBa; n n n cxoTOBoncTBa d o jib u in e Heo6HTaeMbie n p o - CTpaHCTBa HBJIHIOTCH TJiaBHblM yCJIO BH eM . TepMaHCKHe B a p - Bapbr, n n n KOTOpbix 3eM nenejrne n p n nowoinH K p en ocT H bix 6bino TpanHUHOHHMM cnoco6oM npoH3BoacTBav TaKnee K an H 3 0 JiH p oB aH H an >KH3Hb b n e p e B H e , TeM Jierqe moivih h o o th - HHTb 3THM yCJIOBHHM pHMCKHe- npOBHHUHH, HTO npOH CUICn- w a n r a M KOHueHTpaunn 3eM eJibH oft co6ctb6Hhocth y>Ke co- B epu ieH H o onp oK H H yjia npe>KHne oT iioin eu H n s e M n e n e jin n ^ 1. npe>Kne Bcero, 3necb K. M apKC no/iqepKHBaeT cym e- CTBeHHoe pa3JiHHHe oOmecTBeHHoro npOH3BOjicTBa y ocen- Jibix 3eMjreneJibixeB h xoneBbix ckotoboaob. riepBbie 6biJiH aKTHBHbIMH yqaCTHHKaMH 0 6 p a3 O B aH H H HOBOH npO rpeCCH B - HOft o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHHeCKOH (JlOpMaUHH— 3 a n a n H O - e B p o n e n cK o ro tjDeonajiH3Ma; KOH neHTpH pyn b cb o h x p v n a x 3eM eJibHyio co6cTBeHHocTb, o h h onpoK H H yjin CTapbie a h t h h - Hbie h n a T p n a p x a Jib H o -^ e o n a jib H b ie 4)° P MbI 3 eM enbH bix OTHOiueHHft. M t o >xe K acaeT ca M O H ron oB , to nocJien H H e H e' 6bijiH HocHTeJiHMH qero-jm 6o h o b o t o , HaoOopoT, o h h p a3 - p ym ajiH 6 o n e e BHCOKyio K y n b T y p y , onycToinajin npnM biM rpa6e>KOM ro p o n a h cena, t i p o h 3 b o a u j i h c d o p h b h h c n o - KopeHHbix n a p o n o B h njiew eH, H cn o n b 3 y n 6oni>iuHe h o o 6 h - TaeMbie npocTpaHCTBa jih iu b K aK ecTecTBennoe n acT 6 n iixe hjix K on eB oro cKOToeoncTBa. C T en eiw eM BpeMeHH non BJIHHHHeM BbICOKOH KyJIbTypbl nOKOpeHHbTX HapOnOB 3TH MOHroJibi nacTHHHO ocenH h TeM caM biM H3BecTHan q a cT b h x M orn a nocT H H b ypoBHH pa3BH TOro cJ)eonanH3\\fa2. Kan b h o t o , Hejib3a cTaBHTb 3H3K paseHCTBa Me>Kny h c- TopHnecKHMH nocneACTBHHMH nByx pa3HoxapaKTepHbix 3 a - 1 MapKC K. K KpHTHKe no-iHTHqecKOii bkohomhh. JI., 1952, CTp. 210. 2 «B X I I b . co3AaioTCfl npennocwjiKH njin Rwxo^a XopesMa H3 nepHona <J>eoAa.nbHoft pa3/ipo6;ieHHocTH h npeBpauieHirn ero b nnpo on- HOft H3 HawOojiee paHHHx h MorymecTBemibix c^eoaajTbHbix MOHapxHH BocTOKa, HMnepHH xoppae3sAM0.iWuaBxocB, nPpywcbHiHoBuiUefbtic»oanycioe6ns ancepjinvwr yH ynap noji- qnm l InHrHC-xaHa, criaceHHB CBoeft Kponbio CBponeucKOH uHBH,TH3aiiHH». (Tojictob C. II. Ilo c.aenaM ^peBHexope3MHAcKofi UHBHJ!H3auHH. M.— JI., 1948, CTp. 321—322). 407
BoeBaHHft, TO' ecTb m o k a y 3aBoeBaHHHMn apcbhhmh rep- M3HU3MH H ApyiTIMH HapOAaMH P h MCKOH HMnepHH H ' Ha- mecTBiieM MOHrojiOB Ha CpeAHioio A 3 hk> h P occhio, npo- HcmeAHiHMH npn rocnoACToe A Byx pa3/iHHHBix bhaob o6iu,ecTBeHHoro npon3BOACTBa h npn pa3JnraHHx couwaAb- H0-3K0HDMHHeCKHX yCAOBHHX. CymecTBOBaHne KoneBoro xo3HficTBa npeAnoAaraeT, hto B Ka>KAbIH AaHHblfi MOMeHT Ha BCefi TeppHTOpHH nOCTOHH- Horo KoqeBoro nepeABHweHHA • Hace/ieHHH a o a x h h 6bW b rrpocTpaHCTBa Kan nyciyiomHe, Tax h HaceJieHHbie, HHaqe cymecTBOBaHHc xoneBoro cKOTOBOACTBa neMUCAHMO. 06m e- cTBeHHO-aKOHOMHHeCKan >KH3Hb KoneBoro obmecTBa xa3a- xob b 3HanHTeAbHoft deneHH 6uJia otfycAOBAeHa b npoui- AOM 06lUHpHOCTbK) TeppHTOpHH Xa3aXCXHX }KV30B, KOTOpaH b coBpeMeHHbix rpaHHuax npeBbimaer 2,7 mah. kb. khao- MerpoB. S t s TeppHTopHH, no pa3MepaM ycrynaiomaH TOAb- ' ko TeppHTopHH PC<PCP, h 66flbiuafl, neM TeppHTopHH Bcex OCTaAbHbIX COK33HbIX pCCFiybAHK RailieH CTpaHU BMeCTe B3H- TblX, HpeACTaBAHIOmaA B OCHOBHOM CTenH H ItyCTHHH, Tjxe nAOTHocTb HacejieHHH b XV h nepBo# noAOBHHe XVIII bb. 6bIAa HHHTO>KHa, HBAHeTCH CaMOft y6eAHTeAbHOH CBHAGTeJIb- HHueft Toro c n o c o 6 a bcaohhh x on eB o ro cxoTOBOA^ecKoro xo3HftcTBa, x o rA a oTcyTCTBOBaAa q a crH an cotfcTBeHHOCTb Ha 30MAIO. OahoA H3 xapaxrepHHx qepT BoeHHO-KO^ieBoft; naTpn- apxaAbHO-(J)eoAaAbHOH >kh3hh xa3axoB b XVII-—XVIII Be- Kax 6hao HaAHqne y hhx naTpnapxaAbHoro pabcTBa h pa6o- •TOproBAH.. r p y 6 o e HacHAHe, rpa6e>K, naTpnapxaAbHoe pa6CTBO H pa^OTOprOBAH BWTeKaAH H3 CaMOfi COUHaAbHO- gKOHOMHqecxofl cyirurocTH n a T p n a p x a j i b H o - f y e o j i a j i b H o r o k o - qeBbro obmecTBa xa3axoB. 0 ^ a x T a x cymeerBOBaHHH naT- pnapxaAbHoro patfcTBa h paCioToproBAH b XVIII h ao 60*x vtoaob XIX b. cootfmaeTCH bo MHornx HCToqHHKax. B qacT- hocth, b nocraHOBAeHHH CeHaTa o t 9 HHBapn 1757 r. oTMenaeTCH npoAa>xa Ha CndHpCKoft ahhhh Ka3axaMH nACH- Hbix AioAefi H3 a3HaTCKHX 'HapoAOB1. Ka3axH CpeAHero .xcy3a, npne3>xaH b TponuKyio KpenocTb a ah MeHOBoft Top- rdBAH, «H epeAxo npHB03HAH c co6oh h jkhboh TOBap, co- CTOHBUJHft H3 ITAeHHblX K3AMbIK H oco6eHHo xaAMbmaT... B 1758 r. 6fiAo blimoh^ho kbam uk h xaAMbmaT m. noAa 1 MaTepHa.nw no hctodhh Ka3axcKo# C C P , t . IV. M.— JI., 1940, dp. 228—229, 408
44 qeji., JKeHCKoro nojia 21 w;* KpoMfc-Toro, aboc nep-' cHaH, a Bcero b . stom rojxy 67 qejiOBeic; b 1760 r. 6brjio y>xe npoMeHeHo Ha noJiOBHHy MeHbine:' m . nojia 28 mwi., >k . nojia 7 qeji.; b cJie/iyiomeM 1761 r. h h cjio hx coKpaTHJiocb a o 9 qeji., H3 h h x 7 m. riojia h 2 >k . n o jia , a b 1762 r„ hx <5u jio TOJibKo y>Ke 5 qeji., b tom HHCJie 3 m . nojia h 2 jk. n o jia *1. B. H. BHTeBCKHH yKa3biBaeT, hto b AaJibHeftuieM bhbo3 Kaji- MbiKOB Ka3axaMH b TpOHUKyio KpenocTb coBepmeHHo npe- KpaTHJICH. 3 t.O QblJlO CBH33HO C OKOHHaTCJIbHbIM pa30pe- HHeM AH<yHrapDB h . nepecejiGHHGM oct^ buihxch b KHTaft b 1758 ro a y . ' •- N„ 21 hiohh 1800 r. MeH^eft flabirepoB Ha aonpoce b no- rpaHHHHOH komhcchh coo6ih.h ji, HTO OH 20 JieT TOMy Ha3aA nonajicH B -p a 6 oTHHKH c CenTOBCKoro naca^a xynuy M y c e yjieeBy. I I otom ot Kynua jSexcaji. B 3 BepcTax ot r. OpeH- 6 ypra ero noHMajm Ka3axa M jia/uuero >Kyaa KeTHHCKoro pojia h npHBe3«/iH b cboh ay«n. O h AOCTajicn oahom y H3 6 aTbipoB-BOpOH Kapaxaio KapTa6 aeBy h CTaji ero p a 6 oM2. BaTHp BepKyT6 afi H3 KapakeTHHcnoro pOAa co cbohm h coo6 mHHKaMH 6 anpejia 1815 r. o k o jio Opcxoft xpenocTH nanaji Ha K a3 anbero ypaaHHKa 3aMHTHHa h Ka3axa r y a o u i- HHKOBa, 3 a6p aji y hhx 3anpH>KeHHbix b Tejiere AByx Jiom a- Aeft h yne3 h x cajvwx xax mieHHbix3. B 1805 roAy x h b h h u u , npHObiBUine .c KapaBaHaMH k O peH Oypry, «BHMeHHBaioT h noxynaiOT ejKezuieBHo 3a MeHOBbiM a b o po m ot Ka3axoB 0 6 0 - ero, a nane xteHCKoro nojia AioAeft, noa H33BaHHeM Kapa- KajinaxoB; xo th b caMOM cymecTBe chh HecnacTHbie cyTb HCTHHHbie Ka3aXH, nOXHmeHHbie CBOHMH O^HOnJieHHHKaMH H npO^aHHbie XHBHHU3M, HAH H C3MHMH pOACTBeHHHKaMH, Aaxce OTJuaMH, r j ih yKpwTHfl cetfn h h x ot rojioAH oft cM epTH. npoAaHHbie b hcbojik)*4. XwBHHUbi npHodperajiH «nepe3 ceil o6 opoT 3a Majioeax<Hbie ueHbi m hothx h Benhhx ce6 e pa6oT- hhkob, H3 KOTopbix... xcencKHil h My>KCKoft noji He 6 ojiee ctoht ot 25-th jxo 50-th, noB3pocJiee h *100 py6. '^ y m a » 5. HcTOHHHKaM-n nojiyqeiiHH paOoo 6 e>ijih B33HMHbifi rpa6 e>K h 3axBaT JHOAeft b Me>KAoyco6 nofi 6opb(5e Mex<Ay xa3axcK H M H 1 BureecKuCL H. B . H . H . HemiioeB h OpeH6yprcKHft Kpaii b npe>KHeM ero cocTaBe ao 1758 r., t. III. Ka3aHb, 1897, ctd. 736, 739. n.2UrHA KaaCCP, <J). 4, on. 1, a. 197, c o . 145, 57. 3 TaM m e, An. 91, 92. 4 MaTepHajihi no hctodhh K a 3axcKofi CCP, t. IV. M.— JI., 1940. CTp. 228. 5 TaM « e . 409
poflonJieMeHiibiMH rpynnaMH, B o e m ib ie HanaAeHHH, 3axBaT b ii/ich jiioach H3 coceAHHx H apoAO B . B 1825— 26 rr. oTMe- qaeica, hto « A e t h Ka3axcKHe h K ajiM uuK H e, Ha cn6HpcKyio jihhhio BbiB03HMbie ju in npoAa>KH, c y T b 6o.ibuieio qacTbio AGTH BMCCTe C 6apUMTOK), TO CCTb BMGCTe C OTTOHOM CKOTa noxHmeHiiue*1. 3 to lie KaKHe-TO eAHHHqiibie h cjiyqaHHhie 9nH30AH, a <j)aKThi, xapaKTepH3yiomHe bcio o6mecTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqe- CKyio »H 3 iib K33axcKHx KoqeBHHKOB b Teqenne pH£a BeKOB. riocAe npHHHTHH noAAaHCTBa P occhh At/iaAiHHM x<y30M K333XCKHH HapOA Cme AOATO «npOAOA>KaA >KHTb CBOeft o6biq. HOH XCHSHblO, Ka3aXH He n/iaTHJIH HHKQKHX SIC3KOB, He npH- 3HaB3AH HaA co6ofi pyccKoro rocnoACTBa, npn yAo6HOM cviy- qae HanaAaAH na norpaHiiqHbie noceAeHHH h ToproBhie Ka- paBaHbI»2. TjiaBHblMH BHHOBHHKaMH BCCX rpafrlTeJIbCKHX Ha6eroB na pyccKne h Apyrae Hace^ieHHbie nyHKTM 6buih napa3HTHpyiOmHe HaCHAbHHKH — 6aTbipU, RJISI KQTOpbIX rpa6e>KH h nopa6omeHHe 6hah ochobhwm h nocTOHHHbrM 33HHTHeM. OHH BCeMH CpeACTB3MH tfOpOAHCb npOTHB BCe- ro Toro uoBoro h nporpecciiBHoro, hto noHBAHJiocb b Ka3ax- ckom o6mecTBe b cbh3h c npHcoeAHHeHHCM Ka3axcTaHa k Pocchh. Oahhm h3 t3khx peaKUHOHHbix rpa6HTe.TeH-6aTH- poB 6hji CpbiM /laTOB. «BoccTaHne» CpbiMa flaTOBa no cy- mecTBy 6rao He qeM hhhm, nan rp a 6e>KOM, 38xb3tom b n;ien, npoAa>KeH b pa6cTBo AioAeft H3 norpaHimHbix pyc- CKHX HaceAeHHbIX IiyHKTOB H 0opb6OH npOTHB npHCOeAHHe- hhh M^aAiuero xcy3a k P occhh. Ero BbicTyn/icHHe b KOHue 1783 r. HaqaAOCb c ruieHeHHH h npoAa>Kn b pa6cTB0 b Xh- By OAHoro H3 cTapmHH ypaAbCKoro Boftcxa MaraHOBa. • Ka3axcKoe 6aThipcTBO h naTpHapxaAbHoe pa6cTBO b KoqeBOM 0 6 meCTBe Ka3aXOB HBAHAHCb AByMH CTOpOHaMH oahoh MeAaAH. J l a>xe b 3 0 -x ro A a x X I X b. OpeH6yprcKHH Kyneu 3anqHKOB, HMea TafiHbiS A o ro B o p c K33axcKHMii 6a- TbipaMH THna CpbiMa, 0praHH3OBblBaA CHCTCMaTHqeCKHH 3axBaT pyccKHx jiioagh aah npoAa>KH hx b pa6cTBo b cpeAHe- a3H3TCKHX TOpOAaX, 3a qTO 3aHqHKOB 6bIA COCAaH B Cn6Hpb na Karop>KHbie pa6oTbi3. 1 UTHA KaaCCP. $. 338, on. I, a. 635, cb. 97, ,i. 15. D.2 FIuctoachko M3 npoiunoro OpenOyprcKoro Kpan. Hio /iob, 1939, crp. 74—75. kcht*, ,T1}91^2,0cCTMpb.lc3^8 6(cAiio•cKa).r °P°^a Gbip-AapbHHCKoA o6.aacTH. Tauu- 410
•• B ycJiOBHHx neycTOHqHBoro nacT6 nmHo-KoqeBoro c k o t o - Bo/ccTBa, BoeHHoro rpatfexca h Heo6 y 3AaHHoro n a c n jin x Tpy- xanmHccH KaaaxH BJiaqnjiH noAypaOcKoe, HHmeHCKoe cymecT- BOBaHHe h nornSajiH c roAOAy. HepeAKo Hmu.eTa h roAOA Bbiny>KAaJiH Ogahakob npoAaB aTb cbohx aeTeft b paOcTBO. TaKHc cJjaKTbi noATBep>?<AaioTCH yicasoM uapcKoro npaBH- TCJibCTBa o t 23 wan 1808 r. yica3 0 M pa3peuiajiocb «p yc cK H M nOAAaHHMM CBOOOAHbIX COCTOHHHli BbIMeHHBaTb K33aXCKHX AGTGH, KOTOpbie nO AOCTH>KeHHH 25-JieTHCrO B03paCTBa AOJI- x<encTB yioT 6 biTb CBo6oAHbiM H»1, oAHOBpeMeHHO 3 a n p e m a - jiacb n o K y n n a Ka3axcKHx A eTefi cpeAHea3HaTCKHmh K yn u a- m h . O T M e q a a cymecTBOBaime CTpauiHon HHiueTbi cp eA H K a 3 a x c K o ro naceAeHiiH h HaAHqwe p a 6cTBa h pa6oTOproBJiH k s k 5iBJieHHH OTpHuaTeAbHbix, uapCKoe npaBHTejibCTBo, BMecTe c TeM cm iTaAo He 3 a 3 o p n b iM noKynaTb A io A e ft Ha orpaHHqeHHbiH cpox, paccM aTpH Ban sto Kax 6o A b in o e 06- A erqeH H e, n o cpaBHeHHio c BeHHbiM paficTBOM, cym ecT B O - BHBIIIHM B CpeAHea3H8TCKHX X3HCTBaX. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3THM yKa30i\\f B OKTfl6p e t o r o xce roAa O p eH ^ yp rcK oft norpaiiHHHoft komhcchch 6h a o o to - 6 paHO OT XHBHHCKHX TOprOBUeB COMb K333XCKHX AeBOHGK, K ynA eH H bix b pa3Hbix p o A a x M jia A u ie r o xcy3a. X hbhhgu M a M e T - P a x H M U Ihtg-H hh30b K ynH Ji b T a 6 biHCKOM p o A e 16-AeTHioK> A o q b x a 3 a xa K ) j i A y 6 a n 3 a 116 p yC jieft, xhbhhgu Th a h h h p HuiweTOB xynHJi b K 3 b iJ i-K y p T TaMHHCKOM p o A e 10-JieT H ioio AOHb x a 3 axa A x d y p b i 3 a 130 p y 6 jie H h abq K y c x a CH3 H, xhbhhgu M a M e T -H H H 3 H ihmgtob KyriHA b B io p - r y - T a 6 biHCKOM poA e 13-AeTHK)K> A o q b x a 3 a xa V t 3 b a h h 3a 100 p y 6 . h KOHeu bwOomkh, XHBHHeU H llihhh30b K yilH JI B KeH >Ke6 aft-TaM H H C K 0 M p o A e 13 -J ieT H ioio AOHb x a 3 a x a T y x - M axa 3a 7 0 p y 6jieft n oahh x a J ia T , xhbhhgu H n fl3 -M e T H in - mgtob K y n H A b A T aran -T aM H H C K O M p o A e 10-agthiok) A o n b K a3axa T jia c a 3a 80 p y 6 A e n , xH B H iieu Y n ca C y n x a n -K y A KynHA b KypaK-TaMHHCKOM p o A e 10-JieTHioio a o ^ b K a 3 a x a M yHKan' 3a 52 py6jia, xhbhhgu Myjuia K yT J iyM yp a T M y p a r o B K y m r n b TaMHHCKOM p o A e IO-acthioio AOHb y M e p m e ro K a3axa A jK a H A ra H a 3a 45 py&neft y b ao b u M a te p H 2. 1 Kpa<pT H . H . C(>opHHK yaaKOHCHiiii o Kiipnoax crenHbix o(5.rca- CTefl. OpeHtfypr, 1898, crp. 146. 2 u r n A KaaCCP, <J>. 4, on. I, r . 1720, cb. 307, jin. 4, 5. 411
M acca (paKTOB, OTHocntAHxcfi k X V III h Haqajiy XIX Bena, roBopHT o n p oA aw e cbohx A e T e n b pa6 cTB0 nojiyHH- IUHMH K33axCKHMH KOHeBHHK&MH. 7 CCHTflOpH 1816 T. OpeH- 6 yprcKoft norpaHHHHOH KOMnccneft 3a(pHKCHpoBaHO oOt^hc- Henne Ile T p a OrenanoBa, noBOKpemeHHoro Ka3axa. O h roBopwji, qxo e M y o t poay 19 JieT, p o A H o e hmh ero AManGan, q io oh H3 KunnaKCKoro poAa C p e ^ H e r o >xy3a. O ieu ero xa3ax Zt>xaHJiay h MaTb KyjibM exeH KoneBaAH okoao 3 b 6 - pHHorojiOBCKO^ K p en od H %h 13 jie T TOMy Ha3a^ «o ie u ero no 6 eAHOMy coctohhhk) npoAaji Hen3BecTH0My eMy Ka3axy co B38THeM ot H ero OAnoro a<epe6 eHKa h oaho& KopoBbi»\\ B tom >xe 1816 r. 17 hjoah b O peH tfyp rcK yio norpaHJfqHyio komhcchk) BBHjiacb AeBywxa AHHa AHApeeBa, HOBoxpe- meiman Ka3auiKa h 0 6 'bHBHJia, <it o e # o t poAy 17 JieT, 11 JieT TOMy Ha3aa «O T eu ee xa3ax )KeMHKHH h MaTb 3ay3aHa, KoqeBaBUine npn OpcxoH xpenocTH, no 6 e^H0My cBoeMy cocTOHHHFo npoAajiH ee HaxoAflmeMycn b OpcKofi KpenocTH BaxTepy JlnciOKOBy; ho 3a K akyio ueHy He itomhht» 21. 3 0 anpe/rn 1 8 2 3 roAa CBamenh h k T p o h u k o h uepKBH T . E. H.iibHH 33HBHJI, qjo 2 3 was 1808 r o R a oh « y xa3axa EMaHan Bhi3ayoBa KymtA cHHa ero poAH oro HeeHtfan EMa- HaeBa, n w eiom ero oT p o iy ceMbVieT ueHOfo 3a cto nHTbAecHT pyGjiew, K dToporo oh ;6bui o6a3aH BocnHTbiBaTb, HMeTb b npHCviyre B n p e A b r o ABaAuaTHnflTHJieTHero B03pacfa»3. HpyroH cBHiueHHHK <P. IT. PhniKOB aasiBHJi: «K a3 ax CapUK- 6aft Eftfc6aeB... no cnyqaio coBepmeHHoft ero 6eAH0CTH no A o6 poA BOjie 03HaueHHOMy PhWKOBy npoAaJi poAHoro CBoe~ ro cbifla C a ru H d a c a CapuxfiaeBa, H M eiom ero ot poAy nflTb ' JieT ueHoio 3a cto nHTbAecHT py6 ;ie ft ..> 4. - ToabkOsBoahoh nacTH ypajibCKoro BofiCKa, pacnoJioacen- hoh no pexe ypaji ot rop. ypaAbCK.^:-wpoRKa fypbeB, no HenojiHWM AaHHHM, b 1817 r. 3ape^cVpHp0BaH0 72 cjiy- nan npoAaaw poAHTeAHMH Ka3axaMH;c orpaHHneHHbiM epo- KOM B pa6cTBO CBOHX AeTeft (57-MaAibHHKOB H 15 AeBO^ex) B03pacTe ot 2 jieT h ciapine pa3HWM hhh3m H3 qncjia BoemiocAyjKamHx. I I ohth bcc 3th :boapoctkh h Rem Ohjih KpemeHbl, HMeJIH XpHCTHaHCKH© H\\/eHa H 4>aMHAHH5. OTpa- 1UrHA KasCCP, <J>. 4, on. I, a 1173, cb. 275, ji. 419. 2 TaM ace, a. 326. 3TaM )Ke, a . 4601, cb. 597, ji. 3 h o6 . 4Taw »e, ji. 9. 6 UfHA Ka3CCP, (p. 4, on. I, a . 4595, cb. 596, jiji. 2—8. .412
*> Vi? V -2X. • w- J-,f -c, v bHo-(beoaainLb- -• XCeHHeM T t ...... 1 - no-: ^ Horo koueBor^j p6me^rea Ka3axbfrj b naMHTH tm^rOAa iiocJibBHixa; V< uiaju>; npoAfit;A0^ . l U f ^ npoAarea AeTefr b pa6erBck; He^6wAb! HBjreBH&Jr-Ac *** BK06h B03HHK1DHM B; CBH3B C npHC0eAHHeHHe\\rKa3aX k Pocchh, KaK rto/iaraiOT HeKPTopbie. HclropHKH h; iop OHa cyiuecriiOBa/ia y MOHrojioa anoxa MkHnic-xpHa—tf npe^KOB KaaaxoB-KoqeBHHKOB JleffiT-H-KHrmK X I I I ^ X l * v ; . BeKOB. 0 6 3TOM' aji-OMapH nncaji: «B o BpeMH rojiOAa h£, 3acyxH ohh (tco^eBHHKH 3oaotoh opAbi - ^ C. /£ ) ■ npoA^K)’^ ^ cbohx chiHogefi. ripn Hs6hiTKe me ohh oxotho Hpo^aioT cbo- £ hx Ao^epeft, Hd- He cunoBefi, AeTefi see My>KCKOro nojia ohh~* npoAaioT He Mane, nax b KpaftHocTH*2. •: - \" r O. 3o6hhh b patore «K Bonpocy o HeBOJifeHHKax h Jt& f' Jienryrax b k*iprH3CKoft cTenn* yKa3biBaer, ^to b 1834 i v y . . cy;rraHa MaTaeBCKOft bojiocth\\fla y ra MaMbipnaHOBa oKasa- JlOCb ^BO BAaAeHHH 5 CeMefi HeBOJIbHHKOB h AeByinKa^ t4 JieT, Bcero 12 A y in MywcKoro n on a h 7 xtenmHH; y cyATa-V Ha Ha3apoBCKoft boaocth HuiHMa. lOqHHa 3HaqHAocb na\\‘ cnncKy 39 ctfyr* cocraBAHBiiwx 8 ceMeA: 24 JiHixa MynccKo- ro ixoaa it 15 xceHmHH h t . a . B sto t nepwoA Ka3axcK«e 6 aTHpH u 6aw, HMeBiiiHe b cbogm pacnopn>KeHHH h3jih ih - Hee KOAHHecxBO pa6oB,- npoAaBa/iH, o6MeHHBaAH hx Ha ckot h Ha Be»KHe?Apyrae TOBapbi. P a6 npenoAHOCHAesr b noAapoK b 3HaK poACTBa' (BMecre c npHAaHHM), Apy>K6bi h npHH3HH; ero BHcraBaHAH KaK npH3 Ha kohckhx cKan- Kax (6aArH)..«ripHpoAHbifi Kaaax uieA- TaioKe b HeBOAbHH- kh k ApyroMy tforaTOMy Ka3£xy 3a HeoiuiaqeHHbiA a o a iy 6biBmHft Ha ero OTue. Ka3ax AeJiaACH pa6oM cyATana Apy- -^A^HBAJIHCb' HCKynHTeJIbHoft OKPpTBOft 3a bopqbct- bo *-^p|i<5^3CK0Ta (6aptiMTy), npoH3BeAeHHHe o6mecT- ' bom, *$sb^jiSMy oh npHHaAAe>KaA»8. . Pa6dmfeaB'Ka3axoB, cepbe3HO orpaHHMeHHoe ycxaBOM opxa h ee rn aT eTTiM, k u 3w m a u ca-rbin ac eTTiM. rre TpeKOBa B. A - h AnyOoBCKoro A . K). 3 o jio T aa ... t e e . M .— A ., 1950, crp. 118. 3 o6huh 0 ; K Bonpocy o HGBo/ihHHKax h TiojieHryTax b KHprH3CKofi CTena. B kb.: riaMsiTHa« KiiHJKKa CeMnna^aTHHcnofi o6.iacTH Ha 1902 roa. CeMHnajiaTHHCK, 1902, ctp. 2. 413
CnepaHCKoro1, o(j)HUHajibiio 3anpemeHHoe b roAM otmchm KpenocTHoro npaBa b P occhh, OKOHnaTGJibHO 6huo jihkbh- A»poBaHo TOJibKO b 70-x roAax X I X Bena b cbsbh c 3aBep* uieHHeM n pou ecca Ao6poBo;ibHoro npHcoGAHHemiH k P occhh BCCX Tpex K33aXCKHX >KV30B. IlaTpHapxa^bHoe paCcTBO h pa6oToproB;m b >kh 3hh Ka3axoB X V — X V I I I b b . H ainan c b o c Bhipa}KeHHe tskhvC b mnpoKOM pacnpocTpaHGHHH MHoro>KGHCTBa cpe^H naipn- apxaabHO-^eoaajibHOH BepxyuiKH KaaaxcKoro otfmecTBa h b cymeetbo b ahh h KaJibiwa — BbiKynHOH naaTbi jkchhxom 3a iieBccTy ce p o a h t g jih m . BeccoMHeHHo, no CBoeMy nponc- xowAeHHio K a a u M 6u a iu ia io ft 3a AGBOHKy, npoAaBaeMyio b pa6cTBO. KajiMM b aHaaoniqHbix couHaabHO^KOHO'MHne- ckhx ycaoBHHx cymecTBOBaa y MHorax HapoAOB. Ka3axcKHH Kaatiw 6hji caMbiM apKHM npoHBjieHHGM naTpnapxajibHoro pa6cTBa, pacripocTpaHHBmerooi Ha b c io jkchckvk) noJioBH- ny o6mecTBa. KajihiM craji ycJiOBHeM xjih bo3 hhkhobghhh ceMbH, ceM eftHoro oqara cpeAH B cex c^ioeB KoueBoro Hace- JieHHfl. OcHOBHOH (j)OpMOft CeMbH V Ka3aXOB B XV—XVIII BB. 6uJia HH^HBH^yajibHan ccmlh, KOTopan noHBiwacb BMecre c pacKOJioM odm ecTBa Ha aHTaroHHCTHqecKHe KJiaccu. HacTHan co6cTBCHHOCTb na ocHOBHoe cpeACTBo Tpy.ua ko- qeBHHKOB — CTaAa h Ta6yHbi, T p e6 oB a jia MOHora-Mnyio cewbio bo rv ia e e c MyxraHHofi.. C kotoboactbo, ciaBuiee e^HHCTBeHHhlM BHAOM MaTepHa^bHOrO npOH3BOACTBa Ha- CejieHHH, B OCHOBHOM 6bIJI0 AeJIOM MyHCHHHU.- «Il09T0M y ckot npHHaA^ie>Kaji eMy; ewy >Ke npHHaAJiexca^H h nojjy- qeHHbie b o 6mgh Ha ckot TOBapbi h pa6u. Becb h36u t o k , KOTOpbiH Tenepb AaBa;i ripoMbiceji, AOCTaBa-rccH MyxcqHHe; >KeHiuHHa yqacTBOBajia b noTpetx/iCHHH ero, ho He HM&ia AOAH B C06cTBeHHOCTH»2. 1 «ycraBOM o chGhpckhx na3axax 22 hiohh 1822 roAa Ha ockob3hhh Koero HWHe noATBepJKAaeTca noBcewecTHO: npeKpameHHe Topra AGTbMH, BUB03HMUMH H3 Ka3axcKofl CTenH, nocTaHOB.ieiio npaBHjioM: (§ 273) b bojiocthx, o6pa30BaHHbix no ceMy ycTaBy, CHJia h AeiidBHe yKa3a 1808 roAa o npHdtfpeieHHH Ka3axoB b qacTHoe BJiaAeHne npeKpamae-rca (,§277). HeBO.ibHHKH. HbiHe HaxoAHiAHeca y Ka3axoB, ocTaiorcfl npw h x BJiaABTC.iHx c npaBOM npoAaJKH, nepe^anH h HacJieACTBeHHoro B.naae- HHB, ho crporo 3anpemaeTcfl bhobb npno6peTeiiHe b HeBo.iio npHpoAHbix Ka3axoB». (U rH A K a aC C P , 338, on. I, a . 635, cu. 97, jwi. 17-18). 2 3meAbC 0 . ripoHcxoJKAeHHe ceMbH, HacTHOH co6cTBeHHocTH h rocyAapcTBa. JI., 1953, crp. 167. 414
y K a3 axoB TaK>Ke 6u ao iip h h a t o , h to « hhkota3 h hh b kskom cAynae >Kenm.HHa He H M eeT co6cTBeHH0CTn, s t o npHBHJierHH m y >khhh» 1. H aCAeAO BaH H e y Ka3axoB n p o n c x o - AHAo n o My>KCKOH ahhhh. H a c jie A H H K a M H 6oraTCTBa O Tna HBAHAHCb TOAbKO CLIHOBbH, a Be AO H epH . « H h COCTOAHHe OTua h hh 3 a p a 6 o T a H H o e ee p y n a M H B e e 3to hb e c ; 3t o HacjieACTBO e e CpaTbeB, a HeT h x — HacAeACTBO a h a h . P o a- Han a o h b H e HacJie^HHua, Bee h a c t mhmo e e » 2. T jia B O H ceMbH h rocnoAH H O M nan ee HACHaMH 6biji Myxt-oTeu. r ie p - b u m n jio A O M rocn oA C TB a OTua b c e M b e b hctophh 6 b iJ io noHBJieHHe n p a e a e ro npoAaBaTb cbohx AeTen. O r c io A a Ka3axcKa5i nocAOBiiua: « C u h n e p e A otuom — p a6 n e p e A TOCnOAHHOM»3. naTpuapxaAbHo-c^eoAaJibHbiH x a p a K T e p ceMeHHO-6pan- Hhix OTHOUieHHH BbIpa>KaACH T3K>Ke B MHOrOJKCHCTBe y 3KC- njiyaTaTopcKOH noAypa6oBAaA£AbHecKOH BepxyuiKH kohcb- HHKOB. S r o COOTBeTCTByeT TOMy, HTO nHCaA <t>. S H reA bC : «M Horo>KeHCTBo — npHBHJierHA 6 o r a T b ix h 3HaTHbix, h >Ke- hu AOCTaiOTCH rAaBHUM 06pa3OM nyTC M noxynKH patfbiHb; tfOAbUJHHCTBO HapOAa >KHBeT B MOHOraMHH»4. Ka3aXCKHe cy^TaH u, 6 a T b ip b i, 6 hh h 6an n p n otfpeTaA H BTopbix h TpeTbHx >KeH — n oA yp a6 u n b x a x n y T e M bohhu, 3a x B a T a iuieHHHu, TaK h nyTeM BuiiJiaTbi K a A b iM a 3a AOHepen 6 e c - CKOTHUX HAH MaAOCKOTHUX KOHeBHHKOB. MHOTOKeHCTBO cpeAH Ka3axcKH x 3KcnAyaTaTopoB-KOHeBHHKOB n p ecA eA osa- a o TpoH Kyio u eA b: Bo-nepBux, o6ecn eH H Tb AOMauiHee x o - 3HftCTBO AOnOAHHTeAbJHUM KOAHHeCTBOM patfOHHX pyK*, BO- BTOpUX, yAOBAeTBOpHTb JKeA3HHe CKOTOBAaABAbUa 6bITb OTUOM 60AbLUOrO KOAHqeCTBa CbIHOBeH, HTO 6 u a o OAHHM H3 OCHOBHJbIX yCAOB HPt SKOHOMHHeCKOrO H nOAHTHHeCKOTO MO- rymecTBa cpeAH KoneBoro H aceA eu n n ; B-TpeTbHx, yAO B Ae- TBOpHTb AHHHyiO npHXOTb. PoCT norO AO B bA CKOT3, HaXOAHIUerOCH B HaCTHOH c o 6 - CTBeHHOCTH KOHeBOH CeMbH, T p e d O B a A yBeAHHeHHA HHCAa HAeHOB c e M b H , B epH ee, padoHHx p y K b c e M b e . T a x a n 3 a A a - na Ha n e p B b ix n o p a x p a 3 p e m a A a c b n y T e M n p H o6p eT eH H *i naTpnapxaAbH bix pa6oB h pa6biHb h a h noAypa6bUHb->KeH. 1 lirH A K a a C C P , <$>. G4, on. I, a . 4236, cb. 271. n. 48. 2 TaM we. 3 A T a / ib i Y / i-x o > K a jiw K.yji.'\" comi.h , MacTiioii co6ctbgiihoctii ” 4 Sm eAbc <P. nponcxo/Knemie 415 rocyaapcTBa, / I., 1953, crp. 61.
.I Ka3axcKHe nocJioBHUbi rjiacflx: «C aM aa MHoronioAHafl ceMbfl MO>KCT 6bITb H C3MOH 6oraTOH CKOTOM*1; «jOUlHHHafl . Koqepra pyxy He coxcxeT, HMeiomero. SpaTbeB hhkto He T p o H e T »2. - CBH3b MHoro>KeHCTBa c naTpHapxajibHHM pa6cTBOM Bbipa>Kajiacb eiMe b tom, m o nepBaa wena, kak npaBHJio, y Ka3axcKHx nojiy(J)eojiajiOB HMenoBanacb 6aH6Hwe, to ecrb no^HonpaBHan >keHa 6aa, a Bee ocTajibHwe >KeHbi 6biAH ne- nojiHonpaBHWMH, h m c a h npeapiiTejibHyio k j i h h k y «TOxaA» (no.iypa6 biHM) 3 h pa6oianH iviaBHbiM o6pa30M noA KOMaH- aoh 6 an6 m ue. Tanoe HepaBHonpaBHe mcxcay >KeHaMH pacnpocTpaHHJiocb h Ha hx AeTeft. npeHMymeoxBeHHHM npaBOM noAb30bajiHCb CbiHOBbH 6 aH6Hme, 3HaHHTenbH0 MeHblllHM — CbIHOBbH «TOXaA». OTClOAa H OCKOp^HTeJIbHaH (j)pa3a no aApecy Aden «Toxan»: ^ P okachhuh ot Toxaji pa6 — nypCaHHan ro.aoBa»4. CyATaH\" ByKefi HypajiHxaHOB b oahom H3 cbohx nHceM Ha hmh pyccKoro uapn He CAynaft- ho nHcaji: «...BcenoAAaHHeHine Jiporny 0Ka3arb MHe bmco- HaHiuyK) MHAOCTb: h6o a no yBa^KeiiHH coctoio HapaBiie.c npoqHMH xaHaMH h no 3HaTH0CT» Moero poAaniMeid nepen hhmh CTapuiHHCTBo, ieM m o Hac xpn 6paTa, nponcxoAHM >Ke ot oxua xana h MaTepn xaHCKofi Aoqepw, a npo^He cyn- - TaHbi BeAyT cBoe npoHCXO>KAeHHe ot noAnux MaTepeii h HblHe flBJIHIOTCH . npeBOCXOAHeftlHHMH»5. 0 coxpaHHBweftcn eme b KOHue XIX Bena STOftcTapHHHoft TpaAHUHH b 6biTy Ka3axoB BHyTpeHHeft ByxeeBCKofi op a h A. Xapy3HH nHcan: «E cah Ka3ax-6yKeeBeu HMeeT HecKOAbKo weH, to nepBan cHHTaeTCH CTapmefi h Ha3UBaexcH « 6 afi6Hiue»; eft npHKa- 1 Ma;i 6aCK,a f5ifeAi, xuHa lac^a 6iteAi; . >• ' \" ' . 2 Keceyin y3bin 6oAca xoaka Kyft&ec, araASH ajrray Tycan. aAaM TflMec. •' .. \" .v •; . 3 G io b o « T o x a ji» cooTBeTCTByeT c n o B y «KOMOJiaa», H anpH M ep, 6e3poryio K 0 3 y Ha3biBaioT «Toxaa euiKH*. FIpoficxojKAeHHe 3Toro c/iOBa, BHAHMO, 6hI/IO CBH33HO C TeM, W O TIOHTH B Ce MOTAUJHe >KCHU K a3 aX C K H X no^y^eoAajiOB x o r A a AocraaaOTCb K an BoeHHaa Ao6bma — «>xecbip» h o t «H cw p » ;( t o >Ke ca M o e , w o h p a ft ) , h j i h C p fiO T C b H3 6 ecn p aB H b ix 6 e A - h h x ceM efi (5e3 n p H A a n o ro . riepBMM n p H 3 H aicoM T a x o fi 6 e A H o crn c a y - jk h o t oTyTCTBHe H a rojioBe HeBecTW, K o rA a OHa BuxoAH ^a 3aM y>K, Gora-roro n3 6 a p x a T a hot nap^H K O H ycoo6pa3H ofi 4)opMu ro^O BH oro y6 op a c a y n e j i e c HacemcaMH H3 A p a r o u e H B w x w eiaO T O B h n a M H e fi, yKpam eHHoro KpacHBbiM H nepbfiMH (j)HAHHa. O icyT CT B H e c a y n e a e Ha rojiOBe HeBecTbi K a 3 a jio cb y6o>KecTBOM h A a B a a o noBOA cpaBHHBaTb ee c 6e3porow K 0 3 o fi. 4 ToxaaAaH xyraH TOMap Cac-Ky/i. . 5 MaiepHaAbi no hctophh Ka3CCP, t . IV. M.~JI.f 1940, CTp. 268. 416
3aTb McweT TOJibKo My«, oHa jKe pacnpe^ejiaeT pa6ory MejK,ay ApyrHMH m eu a M H , KOTopue cqHTaioTCH MAaAiue ee h hocht Ha3BaHHe «TOxa/i»1. « n o ApesneMy HapoAHOMy o 6 b m a io t T O J ib K o aoth CTapmeH aceHbi coxpaHaioT 6AaropOA- CTBO OTUa, AeTH H<e MJiaAIUHX 2KeH CyTb --- KyjIU (HeBOAbHH- kh) nepfebix. Ho 3TO b u x o a h t H3 ynoTpetfjieHHH h ecAH no- MHHaeTCH, to b 6 paHH h nonpexax*2. B 1880 r. b >k h 3 hh ceMHpe'ieHCKHx Ka3axoB OTMeqeHO, ^to 6 oraTbie K a3 axH «n p n bchkoh h o b o h xceHHTbde o t a c a h - K)T xceh, AaiOT h m HMymecTBo, c k o t . Pa3$4ep HaAe^a 3 aBH - cht ot ycMOTpeHHA wyx<a h noTOM.y, KOHe^HO, p a 3AHqeH. OAHaKo Bee np«Aep>KHBaioTCH o6hiKHOBeHH5i HaAeJiHTb n e p - Byio >K€Hy OojibuiHM npoqnx... V- cyATaH a H afiM an xaH a KawdapoBa Tpn xceHbi. flepBo# — « 6 a ii6 u u ic » — ^ a c a H ry - ‘ mhc a s h o : 60 AoiuaAeft, 200 6 apaHOB, 6 Bep6AK>AOB, OAHa KopoBa, io pT a h HMymecTBa p a3 H o ro Ha cyMMy ao 5 t h c . py&iefi. B t o p o h — «ypTaHiiiH» — 3 h h a s a s h o : 20 Jiom ajxeft, •150 6apaHOB, 3 B e p 6 AioAa, iopTa h HMymecTBo na nHTbCOT py6jien. T p e T b e n — «T o x a A » — 3 jin x e a s h o : 10 Aom aAeft, 100 dapaHOB, 2 BepdAioAa, iopTa h HMymecTBo Ha ABecTH pyOAefi. T y p c n e x MaMaHOB jia ji nceHa m , xpoMe iopT h H M y - tuecTBa, nepBoft ,— 60 AomaAeft, 300 OapaHOB, 6 » e p 6 AioAOB h 10 KopOB; BTOpoft — 50 AouiaAew, 2 50 6 apaHOB, 5 BepOAio- AOB H 9 K O P O B . B e c b 3TOT HaAeA He COCTaBAHeT COdCTBeH- HOCTb aceH, OHH HM TOAbKO pacnopn>KaioTCHf Aa H TO He . caMocTOHTeAbHo,— HanpHMep, AapnTb h npoAaBaTb 6e3 COrAaCHH M y>K a HeAb3H,— AO COBepHieHHOAeTHfl CbIHOBeH»3. MHorojKeHCTBO 6 hao ycAOBHeM mhotoacthocth; y koto 6 mao MHoro cbiHOBeft, tot pacnoAaraA h 6oAbuiHM k o a h - necTBOM nacTyxoB h bohhob. A b t o p h t c t h bahahhc qeAo- Bexa cpeAH HaceAeHHH onpeAeAHAHCb, HapHAy c 6 oraxcT- BOMr KOAHqeCTBOM B3pOCAhIX ChlHOBeft. MHOrOACTHOCTb 6 bl- Aa OAHHM H3 OCHOBHbIX ycAOBH# SOAbUIOfi CHAW He TOAbKO AAH pAAOBhLX Ka3axOB, HO H AAH X 2 HOB. «TpyAHO H JXB>Ke eABa ah b o 3 m o 3k h o onpeAeAHTb CTeneHb BAacTH HaqaAbHH- kob Ka3axcicoro HapoAa. TpaHHUbi o h o h 3aBHc«T o t m h o - xcecTBa odct^rreAbCTB qacTHhix* h paciunpHioTCH no 6 o A b - 1 X a pyau H - 'Ai- KHprH3hi ByKeeBCKoA o p A u , buji. I. Cn6., 1889, cTp. 108, 2 3aepxjtcctcurf r . C. BbiT KoneBoro uacejieHnsi ao/ihh Wy h Cup- Aapbu.— TypKectaHCKHe bcaomocth, 1874, Ke 27. 3 U H -iA KaaCCP, 64, on. I, a . 4236, cb. 271, n. 49 h o6. 27—1067 417
weft qacTH He CTOJibKO TBepflocTbio xapaKTepa h npaBocy- flHCM vlHUa nOBeJICBaiomero, CKOAbKO MHOBOHUCAeHHOCTbfO eeo ceMetierea, CoearcreoM, crapocrbfo Aer, npoucxoncde- Hue.u u yMenueM noAbsoearbcn odcroRreAbcreaMu,— K cra m JIbCTHTb OyHCTBy, HHOriia nOKpOBHTCyibCTBOBaTb OHOe, a HHorAa K a p a T b h npecjieAOBaTb 6e3 nom aabi* 1 (noAqepKHy- to HaMH — C. T . ). Bee 3th nepequcjieHHbie A. JleBinHHbiM MOMeHTbi, KacaBLunecH iio»To>KeHHH KoqeBoro xaHa, oObnc* HflAHCb rocnoACTBOM nepexoAHbix, naTpHapxajibHo-(})eo- AaAbHblX OTHOUieHHH B KOqeBOM o 6 lUeCTBe Ka3axOB. H. T. TeoprH, kotophh b 1771 t o a v nocernA ay.n xaHa Hy- pajiH, nncaji, hto y 3Toro xana «6bijio qeThipe cynpyrw h BOCeMb HaAO>KHHU, H3 KOHX nepBfcje 6 bIJIH AOMepH 3H3THbIX, Hajio>KHHUbi >Ke — npocTbix Ka3axoB, omacm h HeBOJib- HHiibi, a oco6 jihbo noxnmeHHbie KajiMbiqKH»2. Ot sthx 12 xceH xan Hypa/m HMeJi okojio 75'qejiOBeK Aden, H3 koto- pbix 40 6 biJio cbiHQBen3. XaH A&nafi hmgji 71 c m a , HaAO nojiaraTb, qro ohh poAHAHCb r o w e o r 6ojibiuoro koji«qe- CTBa >Ken4. O ahh h3 cHJibHbix 6 aTbipoB-6 HeB b Ke-ibAH6 aeB- CKOM OTAeJieHHH UioMCKeHCKOro pojxa, JKHBIUHft BI KOHlie XVIII h Haqajie XIX bb. — KeTe6 aft, ynoMHHaeMbin Ko6 e- kom UJyKypajiH-yjibi b 1803 r. b 3anHCKe OpeHOyprcKOMy ryfiepHaTopy Bojikohckomy5, no cjio m m ciapHKOB Ka3a- AHHCKoro h HprH3CKoro paftoHOB HMeJi 30 cuhobch. 3 t 0 6bIJIO He TOJIbKO «K33axCKHM» HBJieHHeM, OHO HMC- jio wecTo h y Apyrnx napOAOB Ha onpeAeJieHHOM aiane hc- TopwqecKoro p a 3BHTHH. HanpwMep, y HKyTOB b X V II Bene 06 3tom oTMeqaeTca: «H3 AajibHero poAa tforaTWH qejiOBeK 6paji ce6e Tpex >KeH 3a KpynHbiH najibiM, cpeAHero coctoh- hhh qe^OBeK — AByx weH, 6 eAHbih qeJioBex — OAHy ^cewy. CnjibHbiH qejioBeK — tot, KOTopwft y6 HBWH Mywa Kpacw- boh >KeHtuHHbi, <5paji ee BMecie c 6 oraTCTBOM. 06fcwaft m h o * ro>xeHCTBa otf'bHCHHeTca >Ke/iaHHeM, qTo6bi poAHJiocb m h o - ro AeTefl»6. 1 MaTepwa^bi no hctophh Ka3CCP, t. IV. M.—JI.t 1940, dp. 435—436. 2 reopzu //. r . OrmcaHHe Bcex o6HTaiomHx b P occhhckom rocyn ap - CTBe Hapo^oB, h. II. Cn<5., 1799, dp. 136. 3 MaTepna;ibi no hctophh Ka3CCP, t. IV. M.—Jl., 1940, CTp. 66. 4 BdAuxanod W. V. OraTbH. ricpenncKa. A/iMa-Aia, 1947, dp. 12. 5 MaTepHa/ibi no hctophh Ka3CCP, t . IV. M.—Jl., 1940, dp. 514. 6 IleKapcKuii 9. K. H3 npe^annw hchshh HKyTOB ao BCTpew nx c pyccKKMK.— 3ariHCKH HPTO no OTfle.nemno 3Tiiorpa(bHH, t. XXXIV. Cn6., 1909, dp. 148. 418
npeACTaBHTeJiH naTpHapxaAbno-<})eoAa;ibHOH B epxyiiiK H K a 3 a xcK oro koucboto oGmecTBa noKynajiH h npoAaB aAH ^eHiUHH K3K pa6u n b h noJiypa6biHb. OTHocHTeJibHbiM n o n e- tom y My>Ka no.ib30BaJiacb Ta >KeHa, Koropaa 6oA b in e A py* rn x p o > K a jia cbiHOBeft. O rciO A a 6jiaroc*aoBeHHe m o a o a o A >KeHm.Hiie Ka3axcKHMH crapuaMH, h t o Om «on a a o a t o >KHjia h po>KaJia MHoro cbiHOBeH», h a h m to 6 li «OHa a o a t o >KHJia h poAMJia cbiHa-6aTbipa». riarpHapxajibHbiH M0 M6HT b ceweHHO-OpaqHbix oTHome- hhhx y Ka3axoB b 3tot nepHOA h no3>Ke 3aKJiioqaJicH eme b hx 3K3oraMHH. Bbi.m 3anpeineHbi 6 paK h noJioBbie CHome- hhh MeJKAy HJienaMH oahoh h toh >Ke nepBHMHOH poAOsoft rpynnw, CMHTaBiiiHMHCH iiotom Ka mh OAHoro o6 u;ero npeA- Ka, OT KOTOporO HX OTAeJIHJlO MeHbllie CGMH nOKOJieHHft. « 0 6 u q a n stot, no 0 6'bHCHeHHK) HenoTopbix ciapHKOB Ka- 3axoB, Bbi3BaH Heo6xoAHMocTbK), a HM6HH0! b Te BpeMeHa, KorAa Ka3axH He 6 wah noAAamibiMH P occhh, na6 e n i h 6 a- pbiMTa CKOTa cjiyqaAHCb a o b o a m io Macro h ccah 6bi npn 3TOM OAHH 113 pOAOBIWeH UOUaJlCn B 6 eAy, TO Ha B bip y M K y ero c o 6 n p a jic H ueAbift poa h 6 p a A a Bepx CTopoHa 6oJiee C H AbH an»1. H a p y iu e H H e 3Toro npaB iuia M o rJ io noBjie^b 3a c o 6 o fi BUCTynJieHHe fapoTHB b h h o b h u x Been poaoboh rp y n n b i, BIlAOTb AO HX $H3H.qeCKOrO yHHMTOyKGHHH. 3 tOT 3 a n p eT 6hIA ocBHiueH AyxoM yMepuiHx npeAKOB h HapoA BepHA, mto Ha- pyuiHTeAH a o a >khu 6hah 6biTb noABeprHyTbi rneBOM A yxa npeAKOB CBepx'beciecTBeHHbiM n ap aM . 3K3oraMHbiH poA TpedosaA, mtoCm AeByuina, 3acBaTaH- naa K e M -H n 6 y jib H3 A p y ro ro p oA a, cwHTaAacb HeBecToft (w echip, n cbip ) Toro poAa, k o t o ph ih ee 3acBaTaA. E c a h no- MeMy-AHdo >neHHx He Mor >KeHHTbcn Ha HCBeere, h a h oh ywep, to TorAa Ha Hew aoahc6 h 6biJi aceHHTbcfl o a h h h3 ero 6paTbeB; ecJiH hx He 6 h a o , to KTO-Hn6yAb H3 6a h jk 3h- UJHX pOACTBeHHHKOB HO OTAOBCKOH AHHHH, eCAH H HX He 6h a o , rp KTo-HH6 yAb H3 AaHHoro poAa, ho ynycnaTb H3 p o Aa 3acBaTaHHyio ACBywKy cnwraAOCb BeAHMafiiuHM no30- poM aah Bcero poAa, noaTOMy roBOpHAH: «HeBecTa, yuieA- m aa o t >KeHHxa, He M ow eT yHTH o t p oA a»2. MHOro>KeHCTBO, KaAUM H 3K30raMHH y K333XCKHX KO- MeBHHKOB 6bIAH HpKHM BbIpa>KeHHeM CyiAeCTBOBaBLUHX TOT- 1 U T H A Ka3CCP, <f). 64, on. I, a . 4236, cb. 271, n. 50. 419 2 > K e c ip epAGH KeTccAe, eJiA eH K C T n e ftA i. 27*
Aa nepexoAHbix naTpHapxaAbHo-c})eoAaAbHbix OTHomeHHft, a He 3pejibix <i>eoAaAbHbix. Bee 9to T3K>Ke noATBep>KAaeT, hto odmecTBeHHo-aKOHO' MHHeCKHH CTpoft KOHCBOrO 06lUeCTBa Ka3axOB B X V II— X V III bb. 6u ji naTpHapxajibHo-^eojxajibHbiw, noAy(j)eoAaAb- HtiM. Bee conHajibHbie rpynnbi 3Toro o 6mecTBa OTAHqaAHCb CBoen HeAopa3BHTOGTbio. .rocnoACTByiomHH KAacc 6bia npeACTaB-iew b Jinue BOHHCTByiomHx nojiy(J)eoAaAbHbix cko- TOB^aAe^bueB*. cyjiTaHOB, 6neB, 6aeB h CaiwpoB, wHBymux, Kax npaBHAo, b MHoro>KeHCTBe. SKCiuiyaTHpyeMbie npocAOHKH tfbiAH npeACTaBAeHhi nar- pnapxajibHbiMH p a 6aMH h kohcboh 6eAHOTOH (MaAaH h kohcbj) , peKpyTHpoBaBmeftcH H3 qncjia KoneBbix ckotobo- Aob — CBodoAHbix o6iahhhhkob (u ia p y a ). CpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa npH oceAAOM 3eMJieAeJiHH h KOqeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe HMeKJT CymeCTBeHHUe pa3^HqHH. Kax y>xe CKa3aHO b nepBOH iviaBe, Heo6xoAHMbiMH 3AeMeH- T3MH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX CHA B 3eMJieA6JIHH ABAHIOTCH 3eM- JieAeAeu c onpeAeAeHHhiMH TpyAOBHMH HaBbixaMH, opyAHfl TpyAa (coxa, nAyr, padoqHH ckot) , npeAMeT TpyAa (ceMena h o6pa6aTbiBaefMaH noqBa). Heo6xoAHMbiMH 3AeweHTaMH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX CHA B KOHeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe HBAHIOTCH nacryx c onpe£e;ieHHHMH TpyAOBMMH HaBbixaMH, opyAHH TpyAa (d aA a, Ta6yHU h mcakhh HHBCHTapb) h npeAMCT TpyAa — nacT6wme. B 3tom pa3AnqHH sjig m chtob npoH3BO- AHTeAbHblX CHJI B 3eMAeAeAHH H B KO^CBOM CK0T0B0ACTB6 3aAo>xeHa pa3Han noTeHUHaAbHan BO3Mo>KH0CTb pa3BHTHA 3THX o6meCTB. Pa3BHTHe npoH3BOACTBa BcerAa nponcxoAHT Ha ochobc pa3BHTHH H H3MeHeHHH npOH3BOAHTeAbHWX CHA H HAHH' HaeTCH npeKAe Bcero c H3MeHeHHft •. h pa3BHTHH opyAHfl npoH3BOACTBa. Opy^HH TpyAa, hx AeScnocotfHOCTb hbahiotch noxa3aTeAeM Boopy^eHHocTH qeAOBBKa b 6opb6e c onpy- xcaiomeft npHpoAoft. B naTpHapxaAbHo-^eoAaAbHOM KOqe- bom o6mecTBe b Kaqecr&e ochobhoto cpeACTBa npoH3BOA- cfoa BHCTynaA jkhbo# 'CKOt, kotophh He noAAaBaACfl (SucTpoMy ycoBepmeHCTBOBaHHio hh wexaHHqecKHM, hh xh- MHnecKHM nyTeM. 3 to oAHoyxce noKa3biBaAo orpaHHqeHHyio BO3M0>KHOCTb noCTynaTCAbHOrO P33BHTHH KOHeBOrO CKOTO- BOA^ecKoro otfmecTBa.- PoCT npOH3BOAHTeAbHhIX CHA KO^eBOrO 06meCTBa Bbl- pa>xaACH rAaBHbiM o6pa30M b ycoBepuieHCTBOBaHHH npo- H3BOACTBeHHbIX HABbIKOB CKOTOBOAOB, B 60AGe U6AeC006pa3- 420
HOM HCn0JIb30BaHHH eCTCCTBeHHbtX IiaCTtfHIA H BOAHbIX HC- ToqHHKOB. 3,aecb hmciotch b b h a y yAyqmeHHe npneMOB nacTbCbi h noeHHH cnoTa; 3HaHHe reorpat{)HH HcnoAb3ye-. m o ft TeppHTopnH, KJiHMaTH^ecKHx ycAOBHft, KaqecTBa nact- 6HIUHbIX TpaB B KaXCAOM Ce30He A^IH pa3HbIX BHAOB CKOTa; BecbMa He3HaHHTejibHoe yAyqmeHHe nopoA jkhbothux ny- reM HHAHBHAyaJibHoro OTtfopa npoH3BOAHTejieft h MaToq- Horo noroAOBba;-npHodpeTeHHe onpeAeJieiiHHx HaBbiKOB b BUpaiUHBaHHH MOJioAHHKa; yAyqmeHHe h npHcnoco6jieHHe K KOqeBOH 3KH3HH BCeX MCAKHX OpyAHfi H HIIBeHTapHJ Bbl- padoTKa onpeAeAeHH&x m ctoaob yxoAa 3a pa3AHqHHMH BHAaMH >KHBOTHbIX; C03AaHHe HapOAHOH BeTepHHapHH H T. n. Ho BCe 3TH AOCTH>KeHH5T He BBI3bIBaAH H He MOIVIH BhI3BaTb 6e3 nepexoAa k occaaocth h 3eMAeAeAHK> KopeHHoro H3Me- HeHHH MaTepHaAbHo-TexHHqecKoft 6a3bi npoH3BOACTBa h opraHH3auHH TpyAa, ohh He MorjiH npHBecTH k KopeHftoft nepecTpofixe o6mecTBeHHO-3KOHOMHqecKOH >kh3hh noqeB- HHKOB. H3yqeHHe h s k o h o m h k h KoneBoro c ko to b o ah c - CKOrO X03.HHCTBa nOKa3bIBaiOT, qTO npOH3BOAHTeAbHbie CHAU h npoH3BOACTBeHHbie oTHomeHHH KoqeBoro o6iuecTBa h hko t- Aa B CBOeM pa3BHTHH He AOCTHraAH H He MOJ7IH AOCTHTHyTb T o ro y p o B H H , KOTopbiM xapaKTepH3OBaA0Cb aHTHqHoe' p a 6 o- B A a A e A b q e c K o e hah 3peA oe <J)eoAaAbHoe odmecTBO, r a e npo- H3BOAHTeAbHbie CHAH C03AaBaAHCb B yCAOBHHX OCeAAOCTH h 3eM AeAeAH H . KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo b ocHOBe cB o e ft 6 bi- j i o 6 o A e e OTcraAbiM a KOHcepBHTHBHUM no cpaB H ennio c 3eM A eA eA H eM . KOHCepBaTHBHOCTb npOH3BOAHTeAbHbIX CHA K oqeB oro odm ecxBa npoflBAHAacb b cAeAyiomux ochobhux npH3HaKax. riepebiti. KoqeBoe ckotoboactbo HCKAioqaAO oceAJiufi o6pa3 2KH3HH, p33BHTHe 3 eMAeACAHH, IlOHBAeHHe HaceAe'H-- Hbix nyHKTOB — AepeBeHb h ceA , noHBAeHHe qacTHoft co6 - CTBeHHOCTH Ha 8 eMAK>, qTO HMeAO B CBOe BpeMH 6 oAbUioe nporpeccHBHoe 3HaqeHHe. B ocHOBe Bcero stoto Ae>KaAa cneuH(})HKa cpeACTB TpyAa KoqeBoro cxoTOBOACTBa, cneun- $HKa opra«H3auHH npoH3BOACTBa h TpyAa, Bbipa3HBinancH B OnOCp^ACTBOBaHHOM npOH3BOACTBeHHOM HCri0Ab3OBaHHH 3CMAH AlOAbMH qepC3 CTaAa H TatfyHhl, B BbIHy>KAeHHOM KpaTKOBpeMeHHOM npedbiBaHHH hx Ha oahom MecTe, b ot- CyTCTBHH nOCTOHHHOrO MeCTa JKHTeAbCTBa. 3 th o6 CTOHTeAb- CTB3 0 6 'beKTHBHO 33KpbIBaAJH nyTb A10AHM AAH BAO>KeHHH cBoero TpyAa HenocpeACTBeHHO b 3eMAio, mtoSm , KpoMe 421
yTHJiH3auHH AH KopacTym nx TpaB nyTeM nacTb6hi cKOTa, H3BAewb H3 H ee h a p y rn e nojie3Hbie npeAMeTu npHpoAN, ycoBepiuencTBOBaTb cboh cpeACTBa T p y A a . OrHocHTeAbiio 6bicTpoe pa3BHTHe cpeACTB TpyA a, KOTOpoe npowcxoAHAo b aeMJieaeJiHH, He 6 mjjo npwcym e KOueBOMy cKOTOBOAqecKO- My oGu^ecTBy. R cw jiy cbocm OTCTajiocTH KoqeBHHKH He Mor- AH BeCTH aKTHBHOH H HHTGHCHBHOI1 6opb6bI C npnpOAOH, no3HaTb rJiy6>Ke ee 3aK0Hbi, nocTeneHHO nocTaBHTb hx na CJiy>K6y a io a h m . K oqeB oe cko to bo actbo no CBoefi cneuH(J)H- Ke HCKjnoqaJio noaBAem ie ropoAOB — oqarOB npoMbiujAeH- HOCTH H KyjIbTypHO-nOJIllTHMeCKOll >KH3HH, TOM CaMbIM OHO cTaBHJio BecbM a orpaHHHeHHbnl npeue/i 3K0H0MHqecK0My pa3BHTHio o 6 m ec T B a h nporpeccy BOo6me. Bropou. K o n e B o e ckotoboactbo n o cpaBHeHHio c 3eM- jieaejiHeM HMe^io 3HaqHTe;ibH0 6oJiee npoAO-mHTeAbiJbiH nepwoA npoH3BOACTBa. 3 to 6bu\\o oCycAOBAeno eciecTBeH- HUMH h sKOHOMHqecKHMH yc/ioBHHMH KoqeBoro xo3afiCTBa, KOTOpbie T 0 p M 0 3 H A H P33BHTH6 npOH3BOAHTeAbH£TX CHA 06- mecTBa h p o cT npoH3BoAHTeJibHocTH o^mecTBeHHoro Tpy- Aa. E cah b yc^iQBHHx KoqeBoro c k o to b o a c tb 3 waqajioM ne- pHOAa npoH3BOACTBa cJieAyeT cqn raTb m om cht cjiyqKH >k h - BOTHhlX, TO KOHUOM erO HaAO CqHTaTb MOMeHT nOAyqeHHH B3pOCJIOrO npOH3BOACTBOHHOrO norOAOBbH CKOTa OT 3TOrO npHnjioAa. H a n p n \\ fe p , nepnoA kothocth y ooeu h ko3 a a h t ~ ch n/iTb M ecnueB . 3 to — ecrecTBeHHbift momcht, KOTophift HeJIb35J npOH3BOAbHO H3MCHHTb, nOSTOMy KOqeBHHK B Ha- rneM yM epeim oM kjwmbtz AOBOAbCTBOBaJicn noAyqeHHe.M b toa OAHoro npw njiO Aa ot oBeu h ko 3, T o r A a nan b ycAOBHHx oceA-noro HHTeHCHBHoro xo3flftc.TBa m o >k h o nojiyqHTb Tpw iipHnAOAa 3a A B a r o jja ot OAHoro h T o r o a<e MaToqHoro n o - roAOBbH o s e u h k o 3. H a BoenHTaHHe h BbipamHBaHHe nr- HeHKa h K03AeHKa, qTo6bi iiOviyqHTb B3pocAhie oco6h npH OTCT3AOM KOqeBOM CKOTOBOACTBe, Tpe^OBaAOCb OKOAO 24 MecHueB, T orA a K a K npn oceAAOM h h h t 6hchbhom obucboa- CTBe 3tot cp oK m o >kh o 3HaqHTeAbHO coKpaTH Tb. Em.e (5oAee AAHTeAbHbIM 6bb/l nepHOA npOH3BOACTBa B KOHCBOACTBe H Bep6AK)AOBOACTBe. HanpHMep, n ep n o A >Kepe6ocTH aahtch y Ko6bi/iHU l i n y BeptfAWAHu 12— 13 M ecnueB. H ah n oA y- qeHHH noAHOueHHoro -MaTOMHoro n o ro n o B b H hah p a 6 o q e ro CKOTa ot 3Toro MOAOAHHKa TpeGoBanocb 5 — 6 AeT. 3 to 3Ha- HHT, qTO nepHOA npOH3BOACTBa B KOqeBOM KOHeBOACTBe paB- hjuich 71—83 M ecnuaM , a b BeptfjiiOAOBOACTBe — 73—-85 MecHuaw. M e>K Ay TeM b 3eMAeAeAHH nepH O A npoH3BOACTBa 422
I 3 ep H 0 B b ix , B K J iio q a H BpeMH n o A ro T O B K H k c e o y h y6opKe y p o x a s i, b H a u ie M yMepeHHOM K JiH M aTe, 3a HCKJiloqeHHeM 03HMofi Ky/ibTypw, He n p e B b iu ia ji u ie c T H MecnueB. ripoAOA- >KHTeJIbHOCTb n e p H O A a npOH3BOACTBa B SKCTeHCHBHOM CKO- TOBOACTBe K . M a p K c yAaMHo c p a B H H A c TaKHM xte ncpno- AOM b A e c o B O A C T B e h o t m c t h a , h t o «n p a B H A b H o e A e c H o e X03HHCTBO T p e 6 y e T , HTo6bi n ocTO H H H o hmojich 3anac J ie c a Ha K o p H io , npcB O C xoAH iU H H b 10— 40 p a 3 e>K eroA H oe n o j i b - 30BaHHC. 3 t O 3H3HHT, HT0 O AHH 0 (5 0 p 0 T npHXOAHTCH Ha 10— 40 h C o j i e e A e T . T o >Ke c a M o e h b c k o t o b o a c t b c » ! . O t - cioAa h c h o , h to KoqeBoe c k o t o b o a c t b o no cp aB H eiim o c 3 eM A eA ejin eM 6hiAO MeHee npoH3BOAHTeAbHHM , Tpe6yiom .H M 6 ecn p ep b iB H O H 3aTpaTbi T p yA a , j i e r K o noABepa<eH]ibJM n p H - pOAHOft CTHXHH. T p e ru u . -K on eB oe ckotoboactbo 3aAepx<HBaAo AaAbH eft- mee paaBHTHc o6mecTBeHHoro pa3AejieHHH TpyAa. Ka>KAbiH h o b u h m a r b pa3BHTHH o6mecTBeHHoro pa3ACAeHHH TpyAa noKa3biBaeT, Kax H3BecTHO, h o b w h BMcuiHft ypoB enb pa3BH- THH npO H 3B O AH TeAbH bIX CHA oOlUCCTBa. A BCHK3H HOB3 H npoH 3BO AH TeAbH an cHAa HeH36e>KHO b a c h g t 3a co6 oh j\\aj\\b- HeHiuee p a 3 B H T H e o C m e c T B e im o ro pa3AeAeHH5i T p y A a . H e - TOpHH Ko^eBbix HapOAOB noKa3biBaeT, hto H3 KoneBoro cKOTOBOAnecKoro xo3ffftcTBa, Kax OTpacAH waTepiiaAbHoro npOH3BOACTBa, H e iMOTAH BUACAHTbCH APyrHe, HOBbIC oTpac- a h o6mecTBeHHoro np0H3B0ACTBa. CAeAOBaTeAbHo, o h o 3a- Aep>KHBaAO jia jib u e P iu n iP i npouecc pocTa npoHjBOAHTeAbHbix ch a o6iuecTBa, k a 3ccoboh AH ^c})epeH U H auH H HaceAeHHH, nOHBAeHHH HOBbIX npOrpeCCHBHbIX KAaCCOB, KOHCepBHpyH BCK3MH x a p a K T e p iib ie a a h 3t o t o o 6 m .ecTBa 6 oA ee o T C T a A b ie tyopMbl odmeCTBeHHbIX OTHOHieHHH. n pH KoweBOM o 6mecTBe oTcyTC TB yeT npoMexcyTOK c b o - 6oAH oro BpeM eHH MexcAy nepHOAOM*npoH3BOACTBa h p a 6 o - HHM nepHOAOM, AaiOIJXHft B03MO>KHOCTb 3 3 HHM3TbCH p e M e C - a o m , T o rA a KaK b 3eMAeAeAHH TaKOH npoMe>KyTOK c y m e - CTByeT. H 3B ecTH o, hto nepHOA npon3BO ACTBa no apoBoft K y A b - Type, BKAKwaH noAroTOBKy k cen y h ytfop xe ypoxcaa, c o - cTaB A n eT npH M epH O 6 , no 03HMOH 11 M ecn u eo ; p a 6 oHHH n e - Phoa n o c A e noceB a npepbiB aercn a o m om chts co3peBaHHH xAedoB, ecA H He cnHTaTb noAHB h n p on o A K y TaM, rA e o h h 1 MapKc K. Kanara.i, t. II. 1951, erp. 241. 423
noTpetfyiOTCfl. KpoMe Toro, noc^ie chhthh ypojKan ao noAro- tobkh k cjieflyiomeMy ceBy 3eMJieAejibUbi onnTb HMeioT CojibuioH 0Tpe30K cBodoAHoro ot noJieBux.' pa6oT Bpe- MeHH, HTO a aeT HM B03M0)KH0CTb 3HHHMaTbCH peMeCJIOM HJIH ApyrHM bhaom TpyAOBOft AGHTeJibHocTH. 3 to OTMeneHO K. MapKcoM npH paccMOTpeHHH skohomhkh Pocchh. O h nH- caa: «HanpHMep, Pocchh. TaM b HeKOTopux ceBepHHx 06- JiacTHx nojieBbie pa6oTH B03moxchh TOAbKo b TeweiiHe 130— 150 flHeft b roAy... CymecTByioT jxepeBHH, r^e Bee KpecTbHHe H3 IIOKOAeHHH B nOKOAeHHe HBAHIOTCH TKaqaMH, K0XCBBHHK3- MH, CanOJKHHKaMH, CJiecapHMH, HOJKOBIHHK3MH H T. n.J B oco6chhocth 3to Ha6AjoAaeTCH b ryOepHHHx M ockobckoA, B^aAHMHpcKo^, Ka;iy;KCKott, K o c tpo m cko h h lleTepO ypr- cKofi»*. H t o KacaeTCH KoqeBoro cKOTOBOACTBa, to 3Aecb BBHAy OecnpepUBHOCTH KOHeBaHHH H HeotfxOAHMOCTH no- CTOHHHoro h Kpyr^ocyTOHHoro y x o A a 3a ckotom adcojuoT- ho HeT p a 3 p U B a MexcAy nepHOAOM npoH3BOACTBa h p a6 o- hhm_ nepnoAOM. B stow JiexcaAa npHHHHa, MemaBinaH o t- Ae^eHHio p eM ecA a ot cko tobo actb3. PeMecJio Morjio cepbe3Ho pa3BHBaTbcn h npeBpaTHTbcn b caMOCTOHTejibHyio OTpacjib npon3BOACTBa toabko npH oceA^OM 3eMJieAeAHH. OTAGJieHHe peMecJia ot 3eMJieAeAHH 03HaMeH0BaA0 COdOH nOHB/reHHe HOBO# npOH3BOAHTeAbHOft chjih odmecTBa h KpynHeHLUHft nporpecc b hctophh paaBH- thh HeJioBeHecTBa. PeMecAO >Ke b ycjiobhhx KoneBoro cko- TOBOACTBa HHKorAa ue AOCTHraeT ypoBHH pa3BHTHH caMo- croHTeJibHoft VrpacAH o6iuecTBeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, oho He bhxoahao 3a paMKH npHMHTHBHoro AOMauiHero npoMbic- Jia HaiypajibHoro xo3HftcTBa KoqeBHHKOB. «Pa3AHHHbie CTyneHH b pa3BHTHH pa3AeAeHHH •rp y jxa HBAHIOTCH BMeCTe C TeM H pa3AHniUblMH'4>OpMaMH CotfCTBCH- hocth, t . e. KajKAan cTynenb p a 3 # e jie iu ia xpyAa onpeAejineT Tanwe OTHoiueHHH hhahbhaob A # y r K Apyry cooTBeTCTBeH- HO HX OTHOIIieHHIO K MaTepHBAaM, OpyAHHM H npOAyKTaM TpyAa>2. OTAeAeHHe peMecvia ot 3eMJieAeJiHH iioao>khao HaqaAo noHBJieHHio. pa3AH«iHbix OTpacAefi npoMbiWAeHHo- cth, OTAejieHHio nopbAa or AepeBHH, HtfTeHCHBHOMy HcnoAb- 30BaHHK) caMbix pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix npnpoAHbix 6oraTCTB. FIo- HBHAHCb ropOAa C KaMeHHHMH H KHpnHHHblMH AOM3MH, qTO 6hao noKa3aTeAeM orpoMHoro nporpecca b erpoirreAbHOM J M a p c K K. KaiurraJi, r. II, 1951, cTp. 237—238. M a p K c K . h dfteeAbc <t>. Coy., t. 3, CTp. 20. 424
HCKyccTBe. HejiOBe^ecKan AenTeJibHocTb craHOBHJiacb 6ojiee pa3HOo6pa3HOH h 6 oraioft no CBoeMy coaepxoHHio. 3Toro ne 6 bi.no h He imoivio 6 biTb b ycjiOBHHx KoqeBoro c k o to bo a- cTBa. OTcytCTBHeM HCHoro npeACTaBJieHHH 06 SKOHOMHKe KoneBoro CKOTOBOAnecKoro xo3nftcTBa Kan oTpacjiH MaTepn- ajibHoro npoH3Bo.acTBa mojkho od'bHCHHTb b KopHe HeBep- Hoe yTBep>KAeHHe C. B. lOniKOBa o tom, hto h b ycJiOBHnx KoqeBoro cKOTOBOACTBa bo3mo>kh o h HeH36e>KH0 OTAejieHHe • peMCCAa .o t 3 eMJieaeJiHH. Oh nwcaji: «B pe3yjibraTe Aajib- HeHUierO P33BHTHH npOH3BOAHTeJIbHHX CHJI, B qaCTHOCTH, flaJibHeftmero OTAejieHHH ToproBAH h peMecjia ot 3eMAeAe- jihh u a u o t K o n e e o a o c K O T O s o d c r e a , uajibHeHmero pa3Jio>Ke- hhh nepBo6 biTHO*o6 mHHHoro c t p o h , $eo,aajibHbifi yKJia# npeepamaeTCH b (J)eoAa.nbHbiH, rocnoACTByiomHft cnoco6 npoH3BojxcTBa»l (no^qepKHyTO h 3mh — C. T .). eTeepTbiH. KoneBoe ckotoboactbo 3auep>KHBajio npo- uecc oTj^ejieHHH yMCTBeHHoro T p yA a ot (})H3HqccKoro, He cnoco6cTBOBa.no 6o.nee HHTeHCHBHOMy pa3BHTHio MaTepH- ajibHQff h AyxoBHoft KyjibTypbi. KoueBaHHe xax npouecc TpyAa ecTb OTnpaBJieHHe b nyTb Bcex JiiOAen KoneBoft 06- u;HHbi b BHAe KapaBaHOB. Bo BpeMH ABHjKeHHH KapaBaHOB cBo6oAHoe ot BbiOKOB noroAOBbe Bep6viioAOB, Ta6yHbi a o - uiaAeft, a Taione obuu h K03bi HanpaBJinjiHCb nacTyxaMH h Ta6yHmHKaMH. OTnpaBAeHHe ueAOH o 6iAHHbi KapaBaHOM b nyTb Tan hah HHane BTHrnBaAo b npouecc KoueBaHHH, to ecTb b npouecc Tpyua, nouTH Bcex TpyAocnoco6Hbix ajo- A en z/ X a^ e caM rjiaBa 6oraToro KoneBoro ay*na, nona oh . 6h a TpyAOcnoco6HbiM, He mot CTOHTb b CTopoHe o t npo- uecca KoneBaHHH. ripH TaKOM o6pa3e >KH3HH HeBO3M0>KH0 6 bIA0 c ep b e 3 - . HO 3aHHM3TbCH HayKOH H HCKyCCTBOM, He Morjio npoH3oft- TH OTAeAeHHH yMCTBeHHOTO T p y A a OT (J)H3HHeCK0r0. • 1 lO u iK o e C . B . 06 ochobhhx MOMenrax hctophh Ka3axcKoro rocy- aapcTBa.— H3B€cthh AKaaeMHH HayK Ka3axcKoft CCP, cepHn HcropHHe- CKaa, Bun. 4 .-JUiMa-ATa, 1948, CTp. 46. XlaHHoe^Bi^CKaabiBaHHe C. B. lOmKOBa 6w;io pa3BHTHew ero oluh- 6oqHOft KOHAenktHH B Bonpocax ApeBHefl HCTOpHH BOCTOHHblX C7I3BHH h P occhh. O tfa roft ero oiimCne B. B. MaBpoAHH fimueT: «...HMeeT Me- CTO H MOAepHHaaLlHH, CKa3HBaK>maHCH B CTpeMaeHHH 6e3 KaKHX-AH6 o CCblJIOK Ha HCToqHMKH yTBepJKABTb p33BHTHe 4>eOAa/lbHbIX OTHOUieHHft H CK^aAMBaHHe rocyAapcTBa y boctomhwx c-rcaBHH b nepBbie Bena h . 3., qeM noBTopjjeTCjr omn6Ka, AonymeHHaa b cBoe bpcmh C. B. lOumoBbiM, CMHTaBiiiHM KHeBCKoe rocyaapcTBO npoAOJiH<CHHeM cKH({)cKoro rocyAap- CTBa... V I I I b. ao h. (CoBeTCKan 3THorpacJ)HH, 1954, Ks 2, crp. 33). 425
Bcfl ^yxoB H an KyjibTypa K o q e B o ro o6m,ecTBa 6bi;ia co- cpe^oToqeHa b ycTHOM TBopqecTBe. B cbohx pa3JiHqHhix JKanpax oho bck3Mh CJiyxmjio jxjm Ka3axoB HenHcaHHhrM KO,aeKCOM npaBHJI X03flfiCTBeHH0H AGHTe^bHOCTH, otfbmHOrO npaBa, softnbi h MHpa, MopaJiH h 6biTa. B Hew, b oco6chho- CTH B IlOCJIOBHUax H norOBOpKaX,— BCH flOJIHTHKa, 3K0H0- MHKa h Aa>Ke hctophh KoqeBoro o6m ecTB a 6e3 /w t m . Oc- ' HOBHbIM JICHTMOTHBOM BCerO 3TOrO HapOflHOrO TBOpqeCTBa 6w.i ckot. O rH ocH Te^biioc 6oraTCTBo ycTHoro TBOpqecTBa Ka3axoB nenocpe/iCTBeHHO BbiTeKajio H3 CBoeo6pa3Horo Ma- TepnajibHoro npoH3B0^CTBa h hx o 6 p a 3 a 5KH3HH. H a p oa, BexaMH Be^uiHH BoeHHo-KoqeBOH o 6 p a 3 >kh3hh Ha neofrbHT- Hbix n p ocT op ax cTenefi h nycrbiHb, 6hji tohkhm ua6JiK)jia- TeJieM npHpoAbi h xopoiuo 3Ha;i TexHOJiornio CBoero noqe- Boro CKOTOBO^CTBa. > KaxtAuft HerpaMOTHbiH KoqeBHHK na3ax, xax Bee KoqeB- hhkh MHpa, b X V— XVIII bb. 6bui oAHOBpeMeHHo nacTy- XOM H BOHHOM, OpaTOpOM H IICTOpHKOM, n03T0M H neBIJOM. Bch napo/man MyapocTL, co3nauuan b c k 3 mh, cymecTBOBa- Jia TOJibKo b ycTHOH <j)opMe. JlnpHKa 6buia caMNM CHHbHhiM h xapaKTepHhiM ncaH- pow, Hapn^y c anocoM ycTHoii no33HH. Ra3axcKHH s n o c xapaKTepH3yeTCH bccmh tcmh ochob- humh qepTaMH, KOTopbi^ npHcymw s n o c y Apyrnx ApeBHHx napoaoB. B K33axcKOM repOHqecKOM sn o ce Hpno OTpa3HJiacb BHyT- peHHgn counajibHO-SKoHOMHqecKaH h BHeuiHe-nojiHTHqecKaH >KH3Hb K33axcKHx imeMeH XV—X V III bb. «3noc ecTb nep- BblH 3peJlbIH TUIOJI B C())epe n033HH TOJIbKO HTO npo6y,aHB- merocH co3HaHHH Hapo/ia. Snonen MOJKeT HBHTbcn ra/ibKo bo BpeMeHa MJiaAeHqecTBa napo^a, Koraa ero >KH3Hb He pacnajiacb na zme npoTHBonoji>KHbie CTopoHU — no33uto h npoay, Korzia ero hctophh ecTb eme To.ibKo npeaaHHe, Koraa ero hohhthh 0 MHpe cyTb eme peflHrno3Hbie npeA- CTaBjiemiH, Kor\\aa ero CHJia, Momb h CBe>KaH aeaTejibHOCTb npoHBJiHiOTCH TojibKo b reponqecKHx no^BHrax*1. Ka3axcKHe nosrnqecKHe o6pa3bi, b KOTopwx BCio;;y npH- cyTCTByei c k o t , nozrrBepjKziaiOT, qTO Ha 6o.nee hh3koh CTy- neHH HCTopnqccKoro pa3BHTHH «ucKyccTeo — ecrb neno- cpedcTeeHHbid o6pa3 npoyecca npou3eodcTea»2. 3jxecb Mbi 2 EmuhckuCt B. r . CoCpaHHc coqHHeHHft. Cn<5., 1883, cTp. 803. UAexanoo I. B. HcKyccTBo h .itrreparypa. M., 1948, ctp. 38. 426
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no/iaraA KoqeBHHKOB k ycTHOMy noaTHqecKOMy h My3bncaAb- HOMy T B o p q e c T B y , qcM n p o u e c c T p y A a 3eMJieAeJibua no o6 p a 6 oT ice KJioqna 3eMAH, h a h peMecAeHHHKa no npoH3BOA- cTBy pyqH tax H3AeAHft b cB oeft xp oxoT H oft xaTe. « C k a o h - HOCTb K I1093HH, Ot^odeHHO K HMIlpOBH3aUHH, OTJIHqaeT Bee KoqeBMe p a c b i... Bee nyTemecTBeHHHKH, nocem aBiim e a p a - BHHCKne nycTH H H h uiaTpH, nw caJiH c yAHBAeHHeM o ro- jiu x M ajibM H iiiKax, KOTOpue iia B e e B onpocn BunajiHBajin npaBHJILHO CJIOJKeHHHMH, pa3M epeH H UM H qeTbipeXCTHIIIHH* M H .,TaK ne >Ke HBAeHHH npeACTaBAHiOT h MOHrojio-TiopKCKHe noKOJieHHH»l . \"\" ;- Bee cKa3aHnoe iaeT ocHOBaHne 3aKAioqHTb, qio caMbiM HpKHM BbipaJKeHHCM pa3BHTHH ^yXOBHOH KyAbTypH y KO- qeBUx napoAOB ^BJineTca y e m o e noaTHqecKoe h My3bixaAb- Hoe TBopqecrBo. B stom cocTonjia cn jia h cAadocTb AyxoB- Hoft K yjibT yp u Bcex KoqeBHx HapoAOB pa3JinqHbix ncTopn-. qecKHx s n o x . C n jia ycTHoro AHpuqecKoro h a h jiu p H K o - a m m e c K o r o ' npoH3Be^eHH5r coctoht b tom , hto caMa no cede ycTHan peqb HBjineTCH obmeAocrynHoft. rieBeu-HMnpoBH3aTop o a h o - BpeMeHHo 6biji h aBTopoM h HcnojiHHTejieM. noaTHqecKoe npoH3BejieHne, HcnoAHeHHoe HCKpeHHe h npoqyBCTBOBaHHO, CBOHMH iyjTOJKeCTBeHHbIMH 06pa3aM H H HHTOHaUHOHHOH BHpa3HTejibHOCTbio odAaAaAo ocodoft chaoA B03AeftcTBHH Ha Maccy. H m chho 3thmh KaqecTBaMH b ochobhom h o t a h - qa^acb K a3axcK an ycTHaa nosann. C^adocTb noaTHqecKoro h My3HKa^bHoro‘ TBopqecTBa KOqeBHHKOB COCTOHJia B TOM, qTO OHO 6hJA0 TOJIbKO yCXHbIM. HanpHMep, Bee Ka3axcKHe AHpnqecKHe hah AHpHKO-aimqe- cK«e npoH3Be,neHHH nepexo^HJiH y e m o H3 oahoto pOAa b Apyroft, ot oAHoro nJieM.eHH K A p y r o M y , H3 oahoto »cy3a b Apyroft » y 3 , o t noKOJieHHH k noKOAeHHio. B cHAy st o t o Bee ohh noABepraAHCb cHCTeMaTHqecxoMy h noBceAneBHOMy H3MeHeHHio: h a h odoramaAHCb, h a h odeAHHAHCb. H3MeHeHHH npoH3BeAeHHft HapoflHoro TBopqecTsa 6 h a h HeHSdeJKHWMH, r a x xax Aaxce caM an BHAaiomaHcn qeAOBeqe- • exan naMHTb He b coctohhhh t o h h o BOcnpoH3BecTH ycTHbie noBecTBOBaHHH a ah h h h x annqecKHx nosM . Bee sto He m o tao 'H e npHAaBaTb eft b doAbuniHCTBe cAyqaeb OTpHBoqHbifi h AocxyTHbiH xapaKTep. • 1 BaAuxanoo */. V. Ilojnfoe cotfpaHHe coHHHenHB.— 3anHCKH HPrO. t. XXIX. Cn6., 1904, CTp. 192. 428
IlHTbiCi. Ko*jeBoe ckotoboactbo BcerAa 6biJio CB#3aHo c narpHapxajibHo-poAOBbiM 6biTOM. K ohcbhhkh b n p o u e cce CBoero KpyrJioroAHqHoro KoqeBaHHH moivih oSecneqHTb coxpaHHOCTb HMymecTBa a cboio 6e3onacHocTb TOjibKo.ny- TeM COK)3a pOACTBCHHblX HJieMeH, nO/lAep^aHHH poa.OBbIX CBH3efi, TOJibKo nyTeM coxpaneHHH riaxpHapxaAbHo-poAOBO- ro 6brra. OCmaa TeppHTOpHH Ka3axcKoro napoAa HHKorAa He 6buia TeppHTopHefl HapoAa, o6x>eAHneHHoro b oahom rocy- AapcTBe.* Ka>KAWH H3 Tpex Ka3axcKnx >Ky30B coBepuiaA KoqeBoe nepeABH>KeHHe b onpeAe/ieiiHofi 30He Ka3axcKHx CTeseft 6e3 k 3 khx 6bi to hh 6u a o ycxanoBAennbix rpaHHu c ApyrHMH >Ky3aMH. Ka>KAoe 6oAbinoe riACMH BHyTpn >Ky3a TOJKe KoaeBajio b ochobhom b 3one, MecTHoeTb KOTopofi 6biJia xopomo 3HaKOMa Ka>KAOMy H3 KoaeBHHKOB AaHHoro njie- MeHH. Ka^KAbift KoaeBow ayA cxpeMHAcn ne OTCTaBaTb o t cbohx copOAHnefi. B kohcbom odmecxBe c naTpaapxajibHO- POAOBHM 6bITOM HHKaKHX SKOIlOMH'ieCKHX H nOAHTHHeCKHX ycAOBHfi aa h pa3AeAa 3eMeAb we>KAy noAycj)eoAaAbHbiMH KoqeBUMH cyjiTaHaMH, 6aThipaMH, 6 a^MH h 6hhmh He 6biJio. TAasbi poaob — npeACTaBH reAH aKcnjiyar^TOpCKOH Bep- xyLUKH b JiHue 6aTupoB, 6aeB, 6neB noA npHKpwxHeM narpHapxajibHo-poAOBbix TpaAWwft, aKcnjiyarapoBaAn nax- pnapxajibHbix pa6oB h GeAHbix copoAHnen (Mayiaa h koh- cbi), noA pa3JiHHHbiMH npeAAoraMH rpa6HAH 6oJiee cAa6bie poAH1. H a 3toh noHBe npowcxoAHJiH Me>KpoAOBbie pacnpn, BHyTpeHHHe naxpHapxaAbHO-cj)eoAaAbHbie Me>KAoyco6Hbie BOHHbi («> K a y jia c y »), ot kotophx, b kohchhom cneTe, cxpa- AajiH 3KcnjiyaTHpyeMbie Maccu naceAeHHH. OTKpbrroe pa6- CTBO MyXKCKOTO IlOAa B Ka3aXCKOH CTenH HCHe3AO TOAbKO nocAe Ao6poBOAbHoro npHcoeAHHeHHH Ka3axcKHx >Ky30B k P oCCHh’ KOTOpoe B KOpHe H3MeHHAO nOAHTHHeCKyiO o6CTa- HOBKy. «npeKpaTHAHCb BOHHbi H paCITpH MOKAy ITAeMeHaMH, nocTaBAHBHiHe KOHTHiireHT nAeHHHKOB-pa6oB, o6eAHeA npa- bhiahh: KAacc, BAaAeBiiiHft bchheimh cAyraMH (TyAeHryTaMH), h He ctsao pa6cTBa b Ka3axcKoft cTenH»2. 1 «C toh Ha HH3uiefi ciyneHH rpawAancKoro pa3BHTHH, KoneBoft Ka- 3ax aacTbtJi Ha fiohhthh o pojxe, aajiee 9Toro oh HHuero ue 3Haer. Tocy- AapcTBo, HapoA — aah Hero TO-ibKo 3ByKH 6e3 3Ha»ieHiiH. Oahh p o a *. rpa6HT ApyroH, Aance poACTBeHHbifi eMy, a hhkto He noMbiiujiaeT o coio- 3e, o cahhhhh b oahh KpenKHH h MorynHft napoA». (TepeHTbeB M . A. OqepK I. Cap-.n.apbHHCKaH /ihhhh b 1862, 1863 h 1864 roAax.— 3anncKH H P rO KpnCoHpOTTAHe.jieHH.HiHo CTatHCTHKH, t . 4. Cn6.# 1874, cip. 77). 2 3 KHprH3CKOH cTapHHbi. Open6ypr, 1900, cTp. 105. 429
B cxenHbix npocTopax, rjta KOMCBue ruieMeHa He moivih odocodHTbcn A p y r ot Apyra, oh h iioctohhho CMewHBaAHCb nan b n p o u e c c e cbohx KoqeBbix nepeABnraeHHH, Tax h b pe3yjbTaTe b o h h . OdmHOCTb 5i3i*Ka, ncHxnqecKoro CKJiaaa h odbiqaeB y Ka3axoB Ha eceft HeodiDHTHOH TeppHTopvm K.a- 3axCTaHa od'bHCUfleTCH HMeHHO 3THM (|)aKTOM. KoHeepBaTHB- HocTb naTpHapxaAbHO-poAOBoro 6 biTa 3aKJUO^a;iacb b tom , mo «Ka>KAblH >KHA TaK, KaK HOCTapH 2KHA Becb pOA, KaK 3aBemaAH o t u u h acaw. Tepan c e « 3b c poaom, KoqeBHHK yTpaqHBaji cboh npaBa»l. rionblTKH OTAeAbHblX K33axCKHX X3H0B 0praHH30BaTb eAHHoe rocyAapcTBO He moivih yeeHqaTbCH ycnexOM hmchho BCJieACTBHe poAO-nAeweHHOH odocodAemiocTH Ka3axcKoro Hace.neHHH. naTpnapxaAbHo-poAOBOH 6 ht Ka3axoB o6beAH- Hfiji jijoaeH b poAe, ho pa3i>eAHHH*T hx Ha MeAKHe poAonAe- MeHHbie rpynnbi. * Bee 3th oxapaKTepH30BaHHbie Bhiuie npH3HaKH K oaeBoro CKOTOBOACTBa, BMeCTe B3HTbie, n p e n H T C T B O B a J I H pa3BHTHJO npOH3BOAHTeJIbHbIX CHA H H3MeHCHHIO n p O H 3 B O A C T B e H H b I X OTHouieHHH K on eB oro o6mecTBa, 3aAep>KHBaAH ero p a 3 B n m e , Bexam KOHcepBHpyh narpHapxaAbiio-(})eoAaAbHbie otho- menHH. *** 3KCTeHCHBHo-naci6HmHoe ckotoboactbo npoixiJio aahh- hlih nyTb CBoero pa3BHTHH ot nepBo6biTnoro KOMnAeKCHoro, coqeraBwero b cede nepBoduTHoe naciym ecTBo c motuxc- HbiM 3eMAeAeAHeM, ao KoaeBoro ckotoboactb3, 3aieM ot KpyrAbiH toa KoqeBaBwero ckOtoboahcckofo xo3HHCTBa a o noAyKoqeBoro h oceAAoro 3KCTeHCHBHo-nacrdHmHoro ckoto- BOAnecKoro xo3HftcTBa, coqeTaBiuerocH y w e c ceHOKome- Hnew h xAedonamecTBOM. Cym^CTBeHHan ocodenHocTb 3KOHOMnqecKoro crpon ao - peBOAIOUHOHHOrO Ka3^XCTaHa B TOM H COCTOHAa, MTO OH npeACTaBAHA co d oio KOHKpeiHoe uejioe b cao>khom mhoto- odpa3HH, coqeTaBiueM b cede npH3H3KH pa3Anqnbix ctbahh 3KOHOMHqecKoro pa3BHTHH Ka3axcKoro HapOAa. 3 to HarAHA- ho noKa3biBaeT Becb nyTb HCTopnqecKoro pa3BHTHH odmecT- BeHHoro npoH3BOACTBa, Becb n y ib HCTopnqecKoro pa3BHTHH Kohuuih H . K Bonpocy o nepexoae KHprH3 CeMnna.iaTHHCKoft oo^acTH B oce^AOe cocroaHHe. B kh.: riaMJiTHaa KHH>KKa CeMHna.iaTHii- CKofl o6.iacTH Ha 1898 roa. CeMnna;iaTHHCK, 1898, dp. 30. 430
3eMejibHbix OTHomeHHH y xa3axoB, no KpaftneH <Mepe c m o - MeHTa o6pa30BaiiHH Ka3axcKoro KoqeBoro xaHCTBa. Ha o6n iH pH O H TeppHTOpHH AopcBOJiionHOHHoro Ka3ax- c T a n a c y m e c T B O B a .a u n a p a j u i e j i b n o p a 3 H b ie cJjopMbi 3 e M e A b - HblX OTHOUJCHHH, HaHHHaH OT A p e B IIH X , H3JKHB3BLIIHX C C 6 h naTpH apxajibH o-cJjeojaa.abH bix othouiciihh, xapaK TepH bix aah n e p n o A a rocn oA C T B a K p y rA b w toa KoqeBaBiuero ckotoboa- tfeCKOrO X03AH CTBa H KOIiqaH o6lii.HHHO-ayJlbHOH (J)OpMOH 3 e M e jib iib ix OTHOUieHHH, x a p a K T e p H O H aah o c e A A o r o cko to - BO AH ecKo-3eM AeAeJibH ecKoro xo3H H CTBa, cBH3aHHoro c n p o - HHKHOBeHHeM B ayJI 3AeM eHTOB KanHTa/IHCTHHeCKHX npO H 3- BOACTBeHHblX OTHOUieHHH. M o K / i y 3THMH nOAHpHbIMH (J)Op- m 3 m h 3 e M e A b H b ix OTHOUieHHH c y m e c T B O B a j i a n e p e x o x H a n h a h n p o M e > K y T o q H a H (JjopM a, K O T o p a u 6 hiA a x a p a n f e p H a , TAaBHblM o 6 p a 3 0 M , AAH IIO AyK O H eB O rO CKOTOBOAHeCKOrO x o - 3HHCTB3, CO CBOHCTBeHIIbIM e M y 0 6 p a 3 0 M JKH3IIH. 06m ecTBO xasaxoB b X V I I — X V I I I b b . b cbohx o c h o b h u x qepTax xapaKTepH30BaA0Cb KoqeBbiM ckotoboactbom c 6oAbiuH M p a A n y c o M KoqeBaHHH, qacTH biM ckotoba3A eH H eM npH o6 ui.h h h o m BAaAeHHH nacTSam cM , naTpnapxaAbHbiM pa6cTBOM h nojiycJieoAaAbHOH aKcnAyaTauneft, poAonjieMeH- HblM yCTpOHCTBOM C K3AbIM0M H MHOTO>KeHCTBOM, Bbipa>KaB- uiHMH nopadoiueHHoe noAOKemie >kch ih hh, BoeHHonjieMeH- HbiM nOAy4>eoAaAbHbiM rocyAaPCTbchhbim o6pa30BaHHeM b BHAe K oneB oro xancTBa c AaHbio h AaHHHqecKHMH oTHome- HHHMH, 6 ecnpepbIBHbIMH TpadHTeAbCKHMH BHeUJHHMH H BHyTpeHHHMH BOftHHMH, HenHCaHHbIM otfblHHblM npaBOM, KyAbTOM npeAKOB h cKOTa. Bee 3th hbachhh <5u ah BHyTpeH- He Me>KAy c o 6 ofi CBH3aHbi h b cbogh coBOKynHocTH x a p a K re- p H 3 0 B a J W AOCTHFHyTblH ypOBeilb paSBHTHH KOHeBOTO CKOTO- BOAHecKoro odmecTBa, nax naTpnapxaAbno-c})eoAaAbHoro. HTax: 1. H H 3 K H H y p o a e u b P33B H TH H npOH3BOAHTCAbHbIX CHA K ou eB oro CKOTOBOAHecxoro o tfm e c T B a xa3axoB X V I I — X V I I I BB. 6 h IA oCyCAOBAeH cneU H (J)H KO Ii CpeACTB npO H 3B O A“ CTB3. ripO H 3B O A H TeA bH bie CHAbl 3TOTO o6u\\QCTBa CKJlSJlblBa- AHCb H3 T 3 K h x SAeweHTOB K a n : n a c T y x C OnpCAeAeHHblM H TpyAO B biM H naBHKa'M H (p a fio M a n c H J ia ), cTaAa h r a 6 y H b it BMecTe c m c a k h m HHBeHTapew (opyAHH rpvAa), e c r e ct bch - h o c n a c T d n m e (n p e A M e r T p y A a ) . T o t cjiaicr, hto b x a u e c T B e o c h o b h o t o c p e A C T B a n poH 3B O A C TB a B b ic T y n a A >k h b o h c k o t , KOTopbiHf H e noAAaB aAC H 6 b iC T p O M y ycoB epm eH C TB O B aH H io HH M e x a H H U e C K H M , HH XHMHHGCKHM n y T C M n0K a3bIB aeT HCTO\" 431
pHqecKyio orpaHHqeHHocTb bo3Mojkhocth nporpeccHBHoro pa3BHTHH KoqeBoro cKOTOBO^ecKoro odmecTBa. ■' 2. npOH3BOACTBeHHbie OTHOLUeHMH K333XCKHX KOqeBHH- kob XVII—X V III bb. 6mjih panHe^eoAa^bHbiMH, noay^eo- Aa^bHMMH, to ecTb naTpnapxaAbHO-(j)eoAa^bHbiMH OTHOine- hhhmh, b ocHOBe KOTopbix AexaAa qacTHaa co6cTBeHHOcTb Ha craAa h Ta6yHU npH odmHHHoft $opwe BAaxieHHH nacT- 6nmeM. 06mHHHan 4>opMa 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH npw qacTHOH COfiCTBeHHOCTH Ha CKOT y KOHeBHHKOB, o6yCAOBAeHHafl cneuH- (j)HKOH CKOTOBOA^eCKOrO X03flftCTBa H HH3KHM ypOBHCM pa3BHTHH npoH3BOAHTejibHbix cha KoqeBoro odmecTBa, B cbok) oqepeAb TopM03H^a npouecc . paaBHTHH npoH3BOAH- Te^bHbix cha h AaAbHefliiiyio'AH^epeHUHaAH.K) couHaAbHbix OTHomeHHH cpeAH KoqeBHHKOB. XapaKTepHaa ocodeHHOCTb naTpnapxaAbHo-^eoAaAbHbix othouighhh, KaK nepexoAHoro THna npoH3BOACTBeHHbix OTHomeHHft, coctoht b nepeime- TeilHH 3ACMGHTOB paHHe^eOAaAbHWX OTHOUieHHH C 3AeM€H* t3mh pa6oBAaAeAbqecKHx h' naTpHapxaAbHbix OTHomeHHH. 3. OcHOBHhiMH couHajibHbiMH rpynnaMH KoqeBoro o6- mecTBa Ka3axoB XVII—XVIII sb. 6hah: naTpuapxaAbHO-. 4>eoAa^bHHe CKOTOBAaAeAbUbi, CBo6oAHHe o6iahhhhkh — TpyAOBwe ckotoboabi, no^y3aBHcHMbie 6eAHbie KoqeBHHKH h naipHapxaAbHbie pa6u. HacTHoe cKOTOBAaAeHHe 6hao TJiaBHbiM aKOHOMHqecKHM ycAOBHGM sKciuiyaTauHH qeAOBeKa qeAOBeKOM h oripcAeAfuio HMymccTBeHHoe noiioxceime aio- Aefi b KoqeBOM o6mecTBe. IlpHCBoeHHe cKOTOBJiaAC-ibuaMH npn6aBoqnoro npoAyKTa, co3AaHiioro TpyAOM naTpHapxaAb Hbix pa6oB H 33BHCHM0H GeAHQTbl, XapaKTepH30BaA0Cb KaK naTpHapxaAblHo-4)eoAaAbHaH <j>opMa SKcnAyaTauHH b Koqe- BOM CKOTOBOAHeCKOM 06lAeCTBe K S 3 a X O B . MHOrOXieHCTBO naTpnapxaAbHo-(J)eoAaAbHOH BepxyuiKH h KaAbiM no CBoeMy npOHCXO>KAeHHK) H CyiAeCTBy ecTb OAHa H3 $OpM KOHKpeT- Horo npoHBAeHHH naTpwapxaAbftoro padcTBa. 4. KoqeBoe xaHCTBo Ka3axoB XV-r-XVIII bb. bo3iihkao Ha 6a3e naTpHapxaAbHO-^eoAaAbHux OTHomeHHH KoqeBoro CKOTOBOAqecKoro odmecTBa. Oho BbicTyiiHAO KaK annapaT HacHaHH b pynax no/iy4)eoAaAbHoro. rocnoACTByiomero Kjiacca KpynHhix cKOTOBJiaAeAbueB, .ripeACTaBAHR codoft Haqa^bHyio ct3ahio pb3bhthh rocyAapcTB^HHOCTH, coxpa- HHBineft b cede eme oce ocHOBHwe .qepThi h npn3HaKH « bo- eHHofi AeMOKpaTHH». * Boftna BeAacb,. taaBHbiM o6pa30M, paAH rpadexca. Tpadexc cquiaAen ‘doAee AerKHM h Aa>Ke 6oaee noqeTHbiM, qeM co3HAaieAbHbiH TpyA. CymecTBOBaAa 432
AaHb h A a i i H i i q e c K i i e oTH ou ieH H H , KOTOpbie c.acAyeT pac- C M a T p H B a T b B M e c T e c rp a6 e> K O M , K a K o a h o H3 n p o H B jie H H H naTpaapxajii>HO-(})eoAajZbHhix O TH O iueiiH H . . 5 . K o q e e o e cK O TO B O A necK oe x o 35ih c t b o t o p m o 3h j io n p o - u e c c o T A e jie H H H yMCTBGHHoro T p y A a o t cj)H 3 iiq ecK o ro , ne c n o c o 6 c T B O B a jio * HaKonyieHHio 6 o r a r c T B M aT ep n aA b iioft h AyxoBHort KyjibTypw. rioqTH Bee KoqeBHHKH ne HMejni rm cbM CH H O CTH , o h h 6 b ia h n o r o A O B H o nerpaMOTHbiMH. 6. ,H o6poB O JibH oe npH Coe/iH iieiiH e Ka3axcKHx Hcy30B k P o c c h h 6 b i.n o Bbipa>KeHHeM K o p e n u b ix HHTepecoB H a p o A H b ix M a c c , HX C TpeM JieH H H BbIHTH H3 C03AaBUJCrOCH KpH TH H eCKO - ro K aK B H yTpeH H ero com iaAbH O -SKO H O M H qecKoro, T a x h BHe u iH e n o jiH T u q e c K o r o noAO JKeH h h . 3 t o 6bino 6 o A b u iH M n p o r p c c c H B H b iM HBJieHHeM b H c r o p n q e c K O H C o p b 6 e K o q e B O - ro o 6 m e c T B a Ka3axoB. SK O iioM uqecK H M pe3ynbTaTOM n p n - coeA iin eiiH H K a3axcKH x >xy30B k P occhh hbhjihcb: p o cT Iip O H 3 B O A H T eA b H b IX CHJI o C lU e C T B a H a OCHOBe O C eA airH H KOTIC B IIH KO B , II051BACH He nO /iyKOHeBOTO h o c e A A o r o CKOTO- BOAHecKo-3eMJieACAbqecKoro h 3eMAGACAbqecKo-cKOTOBOA- qecK oro TH na x o 3hhctb, paaBHTHe o6m ecTBeH H oro pa3A e/ie- HHH T p y A a B BHAe I10HBAGHH5I H aC eA eilH blX n yH K T O B II ropoAO B h n o cT en em io e n ep ep a cT a H H e naTpH apxaA biio-cjjeo- A a A b H b lX OTHOUICHHH KOHeBHHKOB B cJieOAaALHLIC H K a n H T 3 - AHCTuqecKHe oTHomenHH. 7. OiuHdoqiibie noJio>KeHHq Teopun «KoqeBoro 4>eoAajiH3- B A aA H M H p u eB a h ero n ocA eA O B aT ejiew c o c t o h t : Ma» D. B O T O K A eC T B A C H H H HMH OCHOBHbIX CpeACTB npO H 3BO ACTBa K o q e B o ro C K O T oeoA ^ ecK oro x03HH(CTBa h o ceA A o ro 3 e M A e A e - j i h f i , K O T O p b i e C b i j u i p a 3a h q h b i m h c(})ep a M H M a T e p n a A b - hoto n p o n 3 B o ; i c T B a t h m eu u j h m h pa3AHm ibie o p y A H H h npeA.vieTbi T p y A a , ca ea o b a t e a b h o , p a 3 A n q n yio T e x u o A o rH iO n p o H 3 B O A C T B a ; b o t o >k a c c t b a e H h h n a T p n a p x a A b H O - (})e o - A aA bH bix, n e p e x o A H o ro THna, npoH3BOACTBeHHbix O TH om eH H fi KOqeBHHKOB C pa3BHTblMH ( p e O f l a .Ab Hb1MH OTHOUieHHHMH, XapaKTCpH30BaB£UHM HCA COCAOBHO-MOHOriOAbHblM 36M JieBJI3- AeHHGM H KpenOCTIIHqeCTBOM.
/■ CflHCOK MCnOJlb30BAHHOJR JIHTEPATyPW M APXHBHbIX MCTOMHMKOB Ma p n c K. h 3nre;ibc <P. Co*r., tt. 1, 3, 8, XVI, XXIV, XXVII. Ma p n c K. h S n r e ^ b c $. H3<5paHHbie hpoH3BCflCHHH, t. I. M., 1952. > Mapnc K. h SHrejibc <t>.-HsCpatutbie nncbMa. M., 1947. ApxiiB MapKca h SHrwibca, t. T, (VI). M., 1933. ApxHB Mapnca h 3nre.ibca, T. V. M.f 1938. HepenncKa K. Mapnca h <1>. 3nre;ibca c pyccnHMH no/iHTimecKMMH AeaxeJiHMH. M.f 1951. ‘ Mapnc K. h 3 kreyibc ’ <P. MaHn'4>ecr KoMMynHCTHMecnoi* napTHir. M.r 1939. Mapnc K .'K npHTHne no.THTHHecKoii skohomhkh. JI.t 1952. Mapnc K. Kamrraji, t. 1, 1952; t. IT, 1951; t. Ill, 1951. M a p k.c K. HmiteTa 4>h;ioco(}>hh. M„ 1938. Ma p n c K. TeopHH npH6aBOHHoft ctohmocth, t. III. M\\, 1936. Ma p nc K .'TeopHH npnOaBOHHofi ctohmocth (IV t. «KanKTajia»), g. I. M., 1954. Ma p n c K. TeopHH npHCaBomioA ctohmocth (IV t. «KaiiHTajia*), m. II. M., 1957. M a p n c K. OopMbi, npeamecTByroiiiHe nanHTa;iHCTHHecxoMy npo- H3BOACTBV. M., 1940. Ma p n c K. Xpono^orHgecnHe BbinHCKH no hctophh Hhahr (664-1858). JI., 1947. ». 3 h r e a b c cp . AnTH-,UiopHnr. M., 1955. S H r e . n c <P. HHaaeKTHKa npHpoAw. M., 1935. - 3 « r e ^ b c <t>. K hctophh ApeBHitx repMaHueB. M., 1938. 3 « r e j i b c <t>. ripoHcxojKfleHHe ceMbH, nacTHoft cotfciBewHocTH h rocyaapcTBa. /I., 1953. JleHHH B. H. Co*f., tt. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 13, 14, 18, 21, 22, 25, 27, 29, 32, 33, 35.. .. JleHHH B. H. 0HAOCO(f)CKKe TerpaAH. JI.f 1947. , KoMMyHHCTHqecKHA HHTepHatiHonaA B AonyMeHTax. PeiueHHH, T e- 3HCbI H B033B3HHH KOHrpecCOA KOMHHTepHa H fl^eHyMOB HKKH (1919—1932 rr. ). M., 1933. Knee B pe30AK»UHHX h pemeHHHX cbe3AOB, KOHAepeHUHfi II rijieHV- MOB UK, K. I. 1953, J IIocTaHOB^eHHe U K KTICC h CoBeTa M hhhctpob CCCP of) opo- uieHHH H ocBoeiiHH ne.THHHbix 3eMe/ib Totioahoh CTenH B y36eKCKOH CCP ?19J56?, 31?1?CaKBofrty' cCTaC.P yBejiHgeiina-n.poH3BOAC.TBa x.nonna.— npKaBAa, 434
%. •__ ■ . . . • FIporpaMMa KofoHHTepHa. M,— JI.,’ 1931. Pe30jnouHH XX c*be3Aa KTICC (14— 25 (^eopaJiH 1956 r.). M., 1956. C t a ji h h H. B. SKOHOMHMecKHe npo6jieMbi couHaJiH3Ma b C CC P. M., 1952. X p y iu e b H. C. OnieTHbift aoKJiaa UeHrpa.ibHoro K omhtot3 KFICC X X .ci>e3fly napTHH. M., 1956. X p y m e B H. C. JloK.iaa »a naeiiyM e UK KFICC 23 (freBpajia 1954 roaa. M., 1954. •. X p y m e B H. C. J I o K J i a a >ia K>6HJieiiHoft ce ccH H B e p x o B i i o r o CoBeTa C C C P , nocBHmeHHbiH 40-neTHio BejiHKoft OKradphCKou co n n a - JIHCTHMeCKOtt^peBOJlIOUHH. M., 1957. X p y m e B H. C. Peqb Ha conemaHHH CTpoHTeaefi.— OpaBaa, 1956, 1 aBrycTa. AeK/iapauHH coBemaHHH npe.acTaBHTe.nefi KOMMyHHCTHMecKHX h pa- COMHX IiapTHA COUHa.aHCTHHeCKHX CTpaH, COCTOHBUiCrOCH b M ockbc 14— 16 H o a C p H 1957 r.— r i p a B a a , 1957, 22 nowCpH. MaiiHc|)ecT MHpa, npHHHTuA aeaeraunaMH KOMMyHHcnmecKiix h pa- 6ohhx napTHH na cobemailhh b M ockbc 16— 19 HoaCpa.— Hpanaa, 1957, 23 n o n 6 p n . OCpameHHe Ka3UHKa ko bccm TpyamnHMca Ka3axcTaHa, ko b c c m ayjibHbiM GarpaKaM, 6eRHfiKam h cepeaHflKaw ot 30 asrycra 1928 r . — HapoaHoe X03HHCTB0, 1928, Me 8. n o 6 e a a B c jih k o A O KTntfpbCKoA cou H aJiH C T H secK ofi p c b o jiio k h h n Ka3axcTane h o < 5 p a3 0 B aH »e Ka3axcKoA A C C P. A .iM a - A T a , 1947. - riocTaHOBJicHHe CHK KACCP o6 ycTaHOB.ieHHH KOHeBbix, noJiyKone- Bbix h oce/w ibix paiiOHOB K a 3 a x c T a H a , ot 30 a B r y c r a 1928 r.— Hapoa- aoe xo3hActbo, 1928, 8. OreHorpacJ)H<iecKHA ot^ct coBemaHHH nepeAOBUKOB xchbothoboactu* c pyKOBOAHTeJTHMH napTHH h npaBHTejibCTBa. M., 1936. ** * A b a h e b B. H. Hctophh apcBnero BoCTona. JI., 1933. A a p n a H o B ~A. B. AApaH b >kh3Hh MHnycHHcxoro miopoaua.— 3anHCKH H P T O no oTaejieHHio .3THorpa<})HH, t . XXXIV. Cn6., 1909. A n e K T o p o B A. OnepKH BHyTpeimeft KHprH3CKoft opaw.— H3bc- cthh OpeHtfyprcxoro OTxesia H PTO , cun. II. Opentfypr, 1893. A f l p y A. <Pejijiaxh ErwnTa. M., 1954. A h h >i k o b H . OnepKH HapoaHofi >KH3HH CcBepnoro TypKecTana. TauiKeHT, 1899. A h y h h k JI. H. K apeBHettinefi h c t o p h h aoMauiHHx j k h b o t h m x b P o c c h h . — T p y a u V I a p x e o j j o r H 'i e c K o r o c i > e 3 a a ' b O a e c c e (1884 r .), t . I. O a e c c a , 1886. • A n n o / i o B a H . I \\ n p a c o e a H H e i i H e K a 3axcTana k P o c c h h . AnMa- Atb, 1948. ‘ A p H C T O B H. A. 3aMeTKH 06 sTHHnecKOM cocTaBe TypeuKHx nae- MeH h HapooHocreft h CBeaeHHH o6 hx micaeHHOCTH.— >KHBaH CTapn- Ha, Bbin. I l l » IV. Cn<5., 1896. B a ji j i k>3 e x JI. HapoaHbie oObinan, HMeBimie, a othbcth h Hbme HMeiomwe, b MaJioft KHprH3CKoft Opae cwjiy 3aKona.— 3anHCKH Open- dyprcKoro O T& H P r O . Ka3anb, 1871. 5 a p T o J H > a B. B. H3 npouijioro, TypoK.— XCypHaa aJJfl bccx, 1917, M°M<> 2, 3> 4. 2S* 435 /
BapTOJi bA B. B. HcTopwn KyjibTypHoii xhshh TypnecTaiia. JI.. 1927. ^ Ba p T OJ i b A B. B. Hctophh TypeuKO-MonrojibCKHX napoaoB. Tam- KeHT, 1928. B a p T OJ i b A B. B. K HCTOpHH opoiueHHJi Typnecrraiia. Cn6., 1914. Ba pTOJi bA B. B. K»prH3W (hctophmcckhA OMepx). <I>pyH3e, 1927. B a p T O J i b A B. B. Mycy.nbMaiicKHH MHp. nr., 1922. B a p T O J i b A B. B. 0 XpHCTnaHCTBC b TypKecraiie b AOMOHrojib- ckhh nepnOA. CnG., 1893. B a p T O J i b A B. B. CkepKH HcTopun CeMHpeMba. <Ppyn3e, 1948. BapTOJi bA B. B. TypKecTau b anoxy MOnroJibCKoro nauiecTBHH. Cn6., 1900. B a x p y u i H H C. B. h T o x a p e B C. A. ^IxytHfl b XVII Bexe (o'lepKH). HnyTCK, 1933. B a Hi a p k h T . n . O naT p H ap xajib H O -< f> eoA ajib iiL ix oTHomeHHnx b flicyTHH KO H ua X V I I I — nepnoM no/ioBHHU XIX uena.— Bonpocw hcto phh, 1955, Jfe 3. B mh y p h h H. 51. (HaKHH(j)) OiincaHHe* HmyHraptw h BocroMHoro TypHCCTana n ApcBHeM h HbineujHeM coctohhhh. Cii6., 1829. B h «i y p h h H. 51. (MaKHHtj)) CoCpaHHe CBeAciimi o napoAax, o6h- TaBiuHX B^CpeAHci! Ashh b ApeBiwe npeMcna, mm. I, II. M.—Jl.— 1952, m. III. M.—Jl., 1953. Eej i HHCKHf t B. P. CoCpamie coMmieiiHfi. Cn6., 1883. Be^f l BCKHf t <I>. HcjiaM h xyjibTypa apa6oB. Cn6., 1913. 5 e iii ) k e b h <i B. 51. >Khbothoboactbo b TypraftcKoft otfjiacTH h ero 3KO»ioMH«iecKoe h xo3HHcmeHHoe 3iraMeiiHe a -ih HacejieiiHH.— Tpy- au Typraftcxoro o6/racTHoro 3eMejibHoro KOMHTeia, Bbin. 3. Open- Cypr, 1918. B e p r JI. C. PbiGbi ii puGojjobctbo b ycrbe Cbip-JlapbH h Apa.ib- ckom Mope.— TpyAbi HMiiepatopcKoro oGmecTBa cynoxoACTBa, m. II, sun. I. CriG., 1900. Be pnaj i Jl, >k. Hayna n hctophh oGmecTBa. M., 1956. B o r o j i i o 6 cKHf i C. 51- AjiexcaHAp AjieKcaHapOBHM Bpaynep (K BOCbMHAeCHTHJieTHIO CO RUfI p0)KA6HHH). B KH.: FIpoGjIGMW IipoHC- XOJKACHHJJ, 3BOJIIOHHH H n0p0A006pa30B3HHH AOM3UJHHX JKHBOTHIJX, r. 1. M.—JI., 1940. Bpo Ai i e B M. M. Or poAOBoro crposi k connajiH3My (no MaTe- pnaaaM 5lMajio-Henem<oro naunonajibHoro oKpyra).— CoBeTCKan stho- rpa(|)HH, 1950, 1. Bp o He BCKHf l C. B. 3amicKH o KHprH3-K3HcaKax CpeAHeft op- AH.-—OTeMecTBeHHbie 3amicKH, m. 43. Cn6., 1830. Ba a Hx a HOB M. M. riojiHoe coGpanne comhhgiimh.— 3amiCKH HPrO no OTAejienHio 3THorpacJ)HH, t . XXIX. CnG., 1904. B a ji h x a h o b H. H. CTaibH. nepermcKa. Ajma-Aia, 1947. Ba Ab K. C. K HCTOPHH 3KOHOMHMGCKHX OTHOUlCHHfl y KHprH3.— HayMHoe otfo3peHHe, 1901, Ki 1. B a c H A b e n A. .B. McTOpHnecKHii onepK pyccxoro o6pa30BaHH« b TypraficKoti oGjihcth h coBpeMGHHoe ero cocTonmie, Open6ypr, 1896. B a c o b e B B. A. CeMHpeqeHCKaa oGjiacTb nan KOJiomin h pojib b Heft MywcKoft AOJiHHbi. Hr., 1915. B a c H A b e B H h k o ji a ft. KoMeBHHKH T ypnecTaHa (onbiT skohomh- MecKoro o63opa). CaMapxaHA, 1890. B e ht E. ApaBHH. M., 1930. 436
B e j i b H M H H O B ' 3 e p H O B B. B. HccAeAOBaHHH o KacHMOBCKHx uap«x h uapeBHMax, mm. I— IV. Cn6., 1864. B C J l b 5 1 MH H O B ‘ 3 e p i I OB B. B. HcTOpHMeCKHe H3BCCTHB O KHp- rH3'KaHcaKax h otHouieHHgx P occhh co CpeAiieio A3Hck>, co BpexieHH KOHMHHbi A 6y.i-Xaftp-xaHa (1748— 1765 r r .)t t . I. Y(J)a, 1853. B c c c .t o b c k h h H. W. HecnoAbKo noflcHCHHH xacaTejibiio ap-ibi- kob, AaHHbix xahamh 3oaotoh opAU pyccnoMy AyxoBCHCTBy.— 3anuc- kh 3THorpa4>HH, t . XXXIV. Cn6., 1909. B h ji b h m c B. P. OcHOBbi M., 1947. B h n n e p P. IO. Hctodhji cpeAHHX bckob. Al., 1947. B i i t c b c k h m B.- H. H. H. HeriAfoeB h OpenOyprcKHft Kpafi b npe>KiieM ero cocTaBc ao 1758 r., t . I I I . K a 3aHb, 1897. B .1 a a h m h p c k h ft B. A. K Bonpocy o nepexo^e KnprH3 n oceji- jioe cocToaHwe. B kh.: Otmgt H P T O 3a 1901 roA. Cn6., 1902. B a a a h m h p u c b B. H . OCmecTBeunbiH cTpoii MonroAOB ( moh- rO.lbCKHli KOHCBOM (j)COAaJIH3M). JI., 1934. B p a H r c j i b <3>. n. FlyTemecTBHe iio ceBcpubiM OeperaM CuCnpH ji no JleAOBHTOMy Mopio. M., 1948. B h t k h i i M . II. Barbip CpbiM. M .— JI., 1947. B jI T K H H M. n. OMCpKH no HCTOpHH Ka3CCP, t. I. JI., 1941. B h t k h h M. FI. rioAHTHqecKHH Kpri3MC h xo3Ai(CTBeHHbrn ynaAOK b MaAofi op^e b koHixe X V III — nan. X I X bb. BneAenHe. B kh.: M a r e - pna.ibi no HCTopHH Ka3CCP, t. IV7. M .— JI., 1940. JX a Ji b B. M. MaffHa, Bhkch ii Mayjuina. Com., t. VI I . M ., Cn6., 1898. r a n A y K e c u M B. <t>. HcTopnn aHTHMiiux ropoAOB CoBepnoro npHMepiioMOpbn. B kh.: AnTHMUbie ropoAa Cenepnoro FIpHMcpiioMopbJi. M .~JI., 1955. J I a M a T a .1 c a ii • T o m 6 o e b. O ApenHHX MOHro/ibCKHX o6bi«iaax h cyecepiinx, omicaHUbix y U jiaiio KapnHHH.— TpyAU BocTOMnoro ota. HMnep. apxeoAor. o6-na, m. 4. Cn6 ., 1859. f e f l e p H . H. B ycTbe CbiprJ^apbH. C<5. Marepna.ion aah craTH- cthkh Cwp-JlapbHHCKOH oCAacTH, t . VI I . TaujKeiiT, 1899. f e n e p H. H. Tojioa h KoAOHH3amiH b Cbip-jlapbHHCKofi o 6-iacTH. C6. MaTepnaAOB aah ct3thcthkh Cbip-JXapbHHCKoft oC/iacTR, t . III. TaniKeiiT, 1894. r e f i l l h c A. K. KHprn3CKne onepKH.— Boemibiii cCopiuiK, 1866, X® 6. r e o p m M. T. OnHcauHe Bcex oBHraiomHx b Pocchhckom rocy- AapcTBe napoAOB, m. II. Cn6., 1799. F e p 6 c p in r e fi h C., 5 a p o h. 3an>iCK;i o mockobckhx ACJiax (nepeBOA MajieHHa). Cn6., 1908. T o jj o m e k h h 0 . H. riapTHfinoe CTponie/ibCTBo n Ka3axcrane. M., A/iMa-ATa, 1930. r o j i y C o B C K H f i n. ncMenerw, ropKH h nonoBUbi ao naiiiccTBita TaTap. H ctophji lojKHO-pyccKHx CTenefi I X — XI I I bb. Kneu, 1884. F OJ I b MCT e H B. Bo3HHKHOBCHHe CKOTOBOACTB2 B BOCTOMHOM EnmTe. B kh.: ripoO/ieMbi nponcxo>KAeHHH sboaioixhh h nopoAooOpa- 30BaHHH AOMaiUHHX >KHBOTHUX, T. I. M .-- JI., 1940. r o h t a p e b A. O. Ormcamie ccTecTBeHHOHCTOpHMecKwx vcaobhii 3anaAHoro paftona AKTK><5HHCKoro y'e3Aa.— riepBOH BypTHijcKofi, Mack- cKoii, Ty3Tio6nHCKoii u XoOAimcKoii BOAOCTefi. B kh.: OiepKH ecTecT- BeHHOHCTOpHMeCKHX yCAOBUfl no BOAOCTHM AKTJ06HlICK0r0 ye3Aa. OpeH- 6ypr, J915. 437
r o p a o h JT. P. ArpapHbic oTiioiueHHH b cenepHO'3anaA«oft npo* BMHU.HH Mhahh (1914—1917 it.), AV, 1953. T p e KOB B. A. h 5l Ky 6o BCKHf t A. JO. 3ojioTaa opaa h ee naaeime. M.— JI., 1950. *• Tpe KOB B. XI.. KneBCKan Pycfe. M., 1949. AOB/KCI I OK B. M. K HCTOpHH 3eMJieAeJIHH y BOCTO'IHTJX CJiaBHH b 1 Twcfl«iejieTHH h. s. h b aitoxy KHGBCKoft Pycw. B kh.: MaTepnajiu no hctophh 3eMAeACAHn CCCP, c6. I. M., 1952. 1' p h r o p b e b B. B. O ckh<|)ckom Hapo'Ac canax.— Tpyau boctoh- Horo otacachhh HMii. pyccKoro apxeojiorH^ecKoro o^mecTBa, h. 16. Cn<S., 1872. . T p H r o p b e a B. B. IlncbMa ’ H3 3aypa^bcKoft CTenn.— XLef,b* 1862, 1 CCHTHtfpJl. f p o j i e K O B H. H. KnprH3bi h KapaKHprH3Li Cup-AapbHncKOH OC.’iaCTH, T. I. lOpHAHMCCKHH 6bIT. TaLUKCHT, 1889. r y p b h 'i H. C. ConnaAHCTH'iccKoe nepeycTpoflcTBo xo3flftcTBa h Cbira sncyroB <5accefina OaeHeKa h AnaCapu.— CoBeTCKan 9THorpa<i>Hfl, 1950, Aft 1. -- / I a y a 6 a e B B. Paccxa3 o jkh3Hh KHprH3 HHKoaacBCKoro ye3Aa TypraficKofi o6 ji3cth c 1830 no 1880 toa — 3anHCKH OpeHtfyprcKoro OTAe/ia HPTO, buix. IV. Opendvpr, 1881. ’* JLi i s ae B A. ATKaMHapbi (crpaiinna H3 xkh3hh KHpr«3). C6 . Ma- Tepna.ioB a /ih CTaTMCTHKH Cwp-AapbHHcKoft o(5;iacTrf, t . III. TaumeHT, *1894. XL Hb a e a A . W3 06/iacTH K nprH 3CKoro CKOTOBOA'iecKoro x o 3 flfic T - Ba.— TypnecTaHCKHe BeAOMOcTif; 1904, N2 102, 1905, Afe 4. JX HB a O B A. HecKO.'IbKO C.IOB O O-narOCOCTOflHHH HaillBX KHpTH3.— OKpaHHa, 1894, J'te 65. XL>k a m 6 y ji Xl x o Ca e B. CoCpanne cohhhchhhi. AaMa-Aia, 1946. JLo6 p o c Mb i c j i o B A. H. TopoAa Cwp-XlapbUHCKofi oG.iacTH. TauiKCHT, 1912. H o f i p o c M b i c j i O B A. H. MaTepnajiu no hctophh Pocchh. C6op- -hhk yna30B h ApyrHx AOKyvieHTOB, kacaioiuHXCH ynpaB.no.HHH h ycTpon- CTBa OpenCyprCKoro npan, 1734, t. I. OpcH(5ypr, 1900. A 0 6 p o c m bi c ji 0 b A. H. Ckotoboactbo b TyprancKofi 06/iacTH. OpeH6ypr, 1895. Xp a KHH JI. H., U h h ko b M. IO. h B e r y i e B A. 17. yBe^HHHTb IIpOH3BOACTBO npOAyKTOB JKHBOTHOBOACTBa. M., 1956. A p y BHAb r o c nap. nyTeuiecTBHe b riepcwio b 1812 h 1813 ro- Aax, q. II. M., 1826. ’ E>KeroAHHK TypKecTaiccKoro craTHCTHMecKoro KOMHTeia, Bwn. IV. Cn6., 1876. . E/ i Hc e e B A. 06HTaTe;w KawenHCTOH ApaBHH. Cn6., 1883. )K o 3y a XLe K a c t p o. reorpacjwn rojioAa.-M., 1954. >KypHa^ BeAeHiibift npH o(5o3peHHH nacTH KHprH3CKOft crenn b yne- HOM OTHOUieHHH THTyjIHpHbIM COBeTHHKOM Ka'peAHHbIM B 1831 IV— H3BecTH« H P rO . 1890, t . 25. >KypHa^ coBemaHHH o 3eMaeycTpoflcTBe KHprH3. Cn<5., 1907. 3 a b a a h lji h h H. OriHcaHHC 3anaAHoA C h6hph. ML, 1862. KHprH33aCBK3aH/iCHTieinjbH. HM.H, . OnHcaHHe 3anaAHon Ch6hph, t. III. ChGhpcko- 1867. n 3 a r p « > K C K H A T\\ C. Bwt KoneBoro HacejieHHH aoahh My h Cbip-,uapbH.— TypnecraHCKHC bcaomocth, 1874, Aft 27 3anncKH HPrO, kh. 4. Cii6., 1861. 438
3eMJieAe.nbMecKHA *ypHaJi, H3^aBaeMbift HMnep. M ockobck. o6me- ctbom cejibCKoro X03HActb3, t. X IX . M., 18^7. 3 h 6 e p H . H. OiepkH nepBoObmioft 3kohomhwcckoh Ky.ibTypw. M , 1937. .... 3 h m a h o b C. h E p € h o b A. O xapaKTepe $eo£a;ibHOH c o 6 c t - BeiiHocTU Ha 3eMjno b Ra3axcTaHe.— TpyAw AjiMa-ATHiicKoro . iopH- zumecKoro HHCTHTyTa, t. I. A-iMa-Ara, 1955. 3 ; i a T K H H H. fl. K Bonpocy • o cymHocTH naTpuapxaAbHo-cfceo- AajibHux OTHbmeHHft y KOneBwx uapoAOB.— Bonpocw hctophh, 1955, Ns 4. 3 n a t k h ii H. fl. MoHroAbcKan HapOAnaa PecnyOaHKa — cTpaHa HOBO# Ae.MOKpaTHH. M.—JI., 1950. , 3 / i a T K H l l ‘ H. %. O 4>eOAa^bHOft 3CMeJIbH0H C06cTBeHHOCTH y KoqeBbix HapoAOB. CrenorpaMMa AOKJiafca, npoaHTaHHoro b H jicth- r y r e boctokobcabhhh, AH CCCP 22/XII— 1952. r. 3 o 6 h h h 0 . K Bonpocy o HCBOAbHHKax h TKVieNryTax b KHprua- CKofi cTenn. B kh.: naMHTHan khhjkk3 CeMHna.iaTHHCKofi o6jiacTH Ha 1902 roA. OeMHnaJiaTHHCK, 1902. 3 o A O T a p e B a A. M. h J l e B h h M . r. K Bonpocy o apcbhocth H npOHCXOJKA^HHH OAeHGBOACTBa. B KH.: npofoeMhl npOHCXO>KACHHJI, 3BOAIOUHH H ITOpOAOo6pa30BaHHH AOMaiUHHX JKHBOTHbIX, T. I. M .-- JI., 1940. H b a h o b n. B. Bcp6/noAOBOACTBo. AjiMa-Aia, 1934. H b a ii o b 17. B. Bep6.uoa h ero H3yqeHHe. K3biA-OpAa, 1926. M b s h o b n . B. Jl myr 1927— 28 r. b Cwp-JIapbuncKoH ry6ep- hhh.— TpyAHi o6mecTBa H3yneHHH K a 3axcTana, t . X. AaMa-ATa, 1929. M b a h o b n . n. OqepKH hctophh KapanajinaKOB. M a r e p u a jib i no hctophh KapaKaanaKOB.— TpyAbi HHCTHTyTa boctokobcaciihh, t . V II. M.— JI., 1935. HHAeAubi A mcphkh. 3THorpa<}>H‘iecKHft c6ophhk. M., 1955. H ctophh rocyAapcTBa h npaBa Ka3axcTaHa, m. I. flpocncKT, Ajiwa- At3, 1954. H ctophh MoHro.ibcKofi HapoAHOft Pecny6AHKH. M., 1954. K a * a ft ob H. CeJibCKoe xo3hhctbo TypnecTaHa. B kh.: THnw X03HHCTB3 TypnecTana. TauiKeHT, 1924. K a p a B a e B B. O. ro-noAHaH CTenb b ee npouiAOM h HacTOH- meM. n r., 1914. K a p a M 3 HH H . M . Hctophh rocyA sp cT B a PoccH&cKoro, t t . Ill, IV, X. M ., 1903. K a p y t u P. CpeAH KHprH30B h TypKMCH Ha MaurbiiusiaKe. Cn6., 1910. . s K a c T a n b e H. A. ZIp^bhocth KHprH3CKoft CTenn h Opentfypr- cKoro Kpan. Open6ypr, 1910. M a p k n o p u H f t K a t o h. 3eMAeAeAHe. riepeBOA h KOMMeHTa- pHH M . E. CepreeHKo. M.— JI., 1950. K a y c f j M a H A. A. Pyccxan o 6mnna b npouecce ee 3apo>KAeHHH h pocTa. Cn(5., 1908. - x K a y <)) m a h A. A. K Bonpocy o pyccnoA Ko;ioHH3auHH TypxecTaH- CKoro. Kpan. Cn6., 1903. K a H H H C K H H H. A. npOHCXO>KAeHHe H JKH3Hb nOHBbl. M., 1948. K a m e H K o H. O. Pa3BHTHe qeAOBeqecKoro rocnoACTBa u a n op- raHH30BaHHO^ npHpoAoft. B kh.: .Haym ibie ouepKH T omckoto Kpaa. C6. ny^AHqHbix'AeKUKH. Tomck, 1898. K H c e A e s C. B. JIpeBHHH hctophh IO>khoh Ch6hph. M ., 1951# 439
K h c j\\o b e k h fi R . A. MaTepwaJiu k nocTpoenwio TeopHH njicMen- Hoft paCoTbi (anaJiH3 ruieM6HHOM patfoTbi b yopOAe Redpool). B kh.: ripoOaeMbi npoHcxo>KAeHKn, 3bo.ik>uhh h nopoAOo6pa30BanwH AOMaui- HHX JKHBOTHbIX, T. I. M.—J1-, 1940. K Jill MO B H M• J1 lO u Ha H. ripOHCXO>K^GHHe HCJiaMa. B KH.' Mc.iau, M., 1931. KOvTMOrOpOB T. 0 npOMblUI/ieHHOCTH H TOprOB/ie B KlfprH3CKHX CTenax CnOwpcKoro Be^owcTBa.— BeCTHHK HPTO, own. I. Cn6.t 1855. Ko.qOHH3aiiHfl Cn6npH B CB5I3H C o6mHM IlCpeCCJICHMCCKHM BOHpO- com. Ibfl. KaimejinpHH KoMHTCTa Mhiihctpob. Cn6., 1900. K o h u i h h H. SeM-icae.iHe h x/ie6Hasi npon3BOAHTejibHOCTb CeMH- naaaTHHCKoft oCJjiacTH. B kh.: riaMsiTHaH khhjkkh CeMHna.iaTHHCKoft o6aacTH iia 1898 r. CeMnna-naTHHCK, 1898. K o h u i h h H. K -Bonpocy o nepexoAe KHprH3 CeMHira/iaTHH* CKofi oC.iacTH b ocea.ioc coctchhho. B kh.: nawaTHaa KHHWKa Ccmh- naaaxHHCKOH oC/iacTH na 1898 r. CcMnnajiaTHHCK, 1898. K oi i luhh H. MaTepna/ibi a.™ hctophh CTennoro npan (oTKpuTHe Aary3CKoro onpyra). B kh.: naMnTHau KHH>KKa CeMHna.’taTHiicKofi o6-iacTH na 1900 r., Bbin. II. CeMnna.iaxHHCK, 1900. K o h u i h h H. OiepKH 3KOHOMHHecKoro 6bna KHpr«3 CeMHiia* •laTHiicKOH oO.aacTK. B kh.: riaMHTHaH .. KHn>KKa CeMvinajiaTHHCKovi 06/iacTH na 1901 r., Bbin. V. CeMHnaJiaTHiicK, 1901. K o h u i h h H. n o ycrb-KaMGHoropcKOMy ye3^y (nyTeBwe 3aweT- kh). B kh.: riaMnniaH KiiH>KKa CeMH/iajiaTHHCKOH o6j\\acTH Ha 1899 r. CeMHnajiaTHHcic, 1899. K o n a h e b A. M. Hctophh seM^eBJia^einiH Beji03cpcKoro Kpax XV—XVI bb. M.— JI., 1951. K o p He c B A. K hctophh aeMJie^e^iHH b P occhh.— Bonpocbi sko- homhh, 1949, JM1* 7. K o CMI I HCK Hf i E. A. Hctophh CpC/lHHX BCKOB, T. I. M., 1952. K oc TRHKOB K- MCTOpHHeCKHC H CTaTHCTH'ieCKHe CBCACIIHH o KajiMMKax, KOMyioujiHx b AcxpaxaiicKOM ryCcpHHH. Cn6., 1870. K o c T e H K O B K- HcTopHMecKHii onepx nponcxo>KACHHfl Ka/!Mi>m- Koro Hapoaa h otuouighhc k ne>,iy pyccnoro npaBHTe/ibCTBa. Cn6., 1870. K o c t g h k o JI. <I>. Cpe^HHH A3hh h BOABopenne b hch pyccKofi rpa>K7.aHcTBeHHOCTii. Cn6., 1870. K o c t g h k o JI. <P. TypKecTaHCKHfi Kpafi. MaTcpna/ibi ajih reo- rpacJuiH h cTaTHCTHKH P occhh, t. III. CriO., 1880. KpaHHX(|)e/ib/t B. 17. CTennoe khprif3CKoe xoshhctbo b y paabcKoM ye3Ae. B kh.: naMHTnaa KHH>KKa h aApec-KaaeHAapi> ypa.ibCKOH oO/iacxH Ha 1898 r. Capa'TOB, 1898. K p a c o B C K H f t M. Maiepna^w reorpa(f)HH h CTaTHCTHKH Pocchh, coOpaiiHbie ocJ)HuepaMH reHepaabHoro uiTa6a. 06aacTb cn6np* ckhx KHprH30B, »m. I, II, III. Cn<5., 1868. Kpai j j x H. H. H3 KHprH3CKovi cTapmibi (yHH«iTO>KeHHe paCcTBa Kiipni3CKOH crenH ),— TypraficKHe oOviacTHbie bcaomocth, 1899, m * 50, 51. K p a <J>t H . H . H3 KHprn3CKon CTapHHbi (cyjiTanu, TapXaHbl H 6hh). OpeHfrypr, 1900. Kpa4>T H. H. K Bonpocy o TejiecnoM HaKa3aHHu.— TypraficKHe o6aacTHbie bgaomocth, 1899, 40. Kpa 4>T H . H . COopHHK y3aKOHeHHft o KHprH3ax cTenHwx o6.na- CTefi. OpeHOypr, 1898. Ky A p n ^ J OB K. B. no/ioBeuKan CTenb. M ., 1948. 440
K v a b t e ji c e b T. M. yroAOBiioe oGbimioe npano Ka3axoB. A jim s* At3, 1955. K y u a i i C a e B A 6 a h. OrHxoTBopeiinji, nodMU, npo3a. M., 1954. K y m k h h A . n . JlHKBHjxauH?! K3 3 axcKHx 6aeB-no.iy<|>eoAa.?ioB b 1926 r.— HcTopnwccKHe 3anncKH, 1950, Ns 35. Jl C B III H H A . OllHCaHHe K H p r H 3 - K a f t c a K C K H X HAH K H p r H3 - K a 3 a « l b H X opA h cTeneii, «m. 1,2, 3. C6n., 1832. J l e o H T O B H M O. H. Ka.nMbiiiKoc npap.o, «i. I. O^ecca, 1880. JT h 6 e p a ji o b 1*1. Jl. K HCTOpHH 3eMAe,neAHH y ckh<£ckhx n.ieMeif noAAnenpoBbJi anoxn paiinero JKe.icaa b V I — II bb. ao Hauieii 3pu. B kh.: MarcpHa/ibi no hctophh 3eMAe,aejiHH CCCP, c6. I. M., 1952. JX a B H Jl JI HBUHT CT OH. flyTeilieCTBlin H HCCACAOBaHHJI B IO>K- noft A$pHKe c 1840 no 1855 rr. M., 1955. Jl h n ii c p t fO. McropHji KVAhTypu. C n 6 ., 1899. JI o 6 bi c e b k n <1>. M. HocTyiiaTe.ribHoe ABHJKeitHe b CpCA” K>io A3HIO B TOprOBOM H AWn.TOMaTH^eCKH-BOeHHOM OTHOIUeilHJJX. Cn6 ., 1900. J l i O K c e M f i y p r P o 3 a. BBOACHHe b noAHTM'iecKyio sko hom hio. M.— JI., 1929. JI ji m e ii k o FI. II. HcTopHJi napoAnoro xo3HHCTBa CCCP, t . I. M., 1947. M a b p o a n h B. B. K oonpocy 06 «aH Tax» n cobaomabpnk hh.— CoBCTCKaji STiiorpac^HJi, 1954, Ns 2. M a n p o a h h B. B. 06pa30naiiHe CAHiioro pyccxoro roc\\'AapCT- Ba. JI., 1951. M a k o b e u k in'i H. KnprH3CKiie CTcnn A kmoahhckoh ofiAacTii.— 3anHCKti 3anaAHo-Cn6. ota. MPTO, kh. X V , Bbin. III. Omck, 1893. M a K C H M O B A. H. Ckotoboactbo ’ MaAOKy.iferypHbix HapoAOB.— y»ieHbie 3anHCKH HucniTyTa hctophh Poc. accou. HaynHo-uccAeAOB. iih - cTHTyTOB o 6 mecTBeHHi>ix iiayx, t. II. M., 1927. M a K U i c c B A. H. Teorpa^HwecKHe cBeACHiui khutii Bo.nbinoro wepTe>Ka o KHprii3CKHx ctciihx b TypKecraHCKOM Kpac.— 3anncKii H P fO no OTACJieHHio 3THorpa4>HH, t . V I. Cn6 ., 1880. • M a k m e e b A. H. HecKOAbKo 3aMenaiiHH o iiyreuiecTBHH H>kch- KHHcona b XnBy n 1559 roAy.— 3anncKH M P r O no otacachhio sth o - rpa(|)HH, t . V I. Cn6 ., 1880. M a J i HHOB C K HH H. A. HaqaJihtia ji cTpanHiia hctophh cMepTHOii K33HU. (KpOBaBax mecTb).— 3anwcKH H P T O no oTAeAemno STiiorpa- 4>HH, t . X X IV . Cn6 ., 1909. M a e n H . OqcpK ncropiiH KHpruacKoro iiapoAa c 1732 no 1866 rr.— E>KeroAHHK TypneciaHCK. ctht. KOMHTeTa, nwri. II. Cn6 ., 1873. MaTCpHanbi aaji oCcv>kachhh. OuepKH H3 hctophh TypnecTancKoro HapoAa h TypKMenHCTaHa b V I I I — X I X b b ., noA p%A. A. IO. $Ikv6 obcko- ro. Anixa6 aA, 1954. MaTepHa.abi komhcchh 3KcneAHunomibix HccAeAOBaHiifi, Bbin. 13, cepuji Ka3axcTancKaJi. Oco6chiiocth ccAbCKoro X03JiHCTBa AAaCBCKoro ye3Aa. JI., 1928. MaTeptfaAbi komhcchh 3KcneAHUHoiiiibix HCc.neAOBaHHH. K a 3axn. Bun. 15. JT., 1930. MaTcpHAbi no hctophh aeMAeAeAHJi C C C P , C6. I. M.— JI., 1952. MaTepHaAbi no hctophh KapaKajmaKOB.— TpyAbi MHCTirryTa bocto- KOBeACHHJi, T. V II.. M.— JI., 1935. MaTepnajibi no hctophh Ka3axcKOii C C P, T. II, m. 2 (1741 — 1751 rr.). AAMa-ATa, 1948. 441
MaTepwaJibi no HCTopHH Ka3axcKoft CCP (1785—1828 jrr.j, t. IV, M J I . , 1940. MaTepwajibi no -HcropiiH TypKMeH h TypKwcHHH. HpaHCKHe, Byxap- CXIIC H XlfBHHCKHC MCTOHHHKH XVI—XIX BB., T. II, — TpyAH HllCTJt- T>'Ta BOCTOKOBe^eHHH, T. VIII, M.—JI., 1938. Maiepnajibi no Ka3axcK0My oCbiMHOMy npaBy, c<5., q. T AaMa-ATa, 1948. • MaTepna^bi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM.ienojib3oBaHHio, coGpanHue h pa3pa6oTaunbie cTaTHCTHqgcKOH napTnefl TypraiicKo-ypaJibcKoro nepe- ce.ieimecKoro pafioHa. Ypa/ibCKHn ye3A. OpeHOypr, 1909. AlaTcpna/ibi no KHprH3CKOMy 3CMJieno/ib30BaHHio, coSpamiwe h pa3* pa6oTaHHhie cTaTHCTwqecKoft napTHefi TypraficKo-ypaabCKoro nepece- .neHqecKoro pawona. TeMHpcKHft ye3A. OpeH6ypr, 1910. MaTcpna^bi ijo Knprn3CKOMy 3CMJicHOJib30BaHHio, co(5painiue h paa- pa6oTa»Hbic BKcncAHUHefi <I>. A. LUepOnHhi, t. I. BopoHew, 1898; t. II, BopoHe>K, 1902; t. III. Cn<5., 1907; *i. 2, MepHHrOB, 1909; t , IV, BopoHe>K, 1903; t . V, Bopone^, 1903; t . VI. Cn6., 1905; t. VII, Bo* poHeiK, 1903; t .. V III. Cn6., 1909; t. IX. Cn<5,- 1905; t. X. Cn6., 1909, t. XI. Omck, 1902; t. XII, Cn<5., 1908; t . X III..Cn6., 1906. MaTepna/rbi no hctophh TaTapun, B u n . I. R a 3anb, 1948. MaTepna^bi no o6cjieAOBaHHK> Ty3eMHoro h pyccnoro crrapo>KHAbne- CKOrO X03HHCTB3 H 3eMJieno;ib30BaHHH B CeMHpeMeHCKOfi 0()/iaCTH, co- 6paHHbie h pa3pa60TaHHbie iioa pyKOBOACTBOM fl. n. PyMHHiieBa. Jlen- chhckiih ye3A, t : I, Bbin. I. KHprH3cnoe xo3hActbo. Cn6., 19il; Kanajib- ckhh ye3A, t . II, KwprH3CKoe xo3bActjbo. Cn6., 1913; JJwapKeiiTCKHH ye3A. t. Ill, KnprH3CKoe xo3aflCTBO. Cn6., 1912; BepHeHCKHH ye3A, t. IV, KHprw3CKoe xo3HftcTBo..-Cn6., 1913. MaTepHa^ibi no KHprH3CkoMy 3eMJieno;ib30BaHHio Cbip-AapbHHCKoft 06/iacTH, coCpaHBbie h pa3pa6oTaHHwe hoa pyKOBOACTBONC.FI. A. CKpwn- aeoa a 1906— 1912 rr., t. 1, TauiKCHT, 1903; t. II, TauiKeHT, 1910; t. Ill, TaujKeHT, 1911; t. IV, TauiKeHT, 1912; t. V, TauiKeHT, 1913. MaTepHaaw HayqHoft ceccHH, nocDHtncHHofi hctophh CpeAHefi A3hh h Ka3axcTana b AOOKTa6pbcKHfi nepnoA. TauiKeHT, 1955. M o h t e c k b e HI. H36paHHbie npoH3BeueHHsi. M., 1955. Meft.ep JI. KHprH3CKaa cienb OpeHOyprcKoro BeAOMCTBa. Cn6., 1865. Mh q y p h h H. B. Coq., t. IV, 1948. 1886.H a a H B K H H B. KpaTKan hctophh KoxaHACKoro xancTBa. Ka3aH&, HapoAU A(J>pHKH. M., 1954. H e c T e p u y n cj>. ft. Boflnoe .xo3hActbo KHTan. C6. H3 hctophh Hayxn h TexHHKH Khtsh. M., 1955. H e y c w x H H A. H.^K Bonpocy o nepBOM 3Tane bo3hhkhob0hhh <I>eoAaabHo-3aBHcHMoro KpecTbHHCTBa Kan Kaacca. Cfi. CpeAHHe neKa, Bbin. VI. M., 1955, V > •**. r H e y CM X HII A. H. PdJIb 3eMJieAe/IHH B X03HHCTBeHHOft 3KH3HH APCBHHX repManueB.— yqenbie sanHCKH HHCTHTyTa hctophh Poc. accou. HayqHo-HccaeAOB. hhcthtytob o6mecTBeHHbix HayK, t . II. M., 1927. H e y c bi x h h A. H. CxpyKTypa oCiuhhw b lOttHofi h IOro-3anaA* Hoft TepMaHHH' b V III—XI BeKax. C 6 ., CpeAHHe sexa, buo. IV. M., 1953. H h k y a b in h h H. n. riepB06biTHbie npoH3BOACTBeHHhie o6i>eAH- XIOilHH H COUHaJIHCTHMCCKOe CTpoHTeJIbCTBO y SBeHKOB. JI., 1939. 442
0 6 p y q e D B. A. Ot K hxtw ao KyjibA>KH. riyTeiyecTBHe b Lien* Tpa/ibHyio A 3hk> h KHTaft. M., 1956. O r a i i O B C K H i i H. KpaTKHtt HCTopHuecKHft oqepK nepeceAeimecKO- ro AeAa b P occhh. 13 kh.: naMHTHan KHH>KKa h aApec-KaACHAapb ypaAbCKoii o 6 jia c r u ha 1900 roA. ypaAbcx, 1900. O r a H O B C K H H H. OqepK pa3BHTHH TOprOBAH, H npOMblTIIACH- hocth. B k h .: naMATiiaH KHH>KKa h \"aApcc-KajieHAapb VpaAbcKOH o6aa- cth Ha 1899 r. CapaTOB, 1899. O p j i o p A. C. ,Ka3axcKHrt repoHqecKHH anoc. M.— JI., 1945.. O c t a (J) b e b B. Ko.ioiiH3auHH CTcnubix oOjiacTcii. B kh.: n a M bt- Haa KHHjKKa CeMHriaAaTHHCKoft o6 a 3 Ct h , Bbin. V. CeMHnajiaTHHCK, 1901. O c t p o b c k h h O. B. KHprH3bi-3 eMJieAeAbixi>i.— TypnecTaHCKHe Be- AOMOcth, 1897, 25 Hoa6pa. OiepK HCTopHH CCCP, IX— X V b b ., I. M., 1953. OiepK KHprH3CKH.x creneft b BeTepHHapno-caiiHTapHOM OTHomeHHH. Cn6., 1890. OiepK pa6oT TypraftcKo-ypanbCKOH nepece.ieHMCCKOH opraHH3anHH. OpenGypr, 1890, n a ji b m o b, npo(J). OqepKH hctoph h KaaMbiuKoro napoAa 3a BpeMH ero npeGbiBaHHJi b npcAe-iax P occhh. AcTpaxaiib, 1922. l l a B A O B H. McTopHH TypKecTana b cbh3h c KpaTKHM hctoph- MCCKHM OHepKOM COnpCACAbHblX CTpaH. TauiKeHT, 1910. n a b a y ui k o b a M. A. KpecTbJiHCKan oOmuHa b BenrpHH b - X I— X III Bexax. C 6. CpeAHHe BCKa, Bbin. V I. M., 1955. ' r i a ^ e n K. K. nepeceAeHMecKoe agao b JypKweHCKOM npae ( ot- qeT no peBH3HH TypnecTancKoro Kpaa). C n6., 1910. n a a a a c n . C. nyTeuiecTBfie no pa3iibi\\i npoBHiiunnst P occhAckoh HMliepHH, t t . I, .II. Cn6., 1773. I l e B u o f i - M. B. riyTeiiiccTBHH no Kwraio h MoHroAHH. M., 1951. n e k a p c k h h 3. K. Ha npeAaHHft o xch3Hh hkytob ao BCTpeHH HX C pyCCKHMH.— 3aHHCKH H PT O no OTAe-neHHIO 3THOrpac})HH, T. X X X IV . Cn6 ., 1909. n e P 111 H H n . H. nepeneKTHBbI pa3BHTHJI KOAX03HOro npOH3BOACT- Ba tora ynpawiiCKOH CCP. KneB, 1952. PI C T T H B H A b B M. 3K0!(0MHqeCKHe H CTaTHCTHMeCKHe padOTbl. M., 1940. IlcpeceAeH^ecKoe ynpaBAemie TAaBiioro ynpaBAenwa 3CMAeycTpofi- CTBa H 3CMACAOAffn. OTBOJl HaAeSlOB ncpeXOAHW HM K OCeAAOCTH KHprH- 3aM h hx nepeceAem ie b CKOTOBOA'iecKHe paftoubr. Cn6 ., 1911. . I l H c a p e D J I . H. H36pa»Hbie 4>HAOco(J)CKHe h o6uiecTBeHHo-noAH- THqecKHe craTbH. JI., 1949. I l H C T O A e H K O B. H3 npouiAoro OpeHdyprcKoro xpan. MnaAOB, 1939. r i j i e x a H O B T. B. HcxyccTBo h AHTopaTypa. M., 1948. I l j i e x a t t o B r . B . CoiwasiH3M h noAHTHHecKan GopbGa. Hauin pa3HorAacHH. JI., *1939. rioAHoe coGpaiine 3aKOHOB PoccHiicKoro HMnepwH, t . XXVI, Ns 19773. Cn6., 1801. I l o / i H H C K H f l d>. H- 3 kohom HnecKaji hctophh 3apy6e>KHbix CTpaH. 3 n oxa <J)eoAaAH3.\\ia. M., 1954. n o t a h h h T. H. BHorpacfiMnecKHe cbcaghhh o MoxaHe BaAHxa- HOBe.— 3anncKH H P r O no otagachhio 3THorpa({)HH, t. XXI X. Cn6 ., 1904. f l o t a ii h h T. H. flyTeiiiecTBHJi no M ohtoahh. M., 1948. 443
n ot a h h h T. H. TaHryTCK0-TH6eTCKa« onpaHHa KHTaft h UeH- Tpa.ibHan Mohtojihh. M., 1950. r i o i a n o B Jl. M. 0 cymHOCTH naTpnapxajibHo-(j)eoAa.rn>Hbix ot- noiiienHH y Koqeobix napoAOB CpeAHefi A3HH.— Bonpocu hctophh, 1954, Ns 6. npouuioc Ka3axcTa!«a b HCTOMHHKax h MaTCpna/iax, h. I. M., 1935. ri pst HHi i i i i HKOB J\\. H. MacTHoe 3eMJicBJiaA6HHe. M., 1931. PaAJi oB B. B. K Bonpocy o6 yftrypax. G n 6 .,-1893. Pa/wi OB B. B. O 6 p a 3 0 u HapoAHoii jiHTepaTypu tiopkckhx mie- mch, «i. III. KHprn3CKOe HapeMHC. Cn6., 1870. P a Abi i ue Ba H. KHprHSCKoe paBiiHiiHO-KOMenoe xo3HHctbo, B km.: Twnu xo3HftcTBa TypKecTana. TaiuKeiiT, 1924. P a HI HJl - A A - Zl HH. CCopHHK JICTOnHCCH, T. 1, KII. 1, 2. M.—JI-, 1952. Pe f i c i i e p H. M. Pa3BHine (peoAajiH3Ma h o6pa30BaHHe rocy- AapcTBa y atpranueB. M., 1954. P e n /i k) 3 ji h 3 e. MejioBex h 3eMJin, t . I. riepBoGuTHbift nejio- BeK. ^pCBHJin MCTOpwa; T. 2. .UpCBHHH HCTOPHH. Cu6., 1906; t. 3. JlpeBiiHH h nooan hctophh; t. 4. H ob an hctophh. Cn6., 1907; t . 5. HoBan u coBpcMCHHaa hctophh. C iiO., 1908; G obpcmghH3h HCTopun. CnC., 1909. n.. A. Hs HepMHHCKa B KHTaft C KapaBaHOM B * POBHHCKHft 1871—72 rr.— 3aiiHCKH HPPO no OTAe.ieHHio dTHorpacpHH, t. XXXIV. Cn6., 1909. Pocchh. riojiHoe reorpa^HMCCKoe omicaHiie nauiero OTenecTBa, t. XVIII. KHprH3CKHfi Kpafi. Cn6., 1903. Pocchh. nojraoe ' rcorpa^H'iecKoe onHcaune Hamero OTenecTBa, XIX. TypnecTaHCKiift Kpafi. Cn6., 1913. r. . P y a e i i K O C. M. Ky.ibTypa HacejieuHH Ajitan TopHoro b ckhcJ)- cKoe Bpe.MH. M.— JI., 1953. PyMHHUCB n. n. KHPTH3CKHH HapoA b npoui.ioM H HaCTOHUUCM. Cn6., 1910. Pyc HHOB B. B. BoA03eMejibHbie otiiollibhhh h oCmHHa y Typn- Men. TaiuKeHT, 1918. PyccKHft BecTHHK, t. 215. Cn6., 1891. P u «i k o b H. AneBHbie 3anHcti nyTemccTBHH b KnprH3*KaficancKoft crcriH b 1771 r. Cn6., 1772. P u h k o b n . H . Tonorpacj>HH OpeHOyprcKoft rydepirHH, com. 1762 roaa. OpeHOypr, 1887. P h 6 o b T. r . HeHcnojib30Bamibie pe3epBbi noiBOTHOBOACTna b coBX03ax. M., 1952. P h3 a h o b A. <I>. BoccTaHHe HcaTaa TaHManoBa (1836—1837 rr.). K3UJi,PpAa, 1927. P h 3 a h o u A. <I>. McTOpHnecKHe npCAnocbiJiKH k Bonpocy o <{)op- MHpOBBHHH HaiUfOHaJlbHblX KHprH3CKHX MaCTefi.— CoBCTCKaH K.HprH3HH, 1924. Ns 3-4. P h3 a h o b A. <I>. ripoLu.noe K3bui-0 pAbi (AK-MeneTb).— CoBer- ck3h KnprH3H«, 1925, A1? 5, 6. Ce Oe no B T. TepMHHbi Bep6;noAOBOACTBa y Ka3axoB.— H3bgcthh Ka3'OAH, cephh ji3biKa h JiHTepaTypu, Bbin. I. AjiMa-Ara, 1944. C e B c p u o B H. A. IlyiemecTBHH no TypneciaHCKOMy npaio. M ., 1947. 1JU/«Ce Ae j j bHHKOB T. Bopb6a 3a 3cmjiio b KHprH3CK0H crenH. Cri6., 444
' C y j i T a H C e Mf l a a HH 2-ft. O pa3BHTHH xjieConaiuecTBa no <5ac- ceAny peKH Typraa.— 3anHCKH OpeH6yprcKoro o w ^ a M PTO , Bbin. I. Ka3aiib, 1870. C e m c h o b A. A. K Bonpocy o npoHcxo>KAeHHH h coc.TaBc y 3f>e- kob LIIefiGaHHxaHa.— AH Taa>KHKCKOH CCP, Hkcthtyt hctophh, TpyAW, t . X II. CTaJiH!ia6a/i, 1954. C e p r c e B B. HcTopaa JlpeBHeH TpemiH. M., 1939. CHOiipcKHfi BecTHHK, K3AaBacMbifi TpHropneM CnaccKHM, h . 9. Cn6., 1820. C K a JI o B B. Ec reCTBeHHOHCTOpHMeCKHe yCAOBHH H X03JlflCTBO Kup rin K»KHbix BOjiocTCii TeMHpcKoro ye3iia.— Bonpocu KoJioiiH3aiuiH, 1910, Xs 6. C k b o p u o b A. H. OcHOBbi 3kohomhkh 3GMACAeAHji. JI., 1925. C ji o 6 o a h h H. B. K Bonpocy o pa3BHTHH h cmchc cncreM 3eM/ie- AeAHfl. B kh.: MaTepna-nw no hctophh 3eM.aeAe.aHji CCCP, cC. I. M., 1952. C j i o b o x o t o b JI. A. HapOAHbiA cyA o6biHiioro npasa KHprH3 MaJioft opAbi. Open6ypr, 1905. C m h p h o b B. JX. KpbiMCKoe xancTBo. Cn6., 1887. — C M H p n o B E. T. 3aAtmaBiuaH erpaHa. C6. MaTepHaJiou Cup- JlapbHHCKOH OdAaCTH, t. IV. TaUIKCHT, 1895. C m h p h o b E . T . C b ip -A a p b r n ic K a n o C aacT b (om icaH H C , c o c T a B - .a e iiH o e n o o d m u H a jib H b iM H C T o m iH K a m ). CnO., 1887.- C m h t A a a m. MccACAOBaiiHe o npwpoAe h npwnHHax fioraT- CTBa HapoAOB, «i»i. I h II. M., 1935. C o K o / i o B a M. H. CBoOoAHan ofimnHa h nponecc 3aKpenjieHHH KpeCTbHH B KCHTe H ySCCCKCC B V I I -- X BCK3X. C6. CpeAHHe BPK3, Bbin. V I. M., 1955. C o C H O B C K H H I\\ H. K HCTOpHH CKOTOBOACTBa B OlC)HpH. B kh.: FIpodAeMw npoHcxo>KAeHHH, 3BOAIOUHH h nopoAOo6pa30BaHHji AOMaillHHX >KHBOTHUX, T. I. M.— JI., 1940. CTaTHCTHKO-SKOMOMHMCCKHH o630p KnprH3CKQH CoBeTCKOH CoUHa- jincTHnecKoft PecnyOjiHKH. OpenOypr, 1923. C T e C A H H - K a M e H C x a H M . H. K hctophh BoccTaHHH cva - Tana KeHecapw KocuMOBa.— HcTopHnecKHe 3anncKH A H C CC P, 1942, X s 13. C t e u e h k o M. ropno-KoneBoe xo3jiwctbo. B kh.: Tnnw xo3aft- CTBa TypKecTaifa. TamKCHT, 1924. C T p y M H J i H H C. T. K hctophh 3eMAeAeAbqecKoro TpyAa b P occhh.-- Bonpocbl 3KOHOMHKH, 1949, Ne 2. C t 3 h ji h JI3 h - n y A b. MycyjibMaHCKaa AHHacTHa. flcpeBOA c anrAHflcKoro B. BapTOAbAa. Cn6., 1899. T a p i I O B C K H H K, H. ripCAnOCWAKH B03HHKHOBCICHJI (t)COAaAH3- Ma y BOCTOHHbfX CA3BJIH.— Boiipocw HCTOpHH, 1954, Ks 4. T a x t a p e n K. M. CpaBHHTGAbHan hctophji pa3BHTH& qejioBene- CKoro otfmecTBa h oGmecTBeHHbix (f)OpM, n. II. JI., 1924. T e p e i i Y b e B M. A. HcTopwi 3anoeBaHH*i CpeAHefi A 3HH c Kap- Tawn h njiairaMH, t . I. Cn6., 1906. T e p e H T b C B M. A. OnepK. Cwp-JIapbHHCKasi ahhhh b 1862, 1863 h 1864 roAax.— 3anHCKH H P T O no otacachhio ct3thcthkh, t. 4. Cn6., 1874. T h x o h o b T. H. Xo3JiAcTBeHHbiA (5biT KHprH30B CTenHoro KpaJi. TypraftcKHe bcaomocth, 1901, X> 11— 12. 445
T o k a p e b C. A. 0 Ky.ibTypHOH oOiuhocth BOCTOHHOCJiaBflHCKHX- HapoyioB.— CoBeTCKaa 3THorpacJ)ttH, 1954, Jsrs 2. T 0 JI C T O B C. n. no CJie.fl.aM JipeBHeXOpe3MHHCKOft UHBHJIH3aaHH. M.—JI., 1948. T o j i b i 6 e KOB C. E. Bonpocu bkohomhkh h opraHHaauHH Koqe- Boro cKGTOBOAqecKoro xo3flAcrBa KaaaxoB b KOHue XIX — naqaJie XX bb.— Tpyau HiicTHTyTa bkohomhkh AH Ka3CCP, t. II. A jims- Ats, 1957. T o / i b i 6 e K O B C. E. KoneBoe ckotoboactbo h oce,aJioe 3eMJie,ae- .iHe Kan pa3.iHMHi,ie ccjjepw MaTepnaJibHoro npoH3BOflCTBa.— BecTHHK AH KaaCCP, 1955, J\\\"° 8. T o ji bi 6 e k o b C. E. O HeKOTopwx Bonpocax 3kohomhkh jxopeBO- jnoUHOHHoro KOMeBoro ayvia Ka3axoB.— BecTHHK AH Ka3CCP, 1951, Ns 8. T o j i u C c k o b C. E. O naTpHapxajibiio-<J)eoaa.ibHbix othoiuchhhx y KoqeBbix napOAOB.— Bonpocu \\HCTopnn, 1955, JSk I. T o J i b i 6 e KOB C. E. .0 peaKUHOHHOH 6opb6e Ka3axcKHX eyjiTa- hob h 6arbipon Msiaxiucro my3a npoTHB ffofipoBOJibiioro npucoeAH- hchhh k P occhh.— BeCTHHK AH Ka3CCP, 1955, N? 6. T o m c o h IX k . H ctophh ApeeHCHiiieH reorpa4)HH. M ., 1953. T p e t b h k o b n. H. BocTO'iHocjiaBBHCKHe naeMena M. T y p a e b B. A. Hctophh /IpeBHcro BocroKa, t. I. JI., 1936. TypraftcKaa o&iacTb. B ' kh.: C h6hpckhh ToproBO'npoMbiimieHRbift KajieHAapb. T omck, 1899. \\ »• TpyAbi Open6vprcKofi yqeHoA apxuBHon komhcchh, Bun. XV. OpeH- 6ypr. 1905; Bbin. XXV. Opewflypr. 1911. T y p c y H 6 a e B A. B. BejiHKnft nepejroM r ceJibCKOM X03hhctbc CeMHpeqbH. AjiMa-ATa, 1950. T y p c y h 6 a e d' A. B. Ha hctophh KpecTbaucxoro iiepecejieiiHH b Ka3axcTaH. AjiMa-Aia, 1950. y b h u k h h * C. TypKMeiicKoc nacT6HmHO-3CM^c^cabqecKoe xo3hA- ctbo. B kh.: Tnnbi xo3HiiCTBa TypnecTaHa. TauiKeHT, 1924. y ^ a J i b u o B a 3. ripotHB Hff.eajiH3au.ua ryHCKiix 3aBoeua/iHH.— BojibiueBHK, 1952, A& 10. y ^ a j i b u o B a 3., FTo t c m k h h <I>. h K p h j i o b B. OajibcHtpH- KaUHH HCTOpwqeCKHX •CoObTTHfi.— KoMMyHHCT, 1953, Ns 10. ycTaB o ch6hpckhx KHprH3ax. B k h .: IlojiHoe cotfpaHHe 3aKonoB PocchAckoA HMnepHH 1649 roaa. t. XXXVIII. Cn6., 1822— 1823. yqeHbie 3an»cKH HncTHTyTa hctophh Poe. accon. Hayquo-Hccjiejt. HHCTHTyTOB p6mecTBeHHWx HayK, t. II, M., 1927. <X>a;ibK H. Ilo/iHoe coCpaHHe yqeHhix nyTemecTBCHHHKOB no P oc chh, t. V. 3anHCKH axafl. <J>a;ibKa. Cn(5., 1824. O e ^ o p o B E. MaTepnaJiw no hctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP ( 1785— 1825 rr.).— BojibiueBHK Ka3axcraHa, 1941, JVs 2. < De ^ o po BHq B. A. JIhk nycTHHH. M., 1954. ' Def l MHH B. n.-KHraficKHfl nyTewecTBeHHHK XIII b. Man H viil — C<5. Ha hctophh uayKH h tcxhhkh KHTan. M., 1955. •* ^ o H - F e P H B JI. H3 3a[THCHOH KHHJKKH (3TH0rpad)Hq6CKHe 3 a- JPaM,ITHaH KHHJKKa CeMiinajiaTHHCKOH 06/iacTH Ha 1898 h 1899 rr. CeMHnaJiaTHHCK, 1899. 4 > o c T e p y h ji b h m 3. OqepK nojiHTHqecKoft hctophh AsiepHKH. M.f 1955. <J>p e A k h h 3. T. TypKMeHCKaq C C P (3KOHOMHKo-reorpa<t>H4ecKa*r xapaKrepwcTHKa). M., 1954. <J>yxc C. JI. HeKOTopue Bonpocw h c t o p h h Ka3axcnoro rocyffap- 446
CTBa.— M3BecTH5i AH Ka3CCP, cepun _ lopHAHMecKaa, Bwn. 3. AjiMa- ATa, 1951. X a p y 3 h ii A. KHprH3bi ByKeeBCKofi opAW, t . I. Cn<5., 1889. X b o c t o b M. M. Hctophh ApeBHero BocToxa. M.— JI.,' 1927. X B O p O C T a H C K H f i n . KHprH3CKHft Bonpoc B CBH3H c KOJIOHH- 3aUHew, 1907, Ns 1. X o p o m x H H A. n. CCopiiHK CTaTew, KacaiomHxcB TypnecTaucKO- ro Kpaa. Cn6 ., 1876. X o p p a - 6 H H J \\ k . OqepxH HCTopHK,o-3KOHOMHqecKOH reorpa(})HH MHpa. M .? 1931. X o x ji o b H. TypraftcKaa odJiacTb. Cn6., 1906. X y f l U K O B 'M. Mycy.ibMaHCKaa KyjibTypa b Cpe^HeM I\"IoBOJi>Kbe. Ka3aiib, 1922. X y ^ B K O B M . OqepKH no hctophh Ka3aHCKoro xancTea. Ka- 3anb, 1923. M e p m a k JI. K. BbiMHpaioT jih KiiprH3bi.— CuOnpcKHe Bonpocbi, 1906, Ns 2. H e p m a k JI. K. K«prH3CKoe xo3HftcTBo b creriHOM xpae (paftoH >xe.ie3HOH Aoporn neTponaBjioncK-CnaccKHH 3aBOA b 3ROHoMHMeeKOM OTHomenHH). Cn6., 1912. H e p m a k JI. K. OceA.ibie KHprH3 bi-3eMjiCAejibUhi Ha pexc Hy.— 3anncKH 3ari.-Ch6. OTAena HPFO, kb. X X V I I . Omck, 1900.\" I I e p m a k JI. K- OopMw KHprH3CKoro 3eMnenonb30BaHHH.— C h- OwpcKHe Bonpocbi, 1908, NsjYs 23, 24. LI e p h bi in e b c k h A K.. £. M36paiiHbic 3K0H0MHqecKHe npOH3Be- AeHHH, T. Ill, H. I. M., l^Sv.v . v H h p k h H T. 3>. riono)KeHHe nepece.neHqecKoro Acjia b O mh- peqbe. Cn6 ., 1908. .■ * \" H o p M a n o B H. 3aMe?Ka o KHprn3ax IlaBJionapcKoro ye3Aa. —• 3anncKH 3an.-CH6. ota. HPrO, kh. X X X I I , O mck, 1906. H y ji o in h h k o b. .A. n . OnepKH no hctophh Ka3ax-KiiprH3CKoro HapOAa B CBH3H C OtfmHMH HCTOpHHeCKHMH CyAbfoMH ApyrHX TIOpKCKHX nneMeH, u. I. Open6ypr, 1924. U B e T K o B II. McjiaMH3M, t t . I — IV . AwxaOaA, 1912. I U a p H n o B C. BaraHajiHHUbi.— CoBeTCKan * KnprH3Hn, 1924, Ns 3—4. III a x m a t o b B. <J>. K nonpocy o cjiox<eHHH h cnemi^HKe na- TpHapxajibHo-(|)eoAajibH&x othoujchhh b K a3axcTaHe.— Bccthhk A H KaaCCP, 1951, Ns 7. Ill a x m a t o b _ B. O. h K n p e e B O.’ H. >KypHa;i nojiKOBHHKa A. 3. r opHXBOCTOBa — npHCTaBa npn xane Ma/ioro x<y3a IIlHpra3bi AfiqyBaKOBa (1822— 1823 rr.).— PfoBecTHH AH Ka3CCP,'cepHn hctophh, 3kohomhkh, (JwjiocoiJjhh h npaBa, Bbin. 2 (5 ). AjiMa-ATa, 1957. Ill a x m a t o b B. C>. BHyTpeHHHH ByKeeBCKan opsa h- BocCTanne HcaTan TafiMaHosa. AjiMa-ATa, 1946. Ill a x M a t o b B. <P. HHcniTyT TiojicHryTCTBa b naipHapxaJibiio- ^eoAajibHOM K a 3axcTaHe. — H3BecTHH A H Ka3CCP, cepwa HCTopnir, 3K0H0MHKH, (J)hjioco<})Hh, npaBa. AjiMa-ATa, 1955. U l K a n c K H f t O. HexoTopbie Aarnibie ajih ocBemeHHH K«prH3CKo- ro Bonpoca. — PyccKan Mbicjib, 1897, N s 7. Ill m h a t IO. TonoAHaH cienb,'hah nycTbiHH BemaK-jlajia h Myfi- cKaa AOJiHHa.— 3anHCKH 3an,-Cn<5. oTACJia H P T O , kh. XVII, Bbin. 1 h 2, 1894. 447
U J m h a t IO. 0 ‘iepKK KnprH3CKoft crenw k jory Apa^o-HpTbiujcKO- ro BOAopa3Aejia b AKMOJiHHCKoft o6.nacTH. O mck, 1894. ID h a B. 3 hmobkk h ApyrHe nocTOHKHue coopyJKeHHfl KoweBHH- kob AKMOJiHHCKoii o6,iacTH.— 3anHCKH 3an.-Cn6. ouie;ia M PTO, kh. X V II, Bbin. 1 h 2, 1894. L O T e f t i i G e p r E. OnepKH hctophh TypKMeHHH. M.—Jl., 1934. U l c p 6 a T O B a 0. A. BepxoM Ha PoAHiie tfeaynHOB b noncnax aa KpoBiiwMH apa6cKHMH aomaAbMH. Cn(5., 1903. L U e p C H H a <l>. K.HprH3CKaH napoAHOcTb b Meciax KpecTbHHCKHx noccjieHHH. Cn6., 1905. IO 3 c (J) o b h »i B. IO. 0 6bue KHprH30B TypraficKOH oC.aacTH.— PyCCKHH BeCTHHK, t. 146, 1880. IO in k o n C. B. 06 ocnoBHbix MOMCHTax hctophh Ka3axcKoro’ ro- cyaapcTfea.— H3BecTH« AH Ka3CCP, cepiiH HCTopmiecKan, Bbin. 4, 1948. H K y d o B C K H f i A. IO. Bonpocw 3THoreii63a rypKMeH b V I I I —X Benax. — C obctck3h cieHorpa<j>HH, 1947, K® 3. k y 6 o b c k h fi A. IO. Cepbe3Hoe HCCJieAOBamie no hctophh TaA* «HKCKoro HapoAa.— KoMMymicT, 1953, N® 1. Oohaw JSfc 4, 40, 44, 64, 78, 338, 345, 374, 382, 383, LITHA KasCCP.. BaTbipjiap >Kbipw, t. I. A^Ma-ATa, 1939.
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