Толыбеков С.Е. Общественно - экономический строй казахов в XVII - XIX веках

hocth noBTopHBiuerocfl c TaKoft >Ke pa3pyu0JTe/n»HP0 ,.ch- jioh A>Kyia 1892/93 r. (khuih x y ? H ). VX5 A X ripH 3T0M pa3JinqHbie poAOBHe rpynnw h oTAeJieHHH Poaob Keie h CapracKa 33hh«/ih BepxHee Teqeiw^pp. )Ka* Ha-jJapbH h KyBaH-JIapbH. PoAOBhie rpynnti h otagjibhhh Poaob CyidH, Bajixn, Tio6eT h Ap. 33hhjih cpeAHee TeqeHHe h HH30Bb« 3thx pen. HanpwMep, mccthocth Aic-apaJi h Capbi-CteeK 6ujiyi 3aHHTbi KpyrmoH Taft(})ofi jKyflaft H3po^a BexeT bo rjiaBe c 6aTbipOM XoAHtexe . Myp3a6aeBHM h 6ne.\\! rinpa^H yTeTJieyoB&Af; MecTHocru Ha3apKep^e, Ta* HaTap h Tye6aft 6bum 3aHHThi TpeMH tafi^aMH poaa flioceK bo rjiaoe c bojiocthum ynpaBHTeJieM FlameKe KyjiTflHOBHM h 6aeM Jl>KaHaeM KabaeBbiM*. PacnoAoxceHHoe phaom c MecTHocxfcio Tye6aft o3epo Tac-Ky^it 6hjio 33hhto TaficJjoft AK-6a.ixH H3 poAa EaJixn bo niaBe c 6neM AMa/i^WKOM JKaH6yjiaeBHM. v ~ B npouecce oceAaHHH KoqeBHHKOB HaqaJin -B03HHKaTb 3eiieabHbie cnopbi: «OceA0HHe KoqreBHHKOB npoHcxonm c KaxxuM rojioM Bee HHTeHCHBHee, He TOJibKO y wac b Typxe- craHe, ho h b coceAfleirTypraffcKo# otfjiacTH, rxe r o x e t b k Ha3HBaeMoe KbqeBoe Hace^eHHe, CTajio noqTH yxce nojiyico- / q o m u :.. C t b jio 6hiTb CTpaMJieHHe Taic,Ha3biBaeMoro xoqeBO- \\ HaceAeHHH k occashhio bh&comhchkhoi oho nepextHBaeT Tenepb nepexoAHoe BpeMH. JlyquiHM npHMepoM TOMy MoryT _cayacHTb iioctohhho B03HHKaiomHe MexcAy bojiocthmh > 3eMejibHbie cnopu; Tax HanpHMep, b 1892— 93 rr., b Ka- •'<33JIHHCKOM ye3Ae; nocjie ro;ioAHoro rQAa h bcjica 3a npopu- ;• bom KyBaH-ZlapbH k ApajibcxoMy Mopio, MexcAy boao- ; cthmh AxTiobHHCKoft, AxTyraficKoft, . KapanobHHCKofi, P^HMCKOft H APo HaceJieHHe KOTOpHX C ^caAHOCTbK) Ha6po- CHJIOCb Ha BHOBb OpOUieHHbie 3eMJIH, B03HHK orpoMHufi cnop, AO^ro THHyBuiHHCH, Ka>KeTCH, yxce pa3peuieHHUH, ho eABa jih yAOBJieTBopHBuiHH HaceJieHHe. PaHbiue 3Toro 6u ji b 1890—91 rr. b tom x e ye3Ae tfojibiiioft 3e.\\ieJibHbifi fcnop, H3-3a yAo6Hbix a «hh noceBOB MecT, Ha Jl>KaHbi-/lapbe, Mexc-1 1 0 6 3tom >Ke 6ne A^aHSe Ka6aeBe roBOpHT aoKyMem: «ITo n e n y na3axa KapaGac-TypraftcxoH bojiocth, N s 6 ayjia^HMOepreHa BamcweBa, c Ka3axoM N o 8 ay^a Toft * e bo^octh BaAMyp3oft MaM6eroBi>iMf 06 oahoh baobc. BneM H «aH aeM Ka6aeBbiM nocianoB^eHo: BnoBy Ka3auiKy OTAaTb BaMKHeBy, a BawKHGB Ao.nwen yaoB/ieTBopHTb MaM6eT0Ba cko- tom, to ecTb mecTbK) ^ouia^bMH (Ka3aH. ye3 ^ 1870 roaa). (fpOAe* kob H. H. KnprH3bi h Kapanapmu Cbip-XlapbHiicKOH o6aacTH, t. I. lOpHAHqecKHH 6u t . TaiuKeiiT,. 1889, .npH.io>KeHHe, cip. 117). 300 :

ay Ka3axaMH 3aHrapcKofi, KaJibmGacoBCKOH, Kapada- cTyrancKOH, KyqepfiaeBCKoft h KypqaHrHHCKOH BOJiocTeft, TO>Ke flOJirO THHyBIHHftcH*1. HHTepeciio OTMeTHTb, hto b 60-x roflax XIX B'eica «Ka- 3axaMH, KoqyiomHMH no pp. Ypajiy, Opn, KyMaxy, HneKy, BojibmoH h Majioft Xo6flaM npHroTOBjineicn 3eMJia TaKHM >Ke o6pa30M, KaK h y npnjiHHeHHbix HtHTejieft, h ajih pa3 - pa6oTKH cbohx narneH ynoTpetfjiHiOT cadaHbi h SopoHbi no npHMepy pyccKHx*2. 3eMJieAenHe, oceflflocTb h qacmoe 3eMJieBJiafl.eHHe cpeflH Ka3axoB cpeAHeft qacTH OpeH- 6yprcKoro BeAOMCTBa pa3BHBajmcb b ochobhom hmchho b 3t h x MecTax 6flaroflapn coceACTBy c pyccKHM • Hace- jieiineM h 6flaronpHnTHbiM noqBeHHo-KJiHMaTHqecKHM ycjio- BHHM. Ka3axH 23 ahct3huhh, 3aHHMaBiiiHecH 3eMJieAejmeM b paftoHe peKH KyMax b coceflcTBe c Ka3aqbHMH cTaHHuaMH Hoboopckoh h KyMauKOH h BeAniHe nojiyxoqeBoft o6pa3 >kh3hh, He HMejiH eine 3aKpenjieHHbix 3a xa>KAofi rpynnoft ayflOB MecT ajih xJie6onaraecTBa BnjioTb ao 1865 roAa. Taxoe 3aKpenjieHHe 3eMeJib 6hiJio npo«3BefleH0 mafeKo b yxa3aHHOM roAy no Tpe6oBamno o b jia crn o ro IlpaBJieHHH open6yprcKHMH Ka3axaMH. B aKTe o 3axpenJieHHH naxoT- \" Hwx 3eMenb ot 17 HOfl6pn 1865 roAa OTMeqaeTCH, hto « o6cyflHB 3tot Bonpoc c H36paHHbiMH ot Hapofla 6hhmh b npHcyTCTBHH HaqajibHHKa 23 ancTaHUHH h MecTiioro Ha- qaflbHHKa, H36pajin ajih xjieGonamecTBa MecTa, a hmchho, HaqHHan ot peqKH 5ay3JiHBa bhxoaht flBa OBpara, MecTa 3th Ha3HaqeHH ajih x;ie6onamecTBa ayjiOB BnKMyp3bi K h- HecoBa, Tac-K^itiqeBa, CiOTJiioCan H o caHOBa c TOBapnma- mh; no ^AHK-Caio ajih ayjiOB KnnqaKOBa h KapTbitfaeBa c TOBapHmaMH; no Kapaxyjno ajih ayjiOB TiojienGaH Hjie- MecoBa c roBapamaMH; no AmH-Caio ajih ayjiOB MncTeCan TanTaxoBa c TOBapnmaMn; no peqxe K)ji-KyTJibi n OBpara ohoto ajih ayjiOB MecTHoro naqaJibHHKa HereHdaeBa c to- BapniuaMH^; h t . a . B xomie aKTa cKa3aHo: «FIoHMeHO- BaHHbie Bbiine MecTa, oTBeAeHHbie HaM ajih xJie6onauiecT- Ba, yAo6Hue, ho c TeM, qTo6u 6biJio BoenpemeHO oahopoa- iwm ApyrHx ff.ncTanu.Hii npon3BOAHTb xjie6onawecTBO b 1 A huhkoq H . OqepKH HapoAHofi JKH3HH CeBepHoro TypnecraHa, TauiKeHT, 1899, CTp. 35—36. 2 UTH A Ka3 CCP. (}). 4, on. I, fl. 3591, cb. 480, ji. 55. 301

IiaillHX MeCTHOCTHX H MbI BCe OAHOpOAUbI He AOAHCHM B Apyrnx Mecrax 3aB0AHTb TaxoBbie, xpoNie nan Ha yxa3aH- Hbix Bbirne MecTax^1, n o AaHHbiM K o 6exa lllyxyp-AjiH yjia. h Ka3aHCKoro TaiapHHa T a jiu n UlaxMypaTOBa, b 1803 roAy b AByx xpyn-. hmx poAax hjih njieMeHax MAaAinero >xy3a HacqiiThiBaAocb 29,5 TbIC. X03HHCTB: B TypTKapHHCKOM 11 TbIC. h Wowe- KencKOM 18,5 Tbicaq2, KOTopne noTOM acahkom boiuah b cocTaB cpeAHeii qacm OpenGyprcxoro BeAOMCTBa. 0 xxe6o- nauiecTBe b 3th x AByx poAonAeMeiiHbix rpynnax b 1851 ro­ Ay MJiaAiQHfl TOAMaq HanbiiueB b cbocm panopie Open6ypr- cKoft norpaHH^HOH komhcchh coo6 maeT: «X^e6onamecTB0M 3aHHMaiOTCH Ka3axH MyMeKeeBCKoro h TypTxapuHcxoro po-. aob pa3Hbix oTAejieHHfi 6oj\\ee 800 ceMeftcTB no 03epaw, pacnoJioxceHHHM okojio pex YAb-KaHKy, Typraio, Hpr«3y h Aa^ee 3a ycTbeM Hprn3a h okoao p. Opw, Ha Opb ot- npaB^aio.T xo3neBa BnepeA patfoTHHKOB aah noceBa xAe6a h npUKoneBbiBaioT Ha sth Mecrra TorAa, xorAa nocneBaeT xjieby yqacTKH 3eMAH 3aceBafOT ao roro BpeMenn, Korjia ohh nepedaiOT poAHTb xjie6, a nqMeHb KaxcABiH roA ceior wa ^HOByio 3eMAio, 3eMAn 3aceBaioT 450 acchthh npocoM, aq- MeHeM h caMan MaAaa qacTb nuieHHueft»3. Kax bhaho, KOJinqecTBO noceBOB, noxasaHHoe MaHbimeBUM, rioqTH coBnaAaei c BumenpHBeAeHHbiMH ahhhumh cyjiTana-npa- BHTeAH. EcAH npHHHTb KOJIHqeCTBO X03HftCTB B 3THX Kpyn- hux poAax 3a 29,5 Tbicaqn, xax-6biAO OTMeqeHo b HaqaAe XIX Bexa, to KoxHqecTBO ceiomux xo3h6ctb cocraBiuio He 6oAee 3%. Ha oaho ceiomee xo3 « hctbo npHxoAHAocb He Gojiee 0,5 AecaTHHbi. 3 to BnoAHe 06'bhchhmo, Tax xax no- xa3aHHbie ABe pOAormeMeHnue rpynnbi b cBoeft Macce ocia- BaAHCb THnHMHbiMH KoqeBHHxaMH eme B KOHUe XIX H Ha­ qaAe XX bb. nanyxoqeBOH o6pa3 jkh3hh xa3axoB onncbiBaercq b MaiepwaAax no oObiqHOMy npaBy, coOpaHHbix b 1882— 1883 rr. b CeMHnaAaTHHCxow, FlaBAOAapcxoM, Kapxapa- ahhckom ye3Aax h H3AaHHbix b rop. CeMHnaAaiHHCKe b 1886 r. n. E. MaxoBeuxHM. B 3tot nepnoA Bee 3aHHTbie nojiyxoqeBbiMH xa3ax^MH 3eMAH pa3AejiHAHCb ha JieTHHe h \\ UrHA Ka3CCP, 4, on. I, n. 4070, cb. 528, jj. 38. Maiepnajibi no mctophh Ka3axcKoft CCP (1785—1828 rr.) t. IV. M.—Jl., 1940, npiuioxteHiie Ns 4. 3UrHA Ka3CCP, cp. 4, on. I, a. 3591, cb. 480, jj. 78. 302

oceHHHe nacroH u ia (xysAey) h 3h m o b k h (KCTay). ,H>KaHjiay no ciapHHHOMy oGbinaio, naxoAHJincb b o6men cotfcTBeiiHO- CTH Bcex K a 3 a X O B . B MaTcpiia^iax OTMonaeicn, h to co BpeMeHH bbbaohhh b >KH3iib BpeMeHHoro riojiojKeHHH ( ot 21 OKTH6 pn 1868 ro- Aa) no yrrpaBjieHHio Ka3axcKHM HaceJieHHGM, MecTa jicthhx kohgbok 6 b u w pa'szejieiibi MeyK/iy y e 3 jiaMH h boaocthm h, ho Ha npaKTHKe 3to He HMejio 3iianeiiHH. PaHO Beciion na- 3axn OTKoneBbiBajin ueAbiMH cTapniniiCTBaMH H3 npeAejiOB CBoeH bojiocth b qy>KHe boaocth, ye3A hjih o 6 jia c rb , a H3 HeKOToptJx BOJiocTefi 3aHcaHCKoro npncTaBCTBa Aa>Ke b npeAeJibi KnTan; 3aiew, nocieneiiHo npoABHrancb, npnCjiH- >K3AHCb OCeilblO K CBOHM 3HM0BK3M H npH3HM0B0nHbIM OCeH- hhm nacT6 HHLaM. XapaKTepHOH nepTOH nojiyxoneBoro xo- 3HHCTBa 3Th x Ka3axoB, KaK bchkhx THnHHHbix nojiyKoneBbix X03HHCTB, C>bIJIO TO, HTO OCeHHHC naCTtfHlUA, 3HMOBKH H 6jiH3Ae>KamHe ceHOKocbi cocraBJiHAH y>xe co6cTBeHHOCTb OTAejibHbix ayjiOB n Aa>xe nacTnyio co(5cT8eHH0CTb oTAeJib- HblX ceMeHCTB, paBHO KaK H HaXOAHlUHCCH Ha HHX KOJIOAUbI h jieca1. TaK H e (})a K T b i, xap aK T ep H 3 yiom H e o c o 6eHHocTH y>Ke n o - JiyK on eB oro x o 3HHCTBa, B03HHKiiiero b XIX Bexe, M. A xhh- >KanoB c n H T a e T AOKa3aTeJibCTBOM cym ecTBOBaHHH ncnoK O H BeKOB y K 33aX C K H X KOHeBHHKOB naCTHOH C06CTBeiIH0CTH Ha 3cm jik). O h r o B o p H T : «... y x a 3a x o B n p n o 6 p eieH H e KOAOAUeB B C06CTBeHHOCTb IIHKOrAa He o 6 xOAHJIOCb 6e3 CIlOpOB^ HCTO- pHH He 3 H a e T i i h OAHoro KOAOAna 6 e 3 xo3flHHa. X o 3h h h , npHAn k C B o e M y KOJiOAuy, HM eeT n p a B O nporoHHTb o t H e r o BCHKoro A p y r o r o KoneBHHKa. B e e J iy n u m e BOAonoH, 6 a c c e ft- Hbi peK h 0 3 e p 6 b iJiu b c o 6 c t b g h h o c t h K pyn H b ix c k o t o b o a o b . H corJiaceH c AOKJiaAnHKOM b B o n p o c e 06 oCiu h h h o h c})o p M e BAaAeHHH naCT6Hm.HbIX, HO A06aBJIK), HTO 3TO OTH(^HJIOCb TOAbKo k «A>KaHjiay», a «KCTay» HHKorAa He 6m ah o6 iuh- m h... HanpHMep, b panoHe A 6 an, CewnnajiaTHHCKOH o 6 jia- CTH, AO CHX nop COXpailHJlHCb «o 6 a » H «COJIHK Tac», CBH3aH- Hbie c HMenaMH h x BJiaAeAbueB (KeHrupdaii Tacu, ycKew6 aH o6 acbi). KyHaH6 an — OTeu A 6 an — h m ea , iianpHMep, cboio co6cTBeHHyio 3eM;no, HaqHHan o r MecTHoern BaxaHaca BafiKyuiKopa, okojio CeMnnajiaTHiicKa, ao ApKaHHK»2.3Aecb 1 MaTepna^w no Ka3axci<pMy otfbWHOMy npany. C 6 . I , 1948. AviMa-ATa, CTp. 263—264. 2 MaTepna/ibi o6-be,amieHHOH HaywHotf cccchh, nocBameiiHue hctophh 303

M. AxHHwaHOB nyTaer coBepuieHHo pa3AHqHbre Bemn. Oaho Aejio 3eMejibHasi codcTBeHHOcTb oceAAbix hah noJiyKoqeBbix CTapiIiHX CyAT3H0B H HX nOTOMKOB BO BTOpoft . IIOJIOBHHe XIX Bena, A p y r o e AeAO <j)op<Ma 3eMCJibHofi coOctbchhocth . npn noAHOM KO46B0M o6pa3e jkh3hh Ka3axos b XV— XVIII BeKax. BnojiHe bo3moh<ho, qTo cTapiiJHH cyATaH Ky- Han6aH HprH36aeB bo BTopoft iio ao bh h c XIX BeKa HMeA 36MJIK) B CBOeft qaCTHOft C0 6 CTBeHHOCTH KaK BCe ero COBpe- mchhhkh h coGpaTbfl no KAaccy, o qeM y>xe cKa3aH0. 3 to TQM 6 0 Jiee 33K0H0MepH0, HTO Becb GblBUJHH KapKapaAHH- CKHfi ye3A CeMHnajiaTHHCKOH oOAacTH b nocAeAHefi qeTHep- th XIX Bena ueaHKOM othochach k 30He noAyKoqeBoro mna xo3HHCTBa. Em e 6oAee CTpaHHUM hbahctch MHesHe A. B. TypcyH6aeBa, KOTopuft <j)opMy .3eMAeBA3ACHHH b nojiyKoqeBOM a yjie, cymecTBOBaBuiyio b TypnecTaHCKOM ye3Ae, OTMeqeHHyio b oT^eie peBH3HH TypnecTaHCKoro Kpaa rpa(})OM K. K . riaJieHOM b 1910 roA y, cqHTaeT hoiokoh Be- kob cym ecTByjom efl1, .. ... *\\ ,■ * <t>,fleia/ibHO H3yqHBUiHH 3eMAenoAb30Ba»He Ka3axoo b koh- ue XIX oeKa lUepOHHa aoboalho BepHO ormcaA crapyio, cymecTBOBaBiuyio eme b cepeAHHe XIX Bena, (fopMy 3eMAe- BJiaAeHHH y KoqeBOH qacTH Ka3axcKoro HaceAeHHfl: «riacT- 6HIUHMX rpaHHU B COBpeMeHHOM CMUCJie STOrO CJI0B3 He cymecTBOBaAO, Ka>KAbift poA H3 roAa b toa nyTeuiecTBOBaA Ha ceBep h o6paTHO Ha ior npH6AH3HTeAbno oahhm h TeM we o6iahm nyxeM.., HeKOTopue CTapHKK-6aranaAHHUbi noM- HHT TO BpeMH, KOrAa BCe HX COpOAH^H KOHeBa^H KpyrAblH toa, He HMen hhk3khx CTpoeHHft, KpoMe wpT. CeBepHOH C. T.)rpaHHuen kohcbok Guam pexa AxaH-Byp^yK (npHTOK Hihh- Ma— h o3epo MeAKap, HaxoAHiUHecH & npeAeAax HbiHeuiHero KaKqeTaBCKoro ye3Aa, lOHCHofi rpaHHuefi Koqe- bok HB.iH.iHCb peKH Hy h Cbip-,Uapbfl»2. R jiHHa KoneBoro nyra CaranaAHHueB b oahh KOHeu b cepeAHHe XIX Bena 6hbia paBHa npHMepHO, 1300—1400 km. ripn TaKOM noAO- HCeHHH HHK2KOH KOqeBHHK He MOr Aa>Ke AyMaTb O KaKOM-TO 3aKpenAeHHH 3a co6 oio Ha stom npocTpancTBe onpeAeAeH- CpeAHeft A3hh h K a 3 axcxaHa b AOOKXfl6 pbCKHft nepnoA. TauiKeHx. 1955, exp. 113—114, 1 MaiepHa^u Haynnoft ceccHH, nocBHiueHHoft hctophh CpeAHefi A3hh h Ka3axcxaHa b AOOKXflfobCKHfl nepnoA, TauiKem, 1955, d p . 99—103. 2 MaiepHa/ibi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eMJieno^b30BanHio, co6paHHbie h pa3pa6oTannue aKcneAHuneft no HccneAOBaHHio CTenHbix oG.iacxefi. Typ- raficKan otinacTb, t . V . KycxaHaficKHfi ye3A, Boponew, 1903, exp. 10, 304

■' / \" .v ' ■. Horo KJiotiKa 3eMJiH h 0 6-orpaHHneHHH. npaB Ha nojib30Ba- Hire im xpynix ko^gbhhkob. ■ HcB03MOJKHOCTb nOHBJieHHH qaCTHOTO 3teMJieBJiaAeHHH B ycviOBHHx BoeHHo-KoqeBOH >KH3HH njieMeHHo-^eoAaJibHoro oCmecTBa, nowhmo Bcero npoqero, oO'bHCHHjiacb tcm npoT CTbiM (JiaKTOM, hto Ka3axH aojito He MorjiH ocraBaTbCH Ha OAHOM MeCTe, HM npHXOAHJIOCb nOCTOHHHO MeHHTb Mecta H HanpaBjiemie cbohx KoqeBaHiifi. Ohh nocTOHHHO erpeMHJiHCb k TOMy, KaK 6b1 y ^ a n H O ocymecTBHTb AaBHo 3aAyM3HHbiH yroH cKOTa y Bpa>KAe6Horo pOAa hjih Aep>KaTbCH noAaJib- me ot Tex poAOBux rpynn, KOTopwe Koraa-To ot hhx no- cTpa^ajiH. «npH npe>KHeM HeycTpoftcTBe CTenn tfapwMTa no6y>KAajia m h o t h x qacro MeHHTb 3 H M o b k h » 1. O CH O BH H M H IipHHHHaM H, npenHTCTBOBaBIHHM H B03HHK- HOBeHHK) q aC T H O ft C06CTBeHH0CTH H a 3eM JH O y K a3axO B AO nptfCOeAHH eHHH K PoCCH H , C OAHO& CT O pO H U , 6bIJI KOHeBOH o 6 p a 3 >KH3HH C HeH36e>KHbIM A a JIb H H M paAHyCOM K O H eB a- HHH, C A p y r O H CTOpOHhT, M O K n JieM e H H b ie H BHeiHHHe BO H H bl, TpedoBaBmwe BcioAy 6hm> « b roroBHocth ocratlch hjih, H3MeHHB o6hrK H O B eH H yio A o p o ry nepeABH H ceH H H h 6 p o cH B rip ejK H ee C T O H O u m e , O T H cK aT b c e 6 e H O B o e » 2. HarJiHAHbiM npHMepoM Toro, KaK jiioah b cbh3h c BoeH- HOft 0 6 CTaiIOBKOH 6pOCaJIH CBOH H3CH>KeHHbie MeCTa, MO>KeT cjiyxcHTb c{)aKT nepeABHJKCHHH pnAa. nojiyKoneBbix Ka3ax-. ckhx poaob bo BpeMH peaKUHOHHoro BOCCT3HHH KeHecaphi KacuMOBa y>Ke B 30—40 roAax X IX BeKa. SKcneAHUHH <I>. IHepOHHbi oTMenaeT, qTO «eme He TaK a3bho, bo Bpe- MeHa KeiiecapHHCKHx CMyT, Ka3axn 3anaAH0H qacTH IleTpo- naBAOBCKoro ye3Aa npHHyxcAeHbi ObiJiH ociaBHTb cboh jictobkh, pacnoJiOsKemwe ua lore ye3Aa h no o6e cTopoHbi HuiHMa, h KoneBaTb Ha ceBepHbie jictobkh, 6jiH>Ke k Ka- 3aqbew ^hhhh» 3. riepBtJH pyc^cKH# yqeHbin, HanHcaBiunfi KanHT^JibHhiH TpyA no hctophh h 3Tnorpa$HH Ka3axcKoro HapoAa b jna- qajie XIX BeKa, A. JleBiiiHH yKa3HBaji, hto «MecTb oahoto 'Kpacoecicuu M . 06;iacTb ch6hpckhx KHprH30B, h II. M . Cn(5.,1868, CTp. 68. 2 TaM >Ke, CTp. 73. 3 M a tep n a^ u no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM/ienojib30BanHio, codpamiwe h pa3paCoTaHiibie aKcne/imuieH 110 HCC/ieAOBaHHio CTennux oCwacrcft. Ak- MOJWHCKan oOjiacTb, rieTponaBJioBCKHii ye3ji, t . XII. HepiimoB, 1908. CTp. 33. 20-1067 30o

qacTHoro qeAOBexa ApyroMy, yqacTHe, npHHHMaeMoe b ohoh ceMencTBaMH hx, ayjiaMH, o t a g a eHhhmh, Aaate uejibi- mh poAa-MH h BO3HHKai0iUHMH H3 Toro decnpepbiBHO dapaH- t u , npHHy>KAaioT HHorAa cothh k h 6 htok ocTaBAHfb odbiK- HOBeHHbie cboh, h aah H3de>KaHHH npecjieAOBaHHft,. 6c-3B03BpaTHo nepexoAHTb na Apyrne oTAa.ienHfeie Mecia»1. 3Ty iMbicAb A. JleBiuHH noATBep>KAaeT t3khm (J)3Ktom: « B 1740 roAy doAbiuaji qacTb CpeAHen opAw h xan ee A 6yA-MaM6 eT KoqeBaAH na OpH h XodAe; Adyjixanp »hcha TorAa doAee Ha deperax Cupa, hah KyeaHa, h noTOMy nncaA b 1742 roAy HenAioeBy b O pendypr: «H c MeHbiueio opAoio na Cbipe, a CpeAHHH opAa 6 a h 3 Bac, renepaAU Te- C. T.)nepb bhahm ( to ecTb b 30-x roAax XIX Bexa— cob- ceM npoTHBHoe: hh oahh H3 poaob CpeAHeft opAbi He npn- dAH>KaeTCA k Opendypry. IloAodHO ceMy, MHorne ayAbi Cbipe,A A H M y A H H C K o r o n oK O A eH H H , 3 H M O B a B u iH e B c e r A a H a n o Bpa>K Ae C O AHOpOAU aM H CBOHMH, KOTOpbIX IIOXpOBHTeAb- cTB yeT x h b h h c k h h xaH, b 1821 r o A y n pn in A H na 3HM y k H A ex y . B t o >xe Bpew n H ecxoA b K o A p y r a x ayAOB, o6 u k h o - BeHHO K o q e B a B tH H x y rp aH H u H a n in x , yA aA H A H C b k X H B e . Bee c n e b c a c t n a c k 3 a x A io q e H H io , q T O K H p r n 3 - x a 3 a x H n p n H a cT Q H m eM o d p a 3 e >k h 3h h h b H H H e 3 a H H M a e M b ix h m h 3eM AHX, H e M o r y T n o c e A H T b c n » 2. . To >xe caivioe haxoahm y H. H. Kpacjyra: «... paenpn Me>KAy pa3HbiMH imeMeHaMH KoqeBHHKOB, conpoBOKAaio- lunecji dercTBOM cAadeHinero nAeMeHH, He co3AaBaAH dAaro- npHHTHblX yCJIOBHH AAH HCKAIOqHTeAbHOrO o6A3AaHHH 3eM- Aeio*3. Hah y H. KoHuiHiia: «npHHpTbiurcKHe cTenH H3AaBHa CAyJKHAJH MeCTOnpedbIBaHHeM KOqeBbIX Ka3aXCKHX Poaob, Koropbie npu eennou 6opb6e dpyz c dpyeoM u v cocednuMu riAeMenaMU ne jaozau, Konenno, co3darb ycAo- T.).euu, HeodxoduMbix Oar ocedAozo o6pa3a q*cu3hu?>4 ( iioa- qepKHyio hamh.— C. TaKHM odpa30M, nocTOHHHbie bohhbi h KoqeBoe ckoto- boactbo, odycAOBHBuiee odmHHHoe 3eMAeBA3AeHne y xa3a- XOB, Tax >Ke AeHCTBOBaAH B HCTOpHH ApeBHHX pHMAHH H 1 JleeumH A . OnncaHHC KHpm-KaHcaKCKHx hah KHprH3-Ka3aqbHX OPA H CTcneft, in . Cn6.f 1832, crp. 29. 2 Taw >xe, CTp. 30. ’ 3 KpatpT H . H . H 3 KHprH3CKofl CTapHHbi. OpoHdypr, 1900, CTp. 95. 4 Komuun H . K Bonpocy o nepcBoae KHprH3 CeMHnajiaTHHCKoA o6- JiacTH b oce^Aoe cocTOHHiie. B kh.: naMHTHaa KHn>KKa CcMHna^aTHH- cKofi ofoacTH na 1898 roR. CeMHua.iaTHHCK, 1898, crp. 30. 306

06 K.r e p w a H u e B . M a p K c im c a jr . « n e p B a n cj)o p M a 3t o m c o d c T D e H H o c T H k s k b aiiT H H H O M M H p e , T a x h b c p e A i i n e B e n a , 3 t o — n jieM eH H aH c o 6cT B e H H o cT b , o 6y cA o u A e H H a H y P H M J 15IH T J i a B H b l M 0 6 p a 3 0 M B O H H O f t , a y T C p M a H U e B -----C K O - T O B O A C T B O M » 1. I l e p e x o A K O 'ieB H H K O B k o c c a a o c t h B cei\\n a n p o n c x o A H A noA B03AeHCTBH© M x a x B H yTpeH H H x (pocT n ap o A O H aceA e- H H H , O T C y T C T B H e C B O C O A H b IX H O O U IH p H b lX n a C T 6 HUJ.) , T a K H B H e u i H H x n p H H H H ( o r p a i i H M e H n e c c j) e p #b i K o q e B b i x n e p e c e A e - HHH C O C e A H H M H OCeAAbIM H H a p O A 3 M H ) . T a K n p O H C X O A H A O o c c A a iiH c n oA yK oqcB H H K O B — A p e B H H x rep \\ iaH u eB . IT o c a o - O. emeb o m coB ep- O H r c A b c a , b a n o x y U e 3 a p n repM aH Ubi U ia A H A A H T e A b H b ie C T p a H C T B O B a H H H , IIO BT O pH bie n O X O A b l H a Peft-3a n a A h H a l o r . T o A b K O « p i i M c x o e c o n p o T H B A e n n e H a H e , a 3 a T e M H a JXynae k a b a c t n p e A e A 3T0M y n e p e c e A e .H H io , o rp a H H H H B a e T B A S A em ia r e p M a im e B sa n a T o n h m h a o c h x nop TeppH TO pw en h t 3khm nyTeM npnHy>xAaeT nepeH TH k o c e A A O M y o 6 p a 3 y >k h 3 h h » 2. ^ k o t o b o a ^ c c k h h n p o M b i c e A , o c o 6eHHo b 6 eAHbix c t enxx C p e A H e f i A 3h h , T p c 6 y e T n p o - C T o p a , b 3 a B H C H M 0 CTH o t H e r o n e p e x o H e B x n , B n O H C K a X n a c T 6 H m , A O C T w raio T , x a x h 3b c c t h o , se c b M a q a cT o T b ic a n n h 6o jie e B c p c T . T Io w e p e rip u p o c ra Hacejiemin c T e n H b ix n a C T 6 H IH t C T aH O B H T C H Iie A O C T a T O H H O , 3eM AH 0T K a 3b lB a e T C H xopM H T b n e A O B e x a cb o h m e cT e cT B e m ib iM n oxp oB O M , T p e 6 y n o v H e r o r p y A a h y x o A a » 3. O c e A a H i i e K a 3 a x o x n x k o h c b h h k o b C IieH 3 6 e>KHOCTbK) CO npO B O >K A aA O C b KOpeHHOH A O M K O H y cT a H O B H B U ie ro cH B exaM H y x A a A a x o 3flftcT B a, o 6 p a 3 a H a - pO A H O H >KH3 H H H CBH3aH H O rO C H H M rTCHXHHCCKOrO C K A B A a Bh M n p o c o 3 e p u a H H H A K ) A o n . p e 3y A b T a ie T axo n a o m k h n o H B H A a cb B O 3 MO>xH0CTb A a A b H e iiiu e r o n p o r p e c c a M a T e - Taxanp n a A b H o n n A y x o B H o n x y A b T y p b i A a H H o r o o O 'm e c T B a . B03M0>KHOCTb A A H n ep eX O A a K a 3a X O B K OCeAAOCTH H 3 aH H - THH 3e M A e A e A H e M B03H H K A 3 B C B H 3H C A 0 6pO B O A bH bIM n p H - Bc o e A H H e H n e M x a 3 a x c x n x > x y 3 0 B k P o c c h h . sto m oTH orne- HHH, H a p H A y c pOCTOM ITAOTHOCTH H a c e A e H H H , 06'b eK T H B H O cbrrpaA O c b o io noAo>KHTeAbHyK> p O A b CTpoHTeAbCTBO p y c - c k h x y x p e n A e H H H Ha 3a n a A e , c e B e p e , nB O d o x e b TAy6 n x a 3a x c x o H C T e n n b XVIII h XIX b b . 1 M apKc K . H dm eAbc <t>. Com., t . 3, 1955, ctd. 62. 2 S m e A b C 0 . K HCTOpHH ApOBHIIX TCpMaHUCB. M., 1938, crp. 18. 2 OcTpOGCKUQ. B . K»iprH3bI'3CMACAeAbUbI. — TypKeCTaHCKHC BeAOMO- cth, 1897, 25 hoh6ph . 20* 307

OCHOBHhIM npH3HaK0M 3eMAeBJI3A6HHH IipH TlOHBAeHHH ajieMeHTOB o c c a a o c t h h n e p e x o A e K -n o A y K o q e B O M y o 6 p a 3 y x(H3hh BBJiaeTCH n o e ro a H H o e n o jib 3 0 B a H H e onpeaeJieHHoft rp y n n o fi H a c e jie H H H o a h h m h TeM x c e y p o q n m e M , 6e3 y c r a - HOBjieHH^ r p a H H u k coceA flM ; n p n s t o m MecTO sftMHeft CTOHHKH HAH- 3HMOBK3 C nOCTOHHIIhlMH, Aa?Ke CaMHMH npH- MHTHBHblMH, X03flftCTBeHHhIMH COOpy>KeHHHMH CT3H0BHTCH C06CTBeHH0CTbK) nepBhIX 33HM1IXHKOB. C AaAbHeHIHHM xo- AOM pa3BHTHH Ha^HHaiOT BbipHCOBbIBaTbCH nAOlIWAH OT- AeAbHhix 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH, naMeqaiOTCH norpaHHqHhie y p o - HHiua, ho ( j w r y p a 3eMeAbHbix BJisuxemiPi o c r a e T c a e m e we 3aMKHyToft c o CTopOHu, n p H A era iom eft k nAom aAflM o6m e- ro noAb30BaHHH. » C KOHua XVIII h naqayia XIX bb., K o rA a HaqaAOCb oce- AaHHe K a 3 a x o B , k 3>k a h h poA 3 a H » M a ji H3BecTHyio TeppH- TopHio, npHHeM n oA y^eoA aA bi-p oA on paB H T eA H , B03rA3B- AHBIHHe 6 0 Aee CHAbHbie MHOTQAIOAHhie pOAH, 3aXB3TbIBaAH AyquiHe MecTa, a hto noxyxce— AoaraBaAocb MeHee CHAb- HbiM noAy^eoAaAaM, pyKOBOAHBiuHM mavioAtOAHUMH poAa- MH. «CHAbHUe CBOeK) HHCJieHHOCTbK) pOAbl, paHee 33XBaTHB- UIHe B H3BeCTHOH MeCTHOCTH TAaBHeHUIHe yp09HIAa, HaqaAH BbnecHHTb H3 cBoeft cpeAH qyxcepOAueB h b to we BpeMH oxotho npHceAHAH k cede cbohx copoAHqefi*1. BHaqaAe 3a- XB3T 3eMeAb poAOBbiMH rpynnaMH ofrbHCHflACH TOM, qTO caMo Ka3axcKoe HaceAeHne crapaTeAbHo noAAep>KHBaAo pOAOBOH 6 hIT B CHAy ITOAHTHqeCKHX H SKOHOMHqeCKHX ycAOBHH KoqeBoro CKOTOBOAHecKoro xo3hhctb3. B tot ne- Phoa cHAa poAa npe>KAe Bcero onpeAeAHAacb ero BeAHqH- Hotf. « y KoqeBHHKa poA, no qHCAy qeAOBeqecxHx oco6eft, 3aKAioqaeT b ce6 e MHHHMaAbHo n ecK O J ib K o cot aha, cbh- 3aHHHX Me«Ay cotfofi SKOHOMHqeCKO# HHTWO, pa3pUB KO- Topoft noqTH BcerAa conpaateH c yxyAUieHHeM xo3hhctb3 hah no KpaHHeft Mepe noqtH BcerAa coeAHnaeTca c kbkh- mh-ah6o ApyrHMH jkht6hckhmh H6B3roAaMH... B cnopax o. 3eM6AbHbix yroAbHx xasax HHKorAa He BbicTynaeT coao, a BcerAa (TOAbKO npw noAAepaoce pOAOBHqefi: Ka3ax BnepeA 3Haer, Wo b crentt coao — HyAb>2. BnyTpH oTAeAbHbix poAOBhix r p y n n b H aqaA e oceAaHHH B Bcex3CMAH HaxOAHAaCb Hepa3AeAbHOM nO A b30BaHHH 1 MaTepHa.ihi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM/ieno/ib30BaHHK>, co6paHH«e ' h pa3pa6oTaHHhie sKcne^HUHefi no ucc/ieAOBaHHio crenHux oGjiaciefi. Typ- raficKan oCaacib, t . V , KycraHaHCKHH yesA. BopoHCJK, 1903, crp. 56. 2 PyccKHH TypnecTaH, 1898, 25. - 308

Ho^ h o o 6 iu ,h h h h k o b . o b A ^ jib H e f im e M , no M e p e o T A e jie H H H ot n a c T 6 n m cchokochmx n n a x o r a u x yroAH H , b o 3h h k 3jih HOBMe H O p M b i 3eMJienoJib30BaHHH. FlepB O H aqajibH o b o c h o - bc h x j io k h t npaBO . n e p B o r o 3 a x B a T a h 3 axB aqeH H b iH y q a c T O K o c T a e T C H b H acjieacT B eH H O M nojib30BaHHH ceM b H . «T a K O B a o 6 w q H a H HopM a n o jib 3 0 B a H H H ecTecTBeHHbiM H c e - H OKOCaM H H 6 o r a p H H M H n a iU H H M H . Ho B OCHOBe n O JI& 30B a- hhh n o J iH B H b iM H 3eMJiBMH j io k h t y > K e T p y a o B o e H a q a j i o : c e M b fl H M e e T n p a B O Ha 3 e M e jib H b ift y q a c T O K n o a p b i K y co- p a 3 M e p H o yq a cT H K ) b o6 m eM T p y a e e r o coopy>xeH H H . rio- jiH B H b ie y q a c T K H n a im iH h n o K o c a , o Ch k h o b c h h o , T a K J K e HaXOAHTCH B HaCVie^CTBeHHOM n0Jlb30B aH H H CeMeH. O ^ H a K O B C TpeqaioTC H h cp ean K a3axoB nepH O AH qecKH e n e p e A e jiu 36MJIH T a w , r a e e e y>xe M a n o a j ih n o jiH o r o yzioB J ieT B op eH H H cnpoca Ha H e e »!. B o ra T C T B o , MHoroJiioAHocTb, cjieAO B aTe^bH o cHJia, c jiy - >k h j ih o c h o b h h m 4)aKTOP OIVf» o d e c n e n H B a io m H M n e p B O H a - qajibiibiH 3 a x B a T h nocvie/iyiom ee 3aKpenjieHHe 3a c o 6 o io Ko^iHqecTBeHHo 6ojibuiHx h K aqocTB eH H o Jiyquw x yqacTK O B 3e.M ;w T e M H h j ih ApyrH M H p o ^ o B b iM H rp yn n aM H . 3 t o t 5Ke (J)aKTOp nOCTOHHHO BHOCHJI CBOH KOppeKTHBbI B 3 eM eJ Ib H b ie OTHouieHHH oceA aB u iH x K a3 axoB H a Been TeppH TopH H Ka- 3 axcT aH a, h o , HecMOTpn na s t o , AaBH ocTb 3axB aTa T o r o hjih A p y r o r o yp oqH m a O TAejibH biM H jm uaM H H r p a jia 6 o J ib m y io p o jib . 3 a x B a q eH H b ie 3eM JiH poAOBbie r p y n n b i CTa- jih o x p a H H T b nocaeAOBaTeJibHO c 6 o j i e e ueHHbix y ro A H ift h KOHq a H B c e ft T ep p H T o p n eH . T a i c n e H3MeHeHHH b 3 e M e jib H h ix OTHomeHHHx y Ka3axoB n p on cxoA H JiH tojibko b n p o u e c c e n o c T e n e H iio ro oceAaHHH. IIp o rp e c c H B H o e 3HaqeiiHe o c e a a - h h h x o q e B H H K O B b t o m h c o c t o 5l /i o , h t o o h o m a r 3 a m a r o M npHBOAHJIO K nOBblHieHHK) HHTeHCHBHOCTH Ka3aXCKO rO CKO- T O B O A qecK o ro xo3HHCTBa b CBH3H c nocTeneH H biM n e p e x o A O M e r o o t c a M o r o n p H M H T H B H oro K o q e B o r o y K J ia a a >k h 3h h k noJiyKoqeBO M y h - oceA^iOMy — cKOTOBOA^ecKo-aeMJieAeJibqe- CKOMy. . B H aqa/ie npou ecca oceAaH H H H aH 6ojibm yio ueHHOCTb jijm CKOTOBOAOB-K333xob npeACTaBJiHJTH MecTa, y A o 6 H b ie AJin 3H M H eft n a c T b 6 b i cKOTa. B c e B e p o -3 a n a A H 0 M , c e e e p H O M h ceBepo-BOCToqHOM pafioH ax K a 3 a x c T a H a t 3khm h ueH H bi- mh 3HMHHMH nacTOnm aM H cqH T aJ in cb nacT^Hm a, p a c n o jin - 1 1 BacuAbee/B. A. CeMHpeiieHCKan oO-rcacTb KaK ko-ioiiha h pojib b hch MyficKoA jxojihhu. Ilr., 1915, cTp. 86— 87. 309

jK eH H tie b r o p w c T b i x M e c T a x . n o B C 6M jia H H b iM , nepBbie x a - 3aXCKHe 3HMOBKH n05IBHJHCb B 3THX T O p a X . 3 t 0 6bVI0 BepHO Tax>xe h jy ia lo r a K a3 axcT a n a . «H a H J iy q u iH c ycuexH pac- H.ieHeHHbie 3CM;ienoJib30BaHiiH c a e j i a j i n , no-BH^HMOMy, b TOpHblX MGCTHOCTHX K)>KHOH nOJlOCbl odflaCTH — MHMXeHT- cKoro, T a iu K e H T C K o r o h A y jiH 3 * A T H H C K o r o ye3,aoB, a Tax>xe b K a p a i a y c K H x r o p a x » 1. K a x 6 u j i o y x a 3 a H 0 , n e p B b ie 3 h m o b k h , x a x o q a n i no- C T en eH H oro o c e / ia H H fl n a q a ;iH n osiB /raT bC H b 0T,ae.nbHbix BM e c T a x b 6.i h 3 h p y c c K H x n o r p a H H q H b ix jiH H H ft. ^ a a b n e ft- meM n e p c x o A K a 3 a x o B k n o jiy o c e A J io c T H h oce/yiocTH b 6 o - ,aee iij h p o k h x p a a w e p a x n p o H c x o ^ H J i y > x e n CBH3H c 6 o ;ie e yCHJIHBIIIHMCH IIO JIH TH qeCXIlM H 3KOHOMHWeCKHM B03AeftCTBH- eM p y c c K o r o r o c y & a p c T B a h npe>x,ae B c e r o b c bh 3h c b o a b o - peHne.M b K 3 3 a x c K O H creriH r p a > x z ia iic x o r o M H pa, 6e3 q e r o H6B03M02KII0 6hLTO 6 b l TGCHOe 0 6 lH e H H e K33axCKHX xoqeB - h h k o b c pyccKHM H a c e jie H H e M . T o .u k o b p e 3 y j i b T a i e noaBopeuuH r p a ^ a H C K o r o M Hpa b x a s a x c x o fi c r e im c ra .n a bo3mo>k h o h n ocT po tfxa nocToan- HLIX ITOMeiHeHHH RJIH CKOTH H flJIH JlfO/ieH Ha 3HMOBXaX. Be3 3 ioro npaBo Ha onpene.aeHHyio TeppH Topnio 3HMHHX nacT- 6 hiu He 6 w .n o 6 b i a o c t h t o ^ho n poH H b iM h tto cto h h h u m . E c jih Taxoe npaBo Ha onpeAeJieHHwe yqacT K H 3eMJiH TpyAHo 6 wjio ,a o K a 3 a T b T a w , rae He 6 u .n o H H x a x H x , xoth 6 m c a - MUX npHMHTHBHUX C0 0 py>KeHHH, TO e ilie Tpy^Hee 6bIJI0 co- xpaHHTb h n o ;m e p }K a T b sto n p a B o b y c jio b h h x 6 ec n p c p u B - HblX BOeHHMX Hana^eHHH BHCUJHHX B p arO B , MeJKpO^OBblX H M ew iuieM eH H N x b o h h . Bojiee nporpeccHBHaa (Jjopwa 3eMe«nbHbix oTHOiueHHfi, a Cvne.aoBaTe.nbHo, xo3HHcma h 6uTa y Ka3axoB B03HHKJ7a h nocTeneHHo p a c n p o c T p a H H .n a c b He c u e H T p a TeppHTopnH, 3aHHMaeM0H xa3axaMH, a c o x p a H H , t o ecT b co c M e x c H u x c pyccKHMH B/iajaeHHHMh 3eMeJib. Haqa.no oce^aHHH Ka3axon Ha ceoepc h ceBepo-3ana,ae othochtch ko BTopoft *no.noBHHe X V III Bexa, Ha ceBepo- BOCToxe h b CeMHpenbe k nocJie;uieft qeTBepTH XVIII Be- xa. «Ka3axH, nocjie yHnqTO)xeHHfl KHTafiuaMH rijxyHrap- cxoro uapcTBa ^b 50-x rojax XVIII ctojicthh — C. T.) 3a- XBamnx coopy>xeHHbie xaJiMUxaMH apbixn h opomaeMue hmh 3eMJiH. Bnpoqew, 3th Tax Ha3biBaeMbie «xajiMMUKHe» 1 KaytffMan A. A . K Bonpocy o pyccKoft KOJiOHtrcaUHH TypKecraH- cKoro Kpaa. Cn(5., 1903, CTp. 158. 310

apbiKH — no KpawHcfi Mepe, HanCojiee KpynHhie m h h x — • Ha baMOM A e jie ropa3AO ApeBHee BjiaAeAbueB, hmh KOTOpbix OHH HOCHT»l . «K o r A a b XVI h XVII ctojicthhx o6pa30Ba- jiacb nocJienHHH KoqeBan HM nepm i — il^yurapH n, t o b ropax m CTennx CeMHpeqbH KoqeBajin y>Ke HbineuiHHe o 6 h - TaTe^iH e ro — Ka3axn h KapaKHprn3bi. Ka3axcKHe opAbi — Konr^iOMepaTHoro TiopKOMOiiroAbCKoro npoHcxoK/ieHHH h BGAyT c c o e Hanajio ot pa3ribix BectM a apcbh h x njieMen, HaceJiHBinHx CeMHpc^be... Ka3axn b 3HaqHTejibH0H CBoen qacTH 6 b ia h BbiTecHeHbi 113 CeMHpeqbfi KaJiMbiKaMH; o t c io - Aa Ka3axn pacnpoc/rpaHHAHCb no co ccah u m o6jiacTHM: h h * iiemneH Cbip-iZapbHHCKOH, O epraiicK on, CeMHnajiaTHHCKoft, A km ojih hc ko # h TyprancKofi; h o , KorAa b cepenHHe X V III CTOjreTHH /[>KyHrapcKoe uapcTBo (5biJio yHHqTo>KeHo k h - TanuaMH, Ka3axnonHTb CTa^n xoqeBaTb b CcMupeqbe, h o m h - najibHo npHHHB KHTaficKoe noAAancTBO»2. «C TpHAuaTbix ro - ao b XVIII CTOJieTHH BceAeHHe h pacceJicHHe no ceBepHbiM qa cm m K a 3 ax c K o ro xpan npoAOJi>KaAocb n TeqeHHe ncero XIX BCKa»3. B nepnoA 3aHHTHfi K asax aw n npHHpTbimcKHX CToneft xa>KAan poAonAeMennan rp y n n a 3airnMaAa H3BecT- HyK) 30Hy a^ih CBoero KoneBoro iiepeABH^eHHfi. B q a c n io - cth, TeppHTopmo KapxapaAHHCKoro h 3anaAHyio qacTb n a o - JiOAapcKoro ye3AOB 33H5iah pa3Hbie poAbi njieMenw AprbtH, a lOKiibic CTenn (3aHcaiicKHH, YcTb-KaMeHoropcKHH h Anry3CKHH ye3Abi) — pOAH H3 nJieMeH HaftMan w K n pen . Ha TeppHTOpHH KycTaHaficKoro ye3Aa nepBbiMH 3aceAb- iHHKaMH 6 b ia h Ka3axH CpeAHero >xy3a, KOTopbie ’ HaqaAH CTpOHTb 3HMOBKH B MeCTaX HH>KHerO TCqGHHA pCKH T 0 6 OA b KOHne X V III h naqajie XIX c to jic th h ; no3AHee 3Aecb noce*rWAHCb A>Karaji6aHAHHUbi h A>KannacoBUbi H3 ALnaA- rnero >Ky3a. K a n 6 liao ycTanoBAeHo aKcneAHixneft O . LLlep- 6«Hbi, Ha ceBepo-3anaAe KycTaHaftcKoro ye3Aa Hace- Jiemie KeHbapaAbCKOH, ApKaparaftcKoii, Kapa6ajibiKCKoft h Zl>KaM6apcKOH BojrocTen Haqajio oceAaTb Ha jieTHeM nacT- 6nme, HaxoAHBiueMcn c A 3bhhx BpeMen b o6meM BJiaAe- Rmannachhh AByx KpynHbix po aob: KwnqaK (CpeAHero >Ky3a) h (M^iaAiuero >xy3a). 1 BacuAbea B. A. CeMHpeueHCKan otf/iacrb Kan ko^ohhh h po/ib b Heft MyftcKoft ao jih h h , Ilr., 1915, crp. 88— 89. 2 TaM we. 3 X G O p O C T a H C K U U 77. KHprH3CKHft BOnpOC B CBH3H C KO.aOHH3aUH0H.— Bonpocw K0 .T0 HH3 aiiHH, 1907, N? I, crp. 63. / 311

-IlepBMMH nanajiH oceAaTb KHnnaxcKHe. poahi TopbiaH- rwp (A.aTbi6 a c ), Kapa6a/ibix u Ky-nb^etieH. Ohh •3aHHJiH Meda no HH>KHeMy Tenemno penn T o6oji h no •pexe Y h Han6ojiee mtOAopo/mwe 3cmjih ApxaparaHCKoro., 6opa h jiyninne 03epa. K a3axn flaMtfapcxoH bojiocth H3 Tex ke KHnnaKCKHx poaon cnawa.ia occjih b HoBO^HHeimoM pan- OHe, a noTOM b cepeflHHe XIX Bexa, b cbh3H c o6pa30BaHH- eM b 3thx MecTax MHornx xa3anbHx noce^xoB, nepece^H- jmcb iia.ToGoji. K 3Thm oceaaBiiiHM KHnnaxaM b Hana^e XIX Bexa npniiiJiH rf3 Cbip-flapbH •Ka3axn H3 xHnHaxcxo- ro po.ua AjiTbi6 ac h 33hhjih b coceacTBe c yxce occbiiihmh copo/iHHa'MH MecTa no HHJKHeMy TeneHHio peKH To(frwi h b ApxaparaficKOM 6opy. AjiraBacoBUbi paHbine Ha bth Mecra iiphxoahjih exceroAHO xax 11a cboh jictobkh. Mto xacaeTcn 3acejieHHn MecT no BepxHeMy TeneHHio p..To6o;i h no penxe AnTy, to TaM b nepBOH noJioBHHe XIX. Bexa Ka3axH oce^ajiA coBepuieHHO cbo6oaho, Tax xax b to Bpe- MH 33HMIUHKH 3aXBaTbIBa^H nOA 3HM0Bbie CTOHtfHWa HHKO- My ne npHHa^JiOKamne JieTOBO^Hbie npocTpaHCTBa *h/ih npHceJMJiHCb x 6 jih3Khm po^CTBeHHHxaM, ycneBWHM paHee ocecTb b 3thx Mecrax1. IlepBbiM H raoceJieHuaMH Ha 3eM Jin x AM aHxaparaHCKOH bojiocth 6hjih K a 3axH aprbiHCXHx pojioB*. EpM eH , A jiH M 6eT .H KpKMfcUlTbIK, KOTOpwe flO K0 H U 3 TpHAUaTbIX TOflOB XIX Bexa x o n e B a jiH Me>xjxy A M a H K a p a ra ftcK H M 6 opoM h pexoio C b i p - A a p b e n ; h « 6ojibii3HHCTBO H 3 iihx on pe^ejieH - HHX 3HM0B H X CTOflSHIH He HMeJIO,'*' a 3HMOBaJlO TO Ha Cwp-ZIapbe (TepeHxyjibTaTa), to no penxe Typraw, Hanpn- Mep, Ha yponHiue Ulomxaxyjib, a hhotjxa npovowJiH 3HMy h b AMaHKaparaftcxoM 6opy, cmotdh no coctohhhio kopmob h noroAbi»2. . . 'v \"\" . H>xaraJi6 aHjiHHUbi, 3aHHBinHe. 3eMJiH ^eTbirapHHCKoft H KyMaXOBCKOH BOJIOCTefi, AO' GepeAHHH COpOXOBbiX TOAOB XIX Bexa xoqeBajiH na TeppHtopun, xoTopan noTOM 0T0in/ra x HprH3cxoMy ye3Ay, h no AeBOMy 6 epery pexn Ypaji. rio- cne BBeaeHHH b AeScTBHe myio>xeHHH 1844 roaa 06 ynpa- BJieHHH opeH^yprcxHMH xa3axaMH A>xaraji6ataH U bi HanajiH ocejiaTb h cTpoHTb 3HM0BKH no BepxHeMy TeneHHio pexH To- 1 MaiepHa^bi no KHprHscKOMy 3eM^eno.ib30B3HHio, cotfpaHHbie h pa3pa(5oTaHHbie 3KcneAHUHefi no ncc.nezi.OBanhto crennw* ofoacTefi. Typ- raHacaji ofaacTb, t . V, KycTaHaflcKHfi ye3fl. Bopohe>K, 1903, crpr44. 2 TaM ace, <rrp. 40. • 312

6 oji, Ha h t o oK a3 a jio cBoe BJWHHHe oceAaHHe 6 oA b iiiH H - •CTBa A H C TaH O H H H X IjaHaAbHHXOB y p e K H y p a J L K a 3 a X H BeCTJOdHHCKOA B O A O C TH , B CB06M tfO A bU IH H C TB e n p H H a ^ ie jK a B L U ife k A X < a n n a c o B C X O M y p o A y H3 6 a n y jiH H C K O - r o n jic M e i-iH M jia A m e r o > x y 3 a , n e p e c e jn u iH C b H3 n p e A e A O B C b ip - Z ta p b H H a c b o h C T ap tae^ ieT O B O H H b ie M ecTa b x o H u e c o p o - k o b m x t o a o b . M n o r H e H3 A > x a n n a c o B u c B o c g a h n o c jie 6 o jib - u io ro A > x y T a b cepeA H H e X IX B e x a , x o rA a T a x M H oro n o rn t)- JIO B e p 6 A K > A O B , HTO « H 3 K O C T e ft H X 3 a T e M CTpO H JIH 3 a r O p O A - XH A A H O B e i * » V \\ B n p o u e c c e oceAaHHH x a 3 a x o B b K ycT aH aficxoM y e 3 A e B H a n a jie 3aH H M ajiH Cb M ecTa 3 h m o b o x c AynniHMH c e H O x o c - HbiMH y q a c T x a M H . K a 3 a x a M , o c e B iiiH 'M n o3A H ee, A o c r a B a - jiH C b x y A i n n e 3eMJiH. T a x o e H e p a B H O M e p H o e p a c n p e A .e jie H H c HMe^io M e c T o jjohth Ha Been T e p p H T o p H H K a s a x c T a H a . B n e p B o e B p eM H n o c jie n e p e x o A a k n o jiy x o n e B O H >k h 3 h h xaaaxH K ycTaH an cxoro ye3Aa, Tax>xe xax xa3axn A p y rn x n a c re # K a 3 a x c r a H a , He m o iv ih c p a 3 y nopBaTb c TpaAH U H H - m h 6 b r j i o r o x o n e B o r o o 6 p a 3 a >KH3HH. M H o r w e H3 h h x H a 3 H M y Bpa3A eJIH JIH C B o e X03H #CTB0 H a A B C HaCTH. O A »y b x o a h a h B e p 6 j n o A b T h OBUbi, x o T o p w e 3 H M O B a jiH Ha lo r e b n p e ^ e j i a x cbohx C T a p b ix 3Hm h h x n acT 6 n m , rA e-H H 6yA b Ha 6 e p e r a x p e x C b ip -H a p b H h K yB aH -ZlapbH , a A p y r y x ) n a crb c o era B A H A H Jiom aAH , x o T o p b ie nacAHCb x p y r jiM H r o A Ha ceB ep e. 3 x c n e - A H U H eft <J>. tU ,e p 6 H H H o T M e n e H o c y m e c T B O B a H H e b K O H u e X IX B exa ocTaTXOB Taxoro THna xo3H#CTBa, npaBAa, b BHAe p tA X H x HCXAioHeHHH, y A x c a n n a c o B ix e B J X a u 6 a p c K o P i b o - aocth h y aprH H ueB A M aH xap aran cxoH boaocth. 3 x cn eA H - uhh 3a (p H K C H p o b aJia, hto «C T a p n x H noM HHT to BpeMH, x o r A a M H o rn e K H n n a x H , HMen 3h m o b x h , p acn oA O JxeH H b ie n o p e x a M Vx> h T o 6 o A y , b to >xe BpeMH xa>K A yx> 3HMy oT n p a B A H A H CBOHX O B e U H B ep ^A IO A O B B C b ip - J ia p b H H C K y iO o 6 A a C T b . T a x o n c n o c o 6 xo3H H H H H anbH HMeeT 3 a c o 6 o f t C o A b U in e n p e - H M ym ecTB a, T a x x a x o6 ecn en H B a eT xo3HHCTBa b c A y n a n x BH e A o p o A a T p a B . . . to >xe B peM H s t h otfcTOHTeAbCTBa n p e - nnTCTBOBaAH npoHHOMy 3 a x p en A eH H K > T e x h a h h h h x y p o H H iu 3a to h h a h A p yroif po ao b o h rp y n rro # xa 3 a xcxoro H a c e jie - h h h » 21. B 4 0 - x r o A a x X I X B e x a x a 3 a x n O M C x o r o y e 3 A a « j k h - AH H 3 H M y. H A eT O B KDpTaX, H e A e A 3 A H 3anaCOB CeHa, nOHTH 1 M a T ep w a jiti no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM5renojib30BaHHio, co6panHt>ie h pa3pa6oTamibie-3KcneAHUHeM no HCCJie/ioBaHHio CTenHux otfjiacTeif, . V, 1903, . 46,TypraffCKan o6jiacTb, t 2 TaM >Ke, CTp. 55. KycTaHaiicKHfi ye3A. BopoHexc, ctp 313

lie n e p w a jw p o r a T o r o ckoth h c o B e p m a jiH KoqeBKH He t o jib - KO JieTOM, a H BO BpeMH 3HMU n ep e M eim jiH CTOHHKH. /IeTHHe KOMeBKH B TO B p CM 51 tiblJIH A ajIb H H & t1. T o HHO T3KHMH >Ke nepiaM H b t o t n e p n o A xap aK T ep H 3 0 B ajicH o6pa3 >kh3hh Ka3axoB rieTponaBJioBCKoro, K o K q eT ascK o ro , naBJiOAapcKo- ro h A p. ye3,0,0b . riocT05iHHbie it o c t p o h k h Ha 3h m o bk3x 3^ecb iraqa.,iH B03HHKaTb b 6 oAbmHHCTBe c;iyqaeB b 50-x ro a a x XIX B e x a , K o r^ a MHorne H3 K a 3 a x o n BnepBbie craJiH 3aHHM3TbC5I CeHOKOHJeHHCM H ynOTpetfjIHTb CeHOKOCHbie opy^Ha, b qacTHocTH, pyccxyio Kocy. « C e n o Ka3axH kocht pyccKHMHJieTOBKaMH, — micaji M. KpacoBCKHH, — noKynae- MhiMH Ha BHyrpeiiHHx pbiHKax, h n ecM O T p a na GecnouuiHH- Hbrft b bo 3 >K0*ne3a b CTenb, AOBo/rbHO Aoporo, hmchho no 1 pyfono, a t o h no 1 py6iiio 50 Koneex 3a uiTyny. 3aroTOBJieHHoe c e n o cymaT h cK jiaAbm aiO T b KonHbi TaK >Ke, Kai< st o fle^iaioT pyccKHe noce^eHUbi, o t KOTopwx Bee 3a«M- CTBOBaHO»23. no Ko.nnqecTBy k o c , eweroAHO b b o 3h m b ix b ay.abi ch6 h p - ckhx Ka3axoB, m otkho ce6 c npe^cTaBHTb, k s k pa3BHBaAOCb y h h x ceHOKom eHHe. no Heno.aHbiM ja H H m i , nepe3 O.w- CKyio AHCTaHUHio b o 6 ^acTb 6 bi.no BBe3eH0 k o c : b 1857 r o ­ i l y — 658 LLiTyK Ha cyMMy 410 p y 6 . 60 Kon.; b 1858 r .— 795 h it. Ha cyM M y 667 py6 . 80 n o n .; b 1859 r.— 1 175 h it . Ha cyMMy 867 p y 6 . 80 non.* C p a 3ne.neHneM cTenH cnOnpcKoro BeztoMCTBa b aAMHHH- CTpaTHBHOM OTHOLiieHHH Ha o K p y ra , p a n e e HMeBiiiHe wecTO ^ajibHHe nepexo/ibi npojKHBaiomHx 3Aecb Ka3axoB coBepuieH- ho npeKpaTHJiHCb. 3 th x Ka3axoB y>Ke b cepeiume XIX sexa Bno.iHe m o >k h o 6 bi.no c q in a T b npHKpenjieHHbiMH k nocTOHHHo 3aHHM aewbiM hm h 3 HM0 BKBM. KoqyioiiiHe ayilbl npeBpam a.iHCb b nojiyxoqeBbie* coB epm aB uiH e iieTOM, Bec- Hofi h oceHbio nepeKoneBKH c Mecra Ha MecTO, a 3Htaoio o cen a m m ie Ha o a h h x h Tex >xe 3HM OBKax. H a n a jio cb s t o c ceBepHbix nacTew CTenH, rAe Tpe6 oBaiiH T o ro cypoBbie3HMbi h rjiy6 oKHe c n e r a . K a 3 ax n BnepBbie Haqa^iH 3Aecb yqHTbCH y pyccKHx y cT p aH B aT b 3HM/me )K H Jim u a4. 1 Maiepnaabr no KHpmcKOMy 3eM/ienojib30BaHHio, co6paHHue h pa3pa6oTaHHbie sKcneAHuneA no ucaieAOBaHHK) cTennux o6.iaciefi. AHMoamicKan o6.nacTbf O mckhA ye3fl. O mck, 1902, erp. 28. 2 KpacoecKuCi M . O&riacTb ck6hpckhx Knprii30B, II. Cn6., 1868, CTp. 76. J . ' - .1 43 Taw » e , C0Tp. . K1H08p.riiacxafl napOAHocTb b MecTax KpecTbHHCKHX no- UlepOuna ce^eHHH. Cn6., 1905, CTp. 18. 314

ripn 3ace^enHH TeppHTopnn coBpeMcimoro BocToquoro I<a3axcTaHa ot ropoAa YcTb-KaMenoropcKa ao MepHoro HpTbiuia Ka3axH oceAaAH to>k 0 6 o jim iih m h poaobum h rpyn- naMH, KaK, HanpHMep, Bypa, TepcTaHGajibi, h Ap., npnqeM BHyTpn Ka>KAoro poAa npoHcxoAHJio pa3MemeHHe Taione no pOAOBfalM B0TBHM, HO V>Ke 6o,iee MeJIKHM, H Ka>KAaH OTAeJIb- Han BOTBb 3anHMajia oco6yio TeppHropnio. Taxon nopnAOK pacno;io>KeHHH po aob coxpaHHJicn TorAa, xor^a poA jih6o cpa3y oce^aji b nojiHOM cocraBe, jih6 o cTHruBajicn nocTe- neimo. B Ky^yjKyHCKyio BOJiocrb YcTb-KaMeHoropcxoro ye3- Aa npHmjTH npe>KAe ncero Tpn BeTBH poAa Kapayjr-Jl^a- cbixa: Ky/iac, BojiaT h MypaT. KyAac h MypaT 3aHHJin AOAHHy peKH ByKOHa, a Bo a s t — AOJiHHy pexn KyJiyHcyHa. «H h o Kakhx rpaHHuax Me>KAy s t b m h pOAaMH h noMHHy He 6hjio. 3 to cjiynHJiocb no3AHee, xorAa BCJieACTBHe npnpocTa nace.aeHHH h jviaBHbiM o6pa30M OTpe3KH 3CMCJib non Ka3anbH noceJieHHH HBHJiacb Heo6xoAHMocTb pa3rpaHHHHTb BJiaAe- iihh OTAejibHbix rpynn»1. A H a J io rH n H W M n yTeM npoH cxo/TH A O sacejieHne A ktio6 h h - ckoho ye3Aa. 3acejieiiHe Ka3axaMH mwiyocTpOBa MaHrbiiiJAaK H an a- jiocb b 6 0 -x r o A a x X V I I I b . 3 tot >kc c})aKT 6 hji 3a(j)HKCHpo- caii SKcne^nuHeH AH C C C P b 1926 v o n y . « O kojio 175 JieT TOMy na3aA, b o BpeMena EceHa E c c u ry jio B a ( 6 -e noxoAeHHe ot A ^ a n ) anau BMecre c poAaMH 6 aftyjiw H3 pawoHa C y a p a H (3anaAr»biH TypKecTaH) HaMHHaioT npoABHraTbCH no Ha- npaBAeHHio K 3anaAy... K 3T0My rrepHOAy b a 3achhh KajiMbiix- Koro u a p ojxa n p o cT u p a n u cb no peK 3 m 6 h , Y hJia u TeM npa... JXoCTHrHyB npeAejioB khamhukoh TeppHTopHH, Ka3axn n o n m He BCTpeTHJIH COnpOTHBJieHHH CO CTOpOHbl o6 eccHJieHHbix BOHHOIO Ka«HMbIKOB, 3BepCKH HX pa30p*IJIH H OTOtfpaJIH HX 3eMJIH». «riy T e M OTKpbITbIX BOHH H HaCTblX nepHOAHH0CKHX B33HMHbix H a6 eroB, okojio cTa JieT TOMy Ha3aA, bo BpeMeHa BafiMeH6 eTa, noJib3yncb noAAep>KKoft pyccKHX, ajoian o h h c- THJIH OT TypKMeH nOHTH BCIO TeppHTOpHIO YcTb-YpTa, oecb nojiyocTpoB MaHrauiAbiK, noayocTpoB Bo3amH h aouijih a o sanaAHbix 6 epcrqB Apajibcxoro M opn. Kpowe Toro, aA an , npn noAAep>KKe pyccKHX bohck pacuiHpHAH rpaHHuy c b o - 1 MaTepwajibi no KHprH3CKOMy 3eM.ienojib30Baiimo, cotfpaHHwe h pa3pa6oTaHHbie S K c n e A H iw e ft no H C C A C A O B aH H io CTeriHbix oC.nacTeft. CcMHnaJiaTHHCKan o6jiacTb, ycTb-KaMenoropcKHH yc3A. t . IX. Cn6., 1905, CTp. 30. 315

HX KO'ieBOK BITJIOTb AO AOpOrH, npOXO^JUIieH- ’ MORAY . ro p . KpacHOBOACKOM h X h b o h * 1: ;*./v CjieAOBaTejibHo, yciaHOBjieHHe rpaHHU coBpeMeHHofi Tep- pHTOpHH Ka3axcTaHa h npouecc.bo3hhkhob6hhh h pacnpo- CTpancHHJi noJiyKoqeBoro h oceA-noro o6pa3a jkH3Hh c 3AeMeHTa\\iH qacTHoro 3eMJieBJiaAeHHH 6hjih hobhmh HBJie- HHHMH B HCTOpHH Ka3axCKOrO HapOAa, B03HHKUIHMH B npO- uecce npHcoeAHHenHfi K33axcKHx >xy30B k Pocchh. 3 to nojioxceiiHe 6hjio BepHo oTMeqeHo mhohimh flope- BOAiouHOHHbiMii HccjieAOBaTeJiHMH K a3axcTaH a. HanpHMep, A. BeccoHOB nncaji: «B HacTonmee BpeMH Ka3-axn, omacTH BCAeACTBHe BJIH5IHHH pa3JIHqHbIX Mep, HpHHHTblX npaBHTeAb- ctbo m b n ocJieA H H e BpeMeHa npeH M ym ecTB eH H o c 1835 ro- A3, OTHaCTH BCAeACTBHe BJJHHHHH CMOKHOR) HaceJICHHH, pyccKoro, 6auiKHpcKoro h T a ia p c K o ro , y>Ke He npeACTaB- jihiot co 6 o fi n o 6biTy h xapaicrepy cBoeM y ueAbnoro HapoAa*, TorAa xaK OAHa qacib Ka3axcKoro HapoAa no-npe>KHeMy AepxcHTcn K oqeB oro 6bnra, A p y ra a h 3 x o a h t c 5i Ha pa3;wqHbix daAHHx n e p e x o A a ot KoqeBoro 6w r a _k 6&iTy oceAAOMy h npeACTaBjiHeT co6ofi MHoroqHCAenHbie h HirrepecHhie <f)op- MbI BHAOH3MeHeHHH ApGBIIHX npHBblHeK, BKyCOB, BepOB3HHfi, Boo6iue Bcero xapaKTepa*2.3 H. H. rpoAexoB rmcaji, h to pyccKoe rocyAapCTBO c hobm m h nopaARaMH h uhbhjih33UH- eft, nepexoAOM KoqeBHHKOB k 3eMJieAeAHio, TioHBJieHHeM HOBbIX BHAOB npOH3BOACTB3 H npOHee BbI3B3JIH 3HaqHTe/ib- Hhie H3MeHeHHH b o6wqHOM npaBe Ka3axoB. «B >KH3Hb Ha­ poAa IHHpOKOIO BOAHOK) BAHAHCb HOBbie B3IVIHAH H TIOHfl- thji; WH3Hb iia q a ^ a npeAibHBAHTb HOBbie TpetfoBaHHH, k KOTOpbIM npHUIAOCb npHCnOCO(5HTb nOCTaHOBAeHHH otfblHHO* ro npaBa»s. TaKHM o 6 p a 3 Q M , o6m H H H o-ayAbnaH (popMa 3eM AeBAa- AeHHH h 3eM AenoAb30BaH H H y K a3axO B H e M oivia cym ecTB O - BaTb b ycA O B H H x mhcto K oqeB oro x03HHCTBa, OHa H a q a a a • ^ o p M H p o B a T b C H 'c o BpeMeHH- npH coeAH H eH H H hx K . P o cch h . 3 to n p o H cx o A H A O n yieM 3aK/iaAbiBaHHH 3h m o b o k h 3a x p e - wieHHH o n p eA e jie H H b ix yqacTKOB 3eM A H b «npHMHTHBHO- 1 MaTepHdAH KOMHCCHH 9KCneA»UHOHHblX HCCJieAOBaHHft, Btin. 13. CepHB Ka3axcTaHCKaa. OcoOeHHocTH cejibcxoro xo3aftcTBa AflaeBCKO- ro ye3Aa. JJ., 1928, CTp. 100, 101. 2 3arwcKH OpeHtfyprcxoro OTAejia H P r O , atm. IV. Opeaflypr, 1881, crp. 98 (cHocxa), „ 3 r p o d e n o e H . H . KHpni3bi h KapaKHprH3bi Cbip-AaptHHCKoft oOaacTR, t. I. IOpHAH«iecKHH Cht. T am xeH T , 1889, CTp. IV—V. 316

3axB3THOH» c | )o p M e 3a O T A e jib H t a M H p o A o n A e M e H H H M H r p y n - - naMH, r j i a B H H M o d p a 3 0 M b p a M K a x : a A M Y iH H C T p a T H B H H x o x p y r o B , B O J io c T e M h ayjiO B y c h 6 h p c x h x K a3 axoB , b p a M x a x « ^ H C T a H U H H » y o p e H 6 y p r c K H x K a 3 a x o B . B 1862 r o A y b a o - K JiaA H on o p e n 6 y p r c K O M y r e H e p a ji- r y 6 e p H a T o p y o T M e n e H o , hto n o 3 e M e J ib H o e noAb30BaH H e, o c o 6 eH H o b npH AH H eH H H x A H C T a n u H H x, H a x o A H J io cb b 6 o A e e a p o Gh o m BHAe, n eM a b - CHTb, nflTHaAuaTb AeT TOMy Ha3aA- BAaAeAH o c o C u m h y n a c T x a M H y > x e n e xp yn H h ie e A H H H u u , x a x p oA , O T A eA eH H e, noAO TAG AeH H e, a rp y n n u O oAee h a h M eH ee 6a h 3k h x p o A - C T B e H H H K O B b 50, 25, 15, 10 h A a a c e 5 x h O h t o k 1. Taxaa T e H - 'A e H U H H p a 3 B H T H H H BAfleTCH B n O A H e 3 aK O H O M C pH O fi. n p o u e c c n p o r p e c c H B H o r o p a 3 B H T H h 3eM eAbHbix O T H oin e- h h h y K a 3 a x o B m o jxh o n p ocA eA H T b T a x > x e Ha M a T e p n a A a x H. xa-n o y p a A b C K O H o ^ A a c T H . r i o A a H H b iM O ra H O B C K o ro 2, 3axH Y p a A b c x o r o h K a A M h ix o B C K o ro y e 3 A 0 B y p a A b c x o ft 0 6 - A a c T H b 1 9 0 0 r o A y bcio T e p p H T o p n i o n o x a p a x T e p y 3 e M A e - BAaAeH H H a g a h a h Ha TpH p a 3 p H A a : Ha ceH o x o cb i, Ha npH 3H M O B O H H bic y ro A fc fl (n a u iH H h o c e H H H e h B e c e H H H e n a cT 6 n iu a) n Ha AeTOBOHHue M ecTa. B xoHue X IX Bexa cenoxocHhie yroAbn y oceAJiux h n o A y x o H e B b i x xa3axoB a T o r o p a n o H a y x < e H a x o A H A H C b b o B A 3AG H H H O T A e A b H b IX X03HHCTB3. B T O p o f i b h a n a c T H o r o 3 e M a e B a a a g h h si n p e A C T a B A H A c o - 6 0 H HeKOTOpbie npH3HM0B0HHhie yrOAbH, K O T O p b ie « 6 blAH pa3AeAeHM M e > X A y OTAeAbHUMH X03HfiCTBaiMH BCKOpe nOCAe nocTpoftxH 3 H m o b o x , x o r A a 3aBeAOCb y xa3axoB x A e 6 o n a - uiecTBO»4, t o ecTb HaHHHaH c 30-x t o a o b XIX Bexa. B c b o b h M a c c e n p H 3H M 0 B o n H h i e T e p p H T o p n H Bee eme * HaXOAHAHCb B o tfm H H H O # COtfCTBeHHOCTH OAHOH a y A b H O ft p O A C T B e H H O H r p y n n u H3 1 5 — 3 0 x o 3 h h c t b , a c b m h 3 h m o b x h Ha x o A H A H C b b n a c T H o fi coO cT B eH H O C T H T o r o , K T o h x n o - crpoH A . «3 n M O B x a OTua, o 6uxH O BeH H O , n epexoA H T x m a 3A * » Ijr H A KaaCCP, d>. 4, on. I, a . 3877, cb. 516, ji. 25. 2 O z a n o e c K u C L H . KpaTKHfi HcropunecKHM onepK nepecejieHiecKoro Aejia b P oc ch h . B k h .: naMBTHaa khhjkk3 h aAP^c-Ka.ieHAapb YpaJib- ckoA oC^acTH Ha 1900 toa. ypaabcx, 1900. 3 «ycrpOHCTBO nOCTOHHHbIX 3HMOBOK npeACTaBJiaeTCH nepBHM uia- tom na nyTH ecTecrBeHHoro nepexoAa b oceA ^ocrb h 6o:iee nocTOHimoMy no.rib30BaHHio 3eMJiefi». (C h<5hpckhA ToproBo-npoMbmjAeHHbifi Ka/ien- Aapb 1899 r. T omck, 1899, CTp. 228). 4 OzdHOQCKuti. H . KpaTKHft HCTopwHecKHA owepn nepecejicimecKoro Ae^a b P occhh. B k h .: riaMBTHaa- khhjkke h aApec-KaaenAapb Ypajib- cKoft 06/iacTH Ha 1900 t o a . ypa^ibCK, 1900, CTp. 249. 317

uiewy H3 cbiiioBen Ha tom ochob3Hhh, hto MeiibiiiHH chh AOAbwe bccx Apyrux ocTacTCH npn oTue h kopmht ero b CTapOCTH»1. TpeTHH b h a 3eMJieBJiaAGHHH npeACTaBAHA jieTOBOHHbie MecTa hah A>Kanjiay. 3 th 3Cmjih HcnoAb30BaAHCb Ha ca- MbIX IHHpOKHX OtflUHHHblX HaHaAaX. Kan b h a h o , ceHOKOCHbie yroAbn npeACTaBJiH.au b KOHue XIX h H a q a jie XX bb. ochobhoS b h a nacTiioro 3eMJieBJia- achhh y oceAAbix h noAyKoneBbix Ka3axoB ypa.ibCKoro h KajiMbiKOBCKoro ye3AOB. O opM a 3eMeJibHbix oTHomeHHft, TAe cenoKocu h naiiiHH naxoAHAHCb b qacTHOM noAb30Ba- HHH OTAeAbHbIX X03HeB, npH3HMOBOHHbie TeppHTOpHH y OTAeAbHwx MejiKopoAOBbix r p y n n , a actobkh — b o6 iucm n0Ab30BaHHH Bcex Ka3aXOB 6e3 pa3AHHHH BOAOCTeH H ye3- aob 6biJia xapaKTepHa aa h m h o th x panoHOB K a 3axcTana. C MOMeHTa B03HHKH0BCHHH yKa3aHHbix (})OpM 3eMAeBAa- ACHHH BAHHTeAbHbie 3KCIIAyaTaTOpCKHe 3AeweHTbI oClUHHHO- ayAbHbix rp yn n , HcnoAb3ya narpnapxaAbHO-poAOBbie bo3- 3peHHH HaceAeHHH, a Taione CAynceSHhie aoajkhocth b KanecTBe bojiocthhx ynpaBHTeAen hah ayAbHbix crapiUHH, pacnopHJKaAHCb He TOAbKO CBOHMH O6 OCO6AeHHbIMH CCHO- KOCHblMH H naX O T H bIM H yrOAbHMH, HO H BCeH npH3HMOBOH* hoh 3eM jieft toh hah Apyron o6iuHHHO-ayAbHOH rpynnbi, hah Aa>xe ueAoro aAMHHHCTpaTHBHoro a y a a hah boaocth. Kpo- Me Toro, oTAeAbHbie Ka3axcKHe nAyTOKpaTbi, HMeHOBaBinnecH «aTKaMHiiepaMH»2, nrHopupya cyLuecTBonaBwne 3aKOHH o 3eMAe, naqaAH b sto BpeMH >KyAbHHnecKHM nyreM CAasaTb b apeHAy o6inHHHoayAbHyio 3eMAio h nacTeHbKo actobom- »yK) TeppHTopnio pyccKHM KpecTbAHaM-nepeceAenuaM. rioAo6Hbie CAeAKH 6wah uihpoko pacnpocTpaHenw b KOHue XIX h HanaAe XX bb. bo Bcex 3eMAeAeAbaecKnx panoHax YpaAbCKOH, TypraHCKoft, A hmoahhckoS h CeMHnaAaTHH- ckoh o6AacTeH. 3 th npeACTaBHTeAH naTpnapxaAbHo^eo- AdAbHOH BepXVLUKH Ka33XCKHX OCeAAbIX H nOAyKOHeBHX ayAOB HBAHAHCb 3KCnAyaT3T0paMH K a K MeCTHbIX OCeAAbIX 1 OeQHOBCKuH H . KpaTKHfl HCTopHwecKHH onepK ncpece^eHMCCKoro Aej[a P occhh. B kh .: naMBTHaa KHHWKa h aApec-KaaeHjiapb ypa^bCKofi oG.iacru Ha 1900 roA. ypa.ibCK 1900, crp. 249. 2 EyKBa/ibHbifi —nepCBOA CAOBa «aTKaM H iiep» e3AmuHfi BepxoM Ha /lornaan. « O hh BeMHo cHyior BepxoM no 6a3apaw , ayjiaM h cCopwinaM, pa3>KHraH c r p a c ™ h anneTHTbi; Muorne H3 iih x sthm To.ibKO h ko pm at- ca». (A hhhkob H . OnepKH HapoAHoft KH3HH ceBcpnoro TypnecTaHa. TauiKenr, 1899, CTp. 110 (cnocKa). 318

K33dxcKHx TpyA fliunxcn, Tan h pyccKH x KpecTbJiH -nepece- JieH ueB. B e p H o cK a3ano, hto « c BJiacTbio (b o a o c t h o t o ) y n p a B H T e jiH coejiH H n cT C H ne TOAbKo o $ H U H aA b n o e cjiy > K C H H e, ho h iieo(})H U H ajib H oe A a B A c u n e n a u e jiy io BOJiocTb, Bbipa- x < a io m eecH b He3aKOHHbix noCopax, BbiM oraTeAbCTBax h , hto c a M o e b p c a h o c , b HenpaBH Jibiioft pacKJiaAKc noAaTH Ha noC^>KAeHHbie (npn Bbidopax) napTH H h b HenpaBHAbiioM p a c n p e A e jie H H H 3eM ejib a a h 3 H M O B b ix c t o h 6 h iu » 1. K a 3 a x c K H H H ap o A B ce x A n a , 3 a H H M a io m H x a o a >k h o c t h Bo a o c T H b ix y n p a B H T e A e fi, b o a o c t h u x c y A e ii, a y A b H b ix c T a p - 1I1HH, B O A O CTH bIX IlIICapCH, n epC B O A H H K O B , nHTHAeCHTHHKOB, a h u , p a H e e 3aHHM aBUJHX 3t h a o a >k h o c t h , a T aicxce B c e x T ex, k t o T aK h a h HHane npH H H M aA aKTHBHoe y u a cT H e B nOAHTHHeCKOH JKH3HH H aceA en H H , B TO BpeMfl H a3bIB aA aT - KaM HHepaM H. npOHCXO>KACHHe T a x o r o repMHHa, BHAHMO, 6 bIAO CBH 33H O C HCTOpHHeCKHM IipOIlIAblM Ka3aXCKO rO H a - p o A a . E m e b x a H C K y io a n o x y b K oueB O H >k h 3hh K a 3 a x O B b c h k h h p o A o n p a B H T e A b h a h xan c onpeAeAeHHOH r p y n n o w a h u nouTH B cerA a p a s te a x a s i c p c a h H aceAem ia. O TCiO A a K a 3 a x c K a x n o cA O B H u a : « E c a h o a h h «rope»2 c s a h t c h H a n p ecT O A , t o c o p o K «T o p e» c a A H T c n H a KOHefi»3, t o e c r b B e e ohh 6 yA yT H cxa T b AoCbiuy y H a p o A a . rioH B A eH H e aTKaMHHepcTBa b o B T o p o ii noAOBHHe XIX a e - xa 6 w a o , no>K aAyH , o a h h m H3 c a M b ix o T p u u a T ejb H b ix c o - HapoAa.UH aAbH blX H BAeH H ft B JKH3HH K a 3 a X C K O rO ATKaM H - HepcTBo npeA CT aB A H A o c o 6 opo iiepepoH<ACHHe c r a p o R n a - TpnapxaAbH O-^eoAaAbH O H BepxyiiiKH ayA a b h o bm h THn 3 K c n A y a T a T o p o B . O ho 6 u j i o B b i3 B a H o k >k h 3h h A O A ro A eT H e ft npeCTynHOH AeHTeAbHOCTLK) HHHOBHHHeCTBa KOAOHH33TOp- cKoro a n n a p a Ta BKyne c Ka 3a x c k h m h cyATaHaM H, 6 h h m h h 6 aHMH. « I7 o A K y n , noACTaBKa npH K a3axcK H x B b itfo p a x,— % nwcaA O c T a c J)b e B ,— cem b c a w a n o 6 biKHOBeHHafl. T I o h t h xa>KAbift 6 o r a r b iH K a3ax AotfH BaeT CH MecTa B O A ocT H oro, npH 3TOM HaHHHaiOTCH >K3A06bI, HHTpMTH H JiyCKaiOTCH B xo a BceB03M0>KHbre noAKynw, o6 em a H H H h yrp03bi. H a Bee AOA>KHOCTH, 3a MBAblM HCKAlOHeHHeM, HaHHHafl C nHTHAe- CHTHHKOB H BOAOCTHbIX, AHUS He Bbl6npaiOTCH, a CKOpee Ha3HauaK>TCH pyccKofl aAMHHHCTpauneH hah pOAonpaBHTe- 1 OcTCKpbee D . KoJioHH3annn C T e n H b ix od-nacTCfi b cbb3h c aonpocoM o komcbom xo3nflcTBe.— 3anncKn 3anaAHo-CH6HpcKoro oTACJia H PT O , kh. X V III, Btin. II. O mck, 1895, cTp. 53. 2 Tope---HHHrH3HAU epeAH Ka3aXOB. 3 bip Tepe TaKKa Mince, KbipbiK. Tepe aTKa muica!. 319

jihm h* 1. K a x c A b ifi n p e ie H A e H T Ha AOAJKHOCTb';BOjiociHoro ynpaBHTCJia Ha riOAKyn odbiHHO 3aTpanHBa.fi ot 2 ao 5 t h c . pyd;iefi c p a cn eT O M noTOM BepHyTb s t h pacxoAU cede CTopHuefi. :• Ka>KAbIH BHOBb H36paHHbIH ynpaBHTCJIb CTapaJICH B03- narpaAHTb c c 6 h 3a Bee pacxoA bi, CAejiaHHhie hm npa b h - 6 op a x. r ip n HOBbix Bbi6opax — HOBbie noAKynu, hobuh ynpaBHTeAb — HOBbie no5opbi h onHTb HenpaBHJibH^a pac- KjiaAKa noAaTeii; b pC3y^bTaie B c e r o — o6iahh ynaAOK HpaBCTBeHHocTH, pa3opeHHe h odeAHeHHe Hapo^a, /Ijih opraHH3auHH h npoBeAeiiHH BhidopHoft amtaunH H3 aTKaMHHepoB BHAeAHJiacb ocodan rpynna JiioAeH— nn- THAecBTHHKH2. Ohh tkhjiu 3a cqer pa3Hbix npeieHAeHTOB na aoji>khocth ynpaBHTeAefi h dneB. Hx ue-fibio 6bi.no— ao- dHTbCH H36paHHH OAHHX H npOBajIHTb ApyrHX. f l o h n o c v ie KancAbix BhidopoB B biciu H e b a s c th od-nacTeft h KpaeB 6bijiH 3aB ajieH bi «npom eH H H M H , rca-nodaMH, Kjiny- 33MH, AOHOCaMH H TeAerpaM M 3MH pa3H bIX aAqHbIX H qeCTO- JIK)6HBhIX npOXOAHM ACB» H3 HHCJI3. KaHAHASTOB Ha ROJ1}K- HocTb b o jio c th o t o ynpaBHTe-nfl h d n eB . « B c e sth nponcKH, noAK ynu h h h t p h t h oneHb p a 3 B p a m fiH Ka3axcKyio M accy, cpeAH KO TopoH co3Aa^HCb Aaxce n ecH H o npoAa>KHOCTH h x Ty36MHbix 3anpaBH Ji, bo ao cth h x h d H e e ; Ha p y x a x nep sb ix Jie)KHT M a c c a odH3aHH0CTefl H OTBeTCTBeHHbIX AOJl>KHOCTefl:y H adAioAenw e 3 a HapoAHUM cyAOM, k o t o p u m pemaiOTCH Ae- jia Ha n a K y io y ro A H O cyM M y M e>KAy Ty3eMuaMH o a h o S HaAHOHaabHOCTH H HMeiOIAHM n p aB O 3aKJlK)qaTb B TIOpbMy Ha n o ju o p a r o A a , npHBeAeHHe b H cn o jiH eH H e pemeHHH h nparoBopoB 6 n eB , pacicnaAKH h c d o p n o A a je ft, AopoxcH aa IlOBHHHOCTb, p03bICK H HaA30p 3a npeCTyilHHKa'MH, HadAIO- *AeHHe 3a ocnonpH BH BaH HeM h i j p . » 3. rocyAapcTB eH H bie Haaorn c K on eB oro Ka3axcKoro H ace- JieHHH CKAaAbIBaAHCb B OCHOBHOM H3 KHdHTOqHOH TIOA3TH H 3ewcKoro c d o p a . Bch T H K e c T b 3thx rocyA ap cT B eH H b ix nodopoB naAaJia Ha K a 3 a x c K y io deAH O Ty, Tak Kan K a > «A U H lopTOBJiaAeJieu- b cpeAHeM n o bojiocth aojikch 6h ;i n ;ia T H T b b toa kh6h- ---------------- / 1 O c r a f p b e e B . Ko.ioHH3auH« crenHux oGjiaereft b cb«3h b BonpocoM o KO^eBOM xo3HHCTBe.— 3anHCKH 3anaAHo*CH6HpcKoro oTae^a H P IX ), kh. X V I I I , Bbln. I I . O mck, 1895, CTp. 51. 2 riflTHAecaTHHK — H36npaTeAb, BbiAe^eiiHuft ot 50 X03bActb. ; 3 AnuHKoe H . O w e p K H tfa p O A H o ii >k h 3 h h C e B e p H o r o T v p K e c T a H a . C6. I, T a iu K e H T , 1899, c rp . 111. 320

TOHHyio no^aTb b cyMMe 4 py6. h 3£i£CKRft c6 op ot 1,5 ao 2-x pyCjieft. Eme Tnwejiee Oujih aah. tpyAOBoS Maccbi na- cejiGHHH no6 oqHbie cGophi — qnrbiH. CeHarop K. TlajieH 6 biJi Buny>KAeH- npH3HaTb,: qTO-'cy- mecTBOBaBiiiaH Bbi6 opHan CHCTeMa ” b KasaxcKtix ' ayjiax AaBajia ripoqHyio onopy 6aficTBy, yrHeTaBiiieMy HapoAHbie Maccbi. O iia odecnc^iHBaJia Kyqxe CoraTbix n BAHHTeAbHbix jihu nocTOHHHyk> iioAAep>KKy npaBHTCJibCTBa b hx 6 opb6 e 3a npaBo B3HMaTb c6opbi b cbok) noAb3y c OeAHeniiieft qacTH HaC6J16HHH. ' , «B cjiy>Ke6 HOH ripaKTHxe Butfopubix aoajkhocthux aha,— nnuieT K. TlajieH,— HeyKAOHHO co6 AK>AaeTCH ripaBH- a o — AapOM He AejiaTb miqero, ho 3a B03iiarpa>KAeHHe pe- rnaTb Bee. KpoMe B03Harpa>KAeHHH 3a yc/iyni, 3aKOHHhie h He3aKOHHue, BecbMa qacTo npeHMymecTBeHHO b Ka3axcKHx BOAOCTHX, OHH npnCeraiOT K B3HM3HHIO pa3JlHHHbIX no6 opoB (inrun) c HaceJieHHH, noA bhaom bq3mciachhh pacxoAOB, noHeceHHbix 6 yATo 6 bi Ha otfmecTBeHHbie HaAo6nocTH»‘. 3aHHBLUHH AOA>KHOCTb BOAOCTHOTO ynpaBHTeAH MOr UIH- poKo npwMeHHTb KAaccH^ecKHe MeroAbi cj)eoAaAbHOH 3KC- nAyaTauHH. B OTHouieHHH HacejieHMH cboch boaocth Aen- CTB0B3A oh no cymecTBy Kak (j)eoAaji, coCHpaiomuft odpon co cbohx KpenocTHbix. Muorne H3 Ocahhkob, HaxoAHBiiiHecH b ero ayA e, 6 ujih 6ecrmaTHbiMH h OeccpoqHbiMH ero p a 6 o T - hhkbmh, OTCbiBaBiiiHMH xax 5bi CapmHHy. Taxon napa3H~ TH3M 6bIA OAHOH H3 npHHHH, pa3pyLUaBUiHX X03HHCTB0 MeA- KHX CKOTOBOAOB. ' O t boaocthmx ynpaBHTeAeH ne OTCTaBaAH h cyAbH. «HapoAHbie cyAbH ciniMaioT c 6 eAHoro Ty3e;vma nocjieAHioio pytfaxy, npnqeM CTpaAaTeAbHofi ctopohoh hbahiotch HAeHbi TOH napTHH, KOTOpaH 6 bIJja npOTHB H36paHHH AaHHOTO napoAHoro cyAbH»2. no cMbiCAy cymecTBOBaBwero TorAa nOAOJKCHHH B3HM3HHe BCeX c6 opOB C Ka3axCK0r0 HaceAeHHH AOA>KHO 6 blAO npOH3BOAHTbCH IIO OCO6 0 A AAH K3JKAOTO ayAa pacKAaAKe, npoH3BOAHMOH. TaK Ha3biBaeMbiMH ayAb- HbiMH cxoAaMH c yqeTOM MaTepnaAbHoro hoao>kchhh Ka>K- aoto nAaTeAbmHKa. Ha caMOM AeAe aroro He 6 mao. B ot noqeMy H. B. A hkhkob nwcaA: «Ilo K a Ae-ia b CTenn Haxo- AHTCH B TOM flOAOKCHHH, KaK B HaCTOHIH.ee BpeMH, MU He 1IJaAen K . K - riepecejicimecKoe A e/10 b TypKecraHCKOM npae ( ot- Mer no p^bh3hh TypKecTaHCKoro Kpasi). Cn6 . , 1910, crp. 108— 109. 2 Taw >Ke, GTp. 108. 21 C. E. To.iu Gckob 321

MO>KeM 6biTb cnoKoftiibi 3a cyAbGbi Ka3axcKoro napo^a, nepe>KHBaiomero THxe^HH couna;ibHO-3KOHOMH'iecKHft KpH- 3HC»1. TaKHM odpa30M, aTKaMHHepu Churn nojyiHHHUMH napa- 3HT3MH HOBOrO THna, KOTOpbie nOHBHJIHCb KaK npoayKT Mea.icHHoro h MynmeJibHoro pa3Jio>KeiiHa naipiiapxaJibHO- (j)eo,na;ibHbix OTHomemiH y ,Ka3axOB noA BJiHHHHeM (Jjeo^a^bHO-KanHTajiHCTHHecKHx othouichhh Pocchh h kojio- HH33TOpCKOH IIOJ1HTHKH UapH3MH. Bcfl ^eaTe^bHOCTb aTKa- MHHepoB 6biJia KOiiKpembiM ojiHueTBopemicM cymHOCTH ABOHHOrO THeTa Ka33XCKHX TpyAfllUHXCH. n a T p u a p x a jib H o -^ e o iia .ib iia H B e p x yu iK a Ka3axcKoro 06- mecTBa b j i h u c noTOMKOB cy.iT an oB h 6 hcb nepBOHanaJib- ho paccw aT p H B ajiacb napH3MOM Kai< y/io6Hoe opy^He ajih ynpaBJieHHH KoneBbiMH MaccaMH u rjih ynpemieHna cpe^H HHX BJIHHIIHH KOJIOHHaJIbHOH B^I3CTH. 3 t H JHOflH, 33HHMaH AOJDKHOCTH CTapiUHX cy.lT3HOB, flHCTaHOHHHX HaMaJIbHHKOB, BoaocTiibix ynpaBHTc^efi h up., cocpe^oTomin b cbohx py- K3X BCeCTOpOHHJOlO BJiaCTb Ha# K333XCKHM O6IH0CTBOM H 6bUIH Ha^e/KHblMH npOBOJIHHKaMH KOJIOHHaJIbHOH- nOJJHTHKJi uapH3Ma. « 3 th nocpe/iHHKH — npe^ciaBHTe.TH CoraTbix h BJiHHTOJibHbix po^oB, Bceue;io o3a6onenbi 6 w.hh ynpoHeiiHCM co6cTBeHHoro bjihhhhh, HaxonJieriHeM 6oraTCTBa — 3eMeJib, cKOTa h /jeHOKHbix KanHTajioB,— b pc3yj!bT3Te cienb npeA- CTaB^aeT c o 6 oh Bee npH3H3KH c^eoAajibHo-KpenocTHHqecKO- ro cTpoa, He ocJjopMJieHHoro TOJibKo nojio>KHTe.ibHbiM 3a- KOHOASTCJIbCTBOM. 3T0T CTpOH R O HaCTOflilierO BpCMGHH coxpaHHJicfl em e ,aa>Ke b t 3k h x pe3KHX npoHB.ieHHax, co- BepmeHHo npHTOM npoTHBopenamux cymecTByiomeMy nwca- HOMy 3aKOHy, KaK npOH3BOflCTBO OC0 60 BJIHHTe.lbHblMH J1HU3MH vC6opOB B CBOIO nO.Hb3y, KaK TBOpHMblH TaKHMH JIHU3MH c y a cp e ^ H cbohx copo^HHew, KaK Hcrjiacuoe HX ynacTHe — ,aa>Ke ec;iH ohh o$HUHa^bHo He 33HHMai0T hh- K3KHX AOJDKHOCTeH — B Ony6^HKOBaHHH H HCnOJlHeilHH paC- nopjI>KeHHH pyCCKOH ajJMHHHCTpaUHH»2. MHorHe H3 aTKaMHHepoB h 6aeB crapajincb BbiyHHTb cbohx aeTew pyccKoft rpaMOTe JiHiub c toh uejibio, mo6bi ohh cTajiH nepeBOAHHKaMH, noMomnHKaMH yea^iibix Ha- 1 A h u h k o o H. B. y n a ^ o K HapoAHoro xo3afiCTBa b K«pni3CKHX cre- nax — P y c cx a a Mhic,ib, 1902. Mafl, CTp. 73. 2 KaycpMaH A. A. P y c c x a a ol5mnHa b n p o n e c c e ce 3apo)KAeHHa h pocTa. Cn6., 1908, CTp, 70— 71. v ' 322

'laJibHHKOB h napOAHbix cyAen. Ka>KAbiH BJiazeBimift p y c - CKOH rpa-MOTOIO 6aHCKHH CblH, HOCHBU1HH pvCCKyiO (J)OpMy, 6&J1 B IY ia 3 a x Ka3aXOB ^HHOBKHKOM-TOpe. TaKHC «TOpHHUbI» HBJiHJiHCb u a x e x c H o i i o n o p o i \\ h o p y A H eM b pyxax aTKaMHiie- pOB. O h m OTJIH^iaJIHCb HCKJIFOMHTe-JIbHOH >KCCTOKOCTbK) B cboh x A e ftc T B H a x n o OTnoiueHHio k K a 3 a x cK O M y n a p o A y . H a Ka>KAOM u ia r .y o h h re p p o p n 3 u p o B a ju i m rp a 6 n m i csia 6 b ix h . O c a s a iu H T H b ix . H a p o A bh acji b h x Jinixe cboh x 3j ic h iiih x Bp a ro B . r io 3 T O M y b H apoA e ro B o p H J in : « X oth 6 u o t iio c h - TeJibH yio c n p a B e A ^ H B O d b m o jkh o o jK H A a T b t o a l k o co c t o - pOHbl H G K O T O pb IX pyCCKHX lIHHO BH H KO B, HO He K 3 3 a X C K H X T 0 p H H ix e B - 3 a K 0 iiH H K 0 B »1. 3 t o BnoJiHe ccm naAaeT C T e M , h t o B . H . J I o h h h roBopHJi 0 6 o 6 p y c e B u iH x H H opO AU ax: « H 3 - necTHo, h t o o 6 pyceB u iH e H H opoAU bi e c e r A a n ep ecajiH B a ioT n o q a c T H h c t h h i i o p y c c x o r o n a c T p o e i i H H » 2, n o A p a 3 y M e B a n n o A 3 T h m « . . . u iO B H H H d a , b c y m H o c T H , riOAAeua H J ia C H A b - IlH K a , K a K H M HBJ15ieTC5I THITHHHblH pyC C KH H 6 l0 p 0 K p a T » 3. K ^ a c c H K K a 3 a x cK O H A H T ep aryp b i, npocB C TH TeAi* A6aPi K y - HaHCaeB T a x orm ca/f MopaAbHWH o 6 a h k h coiu rajibn yio n p n - poAy aTKaMHHepoB: «Bec^ecTiiuH, 3Bepn xtaAneii, rpH3HbiH b cnoeax h a e jia x — T skoh repOH nauiHx AHeft IIpaBHT to6ok>, K33aX. 3a6uB H COBeCTb H MCCTb, Becb 3aBHCTbK) HaJIHTOft, O h Bcex 6bi totob H3BecTb X y;ioio h oeBeTOH. H hhto e.\\iy ne no3op. OTKax<eiiJb — Tbi Bpar iianeK. 03jiHCb, rpa6HTe^b h Bop, CoBepujHT iia te6n natfer. il 1 * n * * •• * %% ■• » v f • B TO B apm U H OH B Q 3 bM eT Tan oro >kc iuiyTa, Kan caM. «ripofl^OXH»f— 30BCT HX HapOfl. 1 «B riepoBCKc h noHbine iieT Ty3eM iioro cyAbH « k33hh», a AeJia Me>KAy Ty3ewuaMH, xoth h oahoh HapoAnoem , Be^er mcctiihh pyccKHH CyAbH, HCMy, 33MCTHM KCMTH, ty3eMUbi oweHb paAU, npo,anoHHTafl uceraa pyccKHft cyA — HapoAHOMy, naK 3TO npuxoAH/iocb cjibiuiaTfe He- OAHOKpaTHO OT C3MHX Ty3eMHCB». (PyccKHft TypnocTaH, 1898, JSfe 2 8 ). 2 JJenuH B . B . IlHCbMO ci>e3Ay. M ., 1956, cTp. 23. 3 TaM *Ke, CTp. 22. 21* 323 •

CeroaHH BpaiKfleden BaM, .. A 33BTpa oh Apy.r « a Mac. H a oce Jiaxoe ropa3.ii, O h ornoM h b po3HHuy Bac C t o p as npeaacT h npo/iacT. N fl3UK flflOBHT y HHX, Jlyuia h x — qe pH an rpa3b. H a necTHbix h Ha npnMbix, BpoealOTCH pa3T>HpHCb; M t o 6 HM npHBO^bHefi >KHJIOCb — B e e ouepHBT, m o CBeT.io, npOnHTaHbl 3AOM HaCKB03b H Bee HX ACflHbfl — 3JI01* B apyrCVM CTHXOTBOpeHHH, nOCBHmeHHOM . BOJIOCTHOMy ynpaBHTejiio J^yTdaio, b 1899 roAy A 6 aft nwcaji: FIpw nepBofi BCTpene p y w c H h c m c t , H AbCTHT H .ie6e3HT. H o oTBepHHCb — yace He t o t , , Tax noA.iocTbio pa3KTl C e r o A H H o h t o 6oft iwieHeH, B c e M wepTByer jifo(5h . C e r o A H H rpeeT, 3 a B T p a o n . H c n e n e ^ H T Tefa. rijiioer Ha Bee t b o h npaBa, I O jiht, k £ k 6ec, xHTpo. Bejibi, Kax CHer, ero cjiOBa, r.Mepao, Kax .rp«3b, H y T p o 2. :• MeTOAbI H X AeHCTBHfi BO MHOrOM HariOMHH3JIH MeTOAW «repoeB nepBOHanaJibHoro HaKoiuieHHH* b hctophh Apyrnx HapOAOB. Ohh 6ecnpecTaHHo pa3>KHra;iH MencpoAOByio BpaacAy, C03/iaBajiH rpynnnpoBKH Ha BH6opax' mccthoh aAMHHH- CTpaUHH, HCKaJIH BCHKHe HOBOAbl AAH ITpOBOKaUHH H CKaH- Aa.lOB, M H COCTaB.neHHH KJieBeTHHHeCKHX AOHOCOB ye3AHOMy v. BbicujeMy Hana.ni^cTBy. Ohh BcerAa 6lijih opraHH3aTopa-.’ mh HHTpnr npH bchkom yAo6HOM cnyqae. Ohh noAHHMaAH h peuja;iH Boiipocu xyHa 3a ydHftcTBo h yBeHbe, aijiibi 3a BopoBCTBo, aftn h Ka^ibiM 3a no6er HeBecTbi, pa3AyBaAH ao HeBepoHTnocTH Aa>Ke ne3HaHHTeAbiibie MejKpOAOBbie Tpe- * HHH, HTO(5hI TOJIKHyTb Ha Me>KpOAOByiO ApaKy H CapblMTy.' Ha o6mecTBeHHbix cKaHAajiax h HHTpnrax ohh Ao6f*Ba/iH 1 A6a& KynanCaed. GnixoTBopeHHH, noaMbi, npo3a. M., 1954,'. CTp. 73, 74, 75. * #2 TaM >Ke, CTp. 249. ’ .. . 324

ce6e ,no6biqy— «oji>xa», Ha cxpaAaHHax HeBHHHbix h cJie3ax 6e33amHTHbix jik w h ohh yMHOxajm* CBoe GoraTCTBO. H Ha.ao cKa3aTb, hto aTKaMHHepbi b coBepmeHCTBe BJiaAejiH HCKyCCTBOM BTHTHBaTb BO BCHKHe Me>KpOAOBbie CllOpbl Tpy- ^HIUHXCH C TeM, HTOGbl nOTOM HX OTpa6 HTb. AjiqHOCTb K 6oraTCTBy, KopHCTHbie h aroHCTHqecxHe ^ghctbhh npejxcTa- BHTejieft rocno/iCTByiomero xjiacca bo MHorux cJivqaHx Bee eme npHKpbmajiHCb HacKB03b jukhebimh, JiHUeMepHUMH (})pa3aMH o po^OBbix OTHomeHHHx, 3amHTe HHTepecoB po^a h t. n. B nporpCCCHBHOM H3M6H6HHH 3eMGJJbHbIX OTHOLLieHHH y Ka3axoB nocjie yTBepjK^eHHH y c T a o a o ch(5hpcxhx x a 3 a - xax h AHCTaHoqHwx pa3ae.aeHHH y opendyprcxHx Ka3axoB Hrpajio caMyio 6o^bmyio pojib BpeMeimoe nojio>xeHHe 1868 ro&a. AziMHHHCTpaTHBHbie rpaHHUbi ayjioB h BOJiocTeft, ycTaHOBJieHHbie corjiacHO BpeMeHHOMy no^o>KeHHio, noq- th bo Bcex ocezuibrx h no^yxoqeBbix pawonax npeBpaTHJiHCb c TeqeHHeM BpeMCHH h b rpaHHUbi 3eMjieB.fla;iennH oOmnw- HO-ayjibHbix rpynn. y t3khx oOinHHHo-ayjibHhix rpynn, iviaBHLiM o6pa30M b ceBepHOH qacTH Ka3axcraHa, CTporo oxpaHHJiHCb ot nocTopoHHHx Bee n u a u yroaHH, BX*rnoqan 6e3BOAHHe TeppHTOpHH JieTOBOK, Ha KOTOpbIX B* 3HMHCe BpeMH nacjiHCb Tovibxo KOHCKne Ta6yHbi. BpeMeHHoe nojioxveHHe HBHJiocb h o b u m TO jiqxoM k pa3- BHTHK) OCeflJlOCTH h 3eMJie,aejiHH. K MOMeHTy npOBeiXGHHH Cblp-JlapbHHCXOH JIHHHH B 50-x ro#ax X IX Bexa 3eMjieAe.flHe TaM eme He 6bi.no pa3BH- to. 3eMJie,aeJiHeM 3aHHMajincb m Jibxo Te Ka3axn, xoropbie He HMejw CKOTa h He moivih xoqeBaTb1. 3eMJie.ae.7iHe 3aecb 3aMeTHO cTaJio pa3BHBaTbca Jinnib b CBH3H C IIpOBe/jeHHeM B >KH3Hb BpeMeHHOrO nOJIO>KeHHfl 1868 roaa h jiHKBHAauneH rpaOHTeJibcxHX Boftn. y>xe b 1877 roay Ka3axoB, 3aHHMaBiiiHxcH 3eMJieaejiHeM, Hacqn- TbiBa^ocb b Ka3ajiHHCK0M ye3ae 30,8%, HepoBcxoM — 32,5%, TypKecTaHCKOM — 38%, H hmxghtcxom — 31,3 % , AyjiHaaTHHCKOM*— 62,3%' h KypaMHHcxoM (rm aH ee— TauiKeHTCKOM) — 54,3%2. B Haqajie XX Bexa y oceajibix h noJiyxoqeBbix >xHTejieH cJio>xHJiocb onpeaeJieHHoe coot- BeTCTBHe «Me/xay aaMHHHCTpaTHBHbiMH rpaHHuaMH h rpa- 1 ChiupHoe E. T. 3aAH »iaB iuan crpaHa. B kh.: CtfopuHK MaTepwaJion CT3THCTHKH ChIp-,HapbHHCKOfi 0<WiaCTH, T. I V . TaiU K O H T, 1895, CTp. 7. 2 P y c c K H ft T y p K e c r ra K , 1900, 15 O K T a O p a . 325

HHuaMH nojib30Batnin tbkhmh yroAb5iMH, nan nauiHH h npH3HM0B0MHbic nacrSHma*1. B noAaBJiaiomeH Macce Tanne X03HHCTB3 6bIJlH OCCAJIhIMH h nojiyKoqeBhiMH, pe3KO OTJIH- qaBUIHfMHCH OT X03HHCTB3 IIpe>KHHX KOHeBHHKOB. rioJiyKO- neBbic xo3HHCTBa hmcjih «BecbMa pa3BHryio yca;ie6Hyio oceiuiocTb h ecJiH ne npeKpaTHBiiiHc, to bo bchkom cJiyqae, CHJIbHO COKpaTHBUJHe CBOH KOHeBKH H nepeCTaBUIHe XOAHTb na aajibHHe jictobkh*2. PacnpocTpaHeHHe HOBbix thiiob x03HHCTBa Ka3axoB co3aaBa;io «Hco6bmafiHo necTpyio KapTHHy, b KOTopon nep- BOHaqajibHan odiUHocTb h pacnJibiBqaTocTb BJiaAGHHH h nojib30BanHH cawbiM npnqynJiHBbiM o6pa30M nepenyTbi- BaeTCH c *6ojiee hjih MeHee pe3KHM o6oco6;ieHHeM 3eMJie- nojib30BannH 6ojiee hjih MeHee mcjikhx rpynn, ofibeAHneH- HblX HaCTblO pOAOBbIM H3HaJIOM, HaCTblO npOCTbIM coceACT- bom, qacTbio — oCmnocTbio TpyAa, 3aTpaqeHHoro, HanpHMCp, na npoBeacHHc apbiKOB hjih Ha ycrpoficTBo 3amHTHTeJibHbix or boah coopy>KeiiHH»3. IlecTpoTa (})opM 3eMJieBJiaAenH5i npeACTaBJiqjia co6oh «caMbie pa3Hoo6pa3Hbie nepexoAbi ot coBepiueHHOH- o6iuhocth ao AOBOJibiro HCHoro o6oco6;ieHHH orjiejibHbix 3eMJienojb30BaHHii, npwqeM, OAHaKO, npeo6;ia- AaioT, no-BHAHMOMy, Heonpe^eJieHHbie h paciuibiBqaTbie $opwu, cooTBeTCTByiomHe HeonpeAejieiiHocTH h HeycTOH- mhbocth KoqcBoro h nojiyKoqeBoro 6biTa b pa3iioo6pa3Hbix BCTpeqaioiunxcH b o6jiacTH ero pa3HOBHAHOCTax»4. ripn Bcex pa3H0BHAH0CTHX c}>opM 3eM.ieBJia/ieHHH B AopeBOJiiouHOHHOM Ka3axcraHe b pa3jiHHHbix ero pafionax peuiaiomHM <j>aKTopoM, buochbluhm cepbe3Hbie H3MeHeHHH b 3eM6AbHhie OTHomeHHH Ka3ax0B, Bcer^a h Be3Ae ociaBajica ypoBeHb pa3BHTHH Ky.ibTypbi xo3HHCTBa, to ecTb cTeneHb pa3BHTHH ceHOKOiueHHH h xjie6onamecTBa5. 1KayipMon A. A. K Bonpocy o pyccKOH Ko.iOHH3auHH TypnecTaH- CKoro npaa. Cn6., 1903, crp. 153. 2 TaM >kc, cTp. 140. 3TaM »e, c.Tp. 155. 4TaM >«e, CTp. 159. » 5 «3cMJieAen«e naH6o.iee pacnpoeTpaneHo b tcx bo.iocthx, b npe,ae- Jiax KOTopwx h norpaHH»mo pa3MemeHo HanOo.ibwee KoaHqecTBo pyc- CKHX noce/ieHHH... >Khboh Har/ia/tHUH npHMCp pycCKoro 3eM/ieAe;]Hff, 60^iee BUC0KH6, C TOMKH 3pCHHH HCTOpimeCKOrO paSBHTHH, (J)OpMbl xo- 3BHCTB3, Kopoue — KyjibTypa, BnoJiHe ecTecTBeHno na^OKHjia cbok) ne- MaTb na npitMHTHBHyiO SKOHOMHMeCKyiO >KH3Hb KOqeBHHKa>. (OraHOB- cKHfl H. KpaTKiiii HCTopHqecxnfl oqepK nepecojieHqccKoro ae.ia b Pocchh. BnaK?1;9i0,J0larMoa5.m,yapHa.ibCKHKH,JK1K9a00,h CaTapp.ec2-5K9a).«ieH.aapb ypajibCKoft oO.iacTH 326

FIoCJlC npHCOe^HHCHHfl Ka3aXCKHX «y30B k JPocchh, no- CTencHHO, hccmotph Ha 3anpem eHne uapcxoro npaBHTCJib- CTBa, p y c c K H e h ynpauncKHe KpecTbHHe, HcnwTaBiuHe Ha ce6e B e e ^rnroTbr noMemHHbcro rHera h nojiaB^eHHbie 6 e c - noma^HOH SKciuiyaTauHeH h iiy ^ o w , caMOBO-ibHO ycTpeMH- jiHCb b Ka3axcKyio crenb c ueJibio odJierqeHHH cB oero th- >Ke.ioro noji'o>KCHHH. 5e>KaB iiiH e ot HeBbiHOCHMoro rHeTa nowemuKOB KpecTb- Hue n p H iiecjiH c co6oh b K a3axcTaH tforaTbie HaBbiKH h iv iy 6 o K o e 3HaHne 3eMJie;xejibqecKoro Tpy^a. 3 to 6buio Tofi cBe>i<eH h rrporpeccHBUOH c rp y e fi, KOTopan cn o co 6 - CTBoea/ia HOBbiM caBHraw b ccf>epe MaTepHajibHoro npoH3- BO£CTBa H BO BCCM o6meCTBeHHO-3KOHOMHMCCKOft >KH3HH K a3axcK oro Hapo^a. BeKaMH cymccTBOBaBiuec KoqeBoe ckotobo/jctbo iiaqajio coneTaTbCH c 6ojiee nepeaoBOH 3eMJie- fle/ibHecKOH Kyjn/rypoH. rioHBJiHioTcH 6o;iee KBajincfwuH- poBaHHtae OTpacjiH Tpy^a. B M ecTe c B03HHKH0BeHH6M h pa3BHTHCM cewoKomeHHH h x^e6on am ecTB a 3apo>K/iaioTCH ayie.MeHTbl HHTeHCH(j)HKaUHH BHyTpH caw oro CKOTOBOflHeCKO- ro X03HHCTB3. SKOHOMHHeCKaH >KH3Hb Ka3aX0B 3HaHHTeJIb- ho oTKJioHH./iacb ~«ot odbWHbix apxawqecKHX cj)opM n a cT y- m ecKoro xo3HiicTBa b CTopony 6oJiee cjio>khoh K yjibTypbi... OaKT B BblCUiefi CTCneHH Ba>KHbIH. C HHM HaXOAHTCH B TeCHOH CB5I3H H3MCHeHHH H B COCTaBe CTa£t C 33MeTHbIM yBejiHqeHHeM poraToro cKOTa, 3 T o ro HeHBMeHHoro cnyTHHKa 6o;iee oce/yibix h ycTOHMHBbix (})opM xo3HHCTBa, paccHHTaH- Hbix Ha 3aroTOBKy ceHa u cTofr/iOBoe co/iepwaHiie cKOTa 3HMOH»! . B o n p C K H pcaKUHOHHOH nOJIHTHKe UapH3M a, Ky/IbTHBH- pOBaBUiero Ha O K p aw n ax P occhh «naTpHapxaJibHo-(j)eo.aa.nb- HbiH th c t ji ji h Toro, qTo6bi Aep>KaTb Maccbi B patfcTB e H HeBe>KecTBe»2r iiiw i neo;io.nHMbiH nporpeccHBiibift n p o u ecc 6paTCKoro odmeHHH pyccKnx k pg c tb h h c TpyAHinHMHcn Ka- 3axaMH. K a 3 a x c K «e Tpy^^mHecH ckotoboaej oxotho BCTy- naJIH BO BCeBO3M0>KHbie X03HftCTBeHHhie OTHOUieHHH c pyccKHMH KpecTbHHaMH-nepeceJienuaMH. B cook) o q ep e^ b nepeceJieHUbi nojib30Ba;iHCb no;mep>KKoii K33axcKHx T p y- «M n orH e crapoxcwyibr roBopnT no-Ka3axcKH h 1 MaTepHa/iu no KHpmcKOMy 3CM;ieno;ib30BaHHK), co6paHHbie h paapatfoTariHbie aKcneAHnneft no Hccjie^OBaHHio crenHux otf/iacTCff. T y p - rancKaH oOjiacTb, t . V , KycTanaftcKiiH y c 3 A , B o p o n e w , 1903, CTp. I V — V . 2 C t c l a u h H . B . Com,, t, 4, crp, 356, __ 327

iiohth bcc H'Mciot 3HaKOMWx h Aa*xe KyuanoB; (rocTefi B CMbic^e Apyseft — C, T.) Mejxjy xaaaxaMH*1. - Be^HSie nepece.acHUbi, TaK >xe KaK xa3axcxafl 6eAH0Ta, noABepra/fHCb 3KcnJiyaTauHH pyccKHx ftyAaKOB, o$Huepos h K33axcKHx 6aeB.. BoraTbie xa3axw He naxa-in caMH, a H3HHM3JIH pyCCKHX tfeAHAXOB, npH 3T0M A0Ka3aAH, HTO «OIlH B ACAC Ha>KHBH MaAO ^ieM YCTynBT pOCCHHCKOMy Ko.aynaeBy. Tax, oahh BAHHTeAbHbift. xa3ax np0H3B0AHT CAeAyiomyK) MaHHnyAHUHio: rax xax na ero ynacrxe h ynacrxe ero poACTBeHHHKOB Muoro naxcmiOM 3eMAH, to oh OTAaeT necxojibxo acchthh KpecTbHHaM 3a to, hto6h ohh BcnaxaJiH eMy ocTaAbHyio 3gmaio; a BcnaxaHnyio 3eMAio .oh npoAaeT ApyroMy. BuroAa juin Hero rpoMaAHaa: He- o6pa6oTaHHaa xosaftcioeiiHaH AecnTHna b cpcAHew CAaeT- ch 3a 2 py6., a BcnaxaHHan — 3a 8 py<5. Ha xa>KAo8 Aeca- THHe, cAeAOBaTeAbHO, oh, He yAapHB naAbue.M o naAeii, HaiKHBaeT 6 py6. e>xeroAHo»2. npH TaxoM nojiox<eHifH «apeHAHbie othouiohhh, B03HH- xaBiuHe Ha cAeAxax, He noAb30BaBiiiHxcH oxpaHoio 3axo- hob, 6biAH JiHiueHbi JopHAHnecxoft chjih, noneMy apeHAaTo- pw-nepecejieHUbi h HaxoAHAHCb b noAHOH 33bhchmocth ot xa3axoB-CAaTHHxoB, co CTopoHbi xoTopbix ohH'H noABepra- AHCb pa3AHHHHM IipHTeCHeHHHM H•BKTMOraTeAbCTBaM*9. B npouecce cobmccthoh >kh3Hh, b cobmccthom TpyAe nponcxoAHAo nocTOHHHoe c6AH)xeHHe pyccxofi H- xa3axcxoft 6eAHOTbi. KoneBHHKH nocTeneHHO npHynaAHCb x hobhm (J)opMaM xo3aftcTBa h TpyAa, ycBaHBaAH MHome pyccxwe cAOBa, o6o3HaqaioiiiHe cpeACTBa npoH3BOACTBa H npeAMe- th AOMauiHero otfnxoAa, craAH iimpoxo noTpe&iHTb xax b npoH3BOACTBe, Tax h b AowauiHeM 6biTy pa3Hoo(5pa3Hbie H3AGAHH pyCCXOH $a6pHqHO-3aBOACXOH npOMbUUAeHHOCTH. Ka3axcxHe h pyccxne TpyAHWHecH noBceAHemio o6MeHH- BaAHCb B3aHMHbiMH ycjiyraMH Ao6pococeACKHx oTHouieawfi, pacuiHpHAH B3a«MH0e otfmeHHe ' H yxpenAHAH Apy>K6y. 06men3BecTHo, hto pyccxHe «xa3axH, noceAeHHue eme b xoHue XVIII CTOAeTHH no Tax Ha3biBaeM0H TopbKOH ah- hhh, ...HayHHAHCb noroAOBHO Ka3axcxoMy HapeHHK) h nepe^ 1 OeaHoecKUil H . KpaTKHfi •HctopHHecKHft onepn nepecejieHMecKoro nena b P occhh. B kh .: uaMHTHafl KHH>KKa m >aApec*Ka^eHAapb Ypajib- ckoh oC^aCTH Ha 1900 toa. YpaJibCK, 1900, cTp. 234, 2 Taw w e, CTp. 126. 3 KoaoHH3aunn CnOwpn b cb33h c o6iuhm ncpeccjicu'jecKHM Bonpo- com. Cn6., 1900, cTp. 2 0 § . '\" ' r 328

hhjih H eK O T O p b ie 6e3Bpe^Hhift o d b m a n h npH BH iKH x o n e B o r o Hapoaa»! . Z l p y r H M n p H M e p O M B 3T0M OTHOLIieHHH MOFKeT C Jiy>K H Tb K ydaH aH cK H H ye3a. J\\o 1830 r o a a Ha TeppHTopan 3 Toro ye3^a iio h t h hhkto H3 xasaxoB He nepeme/i k . npOHHoft oceaaocTH h M aao 3aHHMaac5i x.ne6 onaiiiecTBOM, xoth eren b TaM qepH03eMHan. FIoa bjih^ h h c m pyccKnx xpecTbsm xa- 3 ax« b 3t h x MecTax Haqa^H nepexo^HTb k oce;viocTH h 3eM^eAeJiHio. OqeBHAeu SToro n e p e x o ^ a ynoMXHyTbiH Bbirne 5; J\\ayj\\6 a ea paccKa3biBaji 06 H3MeHeHHax, n p o n c w e a iin ix B 3KOHOMHqeCKOH 5KH3HH Ka3aXOB 3a 50 * JieT, HaHHIian c 1830 r o a a . O h nwcaa: « C 1853 ro,a.a, cnaqajia OeAHbie, a noroM 6 oraT bie ctajiu 3aHHMaTbC5i xJie6onauiecTBOM... JXo 1870 r o a a b AByx bojiocthx — flaM S apcxofi h M y 6 a p - CKOft — 6 HJIO AOMHXOB H 3eMJlHHOK TOJIbKO 100 UITyK, a c topo BpewreHM Ka3axx, >xax h b jx p y m x bojiocthx, nojioacH- TeJIbHO ITOHHB BblTOAy IIOCTOflHHblX >KHJIbIX CTpOCHlMH, oo BCeB'03MO>KHOH nOCneiliHOCTbK) SaHHJPHCb ycrpofiCPBOM JlJin cetfff AOM-HKOB H/npeHMymeCTBOHHQ, 3eMJI5IHOK. JXOMHKiH H 3CMJIHHXH CTpOHJI-H JXJIH HHX CHanaJia pyCCMHe H tfaiUKHpbl, a noroM y>xe Ka3axn h caM« HayqHJiHCb crp'QHTb hx. TaxHM o6p-a30M, 'B jxeyx 3thx bojiocthx e#Ba jih wafiaeTCH ao 20 CeM€HCTB, >KHBymHX BO BpOMH 3H'MbI B KH5hTK3X. HbIHe He­ KOTOpbie CTapHKH, rrpoBoaHBiuHe cboh UBeTymHe ro ;ib i bo bchkhx awuieHHHx h b nocTOHHHbix 6ecnoKoficTBax, C Kpaft- hhm yaoBoabCTBiHeM BocxBajinioT HacTonmee noao>KeHHe >KH3HH... B HacTonmee BpeMfl o6pa3 >kh3wh h xapaxTep xa- 3axcxoro Hapoaa noHTH coBepuieimo H3MeHH/incb»2. B ecb-M a ueH H biH h otfuiH pH bitf M a T e p n a a o n p o rp e c c H B - hom b j iu r h h h pyccicHX KpecTbfiH -nepece.ieH ixeB Ha x a a a x - CKHX XOHeBIHHKOB b x c m u e X I X b . c o 6 p a -H 3xcneaH U3H €H n o H c c a e a o B a H H io CTenHbix o 6 a a c T e ft n o a p yx oB oa cT B O M O. m e p 6 HiHbi. B o jib u io ii m rre p e c irpeacTaanfuOT oTBeTbi x a - 3 a x o B H a T io c T a B a e H H b ie him e r a T H C T H x a M H a x c n e a n u n iH b o - npocbi. H an p-H M ep : «H a B H 0 jih fH a n a a cen Tb x a e 6 ? ». 3 -a a a e - Te b h B o n p o c x a 3 a x y h B c e iy x a c J iu iu u T e b o t b c t : « C e M b u j w n n T b J ie r , c T o r o BpeMOHH x a x noce;i<HJic5i ra6/iH3H x p e - crb »H H H ». — «K a x o H xjie6 b h c e e T e ? »,— cn p aim iB a ere b h 1 Ko/iOHH3auHH C h6hph b CBH3H c o 6 iuhm nepece/iCHnecKHM BO- upocoM. Cn<5.,. 1900, cTp. 20L 2 H a yA 6 a.ee B . PacCK33 o JKH3 HH KMprH3 HHKO^acBCKoro ye3 Aa T yp - raficKofi o^JiaCTH, c 1830 no 1880 r o a — 3anwcKH OpendyprcKoro o t a c - ,13 H P T O , Bbin. I V . OpenOypr, 1881, CTp. 114— 115. 329

b A-pyixxM M e c T e «a 3 a x o B . « F I iiie H H u y p y c c x y io ik nepepoA- K y »,—• o T R c n a iO T b a m , ih T yT >k c noaciHHiOT, mto « p y c c « a a nuieiiHua M e jib n e 3ej>HOM, ho c -K o p e e nocncBaoT, a n ep ep oA - Ka He Go h t c h to jio b h h , ic p y im e e aepH O M :H AaeT jiymuyio Myny a .jih X A e6 a ».— «A x A efi y w e e T e Bbi neHb?» — ocBe- AO M .iH erecb bli A a A b iiie.— « H gt, H e yweeM» — HHcrocepAeH- ho co3!iaiorc5i Ka3axH. «Xjie 6 n e n y T HaM KpecTbHHKH, a o t - JiH^aTb c o p T a iiuieiiHUbi HaynHA H a c wy>KHK». B TperbeM M e d e M y>KHK-nepcceAeHeu H a y m u K a3axoB, KaK BbidnpaTb 3epHo a -hh noceBa. «K yn aoH H bze ceivieH a, paccKa3braai0T Ka- 3axH, Mbi o n y c K a c M , no coB eTy KpecTbHiH, b boA y. Ecjim 3ep- ho npH 3T o m n y c K a e T H3 c e 6 a n y 3 b ip b K H , t o , 3naHHT, oho toaho a j ih n o c e B a , a ecjrn ceM ew a H e a &io t ny3bipbKOB, to ohh n e t o a h t c h a «hh noceBa». B nerB epTO M M ecre Ka3ax« p accK a3biB aK )T o t o m , hto n ep B w e nauiHH A n n noceBa b b i6 h - p a ji mm KpecTbHiHHH, KOTopbitf yunji hx we ceaTb xAe6a Ha HH3KHX M ecrax, IH()0 oh MOJKeT 3AeCb BUMOKaTb, ne Bbl6n- paTb j i n n noceBOB razoKe onezib b b i c o k i h x mcct, t b k KaK « a hhx name noH-BJiHerca KotiwiKa, a naxaTb Ha ne(xyibiiiHX yBa.rcax. BbicjiyuiHBaa see T3Kne paocKa3bi ot Ka3axoB, toh- ho npiHcyTei’Byeuib npw xchbom irpouecce nepexoAa Kpecrb- hhckhx noHHTHft b roAOBH KaaaxoB. >Khbwm npHMepOM co6cTBCHHoro xo3HficTBa,’ HenocpeACTBeHHbiM yHacmeM b BbHTOAHeHHH /VHI KOHeBH'HKa 3eMJieAeJIbHeCKHX pa6oT, co- BeT3MH, npaKTHHeCKHMH yKa33HHHiMH, KOTopbIMH OXOTHO AeJiHTca pycoKHH 'iiepecejieHeu, nocjieAHHH BTflHyji yxce Ka- 3axa b K-pyr MHTepecoB h iiohhthh 3eMJieAejibua « bhaoh3- M6HHA CaMhte B3rJI5?AU KOHeBHHKa Ha 3lHaneHHe 30MAH A^5I xo3HHCTBa»1. OdmHHHO-ayAbHaa (pop.wa coGctbchhocth na 30MJIIO B 3THX X03HHCTBaX y>Ke COHeTaeTCH C H3CTHOH co6- CTBeHHOCTblO. Ka3axH TypKecTaHCKoro lcpax, r a -K x e nax h Kasaxn cTenHbix o6;iacTeH , nepexoAfl k oce^JiaM y w nojiyxoMeBOMy oGpaay >kh3h h , n oA bahhhhcm pyccKHX nepecejieHueB Ha- Ae^aTb 3anacbi ceHa Ha cbohx aHMOBKax h nocTeneH- ho npHo6pcTaTb pyccKiiie 3eMJieAeJibnecKHe opyAHJi: >KeAe3- hwh ruiyr, >KeJie3HyK> 6opoHy, KOCHJiKy, >KHeHKy, mojiothji- ny h t . a - PyCCKHe KpeCTbHHCKHe CeAOHHJl OKa3bIBaAH nOJIOHCH- TeJibHoe BAHHHHe Ha TexHHKy K a3axoK oro X03hhctb3 . «TaK, fieKOTOpWe H 3 JKHByiUHX B OKpeCTHOCTHX C. BaHHOBCKOTO ’ WepSuua 0 . K«prn3CKaH HapoAiiocTb b Mecrax KpectbflHCKHX noce.ieHHft. Cn6., 1905, CTp. 44—45, 330

KaaaxsH lia n a a h naxaTb t h k h m ii >kg )Kejie3HhiMH iuiyra'M m , KaKHiMH naiucT 6ojibiiiHHCTBO nepec€JieHueB», « y Ka3axoB noHBHJTHCb npeBocxoAHbie 3eMJie,n.ejibqecKHe xo3nficTBa, c o - BepmeifHO HanoMHHaiomHe n o b h a y h no noera*HOBKe A e A a xop ou iH e p y c c K n e x y T o p a »1. Pa3BHTHe OCeAJlOCTH, 3CMJIGAOA'HH H BBCAeiHHe B X03Hfi- ctbo O oJ ice c o b epinenifoh rexHHKH h s m h o p o H3mghh a h 6 bit noJiyK oqeB bix h oceAJiwx Ka3ax\"oB. B 1880 roA y y 3axcHToq- libix K a a a x o B KycTawafiCKoro y e 3 A a tibiJio 3H aqH rejibH oe kojth q ecT B o AepcBBHHbrx y e a n e d 2. B O cm up e hchck o h o 6 j i a - cth b 3t o t riepnoA «y O o ra T o ro K a 3 a x a , nnor\\aa.. Bbi H aii- Aere. oK py>Kem iLift -cbaom « p y c c w n ft » a o m h b hom oS b in u bie upeAMOTbi MemaHCKoro AOCTarKa: >KeAe3Hyfo K p oB arb , b c h - CKBe C TyAbn, na c ie H e — 3 e p K a A o , q a c u h t . a ., 'ho hchbgt on bco >k e b iopTc h OTAbixaer a g t o m to alk o Ha ropHOM A>xaHJi5iy»3. y ocemiiHX K a sa xo B crraAH qacreubK o BCTpe- qaTbcn «p y c c K H e TeAern BMecTO a p 6 , rAytfoKHe rJiHHJiHwe, (J^ap^opoB bie qauiKH h xpy>KKH bm c c to AepeBHHHbix k o b - uieft h q a m c K ; b >KHAHiuax KoneBHHKa nona^aioTcn BbicoKHe C T O J ih i, c r y j i b n , T a d y p c T b i, n a m e J i a m jih h 3epKaAa... P ac- npocTpannioLuancH Bee A aA biiie h AaAbmc no cTcnn p yc- CKan OCCAAOCTb, H3MeiI5UOUJLHecn yCAOBHH >KH3HH c a M o ro KoneBHHKa K AaAyT cboh o r n c q 'a T o io 4. CymecTBOBaiH'He crapoH n w o b o h $opM coOctbchihocth Ha 3GMJ1K) opeAH Ka3axoB ib K o n u e X I X m naqaJie X X b b . BGAO K '60AbULIHM OCAOJKHGH1HHM H OCTpOH 6opb6e. M O K A Y KOneBHHKaMH H OCCBIUHMH Ka3axaM H B03HHK3AH MHOrOHHC- AeHHbie 3CMCAbHbie cnopbl H KOIICj)AHKTbI. H a tore K aaaxciana 3naqHTeAbHan qaoTb h aceACHHH ocraBajiach cine npn 6oAee h ah Me.Hee THnw^Hhix c|)opMax KOMeBoro 6 bira; 3th komcbhhkh — «KomneAH» npoa o a >k aa h « a AeTO ncpeKoneBbiBaTb b ceBepHbie, KOBbiAbHbie w TpaBH- uhie cTenn; a a h hhx 3T0 no-npe>KHeMy 6hah a c to b k h , Ha Koropbie no hx yOoKA^HHio ohh 'HMe.au hckqhhoc Hepyui'H- Moe npaBO. I Io npHKoneBKH h x 6bJAH xpaHHe HeyAO^Hbi 1 Kay(pMau A. A. K Bonpocy o pyccKow K0^0HH3auHH TypKccraH- CKoro KpaH, Cn<5., 1903, cTp. 136. 2 tO 3e(p06U H B . O ObiTe KHprH30B TypraticKcw o6.fiacTH.— PyccKHH BecTHHK, t . 146, anpejib, 1880, CTp. 813. 3 B a c u A b e o B . A. CeMupewcHCKa^ oOjiacTL KaK KO.iOHim h pojib b iieit MyHCKoii aojihiiij. rir., 1915, CTp. 94. , 4 LU h 3 B . S hmobkh ji ^pyrne noc/roHmibic coopy>KenH« Ko*ieBHhkob A kmojihhckoh oC^acTH.— 3ariHCKH 3an.-CH6. oT^caa H PF O , k h . X V II, D u n . I, 1894, CTp, 17— 18. 331

ZLjih c e e e p H b ix occbihhx h n o jiy o c e B iiiH x copo/tfraeft* -• Ohh c o B e p m a ^ H n o T p a B b i x ;ie 6 o B , c e H O K o c o B h iiph3hmobohh&ix n acT 6H iu. B M e c T O npe>KHeft 6 e 3 r p a H H q H O H cbo6o;uj x o n e - BaTb k an y ro / iH o h x y a a yro^H O , a j w npHxojjHinHx c w r a «K o m n e .n e H » otbo^ hjih o n p e a e / re H H b ie .hctobkh, onpeaenfcH - Hwe BOAonoH, onpeyuvieHHbie nyTH jin n n p o x o aa k neTOBr K3M. H o K O qeB H H K H C 3THM H e M 0 I7 IH MHpHTbCH, OHH He COd^JO^ajIH HH (pOpMaJIbllblX, HH X03HHCTBCHHUX TpaHHU. O ic io a a , bo3hhk3jih cTOJiKHOBeHHH, p a 3 p e w a e M b ie BMeiua-;; Te^bCTBOM KOnOHHaJIbHOH BJI3CTH. crewKomesa-BUiHe b Hanajie XX Bexa xa3axH ypaabcicofi h 3aKacnHficKoft o6xa xcaaoBaJiHCb «Ha B03HHKaiomHe b nocne/mee BpeMH crecHeHHH «a ceBepHHx JieTOBxax, oco- 6eaHo b Aktk>5rhckom ye3Ae; ohh nee h xaaaxH, neperne#- IIIHe K 30MJieAeJIHK),— Ha BWTpaBJIHBaHHe TTOKOCOB, nOKOC- Hoft creriH, a Taioxe h noceBOB craAaMH anaesneB. AnaeB- Ubi HCBJiyiOTCH wa pacnpocTpaH-enne cohokouieHHfl h noceBOB, ctecuaiohuhx noJib30®aHHe rracT^HmaMH n boao- noHMH. Ha noqBe weypery^HpoBaHHocTH 3cmJieno^ib30Bahha B03HHK3I0T ocTpbie c t o jiKH0B6H1Hh, naryCwo orpawaiomHecH na 6aarococToaiHHH xax MecTHbix xa3axoB, Tax <h KoneBHH- KOBS^. 3tO '6NJIO HBHbIM 'BblpaJKeHHeM •npOTHBOpe^HH H . KOH^JIHKTOB, B03HHKLUHX MOK^y pa3JIHHHblMH THT1BMH XO- 3HfiCTBa C p33JIHHHblMB (J>OpM3MH 3CMeJIbHbIX 0TH0IH6HH&. 3e\\feJibHbiH cnop nwea 6o;iee rviy6oK!Hfi h 6o.nee Bbrpa- >xeHHhiH KJiaccoBbiH xapaKTep, xor/xa o h hpohcxo^ hji m o k - ay noayKoqeBHHxaMH oa«oft h t o A >xe ©ojiocth h^ h aaMH- HucrpaTHBHoro ayjia, xoth h 3aecb oh o6aexa^cH b (popwy 6opb5bi Mencay cxoTOBoaaMH h 3'eM Jie^eJibnsm , Pa3pew€- HHe noao6H oro xapaxiepa 3eMeJib«brx c u o p o a yxce we p e- ryawpoBa/rocb .apeBHHM o6biHHMM irpaBow KoneBHiHKOB. «B c e ocHOBaHo H a aaxBaTe no ^r&pa&y CHJibHefiiuero, « ® 3tom oTHomeHHH Ha CTOpOHe ckPto®o&g b Boei\\na nepeBec... npw TaxoM no^oxceHHH Bemeft, b 'jnrrepeoax npoBeneHHH b Ka3axcxyK) cTerib Bbicmeft <Kyjit>Typbi h b uejinx 3aiu«Tbi s e M n e ia e ^ b u e B -K a sa x o B o t xibaxoB -C K O T O B O flO B , floaxceH 6brrb Bw^BHHyT « a nepByio owepeflb B o n p o c 06 ypery^H- poBaHHH npaB « a 3eMJiio BOo6me h, b q a c rH o c ru , Ha naxoT- Hb!e 3eM-lH Ka3aXOB-CKOTOBO£OB>2. 1 MaTepHa-ibi no KHprH3CK0My 3eM^eno^b30BaHHio... TeMHpcKHft ye3^. OpewCypr, 1910, cTp. 228. 02 Vup/cuK r. . riojio>KCHHe nepecejieHMecKoro A w i a b CeMHDe»n»e. Cna., 1908, CTp. 83, 84. *

B nepfeoM ToMe poMana « A 6 aft» M. 0. Aya30B c rJiy6 o- KHM 3HaHHeM <H GOAbLUHM MaCT6pCTB0K* OllHC&fl XapTHlHy HacHJiHH co cropoHbi cTapuiero cyjiTaHa KyHaH6 aa HprH3 - 6 aeBa (oTua noaxa A6 aa) h aA 6 oJiee cjia6 biMH pOAonpa- BHT6JIHM H H -pOA&MH GBH3aiHHOrO C O T6opO M y H'HX 3HM OBOX. 3to n p o i i c x o A H J i o bo btopoh n o jio B H H e X I X B e x a b n o j i y - KO40BOM KapKapaJiHiHCKoM s H e u in e M o n p y re . A K a A e M W K B . B. P a jy iO B , x a x .H3BecrHo, C TapaACH c B e - CTH 4 > O p M y 3eMeJIbHbIX OTHOUieH'Hft B nO^yKOHeBblX H O C €A- jib ix K a 3 a x c K H x ay.rcax b K O H ue X j X B exa k (j)op.M e 3 C M A e - BA 3AQHJi H y T a x H a3bIB aeM bIX « K OMOBHHXOB» pa3JIH M H blX H C T o p n q e c K iH x a n o x ih w e c r , o r r H p a a c b Ha M a r e p n a j i b r , x a p a K T e p M 3 y K )in H e ocotfeHHOCTH 6 b iT a , opraHH3aAHiH x o 3 * »i~ CTBa m (j>opM 3eMJieBJiaAe«HH h 3eM A en oA b30B axH si y n o A y - K O H eB b ix, a « e x o q e B b ix , ixa3axoB C e M H n a A a T H H c x o H o 6 j i a - cth b 9 0 -x ro / ia x X IX B exa. T a x a n KOHuenuna 6hiA a x a p a x - T e p w a a -k h B . B . P -a zy io B a , x a x T H n H q H o r o 6 y p > x y a 3 H o r o y q e n o ro . « H e x HHqero x a p a x T e p H e e a a h 6yp>xya, x a x n e p e - H e c e H n e q e p r co B p eM eH H b ix n o p H A K O B Ha Bee B p e M e H a h Ha p o A b i»I. 0 6 p a 3 jkh3hh ceB epo-B O C ToqH bix n o A y x o q e B b ix h o c c a a b i x .K a a a x o B © K O H u e X I X • CTOJieTHH, x o r A a y > x e npoiH Jio 7 0 Ji6T c o BpcMeum ynpaB JieH H H 3th m h x a 3 a x a M H no YcnraBy M . C nepaH cxoro h y> xe cpeAH hhx opyAO B aAH M uoroHHCJieHiHbie n o A y n o M e m n x H b Jinue era p u iH X c y jiT a - h o b, b o j io c t h l ix ynpaB H TeAeft, b o a o c t h b ix 6neB h a y jib H w x CTapuiHiH, a ic a A . P b a a o b p accM aTp H B >aA x a x h c k o h h a ^ h * Hbift, c y m e c T B O B a B u iifft e m e c r A y 6 o x o f t a p ^b h o c t h , a w e x a x in p o A y K T iHCTopHqecxo r o pa3B*HTHH, bo3h h k u ih # b p e - 3 y jib T a r e np.HcoeAHHeHHH x a 3 a x c x H X >xy30B x P o c c h h . IC COJKaJieHHK), B 3T0M OTHOlHeHHH HeAb3fl COIViaCHTbCH h c MiHeHHeM C . H . P yA eH K O , c H H T a io m e ro (JjopM y s e M A e j BJiaAGH'HH, c y m e c T B O B a B iijy io y x a 3 a x o B ceBepo-B O CTO H H O H q a c x H K a 3 a x c T a 'H a b 9 0 - x t o a ^ x X I X c t o a c t h h , a p c b h h m <h nepexcHTOHiHEJM HBjiewHeM. O h nwmeT: «Mbi B n p a B e o 6 p a - THTbCfl H K 3T«HOrpa4)HH, K n ep O K H T O H H blM HepT3M o 6 m e C T - BeHHofi op raH H 3 au H H xn p rH 3 0 B h K 3 3 a xo B n p o u iA o ro B e x a , x o r o p b i e MoryT n o M o q b n o A H e e n o H H T b x<H3Hb a p ^bhhx yr o p ir o a A T a f lu e B .. . x a 3 a xoB , (H anpH M ep, xa>K Aoe T a x o e n ^ e M H -h x a ^ K A b ifi p o A B A aA ^ A 'H B n o A H e o n p e A C A e iiH o ft r e p - p H T op H efi, n p w q eM xa>KAaH ceM b H iHM eAa roq H o o n p e A e A e n - HOe MeCTO A A H 3HM0BKH. P p a H H U b l 3THX yqaCTKOB 6 l ia h x o - 1 JJemiH B. H. Con., t. I, crp. 137 (cnocKa). 333

porno H3BeCTHbI BCeM pOUCTBeHHHKaM H COCCAHM H HaxOAH- jiHCb noA sam'HTOH ipOAa* B to ©peMH Kan yqacTKH 3HMOBok 6w h pacnpe;iejieiibi mokay OTAeAbHhiMM ceMbflMii, ToqHee M€>KAy rJiaiB-aMH ceMeft, -Mecrra jieTOHX ctohhok 6 uah 06- iuhm aocTOHiineM poAa»*. 3ra xapaKTepucTHKa Bepua h BnOviHe cooTBercTByeT TOMy, q-To hmcao weeto y 6ojibmeft Mac-Tw Ka3 axoB, BejuiiHX b KOHue XIX B6Ka noflyKoqeBofi o6pa3 jk-H3« h. Ho OHa a6coaioTHo HenpaBHJibwa, xorAa powb hact o 6 aacKBaTHocTH Taxon (popmbi 3eMAeB.iaAeHHH seMaeBJia^eHHio nacejicniHH Topnoro AjiTaa b cxjnpcxoe ®pe- mb. (fropMa 3e^Jie®Jiaae«HH» o xoTopoft roBopuT C. H. Py- aeHKo, 6bi.ia .He ApeBHHM, nepoKiHTOUHbiM #ba6hh£M y no:iyKOMOBbix Kaaaxo®, a hobwm, &03h>hkiijhm b npouecce npHCOCAHH0HHfl K>a3aXCKiHX >Ky3CB K Pocchh. CnpaujHBaeTCH, 6hi;ia ah crapaa hah nepeJKHToqnafl (J)OpiMa 3eM^OBJiaAeHiiB y Ka3axoB b 3tot nepHOA? ita, 6bi- Jia. Ona mcejia MecTO y xaaaxoB ueHTpajibBofi, ioro-3anaA- Hofi h k)>khoh qacTefi Kaaaxcrana. TaM KoqeaaAH 6oAbiiiiHe poAOBbie rpynnw: A^aA, TaGhin, Uletcru, WoMexefl, Kere, BaraHajiu, TaMa h AP- b MyioH-KyMe, beTnax-^aAe, Ku- 3UA-Kywe, ripnapaAbCKOM Kapa-KyMe, Boamuhx h MaAhrx Bopcyxax, MyroA>xapax, Ha ycTb-ypTe h b CTenax TypbeB- exoro, TewupcKoro, HprH3CKoro, Typraikxoro, Ai6acap- exoro, AxMOAHHCKoro, Ka3aAHHCKoro, flepoBCKoro h Ap. ye3A0B. ripHneM KpyrjioroAHHHoe xoqeBaHHe Ka3axoB b KOHue XIX Bexa 6buio nepe>KHToqHhiM HBjieHHew He no o t - HOUieHHfO K cJ)OpMe KOHeBOI’O X03HHCTBa y ApeBHHX CXH(j)OB hah a m a ftu e B , a no oTHomeHHK) k cpopMe xoaeBoro xo- 3HAciBa, KOTopan CAOJKHAacb h cymecTBOBaAa y cbmhx xa- 3axoB Ha xeppHTopHH Ka3axdaHa nocAe pacnaaa 3 oaotoh opAbi b XV—X VIII BB. B aanhom cjiyqae y C. H. PyAOHxo h AP- HOBoe npo- rpeocHBHoe abji&hHe b >kh3Bh xa3 axcxMx KoqeBWHKOB pac- CMaTpHBaercH nan crapoe nepexarroqHoe. TeM caMbiM hmh noAHOCTbio cGpacbiBaioTCH co cqeroB ®ce nporpeccMBHbie COUHaAbHO-SKOHOTViHqeCKHe'CAB.HFH, KOTOpbie np0H30HIAH B pe3yAbTaTe Ao6poBOAb«oro npncoeAlHHeHHn xasaxcxmx >xy- 30B K POCCHH. He npHXOAHTCH COMHeBaTbCH B TOM, HTO B XOHlje XIX Bexa cpeAW xa3axoB CeMHnaAaTHHCKOH o(5AacTH npeo6Aa- ‘ PydeHKo C. M. K y A i/ ry p a HacweHHH TopHoro A a i a a b CKHtbcKoe BpcMH. 1953. cTp. 256—257. T 334

Jiz n n o J iy K o q e B o f t m n x o 3 B H C T B a h .M e A fle w H O c o B e p m a j i c a n e p e x o A k n o j h H O M y o c e ^ j i o M y o 6 p a 3 y 3j k h h h . H . K o h u l i h h 6O T M e q a c T , h t o m h o h h c K a 3 a x « G c m h t i a J i - a T H H C K o h o j i a c T H * 3 -k 3 T O M y B p c i M C H i H « y > K e n o K H H y j p H r r o j i y K O M e B O H o 6 p a 3 jk h h h » , «c z i,e J ia / iH 3 C M a e ^ e jiH e c b o h m rjn a o H U M 3 a H H T H e M » h > 3 » 1.« y > K e n e p e i i i J i H k o c e ^ j i o M y o 6 p a 3 y kh hh 3a6BeHHe topo, mto >hCT9 P-Hqeckhft npouecc nepexoAa k occaaocth K3 3 axcKHX poAonjieMeH«Mx I'pynn kohna X V I II h waqaJia X IX bb. 6 lijj, Kax noKa3 auio Bhiiiie, nponpeccnB- H b lM r ip O U C C C O M , B 03H H K LU H M B C B H 3 IH C A O 6p OB O J II> H b IM npHcoeA'HHeJHHeM Ka3axoKHx ^Ky30B k P occhh, npHBe.no o r - A&nHHblX aBTOpOB K 5IB1I0 ‘HenpaBHJlbllOMy ofrbHCHeHHIO ncropHH ocejxaHHH Ka3axCKoro n a p O A a . A. D. T yp cyH 6 a eB , iianpw M ep, cq.HTaeT, qTo «ocHOBiHbiM toahkom k n e p e x o A y K a 3 a xcK oro HaceJieHHa b A k m o jih h c k o h , T y p ra ftc K o ft, y p a .ribOKOH h C6M h najiaimhckoh o 6j iacTox k 3eMJie^eJiHio 6ujio M a c c o B o e iM3*bHTHe iKa3axcKHx aeMejib b nepcceJieH- qecKHH (Jjo h a , coKpamemHe n a c r tfn m , oco6eH<HO ycHAHBiue- cch b nepHOA cTOJibinnhckoh peaKUHiH, wor^a n e p e c e jie n q e - ckoc ABHXceHwe KpecTbHH npHHHMaeT ne6biBajiwfi paaiwax. JlHuieHiiibie n a c T 6 « m h ^axcc cbcxhx 3 hm obok, tfeflHbie cjioh Ka s a x cK o ro u pcejiew H lr BbiHy>KACHbi 6hum nepexoAHTb k oce^ jioM y 3eMJieACJiHior qTo6bi upoKopM HTb ceM bio»2- « O c e A - Jioe 3e‘Mjie/i,ejibqecKoe xo3HficTao BbupacTajio nosTOMy H3 Tex co u n a jib H b ix rpynn, K orop^ie CoJibuie TepHJiH oboh ckot h nopexoAH AH b hhcjio 6eAH$iKOB... CjieAOBaTejibiio, Bbi«y>K - AenlHoe oce^aH iH e h cBnsaHHoe c h h m ycHJieHwe n e p e x o A a k 3cmJ i e j i e J i m o e c T h n p m n a K o6eAHeHHH»3. ripHH uh n na ji bHa h omn^Ka A. B. Typcyn 6 a etfa c o c to h t b to m , qTO oh a 3aBe^0M o h c x o a h t h 3 -HeBepnofi n p e A n o c b iA - kh: H K o6bi K a 3 a x c T a H biuiotb a o nepiHOAa cvo Jib im m cK o A peaiKUHH (1 ^ 0 7 — 1916 i t .) 6 u jt K paoM itomth c iu io u iH o ro KOqeBOIX) CKOTOBOACTBa iH qTO TO JIb K O MaccoBoe lH3'bHTHe Kaaa-xcKHx 3CMejib b nepeceJieHMecKHH c(joha npHB-e.no k o 6 eA H en iH K ) h oceA aiin io K a 3 a x c K o ro |h aceJieH'HH. CBH3bi- Barb o c e A a H 'H e h c o n y n C T B y io m e e e M y 3eMJieACJiHe y n a 3 a - 1 Kohiuuh H. 3eM.ne,ne,nne h x-ie6Han npoH3Ro^nTejibnoc.Tb Cgmh- naJiaTHHCKoft od^acTH. B kh.: riaMHTHasi khh%k3 CcMHiia^aTHHCKOH o6 jiactH 11a 1898 r o n . CeMnnajiaTHHCK, 1898, crp . 14. 2 T y p c y n O a e o A. B. Ws hctodmh KpecTbHHCKoro nepece-icHHH b K a3axcTaH. A jiM a-A Ta, 1950, ctp. 83. 3 T y p c y n O a e o A. B . BeJiHKHH nepeJiOM b cc/ilckom xo 3BncrBe CeMHpem>H. A jiM a-A Ta, 1950, d p . 20— 21. 335

xob T<vrbKe) c hx o6 eAHemteM 3HaqHT BocnpdHafio.aHTb cra- pyio ouiH6oqHyio Teoptno, ocHOBaHrayio wa oto>kacctb<igtlhh HS/upeBjie cymecTBOBabihero b Ka3axcKOM KoqepOM o(5me- CTBe AJKaTaqecTBa1 c AeftcTBHTeAbHbiM oceAaHHeM — ot- pUKUlblJIUK2 — KOqeBblX CKOTOBOAOB. . A>KaTaHeoTBO nax pe3ynbTaT BHe3anHoro pa3opeHHH qacTH iHacejiCHHH ot A>Kyra hjih boAh u — HeycroHWBoe, HenpoHHoe m 9mi30AHqecKoe oceAawne KoqeBHiixoB b lie- 6ovibuiOM KOJiHqecTBe okojio 03ep h p e x b npexcHBe BpeMe- Ha, 3aAOJiro ao npucoe^HHenan Ka3 axewHx )«y30B k Poc- CH'M. ZljKaTaqecTBo Toro nepHOAa 6bmo huhtohchlim npn- AaTKOM KoqeB oro cxoTOBOACTBa h uejiHKOM oiipeaenH/iocb cymecTBOB abiii.h m'h Tor^a axon omh qecKM Mh h no^HTH^ecKH- MH yCJlOBHHMH >KH3HH KOHeBOrO ,o6lUeCTBa3. BpflAAH OHO Morjio cnoco6cTBOBaTb Aa-fibHeihiieMy pa3BHTHio npoH3BO- anrejibHbix chji. JlxcaTaKH na CBoft o6pa3 >kh3hh cMorpeAH. xax Ha BpeMeHHoe, o6ycAOB;ieHHoe TOAbxo jHiub «HecqacT- hum > cJiyqaeM HBJieHHe. FloaTOMy AacaTaqecrBO xa3axo<B AO npHHHTHH HMH IlOAAaHCTBa PoCCHH 6blJ10 CH.MBOAOM HecqacTbn jh m nnerbi, a we oce^aHHeM, cBfl3aHHbrM c jiom koPl CTapOH KOqeiBOft CKOTOBOA^eCKOH CHCT©MbI X03flfiCTBa'H c ra - poro odpaaa >khbkh. flxcaTaxH r o r o iapeMewH >khjih nocTO- hhihoA waAejKAoft BepnyTbCH x CBoeA drpexcHefi xoqeaoA >kh- 3'iiih, noKOHqHTb c OAHBoqecTBOM, 6biTb BHOBb b cpeAe pOA- CTBeHHbLX H'M KOqeBHHKOB. Ilp.ll IiepBOft BO3MOHCH0CTH OHH CHoea nepexoAM^i« o r oceA.rcocTH k 'KoqeBawHio, 3a6pocHB Bee, qTo 6 u j i o oBH3aHO c BpeMewnbiM 3eM A^e^«eM . ZlHca- TaqecTBo, T3khm o6pa3oM, eme « e oan aqajio oceAaHMH ko- qe»HMKOB. . ;; >. ; . ‘ . - • cfljKaTaKH— «a3axH, nepecTamiiHe Koqeaarb B C J ie x- CTBHe H©AOcraTKa «eo6xoAHMoro a -hh nepexoqeBox cKoxa. 1 TepMHH «A>*<aTaK», hjih caTyit*, BnepBue ynoMHHaeMuft b X I B, MaxwyAOM KauirapCRMM, mo AoatHBumtf ao X X b . b Ka3axcKOM ay^e, 03Ba»ia^ coceABwft 6cahsk, He HueioiuHft ckota KoqeBaHHsu. (T oji* ctob C. FI. n o cjieAaM ApeBHexope3MHAcKoA UHBH^HsauHH. M.—J l * 1948, CTp. 247). 2 «...pyccKOMy CAOBy oceA^iuft 6oAee cooTBeTCTByeT ynoTpe&iHB- iuhAcb b cepeAHHe BeKa (XIX— C. T.) TepMHH optukuih — « cha« iihA». (BapToabA B. BT HcTopH* KyabTypHoA ^ch3hh TypKeciaHa. JI., 1927, CTp. 120). 3 «ZI>KaTaKH... HMeHHO AlOAH, BUdHTbie H3 KOAeH HCKOHHOFO CTpOH Ka3axcKOfl >kh3hh» . ( K ohimhh H. K Bonpocy o nepexoAe KHpnia C cmh* najiaTHHCKOfl o6a 3cth b ocea-noe coctobhhc. B k u .: riaMBTHan KHH*Ka CeMHnajiaTHHCKoA oCaocth na 1898 r., CTp. 43.), 336

3 to Ka3axcKHH npojieTap'HaT.— irpoxyKrr p a 3jioxceEH« x o q e - Boro xo3HHCTBa. rjiaBHeHiuan npHMHHa A>KaTaqecrBa,— T an Ha3HBraeMbifl «A>KyT»— rojiojiemna, or BpeMeHH ao Bpe- MeHfH nopaJK aioiuH ft CTenb ih o6e3AOAM©aK>iu>Hft Maccy x a - saxcK oro aac-eJieHHH. B n aq ajie AHcaTanecrBo hbjihbtch oo- CTOEWHOM, H3 KOTOporO KclJKAblH Ka3 3 X CTpeMHTCH Bbl6HTb- ch npn n ep B o ft b o 3mojkhocth»1. 3 A e c b noAHepKHyra jihlue OAHa npHEUHa A>KaTaqecTBa — AJKyr. H o xpoMe aro ro , oho 6biJio n pe3yjibTaTO M pa36oa h rp a tfe x ca . «TpyA, 3sljhbb- jieHHbifi, napaji!H30Ban«biH apHCTOKpanmecKHMH poaobumih VCJIOBHHMH H BOHHOK)2, 6bIJI yAeJIOM OAHHX TOAbKO «HTeH- qca», 3thx napfH-eB xasaxcKoro o6mecTBa> h xocejie He Be3- Ae ocBodOAHBHiiHxcH eme «ot no^ypa6cKoro 3aKpenome>HHH, B KaKOM OHH HCHJIIH AO pyCOKOIX) 3a©OeBaHH5T, OH 6bIJI npe- 3HpaeMbiM, noAHeBOJibHbiM peMecjioM oahhx xoqeBbix npo- ji€TapHeB»3. HaripHMep, b khkhhx paftoHax Ka3axcTana, rAe cymecTBOBajia nojiffan xoqe©an CHCTe.\\ia xo3flftcTBa BnjioTb ao Beji'HKOH OjcrnSpbCKoft comiajiiiCTHqecKo# pe- BojifOJWH, 6 b u io M3Becrno, iito «xa>KAbift nmumn mJibxo h MCHTaer o t o m , Kax 6bi o63aBecrHCb oxotom Aa npoMQHHTb nauienwyK) p a 6 o ry wa xoqeByio xcnaHb nacryxa, ih xaxc/ifaift, KOMy yAaerrcH pa3HCHTbCH ckotom, t o t nee qae 6pocaeT 3eM- jieAeJibqecKHfi npoMbice;i»4. E m e b weA^BneM npouiJioM, © xoH u e X IX © Ha^aJie X X b b ., jmuneHHbifi OKora h BbiHyxcAenHbift aaiHKMaTbCH 3eMjje&eJineM paAH xyexa x.ae6a x a 3 a x b Mecrax, rAe n pe- o0JiaA3Ao x o q e B o e nacejicHHe, t c m « e MeHee «exceroAHo 1 BAaduM upcKuu B . f l . K B onpocy o n e p e x o n e Ka3axoB b oceAAoe cocTOHHHe.— O m e T H P T O 3a 1901 roA, C n 6 ^ 1902, CTp. 39* 2 B 1848 ro A y nocjie nocrpofiKH yKperiAeHHH PaHM, «paHHeio Bee- # HO10 XHBHHUU CAeAaJIH Ha HH30Bbfl Cbipa CHAbHblft Ha6er. OHH HanaJUl npeHMyui.ecTBeHHo Ha meKTmmeB h TypTKapHHueB, Kax rosopflT, b otom - mcHKe 3s AonycK hmh pyccKifx k Panwy, a 3a noMomb npH nocTpofitfe yKpen^eHHH. 3axBaneHHbie Bpacnjiox uieKTHHUbi 6 ujih pa3rpa6AeHbi caMhiM JKecroKHM odpaaow. B cjieAyromyio 3Hwy HaCer noBTopH^cii c tcmh « e nocAeACTBHHMH, meKTHHUbi H3 cHJibHoro h 6oraToro poAa nep- BCHCTBOBaBUjerO B HH30BbflX p. Chip, B AB^-TpH rOA3 npGBpaTUJlHCb B CeAHAKOB h noMTH b no^HOM cBoeM cocTaBe npHuywA€Hbi 6ujih nepeilTH b pa3pHA nreHqeft, oceB b HH30Bb«x peKH (Tenepb bo/iocth PaHMcxan, Mn6 eHAHHCKaH, KocTaMexan h AP-)** ( C m h ph o b E . T* 3aAHHaBLuaa CTpaHa. B k h .: C6. MaTepna^oB a ^ih CTaTHCTHKH Cup-^apbHHCKOH od- JiacTH, Bbin. IV . TaiuKeHT, 1895, CTp, 9)^ 3 KaytpMan A . A . K Bonpocy pyeexofi k o a o h H3auhh TypnecTaHCKbro xpaa, Crr6.f 1908, crp, 133— 134. 4 U f H A KaaCCP, 4, on. I, a . 3 936, c b . 519, a . 3. 22 C. E. To.ibitfeKOB 337

CHHMaeTCtf o o cbohx naxorabix noAefi, b kotopux bch oc- HOBa ero 6jiarococTOHHHH, h no cT-apon naMsrai oTKoneBbi- BaeT b d e n b . . . Hey^BHTe.ibHO, hto npH noAo6Hbix vcjio- bhhx «A>KaTaK» hah «jireH4H» (n a x a p b ) b crenax CpeAHeH A3HU — 5IBJI5HOTCH nOHTH CHHOUHMaMH HHUierOa1, a He 3eM- Jie,aejibua b nojm oM cmhcac s r o r o c n o sa . Oahoh m xapax- TepHbrx nepT Ka3axcKoro Aa<aTaqecTBa Ha BceM npoTHJKe- hhh ero cyiuecTBOBaHHH b kohcbom o6meeTBe Cujio to, hto /DKaiaKH, xoth h HBAHAHCb BpeMeHHbiMH xAeGonaiuua- mh, ho 3KcnjiyaTHpoBaaHCb naTpuapxajibno-iJjeo^ajibHbiMH KoaeBbiMH cKOTOBjiaaeabuaMH He nyTeM HaaeAa hx 3eMAeft, a padoqHM h MOjioqHHM ckot'om. O pya h c m hx sxcnAyaTa- Uhh cay>KHJia, t 3khm o6pa30M, He 3eMAH, a ckot. B npouecce up hcobahhemwh Ka3axc.KHX x<y30B k P oc- chh, Kor,aa yjK c bo MHorax paftoiiiax Ka3axcrana rioflBHAHCb nojiyKoneBOfi h oce^Jiwft th iiu xo3Hhctb, CBH3aiiiiue c ce- HOKOujeHHeM « 30M^eAejiHeM, A>KaTaniH crajm ncpexo/UHTb K npoaHOH OCe^JIOCTH, HO B KOHeBblX pafiOHaX, B OCO^eHHOCTH b noaynycTbiiiHbix h cyxocienHbix 30Hax, oho eme npoAOA- >xaAo coxpaHHTb cboh ApeBHHe qepThi. . B KOHue X I X h n a q a a e X X b b ., r^iaBHUM o 6 p a 3 o w b KDJKHofi m io p o -3 a n a A H o fi qacTH x U e H T p a jib H o r o K a 3 a x c r a - Ha, BCIOAy, l\\0,e TOAbKO MeCTHOCTb AOnyCKaJia BO3M0>KHOCTb HCKyccTBeHHoro opomenHH, od eA H eB in n e Ka3axH-HrenqH hah AJK3T3KH yC TpaH B aA H CBOH TIOAH H npHHHM3AHCb 3a 3eM A eA eA bH ecK yio K yA bTypy. 06biKHOB6HHO sth CeAHHKH 6 h a h C aT p an aM H 6oraTbix c k o t o b o a o b , KOTopbie 3a T p y ^ CHa6>KaAH IHX Jieo6xOAHMUMH ITpHMlHTHBHblMH OpyAHHMH, A3B3AH H-M B nOAb30BaHHe OAHOPO iHMl MeCKOJlbKO MOJIO- AUX GblHKOB HAH BOAOB AAH 0 6 p a 6 0 TKM n oAH, pa3*LC3AOB BepxoM h b ap6e, Koposy <h hcokoabko obcu, 33TCM omyc- k3ah Ha noceB ceMeHa, -a aah xcHAbfl cTapyio, pBanyio h npoKonneiiyio iopTy, caobom, AaeaAH Bee neo6xoAHMbie CpeACTBa A*HH CaMOCTOHTeAbHOfi >KH3HH b6ah3h B03AeAaH- Hbix noAen2. 3a Bee sto AwaiaKH OTAaBaAH f>oraqaM 3na- HHTeAbHyiO AOAK) ypO>Kafl H 3arOTOBAHAiH (HM ceHo Ha HX 3HMOBK3X. 1 OcrpoocK ud B. KHprH3bi-3eMAeAejibUbi.— TypnecTaHcKHe bcaomo- CTH, 1897, 25 HOHtipft, 2 UImuOt IO. T o j i G A H a f l crenb, hah nyeruna B e m a K - j l a A a h Myft- cxaa AOAHHa.— 3anncKn 3anaAHo-Cfi6HpcKoro oTAejia HPI'O kh X V II, Bun. 1 h 2, 1894, CTp. 125. 338

Ha lore h b ioro-3anaAHofi qacTH teppiiTopnH Ka3axcr^- Ha, rAe 3eM.rieAe.riwe ChiJio Majio pa3BHTo, oho no-npe>xHe- My dbiJio npOMbrcjiOM «6eAHbix, He hm&oui-hx AocraTOHHbix CT3A AAJI BbirOAHOrO 33HHTHH CKOTOBOACTBOM^1. Ho 6bIJIO Cbi HenpaBiHJibHo T-ax yTBepjxAaTb oiiHOCHTejibiHp Tex oceA- Jibix h noJiyiconeBbix pafionoB Ka3axcTaHa, rAe 3eMjieAejiH- eM b 6 0 Jiee 3HaHiHTejibHbix paaMepax 3aHHMajincb « oceBiune Ka3axcKHe 6oraqn — 6an. O A H a K O H a A O H M eTb b b h a y , h t o n p H B C ex T5IH <eJIhIX y C A O B H H X 5 K H 3 H H G eA 'H b ie A ^ a T S K H K »K H b IX p a fio H O B , noA- B e p ra B L U H e c H 6 o ;ie e O K ecrK o fi n a T p r n a p x a jib H O -^ e o A a jib H O H 3 K c n A y a x a u H H , h m c j ih 6 o jie e H H T e H C H B iio e x o 3 a fic T B o , n eu K p y r jib iH t o a K o q a B a B m m e b n ycT b iH -H b ix h c y x o c T e n iH b ix n p o c T o p a x 6 ah . T a x a e 6 a n , -iiM en c a M o e n p H M H T R B H oe x o - MeBOe XC3HHCTBO H BeAH &OJiee OTCTaJIblH, xieM A>KaTaKH, o6pa3 «<H3HH, ^biA'H HaHCoJiee OTCTajibiMH 3JieMeHTa>MH b npeApeBo.iiouHOHHOM K a3axcTaHe. IloaTOMy Aw aTaxw ro - BopHAin: « M c m 6 birb 6 ecnoMom;HbiM cpeAH x o h obh h k o b , Jiyqiue 6 biTb cHJibHbiM cpeAH oceB iiiH x»2. B HOBOe B p eM H UrnpOKO npH M eH H JlH H3AOJIbIlI,HHy c p e A H THnntiHbix A^KaTaKOB Ha iore K a 3 a x c T 3 Ha tn xanHTajiHCTH- necKHe 3JieMeHTbi, npno6 peTaBLUHe b uacTwyio c o 6 cTBeH- HOCTb OpOCHTeAbHbie -apblKH (TOra:Hbl). n o CBlHAeTeAbCTBV JI. M ep M ax a, b 1885— 1888 rr. npHtfbiBiiiHe c ceBepa « a h h - 30BbH peKH M y CoraTbie xynubi H3 aprbiHueo bbcjih He H3- BecTHbiw a o h h x . HacejieHHio n oceo Hcnojiy. 3 th co 6 cTBeH- hhkh T o raH a — opocHTeJibnofl K anaBbi — craJiH BbicTynaTb H BAaACJIbUaMH OpOIHae.MOft 3eMJIH. H r ax, A^aTanecTBO h orpbiKiubiJibiK — He oaho m to }Ke. OTpblKillblAblK — 3TO HpOUeCC IipOMiHOrO OCeAaHIHH, BHO- CHBiuiHH iKopcHHwe H3MeneHHH b xapaKTep MajrepHajibHoro p 3 an oh b o a c t b . HenpaBHJibHoe t o a KOB-aHne AeHCTB>HTeJibHo- ro npouecca oceAamia Ka3axoB (orpMKiiibiJibrK) « o t o j k - AeCTBAGHHe ero C AX<aTaiieCTBOM paBHOGHJIbHO OTpHUaHHK) p a 3BHTHH oceAAocTH y Ka3axoB b A o p eB oaK)uhohhbi3 nepn- OA HX HCTOpHH. Kax yake noxa3aHo Hawn, oceAaHHe xa3axoB a ceBepo- 3anaA'Hbix, ceBepHbix h ceBepo-BOCTOHHbix pawoHax Ka3ax- CTaHa opoHCxoAHJio b xoHue X V III h Hawajie XIX b b . ue- 1 K aycpM aH A . A . K Bonpocy o pyccKofi Ko;io!iH3auHH TypnecTari- ckofo npan. Cn6.f 1903, CTp. 142. 2 K em nejii ejiA iii Kopw Oojiraniua, OTbipHKmuHiJn 30pu <5oji. 22* 339

jibitoH poAoriJieMeHikbiMM rpynnaMH s ocrp ofi toekpOAOBoft ih RjiaccoBofi 6opb6 e. Oce^ajiM 6 oraTbie cKOT0©AaAeAbUfaL «HccneAOBaT€Jin Ka3axcKoro 6brra b 60 roAW (XIX b.) ot- Me^aioT yace ycnjiHsmeecH crpeMJieHHe k saHHTiiio 36MAe- AeAHeM ne TOJibKo co cTopoHbi 6eAHbix, jiHmeHHUx craa KaaaxoB, nan 3to Ohao paHbiue, ho h y 6 oraTbix, wan ca- MOCTOHTeJIbHblH npOMHCeA*1. «CaAHTCH Ha 3eMJHO He OAHH TOJibKO pa30pHBiiiHecH Ka3axH. HeodecneqcHHocrrb CKorro- BOAliecKoro xo3hhctb3 3acTaBjiHer inejpexoAMTb k aeMAeAe- AHK) M Ka3aXOB eme « e pa30pHBHIIHXCH»2. B roAbi cTOJibiniHHCKOH peaKUHH 'bo Bcex 36MJieAeAblie- ckhx pa&oHax ypaAbcxofi, TyprancKofi, AxMOAHHOKofi h CeMHnajiaTHHCKOH o6^acTen cymecTBOBaA BwawreJibSHbifi cjioh KaaaxcKoro 6aficTBa, wcroopbift iMajio mom OTAimaACH ot Kpynwbix pyccKHX xyAanKHx xo3h&c tb . O TawHX xa3ax- ckhx 6aax hast penb, KorAa nwraeM: «CpeAH cocroarenb- Hbix K33aXOB iHOpeAKO BCTpeH3fOTCH TaiOHe, KOTOpbie sace- BaiOT XAeSaMM nejibie cothih Aec5rnHH>3. M u yxce roBopHJtH, h t o uapcKoe npaBHreAbcrBO b CBoe fipeMa noompaAo oceAanHe xa3axoB. H o nocjie 3aBepme- hmh npHcoeAHHeifHH Kasaxcra-Ha k P occhh, ocotferao b snoxy «Mnep(HaAiH3iMa, oho cboio aiOAHTWKy H3MeHHA0. O ho ct3ao npenaTCTBOBiaTb oceAaHHio Ka3axcKoro naceAeeHH, HJAo.na npa-Moe pa3pymewHe onaro® ocqaaoctm b uejiax yBeAH-qeHHa 3 a ca eT 3Toro QeMeAbHoro <po(HAa aah ycrpoft- CTB3 KyAaUKHX SAOMCHTOB, IiepeceAHeMblX H3 UeHTpaAb- HOft POCCHH. «Pe3yAbTaTU 3TOft ITOAHTHKH — HOCreneHHOe. BbTMHpaiHHe BblTeCHHOMblX B AetfptH IMeCTHbIX KOpeHHbIX 5KH- TGAeH (KHprH3H, 6aWKHpbl) » 4. IloSTOMy X CT>€3A PKI1 (6) B OTHOUieHHW 3TWX HCHTejiefi peilJ^A «nOvMO*Jb £HMJBCeMH CH- A3MH M BC0M'H Op0ACTDBaMH cGpOCHTb C WltH KyAHKOB-KO* 1KpuHux(peAbd B. 77. Crenfioe KHpn&cKOe xoshActbo b ypajibCKOM ye3,ne. B kh.: naMHTHan khhjkk3 h a,ap«Mca;ieHAapb ypaabCKoft o(5aa- cth Ha 1898 roA. CapaTOB, 1898, crp, 92. . 2 UlKancKua O . HexoTopbie AaHHtie Afl* ocBemettHa KHprH3CKoro Bonpoca.— Pyccxaa MbicJib, 1897, >h 7, crp. 38, 1 roHTapea A. 0 . OnHcaHHe ecTecTBeHiioHCTopHHecKHx ycjiOBHft 3anaAHoro paftona AKTio6HHCKoro ye3.ua — riepBoft BypTHHcxoft, Haek- cKoft, Ty3Tio(SHHCKoft h Xo6A»Hexoft BoaocTefi. B kh.: OqepKH ecrecTBeH- HOHCTopHHecKHx ycAOBHH no bojiocthm AKTio6HHCKOro ye3aa. OpeH- 6ypr, 1915, cip. 58. 4 Pe30JifouHB h nocraHOBjieHHH AecHToro cT*e3Aa. B kh.: KnCC b pe30^K)UHHX H pemeHHHX CbC3AOB, KOHdjepeHAHfi H naeHVMOB UK, I. M., 1953, cip. 561, 340

JioHH3aTopoB h o 6ecneHHTb h m , TasxttrM otfpaaoM, inputp o a - Hbie 3 0 m jiih, H eo6xo//iHMbie jin n H ejioBeqecxoro c y m e c T B o - O aK T bl BbIMHpaHHH 3aMqHaJIHCb IViaBHblM o6pa30M cpe^M t o h H aora xa3axoxoro iHapOAa, xoTopan T o r^ a em e b 6 ecnJiOAHbix nycTMHax m nojiyaycTbiHHX npoAOjijKaJia BeCTH KOHeBOft C>5pa3 HCH3HH. r i o m e m'Hkih m KanHTajiHCTbi h ihx annapaT nacHJi'HH 6 bi- jm He TOJibKO yTHeTaTejiHMH pyccKHX KpecTbHH « p a 6 oHHx, ho ©M ecTe c k a 3axckhmh n oJiycpeoA aji amh h xa3axcK-Hx TpyAHlUHXCH. rioSTOMy HeJib3 51 OTO>KAeCTBJI51Tb pyCCKHX Tpy^HiUHXCH c hx yrHeTaTeji5iMiH, ma hto (He pa3 yKa3biBaji B. H . JleH'HH. H o He Tax s t o noHHMaer A. T y p cy H 6 aeB. O h n H iuer: « B ycMJieHHH 3KonaMHHecxiHx h xjiaocoBbix rrpo- THiBopeHHH b CeMixpenbe ne nocJie/j'Hioio pojib c w rp a jio npo- THBOpCHHe M o x a y npHiiiJibiM • pyccKHM HacejiaHineM h T p y- A h u zh m h c h MaccaMH KopeHHoro HaceJieHHH»12. « B 1918 r. UeHTpajibHbiH HcnojiHHTeJibHbifi KoMHTeT TypK pecny6 jiH- mh n3Aaji AdKper o «auH0HajiH3aunH 36mjih. Ho ocym ecTB- JieHHfo a t o p o Aexpera npennTCTBOBaJio n p o r m o p e v H C M e - m a y KopeiHHbiiM HacejieHHeM npnuiJibiM pyccKHM, yxpaHHCKHM, HacejiGHHeM»3. K a x bjh ah o , oui'H6 xa ^aH H oro aBTopa coctoht © t o m , MTO n p O T H B O p e n n e M e>KAy K a 3 a XOKiH'MH TpyA5I IUJHMHO 51 H pyccTCHMiH K y jia x a M iH -x o J io itH 3 a T o p a M H oh p a c o M a T p H B a e T x a x np-OTHBOpensie M enc^y K a s a x e w H M h p yocxH M , a T a x x c e yx p a H H O K H M HapoAaiMiH b u e J io M . T a x a n o u ra d x a H G H 36ex<- HO m p M B O A ^ T IK OTpHUaHHIO HCTOP'HHeCKH C JIO K H B IIieH C H A p y> K 6 b i M e jK A y p yccxH M , y x p a n hckihm m xa3axcxHM Hace- ^eHHeM, HOHBymfHM Ha TeppHTopH© Ka3axcTaHa. H3BecvHO, hto non raxcejibiM rHetom uapcxoro caM o- A^ipHcaiBMH HaxoAHJiwcb ©ce H ap o A bi P occhh , h b nepByro onepeAb caM Bejimoift pycexHH h apoA* 0 6 stom b cBoefi 3h3<m eHHTofi patfoTe «3aAaHH pyccKHX couiHaji-AeMOxpa- tob» b 1902 roA y B. H . JIchihh n H c aji: «ITpoTHB BceBJiacT- iioro, 6e30TBercTBeHHoro, n oA K yn n oro, A/uxoro,' «eBe>xeoT- BCHHoro «h TyHeHACTByiomero p y o c x o r o hhhobh’Hhcctb a 1 Pe30JiiouHH h nocTaKOD^eiine A e c n T o ro Cbe3,na; B k h <: KIICC B pe30JIJ0AHHX H pemeilHHX CT>e3AOB, KOH(f)epeHUHH H n^eHVMOB UK, «i. 1. M., 1953, crp. 561. 2 TypcynOaee A. B . BcjihkhA nepejiOM b ce.ibCKOM xoaiHricTBC C eM H p e^ b H . AjiMa-Ara, 1950, crp. 27. 3 TaM * e , cTp. 33. 341

BOCCTHHOBJICHbl BCCLMB MHOrOM'HCJICHHbie H CaMhie pa3HOO(5- pa3Hbie caoh pyccKoro HapoAa»l. B c o b m ecTH O H >k h 3hh p y c c K o r o , yKpaw H C K oro h Ka3ax- CKoro H ap oA O B urcTopnwecKH cjiojK 'H .a a cb 6paTCKaa apyxctfa h B3 aw m u a n n o M o m b b 6 o p b 6 e c o 6 iu h m h yrH eiaTejiH M M . E m e 3aAOJiro j i p pcboakhuhh o a h h H3 rpyAOBbix pyccKH X m nenjin reH TO B , <pa6oTaBiiiH8 b riepeceAO H qecKO M ynpaBJie- T.h hh b K a 3 a x c T a n e , C cacjim w iko b oqeH b upocTo, 33Me- qaiejibHO Bhipa3H A oCm nocTb K op eiiH b ix w m epecoB TpyAfl- mwxcH B cex H apoAO B P occhm. O h iim c a ji: «B 3 hbihm b cboh pyKH BJiacTb h pacnopa^O K b rocyaa-pc-TOe, w une caw y ra e - TCH/Hblfi H 6cC n paB H blH pyCCWHfi H a p O A MOJKeT CMGAO CKa- 3aTb K a3 axaM , k b k h bccm jjp yru M h ito na c m c h h h k aw b P oc- ch h : « r io K a m ho. 6 m a o itjioxo, n jio x o tfb iA o h saM ; h o Te- nepb, K orA a n craji cBotfoAeH, h Bbi race 6yjsffre cbo6 o a h m h BC6M BaM 6 y a e T x o p o m o » 2. B ro / iw rpaw aaiiC K O H bo S h m cnasHhiH np o.aerap C K H H no/iKOBOAeu M . B . <J>pyH3e, o 6 p a - m aacb k Tpy^aiuDHMCH Ka3axaM y p a jib C K o fi o 6jiacrra nn- caA : « * I t o >Ke H e c e r BaM C oB C T C K an BJiacTb? J 7 p ck / ie Bceno oh a npMHOCHT BaM tfp aT C K yio n o M o m b pa6o**HX h KpeCTbHH POCOHH. M b I, npej^CTaBHTeJTH Tpy^OBOft P ocohih, cMorpHM n a B a c K a x wa HauiHX 6 p a T b e ® , Ha n au in x A p y - 3efi. M u H e A on ycT H M , qrodbi s a c odiHHcaAH, q io 6 b i o t h h - M3JIH B3UIH 30MJI.il, o6p€KaJIH Ha M yK H rOJIOAa. M bI nOMO- >xeM BaM n p o r a a T b Bam ux 6ypn <yeB , B a u m x AOCMyxaMeAO- Bbix, K O T o p u e ycejiH C b Ha u ie e K a3axcK O H Gc a h o t h h A yM aioT npa3A H o-B aTb no6eA y. M b i ito m o jk g m BaM c n a q a jia B KaHCAOfi BOAOCTH, a 3aT0M AJIH y e3 A O B H AJW Bceft o 6 A a - cth co3AaTb C o B eT b i TpyAOBoro K a 3 a x c K o r o naceAeHHH. M u noMoaceM s t h m C o B e r a M HeM eAA©m h o npuJuiTbcn 3a p a 6 o r y no yA yqu ieH H io B a iu e r o 6hiTa, n o noAUHTHio Bauinx 3H'a- HHH»3. riporpaMMa peBOAiOAHOHHoro irpeo6pa30BaHHH o^m e- CTBeHHO-SKOHOMHqeCKOH XCH3HH Ka3aXCK01X) HapOAa nOAHO- cTbio ocyiuecTBHAacb. B Ka3axcraHe Top>KecTByeT achhu- cnaH HauHOHaAbHan noAHTHica KoMMyHiHCTHqecKOH napnHW CoBeTCKoro Coio3a. * JleHun B . H . Coq., t. 2,.dp. 313. 2 Ced eA b H U K o e T. Bopb6 a 3a scmaio b K H prn3 CK oA cTenn. CnC., 1907, ctP. 79. 3 B kb.: rio6ejia BeJiHKoft OKtafipbcKOH couHa.iHCTuqecKoA pcBO- aiouhh b Ka3axcTanc h o6pa30BaHne Ka3axcKoft ACCP. A.iMa-ATa, 1947, d p . 153.

B npcApeBO/nonHOHHOM K a 3 a x cT a H e cyiuecTBOBajio Tpn THna 3KCTeHCHBHO-nacr6HiuHoro cKOTOBOACTBa: KoneBoe, nojiyKOMeBoe h o c e i u i o o . O hh pe3 Ko OTAHnaAiicb Apyr ot Apyra n o yp O B in o CBoero pa3BHTHa h no fyopue 3eM jieBjia- AeHHfi h 3eMjienojib30BaHH5i. H e 3 iia H H e sthx Tpcx t h iio b CKOTOBOACTBa MHOTHX AOpCBOAIOIlHOHHhlX HCCACAOBaTeAefi Ka3axcTa»a u Cpe^ncw A shh Aa h A p y ru x CTpan npHBOAH- AO K TOMy, HTO OHH BC5IK0G naCT6HIUHO-9KCTeiICHBHOe CKOTO- BOACTBO OnpeAeAHJIH TOAbKO K3K KOHCBOC CKOTOBOACTBO. 3 to cepi>e3HO weuiajio JipaBHJibHOMy pa3peuieHHio HaynHoft npO^AeMbl, CBH3aHHOH C HCTOpneH H 9KOHOMHK0 ft KOHeBOTO o6 mccTBa. A 6 c T p a r H p o B a »H e ot pa3JiHHHbix thhob n acT6H m H o-9K - cTencHBHoro ckotoboahcckoto xo35ihctb3, cymecTBOBaBiiie- ro y MHOTHX OTCT3AbIX CKOTOBOAHOCKHX HapOAOB C h6 h ph , A j n a n , K a 3 a x c T a n a h Ap., H M ceT c b o io hctophio. O h o Ha- m jio CBoe OTpa>KeHHc em e b 3afcoirax uapcKoro npaBHTeAb- CTBa T a K H x, K a x «B b rcon a ftm e yTBep>KAeriHbift Y c T a B o 6 ynpaBachhh HH0p 04ueB» h «B b ic o n a H tu e yTBep>KAeHHbift Y c T a o o c h (5h pcK H x KnprH33x ( K a 3 a x a x ) » OT 22 HIOAH 1822 r o A a . F lo s t h m 33koh3 m yK a3 a H H b ie napoAbi pa3A C A *i- AHCb Ha r p y n iib i: oceAAbix, K o q eB b ix , h 6 po ah m h x. K o c e A - AbIM OTHOCHAHCb Te, KOTOpbie >KHJIH B TOpOAaX H CCACIIHHX, 33HHMaHCb 3eMAeAeJlHeM H CKOTOBOACTBOM; K KOHGBbIM OT­ HOCHAHCb t c , KOTOpbie co B cp u ia jiH n e p e M e iiw MecTa j k h t c a b - CTBa b T e n e tiH e ro A a c ueAbto c m c h w nacT^nm . B AaHHOM cAynae noAHOCTbio HCKAionaAHCb H3 ftoah 3 p e- HHH nonBeHHO-KAHMaTHneCKHe yCAOBHH H o6llJHpHOCTb T e p - pHTOpHft, TA e npOHCXOAHT KOHeBaHHe, BHAbI pa3BOAHMbIX >KHBOTlIbIX, KOAHneCTBO H ASAbHOCTb KOHCBblX ITCpeABHJKe- hhh b T eqeH H e ro A a, cym ecTBO Banne nocTOHHHbix shm o bok, OTTpaHHHeHHe CBO0H TeppHTOpHH OT TeppHTOOHH 6AH>Kaft- iuhx co ceA eft, perAaMetiTauHH HcnoAb30BanHn n acT^H iu A3hhoh r f)y n n o ft HaceAeiiHH no c p e M c iia m roAa h, H a x o iieu , cym ecTB oeaH H e ceHOKomciiHH h XAetforraiueCTBa. H osT O M y mHorne o c e A A b ie hah noAyKoncBbie ckotoboah b AOpeBO- AIOUHorfHOH PoCCHH IienpaBHAbHO 6bIAH OTHeceHbl K K aTe- ropHH «KoneBHHi<oB». Tax, b p a 6 o T e C. n . HJBeuoBa 4h t3Gm : «K aAM biKH (a'A Ta^ubi) npH naA^encaT k KaTeropHH KoneB bix HiiopoAueB, xoT5i 3nanHTCAbHafl h x nacTb... BeAeT B iroA iie oceAAUH o 6 p a 3 >kh3hh, hc n p u H a j u i c m a , oAnaxo, k o c e A - 343

JlhtM HHOpOAUaM B TOM CMHCJie, K 3 K 3TO ITOHHMaeTCH HatHHM 3aKOHOAaTeJIbCTBOM»l . •' •• B q a eT H o eT H , T a K o e nom iitiaH H e x o 3 HHCTBeHHoS schshjt Ka3axoB H a x o A H J io c b b corjiacH H c Ko;iO H H 3aTopcKofi hojih- . thkoh u a p H 3 M a . PeaKUHOHHbie qHHOBHHKH n e p c c e^ e n q e c K O - ro ynpaBJieHHH co3HaTe;ibHo 3 a m ic J in jm Bee K a3axcrae x o - 3«HCTBa b « K o q e B U c » a-hh T o ro , q T o 6 w onpaBA aTb ikwjhth- x y u a p «3 M a , nanpaB JieH H yio Ha H3TbHTHe 3eMeJib o c e& J iu x. h n o ^ yK o q eB b ix xo3hhctb K a 3 a x c K o r o nace^eHHJi b (Jjoha , n e p e c e ^ e H H e c K o r o ynpaBAeHHfl. Bot n o q e M y b H en p H roA y- Hbix jxjir o 6 p a 3 0 B a H H B n e p e c e .ie H q e c K H x yqacTKOB nycTH H - Hbix p a fto H a x T a K H x , x a x Ka3aJiHHcKHH h riepOBCKHft ye3AW< o c e m io ro K a 3 a x c K o r o Hace^ieHna n a 6 y \\ ia r a x F lep eeejieH qe-; cKoro ynpaBJieHHH 6bw o fiojibine, neM b npeAropHbix Hr yAoO H ux ajih o6pa30BaH H H n e p e c e jr e n q e c K H x yqacTKOB 3eM-. J ie ^ b q e c K H x p a n o n a x TaKHx, n a n JlencHHCKHft, KanaJib-; ckhh h BepH eH CKH H ye3Abi C eM H p eq en cK O H o 6 j i a c m F lepe- cejieH q ecK oe ynpaB JieH H e bo B c e x cbohx ocj)HUHa;ibHbix y JlOKyMeHTax . CO3HaTe^bH0 HrHOpHpOBaJIO Bee npH3HaKH 3eM ^eno^b30B aH H H , n p n cy m n e n o ^ y K o q e B b iM h o c e A ^ M .. X03HHCTBaM. B AewcTBHTe.ribHOCTH >xe, Aa>K e n o tchaghuho3ho npe- yMeHbmeHHbiM jxaHHUM Toro jkb c a M o r o Ilep e c e jie H q e c x o ro ynpaB^eHHH (n o MaTepna^aM n e p B o r o cTaTHcTwqecKoro o 6 c^eAOBaHHH K a 3 a x c K o ro 3eM Jienojib30BaHHH b 12 ye3Aax C ie n H o r o K p a a b 1896—1900 r r . ) , o c e A J io r o x a 3a x cK o ro HaV-y ceJiQHHR 6buio: b A kmoahhcxoh o6jiacTn 45%, b ypa^b- , CKofi — 34,5%, b C ew n n a ^ a T H H C K oft— 13,8% h b T y p r a ft- cKoft — 8,9%, a bo bcbm C re m io M K p a e — 27,8%. flo B T o p - Hoe CTaTHCTHqecKoe o6&ieAOB3HHe 3 eM Jie n oJ ib 3 0 B a H u n y Ka3axoB C r e n H o r o x p a x , cnnouw oe cra rH C T H q ecxoe o6cjic' ' AOBaHHe T y 3 e M H o r o h p y c c x o ro C T a p o a a u ib q e c x o r o xo3 «m- cTBa h 3eM jrenojib30BaHHH ^b C e M H p e q e n c K o ft o 6 a a c T H y (1911— 1913 r r . ) n cTaTjfCTHqecxoe o 6 c / ie A 0 BaHHe x a 3 a x c x o - ro 3eM ^en o^b30B aH H a b C bzp-Z lapbH H C K oft oO/iacTH T y p ’V KecraHCKoro K p a n b 1906—1913 r r . n oB cew ecTH O n o x a 3a/in AaatH effin H ft p o o r oceA-nocTH K a 3 a x c K o r o H a cea eim n . B sthx-* o 6 cJieAOB3 HHHx npHMeHH^icH tot >Ke c a M u f l mctoa o n p e^ e - AGHHH OCeAJIOCTH K33aX0B, KOTOpbIM nOJlb30B3JIHCb flp tfy . napBOM CTaTHCTHqecKOM o6cA0AO B aH H H , q T o hbho HCKaxca- 1 Weenoo C. 17. npBMHTKBHoe seMjiefle^He Ha A . n a e . - 3anHCKK 3anaAHO-Cn6wpcKoro oraeaa HPTO, kh.: X X V I I . O m c k . 1900, c r p . 1, m

jio a e & C T B H T e jib H o e n oA ojxeH H e. Ho A a > «e o th ircKa>KCH H bie A a m ib ie r o B o p ^ T o t o m , hto yA eA b H b iH Bee o c e / y io ro H a c e - XXJieHHH b H a n a j i e Bexa cpeA H Ka3axoB 6h ji Co j iu u m m . Hanp H M e p , b 1906 r o A y b io r o - B o c T o q H O H q a c i n M h m k c h t - C K oro ye3 / ia Cbip-ZlapbH H CKO H o O A a c T H npou eiiT H e ic o q y io - W H X X 0 3 H H C T B cocT aB A H A 83,35%, b IlepOBCKOM y e 3 A e B 1910 rojxy — 61,18%, b Ka3ajiHiiCKOM ye3Ae b 1911 r o A y — 57,14%, B A y jiH a -A T H H C K O M y e 3 i x e b 1907— 1909 r r . — 49,9%; b Jlen cH H C K O M y e 3 A e C e M H p e q e H C K o # o & a a c T H n p o - u eH T H e K o q y i o m n x X 03h h c t b b 1909 r o A y c o c r a B J in ji 28% , b K a n a jib C K O M y e 3 A e b 1910 r o A y — 28,19% h b B c p h g h c k o m y e 3 A e b 1911 r o A y — 15,3%. H e jib 3 5 i cn H T aT b npaBH AbH biM O T H ecen n e C T a m c T H K a m h rie p e c e J ie H q e c K o ro ynpaBAeHHA k KaTeropH H K oqesh ix x o - X035IHCTB T3KHe, KOTOpbie nepeXOAHAH OT 3HMOBKH Ha A>KaH- .nay, c o B e p in a n to abko OAHOAHeBHoe hah AByxAH eBH oe KoneBaHHe. HMeHHO raxon xa p a K T ep hmcah KoqeoaHHH Ka3axoB O m ckoi'o, neTpoiiaBAOBcxoro, K oK qeraecK oro, r ia B jio ^ a p c K o r o , K ycT a H a H cxoro, A k tio Ghhckoto, y p a A b - CKoro, y c T b - K a M e H o r o p c K o r o h pHAa a p y r n x ye3AOB. n o c y iu e c T B y sto He dhiAo K o q e e o e xo3HficTBO, x o r o p o e rocnoACTBOBajio b Ka3axcTaHe b X V — XVIII bb. h b n yc- TbiHHoIi h cyxocTenH ow 30He e m e b xoHue XIX h Ha qa - Jie XX b b . O a K T b l IIOKa3bIBaiOT, HTO naCT6HmHO-3KCTeHCHBHOe •fcKo- TOBOACTBO B pa3AHHHbIX SKOHOMHqeCKHX h npHpoAHbix ycAO - bhhx npHodpeTajio npH3HaKH, xapaKTepH 3yiom H e tot hah HHOH THn X03HftCTBa. H 3B0ctho, hto eme b XIX Bene 6oAee CTa mhaahohob >KHTeJiefi A 3 H H H A<j)pHKH 33HHMaAHCb HCKAlOqHTeAbHO 3KCTeHCHBHbIM naCTtfHIHHHM CKOTOBOACTBOM B caM bIX pa3- jiHHHbix e r o 4>opMax h HaxoAHAHCb b Toft hjih hhoh c r e n e - HH B K O q e B O M HJIH TIOJiyKOHeBOM COCTOHHHH. B A3HH K CKOTOBOAHeCKHM HapOA^M OTHOCHJiaCb HSCTb apaCcKHx h TypeuKHx njieMen, HpaHCKHe xypAbi, MOHroAbi; B P oC C H ^ C K O ft HIMnepHH, IIOMHMO OJieHeBOAOB H OXOTHHKOB, K C K O T O B O A 3 M B OCHOBHOM O T H O C H A H C b A a re C T a H U b I, 6 y p H - Tbl, H K yT b l, KaJIMblKH, T yp K M C H b l, KHpTH3bI H K a3 aX H . B e e 3TH CKO TO BOAHeCKHe, B H3BeCTHOft M e p e KOHeBbie HAH IIO A y - K o q e B b ie H a p o A b i, O T J im a jm c b A p y r ot A p y r a x a x n o s e A e - hhio C B o e r o x o 3 H iic T B a , T a x h n o (J)OpMaM 3 e M A e B j i a A e - HHtf. B q a c T H o c T H , b XIX s e x e b pa3AHmibix q a c T H X A b h h h A(J)pHKH CymeCTBOBaAH TpH T lin a naCT6HlUHO-3KCTeirCHBHO- 345

ro CKOTOBOACTBa, o6yC«10B.fieHHbie KOHKpeTHO CJIOHCHBIUHMH- Ol 3K0H0MHHCCKHMH H nOMBeHHO-KJIHMaTHWeCKHMH yCJIOBHfl- MH. 3 th TpH THna CKOTOBOflCTBa, KaK CKa3aH0 Bbiuie, cymecTBOBajiH h b KasaxcraHe1. MHOrOHHCJieHHbie paCOTbl AOpeBOJIIOUHOHHhlX 3BTOpOBt H3yHaBUIHX o6mCCTBeHHO'3KOHOMHMeCKyK) )KH3Hb Ka3aXCKO- ro napoAa, Tan>Ke noATBep>KAaiOT Bi>iinecKa3aHHoe. IlpaB 6w.a T. H. T h xo iio b, Kor^a nwcaJi: «K a3 axcK oe xo3 «hctbo b pa3.nHWHbix MecTHOCTflX cTenHoro x p a a AajieKO He ojxhHako­ bo. Ko^H^ecTBo nacTtfum h noKocoe, cnoco6bi nojib30BaHMH HMHf KaneCTBCHIIblH H KO^HqeCTBeHHblH COCTaB CTa^L, TeXHH- na CKoTOBO^cTBa, 3eMJie^e.THH h npOMbicjia,— Bee sto cit/ia- AbiBaeTcn b caMbix pa3Hoo6pa3Hbix coqeTanHax. CpaBHHBaa Me>Kiiy cofioio pa3AHqHhie <J>opMbi Ka3axcKoro xo3siHCTBa, HeTpyjtHo y6eAHTF>ca, KOBeqno, hto ohh npcACTaoJunoT co- 6oft uejibiH pnji nepexOAHbix cryneneft ot mhcto KoqeBoro CK.iaAa JKH3HH, COXpaHHBMCrOCSI B K»KllblX qaeTHX Akmo- jihhckoh h CeMHnaJiaTHHCKoft o6jiacTeH, k nojiyoceAJiOMy, KOTOpblH MO>KHO Ha6jHO^aTb, HanpHMep, B HpTbllHCKHX BO- jiocthx riaBJioAapcKoro ye3Aa hah y Ka3axo3-apeHAaTopoB 6e^barawcK0H CTcnH»2. 0 6 sthx pa3JiH4iibix THnax nacT- 6HlUIIO-3KCTCHCHBHOro CKOTOBOACTBa, CyiUeCTBOBaBUIHX B iiopcBOJHOUHOHHOM Ka3axcTane, n u caji b pn^e cbohx pa6oT JJ. K. McpMaK. Oh npaBHAbiio noiiHMaji, hto «xo3flHCTRO Kaiaxon na rpoMaAHoft TeppHTopHu Fie npeACTaBAHeT qero- HH6y.Hb OAHoo6pa3Horo, a, HanpoTHB, OTAHqaeTCfl Kpahhhm pa3H006pa3HCM B 33BHCHM0CTH OT eCTeCTBeHHbIX yCJIOBHfi W 3K0H0MH*ieCKHX npHHHH»3. Taxan necTpoTa b 3KOHOMiiqecKOH jkh3hh Ka3axcxoro HapoAa noKa3biBajia najinque 6oAbWHx cabhfob, Koropue npoH3ouiviH b npouecce h nocne AotfpoBOAbHoro npncocAH- HeHHH K33aXCKHX >Ky30B K PoCCHH. (P a K T b l TOBOpHT, 9T0 AO , 1 no MaTcpnajiaM npe^eapHTejibHoro paftoHHpoBanvifl Ka3axctaHa b 1923 rojy, ero HacejieHHe (6e3 C u p - A a p b HHcnofi n Ce.MHpeMeHCKofl o6^acjCH) pacnpeAe^a^ocb no TpeM paftonaM: 3CM.nc;ie/ibyecK0My, noJiy3eM.iCAe^b«iccKOMy h cKOTOBOAHCCKOMy. «/ [bc ochobhwx ciictcmli xo3BHCTBa npeflcTaB^eHbi b pecny6;iHKe: CKOTOBo^CTBcmiaa h 3epH0Baa. MejK^y Toft h apyroft Ha6;no,aaeTCJ! nepexoflHbift thh — no/iy3eM.fie.ae;ib- MecKoro xo3flficTBa, c yicioHOM k 3CM^e^ejiHio, hjih k cKOTOBoacTBy» (CTaTHCTHKO-SKOHOMHWPCKHH 0630P KHprH3CKOH CoBCTCKOfi CoilHaJlH- CTHqecKOH Pecnyrt^HKH. OpeHfiypr, 1923, cTp. 150). * TUXOHOB T. //. X03HflCTBeilHb|ft 6LIT KHPTH30B CtenHO^O K03H— TypraficKjfe ne/iOMOCTH, 1911, 10 Mapia. 3 CHOHpcKiie BOMpocbi. 1908, Mo 22— 24, CTp. 30. 346

naqajia X V I I I Bena, to ecTb « ao 3aHHTH5i OeperoB Cbipa Ka3axH Majion h CpeAHeft opA h noKojienne KyHrpaA Bojib- UIOH OpAbI lie HMejIH HHKaKOTO nOHHTHH O 3eMJieAeJIHH H BOo6me 06 oceAJiofi >KH3HH. 3 th ruieMeHa hckohh Bena bcjih HCKAIOqHTeJlbllO KOqeBOH 06pa3 JKH3HH H C HCCKpbiBaeMbIM npe3peHHeM CMOTpeAH na oceAAbin 3eMJieAe;ibqecKHH 6mt, AejiaBiiiHH, no hx iiohhthhm, H3 BOJibnoro qejioBexa cTeneft pa6a 3cmjih h AOMa»1. ycTaHOBAeHo, hto « 6oAee o6ince 3e- MAenojib30BaHHe cooTBeTCTByer CoAce npHMHTHBHOMy xo- 3HHCTBy H Hao6opOT: MCM X033lftCTBO 6AH>Ke K Tuny OCeAAO- ro, TeM 3eMAenoAb30BaHHe Oojiee o6oco6jieHO h 3aKpen.neno Aa>Ke 3a mgakoh rpynnoH»2. McTopHnecKHH npouecc iiohbachhh pa3jmqHbix thiiob cKOTOBpAHecKoro xo35iHCTBa b AopeBOAiouHOHHOM K a 3ax- CTaHe BepHO oueneH mnoroqhcaeHHbiMh AopeBOAiouHoiiHbi- mh HCCAeAOBaTeAAMH. n. XBopocTaHCKHft nncaJK «AT0acap- CKHIf ye3A A a er CaMMH HpKHM o6pa3HHK HCTOpHH pa3BHTH5I xozniicTBeHribix (popm w 3eMAenoAb30BaHHH: n johchoB qracTH ero c o x p a in u io c b ijovth b m icroM bhas ncpBodbiTHoe Kove- Boe xo3ahctbo, if3 ceaepe 3n am iT eJibua n qacTb xoshhctb nepewAa k ocoaaoh KH3HH, a b cpe/iueii nacm ctoht Ha nepexoAHoft cTyneHH»s. To jkc caw oe MHoroKparwo h Ha KOHKpeTHbix npHMepax noAqcpKHBaA J l . K. LIep\\iaK. O h b 1912 rOAy oTMenaeT, qTo h b HacTOHin.ee Bpe.MH mh MoxceM BHAeTb na o6ihhphom- npocTpaHCTBe Ka3axcKHx cTeneft pa3- AHqHbie CTaAHH pa3BHTHH (J)0pM 3eMAeBAaAeHHfl, «HaqHHaH ot CBotfoAHoro noAb30BaHHH H3BecTHoro pOAa nacT6HmaMH, K-pyrTHbiMH poAOBbiMH npyririaMH, <pa36pocaHHhiMH Ha npo- CTpaiicTBe necKOAbKHX ye3A0B, ao HCKAJoqareAbHoro n-pasa OAHoro xo3H>HHa iHa ero KjioqoK nacT6iHma, AocTaBiuerocH ot npeAKOB, hah KyriACHHoro y A p y ro ro »4. Ha ocuo-Be co- 6paHHbIX HM C^aKTOB B. fl. BAaAHMHpCKHH B CBOeM AOKAaAe Ha co6paHHH haohob HPTO 28 MapTa 1902 r. roBopwJi, hto 1 C m u p h o o E. T. 3aaH‘iaBiiiaH CTpaHa. B k h .: CCopiihk MaTepwajiob R jin CTaTHCTHKH. Cbip-AapbmicKaa o6.nacTb, t . IV. TaibKciiT, 1895, CTp. 6— 7. 2 X e o p o c T a H C K u d 77. K «prn 3CKHH Bonpoc b c b h 3 h c Ko/rofiH.aami- eft.— TypraftcKan ra3eTa, 1906, 19 MapTa. 3 X e o p o c T a n c K u u . n. KHprH3CKHft Bonpoc n cnn3H c i(o .io iiH 3 a n ii- eft.— Bonpocw KOAOHHsauHH, 1907, JvT° 1, crp. 65. ■* WepMOK Jl. K. KBprii3CKoe xo3«flcTBO b GreriHOM npae. P a fio ti w. n . rieTponaB.ioBCK — CnaccKnii 3ab o a b skohomhmcckom oTiiou ie- u h h . CnG., 1912, CTp. 234. 347

CKOTOBOA^ecKoe xo3hhctbo b pa3jiH^HHX pafionax Ka3ax- CKoft crerrH oTAHHaeicn ©ecbMa pa3HOo6pa3HHMH (JjopMaMH. Oh oxapaKTepn30Ba^ cymecTBenubie otjihhhh Mexcuy Tpe- mh THnaMH Ka3axcKoro xo3flftcTBa: 6araiHajiHiH0KiHX Ka3a- xob, HCKBymHX «a lore AT6acapoKoro ye3Aa, 6aHH-ayxf>- ckhx Ka3axoB IlaB^o^apcKoro ye3.ua h rrpHHpTbmioKHX xa- 3axoB Toro >xe yesAa1. .. T p y n n a daTHCTHKOB h o a pyKOBOACTBOM x o p o rn o H3y-' H'HBiuero K>ro-3anaAHyK) q a c r b K a 3 a x cia H a arpoHOMa B. CuajioBa KOHCTainpoBajia b Haqaxe X X BeKa:_r «K aK . moxcho y6c,nHTbCH no craTHCTHHecKiH'M w a T ep a a ^ a M , ocho- Bbl H nopH AKlH 3eMJien0JIb30BaH'HH WaXO^HTCH B 3aBHCHMQ- cth, rjia&HHM o6pa30M, o r paaMepoB a xanecTBa yroA H fi TOppHTOpJiH, 3aHHT0fi TOfi IHJIH HHOfi rp yn n oft Ka3aXOB, 3a- reM ,— o t b h c o th xo3flficTBeHHofi KyjibTypH HaceneoM fl, n peA C Ta'B jiH iom eft b AaHH&rft iM O M enT Bee c r e n e m o r n o n e - tioro CKOTOBOAnecKoro ao o c e ^ J io r o 3eM jie^e^bqe c x o r o xo- 3HftCTBa. C o o 6 p a 3 H O C H3MeHeHHHM'H X03flfiCTBeiTHOrO 6hITa, yc/ioBHH 3eM.ieno^b30BaHH5r M o r y r <5bm> n p « y p o q e H H k TpeM rjiaB iieftu iM M (pa3aM: 1) x o q e B o e n a c T f e m io e c k o t o - BOACTBO, 2 ) o c e ^ jio e CKOTOBOACTBO CO CTOftAOBblM C O A e p - XCa'HH0M CKOT3 B 3WMHee B peM fl 'Ha c e n e , 3 ) CKOTOBOA^eCKO- 3 eM ^ eA eA b q ecK oe xo3flftcTBo. C a M o co 6 o io pa3yM eeTCH, b A a »H o e (BpeM n Bee 3th (J)a3M c nep exoA H U M H CTyneH aM w h He pe3KH»MH OTJIHHHHMH H atfjIIOAaiOTCH B pa3HHX MCCTaX OAHOBpeMeHHO^2. 0 CynxeCTBOBaHHiH Tpex THIIOB X035lfiCTB rOBOp'HTCH TaK- >xe B M a T e p n a jia x sKcneAHUHH A K a R e m a « a y x CCCP b 1926, r o A y , H3yqaBineH M a H m u u ia K . cHcTopHH ic o q e B o ro X03nPicTBOBamiB b ceB epn w x y e 3 A a x Ha (HainHX r jia 3 a x y x c e n pou ijia T a w n e c t 3a h h : H acT oam .ee K o q eB o e xo 3 aftcT B o, n o-'; JiyKoneBoe xo3HftcTB0 c 3h m h h m TeC en eM qacnn ck o tb (r jia s - hmm o6 p a 3 0 M ^iomaAefi) h c HedojibWHMH 3aroTOBKawh ceHa, n o jiy K o q e B o e cKOTOBOAHecKO-3eMjreAe^bqecKoe c 3apo- TOBKawiH c e H a h 6e3 3WMHero T e 6 e H H . H cco m h ch h o , b q e p - H03eMHbix y e 3 A a x zajibMeftumfi sBOAKXUHOHHuft nyTb x a 3 a x - CKoro X03H ficTBa noflAer no jihh h m yBeAHqeHHH 3eM xeAexHH aa eneT co w p a m eH H B SKcreHCHBHoro cKOTOBOACiBa, t o ecTb • 1 OrneT H P T O 3a 1901 roA . C n 6 ., 1902, <rrp. 37, 2 OMcpK paCoT TypraftcKo-ypajibCKofi riepeccjieHqecKofi oprauF3a- uhf. Openoypr, thh. #K0BJieBa, CTp. 67 (na THTy/ibHOM /ihctc Her ro^a H3A3hhh) < 348

npHfler k roM y ate, k HoMy\"y>Kc Aa&no hpmiiJiH ye3Abi tcM- HQ-KaillTaHOBOH riOHBeHHOH 30HbI»l ... Bee 3TH AawHbie c AocTaTOHHofi ydeAHTejibHOCTbio ro- BOpHT O CymeCTCBO'BafH'HTI Tpex THIIOB 3KCTeHCHBHOrO CKOTO- BOACTBa b AopeBOJiiou'HOHHOM Ka3axcTaHe. K nepBOMy T«ny 3KCTencHBHo-iiacT6Hmuoro ckotoboa- CTBa otiiochjiocb hhcto KoneBoe. O ho xapaKTepH30Bajiocb TeM, UTO X03HftCTBa 3T0r0 TJHna KOUCBaAH KpyrAblH TOA. MeCTOM riOCTOHUHOro o6HTaH<HH HX B OCHOBHOM HBAHJTHCb nycTbiHH, noJiynycTWH'H h cyxne crenw, rjiasnuM c 6 p a 3Qm , nOAbllUHbie C OOAblUHM KOJIHHeCTBOM COAOHHaKOB H «T a K b I- pOB». PaCTHTeJlbHblfl nOKpOB 3T1HX MeCT 6 U J \\ BeCb'Ma 6eAGH h iMaAoycToftqiHB. TaKHe MecTa M o r j i u G b iT b HcnoAbaooaHhi b KanecTBe nacT6nm a toabko KpaTKOBpeMeHHO. qiHCTO K O ^ eB oro T « n a e c T e c T B e H H u e o p n a H a K H , to ecT b n o H B b i, aTM occpepH bie o c a A K H , BOAHhie hctohhhkh, H e d A a r o n p H H T C T B y io T pa3®HTHK> 3 e M jie A e ji'H H . S n o H O M im e c K H e > npwa'HaiK'H, K a K H M H hbaaiotch K o q e s a H H e Ha A a ^ ie K o e p a c - CTOHHiHe, o T c y T C T B H e hah w e a H a ^ H T e A b H o e p a c n p o c r p a H C H H e ceHOKOiueHHH h noHTH n oA H oe OTcyTCTBiwe K p yn H o ro p o r a - Toro C K O T a , a T a i o x e O TcyTC TB H e 3 e m a e A e a bH eck o h K y A b T y - pu, b n o A H o f t M e p e o n p e A e A H io T kohcboc B e A e m ie x o 3 H & - ctb3. B 3t h x p a f i o H a x H aceA O H 'H e -He >HMeeT n o c T O H H H b ix > K H A H m »2.3 Ckotoboam 3Aecb He HMeAH 3aKpenAeHHbix 3a co6oio onpeAeAeHHwx oceHHHX, shmhhx, BeceHHHx h agthhx ko- qeB H ft. «MHCTbie kohgbhhkh H e 3 H a io T A a x < e AeAenna nacT- 6hiu Ha 3HMHHe h AeTHHe: oahh AeTyioT Taw, rAe Apyrwe 3HMOB3AH, OCOtfeHHO CTpHvKKy OBei{ ( ky3e\\f) ripOH3BOAHT CMOTpn n o n o r o A e , o a h h t o a H a o a h o m ypoMi-ime, A p y r o f t — B ep cT 3 a 200— 300 o t n e p B o r o » * . Taxoro T u n a x o 3 H H C T B a Aaxce b KOHue XIX h H a n a A e X X b b ., He r o B o p a y > K e o XV—X V III B B., Cym eCTBO BaAH B OOAbUIOM KOAHHeCTBe B CblBUlHX A T 6 a C a p C K O M , riep O B C K O M , Ka3aAH H CKO M , T e M H p - ckom h MaHrHiiiAaKCKOM y e 3 A a x K a 3 a x c T a H a . Ohh K o n e - B3AH H a 6 o jib in u e paccroHHHH, H 3M epneM bie T b ica q eft h 1 MaTepHajiu SKcneAHumi A H C C C P 1926 roaa: Oco6ghhocth cejibCKoro x o 3 H H c r a a A^aeBCKoro y e 3 A a , B bin . 13, J}., 1928, cTp. 94. 2 n o c T a H O B J ie u H e C I I K K A C C P 0 6 ycTaHOBJienHH KOqeBbix, n o jiy n o - MeBbix h oceAAbix pafioHOB Ka3axcTana o t 30 a B ry cra 1928 roAa.— HapoAHoe x o 3a S ctbo K a s a x c r a n a , 1928, Af° 8 , CTp. 123— 124. 3 XeopOCTOHCKUd t l . KHprH3CKHH Bonpoc B CBH3H C KOJIOUH3aUH* e# .~ B o n p o c u Ko.noHH3auHH, 1907, N 2 i, CTp. 65—66. 349