Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 1

— 100 — bosmoxhoctl npoAoasaTb cayatCy h iraxaTbcn ore A'&Jb;—paBHOjymie Kb pecfiopM-li coxpaHH.io, t&kumx ofipa30Kb, 3to Hac.ilijie cxapoft PocciH, yate H3'ie3aiimee noAb MiiwieMb sioCKOBCKHXb napeft, ho Cb hobo0 ch- ao0 BciiHXHVBince npa HeTp-fi. Ho 9Toro Ma.io. yipeatjenia rocyAapcTBOHHHHBcer.xa npeACTaBA*»Tb Kascyio hhOjai. chav, khkvio HHfiyai. noxpefiHOCTb o6mecTBenHO0xhshh. Kbkoc m4cto 8Ta CHja, otb HOTpefiHOcTt .lO-iana hmIitb Bb o6meMb rocyaapCTBeHHOKb cTpot? OnpeataTb axo, ecTb a1mo saKOHOAaxeaa. Kcjh 3aK0H0Aaxe,ibCTB0neonpeAt;xeHHO, ocjih oho KOjefiaeTca OTboahoto aa'ia.ia Kb Apyroxy, xorAa vapexACHia chmh HaanyTb BuacHaTb csoe noAoxesie, TorAa neaero yate atAaib CTpofiHOCTH a oahhctm Bb ajHH- HHCTpaiuH. HtMb xeHte crpyimnpoiiaHij iinTepecu, aftira. opraHHsoiiaiiH'he HHTOpeCb Bb OTAiAbBOCTH, TllMb fiOAMHe CpOACTBb AAH 6opb6u, r&Mb, cA-fcAOBaTc.ibHo, cHjbH'fee u OesaouiaAHte caaaa 6opi.6a. Bb cxapoa Poccte, cb ea pa36pocaHHHMb ynpaweBieMb, cb ea paanoofipammiir iipuKaaaMH, ocHoiiaimuMH Ha A'iiHTejbHocxH OAHoro h xoro xe CAyxa- jaro coc.iOBiH, TaKaa 6bph6a Su.ia HeMUCJHjra, hah, ocah 6a oaa no- aRUjacb — ho Ou.io TflKHSb xryanxb HHTepecoBb h BOnpocoBb, hoa-A KOTopuxb Mor.ia ona crpyuuHpouaTbca. Ho Cb yapexAeuieiib H3BicTHHXb BiAOMCTBb upa lleTpt I. cHaaa.xa ucKyccxBemio, a noxoub a opraHH- xcckh pasBHAHCb pa3Huc Bonpocu, upoxHBonoAoxHue HiiT-epecu, pas- pinreHie KOTopuxb eme He moxao h3O0th OTb saKOHOAaTeAKTBa, a BaBHCi.10 OTb CpaBHHTejbHOfi CHAU H AOBKOCTH paSHUXb B'feAOMCTBb. TaKb, asb npeSAe paBnuxb h OAHHaKOBO ycTpoennuxb KOAAerifi, bh- A&raeTCH BOCHHoe BtAOMCTBO cb ero ocooumm iipeTeRaiJiMn h erpeioe- iiiaMH; xaub, cyAb6a Hamero cyAoycTpoflcTBa upeACxaB.iaeTb paAb HeyAaiHuxb noouTOKb onpeatAHTb yapexAeme, Aa-xame itoToparo He B03Moatna ancAAaaia; xaKb, HasoHen;b, Ataie-ibHOcn. caiiaro ceHaxa npeACTaBJaeib paAb TaKHXb KOAcfianifl, itaunxb OHb He HcnuxaAb Bb caMOMb OTeaecxBt CBoenb. B!to OTb dtoio BUHrpaAa aAMinracTpauia h HapoAHoe 6AarococioaHie, piniHTb ipjaho, ho h6cohh1ihho to, mto aacro ycHAennaa pafiora upeofipaaoBaTe-ieS OR»3UBajaCb conepraeHno neco- CTOHTeAi.Hoio, Bb B«Ay cBoeofipa-muxb noxpeCnocTefl oCmecTca. Taab ABt cTpaau hoatotobhah aaiepiaAb aah yapexAemS, Bjifln- niHXb Ha pa3Baxie PocciH Bb Teaemii fiojie atiab iit-iaro CTOAiTia. Osa, rOBOpHTbHaMb, npeACiaBAHAa cbaAHHHHCTpaTHBno# ToaKH aptnia poBHoe, raaAKoe noae—cnocofinoe A*ia BcaKHXb nepeAtaoKb h aceBOS- MO/KHOH opraHHSauiH. EcAH CyAHTB 0 HOAHTHaeCKOMb pa3BU’rin CipaHU no OAHofl Macct cTpoSHaxb yapexAenift, to, Koneano, B3CAHAb STOXb ae noAJexHTb coMHiuiio. KaKb, Bb caMOMb Albii, npeACTasHTb ce6i CTpaHy 6e3b TaKHxb-To HeHTpa.ibHbixb MfeTb ynpaBAcniji, 6esb HecKOH- aaeMaro aHCAa siHiiHCTepcrub, 6e3b cxpoftnoir aAHHHHCxpaniH? He Aynaio,

— 101 — ■raodu 8Ton> npHSH&K'i) 6fci.11. eAHHCTiieHHUM'i. npHonpeji-ieniH eieneHH rocyjapcTiieHHaro pasBffria Toro hot jpyroro rocyxapcraa. HanioHajb- iiiifl yipeacxeHia He CKxaxuBa»Tca Bxpyrb; ao-ito Kaaaa HH6yxb jojs- liocTr. hot cyxednoe Micro cymccrByeTb KaKb.cjiynaSHOe HBxeHie, KaKb npoxyKTb iipeMOHHHx-fc iioTpedHOCTeg. HeeKHjaHHoe odcToare.ibCTBO jaeTb^MT cHOTHOe pa3BHTie, cd-raataeTb ojHy ;;o.ikhocti. cb jpyrom, npaKTHBa pa3.1 i.Merb siea.iy bhhu (pyHKHiH, cB.jajuRaiomeeca roey.iap- ctbo oCxejHHaeTb axb ,iiaTe.ibHOCTb h a.iMHUHclpaTHBHaa Mannraa nocTeneHHO opraHHsyeTca. IIe.ib3H CEarnb, arodu Poccia ne upexcTa- B.iaja HHBaKHXb aaiaiEOBb Rauiona.ibHaro ynpaiuenia; npaBxa, c.iy- atH.ioe cocjonie He hochjo Bb. ce6i 3apOAHme8 KpinKHXb joxatHoereS h ciUbHOfl a.iMHHKCTpapiH; caniaa MOCKOBCKaa CHCTexa nopyaeniS Majro cnoco6cTBOBa-ia, KaKb mu bhxIuh, ycTaHOB-ienin npoiHbixb ynpeaxe- nifi. Hecxo-rpa Ha 9to, Boupocb He dfcUb pimoHb OEOniaTexbHo. I’o- cyxapcTBO 06.1axa.10 Bnojni ycTpoeHHUMb h iiocxyurauMb ero Boat c.iyatHauMb coMOBieMb, coc-ioBieMT. KpinKHMb, onHpaBuiHHCH Ha Maccv padoiaro Hapoxa. Meisjy risib KaKb Bbcoci.iHea IlIiiepiH itopo.TeBCKaa BxacTb ue BMi.ia Apyrnxb cpejcnib caoxhtbciponraBys) apHCTOKpariio, KaKb orjaTbca Bb pysa 6iopoKpaTiH, pyceKoe npaBHTeabCTBo yHiio HpHitHpHTb pojoLoe h MrexyatHBineeca cocaoBie, sacraBUBb KaiKxoe H3b HHXb cxyacHTb Ha CBoemi. Mieri BbnpHKasaxb. C.iijOBaTe.iT>Ho, npyTaa pec|>opua, KOTopaa npnue.ia6u Bb BOCToprb Kap.ia XI, 6uxa iia-imuHeio Mipon CTporocTii Bb HaraeHbOTeaecTBi. (JpH roxb, Bb KOHpiXVII ct. Bb a.iMHHHcrpaniH Hameft aaiaaocb ABHaceirie, wropoe Morao npa- bbcth Kb caMUMb daaroTBopHUMb peayxbTaraMb. Bb ofepi npiiKa30Bb BaiHHaiOTb BUflixaTbca yapeataeHia cb boctohhhhmt. snaneHieMb, HaiHiiaeTca pacnpejixeHie Meacjy hhmh ji.ib, a Bb MtcTHOMb ynpa- B.ioHitf CRxaxuBaerca Baamaa ao.ischoctb BoenoAU, cb cd-niseHieMb ea cb MicTiibisra 3en.1eB.1aAt-i1.uaMH. Bupa6orKa sTHXb Haia.ib TpedoBiua ynopHaro, npoAO-iBCHTeabnaro Tpvja, raydoEaro yBaseHia HapoAfftixb naia.ib, OTKpoBeHHaro co.niflcTBia e.iy*amaro aeMCTBa. ToTOBHa raBei- cicia yapeacieHia rpedoBajM MeHbnie sadoTb—ctoh.io TO.ibKo pocnncaib cayatMoe coc.ionie no MHoroiHcaennuMb Ko.ncriaMb h KaHue.iapiaMb. Crapua Poccia h IIIBenia AocTaBiuii 3aK0H0jaTej» Marepiajib npaKTHnecKill, oupadoTaHHufl HCTopiero to# h apyrofi CTpaHU. IIlBeA- cKia yapeaieHia abhotcb TeoperanecKHHH no OTHonrcniio Kb Poccia TOAbBO BCjixcTBie doJbmeft pasBHrocTH, KaKb Boodme yapesjema crpaHb odpaaoBaHguxb Kaatyica TeopiaMH Bb erpaHaxb MCHte odpaso- naHHHXb. Hcthhho TeopeTHnecKie Bsr.iaxu IleTpa I npiinun He otcdab. Ero noAHTHnecKifl reai# Bb A'Bai npeodpa30BaHift Bcrpinuca ci. Apy- rHHb, hmh KOioparo nano.THa.io TorAa sanaAHy*) Ebpoht. Hmh -Md- HHna scerAa dyAcib HaiiOMHHaTBA'tareABHOCTL ero napcTBeHnaro Apyra.

— 102 — Hxx oTHomema npexcTaBaaBTx jDlionHTHyio, xoth kx coaa.itHin, B0RC6 HopanpaSoxaHnyra CTOpoHy xtaTe,iLHOCin IleTpa ‘). Poccia Aaimo HHTepecoBa.ia .Tefifiimua, ocodemio cx xixx nopx Kaitx oat ySHajx o npeoCparioiiaHiax'i, Haqaraxx nx HeB ea BeaitKHMx uapetix. ^.ia ero MaTeMaTHaecKaro, cacTeMaTHiecKaro ysia Poccia, bx caoesix KaqeeTBi tabula rasa, npexcxaBAaaa xparouiHHU0 nyHKTX jaa nceiioaiio^Hfcixx oiihtobx. Moaoxaa CTpana h ea 11pe06pa30BaTe.11. pacoBaxHCb ero Boofipaaceuin bx caMOMx uobthtcckomx cBbri. OrnpaBjiaacb bx 1711 r. bx Topray aa csaxxby papeBHqa AaeKCba riexpoBHia, r j i ohx aoj- ateux 6nax iipeACxaiiHxbca Jlexpy, ohx naca.ix kx aOCaxy 4>a6pHain, hto ixeTX xyja, non ut solemnia nuptiarum, quam ut magnum Kus- sorum Czarem spectarem, sunt enim ingentes magni principis virtotes. Ilocaf, DToro CBHxaHia Meatxy hhmh ycTaHOBUHCb npomua OTHomeHia h .lefioHuux ycepxno Haqaax pafioTaTt jaa IleTpa. CostHHieabHO, BnpoqeHx, 'ixofiu Ha aepBufi jse pasx p in samaa o iioaHnixecKHxx upeofipaaouaHiirxx; iipaKTiixecKift yax Derpa .iioCiux otboxhtbKaajOMy CBoe af.cTo, npHEpioaTb Kaat.iaro ex CBOeuy a'bay. .lefifiiiimx 6u.ix A-ia Hero npesAc Bcero yqenuB; ohx roxwca x-ia BOjuopenin bx Pocein HayKH, cocxaij.raBineii ojHy hbx oaBHifiniHxx aaCon. Hexpa. Casix i)ih.xocO(|)1 , naateTca, roBopux cx HompxoMx to.ii.ko o tomx, hto ero jIhhho hHTcpecoBaao. HsbEcxho, hto ero samma-ix bx bto BpeHa Bonpocx o aarHHTHofi c.TpfjKli, h ohx cxBaTHJca 3a btotx c.iyiaft, hto6u HcnpocHTX y Jlexpa I cojiltcxBiH xaa nyannwxx Hafij*)- xenift bx Poccia n Ha KHxaficKoft rpanimf: ’ ). Jlaabe, JleBfiiiHnx bhaIiax raaBHoe cpexcTBO kx oCHOBjemio qeAOBfcqecTBa bx•HayKb, a noTOHy h He Morx ofipaTHTi, xo.iatHaro BHHMania Ha uoAHTHiecKoe ycipoficiBO CXpaHH, BX KOTOpOMXOHX BHJ’fejXX..TH1HB BXOpoCTeneuiiblfi opraHx HHBH- .TH3aniH. riepBOnh rjaRHOB8a6oTOB .Momma 6huo npexcTaBHTb flexpy HicKOJbKO npoeKTOBx 0 pacupocxpaneHiH HpocBimema bx Poccia; nepBaa ofiasaHHOCTb, B03.ioateHHan Ha Hero IleTpoHX, nocai npimaxia ero Ha pyccityio cjysSv, fiu.ia aaOoTa 0 BuctiJKi yqeHbixx HHOCTpaH- geax, roAHUxx h r o6pa30Bania BHouiecTRa h opooktobx 0 .lyqmeax yCTpoflcTBb yqe6HUxx saBexemS. He CMOTpa Ha »Ty cnenia.ii.nyRj 3ajaqy, npoeKTU u cost™ .lefl6- HHua He ocTaaHCL 6esx saiania Ha ofauifl uaanx petfjopxx IleTpa. ’) rjaasue narepiaJH, ojici npcjcxasieBBue, ooxepnHynj ns BX OC06eBBOCTB Herpi 1“ (ca. ce»xa, Peter der Grosse and Leibnitz. Dorpat 1843 r. Bnpoi eaano xoziao no cbohbi npnjo*enia»i.. B»yxpeHHaro joctohhctb no OTnonieuiio zi cnoeMy npejMery, ono He H*ien. Eme nemmi si coqnnenia r. nenapczaro, „Hayka n JiHiepaxypa bi Pocein 11 1. I, crp. 25 a ciii); cu. raaae Cisepna# apiBBi 1823 r„ 1 . t *) Oh. ero nnckHOaa za-Kpo3y on 14 xenadpn 1711 r.

— 103 — roBopa ofit opraEiwauiii asagejiiS u yin.inint, om ho y o n ae kochytlch nonpoca o npeofipasonaBiaxt Boofime, h sgtcs Buojut bh- CKasaaca aron ch.iiuu# h cTporiS TeopeTHvecKiS ynt. ^jia Hero He cymecTByert HCTopinecKoft iiohbu; oat npH3Haert to.ie.ko Hge», Bomo- THBinyioca Bt CTpo8HOMt opraiiasM'i, npomuiiiyTOiri. egHHOio mumt.io npeo6pa30BaTeaa. Hjen swy BupaCoxuBaerb ae HapogHaa arano. ct ea pasHOofipa-iHUMH TpefioBaHiHMH, a HenocpexcTBeHHOe, aoraaecKoe Tpe6o- iiaaie opraHH8yioinaro yaa. Ero oropiaeit, htoQerpt, sauHTufi uegnuoB) ciBepaoK) boBhoio, hc HMtcTt bpomohh npuBOjaii. Bt ucnosReHie ero npooKTU, oropiaen. ae noToisy, hto Poccia RHBHSHsyeTca HtCKO.n.KHsnt rojaaH nosgHie, ho noTOMy, hto reaifi, ynpaBJUuoniji en, MOiKen, norndnyTi,, hc cosgaBt Haymuxt ynpemgeHiS noogHOft BejiHKOfi xucjh. Out apocirrt IleTpa He TepaiB Bpcaena ‘) parcc qu'il est bon qu’un tel des8ein soit exdcutd uniment par un mCme esprit qui le dlrige, comme une ville cst toujours pins belle quand clle est batie tout d’un coup, que lorsqu'ellc s’est formee pcu-a-peu, diverses reprises; je serois d’avis par ces raisons et beaiiconp d’autres, qu’on ne perdit point de terns. PiasHoe bt. pe$opir£, npogogsaeTt OHt, mam, o cpegcTBaxt Kt ero HcnojaeaiB) aoatHO nogyvan, iioc.it s). Bow. Bca HCTopn'iecitaa ocbobk ocysgeBa Ha 6e3gtficTBie! JiodonuTHo ct bthmh BOssptHiaxa couocTaBHTB B3M8JU aHiuificKHxt nyfixauacTOBt, ct rop- gOCTBIO CpaBHHBaMHHXt CBOEO KOHCTHTyipiOCt gpeBH6» CTO.IHIiOlO, BH- CTpoaBnieEocfl Bt pasEiJa npexcaa, coodpasao norpcfiHOcTast BpexenH. lit cxoBaxt .leSdHHua uu BCTynaeut Bt snoxy npeofipaaoiianift csepxy BHKst, Bt snoxy HowJageft, Tanyahh, OpyeH8e, snoxy MaTeuaTHie- CKBXt diopMyjrt u npaHO-jiHHefiuuxt opraHH3auiS. Bucoko noAUMaeTt OHt yMt, nocBHTHBmifi cells thkoB opraunsaiun: OHt goasent ctohtb Ha HegocaraesioS Bticorl; Ha,i t ncfcMt ocTaibHunt. Gott, als ein Gott der Ordnung, regieret durch seine unsichtbare Hand alles, alles weislich und ordcntlich. Die Cotter dieser Welt, odor die Ebenbilder der Macht Gottes, ich meine die Sonverainen Monarchen, miissen das Model ihrer Regierung nach jener einrichten, t&kt, Hana- naeTt OHt CBOft npoesTt o6t yipeagemH Bt Poccia KOjjeriii h bi ocodcnirocTH KO.oerin Hayict 3). B t aTOMt naant He 3auiTH0 itogpofi- aornBaxt TSKon opraiiimuiH. Burogu ea BHCTaBaaketch Kaat goKa- 3aHHuB ({iaKTt. „OnuTt, roBopHTt out, gocTaTomo goKasa.it, hto ’) Cm. noccejiTi, ctp. 216 ■ 217, ipuos. Ill: opoorpacpia noumraHita. ’) Id. crp. 217. •) Id. CTp. 226, iipejos. vn. Cm. lasae Generate Reflexions fiber die Ordnong ond Oekonomic der Finanzen in Rnssland find ihre Verbesserang. Hocceani,idem.

— 104 — ayquiift cno'coOxrocyjapcTBeiiHaro h oCjacTaaro ycTpofiCTBa ecu yupe- 3t«erao xopomaxx BO.i.TeriSu. KoAAeriaAtnoe nauaAO aoakho Chtb npo- iKVieiio bo icixs toctaxs ynpaBJenia: stums h oGsacnaeTCa noApa3At- aeuie KOAAerifi Ha HHsmia k anemia. Mothiiomx kb STOMy BHCTaBxaeTca, hto „i;ai;T, bb aacaxs o^no Koaeco ABHraeTS apyroe, tokb bb Coab- idhxb uacaxs— rocyiapcrirh, oAiia Ko.i.ieria Aoa*na irpiiBoaiiri. ns annaienie apyrys>“. TaKofl bstahab aa rocyaapcTiiCHnoo ycTpoiicTBO CBOftCTBBHS BCtMB nyfi.'IHHBCTaMB waTejiaTHieCKOft HIKO.HJ; BOXaHHSMS ecu, Bucmee supaatenie hxb rocyjaiKMBeHHoS 4>Haoco$ia; ona ho noj- ua.iHci. eme ao noraTia opiauasMa, BupaCoTaHHaro noajnf.flinHMH vcni- xaMH ecTecTBeuHuxB HayEB h ncTopmecKOH uiko.ih . IIpHBUHKa kb i|iopMa.ituoHy HHnueuiio hoctoahho OTMOHaen. hxb mhcai. otb H3cji- jOBBHia upHHumia rocy^apcTBa h ero uobbh—ohh ocTanaBJHBaiOTCfl Ha Boupoci o Biriiraneit opramisauia. d'opMa soaecs HcaepnireaeTS Bee yacnie: Aaa:e thcjo hxb aBaaeTca BTopocieneiniHMB nonpocOMS. „IIo- AoCho Tony, KaKB iacu paajiH'iaiOTca Meixjy codoio Tins, uto oahh Tpo6yK)TB CoAsme, Apyrie Monr.nie KOAecs (toabko t'6mb?), tbkb h rocyjapcrna ho noxoata ApyrB Ha Apyra, a ne-iL3a cb totooctI® onpe- aIiahtb iHc-ia KOJ-ierifl, nyainuxt bb kbikaokb rocyAapcTBt11. Ca’Sao- BaTCABHO, irflTT, HOCTOaHHUXB, IipOBBO yKOpOHHBUlHXCa BB HapOAHOHX coBHaniH HHTepecoBB, ipeGy®maxs hoctohqhhxb yupeatAcniB; nee saBH- chtb o n upaxoTii aaKonojaTC-TH. Ho, KaKs bo bcakohb c-iyaai ho BrtmaeTB hm$tb npowiym ocaoiiy A-«a peijiopMB, to ocTaeTca npafitr- HyTi, kb npocTOMy BaaMCTBonaHi®, kb npHMipy aptthxb rocvAapcTBB. 3aHMCTBOBaaia sth, kotophmh tbkb Cora™ pcr.iaweHTij Ileipa I, He bxoahah, BnpoaeMB, bb Maas ijiHJOcoijia. Ohb cansajis oprammuiio KawAoB Ko.oeriH aoctoBho® cueniaABiiofi o6paCoTKH, cb joOpocoufccT- HUMB HayaeHieiiB A'li.ia, hc oCpaiuaa BHHMania Ha ycTpoficmo hxb bb tomb hah Apyrous rocyAapcTBi. Tbks noeryiiHAS oils bs CBoesis npoeKrt; ohb oct8bhas bs CTopoai BOcesiB EOAAeriB, roBopa, wo oin jedes Collegium erfordert eine bosondere Beschreibung, h upaMO o6pa- THJca ks noApoCHOny hsaoskchi® naana Bo.iAeria HayKs, cocTaBJHBineii TorAa ero raaBHy® saAauy. OuennAHO A-ia Hero KoaaeriH npeACTaaaa- ahcl saKOHueHHO® rocyAapcTneiiHO® Teopiefi, iipHMiHOHie Koropofi bs toB hah Apyrofi CT[iairf; .aaBiirfiJO ots m4cthhxb oCcToareaBCTBS, Tpe- CoBaBuiHxs HOApodHaro HayueHia. Tans bs cBoeas npoeirrt o noAO- atenia h cnocoCaxs yiymnema (|)HnaHC0BS bs Poccia, ohs upaao bu- paaiaeTS hhcab, wo raaBHaa npaiana CeauopaAKOBB IIbtpobckhxs if>HHBHCOBS BawwaaeTca bb HeocMOTpirrexraoMs 3aiiMCTB0naniH ijmnan- COBBIXBycxaBOBSH3BHHOCTpailHUXSaaKOHOABTOABCTBS; „np« p83CMOTpi- uiH ycTpoficTBa h niicTpyKuin KaMeps-BOJ-ieriH (pyccEoft) OKastiBaerca, ■ito OHa ycTpoeHa no oGpaauy uiboackiixs hah spyraxs auocTpaHuuxs

— 105 — (JlHHAHCOBIJXB OpraHHMItift. Bs TCTpO0CTBt 8T0MB He BHAHO HHMKOfi apoTHOfi aAMHHiicTpaTHunoii u h (JmHaacoBoS Haea, ae bhaho ocaoBaHiu TaKoit opraHHaauiii. 9xa oprauasaaia, aacTMO XHMepaaecKaa, qncTL® csiyTHaa, ae aaen. boshojkhocth Haflia in. Hefi uhkekoh hcxoauoA touch. CaMHft MftTepiaai, H3B icoToparo aupafioTana 3Ta HHCTpyKnia, cuBcpmeiiao neji-hni. ht. a. Taaia CTporia cyacxeniaj0Ka3UBa®TB, tto iJiEaocoipy 6ujo ae no cepAHV fiesrpaHHaaoe joutpie kb ayajum. yapeatAeniaMB. Besj*, bb otomb npoearfe a bb CiiixyioineirB npoeart aanaejapia KOH<J>HCKairiH*), ohb CTapaeTcaCTaTi. uuine aciopaKO-npaK- THaecEaro MaTepia.ia, naaojaanaiaro nouns pyccxia yapoaAeaia. Ho ito Taitoe flume cawra Koxaeria, bb cauc.it no.iHTHiecKHXt ycTaHO- BjieaiS, Kaat ae Myiaftnaa, acTopaaccicaa oco6eHHOCTb eBponeftciHXB rocyAapCTBB? Caas OTBaeaeanua jtbb <|M.ioco$a ae ocra-ica ayhab Baiaaia HCTopnaecKHXB ocofieHHOcTeii crpaHB, bb xoToptixb ohb kh.ib. 9to 6hjib oflmiB ncAocTSTOKB MaTeMaTHaccKHxi. npieaoBB bb noxHTH- 'lecKiixi aayKaxs. Sfarepia-iOM'b M « rpyja cTporo-MaTeBaranecKaro MHc.iHTe.ia Bo.ib<|)ahb.miotch aenaue saaoHU, otatHBaimiie bt> to Bpeua CBOfl BtKb, a JeufiHHUi, caeas bosmojkhhmb BOSBecia bb rocyxapcrBoa- ay» Tcopin nojiyi{ieoja.itHua npasa aiiienKHXB rocyxapefi aa pa3iar- hHe caocoflu npio6ptTenia HMymeCTBB, aa ocuoBaaia stoA Tcopin cocTaBHTb cboB upoeKTT. xaaiieaapia Koin|>ncKanm a peKoaeaAOBaTB ero Poccia, BHKorAa ne .laainiieB >(icoAajra3aa, nparoirB peKoaeBAOBETB ero bb to BpeMa, xorAa bb caaofi TepMaaia aaoria hsb stexb uaaa.iB yr.Tyna.iH 'rpefioBaHiaxB BpeaeuH. Kpoat 9thxb lacTiuixB vfuOHCHiS o6mi& Bsr.iajB .'leBoiiima aa rocyAapcTBeaHoe ycTpoScTBO Booflme orptmaaca otb acTopnaecKHXB upe.iauifi a xaace coBpeaeHBUxB yapeacAeHifl; ponnaa, CTpofluas, bcc- Morymaa ajMHiiHCTpauis, npoirnKuytaa oaho® muc-ib® , HCnOAHaioinaa OAHy bo.tw, aysBAaaHCToparecKHXB3.ieaeHT0BB, cjoateimaa B3B acKycHO- npHAyuaaHuxB Koxecs, npyacMHB, A'bficTBy»inaH a m oahoS Be.iuKoi) AtiH, kb Toay, atoflu „die Ehre Gottes and das Beste des mensch- liehen Gcschlecbtes darch Aufnahme dcr Studicn, Kiinste und Wissen- scbaftcn zn befordern, zu erhalten und auszubreiten“ . H 3jtc t sexHKiB (tiajocodiB AyaaAB aamt) 0 TopacecTBi toto, aeay ohb nocBHTH.ii iyb- xy» aasHb. TasoBU r.iaBatSnrie aaeaeHTH, B.iiamuie Ha xoab npeoflpa30BaHiS lleTpa Bc.iHKaro: hsb hhxb cxoatH-iacb st» cacTeMa, aaaHHanmaa c0601a HOBy® Bnoxy bb aamefl acTopia. Ecah npeACTaBJieHHHft BAicb KpaTKifl oaepsB AOCTaTOHHO no.ioHB, to hsb Hero .icrKo aoaao ycaoipfeb, tto na3BaHia „nepeeopom, petfkpMu1. Tpe6y»TB eme TataTeabaaro o6cy- *) Cm. ram *e, npgjoxeaie XII.

— 106 — atjeHia, Kowa piqb iiAera o BpeiieiiH IfeTpa. Ha3Bania „tabula rasa, CTpaaa rjrajKaa, He .TOabKO Bb 3THorpa$HqeCKOMb, ho h Bb hoahth- qeCKOMi CMHCai\", coBepmeHHO He HAyra Kb Apennefi I’occin. UpaBAa, OHa npejcTaMaaa nmpoKy» boskoxhoctb iiuOopa xesAy tok> h ipyron cHCTeMOio—caysHaoe cocaoBie, Kara mu cKa3a.ia bijhig, He ociaocb Bb npoqnua yqpeaaema 3anaAnofl Enponu, rat npmiuqKa Kb <fiopna.iL- HOMy Humaeuiio BUpaOoTaaa 3Ty CHCTeuy irpoTiiBoirbcoBb, B3aHHHaro KOHTpoaa, Bceo6iu,aro HeAOBbpia. IIpusaaTh CesycaoBnyio neo6xoAHHOCTb HHOseHHUKb yipeataeni# Bb namefi poahhIi hojkho Cuao to.ileo Bbcay- qai yBaeqenia otoio <j>opMa.iLHOB) eropoHoio noaHTHqecKaro 6brra, sthmi MexaHHqecKHHb n3raaAOXb na rocyaapcTBO, npeofiaaAaBnniMb Bb iraie- MaTHKO-KaaccnqecKOMb odpaaoBanin TOro BpeueHH. Ho aranaa CTopoia Hanraxb yqpeacAOHitt, 3Ta rapMOHiiqecKan h coBOKynnaa aiaieabHOCTb cayatH-iuxb cocaosifi, jiaTeabHOCTb no TOHy BpeMeHH aa.ieKO necoBep- meiiHaa, ho noaHaa HaaeacAb h BauioHaabHHXbCHXb, naBcerja ycKOALS- nyaa orb .npeoCpasoBaTeaa. 3aT’I>Mb, sapoauiHH aieiHaro ynpaBaenia, srhcTHaro sexcrBa, apKO EticTvnaioiiue Bb KOHipfi XVII ctoa., Kara bos- MoaiHOCTb ocBOfioatjeHia ABOpaHCTsa ora mockobckoh HCKXK>qHTeabHOfi cayatfiu, cfiaiiaceHia ero cb HapoAOHb h, ca^AOBaTeabHo, BOSMoaiHOCib nocTeueHHaro yHHqiosenia hgoCxoahmocth KpfciiocTnoro npaBa, lasate ctohah BHHHSHia BaxoaoaaTeaa h, hto 3aj1iqaTej1.no, muc.il Ileipa 1 npeas.ie Bcero odpanuacb Kb siictHUMb yqpe»AeHisMb. To.ii.ko Torja, Koraa OHb hc Haureab Tara ABOpaHCTBa, noi oaonno npHSBaunaro Ha cayacby Bb boScks hah MocKBy, OHb co3jaab naqaao noBuxb yqpeacae- Hifi h HOBOfl cayat(5u. Hpeamia ycaosia H3jtIihhahcl, AOBipie pynraaocb, B03M0a£H0CTb npesHaro ofipasa ajMHHHCTpau,iii yTpaTHaacb. Xopomaa CTopoHa naoxHxb yqpeacaeHiS cTapoft PocciH saKaaiqaaacb Bb tomb, qro cayacefiHMH aiaa Moran Cuts pacnpeAiaeHH Meatay BceD MaccoS cay- acnaaro cocaoBia, CJriAOBaTeahHO, Aypiio hah xopomo, no ohh naxoAHAH nocTOHHHbrxb AiaTeaoft. MeatAy lix b , Honaa CHCTena TpefioBaaa cne- UiajLnOfi HOATOTOBKH, KOTOpOfi He 6uao He TOahKO Bb pOAOBOMb ABO- PHHCTBi, HO H Bb TAKb HaSUBaeMOMb npHKa3H0Mb COCAOBIH. Bca TH- acecTb aaCora Aoasna 6uaa nacTL Ha caMoro npcoCpaaoiiaTeja. Hsao 6uao BceMy yqaTb caysHauxb, He npiiBHqnuxb Kb aoBouy A*ay: h Bee Taateaoe Ai-io ynpaBaeHia, pacnpeAtaeHHOe npcatAe Me®Ay MHOroqHcaen- uuMb cocaoBiexb, aerao Ha auqHyo AiaTe-ibHOCTt napn h ero Cahx- HHXb coB^THHEOBb. 3x&cb Bb noxHOMb CaecKi fliuiieTCa Beanqie Ilerpa. IlH-biimia boSbu, hoapoOhocth aicTnaro ynpasaemn, ortnmpnue ycraBU ii Meaitia pacBopaaeHiH— Bee a±.io pyra ero. Ho, q*Mb Ooabine bcms- TpHiiaeMca mu Bb ero KoaaoccaabHyio $nrypy, Bb ero ncyTOMHMyio Ai- aTe-ibiiocTb, rtMb apqe, H3b-aa ero Be.iHqia, BucTynaeTb caa6ocTb HUb co3AaBHUXb yqpeKAeHiH; HeonuTHtia, ohh aoaxhm 6u.ih pasrpaHHansaTb

— 107 — Kpyr-L ciioet jtaTe.i&BOCTK, ycTaHOBHir. neatly coCob paunoBtcie, ho- o6xoahmoctb KOToparo npeatje He omyipajacL, bt. to bpohh, saitT. bt> cation® hxt> OTeiecTBi oTnomenia hxt> ne Cu.ih OEOHiaTeJibHO ycra- HOBjema; npHSBaHHua m. caMOAepsaimot hoith ^ijnejn.HOCTH ohh thhy.th rocyjapeBO xt-io sposHB. CpeAOTOiiepeHTpMbHaro ynpaB.ieHia— ceuaxi He MitA® hh cpeACTB®, hh cnocofinocTefi nanpaimTL rocyxap- CTBeHHOe ynpasxeHie n® oahoS icLih, vKasaHHofl bo.thkhmt> upeotipaso- naTe.ieM'b. Orroro HiioCTpaiiHuayipeatACHia, iiorymocTBeHHUH bt>CBOeti® oieiecxBt ao Tano# CTeneHH, ito npaBHTe.n>CTBO ncsaao cnaceraa ora hhx® tojtbko bi pa3BHTiH SropoKparaiecKaro jvxa, y nac®, KanpoTHB®. HyjK.na.iHCi, in hoctohhhux® pyKOBOAHTexaxiv He b® yipeatAeniirx®, a bi>.iHnax't, Hanpau;m8)inHx-bhxt, A'liHTe.ihHocTL. HHor/rpaiiuua yipeiKje- Hia, roBopio a, bm3bb.ih y uac® coscpmeaHO opKruna.i&Hoe aueHie, KOTopoe h cocTasHTi npexMeT® HacTOaiuaro pascy-Kiema. [\\iaBHtfimeio saiaieio, uucKasauHoio FlerpoM® npii yqpeajeiiiii K0j.ieri8, 6u.xo Hxeuno ejHHCTBO b® aAmiHHCTpaiuH h ycTpaHeflie upoH3BO.m, BUCKasaeniaroca b® ahiiiom® ynpaBJCHiH crapoS Poccih. Kojuerin h HOBoe ycTpoScTBO ceHaTa Own ntnuotn. axon muc.ih—h ito ae? ’Ipes® h4ckoji.ko Bpe- ueHH Ileipy chobb bphxoahtch hck3ti> cpejcTBi HpOTHBi Toro h APy- roro aia: npej® catum® kohuom® CBoeii MHoroTpyxHOft aH3BH, out. cHOBa, Kasa.xocb, xoasen® 6ha® naiaTi. cuoe jijo . rx t ae on® naxo- ahti cpcacTBo aah ocymecTBaeHia cnoefl .hoOhmoH uaoh? B® tom® ae -ihhhoht. Haia.it, ora KOToparo oh® na-OTpis® OTKasaaca HaiHHaa peipopxbi,—b®naia.it .raiHaro ynpaBjOHia. IIoai. KOHeu® uapcTBOsaHia era, ua.xx, BctxH ero yipeaAeuiaMH B03BHmaeTcaMorymecTBOiraoejhuo, xnpo, upaBAa, He HMtRupee cnoero BtAOHCTBa, ho Aa»mee cii.iy h sna- leHie Bucmeiiy irtciy b® rocyAapcTBt. JojaHocib 3Ta ao HacTOaiuaro Bpenemr Maao noAiiepra-xaci. ® y ie- HiD. Il0Ka3aTb ea Hicio b® cpeai rocyAapCTBeHHUx® vciaHOB-ieHiS XVIII CTOxtiia, paarpamnHTi, ee ora chctcmu HaASopa c® oaho8 h o n 0(5- aacTH cyAeOnoii c® Apyrofi ctopohh, CyAen saAaiero nacToamaro co- iHRciiia. Ho abb aioro HeoOxoAHMO rtpocim, ofimjft B3rjHAi Ha xoat> upeo(5pa80BaHi8 IleTpa I, hst. KOTopuxi, hoai KOHen® ero aapcTBOaa- nia, BhipaooTaaacb AOJaHOCTb reHepaai-npoEypopoBi.

IIEPBOE BPEMfl PEfOPM'B. J,o Be-mKoa ctisepHoft boShh ire.ib3jr 6hjo eme crcasarb, Kaitoe Ha- upaiaeHie npHnera 3aBOHOjaTe.ir.HaH jiaiMbHOCTb IleTpa. Hinero ho- Baro He 6ujo Bneceiio hmt, bt. rocyjapcTBeHHoe yerpoficTBo jo otojkho- Bfinia ex ItlBejaHH, cjtjOBaTejbHO, jo SHaBOMCTBa c i yipeacjerriiiMH oTofi ctpaHU ‘). yipeacjenie 117, 1699 rojy CypancTepcKoft naaaTU6hjo CKopie noojrlijHHM'bjlaOMt crapofl Poccin, »rb nopiibiMT, jt-ioMT.hobo8; no KpaflHe# »tp i, bl naatjoft CTponi sroro ynpeaijenia cmuBaerca *HBaa BHyTpeHHiia csa3b Cb j-Ii8cTBHTejLHiJMH noTpefinocTinni ofimecTBa b'l tout. bhj4, mkl 8acTa.n ero Heipt. Oprarasania ace Haniero ny- oenecTBa Birojirfi aa KHOCTpanriLii) MairepT. othochtcji kl nosjHifiuiHin. BpeMeHaMb, sorja seen Harm, rocyjapcTneHHKt Curb joaacem 6hji cjoacHTbca no ojhoB Teopin 3). UcpBonana-ibHO IleTpi jyriajn, bbccth Poccin bt.cpejy enjioueHCKiis-LrocyiapcTBi, tojlko iiojhhbiiih bt, cnoeMb OTeiecTBli ypoBeHb o6pa30BaHia n npejocTaBHBT. eMy Boennoe noryme- ctbo, rcoTopoe ja.ro fiu e»ry B03irosHOCTb 3aBoeBaTb cboh ecTecTBennua10* ') Heeojflffi. id. cip. 212 .Tlocrt aropoS uoiaina CTpacTb at npeofipruoaaBiD noaaaaoMHia ero ci IDBejcsuna ycraaomcBiiMH, aoTopua bt, to Bpeiui caarajaci o6paaDOBHMH“. Pro nutaie BuaaeiiHraro Dpacia coBepmeaao Bipao otbochtoibbo aeaipaJiBaxi yapezKHii, ho ae OTaocaremao odtaaro xoja pe$op*u. Bropaa oo- ■sajuca 3a rpaoairy, aasi aa j-bhabhi. naze, jaja IIcTpy onoHaaTeaiaoe Teoperaae- caoe HaopaBieaie, oepeaec-ia ero aucji on acTopaaecaofi cobbh ■ jibbuii yapez- leai# n. acayccHOCKOMdaaHpOBauaoMy aeiaaa3*y, aanpaMeaiio, BupaTBRraeayca Bi ,. Ryueiecvna no anocTpaanoiiy uupaany oraocHTca K1 nocJMHHHi, 10 rojam, napcTBoaaaia Herpa; cm. nanp., II. C. 3. 1718 r. 11 inrunM 3208Bacoi. Baaia Pazcaaro a PenejMBaro peraaMeRTa, no nciai ropo.raMi“.*VcraBi nanBaro uaracTpaTa othocbtcr r» 1721 r. (0. 0. 3. M 8708);o 4rkI, cm. mcbhbbi aaMMepa-

— 109 — rpanmiu h sanaTi, uoieTiioe nojoateiiie Messy cocSshiih; wopcBoesiao, BoeuHoe siso, Haysa — botb Kysa o6paTH.iact aHcpria aroxosoro rocy- sapii. HiTB HHiero ysHBHxe.n.Haro, mtoout Hyssaaca bb hokohik miocTpauuem.; KopaG-iecrpoeme, nesHaaoMoe Pocciii, HHKOrsaHe 6uBmefi MopcKOK) sepsaBofi, ooeHuaaxaaTUKa, sOBeaeHiiaa bb 3anasHoft F,Bponf> so HSBtcTHOft cieneHM coBepnieHCTBa, Hayaa, hMinima TaMB 3HaueHH- twxb HpescraBHTejeB,—roe uto TpeConaao .iioseii cneniajBHO noaroro- lueimuxi., bhpochihxb Haotomb s®-ii- /iiftcTimTexi.HO, bb nepByio no- fasay aa rpanmiy DeTpt apnauBaen. Ha pyccByit cjiysfiy hcoki'ui- TestHO MopMKOBt, scopaGsecTpoHTexeft, rochhuxb u yqomjxB '). Jlaxe mxyrfi BTOpofl nolSAKH so.iroe iipesia h£tb piia o npH3HBi HHocipan- HeBB Ha rpassancKVfO cxysGy PocciH. HeofixosHMOCTB nosoGnaro npa- »una iiorjia owyTim,cn toji.ko xorsa, Korsa iib PocciH mbh.ihcl yqpe- sseaiii, Tpefiyumia cHeitfastHofi hostotobkh, csisosaTeJiBHo hah Bupa- GoraHUHH leopiew hjh aamCTBOBaHHUa. Ho nepnue rosu XVIII ct. ae bhaXih thkhxb yqpesxeniS. HanpoTHBi., ciapaa pyccaaa ajMHHHCTpaiiiH coxpaHaeTca bo neiiXB hospoGhocthxb. Bb 1699rosy cxapafi cysefiaufi hophsokb nosTBepaaerCH hobusib yKa30MB, rsi upesnnctiBaeTca He Ghtb rocysapB) hcaomb mhmo npimasoBB, ho, bb O-tyiat. HeirpaiiHaiaiaro ptiireniJi, so3BoxaeTca npunocHTi, ataxo6u npaMO rocysapn, cb Tint, ito „t4 S’Fiia ueai tIsxb qe.io6HTqHKOBB, h cysefl, h smkobb, fiysen, cysHTB casiB Be.imtift Tocysapt Bcersa hootsosho\" s). Xoth 3sici> h bu- pasaeTca nesosipie kbcysy upHica30BB, ho esHncTBeHHUjn, cpescTBont noupaBHTb3JOHBSHerca.jhhhuBcysBrocysapn—o npeoGpa30BaHincaM&ro ycTpoScTBa cysOBB h* tb h piHH. Caiiufi hphhuhdb npasasHaro ynpaoxe- Hi« ocTaeTca HeH8MtHeHHHKi. IIpHKasu OTMimnDTCa, yapeKsawica,coe- Shhhbtcji—Bee Ha ocHOBaHiH tIixb atenaqa-iB, Kaaia pyKOBOSHSH noc- kobckhmh napauH. TaKB, aanp., bb 1700 r. HH03esrcsift h pefiiapcitia npHKa3H yHH'iToaoHU, a BtsaTb HH03eMueBB h pefixapb, nopyqeHo 6oa- pHHy EHH3K) ^oaropyKOiry; yqpeacjeHHHfl bb tomb * e rosy npBKa3B pysoKOHHUXB sisB nopyqeHB OKo.iBHHqescy JaxaqeBy cb sbhkomb, cb tSmb 'ItoGij custTb hmb bb upHKasi 6o.ii.uiia Kasnu ocoGo. Hatpiap- iniii paapasB saapun,, h s'kia ero nepesauu bb pasnae npHKasu no npHHasaexHOCTH, a syxoRHiiii naxpiapinin npHaasBnopyqeHB UHTpono- *) Cm. S'cTpajOBi,, Hciopia llerpa I; Rmheobi „Jllianij! HeTpa Bfansaro\", t. II, crp. 6. Bi 1700 r. nociaau Ucrpom yearn ei xhhbctpsm'b, pe3»ieaTaai a MosHoe npH.iaraJBCTapaaie BHncKBBait a csjohsti qyMecipaanCBi sa BHiay n cyxoayi -) Cm. aaaacBn IKeuOyzcEaro. 27 Or Ir.CTp.148.Bbn. C. 3. yiaai iron. aoalueui aa 1700 r. & 1748.

— 110 — ahty paa&HCKOMV. Ilpn yipeiRAeHiii MOHaerapeKaro upaaaaa onx nopy- qeHX SoapaHy Hb8H)- A.ieKcfceBiiqy MycHHy-IIyniKHHy a Ataxy SoTosy. Coe^HncnHue HHOseacKift a peftiapcaia npaRasu Be.if.HO HMeHOiuiTb upaxasoax BoeHHHXx a&ix, a crp&ieqiuft—npaaa30MX bchcskx'B j I tb. Xparyax h peflTapx no hxx A’S-’ am cyABHKX a exyatfii Bexino b*- jaTb bx bojotoS uajarb, T.-e. rhh3d Bopacy AjeEcienaiy roxanuay *). OaM-tiare-ibHO, no aaace cx noxsAenieub HBOCTpaaHiAxx TcpuauoBi in, aAHHHHcrpania, cymHOCTb Afcxa ae BBaiaacTca; bt, iiasnaniaxx 3thxx bhjho cHtopie ate.ianie peijiopau, aiiix caMaa peifiopua. Tasx, nanp., ebhsb JojropyEiS, KOTopoMT nopyientr 6hah aao3cauu a pefirapH aa CTapoax upBKasnoM't, naiaat,, ita-iiain,, 0JH8K0, HHOCTpaHHHMX mieuesn, reaepajx-Koajiacoapa. Bx 1706 r. cyxOHuaro A$Aa paOoTUHBH a yie- hhkh uopyieuu (npHRasaHu) cvaomx a pacnpasoio lySepnamupy Meab- mKKOBy. Bx c.itjyiomeMX rojy PaxcEifl - Kopcaaoux onpej'fejienx bx HarepMaHjaHAcayio ryGepuiio seMcmun cydtern, a bx Ca6apa afeopaapo- Baaie jparyHcxaro no.iKa uopyaeHO cyAtfca caCapcaaxx upoBHHuift npe- BHaeHTy KHasio I'arapHHy '). J.ase Bticraia yqpesijOHia spa uap'fc He iiOTepntju cymecTBeHimro Hsaiiieuia. BoapcKaa Ayna bx npeatHeax CBoeMX cocTaBt npoAOXiaaerx cymecTBOBaTi, ao 1705 r., xorxa yipe- »A®aa u.iHUHna KaHuexapis, ae Hsrinmiaa bx CBoeii ocuoui hhkbkhxx uobhxx aaqaxx, a noTosiy AtHCTnoBaBinaji c.ja6o a HaaoHcnx n:s'ie3nvB- rnaa cx uuejeHiesn, hobbixx yqpexAeaiS !). Pa3Hnpa saKAioiaercji TOXbKO bx toux, no npacyTCTBOBaBmie bx ne# HasBaau He Coapaaa, a hhdh- CTpaaa. Tasx naia-ia peaTpaAbHaro a aoofime Bucmaro yupaBieaia ocia- ahcb HeHSMtBHUMaao 1711 roAa, T.-e. ao noaBxeaia npaBHTexbCTBy®- iparo ceHaTa, Kaicx naraja Kopemioro uepeBopoxa bx BHcmeMx yupaB- xeaia Poccia. Onra6Kon Cfj.jo 6u xyaaTb Ha 3tomx ocBOBaHia, no aooOme npeo6pa30Baie.7LHaa x'haTexbHOCTb Ilerpa ocTa-iaci. bx CTopoHi otx rpaatAaHCRaro ynpaBAeaia. HsatcTHO, no nocjrfiAHia npco6pa30Bania lleipa aaiiOTx pfeiiio BOcno-ixsoBaTbca ycxyraaa A»yxx rocyAapcTBeH- buxx cocxoBifi, KOTopuMx ohx npaxaax Huaieme a KOTopwxx opraHa- 30Bajix bx neHTpajH3auioHHOMX cmuc.iIi: aa OTpiuieiiHOMxotx ofixacieft ABopaHCTBi a ropoACRoux cocAOBiH. Bx Haiajh cBoero papcTBOBaHia a bx XVIII ct. ohx ae AaeTx bthhx cocaoBiaux uaKaKoS HOsoii opra- HHsapiH a bx btomx cmuc.i-6 ocTaeTca bx cxopoirt otx npeofipasoBanift bx peHTpaAbHoax ynpaBJieHiit. Pe^opau bx peHTpajibaoax ynpaB-ieHia npaxoAaix toabeo TorAa, KorAa rocyAapcTBeiiHaa Teopia snojat bij- ■) n. C. 3. XX 1766, 1780, 1812, 1818, 1829, 1859, 1869. !) H. C. 3. 2081, 2135, 2186. ( » 2022) aartm jo 1716, Bpeacau ea ysnioaenk, oaa^taaeTca^cBroTpan. 2°

— Ill — padoT&na h.ih cjoaiuaci Bb y#fi remaaiHaro 3aKoiiojareja, T.-e. Koraa sea aacca rocyjapcTBeHHbixb ycTaHoaiemil roroea iioaBHHHTbca oiBofl pvKOBOjamefl Hjet. 8to jojijkho Chao cayaaTbca Bb to BpexH, icor.ua vmt. IleTpa BnOJiii OTpima.ica ott>uauioHa.UHaro Cute h, iioa'b tuiiwieMb HHOseamixb yipcatjcHi# a yieuia JleftCmma, BupafioTaxb cbob) Teopiio peHTpaiHaaniouHaro MexaHHSMa. Ho, noaa yMb ero Ha- xoia.ica nojb BjiauieMt CTapoft Poccia, uona na hcmx .leatajb cme OTiieiaTOEi AojiroBpeaeHHoB cTapo-rocyjapcTBeHHofl npaaTHKa, uoaa ohi npojojjuaji jiio cbohxx npejjnecTBeHHHKOBb a yjOB.ieTuopajb norpednocTaMb, 3ai)tmaimuMb crapuan. rocyjapeTBeHHLiMb Cutout,, auub ero Ouja jajeaa ott> neinpa-iBHUXi npeoCpaaonaniB. IIoJUTBica mockobckbxi* itapeft, Kant hu 3aHt.TH.ia Bume, BupaCoTa-ia cbob ca- MOCToaTe.ii.ayB jojbhoctb, aoTopofi cyajeHO dujo, npH dojbmeat pasBHTia, yKptaHTb cacieMy aicTHaro ynpaiuunia. Cyja no nocatj- HHMa. vKa3aaT. uapa 0ejopa AjeKC'beBHia, bocbojckoo, npaBHxe.u.- CTBeanoe Haaajo jojisuo Cij.to coejHHHTbca ct> atcTHbiirb, aeacRHMb aiy»HJiuMb cocaoBieMt; npaBHiejitcTBo aaaaxo aaxojHTb bosmoxhuhi npiiMtmiTi, e'b A*ay Ty qacTb jBopancTBa, Koxopaa qepesx Bypx cpoj- na.iaci. ex cBoaaa nontcTLiiMU a Giauua BoeHHofl a ueHTpaabHoa MOCKOBCKofl cayatdu. Cbah-to h HanpaBH.iacb Bb sepBoe BpeMa jta- Te-ibaoCTb IleTpa BejHEaro. Ero yxx Ch.it, yate pa3BHTb nyTenie- cTBieMx a SHaEoacTBoai cb rocyjapcTBeHHHMi Chtomx noiTir ncixb crpanb Eaponu. Onb BHjtab cb oahoh ctopohu, bto HCUOMbmenie Haniero ABopHHCTBa, Eopennoe asabHeaie ero BKOHoaanecKaxb ycxoBiS Aoaatno co8AaTb y nacb axaccb sent.TeRia.j'fi.ibBecKofi apacTospaTiH, Toro caaaro natajia, KOTopoe .leataao Bb ochobIi yipewjeHiB, Hsyieii- HUXb HcTpoMT. sa rpauHncB a ocoCchho Bb Ahi.iih. Ob i Cb ocoCeu- uuHb coayBCTBieab OTHecca Kb axoay noBoay Bb aameB acTopia sae- MeHiy a, no CBoeit saepraiecKOfi Haxypi, crapajca pasBHTb ero jo nocaijaaxb lipeAtaoub, BupaCoian. asb Hero jtflcTBHTejtiiye rocy- AapcTB6HHyB chav. 3aKOHb o eiUHOHac-it.Aiii 1714 r., Aoazeub 6buib AETbPoccia pasoMb to, jo aero jpyria rocyjapcTBa jobi.ih aocTeneaao, nposecTH Bb cijiept rpaatjaacKaro npasa to, bto Chao yate noj- roTOBjeHO Bb cifiepl no.wTHiccKOfl. Upeai/ie Bcero, IleTpb npojo.isa.n. jiao MocKOBCKHXb napeS Bb eijiept rocyaapcTBeEHofl. Bb 1702 r. Bb ropojaxb 6ujh oratBenu rydnue crapocru, Kasb nocabjaifi ocTa- TOKb Toro BpexenH, Eorja cnoKoficxBie h jHiHaa 6e3onacnocTb He npHSHaBaaacb eme rocyjapciBeHHHMb BHTepecoai. Onrbaa sxa hc 3Haiiua, bto npaBHTeabCTBO HCKABBaeTb odmecTBenaue s-iesieum ora VBacTia bx jb-ib cyja a MicTaofl iioahiuh. HanpOTUBb, oho Tyri. ate npii3Ba.io atcTHOe inopniicTiio Kb abciHofi c-iyaidb, cTapaaocb rfcao cAHTb ero ex cbohmx npejCTaBitTe.ieab—BoeBojoD, orpaiiaBaib luacTi,

— 112 — SToro npejcTaBHTe.iii nocpeACTBOMi ABopancTBa. y sa si 10 Mapia 1702 pbhroaijpmapima, ceujiHipjoeipi^iaaDasHtibeiccndubiiHDkjahanxcTia’bniioixrb$oojnir3p£anex.pvHinkioaKieTaHoseHiCxeiiuhHxbbia,hrioiangnyfppinaauaixcrsoiaaB,sBioHpHAaeisBcairiio.aipaiicHfiihcixoabnT3oopaoHubBiboTauwHn6cuToih>-t BI H6H1 irfcKOTOphlXT, hhobbmhhxt, Haia.ii, HO 8TH Haia.ia ho iipej- CTaBjiaBTca CTporoio, OeanoinaAuoio Teopicio, a, nanpoTHBi, aaxiia- TejtHO npHMineHU kt. HyatAam oOmecTBa, naxoja'rca b i nojimieH- homi noaoxeoiH kb CTapo-pyccEBMi o.ieMenTaMi. B i yitasi otoei BHAeHi sapoAumi KO.weria.ii.Haro iia io a—wacTB uoeitoxn 3Haia- Tejn.no orpaHHiHBaeTca: , h c.i viiiam r i Aiwa a yxaai no hhxi ihhrtb c i hhmh bocboau Tim ABOpanam o6m;c, h Ti A't.ia KptiiHTh rim BoeBo.nam e hmi ABopunavi BCEKOxy cbohxh pysaun, a o.iHOMy BoeBoji, 6e3i hhxi ABopam; HHKaKnxi A t e ne A t e n n yicasy HHKaKoio no hhxi ne iMHUTb“, roBopHTi ysaai. TasoB cnoco6i BexeHia A t e He upnHaA-ieJKHTi crapofi Poccin—no sa'Ici. nnocTpaHnoe Haiaao nocny- acn.io TO-itKO opyAiexi k i Tony, iro6a cosauti. b i oOaacTaxi VAamyn KOMfililiaililO UpaBHTO.lLCTBOHHbjXI. H SeMCKKXl Haia.ll. ^BOpflHCTBO BO- opyaeno Ana axoro hobhmh cpeACTBaMB, eMy ahho upaBO nu6opa, 8a- cteTexH nasnaiaroTCH „no BuOopy Tf.xi ate ropoAOBi no»tn\\HROBi h BOTIHHHHKOBl \" . JaA'IiO, 8a UiCTHOBI apHCTOKpaiieiO OlMlHnia.II.HO npH- 3HaeTca npaBO nicTHofi cnyaiCu: bocboabmi npeAnncano, „BiAaTt bchkih Ain a c i BoeBOAH ABopauasti, r fix i ropoAOBi uOMimHKaMi u botibiihh- Kaui, AOtfpHEl H 3HaTHUMl JR)AHM't“ . KaKOHeUl M'iCTHOEy CiyatH.TOM) cocxoBin Aam nempi A-»a AiaTeJiBHOCTH, noxoateHU sapoAHnra xicTHoB Kopnopaiyn; ,u o tout, b i ropoAa H8i cyAHaro xocKOBCsaro npnKasa no- cnaTb BeAHKarorocyAapa rpaMOTti, ito(5i b i l i x i b i ropoAaxi ymdajm k i r t m Ainam BBi6npajH AoSptixi n SHaTHiixi ABopam h x t iiufiopbi sa pyaaMn npHcian k i MoCKRi, b i mockobckou cyAnoS npiniasi '). K i coatajiniw HCBO3M0atH0 npoc.ii.AHTt AiaTCAbHocTi arax i hobhxi yipe- aueHifi; nicTBiie apxHBu Huiero He orryft.iHKOBajiH oTHoeHTen.no aroro opeMeiiH, Aa a Hayita Hama cihhikohi xaio ofipaniaeTi BHimaHia Ha 3toti nepioAi, nommaa noAi anoxoio Ileipa eABa-AH He nocaiAHie roAH ero napcTBOBaaia, KorAa ohi OKOHiaTeihHO oct8bh.i i much, o B08M0JKHOCTH xicTRaro ynpaiucoin. a, c.iiAonare.ibHO, n aicTBaro c.iy- atHaaro cocaoBia. Ho h H3i r i x i cKyjHHXi H3BicTift, Kama mokho MnnHppaHoBiiMAMTyHoix.HieTBHTOHTlMHbHiMOki.AiTHiesHOceaTMjMailiHiiCiToilefeyi.pmiaiat.AHHHolHniHip,3e8oHKtHfc0pTaHaoiaap0oanBBai1,ea,cTKBheEBoaAaH, HBOH,aunp1epTayfoA0iToaTHHBaUmBBCiem,-iIobeictffBlolcTa8iOioHHnidaeejot(tfkj)itUxoi.o.iiioaa-1 1. 0. 3. * 1900.

— 113 — SHMOCTH, KOTOpyW CH.TLHte BCfat COSHaBHAt cant HeTpt. Muc.ll, sxa ne ocTaBjaert ero uiAHxt 18 xira; Bt TeaernH scero BpexoBH ora 1702 xo 1719 roja, BCTpiaaiDTca dohutkh opraHHBOBaTt oty cobokvii- nyio AiarejiLHOCTt o6xacTHuxt npaBHTexeBct HicTHUMt ABopaHCTBO'jt. Bt 1705 r. H3xam, yiuiat, KOTopunt npmtaSaHO octbehtb npH BoeBO- xaxT. BuCopHiixi TOBapHnefi, a bt. r6x t ropoxaxt, rxb araxt aufiop- hhxh Tonapnine# He 6ejxo, BoeaojaMT. noacjtao Bu6paTF. nxt caMKHt, hoBe HHaae, bust, HBt M'liCTBUxt ABopjiHt'). Ct BauSoaBmeio hchoctm) BupasHxact hhcxb IleTpa Bt ytpeatxeHiH .MHApaTCKHxt coxxerifi irpu ryfiepHaTopaxt. HeHBBicrHO, EaKt ynpaB-iaxH ryfiepHaTopu Bt nposie- xtyTOK'LBpewenH ora 1708 ao 1713 r., T.-e. ora nepnaro yipeauenui ryfiepHiS ao yaasa o6t xanxpaTaxt J). Bt xaHApaTCEKXt Koxxeriiixt KOiieMiro upeofixaxaera yae ropaaAO 6 o m n e hhobcxhux’b Hana-it,—ohh npimo 3anMCTB0BaHH HBt ocTseflcraxt npoBHHuiS, ho Hamm bth aa- caKrTCHcaaoS opraHH3aniHyqpexeAeHifl, a He hashera,KOTopaH, no npes- HeMv,rficHocitaaauact HasriipenieMtcocthbhtbH3t AHuinpaBHTe.iKTBen- HHXt h M'fecTiiaro ABopancTBa nporayio CHcreny MicTHUxt yipeiKxeHi#. Hhtcto nexbBH CKasaib uojoatHiejbHaro o cnocofii HaiiHaaenia xaHA- paTOBx; VKH3t 24 Anpta 1713 r. npeAiuicHBaera ryCepiiaTopaMt npeACWB-iaTB KaHXHAaioBt Ha sth aoxhchocth Bt cenaTt, a Bt cxi- AynmeMt roxy npexmicaHO Bu6npaTi, xaHipaTOBt Bcfeim ABopHHaira, CjfexoBaTextHO, B08CTaH0BxeHt Tora ace cnocofit, Hanoi! ynoTpeCxaxca upii iraanaieniH BoeBOACRHxt TOBapmuefl. Ho naacuo to, hto so.ue- riaxtuoe Hauaxo aTHxt ynpeacAemfl coBepmeHHO buhchhaocb; „a ji.ia HXt, TO 1 T0 OHH Bet A&M Ct rjfiepHaTopOHt X'fl-iaTT. H HOAHHCMBaTt h ryfiepHaTopt y HHXt hc hbo BAacTHTe.it ho seo npe3HAeHTt, h HSrtTb OHOBy TOXBKO ABH rOAOCfl, a HpOBHMt HO OAHOXy, H HHK8- Koro xixa 6e3t onuxt ne AixaTi,“, roBopuit yaaat 1713 r. 1pe3t HtcKOABKO BpejieHH HMt nopyieHO xaace ynpaBxeme Bt ropoxaxt, f i t He 5h.to BoflcKa, rm£cto EOMeHAaHTOBt. ycHAUBafl 3HaueHie xicT- Huxt opranoBt h xicTHaro cxyacHAaro cocaobia, rieTpt safioTHAca o npocBtmeHiH .iHut, npH3MHHtixt Kt 3T0M,vAtAy- Taut Bt 1714 r. OHt aaCoTHTca o Buciuiit st ryfiepHiH H3t niKO.it HaTeuaTHiecHHxt no uicKO.ii.Ky nexoBiict aah yieHia abophhckoB MOxoAeatn 3). Ho ca- *) n. c. a a 2oi8. llerpaBeJ.\". Ero Bcimec™apes- >) n. C. 3. * 2678. >) n. C. 3. J* 2762. Ck. romiiosa lafia apeciat bi chit, cyitHST, Bcasoe bb npacieniB npucrpacrie, act APyroftCTO- poHHseaaa xa6aa seeabopbhctbocjahmo6haopaBnuxace04b—ttaewcdM) doAMHO- cmwm cydeiicKuta B3*an saKoni, ooBeiiiiaonuS «BopanCTBy, etc. (t. II, cip. 58).

mumx naatnuMX lOEasaTejbCTBOin. uavbpeuis Ilerpa I, nepeaecTH ni> ofi.iacTL bce) xaaecTt rocyjapCTBeHHaro ynpaiwenia, cayatHTi 3H«ve- HHTirft yam o ejHHOHac.ii.iiit h nepnona'ia.7i.Hoe ycTpoflcTBO conaTa ‘). Hto rocyjapcTBeHHHfl CTpofl upoweHxto.ii.ko Torja, Korja Hanaia ero upoBejeHH HacKBoai. hc tojlko bx ctfrepi, npana rocyaapcmeHHaro, ho h npaBa rpaijaHcaaro, sto Bpaxx jih, bx itacToainee Bpeaa, Hoaterx nojie- aiaTi, coHnimio. yjHMHBCb, roBOpiin. Tokbhxjii., hto jpeBHie h HOBue nyfijranHCTUhc npHjaioTX66.ti.nmro sHanenia oaicoHawT. o HatxrfcjCTB-fcnpH H3y?cniH xoja HCTopiH. 3aK0HH 3TH npHHajjeataTT., npasja, kx cijiepii rpajKjaHcaaro npana, ho hxi no cnpasejunBOCTH jojdbho nocTaBHTb bo rjaB'fc bC'Iixt. nojiHTanecKHXi ynpeajeHia, Tasi nanx ohh BMisorx hchmo* BipRoc njianie Ha conia.iBHijfl 6utx napoja, KOToparo iiojHTHiecKia ynpesjenia cyTB to.ii.no »HpaaeHie“. JtocTaTOiHO Bsr-iHHyTi. Ha ixojih- THtecKoc yCTpoftcTBO Ahimih h AMepHKH, hto6u yfiijHTBca nt cnpanej- J1HB0CTH3THXXCJ0BX. ITpaFCTtt'lecKiil CMHC.Il 71CTpa ItpOHHIfX BT. B0.1HE00 ho.ihthtcceoc SHaneme othxx saKOHOBX,'h npojyKTOMi. dtohnpomowTe.il,- hocth 6i u i saxoHi 23 MapTa 1714 r. Ecah ero no-iHranecKOe 3uanenie HCCOMhV.HHO, to. Cl jpyroa CTOpOHH, neCOHHf.HRO H TO, HTO HOBOBBe- Aeme 8to aoajkho 6u.io cjysHib jaieKo He HHTepecaMi nenTpa.maaniH. Henxpa.iH3anin He nyatjaeTCa b i a»Aaxi, npitnnannuxT, no caMOMy conia,ibHO)iy cnoesiy no.ioa;eBiio k i nepBeHCTByionptMi po.MMx; oHa soo6me hjoxo i&xart ex npaBHTe,ibCTBeHHHMi luaccOMi. Ea opyjia, HanpoTHBT., HaxojHTCH B’B cpejt .rani, He o6e3ne<ieHHUX‘b, HyacjaB- uqtxca bt. nocToauuofi noxtepami h uoi:poi)HTP.ibCTiil.. Haupoirini, saKOHi Ileipa naiipaB.ienx npasro kt. tomv, hto6h cosjaTt. h yBpfaiHTX He ctoaxko ofirae-rocyjapcTBeHHoe c-ivsiijoe cocaosie, ckoaxko ropoj- CKia h y-fc'«Hua Kopnopanin. Hawuo eAHHOHac.riijia npoHHKaerx ne TOAbKO noM'bcTHLia nexmamuHH HMyrneCTBa, HO H rOpOJCKOe HMywe- ctbo, He poAOBoe: aaiiKii, ABopu h npot. Hoax Baiameax sroro Ha- na.ia, bt. cbhbh cx CAbjaunuMH yae peiJiopMajcn bt, ropoACEOMi h o6aacTH0Hb ynpaweaiH, AoaatHO6u.io ofipaaonaTbca EpiuKoe ropoACKoe h noHicTBoe cocaosie, cnocodHoeBuno-tHaTbBci saAaiH aAsmHHCTpaniH!). I to sci mhc.ih Ileipa k-iokh-thcb CHaqaaa Kb MicTHUMx ynpeat- AeHiaMb, AosaatreaeTca, HaKoneux, t* mh omomeHiaHH, b i KaKia oht. nocrasn-ib hxx ex nenTpajibnuxb ynpcatAeHiaMX h npeHHyniecTBeHHO ex ceHSTy. yapeiKAeHiebto Ha nepBufi paax KaaieTca uataaoHi noHTpa-

— 115 — .iimnjoiiHuxi luaHOBi lleTpa. Ho fi.maiattmee nayienie ero cocraBa, AO yipeatjema Koxserift, noKaaerb, hto oht uam nejnaa ayime co- OTBiTCTBOBa-ii CHCTeiii m4cthhxi yipcaAOHifi. riepBOHaqajbHHfi xapaKrepr ceHaia 6u.ii thcto npasHT&JbCTBeBHufi. IlejiBufl npHKa-i'b, yHHTroacoHnuB npn yipeBijeniii ero, (5u.it. pa3paAi, rat cocpeiOTOTHBaJHci. .vfc.iao Hasuaieiiiii iioeBojT. a Apvraxi jojjkho- cthuxt jhqt; Atxa ero nepejaHH bt cenaiT. '). B i caxom. Tout ysaaa h BasHocra, npiuaHHOft 3aKono.iaTe.ieMi HOBOuy yqpesjieHiio, bhaho tto ct'Hara ycTaHOBXHjica ne na Bpexa, xot» h ronopmocb, tto obt ycTpoeHi &jw OT.iyieKi rocyAapeBUXi. OfiuiaS npnEH3iiBaTi> rocy- AapcTso 6oapaxi bo Bpeaa oixyieKi hjh fioxisHH papa He hobt h BiiojH’b cooTB'feTcTBOBajn. Ayxv pyccnaro ynpasaenia, npHkotopomt sea Poccia hoctohhho 6u.ia, bt, cyuiHOCTH, npHKa3aHa c jy xu o xy cocjOBin. Heipi cam npH6ira.ii ne pasi kt stoB aipi, nanp., npn nepBofi notsAKi CBoeft sa rparumy, ho TorAa oht He AaBa.ii, H36paHHHirT mjn CoapasTi opraansaaiH, ne )HHTTO»:a.n, ajh hhxt npHKaaosi, hcjaBaxx hml ocofiaro hmchh. Mexjy rbiri, hobuS ceiiarr nanam norjomarb MHorie npHKa3H, BxosHBmie bt, aero bt, Kaiecrai 000611x1 ctoaobt. Tagi, pacnpanHaa ua-iaia npueoeAiineiia kt,iieny caopo noexi pa3paAa. C.if,s«naTexbHO, jin a no cyAy h BucineS aAMHHHCTpaniH cocpeAOTOiH- .iHCb bt irem ct nepBaro ate paay, pasno kart h B-iacn, ijtHHaHCOBaa. Kasaxocb, tto Herpi I xoneii cocpeAOTOiHTb see yapaiuenie bt oahomt HeHTpaAbHOMT Micrfc, too 6.1H3K0 yae to BpeMa, soi’Aa bch roeyAap- CTBeHnaa xhbhb 6yAeTT rpynnHpoBaTbca noAxi oahoto Micra. Ho nepBue vaasa ero OTHoCHxejbno Atme-iehocth cenaTa AocTaTomio oTKpuBaiOTT, saKofl xapaKTepr ao.isho 6u.io upHKHTb HOBoe yqpeat-9 9 Mapia 1711 roAa Hotpt hsabat just 0 saHamaxi ceHaia, rx i BoaxaraeTT Ha Hero o6a8anHocTb cj'6ahtt, sa npaBH.n,HOCTiio eyAa, 3a nopaABONT bt 4>HHancaxi rocvAapcTBa, sa auK0» ABopaiiT ua c.iyatfiy, h, KaKT cpeACTBO axh HcnoAHeHia btoS o6a3aHHOCTH, Boopy- x a e n ero yipesAemeMT $hcb8jobt. 3a r b n hoapo6hocth 6hxh npeAOCTaBjeHH caMoay ceaaTy. 27 aapia Toro xe roAa ceHaTCxift ynasi oopeAtiH.iT Hosoe ycTpoS- ctboCBoeBKaimeiapin nBirlcTt cr Tim hsxoxhxt h Kpyn niioacTBa KasAaro hbt ctojobt ea, tbkt tto bbt ysasa btoto hoxho onpextaHib h spyrr stAOMCTBa caiioro cenaia. K ho3boak>ce6i ocTaHOBHTbca Ha 1'5 II. C. 3. 23 tpespa-ia 1711 r. .*62821. Meajy IL C. 3. cCopnsoirt r. Ty- Mancsaro cymecrByemulaoropait pajuiuia. Bi uocabjaeMt cenan. aasBaai. yupaBH- TftiiHUMi, rorja BamII. C. 3. sa3uaaeri ero iijiaBBriuicTByoinnai. Emu Haraame,

coxepatamH 8Toro Baatmuo VKasa. CeHan paBA&nui bcid Maccy si.ib, nocTyuHBinHxx bl ero BijOMCTBO, Mesjy CTOjaMH ceKpeTHtiMb, upH- KasHUMi, rySepHCKHHt h paspasnuHL. HecHOTpa Ha rocnOACTBywmee bl stoml pasaiaeHiH cvimcHic, HoatHO BHjiTt, bl EaKia OTHomenia ceHan. cTa-ra s i BucmeMy h m4ctiiomv ynpaBjeHiB. JI,iaonpoH8BOiCTB(> no bhcuihmi rocyjapcTBenniJMX Bonpocajn, cocpejoTonmocb bt. ctox6 cespeTHOHi: jia a no hhohhbimt. yiuutaiii, nepenncKa cl BaatHiBmHHH rocyaapciBeHHHMH canoBnHKaMH, Menr.niHKOBUMb, 1'o.iobkhhumi, Eepe- ueTeBBiMi, cnomeHia c i nocaaxH, nociaHHHKaiiH, peBHjeHTaaH, „Kacan- mjaca o rocyiapcTBCEHUXL HyatnuxL sijaxb h kl rocyjapcTBeHHOsy HHiepecy h kl eeomv EaKouy npecTeperaTe-iBHOMy TOHKOMy BiseHi® cxisynmia” h, naEOHcuL, no HaxopocciScKHHi sixain, „ecjH kl npaBHTejiCTByionieMy ceHaiy nacaau otl hhxl 6yxyn o boxheexl h ceKpeTHHXL flixaxL11. Pesoml cl bthmh bliceiemh rocysapcTBennuMH BonpocaxH, noCTac.ieHij h EssicTia ebl rvCepsiS, HMesHO ccKpeTBOMy crOxy nepejaHu BaacHiftmie Bonpocu no ofaacTHOiiy ynpaBJieHiro *)• B i orojrfi npHKasHOMi, cocposoTOTOXHCB xixa TeKymaro rocyjapcTBeH- aaro ynpaaieHia, Tpe6yioinia ocooaro pa3CMOTpiHia n paspimeHia cenaia. Ha3Banic „npiiKa3Hufl“ hc ynaowBaeTL BnpoieML, tto 3iict cocpeAOTO<iK.iacB nepenncEa cl oshemh npHEasauH— nanpoTHBL, o6xa- CTHtre aonpocu nocTaBxeHtr ssici. napasy cl jixaHH mockobckhxl npHKaSOBL. IIpH TOMl BL npHKa3aXL 8THXL npOBBOin.lOBaMiTHOe coxpa- menie; yBa3L bumecxectl toxbeo Ti, KOTopue nocBameHH Kasosiy HHtiysb cneniaJBHOMy Bonpocy ajEEHECTpaniH, hxh BiiocxijCTBiH cocia- BH.TH OTSilbHOe BijOHCTBO, Eanp., BOHHCKIH, aXMEpaXTeftCKlS, MOpCKOro ({l.10ia (?), KOEaCTUpCKiS, EOMiCTBUil, CIlOHpCKifi, SOHeaHUfi HMOHeTBUfi ABopu—h sariro yKaaL upEGaB-iaera, „xa bl toml ate cioxi BijaTB BO BCeUL HOCKOBCETH) ryfiepHlK) E HOCKOBCKlit rapHHBOEL K npolHXL ryCepsift cHomeHia 0 HacToamaxi jix ax i, Koropua no BonpocamH3L OHaro no.weataTH fiysyri KaKOMy ocofiouy CMOTpiHi®...“ 3aTixi 3asaaero ryfiepHCKaro CTO.ra 611x0 nocTaBMTi, ryfiepncKy® ajMHHHCTpanito bl HenocpescTBeBEbiE CEomenia cl ceHaTom. ,l,i.ia paapaxaaro h tpHCKaxi- CKaro ctoxobl (n. 4) aCEU no caMoicy hxl BasBaHito. TaitL, cl caMaro Hanaxa, b l cesaii cocpesOToaHBaioTca Bci gixa ynpaB-ieuia, a ycTaaoBjaiOTca HenocpejCTiieHHua oTHOuiesia oSxacTH k l 3TOny Bucmeuy Micry HiinepiH. HmcehoA yrasL, yipeiHBiuift ceHan, eme npoqiiie ycraHOBHXL bth OTHoraenia. UpH ceHaTi xoxjkbh 6hjie HaxojHTbca jBa KouHHecapa otl Kaacxoft ryOepHin „jxa upheh-* ’) n. C. 3. 2342. ...elite ceny a BtxoHoern neo bc&x i ryCepaifl k&kb 0

— 117 — Mama Ero BexHKaro rocyjapa ygasont h hix Bonpocao Hyxnaxt rixt ry6epaifl Afcxaxt“; saKt 06tflCHH.11. yeast ceHaia, nocatjoBasniiB Bcxix- cmie 8Toro HMeHHoroyaaaa’). Bt aAMHHHCTpaTHBiioft upaaTaai u 3asoao- jaTcjitCTB’l npoHcxojHjo to, no Biioc.rijCTBiH 6aao ocymecTBxeno EKaTepHHOio II, xoth npa jpyrHxt ycxoBiaxt; AiaTextiiocTt npHKasHaa 6.if,,inf,oTt, a cn.ia h snaieHic ofixaciHoro ynpas-ieHifl BUCTynacTt Oo-ibuie h Ooxbme. East tojbko ceHart Bcrymut Bt ynpanxeme rocy- ,iapcTBOMt, npHsaaH BaiajH 3aKpuBaTi.cn oahht 3a npyrHMt. Taet, yHHiToateHt 6u,it npHKast KaacHHuS h j,i-ia ero uepejaHU Bt npn- Kast doxunia Ka.iHB, 3arf,m hmckoS’ h pyxHuxt jia t, Aixa koto- paxt pasocxaHU no ry6epniaiit, •iipmiaat noiiicTHafi nepeaam Bt ceHart, a Aixa no na6opy penpyrt u pafioanxi niieJ nepejaea MOCKOBcnofi ry6epHCKofi naBncaapin ’). %cnexnue ABopa, synennaa na.raTa k cepefipanaS pajt nopyieua cenaTopy AuyxTHHy, 3aBiiu- saBie noTaniRauH n CMOxbiyxnaiiH saBojattH nepeaano naanexapin ceHaia, Apyrie nonpoca ^nnaHCOBaro ynpaBaenia lanxe cocpeAorora- jhcb Bt Hent. ^yxoBHua A*aa ho H36ixaxH ero aiiama ’); Tan oat, b«4ct4 ct ocBanicnnavt codopoat, ycxanoBiut npaBHxaodt HsdpamK CBainoHHBKOBt Bt DpuxoAaxt, 0 xa.ioBaHLH cBanrcnnocayKHTejaat h apxiepeaxt. K t Hcay omocaTca co nclau mkhumh it-ianH, He antn- mHMH eni.e oco6axt ycTaHOBxeiiiS, ho TpefiyBinnxt BHcpranecito# noA- AepxKn npaBHTo.Ti.cTBa. Tan cro saHHMacTt i[)HHaHCOBue Bonpoca h HOBoe Bt Focciu a4xo pexpyTCEot hobhhuocth *), HOBoe, saxHoe A-ia aamero rocyAapcTBa .yluo HHOCTpannofi ToproBJH *). Jaxte, HecuoTpa Ha to, ato BoeHHaa aacrt ct canaro yxe naiaxa crpeiuMacb Kt Hesa- bhchmocth orb ApyrHXt ynpexaemfi, HaxoAact noAt oco6airt noKpo- BHraibCTBOHt uapa h cocTaBxaa npH6ixnme HHOCTpaHHaro sjenema Bt nameft cayxdt, ceHart Bt HiiKOTopaxt nonpocaxt cocTaBxa.it xsa Boftcxa Heo6xoA«Biyi> HHCTaHniio, Bt oco6eHHoc™ ao HSAaaiaBOHHCKaro yeraBa, KOTopaut opraHH30BaHa Hama apnia, Kant oTAi-itnoe b4aom- ctbo. Tast, sa nepnaa naTt x4it CBOero cymecTBOBaHia,ceHaTt mhoto cxAiaxt Axa ocymeciBieHia HAefi aonapxa Bt BoeHHOMt OTHomemn*). Bt 6oxtmeS tocth Brnxt cxyiaeBt ceHart pacnopaxaxca uotth Ha npanaxt 3aK0H0AaTextH0fl B.iacTH. >) n. G. 3. ItX 2339, 2780. ’) II. C. 3. Wi 2348, 2863, 2370, 2670. •) n. c. 3. me 2601, ms. *) n. C. 3. }in 2826, 2369, 2872, 2375, 2475, 2482, 2566, 2601, 2634, 2660, 2658 H t. A. ») 0. C. 3. W i 2400, 2401, 2409, 2420, 2635, 2659h i.*. «) 0. C. a MM2612, 2618, 2630, 2631, 2682, 2648, 2651, 2657, 2777, 2788,

— 118 — TaKHM't o(5pa30MB ceHan. anjJioTta bucuihmb jcTaHOB.jeHieHT,, co- cpea0T09HBaninHMi bb ce6i aTTpnbyTUuepsoimot! B.iaCTH, „noHeace co- CpaHie cie ycTaHOBxeHO BKfexo npHcyTCTBia E. II,. B. coCcxiieHHoit nep-- cohh“. H botx, neatjy yipeatjenieHB, cxo.ib 6.ih3khmb kb sepxoBHO# B.iacTii, « ryfiepHiana He cymccTByen. nocpejCTBy»mHXB HenTpajbnbixB yipexjeniB; bb .licTHHirb ajMHHHCTpaTHBHHXByqpeacxemS aa rydepmew cxtjyeTB ceaaTB. Ha ry6epnaTopaxB eeHaTB laucKHBaen. sa nencuo.iue- Hie vKaaoBB; eMy h, Bcaopt yHHiToxeHHoii, C.uiwHeit Kanuejapia, npa- cujraHiTBohh OT'ieTH o npnxojaxB h pacxojaxB, irlcHinHH, TpeTHua h rojOBbia b-Iiaomocth h pa32’fe-iaB>TBary ofiasaaHOCTb cb npHKaaaMH, koto- pue, TaaHMB ofipaaoMB, liocTaRxenu Hapajy cb hhhh. Ojhhb eeHaTB liarfeeTB npaBo mTpaijKiRftTi, rylScpHaTopoBB, h to.ii.kootb Hero no.iyqa»TB ohh ysaBH ‘). Bb othoidohih cyja, oSaacTBhbjhbtch TaK*c noc.if.jnen> HHCTaHiiieio, noc.it KOTOpott qe.iofiRTHHKH jojatHU ofipamaTbc-a bb npa- BHre-ihCTByioaufi ceuaTB. Bb 1714 r. npejDHcaHO nojaeaTb npoct6u o BCHKHXB jfi.iaXB KOMeBjaHTaMB, HO HeyjOBOJbCTBilO Ha KOHeHjaHTOB'fc ry6epnaTopaMB, a Ha hhxb ceHaTy (H. C. 3. M 2787). Ho acute Bcero BHjHa 9Ta iepapxia Ha yqpesjeHiH (pHCKa.ioBB, nepBOHB ycTaHOMeniH 1‘occiH, ocTaBmeMca cboGojhijhb otb 3anyTaH- hocth h CMtmenia nonaTiS cTaparo BpesieHii. Bo scixB rocyjapcTBaxB c.iyate6Haa iepapxia npeaije Bcero o6o3Hana.iacb h BbiacHajact bb ho- joGhuxb yqpexjeHiaxB, ocofleuuobb, tbkb Has., ministere public. Bb i|>h- csajaxB .lymie scero BHCKasuBaeTca mhc-ib HOBaro rocyjapcTBa. Hto ce- ffaiB He 6u.ib na3HaieHB j.ia HenocpejCTBeHHaro yupauaeHia rocyjap- cTuenHUMH jtjiaaH, bhjho hsb ero Hu.io.uojCTBa h pa8HooGpasia nopy- qeHHBixB eay j4jb; npaHoe ero HasHaneHie Ouab nticmifi HajsopB, KOHTpoaL a peBHsia, bb jt.iaxB cyja, ([iHiiaHcocB h ajmcHUCTpajiH. Ohb joaateeB 6hjb oCBejHHim. pas6pocaHHoe yupaBaeme h c.itjHTi, sa ejHH0o6paSHHHB H nOBCeMiCTHHMB HpHJOXeHieHB 3aK0H0BB. J.ia TaKofi utaa ohb Hyatjaaca bb opranaxB Hajsopa, soTopue hoctohhho HaxojHJHCb 6u npa BctxB rtxB MtcTaxB, r j t cocpejOTOHHBaaacb aa- Baa-HHfiyjb nacTb ynpanjeHia. Heo6xojHMOCTb Taaoro naj3opa nyBCTBO- Ba-iacb TaBB chjbho, hto snocatjCTBia KajKjoe jtao, conpaatennoc cb Ka3eHHBiHB HHTepecoMB, TpefioBajio npHCTTCTBia ipHCKa.ia. UpncyrcTBie ifiHCKaaa yKasuBano, catjoeaTeabHO. sxo HSBtcTHoe Micro h.ih jojas- KOCTb cociasjiH.iH nHTerpa.ibHyio nacTb CHCTeMti ynpaujeHia; no hhctbh- HiaMB (|mcKa.ioBB yjofmie Bcero fiuao onpejfjHxi, caxua HHcTamiin ynpaaienia. Kant, ase 6h.ib ycTpoeHB HHCTflTytB (Jihcks-iobb h bb qeuB cocToaao ero npauoe HaaHaqeHie? #o HacTosmaro bpcmohh He BuacHeHO anaqenie btoB jo.ihihocth; *) n. C. 3. MN 3, 2774,

— 119 — MHorie buahtb bb Heft 3apojunn> jojukhocth reiiepa.n.-upoKypopa, o6b- eABHHuineii 6yxro 6h cncTeny nas3opa. ,3j)yrie npii3Haion> 3a Heft hckjtio- iHTejtHO tjiHuaHCUBoe 3HaneHie, rh^htt, bb c[>HCKa.iaxB hto-to bb poxi KascHHuxi x^-iB crpaniHXB. Bpajt .ni otfa oth Bsraaxa pa3BacHHX>TB HCTHHHoe sHaaeiiie joji» hocth ijmcKaaoBB. ORa rtcno CBaaana ct no- Tpe6nocTHHH rocyaapcTsa Toro RpeMena. ^Ba cymecTBesHue HejocxaTKa BUieKaxH, Kaitb mu bha&ih, H3B CHCTeMH HocKOBCKaro yiipaBxeHia; co- 6jiioxeHie 3.ikohob7. oiiHpa-ioeb nciuio>iHTe.ii.Ho uajo6pocoirfecTHOCTHay- iKHjaro coc-iobih, a HHrepecu uapojnaro cnoEOftcTBia h upanocyxia UCK8JHUOXHOpMB7»AtJ/Te-IiHOCTH caMOI'O Hapoja, Tairt KIIK7. TO.TbKO BB XVIII CTO-itTW no.nmia h cyx*. 6am 0K0HHaTea.no upasuauu rocy- AapcTBennuMH HHTcpecauH. YcTpaHHii sth abb liejoeraTiia, npaBKieab- ctbo xojatHO. Obi.io npH6irayTb kt. TaKoft xojshocth, Koiopaa mdua 6u utabtj ctohti. na cTpaatf. 3aK0Ha, He xOBlipaaci. cnocoCHocTasrbcxy- atamuxi. .rapt h BocnojHJua tfu xiaTeataocTt napoxa in. X'lat oxpa- ueHia .iiiHiioft 6e3onacnocTH h o6mecTBeHHaro caoKoflcTBia. TaKoft no- TpeSnocTH h xojkhu 6ujh yflOBaeTBopHTb ^HCsajiu. YHpciExaa cenarb, aaKOHojaieab KOHenio Hut-it bb imxy cocpexOTOWM. bb Hem, BepxoB- hh0 KOHTpo-ib Beta, rocyxapcrBeHHbiXB yipeiKjeiiift; ho, mrfca npaBH- ToabCTBGHHoe HaBHaaeHie, eeHari He mrfca'b axiutHHCTpaTHBHofi opraaH- 3ania. CociaBaeHHUft kiecb cyxefiaoe Ktcio, ohb lie non -ih'iho ape- catxoBaTi if o6bhhhti>. Hxa Toro, htoCu cxtaib ero xiaTejibHum opraHont KOHTpoaa, HeofixoxiiMO Ou.io eme yapestjenie c* hhcto-.’Ihi- humb, axMHHHCTpaTHBHHMB xapasieposiB, cosxamioe xxa HenpepHBHaro naxsopa a upec-itjouaiiia. Ykwb 5-ro aapTa 1711 (IT. C. 3. X 2331) npn- Ka3UBaeTi. yapexHTbnpa eeHari oCepx-ijmcEaaa„ie.Touf.Ka yMHaro hio6- paro (m b KaKoro RHiia hh ecTb); ofia3aHHocTHero 3aK.imia.iucLbb npoBi- XHBaniHnpo Henpasaft cyxBhxfcia, OTHocamiacaxo HHTepecoBBkii3hu,o bomb ohb xoaseHB 6i.i.ib xohochtb CeraTy. ^aale, ohb joaateHB pyKO- BOAHTb npOBHHHiaJB-())HCKa-iaMH, KOTOpae MOryTB 3BaTb Ha CyXBBCt.XB hhhobhhkobb, Kposri; „BumHaro cjxbH h reaepaibHaro mTaCa“, xoTopue npHSHBaiOTca na cyjB ofiepB-ipHCKaaoKB. Jaa Toro, hto6h ohh home ycnimHO HcnoaHaTb cboh oteaBHocTH, hmb oocajaiiTca noniuco bc4xb yuasoBB. Tbkhmb o6pa30MB, Meaixy o(5eps-i)im:Ka.toMB, caixoBaTejbHO ceaaTOMB, h npoBHHipa.iB- ipHCKaaoMB, hEtb nocpexcTByiomHXB opra- 3HoOpBaB ‘H)B. JHraeaTBcHa HnJpIBoBxuiuftpCiaTaBByD-IiUpHHCMKBaibJ,HHhOoMjoBChoBOTBoCnyef,t KCaHKCBTeBMe’fc.b HhBhJ-- TepecB rocyxapciBeHHaro yopaBaenia cocpexoTOTiiBaerca BOKpyrB ryfiep- oepaaropain. n« n 'ie«i, «o iojiko ot, cenait Can rtjoauai ipeai rocyiapcTseH- saro <fBctaaa. II. C. 3. .\\j 2467 D. 5.

— 120 - HaTopoBt, oOcTaiueHnuxi. yupexAeHiaMK cyAefiHHMHh a^iiHHHCTpaTHB- hlimh bx 4>opml. janapaTOBX h uaHApiixTepoax. OCHOBaBX BCE aAMHHHCTpaTHBHyi) tDUBHHy Ha AtaTeXbHOCTH ofijaCT- Huxx yapeajeaifl, uoAiHHeHHuxi kohtpo.w h pyaoBOACTBy ceHaTa, sa- KOHOjaie.ib ofipamxx ocofieHHoe BHUstanie HaCHCTeiiy Haasopa, KaKx an XHByjO H KCOfixOAHMyfO CBE3B MeSAy 3THMH ABJ'MH ciJiepaMH. BaxHOe yipexioaie 9to opranHiecEH pasBHBaeTca, necMOTpa na net uoe.it- Ayiomia nepentHH—iiamuaacb upeacTaBHTejeMX, caaaaHHUiix hoho- cpeACTiieHHO cx BepxoBHo® ujacibio h oaaHBHBaacb uocjIijhhmx <J>hc- uaxoMX. Kooemo, bx cpeat aroro cocaouia hc.ikijj ho 3antTHTb ntao- Toparo pasaBoema; cymecTByeix niaoTopaa paaiiHua nox*y uepBOHa- ia.ii,iio yapexAOHHUHH ipucKajaim h $HCHa.iauH 3Cmckhhh, BBeAeHHUHH yxe ropaaAO n03AHte. Ho bx uopaAKt BOAiHiiema, bx HncTaHuiaxx, bx npoAHOTaxx BtAoacTua, ohh ho uHtwix cymecTBeHHaro pasaHiia; paano- ofipaaie ipacEaaoBx ofixacHaeTca itux, no upaBHTeaxcTBy HyxHO 6u.io KaxAOMy Atay (i.-e. aaxAOHy atAOMCTsy) A»Tb cneuiaabHaro 6a»CTHTeaa h xoaaTaa, ho Besat coxpaHaaca rxx uepBouaiaaBiiufi thhx, coaAaHHuB yuaaaMH 1711 h 1714 rr. HocatABiB yxasx OKOHiaTeamo onpeAtaaeTX hxx suaienie h opraiiH3aniio IIpu rocyAapcTBeHHOMx ynpaBaemH (ceHart) noaaraexca ofiepx-iJiHCKajxcx 4 homoiii,hmkahh, bx tomx 'iiic.it, ABa AoaxHH 6iiTb otx syueiecTiia, .KOiopue fix moimh ayueaecKoe co- CToaaie raSiio BtAaTb“. Hmx hoabhh6hh Bet ofi-iacTime (|iHCKa.ru; upn aaxAOMX ryfiepnaTopcKOHx npaaiemH Aoaxao hxx naxoAHTbca aeTtipe, bx tomx ancat h upoBHHUiaax 4nicKa.il, h 3ai-tHx bx KaxAoxx ro- poAt no OAHOMy h no A»a aeaostKa. Ohh aoaxhh ofiaHaaTi Hcauia upecTynaeHia npoTHBX yKa30Bi, „b3Atkh h itpaxy kb3hu, h npoaee, aro ko BpeAy rocyAapCTBeHHOHy amepecy Moxeix 6uti,“, tbex xe h „npoaiu Ataa mpodnmb, sa EOxopHxx Htix aeao6HTaHKa“. Tauofi thhx rocyAapcTBOHHaro xoAaraa BuoaHt cooTBiTCTByeTx Tony BpeMena; khkx fiaBCTHTeaH uapcsaro HHTepeca ohh xoabKo BunoaHaioTX AtuToabuocTi ofimecTBX bx Ttxx Ataaxx, KOTopua fiauxe Bcero Kacaarrca uapoAa. HaupoTHBx, hmx HOAX crpaxoux HasasaHia aocnpemcHO BMimHBaTbca bx Ataa, raacx o cefit mcinmia (id n. 4). 'pHCEa.ii ho ecTb advocatus de parte publica hjh actor regis, khkhmx npeACiaBaaeTca yapexAeHie npoEypopoBX bx EopoaescEoB •PpanniH. llocatAHie He CTaoHiH couep- meHHO rocyAapcTBa Ha Micro ofimecTBa h He cayxaaH opyAieMx aAMH- HHCTpaTHBHoB ueHTpa.iH3ai(iH. <pHCKaau CKopte BanoMHHaioTx HeBupa- fioraBmyEca AoaxHOCTB aanaAHUxx upoaypopoBX, aorAa eme upoBHauta He HcieaaH bx uearpi, a ofimecTso He ycTynHao Micro fiiopoKpariHa); ') D. C. 3. * 2786. s) Op. DleiMwepi: Geschichte der Beclitsverfassung Frankreichs,t. II,ctP. 434, DPH*in. 54: Procurator curiae non potest quemquamaccusare, ubi est pars accusans

— 121 — OHH CjyEHJH B i TOMy, HTOfili OHpejijHTl ajMHHHCTpaTHBHbiaH OTiaCTH cyjefiHua HHCTaanin npaBHJLHt.e, uf.in ohh 6liah onpejiaenH npeatje; onpejiaan oraomeiiie «4cthhxi yipesjeHifl e i ueHTpaib- uum’l, se VHH5T0»aa caaocToaTeabHoCTH uepiiuxi u He ofipeueHaa bto- pa x i MeaouauH ajannHcTpania. HaupoTXBi, bi yaasfc 1714 r. bhjho aeaauie He nepeHOCHTb 6esi Hysju j i . i i ro i npomiHuift fit. cenaTi. <l>Hcxa.|iu, B i cayiat ycMOTptHHHxi 3aoynorpe6aenifl, jojfkhu johochti. KOMOHAaHTy, aa trial, b i cayuai Heycniia, upoBHBuia.ii-ttiHCKa.iy, ko- Topufi johochti ryfiepHETopy h s a rim yse iwHien ofiepnJ)Hcita.iy. 06epb-i|)Hctuub nepejaen jia o ceuaTy, ho, b i ocofieHHO uasHbixi cjyaaaxi, a rocyjapo. Ts k i jysuuo npaBHTejbCiBO yEpfcnHTb npou- HOCTb C03J&HHHXI HMl HHCTaHUili; OHO UO.ianUO, HTO .IV'1IIIHMl, El BTOMy cpejCTBom fiyjen HojaunenHoe nojoateaie ipMCKajOBi, othoch- xejiHO T tx i Mien, upu EOTopuxi ohh cocToajH, oTHomeme, Bapy- meHHoe iiocjii, sorja CHCTexa .iHinaro ynpaBacHia cHOBa Haaaja bu- crynaTb Ha nepBbifi njaHi. Kohoubo, bto nojUHHeHHoe nojoaenie 6buo coejHHCHO c i B03xosnocTbio upenpOBOjHTb jia o bi Bucmyio HHcraHuin b i cayuai HOBaro napymenia saEOHa, ycaoBie HeofixojHMOe jaa jf.fi- CTBHTejIbliaiO H fijHTCJbHarO EOHTpOJfl CO CTOpOHH M'ilCTHFJXl YCT8H0- Bjenifi. HeofixojBMOCTb tbeofo kohtpo.ih coaHaBaaaci npaBHTeabCTBOMi jo Tanofi cieueHH, n o tpHCKa-iam j03B0.ieH0 johochti rocyjapu mhmo o6epi-i{iHCKaja, ec.ni sa hhmi fiyjen ycMOTpiua .Kaftan HenpaBOCTb”. BnoejijCTBiH, ci yupeatjeiiieMi Ko.i.iorifi, sorja Haiaaaci yse 6fijibmaa ueHTpa-iHsauja h pasrpaHauenie BijOMCTBi, bsi scefi Maccii tJiHCKaaoBi Bbijixamca ci ojHOfi ctopohh4>ucnaJH,HHiionue cyjefiHoe BHaueHie, kbki upecaijoBaTeaH upeciynaeBifi h fiearaacHHxi jt.n, HOjiHHCHHue DCTHui-EoaaeriH, a ci jpyrofi, 6.iDCTHTeaH rocyjapcTBOH- hhxi itHTepecoBi —aeMCKie ^HCKaau, nojiHHeHnue EaMepi-EoaaeriB. 1’aaBHaa ofiasaHitocrb nocaijHHXi coctohti bi tohi, uto6ij , co ccec npaaeaiHOCTiK)npejocieperaTb, jafiN BupejbEasia Ero UapcKaro BeaH- necTBaceaa h jepesHH, seM.iH hjh upoMucau, hjh Hnne Basie joxojh, EaKoro6 1 OHbieuaeHHhh 6hjh, r j i HHfiyjbBi Tofi ryfiepmHh npoBHHjiH eto He hoxhthji“ (U. C. 3. K 3479). B i cayiai Taaoro npeciynaeHia, cJtHCEaaijoaateHijohochtiBofeBoji, ryfiepHaiopyhKaMepi-KOjaeriH.OHi UM-teTi npaBO npHcyicTBOBan „npH opjHHapHuxi cyjaxi h pacnoao- seaiaxi cfiopoBi, upujocnorpaxi aeMejb hnpoiHXi nyfi.THumxi ompa- Bjeniaxi, jafiu npa tomi nauoMUHaTb bto E. JJ. B. HHTepecy Hajae- aiHTi“. 3aTim, ohi joaateHi otepubbtl DpecTynaeHia npornBi Top- procarator contra dictumacusatumprocedat.

— 122 — rOBHXi yi-niBOUt h yna30Bi o noAaiaxi a iiobmhhocthxt.. llo oaoimniH Kaatjaro roja> $hckms AOJaeHi upejeTaniaTB oTTOTi o csoeS x ia te n - hocth ryfiepHaropy, „KOTOpufi bc-ih t i cimoaTF, c i uero jua ciihckb, oamht, AAa BeucsoS KauuejiapiB, jpyroil A-'a KaMepi-KOAxeiiu, ja6u onaa H3i> roro Hor.irt yniiAOMHTtca, c i KaKHsn. iipiiaeaiaiiieMx, uoneaeHiesii h idipiiociio sencKi8 (fiHCMAi BpyieHHoe eay a*ao ynpaBJiaat\". Paay- MteTca, bto, HecuOTpa ua thkoB Kaaennufl xapaKTepb bcmckhxt, 4>hc- Ka.IOBl, OBH BC HOrjH 6uTL pliBKO OTA'fc-ieUU 0T7, npOBHXX iflHCEaAOBl. Ha HHXi BoaxoiKCHaHenpeMfiHHaJi ortaaaHHOCTr. aohochtb ryfiepiraTOpaMi hah BoeBOAaMi Bi. cayrai upeCTynjomfl AOAatHOCTiioro .iHna bt. ryllep- hjh; hm'b npeAOCTaBAOHO upaHO AOHOCHTfc o B c tx i qpesBtnaftHijx-b ope- CTynaeBiax'B, a Taaate o npecTynAeniaxi npoTHBi ofimccTBenHofl npaB- CTBeHHOCTH, CA^AHTh 9a HClipaBHOCTilDAOpOTi, TilKT. KaK7> HXT, AOAJKHOCTb Tpc6oBaAa uhoto pa3it3A0Bi, sa fiti.iuhh h BOOfime ryaaioiHHMH aioai.hu, a B i iiorpaHHBHUXT. ryfiepuiaxi ohh aoaxhu 6uah oxpaBaTb rocy- AapcTBo o n mnioHOBT, h Apyraxi BpeABtixi ababS. HasoHeui, caMi HaKa3l. I'OBOpUT'b, BTO, KpOM't BUCKasaHHHXI HM7> npaBHAT., SCUCKie (flH- CKEAtl AOAJKIltl pyEOBOACTBOBaTbCH BCtKH AOCext H3AaHHUMH HBCTpyK- UiHMH l|lHCKH.10B7i. HccMOTpa Ha sto HSMtHeme b i aoashocth <[>HCKaA0B7>, ohh npo- AOAHCaEOT'B 6UTB MtCTHOB AOAffiHOCTU), BOAAepiKHBaH OpiaUHleCKylO CBH3L MejKAy MtCTHUMi H UeHTpajbHblMi y/lpaB-'lellicMI,. HeCMOTpa Ha TO, hto ohh uojaaneHU BauepiKOAAeriH, cjtAOBaTe.ii.Ho, icaKi 6jato cjy- xarb opyAicM-b iiCHTpaAHaaipH, ohh BceiaKH ocTatieHu B i Haia.ibCTirL ryoepHaiopoBT,, Ha KOTopuxb ohh uoryn AOaecTH EOAAcriH, ho c i ocmo- TpHieAbHOCTiB, „tto HHKaKorofii HcnpaBAHBaro AOHomeuia Ha ry6epna- Topa h BoeBOAy, hko npeAcraejob Ham csoero Haiaai.miga, He aoho- chtb“. (O. C. 3. K 3479). PaAOMT. C i 3THM7. BHpafiaTblBaeTCS ApyroS ilOpaAOK'b (JjHCKa.IOB'b C i hhcto cyACfiHUHT. xapaKiepoHT.. B i ueMi ecTb irtaOTopuH sapo- A u uii chctcmu HaAaopa B i HOBtiimeMi cwicxt. Bet ohh HenocpeA- CTB6HH0 nOAUHHeHU DCTHIfE-KOXAeriH ')• OOaSaHBOCTl, H Xi COCTOHTi B i Ha6A»AeHiH sa At«Te.ibHOCTbn HH3mHXi opraHOBi, orpaatAOHiH HXi OTi B.iiaHia aAMHHHCTpaTHBHOfl babcth H ycTpancuiH upepcKiiaiii MeSAy cyA&KB. Ha ocaoBaHiH stoto me yKa3a BopiiAOKi noASHiieuia ijmcKa- AOBi J’CTaHOBAeHi CjtAyHHUHMi 0fipa30Hi. OfiepilflHCKaji COCTOHTi npa rocyAapcTBeaHofi KOAAeriH dcthaib, npoBHHAiaAi-i}iHCKa.TU npu HaABopHbiXi CYAaxi, a npoaie <()HCKa.iu ocTaBAeHH B i ropoAaxi uo CHJt

— 123 — cyAe6naroyna3a 1 7 1 4 r .'). TaKHMB oiipaaojiB rxaBa yqpe*Aenia nocTaBXCHB 6u j% uoAlb m+.cta, e«y noARHHeHa sea nfcub bhswhxb ipRCKajoBB, h rkin, itaKt 6a noxoaeiio uaqaxo coBepmcnnaro BHAb-ieaiii cyje6- naro BiAOMctBa H3i ofixacTHOfi ajMiiBHCTpaiuH, a Bubcrfe cb t4mb k- scero yipeacACHia (JmcsaxoBB. Ho BxacTH eme ne hotah 6utb pa3rpa- hhbcuu ToaauMB oOpasoxi; eme cxnmKoiib iiepenyraHH 6u.m rocy- opranoxiAapcTBcnHuo Hmepecu, ito6h cA'JuaTL H8B naj3opa to, mIimb ohb aox- acHB 6tiTb no cymecmy cnoeny, aaaoHnocTH a tixncTHTexeiiB o6lneCTBCHHHXB HUTOpeCOBB npH BMCUICMB 6a»ctht6x1i saitona—eyat. Hxb npaBHTeabCTBeHno-aAHHHUCTpaTHBHoe SHaieuie eme cxHuiKosn, nyano 6uxo rocyaapcTsy, a oho npoAoxxaeiB pasBanan. a nano.i- HaTi sry cacTeay, HesaBacHMO on, npeAnpunaTtixt upeo6pasoBaaiS. Koixa l'jaua ipROKaxoBB uojyqHjiB cyAefmub xapairrepB, oho cabman, ycTpoHTfc eme oahv cTvneHb naj3opa, Koropaa npnAaxa 6h eay bb iA iocth npeatnift aAMHHHCTpaTHBHuB xapaKTepi,. Haul, to.ibko ofiepa- IpHCKajB OTOinejB KB BCTHUB-KOJXeriH, BBHJiaCb neodXOAHMOCTB oftBe- AHhhtb pasjH'iHBie bhah (jmcitajtenia, nocpeACTBOHB yupeatAema re- Hepa.iB-t|)HCKa.ia. HcHanbcTHO, fiu.ia ah Kor^a ocymecriueHa vbimb o6b yqpeaucHia stoto rocyAapcTBeHHaro ijmcnajia; ncsaAOxro ao yipeame- uia ao.ukhocth reuepaxB-npoRypopa, coctohjics ysasB o HaaHaqeiua npa cenarb no OAHOMy cufanepy raapAiH, uokb ne CyAeTB Buopain, rocy- AapcTBCHHua ijmcKajB. Ho nopyieHia, abhubih 3T0My oifwnepy, na- ca&Tcn cKopfie naj3opa 3a eenaTOMB a HHiero He rosoparb o6b otho- ineHiaxB ero kb npowMB (JmcKaxasiB. T in s ne Meaie He.it,aa corai- BaTBCH, ito bb CHCTeM'li TorAauinaro 8aKOHOARTe.i&cTBa yipeamenie (|)KCKaJOBB BHAllAWOCB, K3KB HblTO COBepmeHHO CaM06HTH0e, KBKB HBjeHie sui generis, Axa pbxoCTB Koroparo TpetSoBaxHca neb HHcramiiH, vcTaHoiueamjH bb aAXHHHCTpagiH, otb Bucmeu, uoabhuchhoh Heno- cpeACTBeHHO BepxoBHofi B.iacTH, ao caauxB uhsuihxb. Y x e noexi yipe»Aenin reHcpaxB-npoKypopa, Anna, no unbuiio HbKOTOpuXB npn- ctobb, nor.ioTHBmaro yapeacAeme (Phcmaobb, bb 1723 r. Bume.iB Hxen- no8 yKSBB o nepeneaaTKb xafle.in o paHraxB, no wyaa» onpeAbaeuia bhobb ExaccoBB A-TJi reHepajs-iJmcKaja n ofiepB-^HCKaxa rocyAap- CTseHHaro (cocToaBmaro npH hjcthhb-KoaxerinJ, o6epB-<fi0CKa.ioBB h ((mcKaxoBB; exbAORaTexi.RO, Bee yapeaxeBie nixHKOMB b03hhkxo bb v jii 3aK0H0AaTe.M, HecMOTpa na cymecTBOBaBraee yae jhho, KOTopoe noxbao- Raxoch BcbuB AOsbpieHB MoRapxa ’). Ho acirbe Bcero bhahosto hsb ysasa EKaiepHHU I, cocToaBmaroca eme npn iioahomb sHaaeHiH ceHaia n re- nepa.iB-npoKypopa—HHeiieo bb 1725 r. (II.C. 3. X 4698), o aoajkhoctk ‘) D. C. 3. .'S S608. ’) n. C. 3. » 4170.

— 124 — reHepa.ri>-i|>iicKa.ia h ero nOMoniHHita, rocyAapcTBOHHaro o6epx-4>HCita.ia. Bx CHjy 3Toro yaaaa Bee yqpeaiACHic aoakho Chao noayiHTb occhua opnrnHa.TbHy» opraHHaauiio. reHepajix h o6epx-<J>HCitaJix ao-ishh aa- XOAHTbCH BX CTOJHUt—iipolic BX KO.l.ICi'illSX, BpOBHHuiHXX H TOpO- Aaxx, upHieMx ouh 6e3paa-THiHO nasBanti upoBHHuia.it-c|)HcKa.iaMH. ITpobhhpia.n.-iiliek:u w noAaBTX 6e3x bchkhxx HHCTamiiS, T.-e. iiomhmo KO-ixerifl, cboh jononroiiia bx Kaau&iHpiH uthxx buciuhxx ipHCKajb- hhxx caHOBHHKOBX. IIpH reHepaax a o6epx-<J>HCKaai, a pasHO a apir apOBHauiaax-it>HCi<axaxx coctohtx bo 4 hah Monte noMom.BHKOBX, upaueax BoxoBBEa hxx HstSnpaeTcs orx KyueuecTBa. Dpu iOHOuie- niaxx, '[iHcKaju ,i.o.iwhw npe;uiapHTe.ii>HO ucnpoCHTb paaptmCHie CBO- hxx HaqajBBHBOBt, BOSTOMy 3AiCb crporo ycTaBOBJenx nopajOKX AOhocobx. Ecjh CTapauia iJihckiuoiix h npoBHHuiajx-cpHCKaAOBX oica- SBiBajKCb (5e3ycntranuMHbx ofixaeTH, ohh, qpesx iipoBHHuiaAX-<pHCKa.ia, J0.I1KBU tjbUH uacaTB reuepa.jx-ipHCKa.iy „cx TOBapnuin“. 9th nocjtj.- Hie oTnocMjKCb bx Ty Koj.ieriio, rj(t aPao noaiesaao npoHSBoaCTBOHX, a bx BaasHuxx cjyiaaxx bx ceaaTx. OfeaoBaT&jbuo, KOAxexcsie c|)nc- Kajxr, ycTaHOMeHHue reHepaAbHHMX per.iaMenTOMX, bx bto bpomh yate He cywecTBOBajH, b yqpeiKAcnio pHCKaJOBX hbhaocx utux-TO oTjijt- hhmx orx KOjuexcKaro nopHXBa, tbkx bto reHepaAXHpHCKaAy jaBO npaBO, bx cjyqaaxx He upaBaro ptmeHia bx cenaTt, aohochtb cauoft HuuepaTpHut. Mh nocTapajHcx oqepTHTb xapaKTepx nepBOHaqa.ii.HOft cHCTeiiu neTpoucuaro ynpaBAOHia bx tohx bha&, khkx ero moxbo uayqHTb no Ttxx orpuno'iHUMx saKono^aTexLEBiMX aKTaMx, Kaicie aouiah to nacx. JIpocjtjHTb caMjio XHBHb 9THXX yqpcaiAeHia hosho 6hao 6a To.ibso hu ocuoBaBiH HCToqBHKOBX, kx coasaatHiio, He HSAaaauxx b HanoxHaBuiHxx co6oa Hama ofiaacTHiie apxHBU. Khkx hh (5a* aho 06pHC0BbiBaeTCH sra CHCTeua sthmh OTpbiBOqamiH aKTami, Max koto- puxx MHorie jaae ne ocymecTBHAacb, OAHaKo hh bx npaBi, KaaeTca, iipiiiTH kx 3aKJioqeHin, qro, bx TeqeHiH uepBuxx ceuHaAU&TH aStx XVIII ct., HBrepecH aamhHHCTpauih cocpeAOToqHBa»Tca Bospyrx Tpexx paacMOTpiHHHXx 3A*Cb yqpeaAeHi#. Ceiiaix, rydepHaTopu cx h* ct- iibiMH yqpeatAeHiaMH h CBH3UBamrnaa hxx cacTena ipHCBaxoBX aeqep- BHBacTX cofioo Bet BonpocH rpawiaHCKaro ynpaBAeua PocciH. EjiAHOCTb yKaaaHHofl chctomh h caa6ocTb m* cthhxx yqpeatAeHifi He BOA-ieaiHTX coHatain. yqpe*Aaa aaHApaTOBx a xaHApaxTepoBX, UcTpx I bx Toace Bpeua yHHqTo«ajx Bcjutyio Bo.iMOKHOcTb ex ocy- mecTB.ieHiio cbohxx njanoux pepopMH litcTHuxx yqpexjeuiii. Poc- cia nepe)KHBa.ia anoxy, KorAa cHCTeMa MtcTHbixx yqpesAeHiS, ocao- BaHHaa Ha muphohx aeu-ieBjaAPaiH, AO-iaaa 6H.ia ocTaibca pium desiderium 3aK0H0AaTe.ru; sanaTaa HCTpefiHTexbHOft boBhoS cx coct-

— 125 — Ahmh, nocTanxenaaa rx neofixomKOCTL saBoeBUcaTb cboh rpauHUH, CTpaHa csopfie AO-TXHa fitua npHHHTb xapasTepx BoeHHaro ciana, noTpefioBaTb kx ceCfi na c-iyxCy ace cocaocie, HOCHamee opyxie sa noaicTta. Oahod hsx nepBuxx 3a6oTX HOBoytpexAeaHaro ceHaia Chao „jBopaHX moaoahxx coOpaTt aah sauacy bx oifiBKepar, a na- Hnaae Ttxx, soropue apoioTca, cucsaTb\" '). HaiHiiaeTCa CHCTeaara- qecaoe npecxfiAOBaBie HejopocJiefl, T.-e. BHSuname hxx Ha c-iyxCy BHf, o6.iacTR#, ‘'BpHBpin.ienie hxx Ha bcd XBSHb ex BOeHHOHy xb.1y. Ho Ha btotx pa3X ho ofijacTb Aoxxua 6uxa uoMoraTb rocyxapD, ho B'b o6.iacTH aoaxhh Chah oCpa30BaTbca Kopnopanin xbophhx, ro- tobhxx aa cayxCy rocyxapeny. OfipasoBanie h saKpinaemecayxwaro cocaobih bx bhaexx oCme-rocyxapcrBeHHHxx Hyxxx Cu.ro nopyteHo cenaTy. 3axo.iro ao h8b$cthuxx yKasoBi hoca4ahhxx xiiTx papcTBO- BaHia Heipa BeAirearo, cch8tx itoctohhho H3Aaeix pacnopaxenia o BHCHjnrfi h pacnpexijeniK nacxyxCy HexopocAefi3). BMtcrfe cx 3THHX yAaaeHieMX cjyxn.iaro cocaobih H3x oCaacTeS, oCesADAeuieux axx, bo BCtxx HaaepTamaxx IleTpa aBAaeica yxe TeopeTHiecKoe HanpaB.ieHie, CTpeMaeHie hoahhhhix rocyxapcTBenHyD xa3Hb wpofiHo opraHHsoBaB- iioft ciicTeM-fi yipexAetrifi. Ymx ero, BocintTaBiiiittca bx cypoBoS nmoxt BoeHHofi TaKTHKH, rA$Bee3aBHCHTx otx BOCTpoeaiH h opraHHsania, yxe mtobx Chax npHJoaHTb BupafioTaHHua hot, Teopin ex rocyxapcTBeH- hhmx BonpocaMX. Cx crporo TeoperHieCKOH totkh spima CKCTesia MicTiiaro ynpaB.ieHianpeiCTaBjaxacr. x’McTBHTeAbHO HecocToaTeabHOD. JtBi adCrheui hack Heipa—pasx’&AOBie saaciet hah csopie b^aomctbx h noBceirtcTHoe npoBexenie Kojaeria-ibnaro nanaxa—He Mor.iH ocyme- CTBHTbca bx npoBHHiiiH; oiABAeraocib upoBHHui# 3acTaB.Ta.ia cocpexo- ToimaTb bcd sjacib bx pysaxx ryOepnaTopOBi, a h9joadactbo, T.-e. (ftaKTHHecKoe HecymecTBOBaHie bx npoBHimin oyxHAaro cocaOBia, ne AOnyCKBAH SIHCAH 0 K0AA6riflXX, OCHOBaHHHXX Ha Bufiopt. Ec.th 8aK0- HOABTCAb XOltAX BO WO fa TO HH CTBAO OCymeCTBHTb CBOH HA6H, eiiy upHxoAHAOCb noAxsoBaTbca ahhib rtsix, wo y Hero Chao noxx pyKavH. CxyxHAoe cocaobib Chao Bee bx pysaxx ceHaia, T.-e. iwh- Tpa.ibHoS BAacTH—naxo Chao gasifanTb BuCopHua aoashocth aoax- HOCTBHH HO HSCpaHiD 3T0B B-iaCTHI ABOpHHCTBO HEHOAHHAO COCODCTO- ahhh,—CAiAonaTeAbHO, npoHsaecni paarpaHHHeaie bJsaohctbx h cosaaTt CTporo KOAAeria.ibHoe ynpaBaeme moxho Chao toaxeo bx cTOAimaxx, cx HOHomiD ueHTpaAbHHXX yipexxeHi*. Korxa TeopeTHiecitaa xia- TeabHocTb IleTpa KOCHyxacb 9Toro Bonpoca, ohx npHiiaaca sa Hero cx tod oHeprien, KOTopaa sooCme xapaKTepnsyeix ero pecjiopsiH. ■) n. C. 3. * 2337 i. 4. 2625, 2685, 2771, 2779, 2845, 2988, 3681n i . J. *) n. C. 3. 2569, 2593,

6Bo aefexx othxx pCif>opMaxx bhjho rayfioKoe yGiaiAeHie bx bcthh’I, samHinaeiioS hmx Teopia. IIoith npa BaaAoax yAo noacx cjyaai neipx I KOopyaiaeTCH apOTanx cauoBaaeTia a feiirahtpoaxhocth .lavaaro ynpa- iueHia, npoTHBX othxx cyjeB, „KOTopuo jf.aaAH hto xorfc.™, h6o H3- .rannnoio mobb Bx cbmomb BoenaoMXycTaBii, rA’Ii naiajo abc- u.nu_imiu noaoxeiio bx ocROBaHie BC'bxx npaBHjrx, aoxno BCTpbTBTX apxie npofixecxa HCAOBipia IleTpa kx yay a ciiocoGhocthbx oanoro ae-ioBbsa ‘). Ho iiaatAoay, kto xotctx asyiaTL mucjh Uexpa o DOibSt Koxxeriannaro ynpaBaeaia, ueoCxoAHMO oOpaTHixca ax perxaaeHTy AyxoBHoft xojueria 3), rfl* Ta.iaiiTJHBoe nepo 0eo<i>aHa HpoKonOBHaa Hno.Tiit. pasBHjro mhcjx saaoHOAaTeia ’). Ilpa pe<]>opaaxx bx apyraxx aacTaxx ynpaBjenia, Qeipx o6xojaxca 6e3x mothbobx; cacTcaa names asMHHBCTpania npoACTaBjaxa noraHfi npoeropx AbHTexBHOCTH Bcaxaro npeo6pa30uaTexa, m a craptre ,,caKOB.iacinue“ cyAtu a booboau He ocTaBaaa bx napoAi AofipoB naaaTH. Ho 3A'Scb npcoGpa.ionanie aeoC- xoabbo Stuo nuAKpiuiiTb CH-II.HUMH MOTHBaMH. Pa3xacHaa HapoAy BTB MOTHBH, IleTpX, BM'tCT't CX TliMX, paSXJICHH.TX CBO0 BSRIBAX Ba KOJje- 66riaxbnoe ycTpoScTao iioofiine h aa butoah ero npejx bc^mb ApyrHMH (j)opMHHM ynpaBaeaia. Ha iiepnoax naant ctohtx Ai,maa BoaMoaraocTb 6 6(SesnpHCTpacria, tSmx npa bahhojhvhomx ynpanaenia, ,noaexe bx aab- hoS nepcoa-li He esx CTpacTa uBaeTx“. Ho „Haaaaie boacsho, bto bx 60 6Ko.iaeriyMXTaxoBosrxHe ofip-braeTCamSctonpaCTpacTiio, KOBapcTBy,.ibxo- HNBoay a cyAy, Kaao aoryTX caoxhtcb bx 3acTyuaeuie bbbhoS, hjb bo ocyaueuie ueBaBuoSctopohh, ta* ameh yieTx oabhx otx hbxx kx jbiiv cyAaaoay DpacrpacTeHX hah apocreax, oCaae ApyroB a TpeTiS a npoiia otx ratBa a npacTpaciia Toro cboGoahh, etc.“. 3jrteb, CAbAOBa-reAbHO, HeTpx gtbbhtx bx sacAyryKoajeria to, hto, no MH'fcniiono3AHtBniaxx rocyAapcTBeHHbixx AioneS Poccia, cocTaBAaerx ea ueAOCTaTOKx. Ppafx CnepaacKift CHaia.ra samaTHnax, a noroax ropaiifi upoTHOHUKX neTpoB-

- 127 — ckhxt, yipe»j.eaifi, 6ohtch, too , h.iohu npHcyTWsia mcto cpomiOTca Bt OJHO -tHue, B T0r*a npHCTpacrie oahoio noKpHeaeTca HMenein, Bcixt\" ■ ). E tw 6a m He smumontyAa 8aHece.Hu Tama hack bt, Poe- ciD, to, KOHeiRO, hoshot o o 6u yAHBHTfcca, uoTOMy rpai}>t Coajca npn- CTpacTia KOAAeriajtHbixt i.ieHont, KOTopmit aah SToro HaAO(5HOChao npp,ABapHTeai.Ho cpocmuet, h AOiftpa.it 6o.if,e jnny, HeaMiniueMV sto# HeoCsOAHMOCTH, &M B03HOTKHOCTH 6lITt HpHCTpaCTHUHt. Ho KTO He 3HaeTt, too HAea sth npanuH aat cipanij, ta* nceMorymaa bamhhh- CTpapia He ABCiirt HenoKOAeCaMUXt aanonoot, pa4 jyntaie ny&iKUHCTH catwrca aaAt waracipaTypoB, KOTopaa hh aa too ne coraamaeica no- asepTBOBaTt aAMHHHCTpanin CyKBofl 3aK0Ha. IleTpt 6u.it Aaaeat ort TaKaxT, Bsr.iaAOBt; OHt bucoeo ciaBHAt 3aaveme safioHOBt h cnpaBeA- -inno BHAtat b i Eo.ueriaatHuxt ynpexiemaxt HajeaiHyio Hxtonopy. OHt o6taMaert, too hoao6hhh ynpex.ieHin BOABopaTt Bt BapoAt yBa- xenie a t 3aE0Hy b yaptnaTt ociiobh caMOAepaasHOB B.iacxn, cuaBt ct aea oCuHBeaie Bt npoii3BO.il! ’); too noAofiHoe ycxpoScTBObhochtb npon- Hyio cHCTGMy Bt rocyAapcTBeHfloe ynpaaieuie, ycTpaaaa onacHocTi ne- pepHBOBt, Ko-iefiauifi a BHesanHuxt H3»1meui# bo B3rjaAaxt n enoco- 6axt aAMHHHCTpaiiiH, neHS&hxHUXt npa eAHHOJHiHOMt ynpaBjeuia ’ ), too Hoaaem Monte naxoAHTca Bt saaacHMocTH o n cn.n.nuxt, xoth, ct APyroS cropoHa, Ko.i.ioria no.iynaert boshoxhoctl kohtpo.ihpob8ti. cboh cofcTseHHHa a'Mctbih, He buxoab Hat cifepu csoero stAOMCTBa, too coBepmeHHo hcbosmoxho npa fiiopocpaTHiecKOMt cocTast, a too, naiiOHent, Koxaeria npeaciaBAanTt otahahveo cayxedny® iuko.iv, taI: BHpadaTUBaeTca HSBtcTauS HOAHTHiecKifl Ayxt a t. a. Ct TaKOB AOBtpeaaociiB otheeca IleTpt hi KO-i.ieriaji.Hoa opra- imsaHiH. ,1,ojroe Bpeaa ero, Kaaewa, ocTanaB.iHBa.io to cooCpaxenie, too cacTeua otb, Tpefiywmaa npomuxt cfiopiit h upunuiKn, nyxAaeTca b i cne«iaAbHO nojroTOB.ieHHUxt jmiaxt. OHt acKaat axt noBCBAy. Bt 1716 r. reHepaxy Befijc lipeAnHcano bhshbatb Bt Pocciw ,,yieiiuxt h Bt npaBOBtAtHia HCKycitHxt -noAeS, aah OTnpan.ieHia Bt KOAAeriaxt AtAt“ *). Bt cjtjyiomeMt rOAy cenaTt pacnopaAHJca o nocu.TKt Bt Keanrcfiepi-t HOAtaraxt aah Haynenia Htiieireojry hsukj h npaKTHKH •) n. 0. 3. AS2928.

— 128 — bx Koxie_riaxx *)• Bx 1715 ro*y IleTpx CTapajca Busiaxi. jt.ii.noBi. H3X ABCTpiH JJJ5 8T0# Z6 ntJTHJ). IlaKOHCHX, IleTpx HaiHC.TX B03H0Z- hoctb HaaTH jaa KOJjeriH .rant Tofl iianiir, yipezieHia KOTOpoB no- exy ofipaapoMX. Tpyjno h, npa HacToam,HxxcpcxcTBaxx, laze H6B03M0SQ0 HpOCjrijHTt, Ha CEOJLKO ycnilHHH 6u.IH nepRUH HOHHTKR Hamero npaBHTe.ncTBa, T.-e. coraaCHjHct xh jaTiaae h aBCTpiftnu aBHTBca at Poccio h nayiMaci, xh qesiy HHfiyjt nojiaiie bx KeaHro- 6eprt; necoKHtuHo tojlko to, mto iiiboju Cbmh noc.itjHie HHOCTpaaHH, iipiHtBaHHUo na Hamy c.iyxGv. DpoHcxojHJioah sto otx Toro, ito IleTpx ho jOBtpa.TB Tasoro naacHaro jiaa nauiw, cx aoxopoS uaxOAHxca bx Bofiut *), ho to.ibko no 1717 r. ho BcrptiaeTca cepxesHaro HavipeHia iiopyqHTB mBejiaMB yipeatjenie pyccraxx Boxxerifi. Hocx 1718 r. Bp»cy nopyqeHo npHraamath BoeHHonxiHBUxx, oOHasexHBX hxx, no obk He CyxyTx viioTpeOjeHu bx Boennoe jt.io. Bx cjrhjynmeMX rojy Taaoe ze nopyqenie jano khhsd XoBaHCKOMy, cx HOBe.itHieMX HeMej.iCHHO AOCTaBHTX H3XryfiepHlft T3KHXX-ILltHHUXb, KOTOpHB3aHHMa.HIBXCB0BHX OTeqecTBi Kaxia HH6y&b aojzhocth. Hsx .yoHomeHift Bpnca ceHaiy bhjho, hto I'ocyxapx bx bt© BpeMHTBepjo ptmHxea yipejBTt, rocyaap- CTBeHHua sojueriH *). Kx KOHuy 1717 roja cjluawo pacnopazeme o BHfiopi npesHjeHTaHH 6yjyniHXx Ko.uerifi cob'Iithhkobx r acceceopoBx, h Torja ze Buroo no-iozeme o mart a o BpeHOHH OTapuTia hxx ‘). 1-ieHU fiyjywHxx Koxxerifi .fo-ianu 6bxh aaHMTxca cocTaB.TCHieHX ycTaBa, xazAH# axh ceoefi KoxxeriH, h noaroTOBHTX OTKpHTie hxx kx 1719 r. Ha nepBOHaiaxxHOMX iuant KoxxeriS bhjho, ito Ilerpx He zexaxx janan. hmx Toro z e xapaKTepa, Kaitoft noxyin.™ apaia h (fi.iOTi,. Ohx pasrpaHHTHJix bochhvk)cjiyzfiy orx rpazAanciiofl h bhiIiax, n o HHTepecH ojnoft coBepmeHHO He coBnajaioTx cx HHTepecaMH ApyroB. IIpnnyiKjeHHWii B6CTH6opx5y CX BOHHCTBeHHBIHH COCtjaMH, OHX, KOneHHO, Hyz^aaca bx cpejcTBaxx, oahhskobiixx cx cpexcTBaMH Bparoax. 4U0TX

— 129 — h apuia iian<5ojf,e KOCKorroxHTHiecKoe yipeajeirie b i tout, CMnaii, 1TO BI HHXI JOCTOHHCTBO BIltniHeB 0praHH3ai(iB, HpieMOBl, TaBTHKH npcofijaaaen. Ha** bc$hh jpyrHMH ycAOBiaKH, a noTony ucaKoe y.iyu- rneHie, cjijanHoe bi opyxiu, b i nocipoeHia paAOBi u t. n. neo6xcduMO nepeHHMaeTcajpyrHKHAepatasaira, eera ort ae xotbti ycTynmi. cbohmi cocJUhmi b i c u t h 3uaaeHia. Kasi toaiko cncxesia iioctobhhuxt. boBcki oCpaaoBaJiacb bo $pauqiii, nasi, CAiiOBaTeiiHO, BBHAaci bos- moxhocti Boennaro HcayccTBa, stosnauenieapMiHCTaaoecho. Ho Hiiaue riu.io c i rocyAapCTBOHHUMH ynpexAeuiaMH. 3a’6ci oaho rocyAapcTBO3a- HBCTByeTtB v APyi’oro to.ii.kob i c.iyia’1)xpaftneft neo6xoAHMOCTH, a t4hi HeoxoTaie HanoABaenohopaxu csoerociysuaro cocaobihuuoseMuauH. Ohm HanojHHAH aamy apuia) co Bpexeiii Aaescia MiixafiAOBHiaa toa- naw npHxoABAR nogi aganena IleTpa; bi uoniifc XVII ct. crajjaa pyc- csaa CHCTeaa BoScxa yxe OKOHaaTe.it.HO pyinoacb; ooficsa nepecTaAH fiHTi. seMCKHMi OHOAieHiexi, ocBOBaHHHMi Ha noxicTnom sjeBeHrfc; ohm noTepaAH yxe HCTopHaecKyo cbhbb ci caapoD PoccieS; bi hhxi nucTyuHAB yxe aa riepBuB njaai ARCKHiiAHaa, sssepcHuix, apTHBV.11 , 11OBUH ycraBi 0 npoxoxAeaia CAyxtfu; BO#Ha h aas hsci saitua era- iioBHTBca acKyccTBom, boaoChumt. uiaxMaTHoa Hrp'fe. Ho Tasi au fjiJAO bi cjyx6i rpaxAaHCKoa, bto 6h ai eme Bonpoci, h Bonpoci aobo.ii.uo cepie3Huit, paapiuieHuu® HeTpoai to.ii.ko noxi Konem ero napcTiio- Bania, ropa3AO m>3AH4e yapexAeHUl KOAAcria. Oh i nBA'Ii-ii neoOjoAH- mocti coxpaHRTi bi bhxi xauionaJbHue D.ieaeHTU, a noToay nycaa.ii bi HOBHa yipexAeHia HHOCTpaHnesi nac.TOAi.KO, HacKOAHto oto 6b.io nyxuo b i bha&x i ofiyuenia pyccBBXi sesHaKOMOMy aah hhxi nijy. .'IyaaiHMi cpeACTBoai aas xocTHxeHia »to8 h4ah ohi npasHaBaji pac- irpeAtAaTi Bucmia aoaxhocth xexxy pyccKHMH, a KaHaeAapcKiii icexAy HHOCTpaHltaMH H pyCCKHMH '). B i 8TO0 TaKTHKt HBAbBfl He yCHOTpfclb CTaparo pyccKaro nana.ia, rocnoACTBOBaBinaro bi bophak4 cocTaweaia npHKasoBi; h Tam h 3fliCb upaBHTejbOTBO nono.iua.TO cbobbh jbabmk toaiko KaaneAapcKia aoaxhocth. Holenepb Hapymeia 6naa rapHOHia, cynecTBOBaBmaa bi CTapuxi npHKasaxi aexAy &tyua, cocTanaaBniniiH hxi, BAeueaTaMa. lOpHAHieCKoe oCpasoBaHieu aABUHHCTpaTHBHoeHCRyc- CTBO 6HA0 OAHH8KOBOB y CyA60 H y npHKa3HHXI—AHBIbH3pt.AKaKaH- ■) Hunan, id., crp. 42 a ciil. „Pierre pour arraugor lout promplemcmsolon tons les departements aux seigneurs et gens de la nation, et les seconds postes anx elranger8 (crp. 45). Kpoai roro c*. II. C. 8. .\"6 3133 pacipeilienie apc3BiesToma crpannesb lib pyccaoS cayxdi CBajireJacrByetb Bacceaaib(Iimuuort, Magasin,r. IX crp. $47); sorga, n 1722r., n Mocaai npoasaegeab6an caOTpb csyxanmra, m

— 130 — lie.uipia nepeBtoiHBaja aHaieme cyflbH. Bb HOBHxb j’qpesjeniaxt, aa- npoTHBi, Bee du.io ocnosaHO aa coBepmeHCTBfc (fiopjiH, Ha fiytta*HUXb TOHKOCTHXb, Ha 3R8Hilt MHOrOUlC.ieilHHXb pOrMMeHTOUT. H yKBaOBb, HTfl' jaBa-io HemuiycMHfl nepeB'Iic'L KaHiiejapcKOiry njeMeHTV naj-b uesum Koxteria. KaKb mu yBHiHMb hhxo, HeTpb hoctohbho cmotp%jx b&kah- ue-iapiio a ea ceKpeTapeB KaKb Ha eCTecTBennuxb djncTHTeneS saioHa h Bos.iaroi. Ha hhxt, odaaaHnocTb HaciaBJiHTh uieHOBi. KOJuerin BO BCeB03M0JKHHXb 3aTpyjUieHiaXb. IIo BC6 T8RH HO CL OTOfi CTOpOHHrpo- 3HJI0 POCCiH OKOHBaTeJIhHOe IIOJBHHenie HHOSOMHUMb TeopiaMl H Bia- AUBecTBO CnpoKpaTiH. OuacHOCTb saBaDaaaacL Bb caicoHb cociaB* iie~ HOBb KOJiaeriH. OOcToareabCTBa I’occin TpedooaxH ycH.ieHHaro cocTasa apMiH; tyja joaaHH 6u.ih y#TH set ch.iu cayjKHaaro cocaoBia. Herpb caynoio pvKOB OTiiycKaeTb l i e rpaatjancaaro ynpaiuoHia cayasamHjbv yaasbi nocTOAHHO uoaTBepatAaiOTb, bto6h Bb rpaajaHcayio cay»6y Spax* He do„rte o*ho& TpeTH Moaoioro m.mxcTcma, a ocraabHoe aoaatHOdmo HATH Bb BoeHHyn cayafiy '). Meaay T*Mb npeo6pa30BaieabHue naaau IleTpa TpedoBaaH do.ibinoro incaa padoBHXb pyxb. Kaab nonojHHTb He.ioCTaioBiee BHcao? IIpaBHTeabCTBO npanyajeno 6uao npadirayib Kb cpeacTBy, aoBoabHO 3HaKOMony BciMb rocysapcTBaMb, no uoanTHnecKHiib odCTOHTeabCTBaMb npeBpameHHUMb ub nooiiHuft CTaub. He wrfca .hoct*- •roraaro KOJHiecTBa aio^eft .jjih rpaajancKai'O ynpaaaenia, oho aoaaHO du.ii) nonoaHHTb HeaocTaiomee hhc.io aDjbMH, oKaaaiuuHiiHOi anarauiH Bb BoeHHoS cjyafii. fa n Poccia 3T0 odcTOflTeabCTBO HMtao ABOHRoe nocaiacTBie; Hauo.iHHn KoaaeriH ainbMH, bmtumh HonocpejcTBeHiio orb BOCHHUXb A$ab, npaUHTe-IbCTBO CTaBHaO HXb Bb SaBHCHKOCTb orb KaH- qeaapiH, h 3naa HXb HecnocodaocTb, upHnmoo see osHnaTb orb HHcqeBb h ceapeTapefi, cHOCHjocb to.ii.ko cb hhhh, hto Bb pe3yabTarli noBoao Kb uajeHio KoaaeriaabHaro naia.ia *). 3ar4iib, sairtniafl rpaat- ') Hacrpyania repoitmeBcrepy II. 0. 3. H 3896 a. 2: „n caorpliTi o»y, *«6u a» ifKBKdaKmm 4oiie Tpera on aa*ioH ifaHuia ae (Iujo, itoOi cjyaBBHxa (Boeaeaxi) aa wait a aopi ae ocajjart\". ’) 7 Bnmaara aanevaraao (t. XVI, crp. 425) scConMTHoe bbcbko Maaaxa n EaawpBBt II. lit cm xapaxTepnayen. pyeexyo aivBaacrpaai», nan ee co3ia» ciyxedaaa apaaiBaa. 9io ueuo HBTepecao oco6«bbo nOToajr, btocro aaaacaaaae- loatai, oepesBuaBmifi act pe$op»n Heipa: „V. M. I. k ]» p6a6tration de laqneTIe rien a’dchappe, peat savoir depuis longtemps, quo le vaste Empire de Ruasie est gdndralement difigd et gouverad par les obereecrdtaires et secretaires, et non pas par les gouTeraeors et presidents de differents dicastires comme cela en a l'appa- rence. L’on place par eiemple dans le 'gouvemement oo college on President, ua vice-president et desconseiUers ou membres pris le phia souvent panni les officiers, congedies de l'armee, ou autres personnes pea on point du tout instruits des lota fondamentalesdel’Empire, oo des ordonnancesdestemps recul6s“... Jaiie qmngnp. pua n BTort npasoisia n, acnojaeBiio boss ceaperapa

JWHCKia IOJKHOCTH BOeHHHKH, npaBHTMKTBO ft&BaaO Cay*6t ABAe# Hecnoco6HHXb Kb He#, ho sa to BHpocinHXb h 3aKaJHBnmxcaBbBoeH- bhxt, nOHHTiaxb. IIohhtw bth, nepeBecCHHHH Ha rpaa^ancKia jiaa, iojanu fiu.TH HMtTb 8HauT&u.H0e BjiHHie Hahhsb, canaa cayatfasia CHHTaaacB ecrecTBeHHHKb jonomeHieiPB at AiaieabHOCTH BoeaHaro, EaK-b y6t»Hme ero now# aoaroBpOMeHHHXbTpyjOBi bt, aarept ‘). Ha- Koiiem. hhchuo eb 3TO#CTOpoHUaaiaab npoHHEaTL Bt aamy rpasjan- CEyncayartiy HuocrpanHH#aaeireHTb, jonynieSHU# BbHHSiuia jO-iatHOCTH caKHMb aaKOHOflaTaieMb Bb Hedoabinoiib lacat; HHOCTpanuu fipaTi, cefit aoajehoctb nucmia, KaHb Harpaay sa BoeHHVD caysHiy, hc- Kasaa muc-tb moHojaTMa, xorfioinaro ocTaBHTt rpastjancKoe ynpa- BjeHie Bb pysaxb iipapoAHuxb pyccKHXb. TaEHMb o(5paso*b CnpoapaTHiecKoe aaiaao, CuBiuee Bb HlBepiH h J,amH pe3y.itTaTOMb Topaema KopoaeBCEoft BjacTX naab bc-Iimh *py- thhh BaeiieHTasm CTpanu, iipHsaaKOiib chjh aenTpaatHO# BaacTH, Bb PocciH HaiipoTHBb cayacHao npHBHaEOMb npaBHTeabCTBeHHofl caa6ocTH h HeecTeciBeHHaro, Hanpaaenuaro coctoaHia CTpaau npexb jiaccoio BffbmHHXb n BHyTpeHHHXb BparoBb, noca#flCTBiesib AoaroBpe*eHHO# saBoeBaTeabHO# noaHTHEH. Bo BCHKOMbcayiat yapeasaenie Eoaaeri# yxasmaeTb Ha TOTb 4)aETb, ito Hucat lleTpa 6uaa nepeHeceHa aa neHTpaji.Hua yapeataeHia h bto OHb HaBcerja noKnnyab Hucat upoaecTH HaaaaibpasAtaema bie- CTefi h KoaaeriaaBHaro ycTpoSeTBa Bb o6aacTH, rat He Suao Eb tohv hh cpejcTBb, hh aiOAefi. Bet ero yewia noraaH Ha neHTpaatnoe ycTpoHCTRo h risMb noaoaceHO npo>raoe roiano BCiab nocaiay»maMb peijiopMaMb; Cb btoto. BpeaeHU r.iaBHufl HHTepecb a.winHCTpauin cocpeaoTOHHBaerca Bb cyAbCi 9THXb yqpexxem#, h OTb HXb paBHO- Bicia h oTHomeHi# 3aBHCHTb nee Hanpasaeme Hamero rocyaapcTBea- Haro ycipoficm. Bhobt, yqpesaeHHhia Koaaeria onapaaHCb Ha rfe rocyaapcTBesHiie HHTepecu, KOTopue 6hxh Ha nepBOHb naaai eme Bb CTapoft Poccia J).

— 132 jsjib. bhxx Ouab yqpe»ienu ?eTtipe KOiieriu —KaMepx- R pcbmiohx-koa- xei'iu, CTaTct-KOHTopi h Geprx-KOjjeria. ,Iaa BoeuHaro flixa ab$: BoeH- Haa cvxonyTHaa a Mopcaaa hah BOHHcaaa h axHapaxTcficnaa KOAxeria; Axa HHoerpaHHUxt CHomemB oahs, h m < cy.ua OAHa noxieria. Haso- hch-b, lleTpi yapeAHjn. jB-h soxieriii aah Taaflxx qXieB, KOTOpua uosa- suBaxH yate ero naMipenie sasriiDHTb rocyxapcxBeHHOio AtaTextHOCTtio paMOAiaTeatHOCTB oOniecraa. Ob i BHjrkix, bto ToproBaa u npoMUin- xeHHaa AiaxeaxHOCTH cocTaBja»TX ochobt MorymecTBa MHorHxx hho- CTpaBHHxi. aepxaBX, h plimuxca jocTHPHyTb toto ate, nocTaBHBX Top- roBBoBx h MaHyifraKTypHCTOBx hoax nenocpeACTBenHyn onesy rocy- WPCTBa; BBtepecu ToproojB 6uah nopyaenu KOM*epnx-, a tfraSpaKH aanyifiaKTypx-Ko.iJoi'iH. BtpoaTHO, nepBoe spejia MauyifiaKTypx-KOJjeria Cu.ia coejiiHeHa cx Oeprx-Koxierieio, Taax uanx y hhxx Cu.i x o6m,iB BpeaHACHTx—(lio.itAnefixMoScTepx Bpiocx. 3a to neatly KOJ-ieriaitH He BCTptaaeTCa ojaofl, petcoMeHAOuaHHoa Ueipy eme jIcBOiihuomx, hmbhho BoaaeriH doxhuih. (lo.iHueflcKoe At,.10 .mint nocTeneBHO bxoah.io bx cociaBx rocyAapcTBeHULixx yapeameniB h bx Teaenia noaTB Bcero X Y IH ct. ae BMiao OTA'I'.-'r.Haro yapeaaeHia, aoboabctbyact. oauo» AoaaHOCTiu reRepajx-noxHiufiHeflcTepa. Max axoro ae c.i’fejyerx, bto6u Jlexpx He 3aCoTHXca o6x btohx npejMeT*; nanpoTBBx, hbx Bcixx rocyxapeft XVIII cxo-iiiia, spout EsaTepHHU II, ohx Goxtme Bctxx safioTHaca 0 uojHueflcKnxx Bonpocaxx. Ho yape*AaTi. ajh aea OTX&n* aaro ycxaHoaieaiH ohx ae caHTaJx HeofixojHsiHMx; xaa iiaatHtHinnxx BonpocoBX BuemeB no.mniH y aero 6h.ih cHaaaxa IIpeoCpaiKeHCKifi npBBasx, a uocxfe TafiHaa saHitexapia, jwa npoaaxx ate noxHiteBcKHxx BonpocoBX ohx CHHTaax coBepmeHHO AOCTaxoanoio AiaTeaxHOCTb ry6ep- HETOPOBX, BOeBOflX, 3eMCKHXX KOMHHCCapOBX H ApyrHXX aBBOBHBKOBX npOBBBHiH '). Bx KaaoMX OTHomeHin aojikhh 6uah cxaTB soaaeria ax sriscTHOMy

— 133 — TnpaBjeHig) c i oahoA u k i ceHaTy ci Apyro# CTopoau? 3toti Boupoci ae 6h.ii, oKOHiaTMMio paspiinrHi canm saKOHOAaTe.iem h 6u.n, npeAociaaieH'B npaBTHrfc h HCTopaiecaony xoxy co6HTift. Bnpoiem, y«e ci eavaro Haaaxa hozho 6hjo onpeiiraii. H-iKOTopua nocxfiA- CTBia Toro noaoaemH KOJ.ieriS, b i xoxopoe ohh 6u.ih nocTaB-ieau, Kpyra hxi BtAOMCTBa h cano8 hxi opraHHsaniB. UpesAe scero iie-ibsa ne aairiiTHTE, hto He bc* Eo.ueriH aoazhh 6hjh ojHHaKOBO othochtbch El npOBHHIliHHI, XOTH Bctkl HH1 AEHO upaBO HOCHEHTBVKa3Hryfiep- Haxopam. HtBOTopua aoishh 6u.ih bobcb irau.ieii. H3B*cTHbia jtaa H3i BiaoMCTBa ry6epHCKHXi BjacTeS, cocpcaotoihbi hxi bi ctojha*; thkobh, Hanp., somepm- h HaHy^asxypi-KOJAoriH— oh* He hm* jh HHCTaHlliS Bl npOBHHOiiaXl H BC* HtXHKOHl COCpeAOTOHHBajIHCb BI CTOjtmrt. Jlpyria BHpaCoiaxH ce6i nopsAOKi HHcxaHuift c%coBepmeHHo HeaaBHCHHHHi ipyrom b*aohctbi; oh* hm*.th HHCTaHpiu bi ry6ep- Hiaxi, ho HHcxaHiuH HeaaKHCHHMH oti odxacTHoro Haia-JbCTBa, xaKi, Haup., DCTKHi-Koxieria. Do npiurispy lunejcKaro yjoxcuia, efi nopy- toho cosAaxi bi rxaBHifiiHHxi ropoAaxi iiaABopiiue cyAti, r.iaoHHe cyan no ry6epHCKHMi ropoAara h HH3mie b i na-iuxi *). Birin* ci rim ry6epHaTopam h Apyrun ■icTHim B.iacTamcxporo BOCupciHOHO BH*mHBaxbCH bi a*ja tocxupiu a), B i oxHomeHiu h i xpexbHHi, o6iiacxHHe HanajLHHBK cxaJH nocpeACTByionwniH HiicxaHuiaMHno raaB- HOMy poay CBoeSAiaxeAbHOcxH, nun, nairp., bi oxHomemH k i sanepi- souem. HaEOHem, bi nocjiAHHXi cocpeAOTOHHJHCi Tania jiaa, eo- xopwa ABBH0 6bUH BHjixeHU H31 06.laCTeS HAH piXKO El HHHl OT1IO- CMHCb—axo xaKi iiasHBaeHHHneponarocyxapcTBeHHtifl*KOXAerin, nrpaB- inia BnocJi'iACTBiH xasyB BHAHyio poai bi 6opi6i ci BaacTiio ceMTa. Tbehmi o6pa30Hi xah ucTopin oO.iacTuoro ynpaBAenia BHAi-iHexca 3HaxeHie Kanepi- k DCTHui-KOJAeriS. 'Ipesi hhxi ueHxpajbHoe npa- BHxejbCTBOrjaBHHjn o6pasomAiScTBOBaao HanpoBHHi(iio. Mexxy hhmh AByMH pacnpeAtaeiCH sea Macca m* cthhxi AOxxHocxefi. Tam .iaHA- paTHnKOMMHCcapuoTAaHHBiB*Ainie sanepx-,a'.ianApnxTepH—mcthiii- ROXrieriH. ttarim see o6xacxHoe ynpaBjeme 6hjo OTAaHO bi raaBHOe pacnopaateme Kascepi-Koxieria 3). JlepBCHCTByiomee sHaaeme araxi •) n. C. 3. KM 3201, 8202, 3261 D. 2. ’) n. 0. 3. X 8295. „A no on DCimii n y*«t apnajusun, to anpeu ry6epn»Topy bib noesoji b mbciobv bobbbccbpj io oaaio itia ae mrim; so E. If. B. o tobi coBaaoiBib ODpeibiara, bto6i boacaaofi ryfiepHio, bib n BBaiBBii ropoiaxi BHiOHiScyn, a Ft yiait aasaiS yipeijena a aajuenamBXB peryia yjo- BoibCTBOBanu5hih“... Tasxe X 8283, rji aocaoBcaoayryfepnaiopycrporoBaaa3tiso ae BMionHBBTtci 11l cyieficKiiAiia, ho, bi,cjyia* HysiH,hhchtb hhDCTHin-soiieriD. s) D. C. 3. J6X 3337, 8354,8495. CenaTceiB, o BOCiymaiiiBrySepaaTopan, bbho. ryOepHSTopaaiaHoceojaBiEaaepvHOiierin.it 3500onoiaai BtjoaocreSH3iaauepv





136 — TeJLCTBO nopyiaen Hajsopt sa ry6epBaT0pami noxKOBHHKaiiB,—KOMan- lyiommn. pacaoaoiaeHHHMH bb ytsAaxB noxKaim ‘). Tseb HaiaBanTca y*e neacHUfl otwnnema, Koropua jo.txhu 6ujh BnocjijCTBiH nOBecTu KB BaSHHUB SaTpyjReHiHMI, H CTO.lKHOBeHiflMT,. Kpout bcthbb- hsaKepi-KoxieriS, sot ocTa.n.imacocpe^oioiHBaian. Beet HiiTepcct ynpaBjcuin bb CTO.iHiit. TanassnaiHTejbHM MaccaB6p- xobhhxb Mien, HeKJBBHTejbHO neHTpaAbwaro ynpa&ieHia, He Horaa He oxpaBHTbca aa yapeaijeniH ceiiaTa. jffl Hacroainaro Bpeuena, ohb Cu.ib eaHHeTBemuii’BcpejoToiien't ajHHHHCTpai;iH, (JiHHaHCOBaro ynpas- -TeHia, cyxa, a TenepB hxb sbh.iocf, .yeasTt, npHiesn. KasAoenojyni.io npaBo nocMaTb yicasu, chochtbchHenocpejcmeHUOcb rocyynapein. ipeai. CBOHXBHpCSKACHTOBT, H, BpBHOTOlnOCTHTOrAamHHXBSaKOHOBB, AOBO.ILHO ncaaBHCHMO ynpawaTb cbobhb stjoScTBOMB. CeHaTB aoaxohb 6u.it. XHmHTbca to6 jo.ih HenocpeACTBeHHaro ynpaFuremn, KOTOpywohb HuixB npH npesBefl CHCTe*t. 3to 6u.io eciecTBeHHO. Huts ycTanomeuia, Baxjoe cneuiajbno uasnaiennoe ,y.nr msb4ctho0 tscth aAMHBHcfpanin, OCTecTBeano 6ttio asBaTB btm Ataa hsb iit.ioMCT'Ba yipeatAenia, rXt ohh 6ujh cHimaau 6ess Bcaaoft cHCTeau h r*4, npH HaxoxcjcTBt neaoBB h pa3HOo6pa3in aIub, rocysapcTBemue HHTepecu Tepnt.au, fiuTb xoxeTB, BHaiHTexbauS ymepfiT,. Bet Ataa, npoHBBOAHBimaca bb ceHart, 6h.ih pa3ocxaHU no BctsB KO-ueriaMB no npHHaj.TeaaocTH ’ ); no spafineft nipt ornocHrejbno wcTHUB-aoxaeriH coxpaHHJHCbno proxy nOBOAJ BaanHTCJbHua boapo6hocth. ry6epHaTopu nocTaBaenu bb sanH- CHMOCTbotbKojuierifi; hub npcAOCTaB-icHojase npano mTpait>OBaTbbxb. He cHocacB cb ceHaTOMB. Bb CTporoMB cmitit KM.aeriflMii aoajkho6u.to siiKanqHBaTbi'ji naatAoe Atio. He roBopa y*e o KoneriaxB, He smb- B1BXB HHCTapni®, BB CaHOHB CVit, HaHfiojte meKOTXUBOMB BOBpOCt PocciH, eonpoct, bb EOTopoxB pyccKifl TexoBiKB Be ptmaxes OexaHO- BBTbca, ae aoBas ao caaiaro rocyAapa,— SAicb 3aniTH0 CTpeiueHie CAtxaTb sojAerin noc.it,ahcio 3aEoaaoD HHCTaaniei), ycTpaHHBB otb CeHaTa cosepmeBao He HAymyea kb HeMy cyAcfiHyio Ataxe-IBHOCTL. Bb. 1718 roAy npaBonoAaBaTbbb cohatb aaio6u BumBAaerca, kerb oco6aa XHAOCTb, npaaeKB npocb6u uoAanTca bobccHe bb ceHaTB, a ceaaTCKOxy ceKpexapio, « sartuB bobcb sanpeiqeHusa.io6u .ihtho PocyAapi). HaH- fio.ite oTpaswocb »to raiiipeHie bb yapesAeme peKenieftcTepa. F.me AO ynpesAOHia sioft aojkhocth, QeypB sa6oTH.ica yae o6b oO.ierieHiH ceHSTa, saBaxeHHaronpocb6aiu. Bb 1720 r. cb btoio ut.ii.8j kb ceHBTy BpilKOMaHAHpOBaHT. 6u.IT, 0C06uft HHHOBHHKB, „0C06a 3HaTHaa“, KOTOpuS Ao.iainnB 6uab npxHHHaTb sa.io6u, paocuatpHBaTb, bb KaKoil Koxierin >) fl. C. 3. * 4535 d. 20. s) n. C. 3. XK 3224, 3280, 3298, ocofi. 3255, 3286, 3320.

— 136 — Kasoe a'Iuo npoH3nojHTca, mrim. Ha tomx Hacroanie h tojmio bx spafi- HeMi. cayaai joK-iajUBan, cenaxy. 3RaxRaa nepcoHa anocatjtCTBiH ope- BpamaeTcit bx reHepajx-peKeTxeficTepa, KOToparo xokho h asBan, otbo- A0mt> ceHaTCKHMi* otx cyjefiHbixx n t n , b itooCme otx 8auaxiB, npexo- cTaujreHHUXTt BO-Meriaxx, bx CHity hxx naEa30Bx h per-iaMeHTOBt ’). E cjih, TasHRX ofipasom, jiaTMtHOCTB ceHaTa, Baicx HenocpejCTBeH- Haro npaBRTeaa, 6uaa sacaoHeHa xiaTejiHOCTii) KOX-ierifi, ewra ohx icon. OTcxpaHHTbca otx Me.ioieit aa,uHRHcxpaiuu yxaqirte, r t x x npa toB CHCTeat ynpaBJieaia, Korja Ha ero noncaeuia ociaBaaocb uaoro thcto rocyxapcraeBHUxx HHTepecoBX, He BxoxaiaHXX b x saxaiy ryfiepa- cbbxx BaacTefi, r f m apte aojkho 6hjo BHcrynHTB ero 3HaaeHie, Bam KOHTpoaupyiomaro h oOiCAHuanmaro Haaaaa bx rocvjapcTReHHOMX Me- xaHH:iMfc. lIoHHMaa ocoOua OTBomcnia h sajaia cesaxa, Ilexpx nocirfi- iiih.tt, onpejkiHTb ero opraHHaaaiD a odoaHaaaTL ero Micro bx paxy xpyraxx yapeaixeHifl. Bx toti. ate roxx, Bam yapeaueRH 6h.ih kox- aerin7’ ceearx noxynux HOBy» opraiiH3aiijD. Ha uepBuit b3mh xx moseho 6ujo BOxyaaTB, aio ohx xo-mcchx cocTaBHTs KaKOe-TO jonoJaeHie bx Koajeriaui, ofimamiuHX paapimaxb rfe to-ibeo oonpocn, KOTopue sa- TpyxHan <ueHosx KOiierifl. IIo HOBOMy ycTasy ceHaTX xoxxbhx 6ml. cocToan, H3X npeaaxeHTOBX KOXJieriB, Kpoirh KOTopuxx uhkto He xvBai. upasa bxoxhtb bt> ceaaTX bo Bpesca o6cy»xeHia j t n . Kpyrx ji-sx onpe.tiJieHx xeMRO, sacixaHia BCxtHO xixaTt no K ip i hhaoChocth, npHaem. npesHxeHTX, Hy*xa»mi8ca bx coBixi cborxx TOBapHinefl, coau- Baen. hxx apeat ceHaTCKaro cexperapa. 0 cyxeSHofi s in Te.(tHOOTH ceaaTa Tasse roBopHTca, Kaax o teux-TO wyiaSHOMx: „iaK»e Kaxaa aeao6HT&aa o n aacx uojtiHcajia Syjerx, xa6n posucK&ix xeatxy aeao- 6hthhkomx h DCTHnx-KOJaeriyMOMi“ *). Ho BM icrt cx t4#x apasHaeTca 3naaeme ceHaxa, kbex nocToauHaro yipeatjetiia. ryfiepaaTopu, xoia

— 137 — CujH HOAIHHeHH BO BCeMX KO-UeriHHl, HHUOKOTOpHXX OHH He XOPXH iiitcaTt, oOasaHU 6h.ih ojHaso panopTODaTb npaxo bx cenaTX no bcIjmx Aixaxx, „kotophh He npaxeaiaTX kx KO.ixeriaHX, ano o nanaTin kskoB bobhu, xopa, h.ih 3antmania h.ih KaKHxx npauajKOBh\". HpoxaBOA- ctbo bx hhiili, , yiiasu bo bci rocyjapcTBa jaBaTh”, ncno.iHeHie Buco- qafimaxx lioBe.ituifi, nocuxita oCmnxx pacnopaxeniB no Bcexy rocy- AapcTBy— Bee sxo Tpe6oBaxo ynpeatxenia nocToaHsaro. CeHaTy npeao- CTaaieno 6u.to npaco uasHanaTi,bo bc'Ii aoxbhocth boncexx rocyxapcTBi, T.-e. cayatMoe coc-iooio 6uxo oKOHrarextHo nepejaHO bx ero ejnH- cTBCHHOepacnopaaeHie. CocpeAOTOHHBaa bx cefit jtja, Kacacmiacabhc- umxx x'OcyAapcTBeHHuxx bohpocobx, pacnpextxaa aoajehocth mcbeav MjieHaHH cocaoBia, Haxoxaniaroca bx ero no.iHoax pacnopaaeniu, ceHaTX XoaaseHX G u n cjiraThcn rxaBHUxx xicTOxx naA30pasa npaBHjhaocriio AtScTBift ao-ijeria h ecTCCTBCHHHHX 6xK>CTHTe.iexi rocyAapciBennuxx HHTepecoBx. Caopo Hanmaerx ohx cosHanaThcbobSHaneme n CTapaeTca uponyeaaTB A’feHTcxxnocTh KOMerifi npe3x cboh 6AHTe.ii.nuB kohtpoai. Taax onx nOTpe6oBaxx, ito6h net Ko.uerin h xaHAeaapin npHCuxajH ex nexy A-’ a yTBep*AeHia eouih cx coeroaBBiHxca bx hhxx yKaaoBx, 6c3x aero'kmx 3anpew,eno 6uxo nxx nenaiaTh n ny6xnK0BaTX. ;Ia.iie, Haaaaepx- nxoiiepnx-KoxieriH n mTaTcx-KoaTopy nosxoateHa fiu.ia 06a- 3annocTb npeACTasxaTX cenaTy bx uanaali saatAaro roAa o npnxoAf. h pacxoxi cyMMX, o6x ociaTOTHOxxnpoBiaHrt, o6x ocraTonnuxx cyxxaxx h AOHHEaxx “)• Kaxxue noxroja naAxeaamia ynpSBJieHia aoxkhh 6ujh npncu.iaTi, bx ceHaTXb4aohoc™ o6x ofiynanmnxca bx msoxaxx, o pas- MHoiKeniH <f>a6pintx n aany^aaTypx n ofix ycir&xaxx ropnaro A'fua. Te- Hepa.ihHuBpeuaHeBTx noBexiBaeTX Roxxeriaxx ,ne otxokho hcdoxubtl cenaTCKie yna.su‘ ; uoxynaa nxx, KOxxeriB neMeixenno aoxshh 6uxh panopTOBaTh eMy, bx iipothbhomx cxynai oai noABepraxHcx rarpa^y; TaKovy se mrpaijiy noABepraxncx onii sa aenpacuxEy bo Bpena Tpe- 6yenuxx ceHEToxx omeroBX 2). Oco6eHHy*> se BaatHOCTt uoxyiHxx ceHarx BCxtxcTBie ioro o6cto- HTexhcTBa, ato jixa cxyatnxaro cocxoBia cocpejOTOTHBaJHCh see 6oxie h 6oxie bx ero pacnopuscnia. BcEopfe noext yipeatAeBia KOxxeriB, lleTpx HpyTo ptnnuoa iiokohthtl cx noxicTHUxx xBopaHCTBonx, bhb- bobx ero H3X AopeBent. He saAoxro ao cnoero ornpaBxeHia bx nep- cnACKiB noxoAX, ohx hsaoxx nfaKOXXKO yxaaoBX, bx EOTOpuxx rpoHKO BUCEasuoaeTca neiepniHie rposnaro xoHapxa; Kpoxi pacnopaseniB, CAixaHHUXx bx KOHni 1721 r., bx 1722 r. bhobl o6xaBxeHO neexy ') UK 8600, 8601, 8804; cm. rose XHinie 061 groin npejaerli bi cr. r. Tare- eficrepa 0 aaKOnaxh HerpaBex. (X. M. H. Op. 3a 1836r. Inn a Anrym). •) XX 8934, 3948, 4447.

— 138 — nuaxeTCTBy h oxcTaBHuax o<t>HnepaMx o asKf, b x Mockbt hoax cxpa- xomx mexbMOBaBia. B stc T i ox t^mx apusasaao ceHaTy HGRBniHxca ocMOTpiTB, pacupejiJHTL bx Kojjeria n najBopHue cyjtu. a HMeaa neaBHBiuHXca npaCHTt cx fiapaOaHHUBi fiooux e x BHC'fcjlHH-fe '). Okob- MaTexbHo AooTajaci, bx pocuopameHie coHaTa cyjbrta ABopaHCTsa cx yapeaAeHieMX npH hbmx ao.ukhocth repoABAHeficxepa. yitasoMX 5 iftes- pajfl 1722 ro*a HOBOMy caHOBHHKy nopyieHO BijaTb „Ero HmiepaTOp- csaro BeaHiecTBa Bcero rocyaapCTBa, ARopanx bhhihhxx h hkxbbxx, upeatHHxx h HHHf.mHHXx Bocnnuxx, rpaxAaHCKHXX h npaiBOpHiux 1HH0BX H HXX jllTOft\". Bc'l, MiCTB, r j t upe*je litAaJIHCL-CJySHAHB AOAh: paapHAX, BocnnaH h a,iMupajn«HCKaa aoweriM, AOJatnu 6hjh AO- CTHBHTb cm>- net, BaxoABBmiacH bx hhxx CB’fiA'bHia. Ohx aoabmjhx 6hjx BaOoTHTbcH o AOCTaiaeniH hhx BOCMTaHia: „noKa aKaAeMia HcopaBHTca yiHHMTb KpaTKyto iuKoxy“ . Ohx ofamHx 6uax Hxfrrb Ha rcnwfc xocra- TOiHOe bhcjo sanacHuxx ABopaHX, na c.iy<iaft TpeCoBaHia co cropOBU ceHaxa, EOTopuft oapeAlixaAX bo ncis aojshocth. HesaBHcaxo otx Toro, ceHaTx AOjmeHX 6h jx sa6oTHTbca h o Apyrofl tocth c-iyatHaaro cocaobU. Bx 1721 r. EteTpx npimasa-ix yqpeAHTi, mKO.iy noAX BiiA'f'.nieMX ceHaTa AAa ofiyieuia noAba'inxx apusHexHEi h cbotoboactbv a). Bee 3to cocTasAaao BajKHHii h tepbe3BuS marx e x o6xeAHHeHi» ajxa- HHeipauiu; mu bhaIuh, axo ApoBHaa Poccia He HM'^.ia ApyrHxx cpeACTBX kx ycTaHOBJieHi» eAHHCTBa xe«Ay roeyAapCTBeHHUMH opraHaMH, iasx HMeHHo 3to oAHoo6pa3ie h njOTHoCTb civacH-taro cocaosia. Iloc-ii yape- XAeaig KOJaerifi noTpefiaoCTb 3T0ro eAHHCTBa oiuyma-iacb, 6un mo- ateTX, Ooaie, rtMX bx CTapofl Poccm. Buni-ieme paaaHiHuxx opraHOBX H3x Ces^opMeHHOfi npaBHTeabCTBeHHOfi Maccu, coBepnmBmeeca nojx BiiaHiexx TeopiS h saHMCXBOBaHiS, catAOBaxeabHO fio.rte pisKoe, tJmx Korja npoueccx btotx asaaeica npoAyKTOMX HCTopHiecKoiS asH3HH, Mor-io HOBecTH ex cepbesHUMx HeyAOticTBaiix. UpH pasBHTia Kaauaro opraHHSxa, npoHCxoAHTx He TOjbEO passHTie xacTeft, ho h c-mrie hxx. Bx o6HKHOBeHHOMX, HCTOpHHeCKOMX HOpHAKt, HaCTH 3TH CAHBAIOTCA rfexx use cauuMx ifiH3ioaorHaecKHMx uyTeMx, KaKHMx nponsomao cavoe BHAiaeHie; ho bx rocyAapcTBaxx, ynpaBAamn(HXCH TeopiauH h 3a«M- cTBOBaHiaMH, Tasoe ofixeAHHeme HyaAai'Tca bx HCEyccTBeHHUxx eom- fiHHaHiaxx aaxOHOAaTe.ibCTBa. DpaKTHaecEift exueax QeTpa, ate-iaa cxk- aaTb TaKHMx oCxeAHHaonuiHx mIictomx cenaxx, npeaAe Bcero npeAO- cxaBHAx bx ero pacnopasesie to, na aexx ocHOHUsaaocb boshqxehoc eAHHCTBO erapoft pyeexoft aAMHHHexpapiH—caysHAoe cocaoiie. TaEHMX aaracM BacceaHsa, crp. 346 (no*, ranxe b» Pyccaom apxHBt 1865 r., crp. 210). ’) n. C. 8. K X 8896. 3845.

odpagOMb, 3toti>3jeneim> hbhjch uepBUMb h, duib mototl, rjaBBUMb cpe.iCTBOMt b i pviiaxb ceHaxa, jjh siumix Ha ReHTpajbHyn h lrfeCT- Hy» ajxHHHCTpaiiiiO. 9io cpejcTBO UeTpi Baa-ib ora crapofi Poccih; doji HHoerpaH- humh HasBaHiaHH repojwiiH, repojbjsteflcTepa, TaH-iact axeueHTU, ot- HocnBmiecH ko Bcexy npoUejmevy rocyjapcTBemioxy duiy, KaKb se- ofixojuHoe HCTopaaecKoe nocxfijcTBie neRTpajH3ai(iH(uyaaiaro cocjOBia h najenia srfecTHHXbyipesjem# '). Ho Ta *e rocyjapcrseHHaa ansHb pasBHxa, h upautp-b HHOCTpaHHUxt rocyjapciBB nojaptniui, Heodxo- jhmoctb jpyroro cpejcrBa odbejHHeHia rocyjapcTBOHHHxb opraaoBb— BOHTpojB. HeofixojHMocTb KOHTpoaa Bcerja aaxaeTca m. rocyjapcTBi, yupaBjaoMOMTi csopxy BHH31., b i oco6eHHOCTHae rorja, Korja na Bepxy ctohtti TCopia, a BHHSy HeonuTuaji, HeoOpaaoBaHaaa Macca. Uohth Kaajoe jiao ipedoBajo Bocxoatjema Kb BepxoBHoS BxacrH, BH3HBa.io ea aeuocpejcTBeuHoe TOJKOBaHie. JlBJaeTCa noHaiie o ejnuoofipaanom npaiciHeHiH 3anoHa, odb odmuxb HHTepecaxb npaBocyjia, ejHHCTBi iJ'HHaBCOBOfi ajMHBHCTpailiH H T. J. TpyjHO ptniHTi, a priori, wuty» ijwpiiy joaaeHb hphhjiti, mow, KOHTpOJb, r j i JO-1KHOHaXOJHTbCS CpejOTOlio KOHTpOXHpyiOme# B.iaCTH. Bb npaBJOHiH aapjaneHTapnoMt raaom chjoh hbjhiotch najatu a OTiacTH cyju, Bb hhcto npejcTaBHTejBBOMb npasaeiuH ohs npejocTSB- .laerca hjh raaBi HcnoJHHTe.ii.HO0 Bjacra hjh yaepamaeTca sa naxa- TaHH, KaKb, Hanp., Bb JHboioh, r jt ynpoKjemo rocyjapcTBeeHaro i|>h- cxaxa yKaauBaera HMenno Ha ary KOHipoJHpyioniyi) bjhctl ceaxa. Bb Poccia Ilerpa I BJacn. »Ta jojaraa duxa cocpejOTOHHTbca Bb yipe- KjCHiH, KOTopony rocyjapb jaBHO npejocTaBHjb Bucmyn BjacTt Bb rocyiapcTBi, Bb yapeatjeHia, ^cofinpaBmeirca Bxiero Ero HapcKaro Be- jHiecTBa nepcoHs”. KepBoe.BpeMH, npeodpasoBaiejK) otobhjho Haaa- jocb, no i$jb dyaera joCTHrayra, ocjh ceHara cocTaBHTca H3b Bep- xyraexb Bucnmxb yipeajeHiB. CociaBjeHHuS H3b npesajCHTOBb koj- Jerifi,.oHb joxaeHb dyjera cjhtb Bb ojho ni.ioe Bcfc pasJHHHua Bt.JOMCTBa H HanpaBHTB HXb jtHTejbHOCTb Kb OJHOfi H'&JH. Ho CKOpO ODHTb flOKasajb HecdBTOHHOCTb TaKofl RajeatjH, H IleTpb pinntica HOSepTBOBETb HOpBOHaHajbHOK) CB00» JUJCJHDJJH T0K), HTOfibl HpOHBO ycTBHOBHTb ceHara, KaKb BHcmee KOHTpoJHpyiomee ynpeawenie. SrKa3b 1722 r. HHBapa 12 cniniHTb xcnpaBHTb npeaaDio omadKy; otKpo-

— 140 — HcnpsBHTii Ha^eauTL, cie h opoiee, et, tohy Hajweasamee...“. Mothboki e i aoBoxy ycTpoficTBy ceaaTa BUCTaBjUieTca, tro npe3njenTti KOiierifl He Moryrt paOoTaTt b i ceHaii, Oynyro oCpeMOHOHUsaHaTiastHMatjuft b i c.Boeft EOJEeriH. Ho npesi nf.CKO-ii.KO crpora ctbhobhtcji echo, hto He 9ia npii'iima sacTaBHxa Ilerpa BticxaTb hsi ceHaTa KOXjeacKHXi npesHxeHTOBi, a HueHHO ate-ranie jocraBHTi. rocyjapCTBy nc3aBHCHMoe, CTporoe, KOHTpoiHpyDBiee yupeamoHie'). B i ceHan ceofho npHfiaBHTb qxeiioni hsx jpyrHST. caBOBHHKOBi rocyxapcTBa, a hs% npe.'iiuemoni, 0CT3BHTL B1 Held TOJbKO Hpe8IUeHTOBl \\BJZt BOHHCKHXt HHHOCTpaH- Hofl KOx.ieriB. 9thmi nyxeM-r. Bee rpaxAaHCEOe ynpaBjeHie ho toebro de jure, ho h de facto (Siiao noaiUHeHO cewwy h, utoOh ycn-rarc ero HajsHpaiomyi) B.iacTb, Ifexpi Bexixi „peBHSioHi-KOjjieriH 6hti. bi cenaTt, noHeaie e.yHHO xbio ecTb, too ceHan j i. ia e n h hb paacHOTpa Torja yiHneno 61110“ ’). Hasonem, xora H an xicTHbiHi. ynpaBae- HieMT, CTOH.IH KOJ.ICl'iH, HO CKOpO y(j’fc-lH-IHCb B'b HeofixOJHMOCTH p6BH- 80BaTb o n upcxenH jo bpcmchh ryfiepHCsia l i x a bo Bceft h x i cobo- kvhhocth. Tam, Ha u te r i mojkho 61110 npoBtpHTb h ycntumuH xtfi- CTBia CHMHXt Koxierifi. Tanoti Hax3opi -itHCTBUTC.ir.no HBCxeni Tim, too easeroxno oahhi hoi ceaaTopoBi io -iaeai 6u.11 ompaB-iaTbca b i KaaecTBt peBasopa b i ryfrepmH (II. C. 3. 16 3931). T a n buhchkech nar-iaai npeo6pa30BaTe.iH Ha yapeatjenie npaBHTOEbCTnyiomaro cenaTa; cocpe.TOToaHBaaBucnria ijryHKiiiH upaBHTejbCTBCHHofi BJiacTH,oCaeaeHHHfi HHorja BEacrio 3aK0H0,iaTejLH0w, om, Kasaaocb, w is e n t 6bn 3a- KonaHTb co6on p a n npeo6pa30BaHiB, npejnpHHHTUX! Uerpom ci at.ii» opraHH3auiif pyccsaro ynpaB.ieaiH, pa3xf.iCHia BtnoMcm h npo- BejeHia Ro.i.ieria.TLHaro rmia.ia no Bcim aacTan yupaiueHia.l l) n. C.8. J6 *877— „J(a«H ceaaTCsie sjeau napruyiapiiuxa j i i i ne nAn, bo BenpecTanHO TpyxiuBCB0 paonopuri rocyiapcTBa, ■ npasom. cyxi, b cuorpiaa 61 aa»a KoaierianH, axo cDoGoruue ora bbix; a Hunt cara Cyxysie 111 ohhxi, xaxa uoryrx ca«B rods cyxaii-? liepxroitm a BacceBBnx eiaaorjacao nomepKiainx, aio nepeMtiia nerpa 6au Baasaaa axoynOTpeCiieBijMH ajMBBBCipaniH-. „chiibo bo- roBapHtaiiTt, arocesaTOpa Be 6m n uaauaaarbcx apeoBieataiiH xoaxeri*. Bi oipat- laHie BTofi Mtpa axaeparopi aeaxy npoaaax itpaaojnri. to, bto ceaaiopam a 6est tok>cxBmxOMx aaoro xfaa bi ceoart, aoaeay aim u no aoryri Baiieaanaai o6pa- 30«t HcnpaBian li t joxaflOCTB, aeajy rtax aaxx aro aeciMasaaBo a w rocyxap- Citxynmai: n i l u u ceBaTopu-Bextaoxta, to cw«mie ci bb«b n soxxeriaxx bo ocaiiHoaDTCB npoTisoptiBn, m a maoiyTi oo bxb jyjtt, a orcuja poajaerex aaosecTBO raTpan a BecnpaBeMBBOcroS\" (BepxroxBRi, i. 3, cip. 47). „L’Emperettr avait remarqu6 depuis longtempsVinconvenient,d’avoir des sdnateurs pourprdsidens des divers tribunaux; il en arrivait;que chaeirn de cesseigneursrestait le maitre de ddtourner la justice dans son ddpartement\" (Gacceann id). *) Bepxroam, ibid.

JtOBEPIDEHIE nPEOEPASOBAHlft H rEHEPAJTB- nPOEYPOFb. Heyronauaa saKOHO.wrejMiaH niaveibBccn, Herpa aa.ia PocciH .laKOHH, ocHOMHHue Ba 0JH0M7, rocy,napcTiiCHU0MB aaaa.i'i; „mhoi'Hmh h B6CB0CBUHH ipyjaMB cbohmh” rocyjapb bhjdub ciapyio npaBHTe.n.- CTBCBHyD Haccy B7, cTpoanue j j b Toro BfieneaB opraBH3,«H; obi aa- rneJi cpeacTBa oSBejumeaia axmaacTpauiH h kohtpojih bb pajy C08- MHHuxT, hkb yapeaseHifi. MexaHimiB 6h jb totobb, ocTaiwuoca tojtbko *AaTi, faaraxt ero pesyaaiaTOBs jub rocyaapa h Bcefi CTpaiuj, aaKi Bupaaaaca JefifiBHH't. Emm He KO.iaeriaMB, to ceHaiOMB OKaniHBa- jocl paacMOTpiaie bcbkhxb j I ib cy,(e6HHXB, (JiHaaiiCOBUXB, a.iMHHH- CTpaTHBBHXt; BepxoBHaa BiacTB Hataaa orpaaaaHBaTbca 3aK0H0aaie.7b- hob jtaTe.ii.nocriio h oGihhht, HanpaBjeaieHi xow rocyiapcTseHaaro j<exaBH3Ha, ooraBMa bb ctoposi ero noapofiaocTH. Ho BeyMoaaaag apaKTHaecKaa JKH3H& npexsaB-iaja yae hobm TpefioBaaia, npejm - ii.in.ia HOBua sajaiH. O jai hub hhxt> npannocb pa3ptraaib caHoay npeofipaaoBaTejiio, apyria dobmh sa C06010 OesnpepbiBHM Kojefiaaia bb a,7MHHHCTpauiB aoMijyBiUHXi napcTBonaHiil. Bc.thko 6ujo iosipie HeTpa kb Koxieria-ibaolt ifopiii, ho eme dojbme 6h.to HCflOBipie ero kb uieHaHB KOxieriS. (lo.THoe cofipaHie saKOBOBB Hano.iBORO 6opb6on cb HeyirtHieiiB, HeonaiTiiocTiio a Hetipeat- HocTiw KOXieacKHXB h ceaaTCKBXB axeHOBB. rocyaapb nocTOflaao aoi- xeHB HauoMHiiaTb uieaaHB cenara o6b bxb otiimHHOCTH cB'J>3aaTbca j j a apacyTCTBia '), kerb hmb CHjtTb, bto roBopaTb a kerb bojokhth

— 142 — ne hhbhti>;yae npacaxoMt ynpeaxeniH KOJaerifi, Bt 1718 r., cenaiy Aant yxast o crporoitt HaOjuieHiH sa KoaaeriaMH, npu aem. reHepary Hry- anHCKOMynpHKa3aHOBt KOTTeriaxt „tocto ceft namt yita3t HanoMHHaib, noOyajaTb h cuorptTt, Taitate no bcs rtcaou pauopTosaTb ceW, ckotbko KOTOpan Koxicria Bt aoxopufi irtcaot aBaaanpoBaaa, ja6u BHX&Tb peBHOCTHaro a npesopua\" ‘ ). Bt canon, ceHart IleTpt cleat Hyatnburt ycTaHOBHTt Haj3opt sa HeonuTHUMH Coapann, nopynmt nopaxost upe.HiB ofiept-ceKpoTapio, „xa6u Bt ceHart Bee6uxo cjfexaBOnopaxoiHO h cyeTHuxt pasroBopost, spHKy H npoaaro ho 6h.to“. Out ate jo.tateHt 6 a x % Ha(5a*uaTb 3a rf,nt, no6u ceHart nocTynajrt no cart exy jan- ho# jio.iacHocTH. He 3axo.jro AO ynpeatAema reHepaxt-npoxypopoBt nojoCnaa ate xoxatBOCTb 6hua B03J0*ena Ha oxHoro nst otfiHnepoBt. itapAiH no oiepejH; CoJbHuxt ceHaTopoBt BertHO CBHA#Te.ibcTBOBaTb, a ct'nepaxuBHxt BSHCEmaTt sa Kaasxu# xeHi, no 50 py6. nrrpa$y. Bt 1724 r. „rocyxapb noBertxt npHflaBHTb bi npottypopcKyn xoxatHOCTb BTofit perjaneHTu xpaHHjncS Taat Kpimto bo Bcext, sast noennuii peraaneHTt, h chotp* tb toto Ha ap-fenao sa bc#mh ixenaitH n nox- HHHeHHUMH, B HTOtSt BblfiptlBt HSt per.TSSteHTa, BHTaTB, TaKt K3Kt coaxaTaMt n naTpocaMt HHTa»Tt“ Be3,rt c.ihihhtoh n bhahtch CTapaa Poccin, BTBcnyTanBt nBocipanuua ijvopnU, HeonuTHan it poOKaa. Ho HBAO 6uTb CjZSOpyEBHt ropHCTOMt, noflbl OCBOBaTb Ha emuzs dau H tM n npexnojioaeHie, n o Herpt aort OTCTynHTt OTt cnoeS cucrexu nst-3a TasHxt npenaTCTBiA; esiy jh, npeo5pa30BaTC.no Poccin, nofrkAH- Tc-iK) lllBexoBt 6u.io ocTanaB.THBaTi.cH npcxt rtjra saTpyAROHiaHH, ko- Topuxt eAHHCTBeHHBi# BCTOiBHKt 6u.it Husxiu ypoeem o6pa30BaHia, nocToaBHO noBHraaBniifica BcrtxcTiiie HeycHnntixt sa6oi-t IleTpa? He BA’fecB Teata.w npnraHa petjxipHt Bt ceHart n CMCTeirt naxaopa, nponc- mexmaxt Bt uocrtxHie Tpn roja ero uapcTBOiiania. Baaroxapa ero npeo6pa30BaHinin>, caHOxepacaBHaa Bxacit rocyAapa 6uxa o6cTaBT6Ha yipeatAemaMH npoAHUxu h chabhumh, KOTOpua Bt 3apoABimi o5bma.iH cnoso#HyK> a npaBH-ibiiyio cncTcny axxHHHCTpa«iH. Mu bha4hh, bto maTSocTt h HeonpexireHHOCTb Hanart CTapoft pyccno# aABHHHCTpaiuH, OTcyTCTBie Bt Heft npoBHBixt ynpeatAeniS npo- HCTeKa.iH HSt CHCTeMU nopyneHift, nst Toro, no rocyAapH ocTSHaBTH- bbthcb He Ha ynpeaueHtaxt, a Ha -ranaxt, npHKasueaa bocth xy hah ApvryB nacTb ynpaBrema. He oCxaxaa npoiHUMH saKOHaxn, o m He MOr.TH HanpaBTHTB A'fcaTexbHocTH araxt ahui; ohh Horjra totbko astb nut iiopynenie b 3artMt booth# aob#phtbcb H*t 'xo r t x t nopt, noaa rpv6ua 3ToynoTpe6.Tenia n.ieHOst npnKasa He sacTaBTHAH Hxt nepe- ■) n. 0. 3. K 8205. I'oanKo.i, Aiaaia Herpa I, r. X, cip. 27.





— 144 — CTvnaa kohtpo.iiot qtax opraHHsaiuH npeatHHix npHKasoBX, h efl Hetpx to epeuaocTa.ica irfcpeai, aecMoxpH Ha Bci tpjtiboctb, npeAcraBJaeaHH HCBii- atccTiiennmx CoapciBoax. Ho bx ate ona Baecja m> Hamy a*HBHHCTpaTHBHJfIO JKH3HI, HBjeHie, KOTOparOHO3Haja ApBBHHH Poccia. CTapaa pyccsaa a^MHHHCTpanifl, ocHOsaHHair Ha .ihhhoMx Haiu4, He SHajta h He norja SHaix nepepHBOBx Heawy HepxoBHon Bjacriw b on,yapesACBiaHH. CocTaB-ieHnaa Bca, bx nijocTH, » n jbux, HaiiiHaa naps h oaaHHHBas cvji.hmh upnKasa, OHa npeACTaBaa.ia oiHopoAByo Baccy, ftest npotffiJOBx; fioapritaa Aynartcao c-iBBajact cx oco6o » uapa, upHsasHue cyAttt cx OoapcsoD ayjiofc, booboju cx npHKaaaBH,—sesAi ojho RTOKe Haiajo, Tame opraHHsania. CobcIibx flpyroe HRienie npeA- craBHaa Ta ate ajuraHHCTpaiiia, nepexirraa bx $opiiy aoiieri#. IIojihth- lecKia T-tja Be c.iHnasyrca noAofino janaitx; KOJiaeria He mopjh yate coctbbhtb 6e3<{iopMeHHO0 Baccu pyccKaro ynpaBjH'Hia. HanpoTHBX,SAict 3to caiaaie Bpejicrx jyxy nesaBHCHMocTH h 6e3npHCTpacTia, xaKX 9to H C-lyBHJOCl CX CeHETOMX, cjhtumx cx BO«erinMH bx aaift hxx npe- SHjeHTOBx. OcodeHHO cHJxno jojateax 6hjx lyitcTBOBaTbca ororx npo- 6i j x neatly cenaTOMx h BepxOBHOn Bjaciiro. Ohx mrfux tiaitme uoj- HOMoiia, itsn, (ioapcKaa .yyya: ohx jliScTBOBa.iH BHCHeax E. H. B.; ero OROHiaTeBBHOuy ptraeHiio noAJieatajiH Bet rocyAapcTBCHHua jfja, KpOM’h T*XX, KOTOpUfl OHX C8MX CBHTaJX HVatHfJMX JOB6CTH JO Cfit- AtHia rocysapa, b, xeatyv rfwx, ohx otctohxx otx Hero ropasjo ja- -ite, ffeHx (toapcsaa Ayna, ricno ciiH3annaa cx jhiiomx aoHapxa, npH EOTopoHX OHa HMt.m tojlko coBiinaTe,iBHttH rojocx. Cbhsb Meatjy MOHapxosix h coHaTOMX, k&kx Bucmeto KO-werieB, cymeCTBOBa.ia to.ibko a o rfcxx nopx, noica HMuepaTopx 3acijaxx bx cenaTi, xaxx ero npe- 3HA6HTX, H aiSCTBHTOII.BO CBB3B 3T8 HOHapyiHajaCt, HOKS IleTpX, BH- Kor^a ho BHaBinifl hokob, KaatALiii aent npHcyTCTBOBaax npH ero co- Bimauiaxx. Ho to, hto 6tuo cKpuro Ha Bpeiia neyTOMHXOio jiHTe.it- hoctbh) uoHapxa, He homo He o(5Hapya£BTtca, KOrja roAti, ycrajocTt b nepcHjcBaa noflna otbhcoh IleTpa otx bhphijxx saHHTiS, sorja MOHapxx nepecTaxx sacijaTt bx cenart, xaxx bx caMocTOBTeatHOMX yTpe&ACHiB, HHisnieMX cit.iy cano bx cetii; cbhsi, xeatay bhmh vhh- HToaiuact. CeHaTy npHRasaRR bcb 3eM.ia h bc* Aiaa, .via nojAaBHtixx ohx iiocJtjHHH HHCTaaiya, aab hhhobbhkobxuocjr§AHee yqpeaiAeHie; hto ate ocTaBajoct xeauy hbmx h caMOAcpataBHOi) BAacrix)? HeyaoficTBO 8to 6iuo acno cosnano h ca»Hax HeTpoMx h yaniSmBUH nax ero coTpyAUHKOBX ‘). KoHeqHo, MoatHO 6uxo BBoani lOBipHTi, cenaTy, no- ') etc.MmmxL Ebauclie, „II est tr$s remarquable que ce grand Prince,dontta pCndtration et les maximes d'Etat etoient des plus parfaites, avoit toqjonrs en *ue le grand ride qu'il y aentrela souverainetddespotiqueduMonarquc de laIiimie et

145 — xoawTbCH Ha ero ndjaieiBHOCTb na nojisy rocygapcm. Ho toornjocb 6h ci .iHnioio atereibHOCTiiD MOHapxa, ocofiomo bi to Bpexa, Korja Poccia nysaajacb He tojlko bi pet(>opMaxi, no h bi prat, hoctohhho nojuepaiiiBaioinefl h HanpaB.in»mefl H&naTOc pi.io? Ec.ni cpejcTBO ymmoKHTb jHUHbiii npon3BO.ii h xaoTnuecKoe co- CTOHHie ajMHHHCTpaniH IleTp-L BHjijl Kb HHO3CMH0-TeOpeTHHeCKOMl, KoweriaabHOMi ycTpoScTat, cpejCTBO yjepsaib bboxh4 npessunn CBHBb h cjhhctbo BepxomioB B.18CTH cx y'lpeatjeHiaHii Heipi Haoiexi iii mbhohi nanaai. Bb cymnocTH Heipi He oTCTanaxi on, nero b i Teienie Bcero cbo- ero iiapcTBOBaaia; alma, TpefioBaBmia ocodeHHaro ero BHHMaiiia h na- caBmiaca najKidiiiiiiHxi rocysapCTBCnnuxi nonpocoBi b i saiiHyio uu- nyry, uopynajncb Ilerpom joBipeHmixi .ntuaxi, memo ycianoiueHifi. Ilf.KOTopiie H3i ero .ibShmucbi jocrara.m b i btomi oraonieHiH 6ojb- mofi cavocToaTeabHOCTH. HHorja hmi npaxo nopyaaaoci lreBf.craoe jiuo, ci npejnHcamexi ceHaTy ciiocodcTiioBaTS hmi bo Bcexi. Huor.ia oT.i't.itnua nacTH Hjtuepin coctohjh nogi ocoCum yiipamemeai jnpi, HenocpeACTBerao aohochbihhxi 060 eceui rocyaapio. OOnKnoneHHO buc- miS nagsopi aa jr&jiaMHb i rocyaapcwb nopynajca ocodenno (unsitosiy aniiy, HM-fenmcMy BcaijciBie BTOro o6mHpnoe caianic na bcb aiainra- CTpauiio, Taai, Ttiuiai, MeHbinHKOBi noun fim nepepHBa yirpaBia.ii cocyaapcTBOMi b i Tenenin xobo.ilho jo.iraro Bpemenii. Bo.tck-hc-bo.tcio npaxo^H-iocb OTBecTH aniHOMy nanaay onperfiaeunoe JFfccTOb i pajy rocyaapcTBenniixi yapesieaiu. Ori1i3iKaa b i nepCHjcKiS noxoji, Heipi ptmaxca ocymeciBim, auc.it, BUCEa3anHTio hmi He 3ajoaro ncpexi TiMi '). B i eofiphirin BucmHXi rocyjapcTBennuxi caHOBHUKOBi, cocraBjaBmaxi Toraam- mfl ceHan: MenbinnKOBa, Anpancmia, 1'o.iouKHHa, HlaifmpoBa, I'o.ih- mraaii npoi., Heipi ofiiasMi HryanncKaro renepaji-npOKypopoici, npHKasbiBaa cenaiopaMi bo bcbmi ero cayman. HpnC-tnateHiiua ki Heipy 1anna iiona.m 3to tbkhmi ofipaaoMi, no rocygapb nepcnocn.ii Ha nero bcb) cyMMy joBipia, KoropHMi ohi npesje owraiajrb jpy- thxi .rani. Qnelle maxime de soumcttre les suffrages des premiers homines de l’empire a celui d’un jeune homme etranger! BOMUHiiaeii l'autoritd du slant, et c’est par cette raison qu’il choisit tonjonrs une personae capable do dinger le slant etdegouverner,surtout dans l'absence duMonarque,tout Ji :) UautpeoierooyxapaocymectBirrsee BHCsnoaiiof» 12SHBapa 1722r. (U.C,3. 8877); nenaalcTno, 6ms jh BasHasera aro-.iedo xo orsfaxa ero bi Hepcic. IIo spaSiieS ntpi soaso noijBa-n, arouo-naCyxsacnoaassi srj xoxmbocts, rasi, sail x4.td n, ose.TH oyacxa dyxers, to hdoxie, aorxa renepajs-nposypopi rpedoBaxs 6y- jen (n. C. 3. K 3895, 5 (peep. 1722).

— 146 — Mhhhxx. Bb cymHOCTH 8TO fiu.io hobumti TopjKecTBOM'L KO-i-icria.ii.naro Haaaxa. Bcft .Inna, KOTopua no nopyaenin Ucrpa imBlixunaxH toe h.ih xpyroE nacTic, He cxojHBraeB Bb cociaBb KO-i.ieria.ibHaro, cenaTCKaro ynpa- B-ieHia, hoax KOHeni. He onpaR.xaxn .lostpia MoHapxa. MeHbniHBOBbexsa mfitataxb cchjkh, IIIailiapoBT. it-iaxH. -Innnoo naaaxo Bt othxt. h* ko- Topuxb aaeraxb ynpaBxeaia ecTecTBeaHO xoxatHOCujiocoxpamiTb CBofl crapo-pyccxifi thto; oho He Morxo MjpafioTaibca Bt noajH'feSinyE axire- HHCTpaTHBHTE NaiHHHy; I'Xf> T0.1LK0 n0HB.la.10Cb xnanoe naaaxo, Tam. CJrfcxoBaxH »a hhx’b h cnyTHHKH ero—CBoeKopuciie h nponsBoxb. ,1,-iji npeofipaaosaTC-in crajo hcho, hto o/nonpeMeiinoc pasBHTie kox- -leria-ibHaro h XHiHaro iiaaaxa OTxtxbno oxno ott. xpyroro, kokt. ero XOnoxHenia, HeiiosMOJKHO6o3b ymepCa rocyxapcTBeHHOii no.ibrt. Bb tose Bpexn OHb BHitib, hto He.n3fl ofiofiTHCb (Se8b Hero Bb Poccia, rx4 HCK.iETHTe.ibHO RoxxeriaxbHoe ycTpoficTBO HOBexen. Kb 3HaHHTexbHoxy upoC’b.iy Moacxy axxHHHCTpaTHHHUMH ycTaHOueHiaxH h caxoxepsaBHOE B.iacTiw. Bucosifl npasTHTHbifl cxbicjb ero narae.ib hcxoax H3b DToro 3aTpyxHHTexbHaro noxostema; OHb noxoatHXb, coexHHHTb to h xpyroe Haaaxo Bb oxno fffcxoe, oCtc-iobhtl hxl pasBirrie h Bjrianie oxno xpy- rHHb, c-ihtb Hxb Bb oxho npoTHoe h HeauGxeMoe ynpesxeme, rxt npa- BHXbHOCTb H lIC3aBHCHM0CTb K0X.ieria.lbHaTO yCTpofiCTBa Guxa6 a coeja- nena cb <5hctpotob h nrfiKOCTiB exHHO.iHiHaro cocTaBa, rx'fe jnqa bxo- Xhxh 6 a , oxnaxo, XHinb saKb xono.iHeuie xoxxerin, cocTauxaiomefl OCHOBHOfi THHb BCerO yCTpofiCTBa. JlyHIHHMb Kb 3T0My cpexCTBOMb OHb CHHTaxb ofiCTaBHTb BUCIHee npaBHTC.lbCTBCHHOe M*fiCTOTaKHHH JlIHHblXK XOxSHOCTflBH, KOTOpHa yCH.IHBa.TH 6u Bb Heilb 6uCTpOTy xiflCTBift, He yxeiiLmaa ocHOBaiexbHOCTH h HeaaBHCHMOcTH oOcyatjenia. TaKb, He sa- xoxro jo OKOHiarejbHaro ycTaHOBxema xoxikhocth reHepaxb-npoKypopa, cenaTy xaHu 6hjh peKemeftCTepb h repoxmieflcTepb, H8b KOTopuxb oxHHb jaBaxb eny B03M0SHOCTb ycKOpaTb h noBtpaib XBHKCHie npa- socyjia *), a xpyrofi xaBaxb eny BosMoaHOCTb OKOHaaTextHO Ofibejn- HHib cjyatHxoe cocxoBie xxa rocyxapcTBeHHUXb itfueft. yapeawcHie reHepaxb-npoKypopoBb 6 a s o nocxisxHHMb maroiib Ha btoxtb nyra. OHb yae He ynpeatjaxca .xxa cneniaxbHHXx n$xe#, hoxoOho peKeTMeSciepy h repoxbXMeScTepy; OHb Ouxb ynpeaxeab xxa Bcixb rocyxapcTBeHHUXb xixb; cenan. 6uxb KOAMtieil, a reHepaxb-npoKypopb auucmt,, cocpexo- TOHHBIHHHb Bb 0eC4 BCE TOrxaBIHEB aXMHHHCTpauiB. Ha HXb COBO- xynHofl x*8aTexbH0CTH xoxaHa fmxa ocaoBaTbca cb aiHXb nopb sea ch- cTeMa liamero ynpaBjeHia. OTb nacinuxb cxyaaoBb, 0Tb OTX'ti.ibHHXb rozotin,') “lime y r. TarejieftCTepa, id. Inai crp. 73: „Cenati 3aaH*aac« peBBsien nctxx aoaaerii apcaa peaeiaeScicpa a» ucay nocTyuaBorexi\".

— 147 — nopyienifl, o n araijbHaxi bI'.jomctbt., jaiHoe Hanaao B03BUCH.iocb iiaKOuent jo CHCTeMaTHiecnaro ynpexiema; sOJSHOCTb rCHepa.n-npo- aypopa BOMOTH.ia h pesDMHpoBa-ia juiHoe Haia-io, nojofiuo Tony Kant ceHan nana-io Ko.TJeria.Ti.noe. PiniHTt, b i jcaKOMt omomeniH obh jojshh 6hjh naxojHTbca Meaiy codon, 6hjo jcoHetno jijo M t ncropin, ho npn IleTpi ohh vpaBBOBlmeHU, no npairHeS H ip i Bt TeopiH, Taut hto He 6ujo HHKaKoro ocEOsams ouacaThca sa Kpinocn. Kojjeriaji.- hhxi yapesjeHiB; JHasoe naaajo ohjo BBejeno b i hhxi he ctoji.ro, htoCu nojjepsnBa.iaci aeofixojHJtaa cbh3b Meatjy hhhh h BepxoBHOio Bjacriio h ycranaB.THJia.Taoi. BoaMoaraocTb najsopa co CTopoJia rocyjapa. OcHOBaTejbHOCTt Moro 3antaaHiH Moatjip bhj6tb rat jByxt joKy- MeHTOBB, KOTopHMH ycTaHaMHBajacb Bt nOCjisjHifi pa3B JOJJKHOCTJ. ceHaia h renepajt-npoKypopa. T$cho CBasunaeTCH neajy codojo 3Ha- aeme Toro h apyroro; EeTpt East dyjro ®xajt siofi boboS jojjk- hocth, TrodH OKOHaatejiHO nepejare canary Bee ynpaBjenie h cj£jaib ero Biicmwcb npaBHTejbCTBeHHBMt MicTOjit HmiepiH. 5’Ka3H o jo.tjehocth ceHaia h reHepajB-npoaypopa ‘) xajit TicHO CBH3anu Meatjv codon, aao hub He.Ti.3a BHaae pa3CxaTpHBaii> hiki BMtcrh; CT8TBH ojHoro coBepniCHHO jouojuhjoti CTaTBH jpyroro. CeHan nepecTajt d im ccSmomi Koxiescraxi. upesnjeHTOBt; ohi cocTaBwt ocodoe cocjOBie, asdapaeMoe rocyjapeift 1131, .rant nep- bbxi ipext Kjacconi. Hub npHHaj.ie*un pimeuie h odcyxjeme j i n ; KOJaeriajBHOc naaajo npoBejeno sjcicb nnoMi. OdnsainiocTH ero 3aa.TioaaKJTCH Bt tomb »e, b i aesa. ohh coctohjh no yra3y 1718 r., c t HtKOTOpuMH JHETB H3Mf.HcnijTMH h jonojHeBiflHH. Bo-nepiiaxt, eny npBHaAJexHTt paspimeme Heioyxlinift, R03HHKatoiHHxt b i Kojueriaxt; Bt 3THXt cjyaaaxt npesajeHTB jojshw cami npHxojHit Bt ceHan n apest reHepaxt-upoBypopa odtsBJHTt o B03HHKineHt comh^hib. Te- aepajt-npoKypopt npejjaraen jiao ceHaTy, a earn h ceHan He mo- atert pimHTt jitjo, to reHepajt-npoKypopt npejcTaMaen ero ro- cyjapn ct cbohmi MHiHieMt. CeHan Ha3Haaaen bo Bci jojjkhocth; b i HeMt odtaBjaioTca HHHn, OHi ja e n y w u bo bc! rocyjapcTBa, pacnopasaeTCa cayatHJUMi cocjoBiem, HaxojamuMCH Bt saBijUBamH repojbjiH a), bc4 Micra cxpaHH oTjaHH Bt ero nojHoe pacnopaxeme, CJOBOMt He TOJBEO HH 0*H0 H3t npaBt H BpeHMyiHeCTBl, jaHHHXt ceHary, He yxeHi.niH.Tocj,, ho sth npaBa a npeHHymecTua naxe pacmH- pnJHCfc h pasBHJHCB Bt VKaji 27 anptja 1722 roja; iinxe mb vbh- ■) D. C. 3. 27 aopijii 1722 r, X X 3978 B3979. lien, H3» Eoropsii rpefiosaso6yien, Be.iiii npejcraaiart repoitweSciepy no jul 10*