Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 1

52 — KiH, HH AHwiH, bt. CBoeMt TpyAHora A*a$ 3enCKaro crpoa H0 C0SA3 b&ah HCKyccTBeBHO oGtHHHi. 1pe3i> atejissHyio criny <JieojaJOBB h GaniHH nxt 3auK0Bx., npOHHn,aTeABHufi iraopi. $nannia ABryraa, 'I’K- .iHnna Kpacraaro h Tpoxi. 9AyapA0BT. yBHAfca® MorymeciBeHHoe co- BAaHie HapoAnaro *yxa— oGiahhu, o6pa80BaBiniacn homhmo hxt, bojh; KopojH cHii.io npoTaayjH hm% pyuy h ct. uoMomiio hxb aM ctbutoiho co3AaAH rocyjapcTBa cboh. Cxoactbo MeacAy sthmh xnyuii mromasni ropasAO Co-iLDiee, neaie.iH KaaseTca Ha nepnafl past. H y naci>, h aa 3anaii oGiahhh, iipinBaiiHua ra rocyAapcTBeHHOMy xbsy, cMOTpta na 9T0 cnanaja Kara Ha hobhhhoctb, a He npaBo; h Taut, h y Hacx sto He Ctrjo ynpaB.ienieM’Bo6iu.bhu coGctbohhhmh xbaaxu, a BuGopi. ABAefi kb rocyAapeBy xhxj. Honesiy y Hact He yAepataaocb sto Haia.10, ko- Topoiiy sanaAHaa Kepoua oGjmna netjib cbohjtl G-iarococroHHieMB? Ai-io bi> tomb, too y HacB npaBHTejBCTBo CMoipfijo Ha npH3B8Hie oGiuhhb ra rocyaapeBy xbxy, Kara na BpeMeHHyro, nepexojHy*) iripy, roAHyio TO.iBKO ao r tx t nopb, noxa hoboo roeyAapcTBo He BupaGoiaeiB ced HOBaro, canocTOHTe.Ti.Haro opyAia, Oorbe npnroAnaro aah ero ni- .iefl. Cb caMaro saiFua iionun yqpemAeBiH He Gu.ih BBeAeau noBce- HtcTHO. Bb norpaHH'jHuxT. lipoBHiinijixB rocyAapciBa, Haup., ynluta iiaMficTHHEH, xoth h OTAftHuue uoab npHCMOTpt juiBaaB. BBeAeHie seMCKHX'L CTapocra h u,'6aobfiabhhkobb He Gujio oGasaTe.ibno; OHO co- iiepnieHHO Ghao npeAOCTaBAeuo na boab oGiuhhb. Bcho, too rocyAap- CTBO CMOTpHTB Ha SCO A'luO, Kara Ha Taityio Htpy, KB KOTOpofi OHO npH6in\\io to-tlko bb Kpaftnocra. Ha catiHy to-tbko too npH3Banno«iy naia.iv totobo yxe Apyroe, uHyuiaion;ee Go.ir.ine AOBtpia mockobckbhb HapaMt. Ct. oahoB CToponu abhkh, xyAopoAHue a» ah, Gu.ih y*e totobh cjyatHTB rocyAapcTBy cbohkb nepora — cb Apyrofi, wapoe CAyanuoe cocAOBie npeA-iarajo eiiy ceo8 cob-£tb h stera. HpHKa3Hoe Hanaro He BupaGoTaxo pa3pyniHTe.iF.H0fi TeopiH, cb xa- koh) 8anaAHue ropHCTU hbh.ihcb na cirfeHy 4>eoAaxH3My; abophhctbo ocrarocB MaBHura hctoihhkohb, owcyAa HaGHpaiHcs aphthae 3.1 a Bcixt nacTefl ynpaB-ieHia; oho Ghao qy*Ao #paHuy3CKaro iJipoHAep- CTBa, HO 3a TO VM'ilAO COXpaHHTB AOBipie BepXOBHOM BJaCTH, HOKOA6- daaineecH bt. snoxy Ioanna Tpo3Haro. Ewy npHnaxAeam-B yate neu- TpaABHoe npaBHTeAbciBo: oGminiftMi. mokho nopyqHTi. rocyAapcTBOH- nua a^as, KOTopBia ho buxoahtt. hst, u s t npejiAOBT.; ohh Moryra Ha MicT* TBopHTb cyAT. h pacupaBy, coGnpaTB HOAaTH, aobhtb pa36ofinn- kobb. Ho KOHy GyAen, npimaAieiKaTL o6mee aanpaBAOHie xbat, bhc- mie Bonpocu cyAa h aAMnnHcrpauin, bt. TtxT. c.iyiaHX-b, kotah o6u;b- naiiB nero ahGo „piinHTB Gy.ieTB ne noino“, HaKOHen,^ kohtpoab ho ipiiHancoBUMT. A^Aara? B t sthxb bhcbihx'b BonpocaxB oGihhhh sroryn yiacmoBaTb to.ibko nocpeACTBOHB napoAHaro npeACTaBHTeABCTBa, koto-

— 53 — poe ne ospin.io Bb CTapoft PocciK. TaKb, cb upHcoeAHHeHiem. yji- lo n Et Mockb'Ji, uponcxoAHT'b cabAynmee pasAbaeHie Abab. 3aAaiH mIicthuS SesouacHociH, cyja, c(5opb noiaieii, B03iomeuu Ha otb6t- CTBCHHOCTb oClHHHb. Abaa IipealHHXb-KHHaWCKHXb BHROBHHKOBb OCT8- jTUCL Bb KHHHCeCTB-6; HXb CAHUIKOH'b AOpOTO H HeVAOfiHO CHAO UepOHO- chtl bt. Mockbv, ropasao aymne 6h.io Ha Bpena npimpbinm, hxt. kt> o6mnuasib. SariMb scb Baahuh ,vls.ia — rb jlua, Koxopuji RaatAuft y iijin u fi EHHBi, jyHajb ca, CBoefi ApyaHHOfi, nepencceHU 6h.ih Bb Mockbv, h H8b cvmmu bthxi Abab cjoshaocb mockobckoc ynpaBaenie. Kb yTOMy ynpaB-iemn 6h.ih npauHcaHU CTapoe (ioapcrBO a xyAOpoiKue AbHKH, C03jaHHUe HOCBOBCKHMH UHpilMH. He soaro, Bnpoaexb, o<5ihhhh coxpaHH.ra cbob nopyaeHie sa&mrrfcca o cyjb h ipauaHcasb rocyaapeBuxb. Csopo ohh 6ujh npmiHcaHH Kb ipyroHy Abay, 6o.rie aub CBOftcTBeiino*y, no wibniio MocKoncKaronpa- BHTejbCTBa. ^baa, ocTasmiaca aa Bbpb o6m.HHb, He 6u.ih coB.ianiein, MOCKOBCKaro rocyaapcTBa; ohh Ch h CKopie ocTaTOKb CTapuxx yAbat- Huxb uoHaxifi; pt'ih H^eTb o vbCTBUxb HHTepecaxb, MbcTHHXb ayx- jaxx, 6.iari Hapoja, T.-e. o raKHXb upejMeTaxb, KOropue Horyn, hm4ti arfitTO TOJLEO Bb CH.lbHO pH8BHT0fi 06lI(eCTBeHH0CTH, HpH CpaBHHTe.II.HO BUCoEOMb rpaa^aHCKoub pasBHTiH. Moaoioe rocyjapcTBOCbaioro HaaaTb ne MoaeTb; oho HaiHHaerc. Cb Tbxb npeAHeroBb, Koropue fiaaae Kb Heiiy, a He Kb Hapojy, roBOparc. 06b ero HHTepecaxb, a He o Hya- A»xb KaK08-nn6y,ib oTAaaeHHofi ofi-iacTH. MocKBy fio-ibine Bcero (Sesno- KOHTb rb Abaa, KOTopua rpynmipOBHHU Bb Heb Cano#, T.-e. Ab-ia ro- cyAapeBH, a He otacTHua. Upeaie Bcero Hososiy rocyAapcTBy npnxo- AHAOCb D03a6oTHTbCa 0 TOMb, HToCu6uAH06e3DeqeHUTb .1BAH, KOTOpue cavataTb eiiy, HaxoAaica npHero Abab, npeAmBAHiOTbero 0.iH*attnrie, T.-e., no orHomeHiD in> oftaacTaxb, neHTpaatBuc HHTepecu. Ho Kaxb ofiesueiHTb 'BTHXb aDAefl? Ecjh ohh 6hah npHKpbnaeHH Kb rocyAa- peBy Abay, npHxoAHAoeb ocraabHoe HapoAOHaceaeHie npHKpimiTb Kb HXb Abay, T.-e. cosastl aah HHXb AapoBya) paCoayc cnay, Koropaa 6a Hxb KopMHaa, noH.ia a TbMb Aanaaa bo8moshoctb cayaiHTb nopn. 3to h 6u.io AOCTHTHyTO yciaHOBaeHiexb KpbnocTHaro npaBa. TaEb aacTHuft 9.ieMeHTb, H3THaHHu8 AbHTeabHOCTbl) MOCKOBCKHXb TOCyAapeS H3bBUC- niHXb cijiepb ofimecTBa, npuKpbn.ieuHuxb HenocpeACTBeHHOKb rocyAap- CTBy, 6uab nepeHeceHb Bb c^epa HH3mia, TAb onb npOAOAataab roc- HOACTBOBaTbAOCHMOHOTMbHUBTOTO UpaBa. Cb TaKHlfb TpyAOMb yTBep- HtAajHCb v Hacb rocyAapcTBOHHHH Haaaaa! KpvTaa pe^opxa HBaHa TposHaro, HaBcerAa OTyanaa cofipaHHOe Bb MocKBb CoapciBO CHOTpbib Ha cjyafiv KSKb aa csoe npaBo; ho, aaroHaa tocthbh otuoidciuh H3b HAeft cjyatHaaro coc-iosia, npeeHHHKaMb I'po3Haro upmnaoci. npHHecTH HMbBb®epTBy 66abniyioaacrb uace-ienia; aaa toto, htoCh cosaaTb iiacb

54 rocyflapcTBeHHyio Ha nepBHft past noA.ri rocy^apeBa Avopna, eosAaTb HOBy» apain, hobhb tjnraaHcu, hobhh BHinmia oTHomema, npiun.iocb saapimiTb vb ofijacraxb CHCTeMy xacTHaro ynpaBaeHia. 3aKpinienie ojHoro cocjouia Ha cxyatSy rocyaapcTBy coBepmwocb TOJbso hoa* ycjOBieaB Taaoro ate 3aKpf.n.ienia KpeCTbJiHb Ha cayatCy BTOxy co- caoBin '). Kaaoe Micro AOJatnii (iu-in saHHTb oOihhbli npH thhomb no- paflKi Bemefl—noHirano. Kaacjoe cocaoBie joaatHO 611.10, kbkb rOBopnra r. 'dHiepHH'b, THHVTb THr.lO, HO CB06 THT.10. KaKoe ate 6LUO ofiniHHBOe Tarao? Cxapaa Poccia liupaCoraaa gab oCbuibu — BjaAiabaecayn, 38- Haryio aeM-ieii-iieHi, h npnKpirueimyn acaiacTBie sroro kb semfi, h ropojcKyio, sanaryn npoMuinjeniiocTbio, a noTOMy oCasaHuyio hbcth rocy- japeBO Tar.io nr. ropoji—h6o npoMbinueHHOCTbAoaatHa Ou.ia npitnocHTb eny aoxoa'b- .*IaBKH, uorpefia, Bapnunu, raMoatHH, Bee bto 6hao hctoxhh- kom/l AOxOAa, h texOBiitb, sanaBuiiftca npoHHinaeiiHOCTbio, cpa3y nona- jajB BT. xaaoe xarao, xxo eay piinaxeabHO ue.ib3a 6uao yate saHaxbca apyrHHH upejMeTaMH a). CaiAOBaTeabHO, ropoACKoe h ceabCKOe Hace- aeaie citopo JHimuocb ijmaHieCKofi bosmojkhocth yiacxBOBaxb bt. bjmh- HitcTpanin. H, aificTBHieabHO, nocai HicKOAmchxt. KoaefiaHiii, nocxi CMyTHaro npeuenit, r j i bx> nocaiAnifi paar, cita3a.ica crapuft odmHHHO- BixeEoB ayxx>, cb upeiiBanieMT. aostaPonanoBuxx,, npeA'b hhhh aBjaexca cjyatHaoe cocaOBie, KOTOpoMy na.io-no-Bta.iy HUKWiHxeabHOnopynaBxca Bci rocyAapcxBeHHHH Aiaa. Bt. rpu napcTBonaHia, lipeAuiecTBOBamnia Ileipy, cocioBie axo npnHaao xy tfopity, hoax. Eoxopott eity cyatAeHo fiu.io cyinecTBOBaTb jo peipopMb EKaTepHHH II. BcMaTpHBaacb bt, cocram, sxoro cocjioBia, Heabsa He saHixHib, xxo npH hobomb npaBuie.iocTB't oho oprauasoBaaocb caiAy»TOHM'L odpasoxb. Ha nepsoub naairfi CTOHTb waccb, noitHHra,ift CBOe CTapuHRoe npoac- xoatAeHie, KOToparo npeAKH 6luh, ecan He vAixbHHHH KM3bHira, to no upafiHefi rfipi H36paHHUHH ApyatHHHHKasin khhbh. Hut. no npasy npiiHaAAeataja cavat6a; bt nee bhochjh ohh cboh cxapua nongTia, OHa AOAatHa 6u.ia upOAO.iataxb axb hhxb yxpaxeHHua npeiiMymecTBa; 3T0 Tb abah, i i k KOTopuxb, ho cAOBaicb r. Kaue.THiia, CAyatCa SuaaBupa- senieuT. hxt. poaobkixb npenaymecTBb. Bb stomt. wacci mokho Ou.io npocjriiAHTb HocTeneaHoe o6paaoBaHie MocKOBCKarorocyAapcTBa. Knaae-

55 — CTBa bxoahtl bl Hero nocTenerao, nocTeneHHo upHcoejHH«»Tca h pojn fioapcitie h Knaaecitie; npHcoeAHHaaci,, KaxiHH m hhxl cts- paerca o to ml, ito(5u He yxpaTHTb Toro noncTa, npeHiiymecTBa, ko- Topiie OT.miajTH poflb ero bl npHcoejHHaeHoin. EHaacecTBi. IIpiipoxHHe COlrflTHHKH H CjyrH EHH3H, CJVXHJUe HO HpeHHymeCTBy, DpH3BBHHUe BHiert cl hi!ml ynpawaTb PyccKon settle*), ohh He HyaiaaoTCH eme BL CnOCOfiHOCTHXL, BL aHHHUXL saCAyraXL, AAH Toro, HTOCu UpHHHTL ry hjh APyry*) aojiehoctl. IIpn toml c.irxe6nas iepapxia ho Oasa eme H3BtcTH&;' OHa noaB-iaeTca xaxL, rail cxporo onpeAiaeHH uaia-ia ynpaBxema, rat Haaa-io .jamofi sacayra aoxhtca bl oCHOBy Bcefi cay- aefiHofl AiHTeasHocra, rj-fi, HaBoneHL, oTuocHxeabHaa bexhocxi. aoas- noereS onpeAiaeHa HacTO-itRO, n o xoxho oiipejyfc.iHTb, Baxaa aoas- HOCTb aoaatHa 6uTb hoal ipyrow, h khkoh ctohtl bo raairt HSBtcTHoft oxpacaH ynpaBAOHia. Haaero noj,o6naro He cymecxByeiL bl Mocib£. Bci axua eayjKHjaro cocaoBia othochtch apaiio kl nap*); nocpea- cTsyiontaa a-bareaLHOCTb npuitaBOBL xaao eme BuacHHaacb. HapbH MocsBa—botl ABa nyaKTa, Kyaa cxoaktch see, hto cayasHiL, eauiicTBen- hhs noHUTia, npeBOcxoacTBOKOTOpaxL cosaaeiL cayatamitt aeaoBixL ‘ ). HHorja BoeBoaa HeSo.nmoro ropoaa HxiaL fioabine Baacxa h aontpia otl npanHTe.7i.cTna, niiiL aoeinua Ooabmoro; neoco6eHno naasnoe aHno nacaao npauo bl MocaBy, Toraa eeel caysaabift, samraaBmift cpairan- TejbHo BamHHit hoctl, uoAiHHeHL 6hal EaKOMy-Hnfiyai. MicTHOxy Ha- aaabCTBy. Bee saBHciao otl sang., kotopony aanaaocb nopyacBie—otl ero noaoseHia bl pojoBoft atcTHHu.fi cocaoBia Bee 9to Beao el tomj-, n o MyK6a 6uaa ycipoeHa He na ocHoeaHiH HCKJWTKTe.JbHo ro- cyAajjeiBeHHHXL lyfcaefl, a bl BHjy caMOfl BHyTpeHoeft opraHHsaniH u noHaTifl caysHaaro cocaoBia. He 6hao saxora, onpea-kiaBmaro cay- sefiHHH oTHomenia, He <5nao ycTaHOBaeHO dpohhhxl upaBHaL nopaaKa npoxoataenia HSBficTHbixL (.-reneHefl rocyxapcTBeHHo# cayadu, He 6uao canuxL CTeneHefi ’), hphxoahxocl, caiaosaTeaLHO, BUtfapaTbxexxy npo- H3B0-T0ML, yCMOTptHieXL HpaBHTOabCTBa HaH MCSJV UpaBH.iaMH, OCBH- meHHUHH B^aaHH, ocHosaHHbiMH aa HesanaHaTHUxL ortuHaaxL. H s.rfcci, npaxtuHaacb o0meB3Bt,cTHan HCTHHa, no naoxoe npannao ayeme ca- Maro styaparo nponssoaa, h hbhach nopaaoKL cay*6u, onaaEHBaeMu# UCTOpHEaMH H RpHCTailH—HOpHAOEL, H3B4CTHMS HOALH33BaHieML Hf,CT- uHaecTBa. HiTL coxHima, n o MiCTHHiecKia nouaiia He cooTBir- ctbvkitl t'£ml HjeaML o c.iy*6t, Eaxia BHecenu fiu.ra bl aamy iocy- ’) toeprai, 06J. HP., crp- 886, 887. ’) leiepHHt, id., crp. 267—270. He«o.iHiii, Ofipaaot ynpis., cip. 120 b ciii. ’) la^epuHi. id., c?p. 887: „KaziaB cayliiJuS aejotlsi Mori 3aHa«aTi ucasoe Btcio; Be 6mo pamiii aewy bocbhhiih n rpaxjauCKBBB nmkiioctbuh, ne Bhjo

56 japcTBeHHyD atHSHb UeTpoux, h vara nonHMa.rx hxx Span, ero uapx Oejopx A.ieKCbeBHit, ho ohh coBepnieHHo cooTirtiTCTBOBa.iH noHa- liaux, KOTopua Hjrfiao c.iysH.ioe coc-iOBie o cxyacdt, Kasx ero ecie- cTBenHofi npHaajaeatHocTH. dtaacoux 6o.iie, ohh yjoB.ieTBOpa.tH nona- TianT> BpeueHH 6o.ti.me, qtMX paHOBpeueHHua hohhtkh uoceobckhxx uapefi. IIpejcTaBHMT. ce6t, hto cxy*H.ioe cocaosie cx ero CTeneaaMH h pojoBoio lecTbio ymprioxeHo; ocTaJHCb to.ilko 6e3if>opMCHnue a» ah 6eax hxx nonaTiB, u bx to ace Bpeua He yciaHOBjeHO hhkhkhxx cxy- aiedHuxx np&BHxx, c-iobomx npexcTacHMi. cxysHxoe cocxoBie 6e3x ia- 6e.iH o panraxi. h reHepaabHaro perxaueHTa—n o ocTaaocb 6m bx ajmh~ BHCTpapiH? To, aero Bctua cicaauH Hadtraxx ne.iHKift ea npeo6pa30Ba- Teab—oTcvTCTBie TBepjMxx npaBHJx. MiCTHHieCTBO 6nxo chabhob no- utxoft via npaBMbHofi rocyjapcTBeHHOS xkshh, xoth He 6o.iMne, qtsix Bet He ycTaaoBHBinieca HBCTHTym Toro BpeueHH, ho sa to oho npoTHBO- HOCTaB-tHao upOHBBOay axMniincTpanin xotb Kar.ia-nH6yjb npaBB.ia, xotb BtEOTopy® opranHsaui®, ocBJimenny® odmtohx h6cko.ii.khxx cTO.itriB. yuHiToacenie paapajHuxx khhtx Ha.io*H.io Ha npaBHTeJLCTBO HpaB- cTBeHHVB) o6a3aaHocTb cosjaTb HHy» opraHHsaji® c.iyxeCnaro coe.ioniii, KOTopaa cooTBtTCTBOBa.ia 6h CBoeuy BpeueHH bx TaKofi me uipt, saax MiCTHHieCTBO COOTBt.TCTBOBa.TO CBOeMy. Bx 8T0MX TO COCTOH.ia aajaia Ilerpa I, Kaxx uu bto s'bhjhux biioc.itactbin. TaKOBa 6Mxa BHyTpenHaa opraHHsania Tofi aacTH(jyxH.iaro cocjobui, KOTopaa TtcHo fiH.ia cnaaana cx npejaaiaMH cTapoft PoeciH. OHa stpHO coxpaHiua bstahah h npexania iipexaaro BpeueHH, ho He saut'uua, tto MHoroe yate HsutHHAOCB bx ero oTHomeHiaxx kx BepxoBHofl B-iacm a cauouy napoxy. IIo oTnomemn ax BepxoBHofi bjibcth bto He 6h.io yae 6poxatiee Hacexenie, OTxtssaBinee, npit3xaBinee, BxojHBiuee bx joroBopu oo CBoeuy npoHSBOAy. OTxtsxu 6aah y;ke HSutHofi. Doape 6hjh He BOJbHUUH xpyxHHHHEauH EHasa, a c.iaratomHuca rocyjap- CTBeRHMHx cocxoBieux, o6a3aHHHUx BtaaoB cxyatdon rocyxapCTBy. Oho CAtxaAOCb OCtjAHMX DO XByUX npHTHHaMX—BO-nepBUXX, HOTOUy, BTO HOCKOBCKoe rocyAapcTBO Ham.io npomufl h nenoABHxnuit jeHipx aah Aa.ibHf,Smaro pasBHTia rocyjapcTBeHHoa xhshh, yHHBTOXHBx ee bx xpyraxx odaacTaxx, rxi OHa paSBHBaxacb nOAJit OTAtaxHuxx ompHC- kobx KHaacecaaro poxa; Tenepx btotx poxx Becx cocpexoTOTO-ica bx MocKBt, h Bcasift, kto xorixx cxyaHTb rocyxapcTBy, ao.ijkohx 6hax A-ta SToro txaTb bx Mocray; xpyroro cnocoda AOCTHrHyTb cxysedHofl AiaTexxHOCTH He 6mao *)• 3aTtux BTOpaa npHTHHa oaptnaeBia C-iyaa- amxx Jinxes 3aK.itoqa.iacb bx cnocodt hxx BosHarpaacjeuia, KOTopuit RopeHHuux o6pa30ux nsutHHxca hoax BJiiameux uocKOBCHaro rocyxap- ') y r. -loxonmiaro nojpodao pa-maTaaiauacjiBiero coianeniHrj6epsui ht.x.

— 57 ctbs. ^pOBiiaa Poccia He 3Hajia jBopHHCTBa Bant aeMCKaro cocaobih: oho (Shao jajeKO oTt 86MAH, noTOMy tto B.rajt.io botimhumh Haisx- aunt, cayiaftHUMi, oOpasosib. ApyxHHa xiAHxa ct KHH3CHb ero ao- 6my, .WBhra, pvx.iaji, ABHXHMOCTb; jpeBHie khhsbh Hehohhmaah xaxe Apyroro cnocofia BoaHarpaxAeBia- cBonxb c-iyra *). Hanporast mockob- ckoo rocyjapcTBO hc Aaora yxe cbohms Myramb jeuerb: oho caxaen HXb bi>xepeonaxt, jiaaert hxt. uoM-tmiipanH *). HenciHr.inMUH no- cji^CTBiH mrfe-io 3to HBjesie Ha cvflbCy namero ABopancTBa; He (test 3aaiHTe.ibHaro BjinHia ocTa-iocb oho h Ha cyjb6y Bcero rocyxapcTBa h ocofieHHO rocyAapcTBcmioS cxyxfiH. Bb cpeji aBopancKaro cocaosiH aojxho Shao Hawbcn ABOasoe ABHxeme; oaho nt qeHTpy, Kb MocebJ: Tyxa BAeKAH ABopnnniia CTapua upeiaHia, Taaib ecTecTBeHHufi qeBTpb ero A'ftflTejbHOCTH, Taut roeyAapeBa ciyafia, axh EOTopoli oht. poah.ich, Tyxa TpeSyen. ero poAOBaa necTb—ohi aojscht. nojucpxaTb cboB poAt na ero nicrt — c-iobomb CTpea-ieHie at MocEHfi ecTb npoAyKTb ciapoft PoceiH. ,Hpyroe jBHxenie Haia.iocb oti qcHTpa Eb ospaHHaat, Kt oiuacTJiMt; ec.iH Eb MocbbS Tairy-iH ejyxH.inro ae.TOBtKa qecTb h BpesreHeMt oeBameimua noHHTia, Kt ofi-mcra ManH.ui ero HOBue, noAb B.iianieH7, Mockbu caoxHBiniecaHHTcpecu; Bbnpexnee Bpeua cjyacH.iaa Apyaurea6poAH.ia Biiicrfc cb KiiiuieMb hah ojna H3byAtaa Bb yxh.n; ne~, nepi y Bcasaro CAyxHAaro ecTb Micro, rqi owe Hoxen. noceAHTbca, ecjn He 3axoiei\"b xhtl be llocRBi; y Hero ecTb noirScTbe. C.iafiu eiqe HBTepecH, CBasuBaBiqie abophhctbo cb bthmh seviaun. XoaaticTBOHt 3aHHMaTtca nececexo h tptaho. Toaeko tto sanpiiueHHije BpecrbaBe Oiryrt, xoaaficTBennue npieau npocTu, Moatno xonagHHiaTb a sa r.ia- 33MH. UpH TOME AAH AepCBeilCKOft JBH3TTH naAO 0CT3BHTb MOCKBV, 6uTI, He y Ai-Tb. a aro doAbraaa o&ua cxyatameMy: poAb Moxerb 3axyAaTb h cam norepaemb noaerb. ^axie, HcnoirfimeHie CAyxHAaro cocaobih, BOTH H CTBHOBKTCH r.iaBHHMb CHOCOfiOMb B03HSrpa)KAeniH 3a CAyxlSy, ho Aa-ieKO He HCKAKHaerb ociaAbHuxb;—ec.m CHCTeMa Kopsuenin yxe OTXUAa cBoft Bint, East o6mee ropnAnaeCKOe, saEOHnoe npaBH.io, ona yqixiAa RaKt oSarait—eto y Aixt, totb h eopmhich ott. qiAt. Jo- xoau cb qi-'b enie cuiTaDTca noaeTHiSmHHb cnocoSoxb BosHarpax- Aenia, 6o.rte cooiBiiciByiOTi iionaTiaHt abophhctbb, East cxyxHjaro coc.iobw. Ho nocTeneHeo a noHtcrba npiofipixaiOTb a.ih Hero fio.ibrayB npexecib; Kony ne noBea.io na cjyxfrt, nefi poqt saxyAaAt, etoae xo- HeTb CAyXHTb Bb BOeHHOft CAyxfit, BCe CtXHTb Bb AepeBHD. TaMb oruiTCTBOBajo cojepxanie, noiyiaooc op«MOon bhbu bi bbj* jeaert... ’) Id., cip. 16 h caij., coicpian Becb»a joSonaroHa paacyaueoia 061 sioai

58 yflawKHBaeTCH ohx noitoeiix, Taut noawa»Tca y Hero hobhc HHTcpecu h He oxotho OTpuBaeTca ohx Ha uapCKvm cayatfiy, KOTOpaa 6ojbmei> BacTLio aMaeTca aah Hero bt, (JtopM'fi cayatCu BoeHHoft, T.-e. HaHOoxie conpaaceHHoit cx onacHOCTaMH u HajepvKKaMH— KeuiaHH, AaJeito ne npa- BaesaTeaBHHMH axh xosauua h aupnaro rpaacAaHHHa, kekhmt, ctsjx rayacHAuft BeaouliK-b hoax B-iiaHiem. lepoBeHCKaro Boaayxa. Boeiraau cathc&i upH TorjamHeMi. ycrpoacTirfc bohcrb npejcTaBaaerca tSmx to BpeaieHHUMi, MynaBnuMT.; uexxy noxo^axH aeacHTX aahhhhR irpone- jkytokx BpeMeHH, bx Tcieuin BOToparo C-iyatHJtJH yculiBaxx noiepan. CBOH BOHHCTB6HHHH HBK-10HHOCTH H UpioOpl.CTB pacHOAOXeHie RT>UOKOB H BKOHOM1H. KOHRHAOCb T'llMX, BTO ABOpHHCTBO BCliMH CHAaMH OTroBapH- BaeTca o n cxyatSu ’). Bx nocaijaia j,Ba u,apcTBOiiama, npejaiecTBOBaBniia Ilerpy I, aro ABOfiHoe c-rpemeHie nocTann.ro npasHTeabCTsy na paaptiueHie ape3BH- aafino oaacHuft soupocx. Bonpocx stotx saKxmaeicfi bx tomt,, xaxyD 4>opHy npHMeTt Hame ynp&BAeHie npn pei|>opjit,, hooCxoahmoctl koto- poft cTaHOBHjacb otgrhauod. y npaBHTejn.cTBa6a30 cxyacaAoe cocjonie, oSasaHHoe cay caysCoio. Oho caoxbaoct, Tasx icptuKo h opHrHHWLHo, oun, Moaceix OuTb, hh bt, oahomx hsx rocyAapcTBx 8anaAH0H EBpomi. Ho cocaosie bto prsChaoci, Ha abS hoaobhhh hah, jyaiue cxasaTB, qacTH; oAHa npoAOAffiajia cocpeAOToaHBaTbca bx Mockb£, HanoAHaa co6o» Bci MicTa ueHTpajbuaro ynpaBAcnia h npHABopHbia aoaachocth; Apyraa co- Spaaacb no AepeBHHMx, rx'fc yAepatanaaH ee Hnxepecu hobuc h HesHa- Koaue CTapofi PocciH. CoofipasHO BToay h caMaa aAHHHHCTpauia Poccia storaa npHHaTb abohmS hcxoax; OHa Mor.ia vckjhti, sHaiene toR tbcth cocaonia, KOTOpaa HanojuHAa MocKBy, caiAOBaTexiHO, nepeAaTi bcb caay bx neHTpa.TbHBia M'icTa—hah ohb Horxa BOCnoAbsonaTbca hobhhx :i.ieMCHTOM'b, ofipaaoBSHie BOToparo coBepmaAoci. vase aobojbho OucTpo, rnieuHO noiriiCTHHMX abophhctboux, CAiAOBaTexbHO, cosastb CHjuuie atcTHue opraHbi ynpaBxenia. Otx paapimeHia btoR 3aAain aaBHckio MHoro cymecTBeHHUxx BonpocoBX name® noxHTHiecitoft schshh. Ecjh hcxoax aSab <5hax 6a bx noAb3y HtcTHHxx yapeacAOHiR, to h4tx co­ stHiniji, qro cx o6pa30BaHie«x jrfccTHuxx yapexAemfi, aBHAOCb 6a chab- aoe noiiicTHoe AoopaHCTBO, yciaHOBHAacb6a Ticiiaa csasb MeatAy hhhx h aeMjeAiAbqecKHMi cocAOBieax, hspabahaocb 6a pissoe, cx ApesHOCTH ycTaHOBHBmecca pasAHiie Me»Ay CAysaniHMH h uyacHEaHH, BCAtjCTBie aero abophhctbo cx 66-TbiuiiMTi yBaxeHieHx caoTp^ao 6n na ceAbCKO-

59 — xo3flitCTB6HHyio jijiTexbHOCTb, uaKOHeu,'b, it6 Bcero Baatnfce, Keauy :iev.ii;B.ia,vfc-ibuaMH a sesueat-ibiiaMu ycTaHOBKjacb 6u caa3b, cb bos- MOJKHocTiai coBOKynnofi BKOHoaHiecKofi x&aTe.ibHOCTH h o6m,HWH hhtc- pecaaa. Ilptf TaKHXb ycjoeiaij, aptnocTHoe npaBO norepjao 6a cbod cyposyip4*opxy h, nocienenao BuaoH3aiHaacb, ycrymuo 6u xicTO 6oate pa3yuHbiH'baKOHOMHaecKHMbOTHouiemaab, hi. KOTopunb Poccia upiiuua npeab OTO-ibKO .itTt ropbxaro onuTa. Kb coauutniu Bonpocb ae Morb pasptmHTbca Bb BiOMb cMuc-i'Ii Bb CTapOMb MOCKOBCBOMb rocyAapciBt. Oho eme He noHHMaio .ypyrofl cfopsiu cayatfiubh£ noeHHOft h npajBop- Hofi if.HTeabHOCTii. C.iyacH.mB le-ioBliKb xorb C-ivshtl Bb uo.iuy, b.ih MocEst, h.jh no nopyieHiio orb Mocrbh Ha apena. IIh o^HHb cjysH- ,iuS hh Ha MHHyry ae saSusaab, htoOHb npanaj-ieiEHTb MocEBi. Boe- Boaa, nocaaHHuft Bb IlepMb, Bb Bojiorjy, Bb CnfiHpb, He nepeciaBaab ciHTaTL ce6a aacHOMb MocsoBCKaro c-iyanaavo cocaoBia. C.iyjKiiTb uni SToro nopnjKa ntrb bo3moxhocth—axo BHanuTb Cute He y itxib, Gi- rSTi. rocyxapesa jt.ia. Oro uepaaa apuiaaa; .ypyraa, saBHcfeimiaa orb uepBoS, ho He Hente naxHaa, saKamaiaci. Bb TOMb, hto, upn Taco# opraiiimpin cayxHjaro cocxocia, pyccnaa acxopia ae nupaGoTaja c a - CTeau upoHHUxbynpexAemfi. CacxeMa ueHTpaxH3aujOBnaaaoxerb ofioS- Tacb 6e.ib upoiHuxb HHCTMTyTOBb; OHa Moserb uoaoSho MocKBi Aep- aWTbca cncreKOD nopyaemSt. Bb rocyAapcTBeHHOMb ynpas-ieHia He 6y- jeib eAHHCTBa, kohtpoah, OTHOraeHia6ynyTb 3anyTaHbr, no OHa CyaeTb cymecTBOBaTb, cn.ibnaa cbocki (kraaocTiio Eb BepxoBHofl aiacTii. Hanpo- THBb MicTHoe ynpaujeaie HeHfcic.iHMO 6e8b TBepjuxb no.xHTHaecKHXb rbjb; MtcTHHH BjacTH CAUIHKOMb C.1H3KH Eb HapOAy, 1To6h yjaiHO OpHKpMBaTbCE iJWKIUeD CBOOTO CpOACTBa Cb BOpxOBHOK) IIJBCTl®; OHH HyacxariTCH Bb npoiHofi opraHH3ania h HajexHOll noiBi. ,['I;0ctbh- Tej&HO, bo Bctxb rocyAapcTBaxb, OT.iHiaioinBxca Eptnocxi® .vfeciHaio ynpaBAOHia, Haxojaicji Taaia aB-iema; hhhh rocyjapcTBa Aepataica Ha mnpoEOMb pasBHTiH ofimHHHaro Hata.xa, h aaiaeTca oSmima, o(r CTaBEeHHaa tbehmh aTpaGyiajia, hto lejortEb noxerb HayraTbca rpax- AaHCEiiMbAoopoA'IiTe.iaux, He bhxoah 3a npe^tju CBoeft jepeBHH, saab BbAHepnEi; Apyria AO.iroe BpeuaonapaJiacb aa .iHrayn AtaTO-ibHOCTb fioraibixb 3eMAen.iaA'tAbiieBb, h 3ia .w?Haa AiaTejbHOCTb paSBiuacb Bb TaEOfi HHCTHTyTb, KOTopaS 3acTaB.iaeTb cb yjHBjeHieab npeoonaibca npejjb cofioio HC3aBHCHHuxb rpa»AaHb, KaEb, Hanp., HHCTHTyTb aH- rxiScEHXb MHpoauxb cyxefi. Ho MocKOBCKoe rocyiapcTBO He aor.to OnepeTbCH HH Ha MtCTBOO ABOpaHCTBO, HOTOMy HTO 3T0 HOC-rtAHee npe^b .iHncMb saKona He hitKio cymecTBOBaaia, an Ha oCiphhh, ho- Tony hto oho npHnHcajo HXbKbApyroMy Afciy, h nocai CMTTHaro npe- MeHH AiaTejbHOCTi, o6ii(hhx, fiucTpo npHXOAHTb Bb ynaAOKb. Ilpa TOMb oCmuiiu ue npe,HCTaH.iaBTb yze toto n^jbearo, opraHHHecKH-Hapoj-

— 60 Haro rfcaa, uaKHM-t oh-6 6u.ih m, CTapofi Poccin. Cxapaa aieftsa Ha- mero rocyiapcTiia upeoSpasyeTCti; H3i naTpiapxaabHofl o6u;hhh, ci ea nepnoOuTHuaH o6ihhhh HHTepecaMH, uhiiiaaioTca coc-ionia ct> hxt, pa8Hoo6pasHUXH 3aaaaaMn; KJiaccu anaeS, He3asrf>THije bx>ofim,HB'6, nocTenenno noayqa»ra rocyAapcTBeHHoe 3HaieHie, h name npaBHTe.ib- ctbo cn-fcnmra BOcnoat30BaTbca hmh rrb cboiixt. utaeft, Baira npesae noabSOBaaocb ApyacuHHHKaMH H ofinuiHasiH, sthmh nepnofiHTHUMH sae- MCHTaMH y.it.ituo-BtqeBaro nepioaa. EaKjoMy cocaobid Ha3Haiai0Tca saHaiia, pofli KOTopuxt oupeA'&aaeTT, h hxt> no.iHTHiecKoe SHaieHie. 3eM.iea'fuibqecKoe kpccxlhhctbo cbopo uo-rviaeTi. SHaaeme pa6oae8 chah, oCasaHHoft kojimhtb rocyaapeBHXi. cayKHAUxT, a»xeft; poai ero SHHariS TpeOyerb octj.ior.TH, Kp'fenocra — hxt, upHKpf.u.iaioTT. a t seoai. Upo- Mmn.i8HH0CTb Tpeftyexx, 6o.Ti.me cbo6oaij—ropoACKie o6uBaxejH bhj4- .laiOTCH H3x> scefi Maccu Haceaeaia, ho, BMicxi cx. cbo6oaoA ahihoA, Ha hhxt. npojiojiaaiox'L aexara rocyjapcTseHHua TarocTH. HaKOHeux., rib cjyjHOa rocyjapeBO# ocTa.iocL oaho cocaosie, o6pa30HaBmeeca H3L Apy- XHHU H ApeBHHXL CjyBHAUXT, JX/ReS. Hcxoai, citjOBaTeafcHO, He non. Cum. coMHHTe.ienx.. I’ocyAapCTBj nyjKHo 6u.io 3aKp,fenHTL tJi Haaaaa, Ha KOTopuxx, oho ataao h pasBH- BaaocL ctojlko BpeMeHH. Ilaao 6hao cocpe.yoToaHTL Bee ynpanaeme m, MocKsi h saxpinuTb cayxaaoe cocaoBie na cayac6y, b i mockobckoht. CMLicai 9Toro caoBa, T.-e. npHnncaTt ero HeuocpeacTneHHO kt> Mooes*. UeuTpa.ii.Hoe ynpanaeuie H3A8BHa 6uao Bee cocpeaoToaeHO bt. Mockb* h HMtao AOCTaTOHHOe BoaHaecTBO cay»Hjuxx aioaefi. Ho peijiopMa Ha- aaaacb cs npeoCpaaoBaHieMT. BOficita. HeoSxoAHMO 6uao BuaiiaTL ABopaHT. H3i aepeBeHb, nocxaBuxi. h x i b i Tattoo noaoaceHie, aTo6bi ohh UHTaaHCb n x i AoxoAaHH, ho cajra ne yiacTBOBaaH bt, npoH3BeaeHiH ee.ibCKHxx npoayKTOBb. HaiHHaeTCa rposHoe npeca^AOBame yiuoHaioiHKxca ora cay*6u. yaoateme rposHTT. sa nepBufl no6*ra hsi. uoaKa anyTOHi,, sa BTopoft khvtomt., y6aBK0X> noirtcTHaro h Aeaeamaro OKaaaa, sa TperiA KHyTOMl H OTHHTieMX, HOMtCTba. 3a nofiirx, aomoA Cl 6o», KHJTOHl nemajHUML h OTHaTiem noaoBHHU iiom-Iicthijxt. h AeHOKHbix-b oxaa- Aobi; C0T6HH0HT roaoB*, OTiiycTHBnteHy cayatHaaro qe-ioBtica 6e3i ro- cyAapesa ynasa h BoeBOAdtaro B-kAona, 6aToraMH h Topi.HoS; bocboa'6 Tasae aecToaiiMi iiaKaaanieMT, „hto rocyjapb yKaaexi\" ■). 3thml He orpaHHHHaacb peifiopxa BoBcxa; iipaBHTeaLCTBo nonaao, n o bomoshtl 3amHTy BHVTpeHHeS h nnf.uiHeft 6e3ouaCH0CTH Ha BpeneHno co6HpaB- ineeca noficKO epaAT. ah 6yAeTi yAo6H0. Hoxa a& io mao o BoBnaxi HecocTOHTeabHocTb pyccKHX'b BOHHOBi-noMimHKOBi o6Hapy*HBaaacb He ') Oonmm, Hcxopi* Poccia, id., ctp. 83.

€1 pa.yb. Ho Poccia BCTynHxa Tenepb Bb io n ncpioab ea cyutecTBOBania, Kor.ia rpaiiHuu ea aoasau 6u.m pasiBuraTLea bo set ctopohh, h Bb Taaoro HacTyuaTeabHom> xBHaeaiHmdirn, x'kaoCbot-thiho ofiyaenHuiiH BOficsaMK iiiBejcKHxx KopoaeS. ^aa Toro speacnHHeofixojHKO nocTOHH- boo BofiCKO ci> upuuHcaHBUMbKb cayasOt na b&khjBopaHCTBOUb. A.ieK- ctB MHxafl.ioBH'ib a Gejopb AaeKcieBHHb HaiajH yae jiao, .tokoh- TOBBoe HeTporo. Tan, sa hoxto eme jo IleTpa I, naHHHaeTca sia 6opb6a Cb aBopaHCTBOBb, TflByBmHMb rocyjapeBO jlio Kb CBOHMb no- ntcTba«b, Torw Kaab rocyjwpb TpeOonajb axb Bb Mockbt h.th Bb no.iKu. PajOMb cb pa3uaoaeBieiib BpacasoBb, cb nenoMipnuMb ycB-ie- Bienb neHipa-ibHaro npaBBTeabCTaa, a je n CHCTesiaTHiecKoeoftes.iiojeHie oO.iacTefi, JHmenie BXb Tf.nnciysaxaro coexosia, niuunonib npnniican- aaro aa exyatfiy bh£ ofiaacTeS. Boxie h fiorfe ciuajHBa.iocb oho Bb rocyjapcTBemoe cocxoBie, saBymee ojhhmh rocyjapcTBeHHHMH anie- pecasra; bo Tiro CHJbirie saBaauBa.icaHajb Hapojosib y3e.ib Kpipocr- Haro npaBa, cjixaBniaroca Tenepb ireofixojHjraMb ycxoBiero cymeciso- BaHia npaBHTe-ibCTBen'naro coc-iobih, OTopBaHHaro o n 30mxh,a noToay, 6oxie itMb Korja HHfiyjb, Hyajaiomaroca Bb boctobhboH, japosofi pa- fkiieS cHJii. CboOojk napoja e csofioja rocyiapcTBcnnaro cxyatHxaro cocxOBia CTara Cb aTHXb nopb nepaspasnuBH; ojira Be Mor.ia cyme- CTBOBaTb 6esb jpyrofi. ^axune, HsexijOBame pecjtopro Ilerpa I h bo- jHKofl EKaTepHHbi jacro Haro Harxajnie yfitjHTbca Bb rtcHoS cbbsh BTJixb jByxb BaacHifiniBXb BonpocoBb names rocyjapcTBeHnofi shshh. Pajoro cb STHMb no npenMymecTBy cjysHJuro, pojOBUMb cocao- Biero, co BpeMOHb MOCKOBCKHXb uapefl, pa3BHBaeica jpyroe, ocho- BanHoe Ha coBepmeHHO apyrnxb nana.iaxb. Oho ne airfien HCTopiH. ^bHEH, KaKb MU BHDie 3aMiTHXH, He BHeCXH CBMOCTOflTejbHO HHKBKOft Hosofi leopia Bb Hanty aasHb—Teopia, BbipafioraHHOfi cipormcb xora- qecKHHb npoueccoMb « rxySoKHira nayinuHH cBijiniaiiH, Karo, Hanp., cocxosie lopacTOBb Bb sauajHoli EBpoiri. Ohh He noxoxH ua cMixuxb HOBaTopoBb, yTOHHKOBb PuMCKaro corpus juris, nocTeneHHO OTricHSB- nmxb <j>eojaxbHoe aBopaaciBo o n Bcixb jo.isnoCTefi, rai TpetSosa- aocb 3Hanie npaBa a npaBa r.iydoKaro, sanyraHHaro KasyHCTHiecBHMH tohkoctbmb, r j i HeoGxojHMa Guxa MKoroxiTHaa npaKTHKa. 9to co- CXOBJe lOpHCTOBb, BMicii Cb apyrHMH BBXHKHMH CHXaMH 8anajHHXb nani8, oOmnHaMH h KOpoaeBCKOto BaacTiu, cuocoficTBOBaao oOpaao- BaHin rocyaapCTBeHHaro eaHHCTBa h aeHTpam3ani)i aiacni ‘). Ecjih o(5iniinu uoKo-ieCajH BBOBOMHnecKoe h onacTH ajMHHBCTpaTHBHoe 3Ha- qenie $eoaaaH8Ma, a KopoaescKaa naacTb cjOMHaa ero noaHTHnecKoe t. yn.

62 MorymecTBO—saKOHOBtjH y C m Hascew ero ropHAHiecrtoe gHaieme bo Bcixb cijrepaxb npaBa h as-ih <JiopMy.iy w a caMOfi Kopo.ieBCKOfi BJacra. yuHHoataa rfieoAa.iHSKT, kbkx CHCTeMy ynpaBaenia, ohh Birfecrt cb rfcMb oTTtCHajH ifeoja-ioBT, KaKT* cjyiKHjoe cocjOBie Aaate t o w , Korja ohh, HaKOHeut, caoxhjh cboh cyBepeHHua npeTensm Kb Hopo.ieB- ckohv npecTO.iy h totobh 6hah cayatHTb esiy Ha pnjy cb npomuiH iio.i.naHHHMH. Ha Micro noblesse de l'dpde, TaEb Ha3. noblesse de la robe iiocTaBHAa ceSa kokt, eAMHCTBeHHOe c.ryatH.ioe cocxoBie. Csopo Bet MicTa rpasASHCEaro ynpaBjeHia: MorymecTBeHHuft uapjaMeHib, rocyjapcTBeHHHfi coBin,, cour des comptes, HHTeHjaHCTiia upHHajtie- stum hm7>, t o w saKt ABopaHCTBy ocTasaaacb ToabKO c-iya6a ribapidH, T.-e. HMeHHO T i o6asaHHOCTH, r j i napOAb BHjiat to.ibko ero fiaecEb, ho He BHAi-rb ero sacayrb. Hamit abhkh h noAtaiie He 6hah Boopy- aeHbi TaKHM'b SHaBiem, h tskhhh TeopiaMH, ottoio h upeTeHsia HXb 6a m yirfipeHHie. Ohh hhrow He Ay«a.iH 06b HCK-iBraTeabHOMs cjyatcCHOMT. anaaeniH, j i ■ He Morjra ero HMiTh. Hxb nosnaHia Bb saROHax'b ot.thhhjihcl iipaKTHiecKHMb xapaKTepoMt, caiAOBaTeabHO ohh He npeHMymecTBa npeAb poaobhim, ABopaHCTBOMb, EOTopoe Bcerja momo npiofipicxH tohho TaEia ate nosHama; rpauoTHOCTb hxi 6u.ia Tasate coMHHTe.Tr,Haro CBOficTsa, no Kpa&Keft M-hpi bt, CMHCji ymcTBeHHaro paariHTia, EOTopoe He BOSBUmaJio axb heat, itpothbhhkbmh. Hhf,r.1. He bhaho Aaate cxiAOBb aHraroHH3Ma MeatAy AtodtMU nepa h MyotcaMu comma, sash bto nopaataerb Hacs Ha sanaAi. HanpoTHBb, BaatHiftmie setm Hamero 3akohoaetcJibCTBa Hocan, na ce6f, cx$au co- BOKynHofl AiaTe.n,H0CTH othxt, jByxi, aaeMenTOBT,. Tam, cocTaaieHie h pexamiia vxoateHia upuHajaeatHTb CTOJbEO ate poaobumt. 6oapaMb, CROAbEO H AbERaH'b JleOHTbeBy H rpH6o-hAOBy. Bhaho 6H.I0, MTO Bb MoCKOBCEOBb rOCyAapCTBi He UOAHMeTCH BOHpOCbOdb HCKAOTHTeAbHOUb npeou.iajimiii Toro hah Apyraro Haqaxa, a HanpoTHBb noEa paapi- 1HHTCR ApyatHHHb COjiftcTBieMb HXb Bb Ai-ji aAHHHHCTpaniH. ,'1,1,HEH 6bUH CHAbHH HMeHHO CBOeK>CeS.THHHOCTilO, CBOeM rOTOBHOCTlK) CXyatHTb opyAienb Bb pyaaxb B.iacTH. Ohh He BUcu.ia.TH HSb CBOHXb paAOBbTa- KHXb CofineBb, EaEb » phctu <J>pannyscEOfi Monapxiir, ho 3aT0 ysaiHie HXbc6eper.ra Haiaxo, EOToparoohh6hjih hcthhhumh npeACTaBHTexHMH,— nanaxo MHHO0 sacxyrii h cnocodHOCTH. IOphcth bo (JipanHyacKOMb uap- xaMenTi Bb aOHtri BOHpeBb lipHin.in Eb npoAaatHOCTH AOxatHOCTeft, a AbHKii AoatAa.iHcb Tn6e.ni o paHraxb. IloKopBue, m6Kie, ycTynsHBue, OHH yM&IH AOCTHrHTTbTOrO, '1T0CAy*HA0e, poAOBOe COCAOBie pa3Ai.TH.10 cb hhmh 6pe«a ynpanjenia. Bb ajMHHHCTpapiH cTapoft Pocciw mb bh- AHMb rociiOACTBO OAHoro tojibko Haiaia—Hata.ia KopMainefica Apyatanu: aoiOMb Ha CMiiiv euy npnxoAHTb OTB-tTCTBOHiraa oomHiia. ^oMb PoMa- HOBuxb cb caMaro Hanaaa BupaConraaeTb Tasyio chct6mv ynpaB-jenia,

— 63 rui wa Toro BpeHeHE Bcctaia yjaqHO cobmbcb h iipunnpn,incb bth A»a BpaatseSHHJi, noBBAiiKOMy, nanajia '). Hat coeAHBOHia jByii. aieueHTOBt—CTaparo poAOBaro ABopaHciBa h jDjeft Teirearo nponcxoxAeBix— coctubhxocf. to, no h3b4ctho bb HCTopiH pyccitaro DpaBa boa* iiaeircM'b npBita3Baro ynpasjeiu'a. Ea- aercn, TpyjHO OTUCKaTB jpyryo nepTy, Conte sapaKTepHayumvo yty CHCTCuy. HecnpaBeAABBO Ohao Oh HftSBaTb npuaasu OupoKpaTUiecKHMi. yqpeajeHieMB. He roBopa yate o toki, tto BooOme onacno oOtacHaib pyccKia yqpeauema HHOcrpaHHHHH Tepxnua»H, Koropuxb cnhcjfb h Ha 3anaii to He yacHeHB kskb crimen, !), oOtacHCHie oto neatpHo yae no caxoxy cyi«OCTBy jt.U- BiopOEpaTis upeAiiojaraeTt npeABa- pHTeabnyK) HHBeJHpoBEy oGmecTsa, yHanoaeBie Bcix%, bjb no npaSHeii Nipt raaBHUxT, comobiihxi iipenxymecTBi, noBceN'lcraoe upoBeAeaie liaqajt JHiHOft saejyra, East eAnucrBCHHaro ycaoBia cayaeOHoS Ata- TejBHOCTH n nOBunieHia. Haiero nOAoOnaro Him bi sautesT. upHaas- homt. ynpan.ieiritt; jjfcra cam* bh&huh, uicra cyAefl, s&HUUBmcn mpon apHCToapaTieft, Biio.rai noA'jiiBeuHoS saaajiaMi, poAosaro crap- UHHCTBa, N’icTHHhcchumt, iipamuaiib. Haaa-io 3T0 eme amuvie; oho eme ja-ieico He nopaxeao AiaTCABBOCTim nockobcbhxb nape8; npa- SHaHie npeHnyn;eCTBa JuwBofi sacayni npeAt BciBB npvriiuu ycjo- BiftMH eCTB saAana OyAymaro. K&xahh ABopanam, BKten, npano npocHTB, htoOh ero OTnycTHau BoeBOAofi bb Kano9 bhOjab ropoAB, He BHCTaMBB AP)'IHXB BpBTBBB KpOM’fe CBOefl OtAHOCTH; BpaBHTe.IBCTBO npHBHxaerB bto bo BHHuaHie *), yAosjeTBopaa npoci6i npocHTeia; BOBBKorAa AtaBy ne npenuo Ou bb roaoBy oObjibhti, nap», bto obb AocayxHjca ao BoeBOACTBa bjb cyAeBcTsa. PoAonoe cocxoBie, caiAOBa- TeaiHO, npoAOJKaeTB CMOTpfcn, sa c.iy*6y kerb na csoe HeoTBeiueMoe Aocroaflie, kbkb na npaBO Ohtb y roeyAapesa At-ia. Po.w, albxobb ropa3A0CKpoiraie; obbxpanaTBAiia, samjiaBTCa bhcbmoboactbomb, ie- pe3Bhxb pyKBnocTynaBTB npomenia, xouaAH, AOBomeHia npaBBTeneS. ■) r. Heaonn m, crank .OOpaaonauie yap. bi Poccia, ■ t. f.“, Hojb. co6p. cos. t. VT, crp. 99—250, ptara oimjm Bra na 8.ie»eara „5o«pe 6ai» nepewe >) 05s BTOBs jd6obhibobi oOcTOBwascTBi cm. R. ». Mohl:,UberBOreaucratie”, n ero Staalsrecht, Vslkerrecht und Politik. Tab. 186;. 3) Cb. InaepHBi,OCaacr.yapcx*.,ctp.83—84; TaianeBi. Cjjc6bbei, bi npaata. s» cr. 24; AMBipieoa, Hcropia cyj. BncraBaiS, crp. 229, 800 acrfej.; AHjpceBCBi#, O aaMtCTHHEaxi, Boaeoj. a iy«„ c»p. 40 a catj.; CoaoBsem, Id., crp. 96.

Ho jtaTe-ifcHaa qacTb ynpau-ieHia upiiHaA.ieJKHTX aaaeKO ho hmx. Ohh He cocTaBMBTb jaate HeofixoAHMaro ycjoBia axMHHHCTpapiu; Maoris srtera ofixojsxcH fiesx hhxx; Tan* bx ofi.iacTHOMx ynpaweHia BoeBo^u qacTO oSxoahjhcj. fieax hhxx, u jaate noBceMicraoe BBeaenio noesoA- cxaro ynpas-ieHiH BUT'ficnaeTX npasasHux-b sioxeft Tam, lyci ohh ycnisH fiiuo yKptnaTbca ‘ ). CacTeua npHK&SHaro ynpaBxenia fiuja c-rtiAOBaTe.ibao ycTynsoio, CA'i-MHHOB cjryaasum coaioBiesx norpefi- iioctsMq. BpeaeiiH, nepeiupiem Meauy jBywJi iiaqasaMB, rtoptfia koto- p u x i xossaa 6uaa pasptniHTbcs BnocitACTBiH. Bx TaKosx cmucj6 npHiiaanoe ynpasseHie 6u.io BpeMeHHOio, iiepexOAHOio ijiopnofl, o6xac- iienie xoTopoft aoasmio ucxaTb bx upoiuejme.Mx Poccia, bx TorAanraaxx BsrsflAaxx a oOcTOSTestcTBaxx, ae npHO'fcraa kx HHOCTpaHHHMX Tep- MHBSMX, KOTOpHe MOPyTX TOSbRO 8aT0MBHTb BOBpOCX ofix 8T0KX 8Ha- MenaTe.Ti.H0M7. HBJieaia. MeatAy rfcMx bx yii-fe fio.u.mHHCTiia ofipaaoBaHiiuxx qaTaTeseft Biipa- aeaie npunaMoe ynpau.tenic osHaqaeTx MM6HH0 yupaujeme abskobx h noAbsqHxx; cjobo—npuxamttH otbocutcs To.ibKo ax uosoMy, npo60Ba»- nie.Mycii cjyaceCHOMv cocaoBiw; xa»e canaa naysa He BcerAa BKj»qaeTXBX noHSTie npHsasa a.ioMeHTX poAOBaro AaopsHCTBa, a ecJH a BK-iBiaert, TO TOBOPHTX ofix TICMX BCKO.IbSb H CUilUHTX nepofiTH KX HCTHHHOS HO ea m i m ® ciurl; iipHEa30BX— AbHEanx a noAbaqHMX. Ec.th fipaTb bx pacqeTx bcd chctokj pyccsaro ynpaBJienia, 6esx uoApa8A’£seaia ero na nepioAU, He ofipamaa BHHMaHia na aocTeneHHoe pa3BHrie h coot- Homeuie Auyxx othxx a.ieMeHTOBX bx jaHHuft momchtx pasBHTia, ko- HeqHO,Taaoe MHtuie OKaateTCH cnpaBeA-iHouiix. Ho ecsn BSstcaTb 3aa- qeHie Toro a xpyroro naqa-ia bx Ao-IIeTpoBCKy® anoxy a ocofieHHo bx TeqeHia uapcTBOBama nepBHXX Tpexx PoMaaoBbixx, scho 6yAeTX, BTO A®AH, Aanmie TaKoe npeofisaAawmee SHaqeHie npaitasuoMy vupa- BseHi® bx tJchomx CMucJii BToro CJiOBa, npHHHMa»TX fiyAymee sa npo- meAiaee, cHimHBa®Tx BHaaeme, npio6p*T6HHoe hmx nocxi, cx TtMx,1* ') 1\"™p00i, id., crp. S56-S 57. A-Brpieil, Her. cy*. bhct. n6HBa0Hbi npa.a- “ ™*«« ■ omi cyxia 6eai roBapane* xmkobi. Bi 1631 r. i m n m npaia- «» ynpaBjsji 0*001 oxojtaBxiS kh. BonouciiS. ICoHoaao, Cmjin npanaau, rji ca- ih o*00 *iasH 6081cy*e6, ho 0to 6uBaJo 0*0 bi h63h&hht6*ihhxi upBtaaaxi, ‘ 1‘ OTopse HMliH saaaeHioJH0HHX1xaBuejapi* rocy*ap»—K»xi,aanp., Pa3p»» ■ oocoiiCKia npaxasi\". Bapoaem, sro Mainie r. ,T>HTpieBHBi oTHomeaia • in coiratoiD, h6o bi Dcpsuxi lvjjaxi mpcTBOBaaiH Heipa 001 00- paweoiH6oapH0a CiptirwoBahBoo6me000100100000118)BapcsoSAyHH,• 1 o6xo*0tbc0 6081 6oaj», a nocoatcxiS npaaaai aaten «ce Bpe«0 BOraxti C1O0#BnaHoaatuxi npejciaBaTexeS pycoKofi axHOHacrpaaia; aaop., opa AiCKctt MaxaBxoDBai nm ynpaBxaji Opjani-HanoaHat, ei sBaaieHi Be.in- E0xi rocyjapcTBeaaHxi nocoaicsaxi *t*i h r a Docxt B. B. roiaqiiai.

— 65 — Easoe oat HMt.ji, Bt TeaeaiR CBOefl poxrofl npHroTOBHTe;n.HOfl pa- TaKOBU oaesreHTU, H3t KOTopuxt cxo*H.iocb penTpajtHoe ynpa- B-teaie PocciH XVII ct. PbHifimee pasBHTie hxi imbhcIuo o n opra- HHsapia h nopnpKa pt.ionpoH3BOACTBa othst, jrlicTt ynpaaienifl. Ha araxt pByxt nyHKTaxt poxama 6axa npOHsoflTH doptda pByxt npam- pedHuxt Hana.it h poxkbu 6h.ih 3aBepniHTbCH peifiopmj hoceobceixi papefl. Bume 6uxo santieHO, n o mockobckoo rocypapcrso ne Bupafioiajo npomuxt yipeacpeiiiS; see, no oho Hurtao—sto cxyiSH.ioe cocxoiiie, o(5a3aHHoe h totoboo cpyatmt bo bcheob BpeHH. Bt cjtphocth oho 6hxo rpoaapHHHt yipestpemeMb, aairiiHaBiiiHiit net ppyria. Ilpa- npocrort B3r.IHpOBt Ha apMHHHCTpapi®, HH OPHHt popt rocypapcTBeH- Haro ynpas-TCHia ne Tpedooaxt cnepiajLiio# noproTOBKH, Kant sto 6a- BaeTi. npn ch.ibbo pa3BBT0fl apuHHHCTpapin. MocEOBCKie napn ae nyspaxuct eipe bi yipespeHijixt ct axt apHHHHCTpaTHBHOiopyTHHofl, npaKTHKofl, esprit de corps, CTpoi'HMt paarpaHK'icuient BtpoMCTBt h, nosaxyfl, paspt.ienieMt B.iacTefl. Ilpept hhmh 6u.io cxyatMoe cocxosie, KOTopoe ojHHaKOBo daxo cnocodno ko bchkhmt ptxaMt. Ctohjo toxbko BudpaTb rapt, uandoxte noxb3y»mHxcH poBipieat papa, a nopyamt hitl iiaBf.cTnyn OTpacxfc ynpaB-ieHia. IIoaBxsxca Bt apepi rocyjap- CTBCHHHXt pf.Xt Kaxofl HHdyPb BOPpOCt, H TOCVpapb 6pa.1t H3t cjy- iKH.'iaro cocxoBia nf.CKO.Ti.KO ,inpt, H8t Koropaxt oxhhmt nopyiaxt naCTh pacnopirpHTexi.uyB), ppyraut imcbMeHHyio, a npHKOSt 6u.it ro- TOBt. HHRaEHxt perxaHeHTapifi, HHEaxofl opraHHsapiH He Hymiio 6uxo TaMt, rpi AfiHTexmiocTi. BOiaaro i.ieim aapaate daxa onpepkieHa odaqaeHt, POAOBUHH HOHJlTiaMH, B33HMHUMH OTHOIPeoiaUH COejHHeH- Huxt a.ieMCHTOBt. Taat h piflcTBOBa.™ papa. H3t scefl xacca cxy- SH.iaxt Jiopefl, HanoxHHBniHxt Mooney, npempe scero BadupaxHCi. xupa, AoxateHCTBOBaBmia sacipait Bt PocypapeBoft Jlyat — oto 6b.ih ixenu CTapiflmHXt popoat, ct kotopumh n3panHa rocypapa npHBukxH AyMSTho CTpoi 3e»uH. 9to6a.it papesifl coBtrt, ae noEHpaBmifl rocy­ papa hh Ha MHHjry. Ct aHMt ae rocypapt pjm it o noxopaxt, 0 Ba»- H'Mmaxt '(niHaHCOBUxt Mtpaxt, ct HHMt paBa.it cypt Bt rfcxt pt- paxt, soTopaa nop.ieaa.iH nenocpepcTBOHHOMy ero ycaoTpiain ‘). 3pfet Bt noxHOfl Mipfi coxpaHHPHCb CTapuHaaa noHurin o c.iyadt,— hhkto Kpoxf, 6oapt He HOseTt pi-iaTt sptcb rocypapenapi.ia. Kpaspa, HBaat IV otkjiu.it. c»pa pociynt cxyaedBOHypocTOHHCTBy, no mdpaH- HHKt npoHHEa.it ciopa He HHaie, uaKt noc.it no-iyneHia pBOpancKaro ') 0 uapcRoS ij*h Cl. HcBo.nmi., id., cip. 137 a cn3j.Cojioiu.einh, id,, crp. 77. JuHTpicBi., id., 140 Bcall. A. rPAJOBOIClfi. T. I.

— 66 — AOCTOHHCTBa. Jmrh h uoAbanie oSpenenij 6uxa Ha naccHBHy® pojfc. Poaobuh upCHMyniecTBa cWSjb w m c b CTporo. Boape cajHToa He hm^ , mutb no iHHaMi., hh oahhs pojb ne ycTynHTb Apyrony CBoero Him. 3jf,cL cTeiieHt npa6.niaseHH0CTH Kb npecTOjy onpestaeTca BMicri a HHaociis) rocyaapa h 3HaTnocTiro upoHcxoin.T.enia, h e » a jh aocjif- uee ycjoBie ne hk4.io niKOTopsixb upeHMymeCTBb npejb nepBtim. 3thxx-to CoapaH't npHKaauBajHC!. BaKHfeamia rocyjapcTBeHHHa jiia. JI,xn riaoTopuxx Hst ra x t upa jyiri 6uxti ycTaHOBJieHH ocofiaa yipeas^emH, BaKb, Hanp., Pacnpaanaa najara, no aaCTH cyxHofi, H Paa- paxb, no lacTH pacnopajaTeJibHoS h upaBHTe.ibCTBeHHoa. Hh i ase npa- Kaauna.iacb MocKBa, Bb c-iynai oTcyicTBia rocyjapa Bin ero cxepra, npH Maao-rliTCTBii HacaixaHBa. HanpOTBBt, bt. cocTaBaenin npnKa30Bb BepxoBHoa aiacTH npeacta- b.thjocl flo.ii.me npocTopy. OHa xor.ra (ipan. x-w C0CTaa.iema yapea- Aerna jaa toB hjh xpyrofi nacTH yiiparuenia asb BceB aaccu cayaa- aaro caacca t4 a.ieueimi, Kaaie uaxojaaa uparoAHUMK jjui aiaa. Ha't an.ieR poxoBaTuxb, aiiaTnuxa. naao 6uao mjfipa’n, oj,noro hxh HiCKoabKHxi cyjeB, bzt, aioaeB uacbMeunux'b cifiopMapoBaTb xaHneaa- piio h nopyiHTi. rmt, asBictHyro aaCTb a^uauacTpapia. H3b btoB ch- ct6mu uopyaemfi cxoauuacb Bca a,T,MairacTpania XVII croaiiia *)C' CocTam, npHKa3a saBaci.ib, caijoBaTeabHO, oti. iuukiiocth B03aaraenaro Ha Hero nopy'ieuia, orb CTonoHHAOBipia papa Kb goapaxb h HaKoaenb orb cayaaflEtixb oOcToaTeabCTBb, A0Ka3UBanninxb oaaaKO EoaefiaHie uapeft OTb ojHoro Kb apyroMy ciyanuoHy o.ieMeiny, Bb CHCTeni MOCKOBGKaro ynpaBjeaia HanmaeTb BHA'fcjHTbca BOBOe- Haaa.io, KOToparo He 3Ha.ia xpeBHaa Poccia, naxa-io -laanaro, Heno- cpeacTBeHHaro ynpaBaeaia napeMb, T.re. xyaanie a Bepmeaie xi.ib ao- hhho aymij a Coapb. Cnepna 3to aaiaxo, cpoanoe Hosony BpeHeHK, aB-iaoTca cxymo; He xoaeTb uapb, rrofibi Coape siiaja H3Bicniy8> aacTb ero xiaie-ibHOCTH, hjh ero ocoCenno HHTepecyOTb Kaaoe-jafio aiao, h BOTb OHb orxhxaeTh ero Bb CBOe BixiHie u nopyaaerb ero HicKoabKHMb abaKaMb Cb noABH’JHHH. Taitb cocxaBH.Tca, Hanp., Taflnuft npHKa3b npa napi A jeK cit MaxaRaoBH'it, ra’fi, paaoMb cb TaflHtJXH ataaHH, Biaaaocb rpaaaTnoe aiao, sanHaaBinee napa, a TaKise ero HTHHba oxoTa !). Jlaate, Tenepb y»e CTaaoBHTca sasrtTHHMb seaaHie

— 67 — uapefi cpaRMTi, ana pa3paaa c j j m m JBjeft; TaRX raorja ynpa- B-ieHie OT,itjt,HUMH lacTflini nopyaaeica SoapnRV, a hotomx Abasy hm naofioporx, 0e3pa3.iaano. Hticoiopue npHK83H aaate naauBa.Tnci, no HM6HH AbHKOBX, EOTOpHMX OHH tfbLIH nopTiemi, T3KX, Hanp., BOTH AbflKa Bapeo.ioMea HuanoBa, IleTHJHna, BaxpaMieBa. Ho bthmx asynx Haqaaaux ne cyxaeHO 6am nona imiTb nepesfex bx pyccKofi CTpaiiiH Toro BpexeaH. Eme sacpria h BCcofixoMJiomifi yMX Deipa I ne caoatHjH, bxofipasepx nocjtayBiHHMX noEo.risiiiHHX,thux rocyaapa, Bxoaamaro ahbbo bo bc! Bonpocu ynpaiueHia; cx apyroS cropoHU ataKH en;e He ctojixko ch.ibhh h HysHti iipaBHTeahcTBy, mioOm nopy- aeHia 6utx y rocyaapeBHXx afc-ix aaisuHCB hmx HapaBHi cx CTapHHX cocjoBienx. ^.iacTBHTeaxHO, upHEaau ocoCbhbo nasHue (kbkx, nanp., rax abana Bapoo-ioaea Hnanoua, snocaiacTBiH Ch6hpcki# npHRasx) He aoaro ocTaBa.iHCL bx ynpaBJieHiH axaBOBx; Kaax toalko ohh cra- 110BH.1HCB uoctobhhumx yapeayeiuejix, yripaiuenienopyaaaocb cyataux, B3HTUHX H3X 6oapx H.1H ABOpaHX Huf,a bx CBoevx paenopasemH MUoroancjenHoe cocaoBie, nee noroaoBHO cTpeMHBmeeca (mix y a^ax, MocKOBCieoe npasHreaxCTBO He 3a6oTHjocb ocoCchho o coeAHHeHiH H3BtcTHaro poaa aiax bx oaho BtaOMCTBO, BX BHABXX HOpaAKa H rOCyAapCTBCHHO# BEOHOMiH. Ka»AbIB npHEaax kopmh.icb caiix co6o» otx cbohxx aiax bah npmiHcaiiHHxx ex Heny ropoaoBX, h HOTOKy Becx Bonpocx saKABaaica toai.ko bx TOMX, EBRX paSaiCTHTb BdsXX CoflpX, AyHHHXXABOpHHX, OKO.IbHHBHXX h ameobx kx aiaanx. Orroro npHKa3bi ne hochtx Ha ce6t HHKaKoro oTuenaTKa, yipejEAenie hex He BHTesaeix aoraaecEH hsx noHBTiS o rocyaapcTBeHHOMX CTpoi, He eon. npoayETX HsoicTHoB CHCreMU, Kasx, Hanp., yapeaaeaie ryfiepmfi uh uosAHMniee yapeataeme MHHHCTepcTBX. Ohh BOSHHEaDTX, pasiinoiKabitch, HsaesaiOTX, 3aMiHa»Tca oahhx apy- rnMx, noaaHHBBTca oahhx jpvrOMy, tbex aro ayauiie hehih bphcth ne Moryix yiOBHTb ocroBania, Ha kotopohx mosho fituo 6a ocHOBaTb Aiaeme npmtasoiix *). Hh npeAMeTU hex BiaoMCTBa, hh npea+.-iu hxx BJfacin, hh nopaaosx noaaHneHia, hh canoe hxx bhcao He 6asu onpe- ai-ieHH s). H Easx vorao (Shtx onpeai.ieHO bhcao hxx? Kaatawfi abo-

68 — pHHHHfe, OKOJiMHiifi h GoapHHT, ciHTaen, ceGa bt. npani nojyiBTb BSBtcTHua paspajT. irt-ir. bt. cBoe caMOCTOflTe.ibHoe ynpaojeHie. flCHO, n o Hajo 6hio ycTaHOBHTB Hestajoe KO.miecTBO caMocToaran>Hux,B, OTA'fejBBuxb Mien,, He no,^aHiieHHUx'B jpyrr. jpyry hh bt. emkomt. OTHomeHiH, hh bt. OTHomemH cyja, mi ajMHHHCTpaiiiH. BcKaTpHBaact bt, npuKaanoe ynpaB-ieHie, HeJb3a He sairfcTHTb, too Ha nepBOMT. naani ctohtt. He npoiHOCTL h npamuMuiB opraHiiaaain yipescjema, a tott. hjh jpyroft CoapcKifl pojt. 3HaTH0CTbH> »Toro poja onpeji-iKeTca h h4cto npHKasa bt. pajy apyrHxt h CTeueHb ero nojiHHeHia h npe- jlubi B-iaciH— cjobomi, oht. pa8ji.iH.aT> yaacTB ynpaBJHBinaro hmt* jiHHa. Ottoto MOCKOBCKoe rocyaapcTBO He yciriao BupafioxaTi. thkhsi ft.iecTinuHxa, yipeatjeuift, kskhmh bo 3*paHniH, Haup., Giiia oGcTaaaeHa Kopo.ieBCKaH B.iacTL. Ottoto jo caHOft pe^iopmu Hama BepxoBHan MacTB h ocTaxacL OEpyaceHHOio ojhhmt. c.iyxHJUMi. cocaoBiera, koto- paro Bsrjaju, cooGpaiKeHia, iiphbhikh, ona joxaHa 6uJia, ecjra ne ycBOHTb, to 6paTBbt. coofipaatenie. Etm ynycTHTb hst. Bnay ejHHCTBeH- noe ocnoBame, oGbacHsiomee cmhc.vb npHKa3Haro ynpaitieHU—xapaa- TepT, h poib Haraero cxyatHaaro cocjobih h BbiTenaninyio OTCioja ch- CTesiy nopyienitt—tojf.9cTBHTeJir.no aBaerne oto ociaHeTca nenoHHT- huht>; ho 3a to opHrHnajii.nuft ciuajT. jpemie-pyccitofi c.ttk6u mho- roe ofibHcuaeTb bt. ycTpoficTiii h jiaTeabHOCTH npHtcasuaro ynpajue- Hifl. Hotbsh He 3a*iTHTb, bo nepauxb, no nepiojT. cauaro UBfrryinaro ero cocioania otuochtch HMeuuo kt> Tony apeueuH, Korja cayxHJoe cocjOBie pasuHJocb Bno.mii nojx BJiiflniCMT. jiaTeabHOCTH mockObckhxt. jape#, Korja ci ojaofi ctopohh Bee pojoBoe jbophhctbo 0K0HiaTe.ii.H0 yKpliuH.iocb sa cjry*6oS, a ct jpyrofl yciaaoBHaocb npoiHoe h, jja Toro BpeneHH, rapMiinmecKoe coejHHeHie jBopHHCTsa ct. jpyrom lacTbB c.iyaiH.mxb .nojefl, saBoeBaBimixT. ceGi npano ua nocTonunoe yiacTie bt. ynpanjeHin rocyjapcTBOMb, xoth bt. jpyrofl cijepi, l i r a CTapoe jBopaacTBO. Ko BpeueHu Muxaiua OejopoBHia h AaeKCia MaxafiJOBina othocbtch HaHGo.ibmee KOjHiecxno npmcasoffbj h bch pyccsaa senja OKOHiaTexbno nojiHHena otomv ynpanaeHiio. ,~(ajie, bt. caMOMi nopajiti pacnpejiaema nopyiemH, lyBCTByeTca Baiame m - puxi. ofiuiaeBT. cjysHjaro cocaoBia — npHsasT. t Iimt, leciaie i 'Lmt. pojOBHT'iie ero cyjba. „.Ininoe sHaieme nepBonpnoyTCTByH)njaro Goa- p»Ha aorao jaTb ojHOHy npHKasy coBepiueiiHuii nepeB’iiCT. Haj-b bc* mh ocTajbHUMH, cjtaaTb ero rxaBnuMT. hjih saaiH-iie jpyrHxt. Bi. 1692 r., sorja nocoabCKHMT. npHKa30MT> ynpaBxa.iT. 3HaMeiiHTbiS KHB3b Bacaxii Bacii.ii.OBnm. ro.miuJH'b, btott. npiiKa3i. Bsaat Bepx'b naj'B PaspajoMT. (jo Tiix-b uopT. iiaiiHMaBiHHMT. nepBeiicTRyioiHee m-6cto jieatjy npHKa- •u XX, MocaoBCsie ciap^ne apHKasu (cip. 277-421); J«HTPie»i, id., cip. 333

69 381(h) npocro Ha tout, ocHOMHiH, hto 6u,it KanHcxapieio aepnaro nexoBiBa bt rocyjapcTBi\" '). Earn OoapHHx sacjyagXT mhjoct8 rocyjapa, hhhto He uoirtmaeit coejHHHTb bt eco yupameHiH Hictto.ibKO npmtaaoBT, Kart 6u He6u.ni pa3HopojBB hxt BijOHCTBa. Tbet OejopT K)pi.enim, 1’oMOjanoBCKiB, ynpaMHBinia Hpeo6paseHCBHMT npHKaaoMT (unocxiACTBiH TaBnon EaHB&iapiefi), bt to ae BpeMa 3a8ijUBa.iT ChChpckhmt. Dpa tskhxt coejHHCHiaxT coxpaaaxacb tojibeo oTjixbHOCTb KainieaapiH, caMHfl ae npnRa3T, cxHBaxca bt tout .iHpi, KOTopoary jaeaxocb nopynenie. Kpoxi 3TOTOnpmrtpa mosho npHBecib cue Hicsoxbao jpyrHXT. Kotohihxhht roBopHTT, hto bt upuxasi Ooabuiofi aaseu sacijaxTtott ae OoapHHT, HTO H BT CTpiaeUHOMT opHK83i, BT CKfiHpCEOHT TOTT *6, HTOH BT aaaaHCKOMT, bt opyaeSHOXT tott ae, hto h iit hobo® HerBepiH, h t. j. Boxpiini MwocxaBCKiS bt 1682 3a11ijbma.11 HeTbipbHa upmsa- 33MH: HoETOpOJCKHMT, CoXUnOTO BpHXOAa, BxajHxipCKlIMT HTaXHHKOD <ieTBei>Tb»). Bci bth npHKasu 6lzjh hph btoxt cocjhhchu jxs toto, „HTOfil Hexo6HTHHKaXT DO 3THHT paSHUHT HpHKa3aXT .IHHIHia BO.IO- khtu He <5u.io“. Hst 8Toro KopeHHoro ocsosania cxa6o nporxajHBaioTT nanaxo ni­ cyjapcTBeHHO® no.ibsu, HiaoTopua hjc'k 0 pasrpanHHeHiH rijoucTTii H iepapxHHecBia hohuteh. Kaai 6u He 6hxo xaxoBaaHO jiao, nopy- HeHHoe OoapHHy hjh OEOibHHxexy, oho He homo yae no SHaiemio CBoeMy ycTynHTb jpyroxy, fioxie BaaHOxy jixy. Ero SHaiema t4cho CBaauBaxocb ct pojofioio necTbio toto Hexosiaa, EOTopirfl hmt aaBiju- Ba.1T: HOJHHHHTb OHIO nijOMCTBO. jpyrOHy 8R8HHXO HOTOrjaiHHEHT HonaTiam npeaje Bcero nojHHHHTb ojHoro 6oapHHa jpyroMy, a npn 9tomtMor.10 npoH3o®TH Hapyiucsic CTeneHH pojosofl, Hero, kohchho, He jonycTHXH 6u HicTHHHecsia npaBHxa. BcxijCTBie stoto, Hanp., xicra, 3auijHBaBmia xicTHHHH, Moceobckhuh jixaxH: KUMOHHufi npasasT, aHTHufi ABopi, BenaTHbiSapHKa3T h t. a. ctohxh bt o6mesn, pdspaji npHKasoBT h noxbsoBaxHCb riHH ae opaBaxii, kset npHsasu, yciaHOB- xeHHue jx a jix T Bcero rocyjapcTBa. Kasi npoTHBOjificiBie btomv 6es- nopajsy HBxaeTca CTpexxeme Mockobcehxt uapeS ycTaHOBUxi HiKo- Topyio iepapxio bt BtjoxcraaxT, nocpejCTBOXT ynpeajeHiH, Tasi Ha- SMBaexbixT, npacyjoBT hxh nojHHHennaxT npHsasoBi—bto bo bch- eomt cxynai nonbiixa coejHHenia bt ojhoxt BijoxcTBi ojhopojhhxt j i n . Ho nonuTsa ara, ebkt h cxijoBaao oanjaTb, He yBiHHaxacb ycnixoMT. Eoro nocajHTb bt npucyju, eto pimaxca noaepTBOBaTb cbo- hmt xhhhhmt sHaneHieMT jix y , 6htt y ji.iT He caKoeroaTexbno, ho hojt BijoHCTBOKT jpvroro? Ha lasoe caMonoaepTaonaHte HHEorja ne ■) Jaaipian, id., cip. 126.

70 — ptmHTCa poAOBofi fioaprai; jun SToro Hajo OTAaBaTb npncyAH at vnpaBAcnie AHitanx, He HMinmasix TaKaxx npeTOHsift, T.-e. RbXK&nt. iloxMHHenie bhhobhhkb hhhobhhkj bx r£ Bpeaeaa homo 6HTb toabbo bt, rout cjyqai, aorja sto xonycKaxo HepaBeHCTBO pOAOBoro hojo- seHia; aeatay CioapaiiH TpyaHO duJio cxHCKau, ahux, aoxopua upa- 3Bajm 6u 6est aoathxx cnopoBx npenocxoACTBO apyroro jima. OcraBa- ■iocb oCpaTHTtca Rt adahmx,no nponcxoacseniB) cnoetty noaBHHeHHHire BHcmeay cayaciuoMy cocxouiB. Botx noqesiy bx Taicie npana3U o6hk- HoseHHO h naanaaajHCb ju ffl. EcxecTBenHO, oanaao, hto npacyan H ne.ibSH naaBaTb npHKaaaMH bx CTporoMX csmciii — bto 6hxh CKOjrfee oTj-kieuia Kamteiapin Toro BiaoHCTBa, BOTopony ohh Ou-ih nojiHHenu, h6o hcthhhhB npHBasi MocKOBCKaro rooyxapcTBa HeMbicxHHx 6esx coBOKvnnaro aifiCTBia AByxx paapaAOBX CAyataxaro cocaosia ’ ). Cirt- maHuoe cocTotmie npoxoasaeTca, tsehux odpasoax, ,xo caiiaro BOBiia cyiuecTBOBaHia npHEasoB'b. Jaaie, BHyipeHHaa opramiaania npHKaaoBx He airieTX Haqero onpexiaeHHaro. OnHTnue hctophkh h iophcth imeTiio ciapaiOTCa onpe- jiaHTb, aaKoft bx cyuiHOCTK Ouax coctbbx h nopjixoKX xiflcTBia npa- KasoBx — OiopoKpaTHiecKifi hah KoaaeriaabHuft. Bume 6uao aaMiqeao BCKOAbSb, BTO BpAAX AH HMHimHifl HHOCTpaHUUa, KaHpeJIHpCKia H tLA~ HHHHCTpaTHBHua KaTeropin npHTOAHHxaa paaxacHeHia xaKoro, bx buc- nieft cTeneHH oparHHaabKaro aBASHia. H 6DpoKpaTauecKiS r Roaae- ria.ii.Hufi cocTaBx upeanoaaraDTX yace ycTanoBHBmyioca rocyxapciBeHnyn CHcreny; oahhx neMUCAHMx 6esx Taaoro uopsxita, rx* oaho tohobbob xhho HCae3aeTx bx jpyroMX no nopaauy cayate6Haro ciapniBHCTBa; xpy- roS, HanpoTHBx, npeauoaaraoTX, hto bc* q.ieiiu, BXOaamie bx cociaBX soaaeriH, HirtiOTX OAHH&EOBoe npaBO Ha ptraenie Bonpoca, h qio hh oahhx roaocx He Hcie3aeTx bx qysoMx mrbHiii. r a t (Shxo y eacx cayaefinoc cthpihhhctbo? Oho Morao cymccmoiiaTb toabbo bx paspaai AbHEOBX h noAbaiHxx, ho ohh xaaeao He cocTaBaaaH rxaBHaro sae- MeHTa npHBaaHaio yapaBxema; HanpoTHBx, Bbicmyn, AiaTejbHyio qacib npHKasoBX 3anRMaxH abjah, He npH3naBaBoiie Hasaicoro APyroro CTapniHHCiBa, Kpoaii poAOBoro, cjriiAOBaTexbHo.RCKAioqaxH camjfi npHH- HHnx.Toro, hto bx 3anaAHo8 KBpont BtipadoTano noAXHMeneHX diopo- BpaTiH. Torho cx tbkhmx ate 0CH0BaHienx mosho OTBeprHyTb h cxobo „KoxjeriajbHH8 “ AJa xapaKTepHCTHKH npHBaaa. Kasx coct8bhtb npa- cyTCTBie hsx toaocobx coBepmemio paBHHxx, odesneqHTb sa KaatAHMx roxocoMX npaBO OAHHaBOBaro yaacTia bx fllurf!? HaBiCTHOe B'felOMCTBOHOpyqaeTCHOAHOMyHAHH^CROAbKHUX CyAbHMX. ’) Hanicruo, ito np»cyjHHe npgtaaH HBiorja ae aociaaOBijura oaoaaa’ aparoaopa, ao apeacTawflaa ero rony apaKaay, soropoMy Cu.ia noxanaeau.

— 71 Cnaiaia, npn nepBosn, uoHB.ieuiH npHaa30Bi>, npaBHiejncTBO nopyiaao hxt. ofiuKHonenHO ojnoMycjAfh. QpaiHHa btopo 3as.10 1a.5acb, kohciho, Bb to mi,, no oho. He hitLio eme bt, cboomt, pacnopajiteHiif Taaoro raoroTOCjeHHaro, opraHHSonaHnaro ciysuaro cocxoBia, kokt, bho- CJi«TBiH, xa h caKua rocvjiapcTBeHHHa ;;ija ho 6u.ra eme Tam, pasHOofipasHU h ofimHpmj, Earn bt, no.ioBBHt XVII b. OSwichuti, »ro a&ieme CnpospaTHieCKHMH hjchmh, 3nainn, npHnnciniaTb snoxi pa3- BHTie h BOMptm'a, KOTopuxT, OHa ne Hirtaa. PacmHpHjocb, cjosaiocb cjysaioe eocaoBie, a npamtemytBO lonan npH3Ha,io HySHHMT. noca- AHTi HicKO-TbKHXT ICJIOlrflKT TVja, T ji lipCaLje CH^irb OABH1 . OHO npa otomt, BOBce He lynajo, iTo aasrtnHCTT CopoKparaiecKoe naia.10 sojueriaibHHirb, a npocro coofipaataao, >ito jaem jf.jy bmIicto oah$xt> pyui, nicKo.ibEo. Mtojiao He.mao 661 saniat oahoto Haia-ia apyrmn, BHJHO H3T, TOTO, TO) HHrji RT. SaKOH* He BCTptiaeTCH npaBHja 0 coBOKyuHOMb pimeniii a&i® '). Rxa ycTaHoiuoHia oTBomenifl MCBjy ueHaMH npHKa3a npaBHTeJMTBO aojkho 6buo boSth bt, po*OBHe ctoth h pacieTbi, paacysAaTB, Kaxoe anno, no poiOBmrb nonariaMi., aojbho HOAiHHHTiea ApyroMy Jimiy, T.-e. saHaTbca TaBHsn. Khiout, noTopoe 6hjio eny coBepmeuao ho no jymli, 6uTb CBHjiTejeMT, TaKHXT, cpeHt, KOTopua n TOET, najotAa,™ eay bo juopui. Eny npexcTaB.ia.7HCb jBi npaSHOCTH: hjh yiraiTOXHTL CTapua nonaria, T.-e. HcnojHHTb saxaiy nocjixyoinaro Bpeuemi, hjh npHSHaTb ycTaHOBHBmiaca npaimaa, T.-e. OTKasaTbca ott, crohxt. BajymeBHUxi, CTpaueHitt, CTpeMjenifi, sast- maHHuxi, city em,e HBaaom, l'poaHUMT,. ITpocTiftmHMT, hcxoaomt, H3T> 3THX1,XBJXT, KpaftHOCTefi 6u.l0—npejOCTaBHTb BHyTpeHHOOOpraHHSBHiO h B3aiiMnUH OTHomeHiaaemiy 'ueuaaa npHKa3acanHHT.sthmt, i.ieHasiT. EAHHCTBeHBoenaiaio, KOToparo npHxepatHijaJiHcij napa, bto—jaib npH- nasy nOTpefmoe tocjopym „ito6h bohorhth He 6h.to“, a saTiirb, Kaxi, ycTpoBTca Hesxy co6oo bth pyEH, hx% Ma.io 3aHHxaxo. Hna'ie He.Ma ofiT,flcnHTb toto o6cTOHTejiCTBa, tto npaBHTe-ibCTBO oxotho caauuo BT, IipHKa8bl He TO.lbKO BpOCTO 6.1H3KHXT, pOACTBeHHHKOBl, 1T0 6HB8JO r.HenoJHaa(OOpasoJaaieynp.,exp.141):.iota nosaiOHyn rtn ipnasazi,rrf 6aio uicEoabso cyse», jt)s Hajieaaio piman sciai C]juf»i»*crt, hoaaca*omlis t aepaeHCTHyoni# cyxM attii-b Tatjo easy, no ohi jtiaai, no xorti*“. tloncFBaa HcropHKi oonpaerca Ha cjoia jioMm'a (n. X, 10): rA 6jien aoiopo* Eohphhi HIB OaouBHieA HJH jymoS sejOBiai hjh Xuas hjh eto hh 6jjh cyjia, npocy- im , a jtjo BepmHTH Brim Boapom, a Cyjen toto jfcia bcPhe Boapom. saaen caoBa ycTaiiaaJHBarm hco6xojhhcicte coeosynHaro ptaenia xfc», h» EOJaeriaaiuoMi.

cnjouib h pjiaojra, hoAaace orna cb ctiHOBLHHH. TaEB bb 1686 r. amo- KapcKHMt npHaaaOM'B 8aB&AHiiajH aboo KHAsefi OjoeBCKHX’6; Kor,i;a bb 1689 r. oahhb H3i hhxb yxepB, to HaHiaro ero 6uab HaSHaieHBero chhb. Bb 1666 r. npuKaaoM’b Ooxbmoa Kaanu h ahc}>jiihackhxb a*->b ynpaBAHAH OKOJbHHiiA CoraaHBM&tb'&obhhbXhtpobo ja chhb ero cto.ibhhkb Hbehb Eoi'AaHOBHHB XHTPOBO. Bb 1689 r. BB HI103CMCKOMB IipHRUIlf. 6hah CpaTM ro.lHU.HHU, KHU3bBaCH.lift BaCHAbeBHTBHl!HH3bAjBKCifl Bacaibe- BH4B H T. &. ‘). 3tOIO He MOl'AO CAyTHTBCH BB KOAAeiTH, Tfli H60<>X0- AHHoeycjoBie toahocthpimieHia,—npejnoaaraeHaa canocTOHiexbHOCTbh HesauHCHMOCTb ro.iocoBB, KOTopue bb HewB yqacTBy»TB. CpaBHHBaa CTapHe npHKaSH CB H03AllliflrUHMH IleTpOBCKHHH KOJUOriHMH, HBBOAbHO uyncTByeniL Apyryio CHCTeMy, miua ocHOBama, kotopuxb coBepiueHHO He smah yipeatjeHia cxapoS 1’occin, HeHSBitCTHO iioieiiy cuHTaromiaca Ko.ueria.ibHHMH. H tokb, OTHomenia Meatay cyjbHHH upuKasa aoazhh 6hjih onpeAtaaTbca uo ycTanouHBuiHMca oSmaaMB poaoboid CTapniHH- ctbb. Ha tohb ocHOBaHiH, n o TouapHuiH rjaBHaro cyAbH oCiukhouohho ycTynaan eMy auaTHOcriio, hxb roaoca c-iHBaAHCb cb ero MHlmieMB, h plrniCHU npiiEa30BB BUcraB-THKiTca ebeb e.iHHor.iacHU.11. Hxb Hveua Aaace ae yuoMKHaiOTCa bb p'bureiiiflXB, a npocro suniyTB „6ohphhb TaxoB TO cb TOBapHii(H“. He.ib3fl Aaffio npeABHA'bTL, Kaaoe fiu suaiOHie HMtxo paaiior.iacie bb npHEas^b. Haaajo .iHiuo-uapcuaro yupaBxeHia, KaaB 6ujio 3a«tieH0 Rume, eme He coBepmeHHO yciaHOBHAOCb, Kaac- Auft npHKa3B OKOHvaTexBHO pbmaJB A’kja, uoA-remamnia ero irfcj'fmiio; AO uapa aoxoahah toxi.ko t4, kotopuxb saataiB jh6o „BepmHTb 6hao He hotho“, Aa k ca«oe onpej'fe.ienie Toro, tto mouho hah hcmovho npeAOCTaBJaaocb npaxasy. IioAAeriaxbnoe naaa.10 npeAHOAaraeiB bos- uosHOCTb bb CAyiai Hecorxacia ’ueuoBB, BHA0H3Mf.HHTb pimenie, no- oecTH A*xo bb BHcmyn HHCTamun, jaTb eay ApyroS ofiopors. Tto Mora CAiaaTb HecorjacHuB roaocB bb npuKart, Kj’Aa liepeuecB 6u ohb Ai-io, KorAa caaua hhctbhiuh eme haoxo 6hah onpeAtAeHH? BuBajra cjyiaH, KorAa TOBapuniH hhIuh 66.ibmec anaieHie, h bto 6hboo bb ■rtxB upHKasaxB, ta* no oaxnocTH h cjozhocth a^ab 3aciAaxa Aaua, hotth paBHua no CBoeS shhthocth; bb TaKOMB ciyuab hxb HHBHa hh- caaHCb BMicri cb nepBonpHcyTCTBynawMB fioapnHOHB, xots hhi’a^ hb bhaho, tto6u bb cnoco6i pf.raeHia a^ab nponcxoAHAa KaKaa-AH(5o uepeM-feHa. To ace eAHHorxacHoe nocTaHOBAeaie piraaio Bet Ab-ia. Ko- HeiHO aah TAeHOBB, He corAacHHXB cb HirfenieaB TOBapunieft, npeA-

— 73 — cTBMMCfl hcxoax—8X0 irepenocx j.t ja bx (kiapcKyio jvMy. Ho bx sa- khxx CAyiaaxx mokho fituo a&utx lanie nepenocu? 3 toto sasoat HHrjt ho onpeai.iaeTX. H3BicTBO ojnaKO, ito .Hyirfc iacxo iiphxoah- JOCb pas^Hpatb 9th aiaa, CAHiaxb upothbohoaohchuh x s ia ia ueHOBX, aah npmnipeHui aoTopuxx ho Chao cpejcrnx bx caxotix upiiKasi. Ho bx tbromx nepeHocfe Alua He bhaoo npaBHja, ycraHOBaeHHaro npaBHTejixcTBOMX, hh npofiaecBOBX cucTeuu Hajaopa, a caopte AOKaaa- reJtCTiio ynaacema sx Mirim*) poAOBoro, c-iysBAaro leAOBtua, poAX MtcinHiecBoB b4»uhbocth. T4mx steHlie mokho 6h.io ayaaTb o peoH- 31H oahoco Micia xpyrHMX, o nopenoci staa hsx oahoio npHKaaa bx jpyroS. HoAofiiibiS nopajOKx npeAnoaaraexx HOApasAiAeiiie. aAHMH- crpapiH aa BiAOHCTiia h ycraHOBAeme HSBicxHOfi iepapxia bx caxoxx 9T01IX BiAOMCTB'Js. KaEX MOatHO 6itIO AOCTHTHyib 3TOTO HpH CHCTeSrfc upHsaaoBx, caxua paSHOpoAnua aaiuiTia, paju BpexeHHaro j_ao6- CTBa, COeAHBHAHCb BX OAHOMX jrflCT$, H TA* HOA'IHHHThOAHHXnpHK«3X ApyrOHy 3H31HA0 JIOAIHHHIb AHHO .IHBy, T.-e. HapyfflHTb POAOBVD iecxb? JibiBa.TH eohciho npasasu, EOTopue nojyiajH BpexenHutt nepe- Bicx H a» ApyrHHH, ho bio CAyiaAOCb BCAtACisie 3naxHOCiH .iHi;a, ynpaBAHBiaaro hmx, T.-e. npHaasx pasAiAHAx poaoByio iecTx CBoero naiajibHHKa. 3xa upociaa necmb xHe Aauaja eme »thmx npHKa3aHX B03H0XHOCTH h npaBa cjtjaTbCH Bucmeio BuciaHHieft no oxHomeBi® EX APyrHHX HpHEa3EHX, TpeOoBHTb EX Ce6i Ha peBH3i(0 npOHSBOAB- iiliaca bx hhxx jtja, upHHHuaTb Ha hhxx «aao6a, oaiAHTb 8a uxx J'taTOJbHOClilO H I. A' IfpaBHTeabCTBo AaeTx iiecor-tacHUHX roaocaxx bx KO.ueriH ocoCeH- Hoe 3HaxeHie bx tomx cAyiat, sorAa oho Aopoaaxx CTporHHx hchoa- HenieMX saKOHOBX Ha ctojleo, ho ho AOBipaexx ja*e fioaxniHHCXBy rojocoBx, KorAa pa3Honacie yEa3UBaeTX Ha coMHiHie bx cxuc.it sa- KOHa, bx hchocxh ero po,iaKniH, catAOBaxejbHO, xpe6yexx TOAKOBaaia HAH CaMOfi BOpXOBHOfl B.IOCXH HAH HO KpSHHeS K'fcpfc BUCUiarO HtCTa. C.iyxaH, KorAa aoahcho ou.io bxoahtx sa xaEHMH ofixacHeHiaHH, (Snah npoAOCTaBABHH na ycwnpinie npuEa30Bx, CAiAOBaxe.ibHO, Cujh Beccxa HeonpeAi-xeHHU h ne AOEa3UBaAH bx npaBHioAbcxst cxpex.ieHia npo- HHEaXb aAHHHHClpaniD OAHHMX AVXOMX HCAtAHXb 3E CAHH006pa3HUMX npniiiHeHieMX saKOHOBX, up« HeacHOCTH h nenoAHOTt Eoxopuxx Bpajx ah mo (Suao bosmosho. HanpoxHBx, rrpH necoBepnzeHCTBt 3Sko- HOBX HaAOfiHO npeAOCTaBHTb dOALHie upOCTOpa AtflTOAbHOCTH opHEa- 30BX, KOTOpue, BMta nOCIOHHHHH CTOAEHOBeHiH CX AtfiCIBHXe*hHO» JKH3HM0, Aerie Hor.ia vcMarpHBaxb h uoiioahexx opofitAu, upejcxa- BAaeiiue saEOHOAaxcAbCTBOsx. He cMOTpa aa xo, ixo xaKaa CHcreiia HeCOMHt.HIIO BBAa EX 60Ab|HHUX HeyAo6CTBaHX, OHa 6aja eAHHCTBeHHO B03H0*H0» AAa, HeyCTaHOBHBHiarOCH eme BX TO BpeHH, DpaBHTeAbCTBa.

74 — roeyxapcTBeiraoe ycTpoftcTBO, jep»ameeca He Ha Tcopeni'iecKHM Ha- TO.iaxx, a na c-iysefiHuxx cooOpaateniaxx, npHHapoBjenHiixx s i Bpe- MeHHHM’B yAO(5cTBa»i, ne TpeOyeTT. raaoro Bocxoa«eHia a t e o n noj- HHHeHHUst Mien kx Bepxonnoft bjibcth. Toaj.RO Torj,a, Rorsa HsaicT- naa Teopia c-ioatH.iaci. BB crpofiHyio rocyaapcTBeHtryio CHCTeuy 3bkoho- jaTejr.HUM'B nyieax, Bepxosnaa BJtaCTX ocofienno 3anHTepecoiiaHa no- BceMicTHHUB, oaHHaKOBMMB npftjoiKeniOMX aaicona, a noroMy npH- 8Ha«n HeofixosHMOCTi. cTporo onpeai.nnx poax ffiax, ne Morynwxx OROnaaTejn.HO paspiniHTbCa ex uoflniaoHCTBeHHHXx eft wiCTaxx h Tpe- 6y»D;HXB ea BenocpeacTBOHHaro ycHOTpinia, a mriiCTi cx rfsnx npH- fiiraen kx npaan.Ti.Hoft cHCToai Haasopa. B x cxapoS PocciH 6ujio He JlHinb HspijKa npoBipa.ia BepxoBHaa bjbctb, t o ai.ia.ioct bx npH- Raaaxx. Ohh nosBepraiHct o n BpeueaH jo BpesreHH, no HaoiiaseHixi Tocyaapa, ocoSoa peBaain. Tpyano onpcaianix, bx nexx HMeuHo co- croaaa ona; KaseTCa, ito ona jnriaa u.t.iy.si npoBipmx caopie a&io- npoH3BoacTBO KaHne-iapiH, t I mx aiRTO-n>nocTB cyaeft—abhkh 6u.ih nosa eailHCTBeHHHMX COCaOBieMX, IipeaCTaa.MBUIHMX B03BO*HOCTb HiEOTO- paro EOHTpoaa. CayaciMoe coc-ioBie Bee, bx ero coBOKyuHocTH, no npany curra-ioci. npeacTaDHTeaeax aaaona: Kawauft naeHx ero Ou.ixnpHpoanuft cobIithhEx aapa h aiftcTEHieaiHuft Cjhocthtc.jt. 3aK0Ha. Upn nsraaai na c.iy«6y, KaKx na ecieciBenHoe upano itastaaro c.iyatH.iaro neaoBiKa, npuiexx saatauft ciHiajca oaRHaKOBo cnocofiHHMX sastxaro iricra, ho hoimo ycTaaOBHTbca yfiisaeHie bx neo6xoaHMOCTH ciporaro h Henpepiranaro KOHTpoaa. Heo6xoaHMOcri, h caxoe noHaiie Haa3opahb.thotchnpn Tpexx yc-ioBiaxx, cymeeTBeHHo HeoOxoaiiMuxx ma ero pasBHTia. Heofixoansto, bo nepBMxx, hto6u Haax BCiwi HacTmran Hi.iHMn, Haax iicIimh.ihhhhmh crpeKaeHiHMHB03BHCHaact naea oOiparo 6-iara, jtasx eaHHCTBSHHoft aiia rocyaapciBa; bx tbkomx caynai, Koneino, hbhtch Heo6xoaHjtocTi. npo- Bipan, HacKOJBKO aisTeaxHocTb cayatefiHHxx jhhx yaonjicraopaen TaKoxy Tpet5oBaHiio. npeano-taraexca neoGxoanMocTi, oh4heh cxyatefinofi aiRTeatHOCTH, kskt. ycaoBia noBHmeHia na wiyafii h nepexoaa o n hhbbihxx M ien kx buchihmx. HasoHeax, TpeCyeica noHHTie o HeofixoanuocTH eaaircTBa bx aiaTe-itaocTH TOcyaapcTBOH- hhxx yapeataemfi. Hsx BHineHsaoaeHHaro bhaho, hto bthxx Tpexx neofixoaHMHxx ycaoBift He cymecTBOBa-io noxa bx mockobckomx rocy- aapciBi. IIpaBaa, ciapaa cHctomb KOpiraemft yHHiToatH.iaci,, nonua ao.i»HOCTHHa 3am cyaHJH h npaBHJit yate ne Ha ce6a, a na napa. Ho shbo 6euo h -ieata.10 bx ocnoBi Bcero ofimecTneHiiaro erpoa yftiatjeme, hto Kaat.yoe cocaoBie ao.iano KopMHTxca o n cbohxx ji.ix. Ecjh sea.ie.iiaenx nirrajiCH o n hubs, Kyneux o n todbob-ih. to no-

— 75 — aeay se aiy»Hjiany qe-ioBtsy He nHT&Tb&H otb cjyxfiu? Ctoau h hobhtm bb npHKasasx HasuBacTca KopiueHisHH, BoeBOju npocara OTnyCTHTb H it HOKOpMHTbCH, H 3TO HOHHTHO BB TOKB rOCyxapcTBfe, soTopoe He ycnfcio em;e OTjfeAHTL noHaria ciysCa on SEOHOMHiecnaro Bonpoca o BoanarpaiMeHiH cayasHaaro cocaosia. Cayaum h no.iyiaTi, H3BtcxHue xoxoxa ora Taaoro to poxa jir a apojoaataao Cuts chho- hhmomb j i i Kaatjaro bocboxu, cyxBH h rrpHEasaaro xejOBfeKa. Ottoto rocyaapcTBO ocraBaaoct HKorxa 6e3cn.ii.HUMB bpothbb aaoynorpefiaeHifi cbohxb ejyrB. Cb oahoh cTopoau croaaa BaatHocTt rocyxapcTBeHimxB j t o , iraTepeci, i;apcEoftxasHH, 6xaro noxxaHHuxB,acb xpyroft—npaBo pfexaro, MorymecTBeanaro cocxosia 6utb y xfe-TB h oHTaraca hmh. Boptfia dthxt. HaaajB He paspimuo aocKOBCKoe rocyxapcTBO, oho ocTaBuao aTy saxaiy BHepria UeTpa I. Aaxie, He CMOTpa aa to, ito rocyxapcTBO mao yate suine HHTe- pecon-Bcaysaxaro cocaoria h npaBaaxo Heo6xoxHMOCTbcxixHTB saxfeft- ctbihmh npaBHTeae#, oho iiaxo aarfexo kb ioicy cpexMiiB. Oho He ofixa- xaxo eipe pasHoofipasHUimcpexcTBaMHosucKania, to8 CTpoftHom chcto- Mofl uiTpaipoBaaia, KOTOpy»iiupa6oTa.io iiosxiifeaiiiee cxyaoaxoe rocyjap- ctbo, cacieaoS, HCKyccHonepexoxameft oranpocTHXBAHCHnn.iHHapnuxB, ajlIHHHCTpaTHBHHXB MipB JO CypOBHXB MfepB yrOXOBHaTO BSHCKaHia. np» thkoS xfecTHHH'fs BSHCKaHiSbo3mo» ho cxyaieSaoe BoenHTaHie: xac- Uiin.iHHapHoe BsucRame He xanrara iHHOBBHKa cxyatefiHaro noicTa, ho aocxyaara eay npexocTepeateaieMB Ha 6yxymee Bpena, npexoxpaHHra ero ora CoffeecyposaxB HaKasaaifi. KaatxoexfefiCTBie ero bosmoxho nox- Beprayra opiHKfe h Bsacsaato, He Hapymaa tSmb cxyasefiaaro nopaxxa B nocTeneHHOCTHbb BaBasaBiaxB. MocaoBcaoe rocyxapcTBO He oCxaxaxo opyiieM-b T8K0S axMHHHCTpapiH, nocTpoeaHofi Ha jhihomb aoctohhctb* C.iySaiHHXB .1HHB. EjHHCTBeilHOeCpejCTBO OCTaHOBHTb HHHOBHHKa 6uxa onaxa, T.-e. noxnoe yxaaeme ero ora rocylapcTBennuxB a4xb. Cafexo- BaTejbHO, Hajo 6axo, btoCu bocboabran cyxm Bejis ceCa t» kb, btoCh ero ya:e nemauoaao t o o xepaaTB Ha eayaCfe. Ho ckoxbko HaxofiHxo npeciyueHifl, htoSh rocyjapcTBO xomxo ao aroft Mfepul Haxo 6hjo Kpynnoe, BUAanipeecah.tl paxyxpyraxB, MoynoTpefijenie xoxatHOCTHOro lapa; Haxo Chao, btoCh kto HHfiyxi pfemaxca aobocth o6b hohb ao CBfexfeHia rocyxapHi woCh *ajo<5a aia xonua apesB poahhxb h xpy- aeS BiinoBHaro, arofiu poxHue pinriaiHCb bhahtb eroh, HaaoHenB, aroCa reiBB rocyxapa Chab tbeb sejHHB, hto6u toabboonaja, t.-c. AHmeHie BHHOBHaro cxyafia, a ssifecife cb hob) h epexoTBB cymeCTiiOBaHia, xotah yapoTHTt ero. ITohjitho, hto xfexo pfexao aoxoahao ao tokhxb Kpafmo- CTefi, a BMicrfe CBifeMBHCHO, 9T0npaBHTejUJTBO6HA0 AHttieHOCpeACTBB HanpaBAflTb xfeaTeAbHOCTb c.iy*H.iaro cocxonia kb cbohmb afexaMB; cb TpyxOHB Aocraraxo oho toto, otoCij ero HenocpexcTBeHHua iipexuica-

76 — aia acno.ina.incL, utoGh eoeBOAH npHcanua eay b$aomocth n omew, 3T0TL npaspaKL OTB'f.TCTBeHHOCTHMtCTHOftBjaCTH lipeAL neHTpaJBHOIO*). Toaleo bt, OTHoraeHin (|>HiiaHCOBUXL BonpocoBL npaBBTeabCTBO 6uao ao- CTaTonHO CTporo n (5e3noni.aa,EO npec-i-6A0Ba.ro BOeBOAL, sanycEaBuiaxL aeiOHHKH. Ho ecan 6u nuxe nocKOBCKoe npaBme-iLCTBO p+.mHaoci. 6htl CTpo- ihml h BijpaCoTa.10 cefii cncieiiy urrpaifiOBL, Sanaa BnocxiACTBiafiioa BRe.iCHa IleTpoM'L I, to h Tor.ua ono BpaAL -1Haocrarao 6u CBoefi utan, noTOHy ito y aero bo Ciijo ahql, cueuiajLBO npeAHasHaueminxL &U BosOyaiseHia OTfffeTCTBeHHOCTH. Kaseaaaft naTepcci. oxpana.ica .lHuaaH, HaaaaaaBniHMHca aa CM-fcny npaBHTeaa, ycatBroaro B086yAHTbneyjoBOJL- CTBie, norja, c.rfcxoBaTe.ibHO, bobuoikbu 6mjh to.it,ko penpeccHBHHaMf.pu, Kor.ua rocyjapeBa Kaaaa yate aocTaTomo nocTpa^ajia. HpaBUTe.if.CTBO no TM’fc.io ome coaxaTb .limb, CToamiix-L iciiKBfiu mif, cayaroH, CL a&lilO caijaTL 3a Kasymml ea inaroML—y aero bc6 cayKeOHua .ihhb hoch.ih oahhl u totl ate xapaKTepx. HiiTcpccu uapoAiiue oxpaiiaaHci, canaaL aapojoML. 'ie.ioSHTba n bocuakh AeayraTOBL 6hah ejTHHCTBeaauML cpejCTBOH'L H36aBHTLca on, BoeBOjcnaro raeTa a). Ho oOukhobchbo jKa.iofiu bth He rnriraa ocofieiraaro peay.n.TaTa. BanoBHcny roBopnan T0.1LB0 hto6ij Bnepeax om, toto ne x&iaiL. KaHHCTBCUHUHL CpCXCTUOML CAepHtHBaTb npOH3BO.1T, AOSStBOCTBHXb .ihul fiu.ia qacTaa CM'fma hxl, cpejCTBO ofimtHOBeiinoe in, rocyAapCT- Baxx, HeHM'feTOmnxLJipyrHXL cnocoOoBL a hoboaobl naflaopa. Upa cAaii AoaamocTH oSaKHOBeHBO OTKpuiiajncL iioynOTpeO-ienia, KOTOpua a BjreKJH sa co6o » OTBixcTBeHnocTL J). 3apoAUuiH npanHji.naro eobtpoab AOTasoft cTeneaa CAafiu, bto hxl moseho fiu.io cthtutl cKopie ota6al- humh BcnurnKasmuapcKaro Hejoctpia, uisr-h hcthhho CAysefiraiML aae- MeiiTOML. Tbkl, aanpaa., h3b6ctho, tto apa jHiiuToaconiH aaaiCTBa- KOBL, KOI'Aa OHH OCTaJHCL T0.1BK0 BL DOrpaHHTHUXL H AP7THXL BO- fi.iaronaj,eiKHiJXL MicTaxL, el hhml apacTaaxeBLi Guar ju.jikh; no cio- BaUL KoTOUIHXHHH, HO BCfcML SnaTBUHL nOC.iailHHKUML IipHCTaB.TCHTJ Ghah ambk, KOTopue BaGxiOAaAH 3a hhmh bl OTnpanAeiiiH hxl aoa*- HocTeft, n 060 BctxL upecTymeHiax-b aorockah l’ocyAapn, bl npHsm TaiiBuxL AtAL, „rAi n Cu.m b6aomu“. KpOMf, BCtXL 3THXL oGCTOOTMLCTBL, 6e3nOpaA01HQCTH BL APOBHe- pyccKofl cjyafii cuocofic.Tnona.io a to, ito npaBHTC.iLCTBO euje uep^- iTnep*ieBi*“. lEiepEBi, id., crp. 853. ’ P » P» ’) iBiepiui, id., ctp. 834. ') CP- *3en«p», „0 rocyiapcToii pyccsoni\", crp. 27, 67, lasate cip. 28, 29.

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pojnua BOTpeCHOCTH: cyan-, oxpaHesie thiuhhh h cnoKoflcrsia, iioumke .ihxhxb .roaefi, a Taote OTBtTCTBeHKOCTE oGuihhh npea-L uapext bb <JiHHaHCOBOMi oTHomeHiH, Bee eme 6ujh ochobshu Ha aliaTextHOCTH bhCophhxb aioaofl, T.-e. .i»aeft, BHcraBjeHnuxB Tarram M>AMin kb rocyaapeBy atay. Bm$cto 6aBTe.ii.Haro uajsopa, Bos6y»aeHia otbIit- CTBeHHOCTH, npecjiaoBania BopoBB h jfjiSin., bt> BHaasi. ofimefi HOAbSH, rocyaapcTBO npeanoHJO OTB'feTCTBBHHOCTB oGumBB. Oho He norao eme nocTaBHTb ce6« Ha Micro cayatH-iuxB h BudopHuxB inaoB, bbhtb bb cboh pyKH saniHTy Bcixi. HHTepecoBt; oho eaBa yHtao eme orpasaaTb CBOH COfieTBOHHHH. Sa»e Ta CTOpOHaA'luiTe.lbHOCTHBeMCKHXBHBtpHHXB aoaacHocTefl, Eoiopaa micaaacb miTcpecoBB aasHU (aanpiiji , aiaTsab- HOCTB TaHOateHHUX’B H KaCaUKHXl) rOJOBB H IVluiOBa.TBIIHKOB7,) yCKOJb- saaa ora uaaaopa npasHTe-ibCTBa. H saicb oho BHaiao eaHHCTBBHHoe cpeacTBO Haasopa bb bbctomb TpeCoaaiiiH oTHeiosB, bb c«HiaHiH hxb npu caai'fe aoaacHOCTH, ho cpeacTBOaro aaaeito He aocTHraaocsoefl nkiH, npnnymaaa npaunTe.ii.cTBo npnCliraTb eb up0H3B0.ii.B0My Haaoaoai» neseft a saaeiOBB Ha csmhxb ciapociB h.ih, aaate, Ha HsfiHpaTexefi. EcTecTBOHHO, hto r6 HHTepecu, EOTopue rocyaapcTBO He npH3Hajio eme BDO.TH'fc CBOHMH, He MOr.IH HafiTH BB BeMB MieprHHeCEOS HOAABpJEBH. Poccia TOJbKO HTO BUXOAHja H3B HaCTBai’O filJTa, TO.IbKO HTO HaiaJIB CRjaamaTBCH bb rocyaapcTBeuHUfi opraHiBMi.. lIpeo6pasoBanio aro nuo DOCTeneHHo: npeacae Bcero locydapcmeeHuvum ca'ixaxacb (jmHaHCOBHe HHTepecu. Kb hxb oxpaneHiio rocyaapcTBO npusnajo cjiyatiuoe cocxoBie h oSiuhhu. Ha oaepeaH eTa.ra eme apyrie HHTepecu, KOTopue .innn. xajo-HO-Maay aojushu 6ujh bo8th bb Kpyn. rocyaapcTBeHHHXB 3a6otB. Bo BTopoft no.ioBHHt XVI Etna o.Ithhhij cTpaaaaH otb bopobb h pasOoft- hhkobb ao TaKOfl CTeneHH, hto He miah apyroro acxoaa, npocHJHaapa H03B0JHTL HMBCaHHHB UpeCjiaOBaTb H EaSHHTb HXB. JJapb COr.iaCH.ICH Ha 9T0 — H BOTB BHyTpOHHHH CeSOHaCHOCTb BB TOCyaapCTB* HOEOHaaCb Ha aiHTeabHOCTH OGmHHB, EOTOpHH CaMH BOiBHSU BOHpOCB 0<5B HeS. He CEopociaHOBHTca oHa rocyaapcTBOBHUMBHHTepecoMT,; aro BHaHOhsb Toro, htoaoaaiHOCTbry6HoroCTapocra, bbHaiaxii Buo.iai aeMCKaa,TOJbKO H0CT6H6RH0BXOAHTBBBpnaB rOCyaapCTBeHHUXB, T.-e. npHEBSHUXB AO.TB- HocTeft, upa HeMBOHa He TepneTB CBoero 3encsaro upoHcxoKaeuia, tshb htoBuocjfeacTBiaMHorie opranu ynpasaemacocTawaioTBCTpaaHyKcirfccb HapoaRUXB HaiaxB h rocyaapcTBeHHaro o.ieMeHTa, npunannaro se«- cxaro h Bipnaro HaiajB, T.-e. yKaanoacTB CTOjbKO ate Ha aiHTeab- HocTb rocyaapcTBa Ha noabsy Hapoaa, ckoaeko Hapoaa a-®* rocyaapcT- BeHHHXB alUB H, HaKOHetlB, HapOAa BB CBOHXB Co6cTBeHHUXBHHTepe- caxB. Baaroaapa csHuneniio bthxb TpexB HanaaBbb ao.kkhocth ryfiHoro CTapocTM, OHa yaepaajacb ao.ibme apymxB seMCKHXB aoASiiocTeS, HMeHHo ao rpaaaancBHXB npeofipasoBanift nerpa BeaHKaro. 3to ue 3Ha-

— 79 — quit, n o KpfenocTb iOjaiHOCTHMtimiacTca BbToiib, no ona 110.1yqH.1a iipHKaaHufl, rocysapcTBennuft xaparaepb. ropasAO Ooabine bto ymi3H- BaoTi na tott> ({.ann., bto 3a6oxa 06b oxpaaeBiH Huymecraa h khshh noiuaHHUS't npuBHTa Ha ceQa rocyaapcTBout noase apyrnxb 3a<5oTb, hto, c.rtAOBaT6*bHO, ycTofiaHBOCTb ryfiHuxb mpoctb 03Haqaerb ae Kpi- nocTb AOaatHOCTH, a caafiocTb rocyjapcTBa. Kara tojlko aarae rocy- lapciBO onpiujo aa ctoalko, tto xorao coBepmeHHO saatHHTL co6tm uapojHue BaexeHTH, ry6Hbie cTapoCTH HaiesJH Butcrh cb apyrHHH yqpeatACHiaMH cTapofl Poccin. Ho BatcTO nHXb noaB.iaeira BcecropOH- H«a A’imTexbHOCTb npeofipasoBamiaro rocyjapcTBa. IIpH Tasofi ireycTanoBHBUieitCH oCcTaHOBst, opH raKuxb cayrauxb Haqajaxb rocyaapciBeHHaro ynpaB-iema, npaTaiiora xaoct BxeaeHTOBb cayaetaaro cocjobih, oTHOmeHie BepxoBiioft bjocth bt. pa3.iH>muMb qacTAUb ynpaiuiCHifl ocraeTta BeBbiacueHHbira. Upaiwa, papb abbho yae Oast rxaBflo» jBHsymeio cn.ron Bcf.xb yqpeacAOuifi; AiaTeabHocTb aaeHOBbuapcKOft jyMu 0.itAHa a HesaiiiTHa liuj.il, ahthoS AiaTCJbUOCiH papa. CyA'L aaiaerca sjtCL cyAOXb papa, aAiiHHHCTpaTHBHuo Bonpocu ptmacTCa nenocpeAcxseHHOpapera h i . a. Ho He Tara (5u.iobt. npHKa3axb. ,/I,tHTeAbHOCTbhxs, ocHOBaHHaa, npaB/a, na .ththoxs AOBipin papa. He 6uaa onpeAtaena HHKatHHH aasoHauH, c.itpoiciTejbHO, ne noA-ieataja hh KOHTpo.no, hh naupanjeniio coeroponu BepxoBHofi BJiacTH. 3Atca 6H B.iinnic 6too sacjoneno CTapuuH npaBH- -iSMH h ppepaniauH Toro cocaoBia, KOTOpoay nopyraancb upHKasH. Jaa Toro, hto6u yupaBaenie Poccia BHOJHt ocnoBaaocb Ha jhihoS AtaTexb- hocth papa, neofixojHHo 6hao npeABapHTe-ibHoe yHHnoaKeme poAOBHXb noHaTia, Kara pyaOBopaiparo Haaaaa c-iyaSu, n npaBiui.naa cncTeMa KOHTpoaa; hh Toro hh xpyroro ne CAtxajio uocKOBCBoe npaBHie-TbCTBO. ErO 6U(fi He BHAHO fiu.IO BT. jtjaxb aAMHHHCTpaTHBHHXb H3b-3a upH- Kasora, Bb Aiaaxb MtcTHaro ynpaBaema is cyAa H8'b-3a BtpHuxb, bu- fiopHHXb h rySauxT. crapooTb. CiLiLHaa p BHepmaecKaa aoajkhoctb BoesoAbOu.ia nosa eAHHCTBeH- HHMb uyHKTOM'b, w i HaiHHajioob ivBCTBOBaTbca aHaieHie rocyaapcTBa bt. HOBtfimeub CMHCAi BTOro CJOBa. Hi. yppeatjeHm btobt. naMli'ia- Te.ibHO cocyipectBOBaaie craparo a hobhxt. nanara. Bb nopaAKt 3aBH- chmocth h OTaeTHOCTH bo BceS cH.ii aaatteLi eipe upepauia poAOBOro cocAOBia. ,'I,OAsnocTb ara canTaeTca He ctoalko cjyafioio, cko-ilko hh- rpaxoo sa cayafiy; KaatAUHc.iyaajbift leAOBtra, BuxOAHimiift HtcuoAbKo noxoAOBb hah npocro o6tABtmni0, CPHTaeib ce6a Bb npaBt npocHTb OTnyCTMTb ero uoKopaHTbca. IIpeAtau aiacTHBoeBOAb HeorpaHHieHHH, OTTCTHOCTb HeonpeAtaeHBa, oTBticTBeimocTb AByorucjenHa,—bo Bceab OTOMb cKasuBaeTca erapoe rocyAapcTBo. Ho 3a to Apyria ctopohu yipciiipeHiH HOKasHBaiOTb, tto BAtcb HAeTb pt<u> 0 nosuxb BsraaAaxb,

— 80 — Hen3BicTHHx,& upeaHeMy BpesfeHu. Koeno.ui flixaeTCH epexOTOiieiib Bcero MtcTnaro ynpaBxema; kt> HOMy CTesaBTCB h OTb Hero hcxoxhtb ataTeabnocn. iioeHHan ijmsancoBaa, iio.iimeSCKaii, cyxefiaas — bo bco BjrtraHBaeTca OHb, Ha bco nut,err. BjiaHie. Ho oto BjiaHie ho HMten. yace cxojCTBa ct. jiaTe.ttHOCTi.io npeatHHXb HaHicTHHKOBi; HanpoTiiBb, booboau aBJHiOTca nepBOK) io-ikhoctib, r « t uapcKifi, iocyxapcTBeHHHfi HHTepecB HBxaeTca hcxoahoio tobkob *). ycTanoBjenie Boenojb 6hxo ycHaemeMt upaiiHTe.ibCTBeHHaro nawa ae to.ii.ko Bb ofixacTHOMb ynpaiuema, no h B0o6me npOHBaeniein. ero Bb rocyxapCTBOHBoS jehshh, Bb toB ij>opni, KaKf. nOBHMa.io ero noBoe npaBHTe.iLCTBO. IlpHKaau Cu.m Hacaijjeiii h npoxyKTOMb cpaBHHTWbHO craparo bpomcuh; HXb hohcro HaaBaib kombpohhccostb cTaparo a noBaro Hana-ia; HaiipoTHBb, Boeno.iH hochjh na cefrfc oraenaTOKt HOBaro speueiiH, fituH npoHSBe- AeuieMi. hoboit mockobckoS CHCTeMH. UoBaTHO, noneny xosib PonaHO- bhxt. Taut ycaja-it BHaaenie Boepoxb. J,jh nnxb obh 6u.u< ne to.ibko upejCTaBHTe.ijfMH ueHTpa.ii.HOtt bxbcth bt. ofi-iacTH, ho r.iannIifiuiHHH lipexcTaBHTe.iuMB papcKOft BxacTH, nast obh noHnuaJiH ee, bt. rocy- japcTBt Boofime. Ha stostb ocHOBaniH, ohh He to.ilko yciunna.in ssa- Tenie hxt. no oTHomeHi» Kb MicTHOHy yfipaBjemn, ho h jaBaxw hht. Ooxbrnyio AOXS) CaMOCTOBTe-lbHOCTH HO OTHOlBeHifO E'b neHTpajIbHOMy ynpan.ieniio. Kaatymificn xaocb BOeBOxcKaro yupaB.ieHia, GeanopaxOKb HXb OTieTHOCTH, CjaflOCTb OTBiTCTBeHHOCTH, pa3H006pa3ie 06a3aHH0CTe8, B03xaraeMHXT> Ha auxb, He 6h.ih npH3HaK0Mb rocyxapcTBeHHofi oia- 6octh; HanpoTHBi, ohh cieopie c-iysH-iH npHcuauoMb npo6y*xeeiH ero cH-Tu. Bb uacct yupesjeniit, ocTaB.ieHKHXbMockb-6 XVII ct. CTapuMb BpejreHesib, npaBHTejftCTBO nauLio TaKoe, lurropoiiy, no ero ylrlaKxeHifO, cyatxoHO 6buo ocymecTBHTi. bc4 ero HaxeacxH- Obo Bocnoaiajuajocb HMb, K8Kb npeaiiie napH nocHoai.30Ba.incf, spyrawH yapeJEjeHiaiiH. Crapoe rocyxapcTBO He 6ti.io H3o6pf.TaTeTi.Ho aa iiobmh xoj* hocth, KaKb peraaiieHTaTopcTBO X VIII cToxiTia; ho sa to oho umpoKO vmIuo no.Tb30BaTbCa Ttxb, ifo 6uao y Hero noxb pyitaMH. Ha8xa upHrojHoe a-ia cefia yapeaxenic, oho B3BajHsajo aa nero bcbbosmoikhuh o6a:taH- hocth, He xyxaa 06b nxb oxhopoxhocth h.ih pa3HopoxHoera. TaKb cxyraaocb « cb BoeBoxaim. HepsoHaxajbHo Boennua xoxjkhocth, BBe- XeHHHH IfOBCeirtcTHO TOXbKO BCjiXCTBie HCKjnOHHTe.IBHarO COCTOHHia cTpaHhi, ohh cicopo cxoaHXHCbBb CHCTeijyynpaBxeHiH, xapaKTepHSvionfya) co6ob) Becb ofixacTHoS 6uTb XVII ct. Paxonb cb hhhh ho Moacen. yae cymecTBosaTb HHKaKofl ojesfenTb. Ohh npHaiiaHU, noBHXHMofiy, BOXBopHTb rocvxapcTBeHHyio Hxeio bo bcI.xt. qacTiixb B03MymeHHofl, ■) HHTepHBi, id, ctp. 54: „IIa»f,cTnHKi aauimaaiT jf.iaaH ho cedi1, Boenoja ho uop»“.

81 H3MtHa»mefi h KamecTByioinet PocciH. Bx cpaBueHia cx TaKofi sa- AaicS hhhtoshu 3.ioynOTpe6.ieHia, aoiopua AOSBO.iaiOTX ceOt Boeooju; ntra, CviiaoBaxe.itBO, HaiofiHOCTH cahuikomx nOAHHHBTX ext npHsa3- HO*y BjiaaiB. CaMO fiaaropasyiiie BoeaOAu aoajkiio yitasarb eay, aaaia A'kaa eny pirnaTb He mohbo h o Easuxx nHca'ix bx Mockbv. Hxaicx, pajoMb cx ch.ii.humx CAyKHAUUX, npHKasHO-poAOBUMX co- caoBieirL, 3actBoinai. ho hockobckbmx npaBasaMx h ynpawaBraHJii PoccieB na ocnOBaniH cbohxx hckohh ycTaiioBBBinHxcH noHHTiB, o6pa- syeTca ort.racTHaa jojffiHOCTi,, Buo-THt noA'iHHeHHaa BHjam hoceob- cKaro upaBHTexbCTBa. Ha Hee uapn BO-ijaramn, nek cboh iiaAezAU, BM'kcTk co BCCB03M0XHUMH uopyHeniauii. Psaomx cx chctcmob qen- TpajbHaro yuparucuia CKja^usaercH bosmoxhoctx cn.iE.noit irkcTHoft BiaCTH, H npBTOMX BjaCTB CEBBHO.IH'6 rOcyAapCTBeHHHMX XapaKTCpOMb. Orb 6yjymaro spexeHH saBHci.10 HsCpaTb Ty bah xpyryw cacTexy. Ha nepBufi bsmhax sasaxocb jame, hto nocA*AHan BosbMeTX Bepxx; Boebo,ycKoe hanno upoHHEaeTi bo act rocyjapcTBeHHue Boopocu, c t bhmx CBHSbiBaioTCH TaKie saacHbie rocyiapcTBCHHue HHTepecu, oho Tairb yjanno ocymecTBjaeTb Hxe» HOBaro npaBHTeabCTiia, hto, Kasaaoci., bi HCXOAt A’^Jia He Morao 6htb counknia. Ho mu BHAt.111 Buiue, rjk c.Tfc- AOBa.10 HCKaTb kabhb kt, pasplmiemio btoto Bonpoca. MicrHaa BJiacTb, sasx 6u ho 6u.io bc.iiiko AOffipie kb neit upaBHTejbCTBa, He voxteTx cymecTBOBaTr. H3o.iHpoBanno bx untpeimofi efl m4cthocth; ptuiHTe.ii.noe opoTHBonojoseHie He6o,ibino8 rpynnu ynpaBJiiKumixx co Bceio xaccoB ynpaB.iHeMuxT, HeB03»oxno hh bx iuikomx rocyiapcTBt, HsriiBmeMx npoTenaib Ha 3T0 HasBame. ycTaHOBHTb ero 88848X1 ydHTb bosmok- hoctb xa-ibHiSmaro rocyAapcTBeimaro pa8B8Tia. Ile.HTpx babcth bx koceobceohx rocyjapcTBk, kbkx 6u.io yse aaMtneno, o6yc.ion.iHBa.icH uo.ioaceHioH'B Toro ciox ofirpecTBa, KOTopufl cocTaRia-ix nocpeacTByn- nfee 3BeH0 uesAy .ilittcTBHTe.ibHUMH oprai'aiiH bhhcthh ocTa.ibHoft xac- cott nace-ieBin, h hsx EOTOparo cociaBAHAHCb sth opraHH—HMeHno c.iy- sH.iaro cocjOBia, h.ih, KaEx Bupaaujca 6u uy6.iHUHCT'b sauajHofi Ebpouh, npaBHTeHBCTBeuHaro E.iacca. boabophtch axa cHja, Taxi, yTBepAHTCH a HeaTpx ynpaBJeeia—hto 6u m hcho, do KpafiHeS M’kpt, npH rkxx yc-ioaiasb, b i kotopun 6u.io uocTau.ieHo xocxoBCKoe npaBHTeabctbo, HCHirkBuiee Apyraxx cayrx, spout aroro E.iacca. Oaon- HaTeJiBHoe saEptnaenie ero 3a MockboS noBeao 6u sa co6oio neiioutp- Hoe ycMAenie peHTpaiMiuxi. opraHOui,; HanpoTUBB, yCEi.ieuie ero xaub noxkcTHaro a.ieMenra aa.io 6u npaBHTe.tbCTBy bosmojchoctb opramisauin CBAI.HUXT, Mt.CTnUXT, OpiaHOBX. Ho MoCKBa, nOCTaBHBUIH BOIipOC'B, Aa-ia Ma,io cpeACTBx ex ero pasptmeniio. llpaBiixeAbcm, cocpeAOTOHHBaa c.iyacH.ioe coc-ioBie bx Mocku-Ii, npumicuBaa ero ex j-k.iaMx null akcT- nocTeft, ta\"6 c.iyaiH.rae abah 6bi.ih HcnoMimenu, nouo.uiaji bmh, nyib 1. fPAlOBCBia. T. i. 6

— 82 He Ha BCD HXb ZHSHb, CBOH HO-IKH, B3Eb 6ygtO HOArOTOBIHUO peBTpa- jH8aniD IleTpa I. Cb apyro# CTopoHU, cocpeAOTOHHBaa BazHiftmie BoeHHue, <l>HHaHCOBue, axMHHHCTpaTHBHwe h no.iHueacKie Bonpocu Bb oO.iacTaxb, npe^ocTaBHux paapinieHie HXb noeBOjaMt, oOcraBaenHinib npeicTaBHTejaMH M'tcTHaro seMCTBa, oho, Kasaaocb, npeABHA'hao pe- . 4iopuu, ocymeCTBHBiniacH Bb ropasxo nosaaiSinyD Bnoxy. SopoKb AOJ- zeHb 6htb 3aKOHOjaTe.ib, bto6u cpasy hohhtb, KOTopony hst. htmxx xsyxb BjeMeHTOBa, jaTb npeanoiTeHic; saMaBiHBa Kasa.iacb co3Aanuaa hockobckhmh papaya r.Hcrena HtcTnaro ynpaBaema, nocaym- naro Bar-iiuasn. npaBHTOXbCTBa h Bno-rai Boraexniaro Bb ero HHiepecn. Ha ycTpoftCTBO aroro ynpatucma 6iu h ynoTpeCaeHij noc.ii.yHia safioiu HOCEOBcaaro upaBHTejbCTiia; TaKb Gexopx AaeKcieBHib npHxaab Boe- BO.yaMb Bb nOBOipb BuCopHuxb orb ABOpain.. HyBCTBOBaaocb, >rro npa- BHTesbCTBO HCKa-io bt, CHCTeMi Mieraaro ynpaBJieHia cpexcTBb H36a- BHTbca ott, OKpyzaBinaro ero Beji.xoatecTBa; ho ajh aioro crfcjoeaao cuadjiiTh ero CHjbHHMb HicTHHMb c.ivkh.iumx cocaoBieMb, hjh, no Kpattnefi H+,pt,, tbkhmh 8xeneHTaMH, KOTOpue pajoMb cb hhvb mot-jh Ou HecTH oOmecTBenHyro cjvacOy. Ho cayzHJoe cocaonie Ou-io Bee; no- rojiOBHo bh’6 oOaacTefi, a 3arftsfb HeicoMy fiu.io pasa^JiHTb ipyxb bob- BOAb; oOihhhu h.ih aaKpiuocTHXHCb, hjih ObUH npHiincanu kb apyroiry Mr.iy. H nenipa.Ti.Hoo ynpaB-ieHie Hejibsa Oujo BbiOpaTb 6e3b 3naiH- Te.’ibHux'b HeyAoOcTBb. ITpaiua. nb homi, Bb KOHpi XV II ct., npoas- BexeHH Obuh 3HaiHTe.ibHua peiJxipMti. HapcTROBaHie Gejopa Axescte- Baqa cnpanej-niBo ciHTaeTca BBepemeMb Bb anoxy Ilerpa I. Ho npH- roTOBxeme sto coctobao ho CTOAbKO Bb cosaxaHiH HOBaro, ckoabko Bb paspyrneniH ctaparo, T.-e. h 6e3b Toro HeycTanoBHBmieca a.ieMeaTu ciapofl Poccin CAixajHCb eme HeonpeA-fexeHHte h ja a e Oesnopaxonirbe. TaKb, Haup., cayaiKxoe cocaonie, Bb Koropoaib ana aaeaeHTa HaiaxH CHtmHBaTbca Bb npHEasHOMb ynpaaieniH, npine.vx, OAHaso, upaBHji,- HOCTb axHHHHCTpaiuH HHiero He BUiirpaja, Ohao nproexeno Bb okoh- xaTe-ibHo Heonpe,nt.ieHHoe noaoseaie. Coatateme paupa.yiiuxT, khhpb Bb 1682 r. He BBeao HOBaro nuia-ia bmIicto CTaparo, upexannaro nxa- H6HH. Oho He cjhao poxoBoro xaopaHCTBa cb noxbmHMH, oho He yHHTrosHAo noHHTia BaatHocm npoHcxoKjeHia ja a 3auaTia rocyAap- CTBeHHuxb AOJJBHOCTea, He hoahhhhao cayaiOii cxhhctb6hho TpeOoBa- aiaub rocyxapcTBeHHO# noabsu, cxobom'b He nocTaBHao npaao h oispo- Benno Hanaao cayzeOHaro aoctohhctbh, icasb CAHHCTBeHHaro ycaoaia Aaa noBumenia Bb cjiyzOi, He BupaOoTaao npaBHAb aah npoxoase- Hia cay*0n a c-iyzefinuxb CTeneHefl, He SHaao xaate othxi. cTeneeeS. Maxo Toro, cozaieHie paspaxHuxb KHHrb ocTaBHjo MicTimaecKia no- Haria- aah BazntSmHXb rocyAapcTBeHHUXb AO-iKHOcTcfl h OoapcKoft AyMH. EAHHCTMeHHuA pesyjibTaTb coOopa 1682 ecTb CM-tmeHie, npons-





84 hocth, Cb npejocTaMeHieM'B 3Ha«TeJbaaro yiacTia Bb yupaaaeHir noMiicTHOMy XBopaHCTBy, homo 6a xaTb hobbjiI ofiopoTb sceiiy xoxy HanieS axiuiHMCTpaniH. Ho ispiixb .ik ;uu!>ni>Hiiiaji cyxbGa Pqccjh 3a- BHcixa OT-bcanoSurnaro HCTopmecKaro pasBHTia. CHCTeaa BpeueaHUST. yjo6cTB-b, qacTHiixi coofipasemS, MtCTHUXb ycjonia Gbixa BBOjai Hcaepnana MocKOBCBHHt npaBHxejbCTBOMi. Ona jepatajacb h Xojshb 6uja pyniHTBCJi cb cHCTeMOfi nopyaoiiift, Toro CTapo-upHKasHaro iiaiaja, Koiopoe xapaKTopH3yen> * h3hl fiusinaro c,iya>n.iaro cocxoaia. Cb axeen cxy*e6naro jocTOHHCTBa, Cb cocpexoToqeHieitb BceS ciuu yiipa- Bxe.Hia bt. -imbhocth «apa, acHOciaao, wo jaa Poccin nacTyuH.io Bpeiia TeopeTHqecKHXb ofioGmeiufi Bb rocyxapcTBenHOMb ynpaBieaia. IIocTe- neHHO a BcnpofioBaBb paBHua CHCTeau rocyxapCTBO name npmnao Bb oTOMy peayjbTaTy. rocyxapcTBenaaa Hxea, BOiuoTBsmaaca Bb aunt napefi, ho cpasy npHHaxa ciporo-HenpewoBHyu (j>opny HeTpoBcitaro rocyxapcTBa. 9to npenpacHO BbipaaeHO Bb e-rhxymniBXb cxoBaxb r. Mh- qepHHa: „Bb saKOHOxateJibCTBt HBaHa IV naxHa nonuTKa yciaHOBHTb rocyjapCTBeHHyn cHCTeMy; Bb cyxefiHHicaxb, Bb yxoxeHia, Bb Hobo- TOproBoab ycTaBt BHiiia rocyxapciBeHHaa mijcmb, ho Boofime Bee ynpa- Bxenie ocHOBaHO Gu.io Ha aacTHUxb pacnopaaceaiaxb; oGihhxi coofi- paseuiS hc Sh.jo, Bee xt.Ja.iocb npaKTHiecKHMb, GeacosnaTe-ibHUMb oSpaaoMb\" '). Mh bhx'6xh, OTaero upoHcxoxHxa ami npauTHaaocrb h Kaatymaaca 6e3C03BaTi‘..ibHOCTb. TocyxapcTBO, He oGjaxaa TeopeTHie- CKHHH nOHHTixHH, KOTOpHH U0H0IMH 6a 6My BiJJ'fe.lHTb H8b OfilHeit MaccH rocyxapcTBeHHiixb xt-ib paa-miHLia ntxoMCTna, a cb xpyroS CTopoHbi ciHTaa Kaacxaro ueHa c.iyaH.iaro coc-jobih cnocofinuMb xi- xaTb BCHHia jli-ia, naKouenb, itflCTBya Bb BHxaxb npeMeunaro hhto- peca, a He Bb BHxaxb HHtepeca caxaro xtia, ne vorxo bohtb xa.ii.nie CBCTemi nopyqcHifi. Ho BOTb o6o;hhu h cxyxiuoe cocxoBie, BoeBOxu h upHKaau, bco 3to HcaepnaHO, Bee npanncaHO, saaptaxeHO x, Bb to se BpeHa, Bee xeaurrb Bb xaoci npexb xt8TexbH0CTix> uepBaro opraHB3aTopa, Bee sto xojsho BHxoH3MtHHTbca orb nqpBaro HpuKOcHOBeuia Teopia. Hacraxo speua, gorja napoxnue axeiieHTii npa oGbacHenia to# uxb jpyroft chctrmu axuHBUCTpauiu xoiaiuii oto8tk Ha BTopoft n.ianb, Korxa ohh Moryib nparoxHTbca toxbho xxa oGbac- HeHia HSfltCTHHXb Mtp'b, HO He npMJHHH H CpeXCTBb pe<|>OpMH. Hsyqeuie caxofi mbcxh sasoHOxaTcxH, T.-e. BneceHHofl HHb Teopia, xoxatiio sanaib Tenepb nepiieHCTByximee srfccTo. OTKyxa jo.iiKHa Gu.ia npiSTa PocciH xeopia? TeopeiHiecaoe xbh- seHie sanaxHoS EBpoau, Bu.iminyumpo npHCTOBbh neHTpa.iH3aaionnvB) CHcrejiv, 611.10 co3xaHo caHHUH mpncTaMH, iipn Goraraxb cpexcTsaxb ') 'lBi^pan, id., exp. 589.

— '85 — HayKH, ocTaBuieSca otl jpeBnsro I'HKa. BoopyaeHiiue CTporo», jora- iecKH anpadoTaaHon CBCTeHOD, cociaB-iaa MHoroTOcjeHHufi u aobojlho yisu&aeHUHKjacctBbOt>mecTBi,oco()eHHObt>,Taat HaauBaeMOMB.TpeTteMt cocjobIh, ohh cijKipMy.iHpOBa.iH saxa'iy CTpauu_h upHja.ra otomv abh- xemio uauioiia.it.iiuB xaparrept, uocTaBHjH era Ha paxy cl u h - khmh, npcjmecTBOnaBmnHH eny jiBHjKeHiaHH— sBOjnnieio oCihhhl h BosBumeHieuL Eopoaesciofi babcth. ToopeTHvecaoe ofiHOBJeme Eapo- bbhckhx'b rocvjapcTB’B, He Oujo, c.itjoBaTe.iLHo, ’ BH.-KCHioMT, csepxy BnH37>, aaK-B9to yCHjeimoAOKaauBaioTbntnoTopue yaentie iivfuHUHt'Tij, a npoxyETOMT. rtxb ae xhbijxl HapoAHUXL CH.it, takhml ac Asaae- HieMt hhcah, East roTHiecKie coOopu hah uossia TpyOaaypoBt. Haiero qyajaro, ueanaKOMaro napoAHUMt noHimasru, oho He bhoch.io bl ro- cyAapcTBeHHyn au3nt. Kazxoe c.iobo ophctobl naja-io Ha xoponro npHroTOBxeHHyE) iioniy, Teopia axt <J>opMyjHpoBa.iH sastTHHa aejaHia HauioHajUiHUxi. cH.it. Ecjh jaae HpeAnojoaHTt, bto KipHCTH ycii.Tt'HHO rrapa.iHci, aaTHHyTb pHMcaia TeopiH aa lyzjyc Hat eBponettcayio aH3nt, to h TOrja jtjo hxl He nosaaeTca (JiaHTasieB cyeayApHXL aeuaTe.iefi. UpH Hsyaemx PaMCKaro npaBaohhwntja aJUo cl iraoint aaKouaeHHOB) rocyAapcTBeHHori jkh3hbk>, cl xhshsio, apomexmev Bet cTyneHH pasBHTia. KjaccuiecEoe rocyAapcTBO, cl ero saKoiiieB- hhml pasuHTieat, yjofino a-ih OTBaeaemH, ero Teopia aerso apeBpa- thtl bt>aoraieCKia (Jiopayau. H3cjtA0uaTe.il, bhahtl TOjbEO OEaxeHt- JlJe HHCTHTVTbl, CTpoBHOe SaKOHOAaTejbCTBO, CL KOTOpUMHOHLHOXOTL OfipaUiaTLCH KS1KL CL HaTeuaTHiecKHMH BiJKjajKaMH, OHL He npHCyT* cTByeTL upa fioptfit napTiH, obl He yB.ieKaeTCH CTpacTHiiHL hsheoml HAL BOXAefi, OHL B3BtlHHBaeTL I'OTOBLie pesyjbTaTU. EcJH CHCTeaa rocyjapcTBa jo-iana ochobbtlch aa ayajLixL Haaa-iaxL '), to nycTL jyiine oaa 6yAeTL ocnosana Ha iiayaenia nnojHt saEOHieHHOfi rocy- AapCTBCHHOfi ZH3HH, r jt M0KII0 H3yiHTL aOCjtAOBaTeJLHOe paSBHTie HAeB BL paSJKHHUXL (jiaSHCaiL HCTOpiH, TAt Bet CHCT6MU, HepeXHTHS AaHHHKLHapOAOHL,OAHHaKOBO(S.IH8KHHJHABJ8EH,TAt yAHBJCHiOHepeAL BceaorymecTBOML h CTpoSaoS opraHHsauiefl Hancpia ^iOKjeTiaaa BCTpt- aaoTL TasyD ze BeiHiccTBcnnyio cacTeay pecny6.iHKancKusL Eoacy- jobl, HencopoBL a TpafiynoBL. QlapoEoe nojc ajh jaaBofi Atme-iL- hocth rocyAapcTBOBiAa! HecTtcHeHHuB cHanaTiaaa, jhahliml yaaxe- aieML, cTpaxoaL, j'ml ero He ocraHaBjHBaerca na bthxl HHoroolJpas- ') 3axtTnrv bctbth, 110 ipe«noao»caie, Sy*TO ajacconiram yHocan ii)6ih- 1nacia at ayajyc e«y »ioxy ■ itiaen ero nearatexeax, iBmeaoBcaaaroocaoBaBia. Hayieaie 3T»xx opraDaxecmix rxyOoxo nanioBaiiaaxi yipemieail jpeBBaro upa aoropott ny6xBHBCT» cnopte «o*en. 6htl orajeaeai rocyjapcnaiu coapexerhumb, rrt erne coBepmaeica rocyjapctaeaiiHS npouecci.

HUXb MOMClITaXb HCTOpiH H B63jt HmeTb 0()lIi,UXT. Haiajb, H3b upas* raiecKH j'feBcTBHTe.jbHo6, HCTopniecKOB shshh co3JiaeTb desnpHCTpa- CTHyio, noiTH MaTeHaTHqecKyw Hayay. Apyrofi xapaKTepb ncuyaaen. Teopifl, Korja ee xyMa»Tb coajan. Ha ocuoaaHiH yqpescjenifi jf,iicTByr>- maro eme Hapoaa. UpHxojHTCa 0CTaHaB.raaaTi. CBoe nmoiaHie npe- HMymecTBeHHO Ha tout., hto em;e cymecTiiyen,, c.it.AonaTe.jLiio, He anoxHi hhhchh.ioci,, BUXBaTtJHaTb H3b HCTOpHHecKoit SH3HH JanHaro Hapoja OJHHb MOMeHTb, TO.IbKO HOTOMy, 1TO OHb COBHajaeTb cl namei) cod- cTjteHHOs) sHSHhio. 3j4ch Heabsfl v»e o»HjaTb 6e3npHCTpacrnaro, aorHiecitaro c(>opMy.iHpoBaHiH BonpocoBb, hcthhhoH leopin, Bb cmic-it nJOAOTBopHaro odoCmema napojnuxb MaTepia-iOBb-—nexHKoe hhh, hb- HO.IHHK)meO C060B yMU BT> jaHHyB MHHyTy, CHMnaTlfl Kb H3B$CTH0fi napTiH, CTpaxb npeab HeuonaTofi eme, ho irfcpnow Teopiefi, Bee 3TO MOHiCTb CfiHTb 3UKOHO,;aTe.IH H BjpHCTa Cb JiaCTOJUUeH joporH. Poccia Toro BpexeHH He BupadoTaaa cedlt Teopiu caMocToaTe.ib- naro rocyaapcTBeHHaro ynpaB.ieHiH. -IlepBan wo Teopifl, odbejHHHBinaa Hauib rocyaapcTBeHHUH opraHH3Hb, diua nojyieHa hhmh cb aanaja, OTb Toro napoja, cb KOTopHMb HcropHiecKaa bch3HB nocTaBHxa Hacb Bb nanfio-rte BpaxjeditiJH oTHomema. Cb Tfixb nopb uanie oieiecTBO npeacTa&iaeTb ninpoKoe no.ie jaa bthxl CHCTeitb, BpeHenHO xapaKTe- pHsyromuxb aanpaweHie anoxa. Kasb to.ilko uaxojH.ica THUb, naitdo.rfe noflxojanti® Bb Hanpaaienis) 3aKOHOjaTeabnoft B.iacTH Bb jaHHyro MH­ HyTy, cHCTeiia ero Moraa cm&io HajiaTLca Ha caxoe nraposoe pasBH- rie Bb Hamexb aaKOHojaTejhCTBt. IlepBaa oaepejb jocTaaacb IllBe-. jaMb. Mhoto 6u30 npimanb, nonenry IleTpb ocTanoBHJca Hstenno Ha BTOMb rocyj^apcTBCHHOMb ycxpoflcTBii. ycntxH Kapaa XII, ero otxhh- Haa apMia, HeHCTomnsnje ifmHaHcu sacTaBjaan HcsaTb upmHHy btoto Bb coBepnieHCTsi rocyAapcTBeHHaro CTpoa; mnejCKia rocyjapcTBeHHua ycTaHOBjema Bb to Bpeaa HOBcexrlcTHo ciHTaiHCb odpa3ijoBUMH; jlefid- HHHb h 4>HKb, MHoro cnoco6cTBOBaBniie IleTpy I Bb ero peiJiopMaxb, oCpama-TH nocTOAHHO ero BHHMaHie Ha 9Ty cipaHy. OieBHjHO, dmo da ohih6ko8 caasaTb, ato pe$opiia npanecxa aaMb mnejcitia yapeatjeHia Boodme. IIh ojaa crpaHa, dHTb MO*eTb, He HcnuTHBa.ia TaKHXb nepe- BOpOTOBb, TaKHXb pajHKajbHblXb HSHiHeilift Bb pasjHIHHXb (JiyHK- Hiaxb bjbcth, Kara IIlBepia, ocodeBHO Bb XVI, XVII u XVIII ct.— nepioai ea BoeHHaroh peaariosHaro Baiama, T.-e. hmchuo Bb to BpeMa, Korxa ohb Mor.m ocTaHOBHTb Ha cedi BHHMaHie IleTpa. He.iaBHo oaHHb H3b Hanraxb lopncTOBb *) CKa3ajb, hto IleTpb JD- dHJb BBOAHTb Bb Pocciio BanajBua yipesjem a desb HXb ayxa. BnocaijcTBiH mej ynHjHMb, HacKojbKO cnpaBejaano B in HecnpaBefljHBO *) r. Jo S, I’ySepBifl, etc.

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tobs. 9to jnofiuoe cipex.ieHie xapaKTepuajen set BoxefiaHia Hciopia uiuejiCKaro npaua. SapOAUinH ncoipanMicmioft xonapxin pa3BHAHci. bt, IIlBoniu eipe lit XVI ct. uOAt iuiaHieut I'yCTaua Ba3U. B t CBOHXt CTpeHJieHiaxt OHt onitpa.icH na cosHame napoja, yToiAeiraaro rocnoA- CTBOUt apHCTOKpilTlH, 3TOIiaiUoHa.ll.HUH CHAH MOI'VTt AOCTHTHyTb OO.l- Haro pa3BHTia to.ii.so cocpejOTooHBomci, iioapyrt ojHOro nyaaTa, ko- TopuMt flBjaaacb KopoxeBCKaa BAacib. Kpoai Toro, oospoaueHie sopo- AeBcico# B.iacTH licTptTiuo ciumyio noAAepaisy Bt nojoateoiaxt aio- TepaucTBa, npeBparaBmaro Bt HeorpamweHHHa uoHapxia He OAHy IIIiiPHiio, h naaajiaxt pnaesaro npaBa, Hsyaeme Koroparo oobmo Kt t i n t ate pe3y.n.TaTant, Kant a bo iicixt roevnapcToaxt aana.iiioit Eeponu. CpoiCTna KopoAefi aah AOCTHateHia BTOft iirLm Oh.ih r i ze, East h bo BCixt npoTecraHTCBHXt rocyAapcTBaxt; KonifaicRania pepKon- Huxt HMymecTBt sHaaflTeiiBHO yBMBOHja MoryipecTBO KopoHu; hsmIi- ueuie CHCTeiu iia.iororit, yBOJHieaie aiic.ia peraAiS h t. a. AonoA- mi.iii 3to cTpeMaeaie; pa^oMt c t BTHMt ijiHcna-iBHUMt Hanpan.ieHieHt pasBHBaaca SaipoKpaTnoecKiS nopaAont, neHOBtcTiiuS no T i l t nopt Bt IIlBeiiiH u npoaBaoutiii Tyaexauuu oHcare-UHH 11 HapoAO.it— „ynpaBAe- Hiext cespeTapeB\". Kohciho oth aapoAtimu He motah nocTHrnyTb no.i- Haro pasBHTia Bt Taayio anoxy, BOrpaapHCToapaTHaecKia npajama Oh.ih eme cHJftHU h Bee xf.CTHOe h peirrpaxbHoe ynpaMonio hbxoaiuo Bt epept apacTOKpaTiH uneprusecsuxt A&HTexe#. Ct ipyrofi cropoHU h BopoAeBCEaa BjracTb He CTaja eme Bt pfesoe npoTHBoptiie c t stob Apeoueio uapioHa-ibuoio chaod. Ho tIim i Cause Kt XVII CTOjimR), T i lt acHie CTaHOBHTca CTpeMaeHie Aoyxt MoieiiTOBt bsbhmho hckaio- iHTb ce6a H8t rocyAapcTBeHHaro ynpatueHia. IIpH BCHKoit HOBOMt TopzecTBt Kopoaefl, oapaeTt fio.ibuie u (Soibnie aHaoenie rocyAapcTBea- naro cosliTa h cH.ia srtcTHaro ABopancTsa, a t i t uopazaeTca npinmant apHCTOicpaTHiecBaro rocnoACTBa. Taut, naop., Bt 1602 r. cefiit, co- fipainiuii Bt CTOKroabii opa Kap.ii IX, CAkiaji cjfinynm.ee sairfi- 'iaTfi.ii.Hoe nocTaHOB-Tenie, KOTopuxt yniizaaoci. 3Baaeoie rocyAapcTBeH­ Haro coBfea. „TaKt East Bt upezHee npe.ua npoHSonuo HHoro 6es- noKO0CTBt h fiesnopHAKOBt OTToro, 3T0 Anna, sact.AaiomiB Bt rocyAap- CTBeHHOMt coBirt, HeorpaHHBHBanTca coirl.THMH, ho cTpeMHTca yoa- CTBonaTb Bt ynpaBAemn, to mu ofitiiBJflCit Tenepb, bto Hxt Bjacrb h opaiia He MoryTt nepexoAHTb sa npeAtJH, o.iHaqeHHue Bt saEOHaxt IIIB6!(iH, HHeHHO OHH AOAZHbl COBiTOBaTh KOpOAD, 3T0 HO HXt COBiCTH h AOxry ohh ciHTaioTt noxesHHHt a ah rocyAapcTBa“. 3ioTt aKTt fiu.it BaznuMt Aouo,iHeHieit Kt A^aTeAhHOCTH mBeA- CKHXt KopooeS H3tAOMaBa3H. TycTaBt Ba3a, oCaext KopOjieBCKyioBxacrb AyxoBUUMt MoryipecTBOMt, nocpeACTBOMt peijiopManiii Kaji.it IX hojo- ZHAt npoAHUH ochobh ea iioJHTHBecKoiy iipeofijaASHiKi. Ciapoe rocy-

— 90 japcTBeHDoe ycipoflcTBo jo.ijkho 6hjo BHfloasktHHTbca no msb? CoBtT-b h ABopaHCKie ctfeju, iB i OCHOBH HaniouajbHoii CBoOoaH, no- rHd.in. Ha xicTO cou-iTa BHCTynMB KafiHHexB cb HHBHCTepcKHMH kbh- aeaapiauH, cb Kopo.iencKHMM cespeTapaxH, hobumb naTeHTOBaHHHXi ABOpaHCTBOHB. Ha xicTO cxapuxi. CBtaAOBBaBXniOTCHCXOAKHBpeCTbaHB, kb kotopumb npaBHTejbCTBO upncocAHnaeTB coajan. h o<|>HnepoBB hsb boakobb pacBOjoaeHHHXB bb rfext xicTHOCTHXB. Micinoe ynpa- BaeHie hsb pyKB noMicTaaro aBopancTsa nepexoAHTB bb pyxH sopo- J6BCBHXB BHHOBHHKOBB, H3(SaBXeHHHXB BOBTH OTB BCHKarO KOBTpOM. He takb .lerso 6uao, nnpoxeMB, yHHTTOKHTb 3HaxeHie ABopaacTBa. He nponi.m B'bCKO.iwiHXBjiIstb nocai cxepTH Kapaa, kerb ero Hac-rtjBHKB, 3HaMeHHTu0 TycTaBB Aao.ibipB, yase npaHy*aeHB 6uab B03CTaaoBHTi, SBaaeBie apacTospaTiB h rocyAapcTBemmro coniTa. Hbb npeAno.ioseniS, UOAHeceHBMXBEOpOJIO H yTBCpSAeHBMXBHUB '), MOJKHOBHJ'feTIi BHOJlfft CTpcM-ieiiin apHCTOKpaTia h sajaiH rocyAapcTBeBHaro coBixa, aaKB lvtaBaaro opraaa sxoro xorymecTBennaro cocaobxh. OOtas-ieuie boSbu, 3aKjinae.Hie lapa, cob>3obb, nepeuapia, saBaduo oxb coraacia rocyjap- CTBOBHaro coiiira. J,BopancTiiy rapaaiapyiOTca ero npHBHieriH; jBopa- BHUB UOaceXB CuTb -1HIIICHB HMVlHeCTBa TOJbKO bb cayBaii BOOpyaeH- aaro soscTaaia npoTBBB icopoxa. Ha.iora h cfiopu cb bochhhmh h&Mkh AixaiOTca toji.kocb coraacia coni',TahrfcxB, aoro sto KacaeTca. Halt buc- uihxb rocyaapcTBeHHUXB aoaajHoexeft, rocyaapcTBeBauS cobStb, bs*- Biamia jo.ixhoctm wtcxHaro ynpaa-ienia, a xuiuko aossboctb npHjBOp- hhh aairfmaioTca xo.ibko BpEABopauKE AaopaaaHU ’ ). BpoMH TycTaBa Axoar.ifia aayf.xaxo.n.no x'tux., xxo bb axy snoxy cosjaaca thbb nmejcKofi MOHapxia, Kaaoft efl cyataeno 6uao coxpaBHXB, BecMOTpa Ha Bci KoaeSaHia bb Ty h.ih apyry» cTopoHy. OxxacTH Bn4m- Hia Boflau, HanoaHHBmia coOoio Bee napcxuonaiiie TycTasa Ajoatclia, ot- BaeaaaH ero o n sonpocoBB BHyxpenHeft noaHTHKH, Boxopaa Bca ocxa- aacb bb pyKaxB aorymecTBeHHaro coatTa; .xarhstB BonpocB o rocyxap- CTBeBBOXB yCTpOflCTBi BCTpiTH.IB opraHiUVlOUuil yMB BHaueBBXarO Oa- CCHIUTHpHH, KOTOpHfl CBOHUH BpeABOAOXeHiaHH OKOHTaTe.lbHO pa3BH.IT, aapoAuma npeacTaBHTeabHofi MOHapxia. Euy He (Su.ia eme aHaaoxa xe- opia paBHOBicia TpexB BaacTefi, ho sa toohb bhaIub acHO, tto rjaBHaa 3ajaxa rocyiapcTBSHHaro aexoirf.Ka— yapinaTb napOAHyn CBOfioxy na 6oJie npoasHXB ocnouaniaxx,, n im oto 6u m CAtaaHO ao aero. I’aaB- HHMBCpeACTBOXBA-’ » AOCTHSeHia9T0SAira OHBOCHOBBTOJlbHOCXHTEJIB— nocxpoHTb Bee BAaHie rocyAapcTBa Ha oahoS HAei, tekb xto6u $yHAa- MeBTB B0CHJBBBCe6*fe *6 3-XCMOHTU, K3KT. BblCIIliaC'pepU ynpaBJIOHia. ■) 1611 r. xexafipa 31.

Mucjfc, npoHHKaBmaaKoncTHrynic, Aararaa 6uja cayacHTbqbhobob yapeacAemaiiB. Ha btokb ocnoBania ohb, bb 1614 r., npocro a scho Biiciasaji c.rfc^yiOiuee nojoseme, aoropoe cb tJixb nopB ciHTaerca ochobod mneAcaoS KOHCTHTynin: „uieBti ce0na (xBopirae) h jeoy- Tara Tpexb ApyraxB coc-ioBifi, upeACTaB.iH»TB co6od bcd Hapiio“.3TO suanuo noirfecTHTL bb cefijrfi HCHxpb Bepxoimofi B-iaoTH h hphtohb He to.ii.ko aaKOHOxaTeaiHOfi, ho h cyjeSHOfi k aAMHHHCTpaTHBHofl, Taut KaKB jut. SHaMeHRraro Kiiuu.iepa He noneMiLiB eme TOHKOcieft t4xb Teopi#, KOTopiiHH ropAHTca nHCaHHUH KOHcTHTypin $paHpiH h UpycciH. Ha tbicomb npowoMB ocHOBaRiH mohcho 6hao yxe ctpohtb hcthhho Ha- ipoHaatHua yipesjema. IIo npewoiseniio OscemnTHpnu bb CTOKroAbHi yipeaiienx. nepeuS nocToanuuB Bucraift cyAB, iioab npeActia- TejUtCTBOMii rocyaapcTBeBBaro Apocxa, cb BHne-npe3KAeHTOMB, 4 rocy- AapCTBeBHHMH COIlilTIIHKftatH, 4 COB*THHKajlH OTB JBOpflHCTBa H 4 yie- HUMH lOpHCTaHH. CyAB STOTT, CaMT> H86HpaJB H lipeACTaBAHAB KOpO.UO EaHAHjaTOBB Ha OTKpuBmiaca bb HeHB BaaaHcin. Bb stohb Okcch- nrrapHa bhaI xb naieacnypo rapaHTin nesaBHCHMOcra cy*a otb Bopo.ia CB OAHOfi, H OTB yMOTOBiS napTi#CBAPyroR CTOpOHH. BcjiAB 3a Tim, (bb 1623 r.), ii0A06Haa ace pe$opiia Ouxa BBeAeaa h bb APyrHXB npoBHH- niaxB IIlBeaiH yipeacAeHiem, naABopnaro cyAa (Po^B-repHSTa) bb $ hh- AHHA1HH BB TOTjaHAiH. IlepBOHaHHABHO, HOMHCJHsaKOHOAaTejIH, MABOp- Hue cyAU AO.ranu 6hjui noBcenicTHO cocTasHTb iiocaIiaheb) HHCTaHniio, ho BnoCA^ACTBiH 6u.ia paBp'femeHa ane.uania Eopoaio (T.-e. rocyAap- CTBeriHOHy cosiTy), noAB ycAOBiesn. npeARapHTe.tbHaro B3Hoca 200 ra- HoaoOhO tomv, laBB rocyAapcTBennuS ApociB cia.iB bo raast no- CTOHHHaro cyAefiuaro yapesAema, npn EaacAoS H3B ocTaabnuxB bhc- hihxb rocyAapcTBeHHBixB AO.iacHocTefl oOpasoBaxHCb Koaxeria aah sa- BtAUBaHia TeKymuHH At-iawo- rocyAapcTBeHHufi vapmaJB cxteica npesHAeHTOMB bohhckohaowerin, o6epB-axMiipa.iBaAirapaaTeflCKoR koa- jerin, rocyAapcTBeHHHft Kamf.iepBnpesHAeHTOHB KaHnexapin (T.-e. koj- jeriii HHOCTpanHUXB Ate), o6epB-KasHaieft — KaHepB-soxieriH. XaKB CAOsaxacb Bucmaa aAHUHHcipanin HIseiAia. OcHOBaHuaa bb upHHumii Ha HapoAHOHBnpcACTaBETeAbCTBi, OHa cocpeAOTORHBBAacbbbHorymecT- B6HH0MB COCJOBiH JHllB, COCTaBAHBHIHXB rOCyAapCTBeHHblR C0B$TB, HO iipe«cHeny HOjyiHBmifl cboS xapaKTepB nocpeAHHKa MeatAy kopoaomb h eefiMOHB, tto Aaeaxo evy boshoshoctb coejHBaTi, Bucmyio aAMHHHcTpa- THBHyio B-iacTB h sasoHOAaTejbHyio HHHuiaTHBy, T.-e. H0Ab30BaTbea npe- poraTHBaMH Eopoxa h npanami cefiaa. TocyAapcTBennue coBf.THHRH Ha- iio.ihjiiotb co6oio bc4 Him bo BC*hxB Ko.ueriaxB h Apyria BaaHua AOAaaociH. HxeH OKceHDiTHpHU niwyiHAH OKOHiaTOibBOe ocynieCTBjeHie bb.

— 92 •raKT.HaauBaeMOti, „i{iopM'li upaB.ieHia‘:, upeACTaBAeHHOfl hmt. tit. 1634 r. ce&ny, bo iipeMH xaaoaiTCTBa XpHCTHHU. Bb aTOMb 3aKonoAaTejtHOMb aKrfe echo Buji-iaioTCH Kopo.ib, Earn npejcTaBHTe^b a,i«nHiiCTpauin, eefiiib, cb ero AeMOHpaTHnecKH-MOHapxiiqecEHMii npHHuunasiu m rocv- japcTBeHHuft coBtTb, Kasb ueaTpi apHCToapaTHaecsaro MorymecTBa '). Bb eajy BToro ycTpofiCTBa HasnaneineajieaoBb rocyAapcTBeraaro costa h Apyraxb canoBHHKOBb npeAOCTaB.TaeTca Kopo.ii), Baab r.iaBi rocy- xapcraa. CpftMb OKOHnaTejr.no oprauuaosanb Bb 4 nypiaxb. MsiHia rocyAapCTBeHHaro coBta jo.iatHU 6sTb BHCjyiuaHbi bo Bcixb BaacHUxb jiaaxb; iricTHoe vupaiueHie cocpejoToneHO Bb pysaxb 23 snaTBifi- maxb irfccTHUxi apacTOKpaTom,. Ohh, pnnno aaitb h KOMOHiaHTU apt- nocTefi, HasHaiastTCji Ha 3 roja, ho HCTeneniH aoTopuxb ohh ao.tkhu 6u-th HBxaTbca Bb CTOKi'o.ifcMb Asa ornera. To.it.Ko utaa renepaab- ryfiepHaiopoBb aaBocBaiimjxb npoBiraiuB, m odepb-nrraTraJbTepoBbCtoe- rojbiia aojjkhh 6uTb aasrimeHii HCK.innuTe.ibHo njenaMH rocy.iapcTBeH- naro costal. Haxsopb aa npanHji.HUHb Hcno.raonie.Mb HHHOBBHKaxHHXb oCaaaanocTeS nopvnenb rocvjapcTBeHHOMy i|>HCKajiy, KOTOpufioCBHHaeTb HXb upe^b KOpOJeBCKHMH Ha.TBOpHUHH cyjaMH, HO H.ieHH 5 BiJCBJHXb rocy,napci'BeHHHxb Eox.ierifl He HOAJeataTb ero Hajaopy h oCBiiHeHiio; HXb Ataie-lbHOCTb KOHTpo.THpyerca nenocpejcTBeHHo aopoaeMb. OpraHH9aipa 1634 r. He aaaoHiwa noJHTBHecnaro pasBHTia UlBeniH. HanpoTHBb, ona flu.ia tojleo npojoroMbKbnpoAOjaiin'e.ii.noB a vnopnofi 6opi.6t. Tpexb 8-TeneHTOBb, aoTopue ona Aj'Maja opraHHSOBaTb; sacayra ea cocTOHTb HueHHO Bb TOMb, hto OHaecho nocTaBiua sajany KajKjaro H3b HHXb. Oh& hcho iJiopMy.iHpoBa.ia sajany sopoja, cefijia, rocvAapcr- aeHuaro coBta, Boopyaiua nxb hobhhh cpejcTBaMH jaa 6opi.6u, ho H6 ycTaHOBHAB MesAy hhmh npoiHHXb oTHomeHifl. ByAymee SHanenie, npejinH Bjacra HXb saBHciuH OTb sneprin, yuliHba noAbsoBBTbca 6ja- ronpiaTHbiMH oficToaTexbCTBaMH. „<fopManpaB,iema“ Bb cymHOCTH npo- HHKHyTa apHCTOSpaTHHeCKHMb AVXOMb; BTO ECHO 6bIJ0 BHAH0 H3b TO1*0 snaneHia, noiopoe 6buo AaHO n.ieaaub rocyAapcTBenaaro coata Bba*- MHHHCTpaTHBHHXb h cocjOBHUxb ynpe»AeHiaxb. Ona Aa®e saiuDna-ia Bb cedi 3apoAnmb o.rarapxin, oco(5chho ecjH 6n qaero nOBTopaxHCb c.iynaH Ma-TO.itaTBaKopoaefi. Aaj-fce, Kopoxio Chao npejocTaBjeHO orpoM- Hoe h nocToaHHoe uiarae HaaAMHHHCTpaniro; Bcfc HasnaneHia hcxoahjh orb Hero, OHb duAb r.iana boBcee, uepKBH, oHb cosuBaab ceBvb, co- ciaBAHAbcaHH# rocyAapcTBeHHufl coniTb. H3bBTHXbnpeporaTHBb norm ') £*«> Onceumrupnu seaji pCTpfeTBio oflo von alien Seiten nls ein Heisterwerk nugesehen vilis specimen nb omnibns probatmn“.

pasBHTtca h pa.tBH.iaci> xMcTBHxejbHO MOflapxia Kapjia XII. IlaKOHem, ce#MB ycraHaBJHBaeTca nasi upexcTaBHTe.it HauioHajbHbixBHHxepecoBB; cay npexcroH-ia aajaua cbccth hxmhhHCTpaujat Ha doxte HapojHVB) noisy — ho noita ohb He bhxIUb kb arony xpyrnxB cpexcTBB, kskt. B03Bumeme Kopo.ieBCKofl bxscth he cten> MorymeciBa apucTOKpaTin. Ilona OKceHHtTHpHa 6hjb shbb, ohb yiiixB nojxepacnBaTt pasHO- Bicie bb optBHHsoBaHHofl hmb rocyxapcTBeHnoa uaniHHi—xaae Maxo- x4tctbo XpBCTHHu He HOBpexHxo eny. Ho aa to nnoc.iixcTBiH B3aHM- Hoe oxecToteHie cocjioBifl, HcaaTe-ibCTua Kopo.ieucKofl B.iacTH noBejn kb 6opb6t, KOTopaa nanojHHja co6ox>uapcxBOBaHie II<t>a.n>nB-HBefi6pK)Ken- CKoft xHHacTiH (1654—1718), T.-e. HMennotoBpeiia, Korxa Poccin Hni.ia cb Ulneniei) 6o.ii.rae Bcero CTO-iKnonenifl, h Korxa nrscxcKia yipeaxenin Boni.iH bb ruaHT. npeo6pa30Bamft IIcTpa 1-ro. , HcTopia axofl xunacrin pacnaxaeTca ua xna nepioxa: oxhht>, ho 1680r., ecTb MOKenTB uo.iHaro upeoSxaxaHia apncTOKpaTinecKHXB na- toxb, xpyroft, xo 1718 r., aasjioiaeTB bt, ce6f> ncTopim Heorpann- teimofi B.iacTH Kapxa XI h XU. PaBHOBicie mBexCKaro rocyxapcTBeH- Haro ycrpofiCTBa noxxepaMna.iocb TkCHtiMB coksomi Kopo.ia cb cbo6ox- hhmb KpecTBaHCTBOMT,, He xaBaouiBMb cjhmikomb CoxBnioro npocropa siorymecTBy apHCTOBpaTiH. Ho bb TeieHin btoto nepioxa Befe6oraTCTBa CTpaHU cocpexotHJHCL nocTeneHHO bb pysaxB apHCTOKpaTin, ito ko- hciho xaxo eft Oojbmyio HaTepiajbHyn ciuy aa cieTB Kopoxa h KpecTBaHCTsa; EopojB, cb jcaaRoio, ucrnmemwa bh^jhhhmh boSh8hh, ctbxb bb noxHyc saBHcnnocTb otb cocxosifl—EpecTbaHe, npeBpanien- nwe bb (jieptiepOBB, nonajn bo wacxb aeM.ieBxax'fubneBB. Taitoe ocxa- OxeHie xbvxb bbshuxb oxeneBTOBB hc Morxo He OT03BaTbca Ha BceMB rocyxapcTBeHHOMB ycTpoficTB*. Csopo nocife cfuepTH TycraBa Axoxbipa HeHTpBTJixecTH noxHTHtecitaro HorymecTBa <>hxb nepenecenB bb rocyxapcTBCHHaft cob4tb. Ohb BexB, bb TeieHiH iiaxo.rkTCTBa XpH- cthhh HsaT'feMB KapjB XI, Bci rocyxapcTBeHHua xi-ia, uHtcri cb 5-io rocyxapcTBeHHHHH canoHHnsauH, KOTopue 6uxh ero nepBUMH ixenainr, ceftHB o6cy*HBajB toxbko npexxoaceHia, HcxoxHBiuiH otb coBtTa. KouevHO, cobIitb h Ha ceftvft HaxoxnxB ooxxepntEy, u6o Ha cropout ero npexxoxeHift ncerxa Ouxn uepBun xna cocxonia. Ec.ih npHHBTb bb coofipaaceHie, ito dhtb rocyxapcTBenHHXB xoxsHOCTeft iioctohhbo aa- xoxhxhcb bb pysaxB h4ceojbehxb 3HaTuuxB poxobb h lacio xaae oxHoro ceueflcTBa, to hodhtho fiyxeTB, Kaxoe npoTHBOxtftcTsie bto XOXXHO fibl.10 BblBBaTb COCTOpOHU CeftHa H KOpO.lH, KOI’xa OHBXO- cthtb coBepineHHOiiTia. O.mrapxn csopo B0s6yxB.iH ueyxoBo.ibCTBie bb tomb cocxouiH, KOTopoe cocTaB.m.in hxb I'.iaBnyio noxxepKKV Ha cerisi't. CefiMOBoe nocTaHOB-ieuie 1660 r, noKa3unaeTB yae aie.ianie ceftMa yHHHTO*HTb HdUBTOTc-ibHOO nojoateHie rocyxapcTBeHHaro coBtTa h

— 94 — OTKpUTb AOCTynB KB oGmeCTBeHHUMB AOJnKHOCTaMB ABOpaHCTBJ, HO- npaHaj-icsaBraeny kb „cobIithhkjimt.a. Taut nocxaHOBjeme 1660 ft. saK-imaen. bb ce6t cjtAyiomia upaBiua: „bb hhcj6 5 rocyaapcTBea- HUXB IUJCmilXT, CftHOBHHKORB MOitteTB fiUTI. TO-lbKO OAHHB HAeHB TOK) ase pona, bt* rocyjapcTBeHHOMi, coBtrt io.ii.ko TpH h, hh bb Kawm cjyqat, A»a CpaTa ae MOryTB saciaan. Baicrii. CefiMB AO.iaeHB Suit cosbisaexB no KpaiiHeS nipt, bb Tpn roja pa3B. Bt naatHUXB C-iyia- hxb pereHCTBO ao.ixho nucjyraHBaTb HHinie 5 KOjnerik, ho, hh bb kbkomb cjyqat, ne aojjkho npejoeraBAaTb cc6i paspiiueme Bonpo- cobb, nojBtjOHHXB ce8My. IlpH iiajuaiciuH na aoaixhocth, w i- AyeTB ofipamaTb nnHsianie na chocoGhocth h sacayrn, a He Ha oaho npoHCXoacAenie, n nnKor.ua lif.CKo.ibKo xo-'amocreit He aoxhehh 6utb coeAKHeH^j bb oahomb jHpi. Bb AOAatHOCTb reHepajB-rySepHaiopoBB norpaHHHHUXB npoBBHuifl jo.ijkhu Cute Aonycnaesm ABOpaue, Henpn- HaAAexanoc kb qac.iy rocyAapcTBenmiXB coBtTHHKOBB. Hepmift man, Ghab CAt.iaHB—KOpoaeBCsaa MaCTi, Moraa Haatstbca na nocToaHByio n BHeprnqecKyw uoAAepsity. Kb DTOMy ae Bpeuera aOcojDTHqecKia Teopin Hamaa npoHHKaw, bb llbeium; ycnixn neorpa- HnqeHHoS Bjacm bo $paHniH, pecTaBpanis bb AHi\\iia, MonapxHqecitaa peBOADiiia bb A&nin ') ue nor.™ He noAiBcTBOBaTb Ha ynu. HayKa Tanse BHcaaaaJiacb bb noxbay aGcojioTHaaa. IIoaoGho Tony kbkb 'I’h-ii,- MepB bb AHr.iiH, bb IIIBenin Gotocjobb Wandal, bb CBoeMB connaeiuH Jos Regium, HaueiaTaHHOHB bb KoneBrareHt bb 1663 r., oGbhchhjib KOpoAeBCnyio babctb Ha peJiHriosnuxB naqaxaxB. ConepmenHoatrie Kap.ia XI AO.iaHO Cuao ptmnTb a* xo. KaKB T0.1I.K0 XOpOAb AOCTHTB CAHOCTOSTOAbHOCTH, TOTHaCB oOHapy- atn.Tocb ero CTpesuenio, santaim, Ataie-ibHOcn, rocyAapcTBeHHaro coBtia ApyrHKH yipeiKAemaMn, Conte cooTBtTCTBy»mHMH TpeGoMHiaMB KopojieBCEoB BjacTH h JKC.iaiiinMB ce8*a. Em;e AO cOBepmeHRontiia Kap.ia XI npaBHTe.ib rocyAapcTBa rpai()B MaraycB I’aCpie.ib cTapanca BOKOjeCaTb bto HoryxnecTBeHHoe ynpeatAeme. Ohb CTapanea oicTpa- hhtb ero AtaTejbHocTb bb hoahohb cocTaBi. ^ah contipanifl no Baac- HtfiniHHB Ataa*B npimuiiaxHCb oTAtabnue qjeHH, no Bufiopv KaBu- Aepa, bb KoponeBCKiS KaGaHen, (Sangkammar), hsb KOToparo hhcxoamh

Bci nocTaHOBJieiiia. lipoA-ioroMx ex aroay uoc.iyatH.io to oScToaTejb- ctbo, tto ueHU c.OBtxa cjhhikomx aacTO y i3za.n1 bt, cboh noMicTbH. Bc-iiACTBie ototo aa rocyaapcTBeHBUHi. coBiroux ocrajHCb ojhh pe- BHaioHHUH jia a , a Teaymaa ajaanHcrpauia Bejacb KafiHHCTCKHMH ce- EporapauH, uasHaaenie BOTopuxx saBHci-io o n ojhoio KaHipiepa. 3th ceaperapH oGpaayiOTX caopo rpoMajHVB emy bx rocy^apcTBt. Ohh CKOpo c-BeprjH cuoero yapOAHiftaa, aarfeai, rocysapcTBeunufl cobI tx h bcio apHCTOKpaTio; jiojh TCMuaro npoHcxoajcnia, obh aii.iH.incb eere- CTB6HHB1HH C0J08HHEBUH KOpO-ieBCKOfi B.18CTH. Hobob HB.ieuie aro ho oCouuocb 603% ciubhoS 011110:1Hi;in. l’ocy- AapciBeHHiiS cobI tx B03craBa.il> iipothbx nc.KjioqHTe.Ti.Haro rociio.icTna Kampiepa, BoeHHaa HOJojeKB, oKpyaiaBUiaa Kopoaa, cl npcsptnie'xx CMOTpiaa Ha MorymecTBO KaHue.iapHCTOBx. He CMOTpa Ha arv onno- suiiiio, nafiHHeTi. yace rOTOin. 6u.ix cocpejoTOTHTL in. ce6i bcbi BjacTb. H3BtcTHoe Bupaatenie: 1’dtat c'est moi npoHHEJO u bt. mseuiio; nacca RpecTi.HHX 6u.ra nojroTOBjeiia kx upHnariio Kano# yrojHO ijiopau npaBjema, KpoMi apHCTospaTHqecaoit. Kasx h Bcerja, oaa 6raa ro- Tosa uoatepTBOuaTL ochob&mh uanioHa.n.Holi cboSoju jjh npnapana rpax.iaHCKaro paBeHCTBa. Co6paBie rocyjapcTBeHHwxx cocjoniil bx 1680r.6u.io piimiTejbHoa mhhvtoS; do npe.uoatcHim Bopo.urOHO flouaHO 6ujo pinuHTb CJrfcuyBmie Tpn soupoca: oGjmTejxna jh jjh aopo-ia KOHCTHTypin 1634 r. H jonoaneHie, cjijaiiHoe kx nefi bx 1660 r.; bx kbkomx CMHCJi jo.iano nOHHMaTb BupascHie, hto Kopojb yupaiuaeTX rocyjapcTBoux no conin' rocyjapcTBennaro coaiia (mit des Rathes Rath); naRoe utcro jo.isenx aaiiHHaTb rocyjapcTBeBHuS cob4tx bx o6mefl rocyjapcTBeHHOh opraHHiiauiu cxpaHH, u bx KanoS irhpt uoatno CHOTphTb na Hero kbex Ha ocofioe cocjoBie, uaux Ha nocpejcTByiomee yqpezjeHie neatly Eopojexx h ceSxoaix. 3th TpH Bonpoca HcqepnHBajH bcb cymaocTb no-THTHHecsaro ycrpofi- ctb3 TorAaiuHeii UloeniH. Otx hex paaptmeHia saBHctaa ja-ibirifiniaa cyjbfia KOHCTHTyuiH. Ho cocjobih 6h jh cjhdikohx VTOsueHU aojto- BpeueHHiiHx rocnoACTBOxx ojarapziH h cntnnuH ftpocHTXCH bx jpyryn Epa#H0CTL. CeftMX COCTaBHJX HeCojLmofl EOXHTeTX H3X JHKX, upejaH- DHXX KopoHt; KOMHTeiy BTOMy Oluh npejjozeHU Bonpocbr BH icri cx OTBiTSHU, 3apanic cocTaBjeHHUHH bx Ka6Hiierh, h 10 jeEa6pa 1680 r. OTBllTU 9TH fibl.IH „0npo60BaHLl“ EOpOjeMX, EBKX HeHBMhHHBlft 3aE0HX mseiCEofi KOHCTHTynin. Bx cHjy cefinoBoro nocraHOBjreHia „npoqaocTb h cuja EopojeBCKofl BjacTH h fijaro crpaHu TpefioBajH, htoGh opra- HHsauiH 1634 h 1660 it. He csasMBajH sopoxa, EOTopuh Hxherx npaso h3h4dhti>hxx no csoexy ycvorphuin, cooGpasuo Hyzjaxx rocyjapciea. BupazeHie, <rro Eopoai. ynpaiuaeTX no coairy rocyjapcTBeHHaro co- Btia, oBHauaeTX tojlko, hto Eopo.iL npejjaraeTb xa ero oGcysjene

>— 96 — t4 Boupocu, Koropue OHb COITeTT, HV.KHUMb, HO THKOfi HOpHJOKH »i« Hero He oCHsaieaeHb, hCoOHb bo Bctxb jta a x b oTQaeTb oTicTb tojmco Bory. HanoHeui, cefixb apHSHaeTb 6e3noae3HOCTb h ja s e BpeAb no- cpejcTByumHX'B yipeac^eHifi Mcsjy iihmt. h BopoaoMb, h BooCme ro- cyaapCTBeHHufl costTb He ecri. uaioe cocjoiiie, ho bxo^htl Bb co- CTaB-b pIJuapCTUa H JBOpHHCTBa“. TamiMb aCpa30Mb Cuaa yHHiToaeHa bjihcti. ororo yipeanCHiii, aoTopoe, upH Toi'4,aumeM'B uo.ioaieniii IllBeniH, mrtao ia x aea 6oab- moe aHaoeaic. CeiiMb coCHpaaca piano, caf.QOBaTe.ibHo, ho moib hm^tl hh nocToaHBaro ii.iiania 11a npaBHTeabCTBGHnbia j ’taa, hh c-itjHTb sa HpaMbiMT. h tohiiumt. Hcnoanenienb saxona, hh nojBepraTb npaBH- TejbCTBeHnuxi areuTOBb cepbesHoiiy kohtpojki. Bet oCasaHHOcra 9Toro poaa, no ecTecTBeHHOMy xoiy co6nTift, cocpexoTOHHBaaHCb Bb rocyjapcTBeHHOjrb coatTi. IlocTOHnHoe h npomioe ynpentjeHie, cocTa- Bjennoo H3T. auaTiitftniHXb -THQb a Buciunxb caooBHHKOBb rocyxapcTBa, coBtrb 6hWhcpeaoTOiieMxaAXHnHCTpaTHBHoft j'I'.htc.ilhocth, HanpaB.m.ib Kb OQHOft Qt.au Bet Q8CTH lOCyQapCTBCHHOfi MaiUHHU, KOUTpO.IHpOBa.lb AtaTeabHocTb npaBHTC.ibCTBeHHUX'b arenTOBb, CiUb nporatiMb xpaHHTe- jeMb itoHCTHTVQiK H saKOHOBb. YnHiToiRaa ero, cefiHb nepeseeb QeHTpb B.iaCTH H3b COBtTa Bb KaflHHeTb. JI,tHCT8HTeJICH0, Cb sToro Bpe- MeHH KaOHHeTli, COCTaB-leHHUfl H3b .IHlfiHHueil'L MO.TOQOrOKOpOJH, cocpe- A0T0HH.ib Bb ceCi bco Bjacxb h AtaTexbflo upojo.iata.ib paaBHBaxb if,io a6co.iKiTH3va. Citopo nopo-ii. nojynub (Bb 1682 r.) npaBO HS.WBaTi. o6iQie saKOHbi, coofiiQaa nxb tojbko ,j.ih stioiia cefiiiy, , Tain. KaKb Kopoaio npn.UfJHO HOBeatBaTb, a nOAAaHHHMb IIOBHHOBaTbCa\". BuCTpO H 6e30- CTaHOBonHo pasBHBaaca a6coaiOTH3Mb noQb Baiauieub aoBKaro kuCh- HeTa h ycayauaBaro ceSMa. Bb 1689 r. BCTptiaeTCH, Hanp., Taaoe nocTa- Hosaeme ceftna: „Bct BupaaeHin, npOTHBopt.naiQia HeorpauHieHHofl BaacTH Kopoaa Bb upeacHHXb npoTOicoaaxb ceflHa h rocyxapcTBeHnaro COBtTa, Bb pasaaiHuxb HHtaiaxb h Heuyapaxb, AoaxHbi Cuti. bu- nepKHyTu\". HasOHeQb, Bb 1693 r., cetHb CaaroaapHTb Kopoaa, ito OHb coBtTyeTca cb HHHb o rocyaapcTBeHHHXb aiaaxb, xoth OHb, KaKb Ha- xtCTHHKb Bora, He oCasaeb QtaaTb SToro. KaCHHeTb Caaropa3y*HO BOcuoab30Baaca sTHirb HacTpoCHiexb, qtoCh oCe3neQHTb rocnoQCTBO eaHHoaepataBia bo Bctxb HanpaBaeHiaxb. lSoeH- naa cayaGa, oana H3b CHJbHtfimHxb noanopbABopaHCKaro HorymecTBa, Cuaa npeoCpasonaHa Bb 1682 r. Bb Toub caue-it, n o y sopoaefi aBHaocb BoftcKO, sasHcamee roabko 0Tb HHXb, to boBcko, cb KOTopuMb Kapab XI H X II HOJHaaH BOeHHOe MOryiQeCTBO HlBOHiH. ycTpoBCTBO QepKBH 6nao TaKiKe iiSMtiieHO Bb c«ucat CBtTCKaro rocnoQCToa, npii tewh upasa ayxoBeHCTBa, KaKboTAtasaaro cocaoaia, qoqth coBepniemo vhhito!kh- aHCL. KpecTbancTBo TaKKe HcnuTaao Ha ceCi saiauie rniioft (fiopnu

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