Градовский А.Д -Собрание сочинений. Том 1

- 350 — JOCTH SaBHCtJB, CjtsOBaTejI.HO, 0Tb npOCTpaHCTBS BjastHiiPToro ro- poja hah rtxi ropojOBi, Kysa i n 6a.ib npHssaHb. Kara ne aorb ofipasoBaTb CBoeS bo.too.th hh Hyieirx racjijCTBa, hh njreMT, 3aBoeBa- Hia; OHt uojyiaib luacTi, He casn, co6on, a apeab roposa, h no.iy- qajb ee aa crojbEO, ira ckoji.ro HxijH ee nocstjaie. Iloaroiiy bo- jocte ecTj. npemje ocero OKpyrb oShhhh, 9to SHaienie ea coxpaHHeTca bo Bcefi pyccjoS HCTopia. Ecjh ofiUHaa HMija nosHTHaecKoe’3HaaeHie, to h bojocti OBaasaja muacenie, nojarasecEift onpyrb; Bb nporaB- hosit. cjyaai oaa 03BaaaJa nojpaajtaeBie caaocTuaTejbHaro KHaaenia, ajMHHHCTpaTHBEUfi tOoEpmjTeb,SHBaOaJOenCiTebbiloOjCoKcOtBhC, EhYBoD.ohXoOTnHpa8aBoT0BpUbTHCeRayoKTBb- saBaerb npaao Ha HBb BCtXb HCTOpitTeCRHST. IpaKTOBb, HHb me HpHBOJHMHXb. BOJOCTb cocToaja H3b ropoja, H3b nparoposOBb h bojoctcS, TanyBinaxT. Rbro- posy h nparopojaMi. 9to 6aaa irfinb o6upiHb, CBasaHBuxb aemjy coOoio iepapxaaecKHMH OTHomeHiaaH. I'oposa 6w.th cmapmuMu 061HH- Haua, 3a hhmhceja, cjo6oja, sepeBira, hothhkh, coesHHasmieca Bbbo­ jocth. Ohh cocTaBMJH osho ntjoe, npH8HBaBinee KHasa. Ecjh6® aB- Topt ocTaHOBHJca Ha BToft o6m,Hiuio8 ocaoBi BoaocTHaro jiaema, obi aorb 6a cb 6ojbme» acHOCTiD MJOSHTb 3naieHie BtieBUXb nopaj- ROBb JJH BOJOCTH, OTHOHieHie BOJOCTHi t KHH8I0 H T. fl. Ilpemje scero npexcTaBjaerca Bonpocb, Ba ceoshko BOJOCTb cocTa- BJaja osho nojHTHxecKoe ntjoe. Ecju6b ejHHCTBo bojocth onpejtja- jocl Tint, hto ona 6asa ojHHab „KiiameiiieMT.“, TO-eCTb, npHnajje- masa oxhobv bhjsd, to Bonpoci h non 6u 6utl pa3ptiueHb secbaa CEOpO H yjOJtfeTBOpHTejbHO. Ho jiio 8b tomt., hto BOJOCTbNorsa co- CTaBJHTb osho jiaoe npa CTporoKb co6.mjeniH iepapxHiecimxb otho- meniS Mernsy ropojoHb, nparoposaMH h BoaocTaMH. „BojocTb,— tobo- parb aBTopb (cTp. 25),—cocTaBJHBmaa HapojHoe co6paHie, ecTbhhhto raoe, KEEb OTstjbHoe KHaseHie, Bi cocraBb soioparo bxoshjo o6heho- BeHKO HtcROJbEO paMBHHHXb no CBoeMy 3HaH6HiK> nyHKTOBb noceje- 06 6Hia“. Bb Chjj- aero me bxojhjh 3th pa8JHHHue,nyHKTH Bb cociaBb BOJOCTH? 'ItMb vcjOB.THBa.TOCb HBb XeMLBHpamajOCb paSJHTBOe HXb SHaaeHie? Bojocth He ujh 38BoeBBHH0D TeppiiTopieiS. ropoja h npn- 68roposa BXOJHJH Bb COCTHBb BOJOCTH, HOKa OHH He MOTJH COCTttBHTI. •CBoefi oco o bojocth. Pa3JHHHoe SHaaeme DTHXb nyHETOBbo6ycJOBjn- sajocb HXb (paxTHTecBHitb npeofijajaHieab hjh saBHCHaoctbi) spyrb orb spyra. Eshhctbo bojocth Bb npHnnant saBHctso orb corsacia h esHHOsymia Bcixb ea ropojOBb, Ha npaETast OTb chjh rjaBHaro ro­ 6poja. JtTOHHceub, xapaETepHsya nopajOEb BtaeBaxb co pamfi, roBo- pHTb: ,,HonroposaH 60 HSHaiaja, h CHOjbHHHe, h KiaHe, h Uojoiane h bch Bjacra asoae Ha xyMy na nisa cxojaica, ga hto me crapifi- nriH cjyMaBTb, na tohx me npHropoju CTaHjTb“. Ecjh nparoposa He

esxooOo.Tico'becAtHHi, eCpTax&cOnTTabt^JaHHjaiach,bto.mmoliH.uxTiea“aB,xo,nbcoenaooAHctoehxlevynMripeaoTrxb.ajCocelMprcetrexaBapHynyiHHcaoM,fiLihe;tcoocpcob.jAohjOooXcntLxl, 6lub oKpyrOMt B iaeam i co(5paHifi, moxho hphhstl to.ilko cl 6ojl- HoHi..hO(eOholBrxyMihoCaTaiAToHBrHHocpiemTaeSHtLcKncHHainuH,iMaerhHKLrtoiOoapCHxoaTHSjBoH.JTBOobLxpUoeLHjpoeoipleciasHtichLnTnpuUoHxAcBTllaaorapaOhoATcAHLHtaeooxrpbmsThce.e4hpHmcT(iccaylk.riophM.uHarh8.roie6apnBiyaphByAmAOewieMirtpacSLaaaaMc.cMo)rH.H, nH\"cH,Hbbeoeh.oHihbbhhiMcall-, VOOTpc6H.lL 3hT40mTLl HaaBbTCBpuiaajLcneAm-IHa nBaHaHtHCaHreoHisaonl|plOocpaM,UyBK-taiseaBnUnXamL csou6mpae-. ni8 6o.ii.iiio, OraomeHia mokav ropoAaiiH h nparopoAaMH He Moran 6htl oco- Cenno npoHUhiMH, tbkl ebbl lipmopoAU ne 6hah mnoenaHHHMn bojo- craHH ropoAOBL. UpHropoAU ofiasaHU cbohhl npoucxoxAemeML He 3a- HoeBaTeJiLHHML CTpeH.ieaiaML raaBaofi boaocth, a no 6oAbmeft hbcth ea EOAOHHsauiOHHOHy ABHxeniio. ABTopL hibctl uphhmhu BOSHHEHOBe- nia npnropoAOBL bl paafipocaHHOCTH noseMejLHofl codcTBeHHOCTH ropo- jkahl r.iaoHaro ropoAa. . Pjickhhvtocti, uoseMe.ibiiofi co6ctb6bhocth ro- poxaHL AaxeEO 3a oepToB ropoxa A&Jaaa hcoCxoahmuhl ynpexAeoie nparopoAOBL\" (cTp. 27). HaML EaatcTca, hto bto noAoxeiiie MoxerL 6utl Hf.cKo.ii.HO pacmHpeHO. IlpnropoAH crpoHAHCLbl TaaHXL MicraxL, TA’fc He 6u.jo no3ene.TLHofl codCTBenhocth y ropoxaHL. HoBropoACEaa boaoctl 6uxa Hpe3BHia&H0 o6nnipna, nparopoAH ea hx-th Aa-ieso Ha BOCTOKL H Ha C&BepL, H TpyflHO DpeAHOAOXHTb, HT06L OHH BOSHHEaAH HCKAIOHHTeAhHO OTL TOTO, HTO BL T&XL HicTaXL y IIOBTOpOAHeBL6fcUa uoocMejbBaa coScTBeHHOCTb. I\\ CeprbeBHHL cahulkoml ua.io ocTaHO- bhachHa3HaHeHinpyccao# K0.i0HH3ai;iH, KOTopaa xnoroe moxctl oClhc- hhtbbl npoHCxoxAeHijrropoAOBLh BOaocTefi. BcaiepapxianamaxL noce- acnifi kbel 6a EOpeHHTCa bl otohl Ko.ioiiH3auiOHCOML Hanaxi. Qohh- EhOoTkOlp, HMAeLpenBpOHXaO,ABc.eIxOo,QOcH.TioHdoKAaaX,AOnpenIr[0oCp6o.AieLH,!Cr.opEoCATLeC, TbBoeHtHlOc,TyHnTeOHHHt,CTnOo KaxAaro noceJieHia bl 3to8 „jrtcTBHi;t“ He 6luo onpeaiAeHO pa3LHa- BcerAa. HoceaeBie 6u.\\o npiiropoAOML, uosa caao He uorao ctbtl ropo- cpHAC6Hoo0yCHOoAihTJoCTbOalTHBp;boOiEoiHar,HTaoceToha6HAcseoB8TabtyHH;loeb,fHoirBxfeCLKJAoJbCoaarcAblHraajaaHoHaHOoxHideecM.SpchbyTLQalBS,ChCHOKcnOaOoupCnacBoTaetpLabrHhB,bjotibHopenlhTa.opbhHxA9baTLlBtohOO;o.tPApoeO(OboJcacCAcitay4TthLKLo,n.iHbuopconhnleBHIoho3pTKaSBHOHaA3pHfbOTiOoOLaKtApaeAabaooia,leccu6otCiuOHhtdOaaT,3aCgoOriTjrHoTrfaoeOLBcAoAATOBtayiHCiLHlhHTeHiTaHebHAT;LloOaLhObrHrtctCmiHoeaoOOlt--,-t HTO BOAOCTH H6 IImIiAH UOCTOMHHaro 3HaHeHia, T8KL KEEL OTHomeHia HexAy ropoAaMH h npnropoAaMH He MOr.ni 6htl nocToanno oahh h

— 352 — t4 ate. Kasi to.ii.ko ropoxi nojunajca no SHaqema ca.KOCToaTeAi.Hofl uo.iKTH'iecKoS Riacra, otii moot. npHSBaTb cedi ocodaro khhoh. 9thmi oficToaTeatCTBOsTB Ayxme Bcero, ckojbko Ham KaateTca, odiaCHHorca, ci o.inoS cToponu, nopaflOKi 3a»rfiineHiH Boaocrefi-, c i ApyroB, —npa- HHHa nOAimnecKaro pa3XpodieHia Poccia. Abtopi (h» ctp. 273) roBopHTi, ?to .pyccsia BOAOCTH He C0CT8B* ahak nac.iiacTBeHHaro BjaAtaiji PfopasoBiiiefl. Coraacao BTOiiy, khh- aecKaa Poccia He aaaeTi aaitoKHaro nopajaa h i npeeMCTBt ctoaobi: ctoah ue Hac.vliAOBa.iBCb, a AofiHBajHCb\". 9to noAoatenie onpaBAHBaeTCH noiTH BcfiMH ^aKTKMH Hainefi ApeBHefl HCTopiH. Ho Ham tasceTca, hto aBTOpi HPAOCTaTOBHO odlflCFFHAl UpHTHFFU 3TOTO JiBAeaia. HeAb3a He iipHSiiaTi, Ba»HoS 3acjijTH aBTopa bi tomi, hto ohi OTBepri odiflCHe- Hie, HtKoraa rocnojcTBOBasmee fit, yic6nHnaxi HCTopiH, hto npHimm pa3Apo6aeHia Poccia aaKABea-iaci Bt npaBt Kaatnaro cana Ha paBHy*> Ao.iio Bi Hac-rtACTBi cBoero oma, h no aariiHi sac.iyra Mockobckhxi rocyaapeB cocToa-ia bi tout. HSHieeHin 38kohobi o HacjiiiCTBt, ko- Topoe yTBepAHio codoa cahhctbo Poccia. Abtopi OTBepri mabioHacai- AOBHHiH lipeCTO-TOBi H Cl ropHBHOCTiSO HOBBTOpa OTpuitaert ee Be3At. llo Haraejiy MnimiB, aro cahihkomi nocniniHO, ja np« tomi h desno- .leaHO. IIpHiHiiaToro, hto npecroja „He Hac.itiona.iHCi., a _i.ofiHBa.iHct,\", HnBHoeoarjKo.BOicatTHjpbseaan6iEiio,MATbDat..iiiiaHaTtcbobucpmaeaimehoheahnanpbpoHnyi3irtHioToBKiBmaiTibo,odhcCnteoTadOcb-iairitkeac-hciahLTuC3rhoTi,,Buhii„BapohOaoTbhsomtipktaBooSHbmHeoSi3.,eAfhAitb»opdtyooic“acp,KaihHjnaaXoha-l CBHTHAlCAHUIKOMlMHOTOCTpaHHpiCBOefiAHCCepTapiMAAHA0K33OTe.li.CTBa TOTO, HTO BI pOAi KHH3efl He 6bU0 HHKaKHXl DOHSTiB 0 npaBHAbHOMl npeeMcrt npecTO-ia(crp. 156—273 no doAbinefi aacTH nocBitnienuaTony Bonpocy, sartm cneipaAbHO TpaKTyeica o Hem ate Ha exp. 286—327). OpHJOaeHie k i VI wasi (o poAOBom dtrrii KHasefl) npn»o tianpaB- aeHO npoTHBi Tcopia r. CoAOB&eBa. Mu He bhahmi, noneMy KHH3I.HHe MOTAH HM'llTL OCOdlJXl HpHBHAl 0 HacjijOBaHiH HpOCTOAOBT.,—HpABHAl, HOTOpblfl BI HtKOTOpHXl CAyHSHZl npOTHBOptlHAH HOHHTiHMl HapoAa h npaKTHBi cairaxi Knaaefl. Teopia r. CoAOBbeBa oaent. npoexah msao noxoAHU HaBBMHnueHHyBveopiio. Oaa aaHABHaeTca b i CA^xyomem: Bet BOAOcxH npejcTaBAaBri iepapXHHecKyx) „jicTBHtty“ b i ©THomeuM ciaptniiHCTBa h AOCTOHHCTBa hxi rAaBHUxi ropoAOBi. Bbiji CTapnri# ctoai—SieBCKiS, sartm CAtAOBa.iH lepHHroBciciS, IlepeHCAaBCKift h t. A- KieBcsifi ctoai joAseHi 6u ai saMiwaTbca CTapniHMi dpatom, BTopofl—cjf.AyniHHMi 3a hhmi. Ha CTapmia ctoai khhof.h nepexoAHAH nocxeaeHHO. Doc.it cuepxH KiencRaro xuhsh, ero MtcTO 3aHHMa.11 CAf,- AyBmift 3a hhmi 6pam h KH«3b cTapme# iiariim boaocth, bi 9Ty ace Bojoerb nepeABHraAca KHg3b TpeTbeS no AOCTOBHcray boaocth h t. j.

— 353 — Tskhmi. ofipaaoM-L, iiasAuS <5pan> HOCTeneuno nepexoAHAB bb mpniie khhsbh h jocTHrajT. KiescEaro CTO.ia „j4ctbhbhumb BoexoxAeHieMB\", KaKB rOBOpKTB r. CoiOBbGBB H HHBOHOBCEafl 4'lT0miCfc. ffTO BTOTB no- pajOKi. cymecTBomui, bb BOHaTiaxB KHasefi, AoitasuBaeTca pacnpeat- aeBieMB ctoaobb nocat CMepm Hpocaaiia Hysparo h TtMB, bto bho- catacTBiH Baacaufi Kua3i, ciHTaBiniS cefia CTapuin«B CpaTOMB, npeAB- aB.TH.iB cbor npaua aa KiescKiS ctoab. „IIaeMaHHHEH“ Moran sasHuaTB ero to.ii.ko rjiaKTHiecKH, ch.iosi, a ho no npaBy. H3acaaBB KieBcsiS, 3HaMeHHTii8 „njenaHHHKB“ a npoTHBHHKB lOpia RiaAmripoBnia ^oaro- pysaro, Aaa Toro ttoCu uptime AepaaTbca bb KieBt h orpaAHTbca otb upHTasaHifi _K)pia, npH3iia.ii> cTapmaro 6paia ero BanecaaBa n upa- Kptiaca ero npanaun. 8to bhcko.ibeo ne npoTHBOptBHTB TOuy, bto ho- paAOEB, ciHTaBmiSca aaKonnuMt, CHaiaaa caafio, a hotomb bobcb He npaniHaacH kb rocyAapcTReHHoS npaKTHKt. Caa6ocTi> h HecocioaTcai- HOCTt TaBoro nopaaEa r. Co-iobbcbb AOfiasaaB ayame, BiMB bto hhCvab ApyroS. 3aKOHB fiuiB HococroaTeaem, ho hbbBToro He catayeTB, bto6b ero He 6uao bobcc. Maao an mu bhahmb c.iaCuxi, no cymecTBjToinHXB saKOHOBB? T. CeprteBHTL rosopHTB, n o Teopia „atcTBHBHaro bocxox- AOHia0 ocnoeaiia Ha CBHAiTeabCTBi IIhkohobckoh atTonHCH, n bto see bto cBHAtTeaBCTBO ecu. cwunmie no3AHiSmaro cocTaBHTeaa xtroiiHCH (ctp. 302). BcaKifi, kto BHTa.iB HCTopimr. CoaoBbeBa, npnnoMHHTB, bto noiTeunuft HainB hctophki, CTpoHTB cboio Teopiu He na ochomhih oahoid 9Toro micTa HhkohobckoS atTonncH. Ohb hphboahtb ero no- tomv, bto bb nMeMntBHiAi)tSrc.TRCHoaToeBjbbHeOBa,xoonppoenjito.iHa.Jioopcix>yAHHapco.BrtajHOOBainiipeaBnnpaeo-, KOTopuHB, no ctoaobb. Ohb bhahtb npHMiHeHie btoto sasona bo MHorHXB ({wtKiaxB Hamefi HCiopiH, nesasHCHMOotb C-iobb atTonHCH. Mu He bhahmb, Aaate, uoBeny 6u cociaBHTeaio HhbohobckoS atTonHCH HyatHo 6uao „coth- a a ib “ noAoOHua Mtcia? CpaBHeHie CBHAiTeabCTBa HheohobckoS aiTO- uhch cb TaBHMB xe HnaTbeBCKoft He AOKasuBaeTB HHBero ocofieHaaro. CymocTBeHHuft BonpocB saKamnaeTca bb tomb, cBHTaaca jh yKasamiuS nopaAOKB upeeacTiia npecToaoBB npaBHaoMB bb poA't pyccKOMB khb- atecBOMB 0 Ila oeHOBaniH hhothxb (JiaKTOBB mu co6.TWAa.ica aH ohb? iioaaraeMB, bto nonaTic o TaKOMB nopaAKt cymecTBoiiaao, a bto ohb npBiriHaaca Ka»A«fl pa3B, soraa bto 6uao bosmoxho. Abtopb He cra- HCTB OTpmiaTb, BTO KHHSba PlOpHKOBHBH COCTaBaaaH OA0HB POAB, CBB- 3aHHuS upeAaHiHMH o6maro npoHcxosAenia h ao HtKOTOpot cTcncHH eAHHCTBOMB HHTepecoBB; cc.tr cymecTBOBaaB poab, to cymecTBOBaan h npamiaa, onpeAtaasmia OTHOineiiia BaoHOBB aioro poAa mcjkav co6on. r. CoaOBBeBB BUCTaBH-IB CBOR) TeOpilO. Ero HpOTHBHHKH He BUCTBBHaH HHuaKoS. Mexxy TtMB bto Teopia — caMaa eciecTBeHsaa h naHCoaie noAXOAamaa kb c|)aKTajn> HCTopia Px>pnKOBHBe&. He BAaBaacb saxe

— 354 — bs mojotbuh dojpoiShocth, HejocTynaua ofisesy Haniefi craTSH, mu ofipaTHMT. BHasiame aBTOpa Ha to, tto mkb 6u hh thmtb noBtcTBu- Bama o xeajyycoOiaxs nanmxs KHa3e8, BCe-TaaH npnaerca caasais, tto bs OojsniBHCTBi cjyqaeBS bto cnops cmaptuuxi cs madumm. Bo huh aero ae crapnne saiuHmaxm, cboh npaBa? IIpaBO ciapauiH- cTBa jy a m elt, OpaTseBs KHaKocsaro poja, Bcerja Ou,io npaBOMs, npoTiiBi, KOToparo u.iesinHHmtH momh BucTyiiHTB xojifcKObo hhho.nnoro .111i|iaKTnqecKaro npeo6aaaaHia. Cranert aBTopt orpHi^m,, tto caMtifi 0101cTapmiS %, KieBcitift, no npaimay, nojatens 6h js 3auHMaTb cbmuH ciapnrifi khb3b? I’j i oOsacHeuiii Toro neapeojo-Traaro CTpesueiiiHfilm .10ciapniHMS, KieBCEiiMS khhbbmt,, H3s-sa aoToparo MHorie khhs&h cm- jsH-iH cboh TOJOBu? Ma toto: fixarojapa CBoeuy yBaeaemm, aBrops Baa's 0u OTpHiiaen, cymecTBOiianie KieBCaaro BMHaaro aiiasa, no Mo­ s e r s noBccTii as Becuia crpaHHUMS peay-isTaraMS. M u B03BpaTiiMca as BTOuy Dpejaery, rosopa 0 snaieuiu BHa3et. Teneps xe orpara- tiimcji ofintuMs satrtiaHieMS, hto Teopia r. Co.iOBseBa yTpariiTS CBOe 3HaqeHie tojsko Torja, Korja ero dpothbhhbh BupafioiaiDTS cbod, fio- aie yaoB-ieTBopHTejanyio. L’. CeprfceBHqs jyMaers sairiiHHTb ce tco- pieS doGmairin BOJOCTett. ,T,o6uiaiiie BOJOCTeS Gujo (JiaaTOM’s fioate iiJLH jienie BCeofimmri, ho ace-Taan tojsko (fiaKTOsis. Jlvimc caasais, OHOfiujO OJHHMS 1181 ijiaBTOBT., n6 flaBIHIIXB 'ycTaaOBHTSCH upauHis- Houy uopajay upeeMCiaa upecxojOBS. Haqajo ,,jicTBHiiiaro Bocxosjema\" oaasaaocs necocToaTMSHHMs HO MHOl'HHS lipHIHUaM'S. OjHi H3S HHXS 3aK.UOTa.IHCS bs caaoS opra- HH3ai;iH poja anasefi iiamnxs, jpyria BUTeaaaH h3s BiqcBuxs no- pajKOBi,. UpHTHHU nepBaro poja coctohts bs toms, tto npn pa3HHo- seHia PfopHKOBHTeS Tpyjno yae Ohio ycTaHOBHTS apmepiS CTapimm- cxaa; oiucaaTs bs jaHHju MHnyTy CTapraaro BHasa 6hjo cottu ue- B03Moano. Oicixja dofmauk CTapmHHCTBa ckjod. Ja a ie , pajons cs jricTBHTHHMS BOcxoBjemeMS, HacaijOBamens fipaTa nocjrfc fipaTa, uo- cTeneHHo pasBHBaeTca noHHTie ofis ommnib, o Hac-rijoBaniH cuaa nocji oraia. Ocofienno chjshoo pa3B«Tie no.iyin.ao oto naiiuo bs ci- Bepo-BocroTHoS PocciH, ra t oho nojaBH.ro Bcfi jpyriH. Taas, raaBHoe npaBHjo, jiflCTBOBaBineo bs pojii KHtisefi, ae homo npHMiruiTsca 6e3s fiojsmaro 3aTpyjH0His, h, apoirii ioro, bctpIthjocb onto cs jpyraas aaTaaoMS, hoctcbohho BupafioTaBuiHMca cpejH r£ x s a e KnaseS. Ko- HeTHo, Bcero fio.ite orpaHHTemft bto Haqaao BCTpiiHjo bs siTOBuxs nopajaaxs, bs naiaat „upH3BaHia“, aoropoe npoxojHTs Tpess bcb Hamy jpeBHios) HCTopiu. r . CeprfieBHiy cpHaai-iesiiTs TecTs xoTHaro h HayrHaro Buacnenia BToro iliaaTa. HaTa.ro npasBaHia npoTHnoptTHTi Haqa-iy nacaijoBaHia. IlepBoe Ou.ro HaTa-roxs HapojHUMS, BTOpoe khh- aecKHMs. Hapojs ne npiisHasajs npaBa Hac.i'fcjoBama npecTOJOBs.

— 355 — KaacALift Kiui8t, c i iiapoAHott toikh sptma, (Suit EHH3eMS, npHsiiaH- HblMl B aa npHSHaHHHMl HapOAOMi. .tlepexoxi KimxecKHxt cmioto, roBopara aeropi, bi tout, nopajut, bi KOTOpoMi mao aacitiOBaaie laCTaoH coOptbbhbocth on orpa El CHHy, on fipaia ki fipaTy, ho toimso ae 6u n oOuEuoaeiuium. uopajKOin, npeoacraacro- jobi, no bi coanania napo.ianpejcTaiuaica t6mb-toney»f,CTHum a oGhibhiii*. Hanpaatpi, b i 1146 roAy KicBjanc npn3na.ia Haacaaaa Mcrjicja- Biiia Bonpesa Tony, no irfejOBa.ia Kpecra BceBOAOAy OjtroBHiy a o6t- ipa.iH cmv, no cuepTB ero, nocajaiL 6para ero Hropa. Hapynrenie 3T0fl K-IflTBH OHH MOTHBHpyBTl TKEaRzjia: r„oHekhXuOsIHhe,Mo'6cT<$aHnTaHn,ciR. ICaHaBoIth3oSoA-' nHBH“ (b i HacjtiCTBt). Cuai ckom'i. c.TO.i'h, bxo.ihtt, b i HOBoe cor-iauieHie ei HapoAoara. Khh8Wi, ze.iaa yaptuHTi, sa chhomb cnott cto.ii,, bxojwti b i cor.iameHie c i Rapojoira a npHBOASTi aapOAi, ko Epecry. Bcoboeoai JOpi.eaHm, b i 1 2 1 1 rojy npa- neai eo EpecTy actXT, Baa,nnaipueBi, aa MeHtmcm cboomi cuHt K)pii. Bcobo.iojt, OxbroBHai b i 1146 roxy, iVRCTBya npHfijaateaie caepra, npa- 3najra Eienjaui h roBopa-n hmi: „a3i ecm, Be.iMH rto.ieHi,, a boh Basra Span mob, Hropa, hhhtocb no hb. Ohh ze pitcoma: kuhzc! pajg, ca MMeM'B“. Ecjia khb3b Be vcn1iBajn> cxfeiaTB aToro npa zhshh, joro- BapHB&aca c i Hapojosra ero chhi. Bi 1213 roiy Hpoc.iam, BceBoao- ,1081111, noaynnBi, no naBtuianiio oma CBoero, IlepeacaaBCEiB cto.ii,, npiixajra b i nepeacaaBJB, coOpa.ra HapoAi, nepe^aji hmi cojepaa- Hie boot oma n cnpocHji: „Aa pnaTe mb, fipaTie, ame xomCTe aa HM'liTH coO-ft, aKOze HM-fecTe OTna Moero, a ro.iOBUceoa sa mb c.iozHTe?” Ilepeacaasiiu ourfeia.m: .ne.ihMii, rocnoAHHe, teko Cyan, th navB roc- noAHira, tu BceBoaoai\". lOpift BjajHKipoBHn, ^oaropyaifi, zcaaa ne- pejaTB no CMepm cnoft cro.ra MeHBnmxB cuHOBwnra, bhmo crapniHxi, eme npa zhshh CBOeft noxyiHJra na bto cor.iacie zare-iefi Poctobcko# bo.tocth a saKptiiHji ero KpeCTHUsra nijOBaniesra. Jloc.ii ero caepTH Hapoa'B OTCTynnaca o n Hero, h KHa3eira cataaaca Anapeft Boroaiofi- csifi. -MiTonHceira paacKasuBaeTi bto aiao thru „CAyMaBmn Poctobah h Cy8AaaBRR n Bo.io.ioMHpiiH bch, noEDia An.ipea cuna lOpbeBa cra- piflmaro h nocajHina a Ha OTieMi cioai,... saBe 6f, npeaiofiBMi Bctiaa 3a npeMHoryw ero Ao6pojiTeEB, loze HKiame npezje e i Bory nbc6mi cymHMi. no.ni hhmb“ (crp. 70—75, 302 cri*.). Ha ocHOBaHiH sthxb h Apyraxi uoaoShuxb ^ektobt, aBTopt BecBMa .loraiecKH cTpoarB cbob Teopiio npH3Bam'a KHH3eft, KOTOpaa r.iaBHUKB ro-6iapcau3T0bMCiJi,cJiiytzoRTaiBTocohpoi bo.oibboTaeoiiptitH, aoCuBaiiia npecTO-iOBi. J(oa» ho co- cbob mhcjb ao KOima. HecHOTpa OAHaKO na Bee bto MHOzecTBO (JiaK-roBr, Hextsa He bha’^tb APyrHxi, ynaaaHHHXi r. CoAOBbeBHira. Cam aBTopi ysasuBaeTi Ha npHSBame, RaKr, Ha Haia.io napodnoe, AliScTByiomee paAOira h lieptAKo b i upora-

— 356 — Bono-iOBHOCTb jpyroxy, K wutcecKOM y- -HaDpmripB, Ha cip. .70 oat ro- BopiiTt: „HapojB ocymocTBjaeTi. CBoe npaBO npussaHia HecMOipa hh Ha 63UUMHUX co u a tu eH ix k h m b u , y c m a H o a n tm u tu tt M e o nd y co d on m o r n i u u d p y io u n op sd o ia n p e e n c m a a eoM cm eii, hh Ha hxb yacTHHS pacno- pfl*onia“. CrijOBaieJbHO, 3aMim.eHie cTO.tOBT. onpej’fcxn.iiocb J bvhh HaqaaaMH; ho, KOHenio, hh ojho hsb hhxb He aor-io jo8th jo hoj- Haro rocnojcTBa h couepmeHHO jhiiitoshtii jpyroe. HapojHoe Haiaxo He icorjo ycTpaHHTB KHaaecaaro h Haortopon,. 1\\ CeprieBHiB t4mb oTJHHaeTCH otb r. Co.iOBBeBa, hto nocrijHifi npusHaei-B ojho o6mee Haqaao, ho bhjhtb, ito oho He Hor-io uo.ivihti, uuEaEoro pa3iiHTin bb rocyjapCTBeHHofi hch3hh, H3B KOTopofl tojbko uocTeneHHo joaaeH'B 6u.ib BupafioTaTBca upaBH.ibHbifi nopajosB; a uepoufl bhjhtb bo bccmb upeofi.iajauie tojbko ojHOro Ha'ia.ia, jocTaTOHHO CHJBHaro, tto6b opra- HHnosaTL ut.iufi 1'ocyjapcTBeHHBifi 6utb; xexjy eny He crfijo- Ba-io 6bi safinBarb, qro nojHTHiecsifi 6utb BpexeHB PupHROimaefi ’6vs% to-jbko aapojbimeMB rocyjapcTBa, a horocyjapcTBOMB, aojyjeai, a He jyOoMB. Ecjh 6a bb ero Mart, pajoxB cb npeapacHUHB jor- NaTHaecKHHB HMOKcaioMB naaaJiB jpeBHe-pyccEaro rocyjapcTueHHaro yoxpoflcTBa, (ju.io o6pau;eHO aanMaiiie a Ha Haaa.io HcropaaetKaro jBHaeHia, ohb, oieBHjiio, apHmejB 6u kb jpyraMB pe3yjBTaTaMB. npa jorMamaccKOMB xapaKTepi H3ioxeaia, ohb, oaeBHjao, joiaenB 6h jb ocTanOBHTbca aa ojhomb Haaajfi, bb jaHHyn Mrayiy miiiiuieMB 6o.ite scero luiaaia Ha rocyjapcTBeHHoe yerpoflCTBO; Bcfi *e jpyria OHB HOrB oCoStH, H0JO6hO TOMy, KaEB oOofijeHbl HMB BC'fe .HaaaTKH HOBaro nopajia Bemefl\". Ho ecjH cxoTpiTb Ha J'fixo cb totkh aptaia HCTopHqecKaro jBHaeBia, CTaHOBHTca acao, tto bb jpeBHefi PocciH, npa o6me# Hepa3BHT0CTH rocyjapcTBeHaaro ycTpoficisa, He MoaeTB 6bitb pfciH o6b ojhoxb npeofijiajaxmienB Haia.rt, a jojheho npejno- aaraTB 6opb6y paa.THiHUXB, tocto npoTHBono-ToatHuxs Haia.iB, H3B KOTopuxB hh ojho He mohectb pasBHTMH jo KOHja, ho sa to 3ajep- SHBaeTB pa3BHTie jpyraxB. Yxe Bnoc.rijcT8iH ojho Eaicoe HHdyjb Ha- aajo (SepeTB BepxB h awaeTca ochobob rocyjapcTBeHHaro ycTpoBcm. Cb mko9 6li tohkh 3ptnia mu hh CHOTptjH na uamy HCTopiro, see see Hexbsa 0'rpHnaTb Toro (fiatema, iro Haaa.io nac.itjOBaHia j 4Bctbo- Ba.io bb jpeBHei PocciH pajoHB cb HaaaxoHB upH3BaHia. HauisjOBame flbuo HaqaaoHB pojOBHHB, KHaatecKUM'b, h bb jaxbHiamexB cbochb pasBUTin iipHBejio sb ejHHCTBy PocciH; aaqaao npnsBaHia 6h.io aaaa- •lON'b HapOJHUXB, BtlCBblMB, H BB jaXLHMnieMB CB06HB paSHHTlH xorjo 6u npHBecTH kb nojHOMy pa3jpo6jeaiio PocciH. 06a othHaia-ia ]jkohx3ahtnhHa6ehpejHheccpcaascHbTicnaraMenaajyctceoe6poB»., eme itorja n;eHTpBrocyjapcTBeH- ho0 'I'aKTB „jo6HBaHia‘ ctojobb o6ycjon.iHBa.Tca chjob BiaeBHXB iiaaa.iB ii c.ia6ocTbio KiiasecKHXB.

— 357 — Jlyirne csasaTb, Hapojaua naia.ia jjh Hero nojo*HTe.i!,noe 3HaieHie, EHHsecKia—OTpanaTeaBHOe. Me*jy rSure r. Ceprfcennn> bb CBoefl Teopin „io6HBama“ jaen. oaairaitoBoe 3naieHie tomj aapyroav. no aamesiy MHisHiH), bobhohuiocti. aofiuBaHia ctojobb t4cho coa3aHa cb naiaJioM'E „npH3Bania“ KHaseft; joftUBaHie npettpainaeTca tottocb, kbkb aeaesaioTB y aacB npHananHue kh33bh, h biltbiotch npaposjeH- BHe, o6e3neaeHHUc npaBOMB Hac.it.aoaaiiia. Koraa OTpuuaTejuina ycao- sia, npenaTCTBOBttBDjiH pasnaxiio Kasa;ecKaro Haaaaa bb apobhcS Poc- cia (cMVTHtja nOHBTia o CTapranncTR^, 6opa6a botihhhuxb noHarift cb Haia-ioMi. poaoBoro cTapniHHcrna, MHororacaeaHocTB KMaeS, o6y- C-ioB-n»aBmaa bo3mo* uoctb nocTOflHHaro iipn3Bam.ii a aaraaHia hxb), acaesaeTT.,— aciesaeTB a npH3Banic kbbscS, a Ticao cBasaraoe cb hhmb „ao6HBaHie“, KaKt cpeacTBO 3aaimeHia ctojobb. „Ho6uBaHie“ 6hjo r&CHO caasaEO cb npaBOMB icaacaoB bo-toctb hm£tb csoero Busan, eio npasBanaaro hjh opHsaaBaaro. npaBO oto Cu.io ae bo.tocthmmb Boofiipe, a CKopie o6ii(hhhumt>; u6o bojoctbio Haauna-iaci. cyaaa oGiphhb, CBasaiiuuxB Meaay co6om iepapxHiecKHsin OTiiomeHiaMH a iraxoaaiaaxca bb o6meai DOliHHeHia raasnoft ofimaa'li, CTapmeMy ropoay.. Ka*aaa o6m,HHa mor.ia, bb cboio oaepejb, cTaib bojoctbd a apasBaTB kb ce6i khs3h. hto ofiycaoBaaBaaocB a aaoro- 1HCa6HH0CTI*I0 KHH3efl, HeKAT KOTOpHMH BCerja MO»HO 6ujI0 HafiTH oxoTHBaa aa hobmb ctojb. Ho cTaaeaB sate asyaaTh noc.rtjCTBift TaKoro aopaana Bemefi. 9to Cyaen. catoao HH»e. IIocjrtjyeaB sa aBTopOMB bb ero nsc-iijOBania oTHomemfi aeaay jBTMa 3aeaeHTaMa Hamero apeBaaro aosaTaaecaaro 6ura, nnaacMB a BiaeMB.I. II. OTHoraeaia khhbh a bojocth. KHara r. CeprieBHia aaera oSwyn fJtopMyav aaa ofiBacaeHia sthxb oTRomoaifl: BoaocTb npH3UBa.ia kbum ana yapaBaeaia a cyaa. HTaKB, CB OAH08 CTOPOHH, HU BHAHNB HapOAB, lipa3BaBUli# KHH3H aaa ynpaBjreaia a cyaa, a cb apyroB,—shbbh, aoiopufl ynpaB.ia.TB a cyaaaB. 9 ia ijiopjiyaa mobcctb 6utb xopornen acxoaHoio tobkoB ascai- aOBaaia, ho HyataaeTCfl eipe bb noapo6aoMB npnsrfeHeHiH ea no bc4mb CTopoHaHB aaaiero apeBHaro rocyaapcTBeHHaro 6uTa. IlepsuB BonpocB, BU3UBaeHuK btoio$opHy.iofi, 3asjB)'iaeTca bb c.rtayionieHB: coxpaaaaB jh HapoaB, npassaBinia EHa3a, Kaaoe-aa(5yaB Baiaaie aa ynpaweHie, aaa Bee ero yiacrie bb aoiHTHaecKHXB aluaxi orpaHHiHBaxoci, npa- SHauieMB, npH3BaaieHB a lwniaHieMB Kaasa? MHoro octb ocnoBaniB npoano-ioacaTB, rto r. CcprieBaaB ckjohhctch

— 358 - ex nocxiAHeiiy Hflfmiio. Mu xf.AaeMi Tasoe npexnOAOseHie, norovy' ito casn. asTopx BUCtasuBacTca xoBOJbno Eeonpejt.ieuHO. Ha cip. 66 onx roBopwrL, tto b4bo, ftam ocHoeuaa <pop.ua 6t*ma, HtjaeTi ace, KpoM'6 TiiSB upejxeTOBT,, KOTopue uepejaioi'ca ux HCKJEWHTeAbHOe 3airfi;;uBaHie KHH3eS; at npeAMeTam ate nocat^Haro poja othochtch yupau.ieuie h cyxx. Ha rap. 67 BBTaeux: ....BiaeBoB ijiopita ae duao jocraToiflo aa am orpajajienia npejiiOBi. on. aia a cyia. HapOAl codapaercji u< coabmaaifl, hobthcodpauiaaecocraaiawn. cbojukoaafiyib y*oBieiBopoTeitaaro opiaaa iia noeroannaro A^Bciaia: cauo- ynpas.ume «e n cpedommn mva“. Hat othxx xsyxx no-JoateHifi Tpyjao bubocth KaK0fi-HnGyxb o6m,iS pesyAhTaTi.. Ha uepBufi past moxbo toabkocfcasaia, ito B-fcqoAMcTBO- aajio toabko no oaairtfiiiniMi. Bonpocam, rocyjapCTBeHHaro yapaMOHla. Bx caaoMfb if j t , ofia npoTaaoptaHBUg MHiaia aBTopa cxoahtch bx OAHOMX, BX TOMSH1TCHB0, HTO Bine OTAaBHAOBX HCKAfOHHTCAXHOe 38- BiAUBaHie KHa3a ynpaBxeHie (-jyarne CKasaTb aAMHUHCTpapi») h cyAX, k hto caHoynpaB-ieHie He Chao bx cpejcTBaxx aiia. To ae Aoxasu- BaeTx h HSJoaeHie npejMeTOBx b^aomctbb rtna, A&Jaenoe aBTOpoin. hs MiAynnpiix crpaHHiiaxx. rjaBHtftmyio, no HHtHi» aBTopa, itorexBHOCTX Btna comBjuen. npuseame. Abtopx ocodeHHO noipodHO ocTananAHBaeTca Ha stout. npeAMeri (crp. 67—76). BTOpuMi no mkhocth npeAMeroMX 6hax pn&i cx sraseiix, To-ecTx, nocTaBAeBie t4xx ycxoBift, Ha kotophxx oht. AoaaeHi 6hax ynpaBXHTb (cip. 77—80). „P«ax“ cx KsaaeKi ecTb OTAt-IbHblfl OTX BpHSBaHia 8KTX H no BpeieHH CAtAOBaAX sa HHMX. 3arfcMx cjrtAyBTX saxoHOAaTexbHaa AiaiejbHocTb, oOxaBjeaie boBhu h sauDieBie xapa, pacnopaatenie xoaohx BoeHHbixx A^ScTBiS a cyAx HpeSBHiaftHuS H nOAHTHleCBifi. OTHOCHTeAbHOBOCAiAHHXX BpOAHOTOfiX Hexb3a He sairfeinTt OoAbmoB maTEOCTHh HeonpeA'ExeBHOCTH bhboaobx aBTopa. Ohx He hphboahtx hh oflHoro cjyiaa 3aitoHoxaTeabHoS Ai«- TeJbHOCTH Btva h p83CHBTpHBBeTx ee, saKi aeofixoAHMoe AonoAHeHie kx npaBy npHSnaaia (cTp. 76). Bl cipept eyxa Hapoxx HBxaeTca bx piAKHXX, Ha.io'iHTejbHHxx CAyq&axx. „Biie He 6hao Aase sepxoB- HHMX aneAAauiOBHUHx cyAHAKipexx\" (cTp. 84). Jlp n <ng hckaioth- TeAbHue CAyqaa DpaBexonu aBTopovx toabeo aj« HoBropoja n HcaoBa. Ty ae „qpe3BHBafiBocrx“ He.ibsa ae npasHaix k bx yaacm Hapoja bx Aixaxx bo4hu h xapa. Eme peAbe^nie BiicrynaeTX 3to Hirfmie BX Ttxx Midaxx BHHrH, rxt aBTOpX TOBOpBTX 0 SHaieHIH KHJT3B. „KHa3b, roBOpiiib r. CeprieBBHx, He dtux toibko bucihhmx opeAcraBHTe- cJOiHBXTHUHCiBOHJoBaHsTr&ieIbHHio..S. BBeifntCToHfiuBieclTTBOeBMBlHCeHBHoCujpt,ocKuaKfOiuBiHHUhoTenBpeepHbHCjmOeeActHBHyHbeoH-l

— 359 — opocauu KHflaa... n6o orb 6uix npH3Bam. M« BOjBopeoia nopHj.ua:.. IIpH3BaHie BBS3S ectb nepBuB man, in, Bujrbjeniio rocyjapcTBCHHaro npaBa H3tioBnepso- HB<iaibHoB h 6capa3JnBHofl coBOEynnocTH aacTHHxb h ofimecTBeBBUxb npasb, BeocpauBBeuBumoGaajaTejeiiX soropoB ayBCTBOBam, ceCii KaamuS cboSojbhR. CrpaiaTe-ibBoe OTHOmeaie m, toqy cxfciaio Cu sunaatojbko nocjymBHin, opy- 1Xieax Bpaatiednun, ojiia jpyroS napTiS Birtcro toro, bto6h jaTb bi Bent (bx ann3-t) ofimecTBy naaajo npBHHpeaia\"... (cip. 98 99). Hapojt caifb TasB caoTpitix Ha kbhsb; out, HHKOrja He CMOTpiax Ha Hero, aaicx na npocToro hchoothtcjs BixeBuxx pt.meiiiii. Haao- aeux, noejiBaHee AOKaaaTexbCTBOToro, mo aBTopx CKJOHaeTca at OTOMy Barjaay, aaiuimeTcn bi caMoft CHCTeut ero khhi'h. Ona paena,■(aeica na ana oTjlwia, bho.ihIi cooTBiTCTBywmie HtsienuoMy jtjeHiK) Hayaa rocyaapcTBeHHaronpaBa, HaVerfassungs a Verwaltungsrecht, ycTpofiCTBO a yupau.ieHie. Asropx roBopmx o napoAHUxx nara.Taxx tojbbo bx OTyfeji o rocyiapcTBeuHOMt ycTpofiCTto. OTji.ix o rocyjapcTBeHHOiii ynpaBjenia Beet coctohpl bx H3JO»enia jiaTO-itnocTii Emm h ero opraHOBt. Cx 3Toro noc.rli.ynaro o6cTOaTe.ii.CTBa hu BaiaHaeax hbuih Boapa- ateHiH npoTBto B088pfcmit aBTopa. Bine, aaax (jtopua o6mecTBeHH0tt AiaieabHOCTH bx rocyAapcTBeHHbixx A&iaxx, kjiomIi aaTa npasBaHia a npeajacj,r&fAltfytecTTBxH, TbOt.iob6HhO MMt.io BTopocTeneHHoe 3naaeHie. Ho U3X ororo c[iaKTiJ, npHBejeRHue aBropoMx, pa.iptnia.iH bo- npoex oCx yaaCTiH aaposa bx oOnieCTBeHiibixxjiaaxx Boo6iu,e. „ynpas* jeHie“ KHaacecKoe ae aoraoutaao Bctxx ofimecTBeHHbixx At-ix. flia- Te.ibHocTb ynneppaBBonaeaaaiaaa.ba9atroo rrot cyOaTappaccTaBaa, canajuBaeica aax aeaHoraxx oTpacaeS aoTopua Ticao CBHaauu cx CaHHMX CymeCTBOMb BepXOBHOfi BjaCTH. BepXOBHOK) se BJaCTblO HU iipaKTuaecKH noaeax Ha3BaTt Ty, KOTOpaa aajaeTX aaaoHH, aaxaraeTX oojaTH, o6xaBjaeTX Bofiay h xapx, BejeTX Bcimnia cnomenia, a bo huh KOTopoS npoHaBojHTca cyax. [IepBOHaiajbHO cyAX a TBopaica BepxoBHow BaacTbio HenocpeACTBeHHO. Buji-ieBie amuxi BOnpocoBX Max Maccu o6ai;ecTBeHHuxx x t i x jaerx cymectBOBaHie rocyiapcTsea- HOMy BjeaeHTy bx o6mecito. JIhho aaa opraaaaux, npexcTaBjaifflue 3T0TX oxeMOHTx bx oftmecTBi, h 6yAyix rocyAapcTBeraoD BjacTin, OHa 3auinnTx co6o» jpyiie opraHHSMU, bx kotopuxx npesje coaep- wa.icH 3totx rocyjapcTBeHHUfi s.ieMeHTX, ijarbux cauaa opranaaaiiifl 3T0# BjaCTH 38BHCHTX ySO 0TX paMHBHIJXX HCTOpHieCKHXX VCJOBifl. Ilocto bthxx npeABapMTexbHHXx saatnaHiu, OTaouieHia KHaaa xx bo- jocth MimoroyT3xaM6iubtHbu.iBtisaxoocsyedHaipicmtoseHifHioatptaStMcc.mrtbjy,ieoontuHoxmxuBmoanapxotcxoBax.Minn 1) khh3«? OTBf,TX na 8to, KaateTCH, He MoaseTX 6htx BaipysnaTeiibHuax. KHB3b, eCJH He 3aM'JiHH.lX DO HCTOpaneCKIIMT, OdCTOBTC-ItCTBaMX, TO BO

— 360 - ii,Iell, hmt> npejcTaaiaeMofl, jo.ia;eHB 6a jib aasrfeHHTi. odnplHy, Kara nojHTHiecEiB opraHH8HB, a BtrrioHHTb ee hsb nojHTHiecKoft ajiepu. nepBonaiajanoe npHsaaHie khh3h h npnananic KHaaeft bb xeieme Bcero jpemiHro uepioja Hameft HCTopiHduio peaKniefi hpothbb oOiuhh- Haro 6uTa. Bb btomb OTiiomeiiiH Hama HCTOpia pfeaso o-MHiaeTca ora sanajuo-eoponeftCKoS. Taira nepooBaiajiMioe iioaiueiiie o6mnHB 6ujo peaKuieu npoTHBB ifieojaabnaro nopajua, accouiailieft npoMHm.ieimuxB h padonuxB Kjaccom npoTHBT) 3eM.ieB,iajfe.ib'iecicHXB npiiBH-ierifi. Cafe- iOBaie.ii.no, o6d;hhhoc jBHJKeHie na sauajfe du.io peBoaionieft ho.ibth- qecKoio ctojikkose, cko.ii.ko bkohomhicckoio h coniajir.HOB). 9*aHaHnaipH .ihihocth h Hjea joroisopHaro rocyjapcTBa dujra uocjrfejHHMB cjobomb 9Toro jBHHtenia. Bb Poccia o6n;HHa 6u.ia ochobhow (jiopaoft HapojHaro dura, hckohhhhb jocTOHHieira napoja. CoaoBHaro paajfejeHia He duao. ,3esueB.iajfeiiie ue iiMtao mucaiciura npHjHjecKHXB npensymecTBi ne- pejB jpyrHMH <f&KTaHH aKOHOHHiecitaro dura. Ho BHyipemia HecoBcp- mencTBa otopo dura, 6opi>6a napTift, BoacTanie „poja Ha pojx”, Tpe- 6oiia.iH uepejalH nocToponneMy jia o6ihuhh aimy tokhix jfera, kb KOTopuMB OKasHBajaci. necnocodna odmHiia m.ih Bine, Kara roBopHra r. CeprieBHHB. PesyjBTaTU BfeneBHXB nopajKOBB bb do-wthhockoS cijiepf. HB.ioaieHU y Hero oneHb no.nio h cb fio.ii.mnHi. sMHieiiB jfeja. Ohh cocroara bb cjfejyiomeH-b: ua Bine ynacTBOBaaB uo npasy saat- jufl ueHB oSihbhu; caijOBaTejiBHO, ocodeHHaro noaHTHiecsaro rfeja, ocHOBaHHaro Ha npejcTaiiHre.ii.noHB Haaa.it, cpejn stoS odmHHU no 6hjo; citjOBaTe.ii.HO, h nopajKa bfeieBura codpaHift, npHHapoweHHaro EB HOJHTHHeCEHXB BonpOcaMB. TaKiKe He 6uiO. IIOJHTHHeCKie Bonpocu pa3pfema.iHCb tskb ate, kbkb BCi jpyria jfeia o6ihhhu. IIopajOEBarora dun. caMuft npocroft. noeraHOBjeme nfeaa homo dura ocnosaHOmibKO Ha corjaciH ectan ero ueHOBB. JfeftcTBBTMbHoa jh h.th npejno-iarae- Hoe coriacie HHfejocb sjfecb bb BHjy, aro jjh nacB nona uce paBHO. T. CeprfeeBHiB duoeaerca kb Tony HHimB, n o oho diuo jtficTBH- TeibHoe. Mu jyMaeHB, no npejDOjaraeMoe. Odinraa He carnaia htb- BUMB ynOMHHaTb 0 HeCOMaCHHX-BCBH610HjeHSXB. „EjHHCHic“ odlHHHU He Hapymaiocb, eciH nocraHOBjeeie janaiocb aBTopHTeToira npeodaa- ja»ra,aro doibmbhctbs. OnacHOCTb iiacTyria.ia npe jfeflcTBHTeibBOHB paadn.ieniu oSiuhhh. Bb TaEOHB CHUCjfe sfepao noaoatenie aaropa, n o uocTanoB.ienie Bfena tituo jfeftcTBHTeibHO tojbko npn dojhohb eduneniu Bceft oOiuhhu. CjfejoBarejbHO, pfemeHie nocpejCTBOMB upocraro doib- mmicTHa i-ojocobb hjh Co.ibmHHCTBi V*. ’/* h t. j . He homo HHiTb ajfecb MfecTa. OfinjHHa jo.iatHa 6am jiftcTBOBara „cb ojBOro\", kskb ojhhb HeJOBfeKB. Bb c-iyiafe pasjfejeHia idjocobb, hh ojHa uapTia He CTHTa-ia ceda oda3aHHoio ycTynura jpyroS, xoth Cu ona cocTaB.ui.ia HeHbuiHHCTBo. IIoaTOMy b-aacjoe paaHorjacie Bfena no HeodxojHHocTK

— 361 — sejo hah kt* HOBOxy corjameHio uajit?ft h Kb hobos?v pimento, hah itb BofiHi? MeJKjy Hecor.iacHHMii napTiaxH. IlepBuft cjyaaft npeAnoAaraab ycTyiuty eo dopoHU abut, nocTaHOBHBtnHXt nepBoe pimeuie, a ycTynsa A&iaxaCb Torja, Korna 3Ta napT ia ho Haiiajacb aocTHiuyTt „OAHHa- aecTBa\" APyrax* cpeACTBaMH. Boftaa HaiHnajaci, Bb Tom cayiai, xorAa ycryuKa Cuxa neBoaxoxan, hah sorAa 6o.innHHCTBO Chao AOCTaioreo CH.iBno, btoOu Coat aaiiHtfiinHX'B pa3cy»jeBilt h corAaiueHift oAOA&Tb cbohxti npoTHBHHKOBb. C.iiAoiuiTe.iBHO. yBazeHia Bb npoey OTjiabHaro AHna HU H6 BHAllMb. OClAHHa CTHTaeTb C€6« BIIpalit He npHBHltaTbBb paacTOTi. nporecTH OTAiAbHHXb ahivl. „Bct uoBAyTT. Ha BoSey, — ro- bophah Bb 1151 rOAT KiewaHe, — kto Tomao MoateTb bshtb Bb pysH xiyAb; a ecxH kto He noftAeTb, Aaflie ero naMb, hu cans noCteirb ero“. jlxa chau npoiecTa nyatiio Chao, ttoCh caiia odmuna pa3A*AH- jacb. PaaniueHie ate aio Chao ABAenieHb, no CoAbmeft qacTH, hoctoah- HUHb. Ka«Aaa Coaie hah xente SHaqHxeAbHaa ofiinnna 6uia pasjt- Aena na naprix. KaatAHft khhob no HAet npiisunaAca boaoctbi), a de facto naprieff, Bb jauHUft xoxeuTb HxiBmeD nepentcb hbab seisin ApyrHHH. ^epaaaca OHb na Micrl; He Bojeio niiaro napoAa, a chjoio napTiH, h Aop*a.it£ ao rtsx uopb, noKa oaa 6uxa CHAbHa. Kaab ToAbKO OHa ocAafiiBaaa, Kna3b xonsem 6uAb CisiaTb. Hanonenb, ana- neHie BineBUXb nopaAKOBb ocAaCaaAOCb h xixb, mo cam?# cocTaBb Bt.aa CbiAb KpafiHe HeonpeAiAeHHHft. Bb ofiinnni He Chao oco6aro no- .THTHqeCKaro rfaa, Cb onpeAijeHHHMb cocraBoicb nxeHOBb. liiie de jure Chao coCpaHiem Bcero ropoAa, defacto—cxoakoio H3Btcxno» nap­ TiH, noAoacHBineft coCpaTbca aah Kasoro HnCyAb ,vfiAa. BcaiACTBie»Toro nine, coCpaHHoe cerojHA, no cocTasy csoexy homo piano OTAHiaxbca OTb B'bqa, KOTopoe co6epeica sasxpa; pfimeeie, nociaHOBAeHHoe oahhmb, hh Bb nexb He CyAeTb noxoate na nocTanoBAenie, CAiaaHHHOe Apyrnab. Hiatcb, Aaate oCnurea, B8HTan caua ho ceCS, He npeicxababas Ha- cToniHaro noAHTHBecKaro eAHHCTBa. Oho oCycAOBAHBaeTca cymecTBoea- uieMb ycTaHOBAema, HenpepuBHOh iioctohhho npeACTaBAanmaro coCod nroacpyTAifatp. cTTBaaeHorHoyDycTbaaHaOctBbAemha HeaaBncnxaro orb Bcixb oCmecTBemiuxb He Chao Bb cocxaBi oOnjunH. Tixb xe- nie MorAO ocymecTBHTbea noAHTHiecKoe bahhctbo Bb pixoft boaocth. Boaoctb Chab (jieAepauieS o6iru?Hb. *PeAepania xe oCujHHb, nocxpoea- Haa Ha BineBom Hanari, nnaorAa He xoseTb cocTaBHTb eABnaro no- JHTHTeCKaro TtAa. IIpH ifCAepaTHBHOlIbyCipoSCTBt, Cb nO-lHTHIOCKBHll npanaHH oCqHHb, bosxoshu abb HcxOAa: hah o5?hhhu CyATTb B0Ab30- BSTbCa paBHHMH HOAHTHTeCKHMH IipaBaHH, HAH Hp3Ba 3TH CyjyTb He paBHH aah ropoAOBb h HpnropoiOBb. Bb nepBOXb cjyqai eAHHCrao Cy­ AeTb ,nepa?aTbC.ji Hacoraamenin ropoAOBb, h cora^meBiH AoCpOBOAbHOHb, To-ecib, ycAOBBOMb h npexoAafflexb. BopbCa napTift, paBbeAHHasmaa

— 362 — h&sajio ofiuuiuy, AO-iama 6uja eme CHJtHie Btuop-eacxua.r,tcnapHbtH>o6poapaetH66- Bo btopomi cjyiai, ropoaom cl upHi'opoAaMii. CTBt npaai ropoAOBL h npHropoAOBi, ejaacTBO ofiycJoB.iHBa.iocb Tim., ito6h npasa ropojoai 6hjh AOCTaToano bbjhkh &ih noAaBjema npaai nparopoAOBi npn o6cy®AeHiH o6m,eBO.iocTHUxi boupocobi '). Tanoe oahhctbo npejnoJiaraeTb jofipoBoabHoe hjh hbchjbctb6hhoo, ho noAuoe HOABHHeHie npHropojoBi roposani noBasaiainiiMi rocyAapcTBeanum. Bonpocam. OSuaaa Biaeiiog PocciH, oaeBHjeo, cKJOHajHCb kl nocjtj- nefi ijiopMf, bojocthoto ejHHCTBa. 9to AOsaanBaoTca BaBBgHiom erap- ihhxl h MJMinHtb ropoaoBi, ropojoBi b npuropoAOin.; AoaaauBaeTCH h BHaHOHHTbnrb MicTOMi jiTOnHCH; , iia ito cTapiSnriH. CAyaaDTL, Ha TOUT. H npBTOpOJH CTaHJT\"b“. IIpHrOpOJIJ MOrjH CTftTb rHa OAHOMLa . co CTapiSnnnm hjh. iio ao6poBOJbHonycorjacieo, hjh ho npaiiysAenin, cjijOBaTeJbao, coBepnieHso Ha TixL xe ocHouauiaxi, iia hckhsi npoac- xojiuo uocTaHoiueHie uiieoiaxi pimenia lit Kaxjofl OTjijbHofi 06- njHHi. r. CeprieoHii ne 6eax ocnoBania roBopHTi ofrb bthxl Biac- buxi oiHomeBiflxi ropojOBi kt. npHropojam, c-riAyfomee: „Pa3HHe nyHETu Hacejouia ojnoit a toit so bojocth hexoahjhcb aexAy co6ox> bl coBopmemio TaxHxi ace OTHOmeaiaxi, Ham h pa3Hue kohou hjh yjHHB oahoto h toto xe ropoAa; ecjn Mexjy hhmh rocnoACTBOBajo eAHBOHie, ohhaaxoAHJHCbbl cocToaaiHHHpa; ecjH B03HHaaja poem,— bl cocTOflaii postrapsa hjh boBhh“ (cip. 91). BcjiACTBie yAajeHia ropoAOBi OTi npmopOAOBT. h pa3Hoo6pa3ia hxl HHTepecoui cocroamo HHpa 6hjo pise, a pesyjbTaTu boBhu xyse, aim. bt. KasAoSoTAiu.- Hofl o6mHHi. CocroHHie Mupa ofiycJOBJHBajocb naccHBHum oTHome- HieHi npHropoAOBL k i BineBUHi uomuoMeHiaHL ropoAa. flpyroro 3a- KJDieHia hu He Mosem BbiBecra-HSL cjobl jiTonncaa, hto npxro- poA“ ciaHOBHJHcb Ha tout., iTo nowaHOBjajH CTapmie ropoxa. Hora- Hoe naccHBHoe OTHomeHie motah saHaTb to-ibko secbna cja6ue npn- ropoAH. Kasjui nparopoAi, oyBCTBOBaeniifi cBoe SHaaenie, co3Haoaji bl to xe npoMH paBHonpaBHOCTb CBoero iiia c i BineHL uaBHaro ro- poja. Ecjh bl OTAiibHOfi o6u(HHt rbsaba napiia ciirraja cboocxoAsy „BiienL“, to rim 6oaie nijuS nparopoAi aojsbhl 6hjl npHAanaTb CBOeMy cortpaaiio 3HaaeHie aina, co BciKH ero npaBaHH. Bee sasaeijo OTL CHJbl npHTOpOAa.*) *) Ha »io aoaao (Saicopaam, no lecmxyjoueiBopaiCJiairtnuxojiH31 mro aapojoom DpejciaiBiancTiii Kaieica louerii jboi, oociauarmaa ■MBTawcajjo Baacii, ocoOyo on opoiaro napojoaacejeaij, b, Citjosaiexmo, orpasaxiiBaiinuno- iHTBBecEyio anoaoHiDoOmaai. 3arfBi aapojaoe npcjCTaBBTOjkcno ecu npojyaTi aaaionajuiaro eiaacna, a ae oapojsaii ero. Haaoaeai, paacyaueaia o eapojeoai npexCTaBBTeJiicrei Buiojan aat npejtaOBi, aacToamoi crana. Ma roBopamorom.



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— 364 — khji3em, Boofine, KOHeqno, HeJbsa. Oahoto (JiaKTa jocTaroino tjxsn ji.iu AOKasaTe^tcTua ororo: n HosropoAi h Hereout, mu bhahmt, chab- HOe yiacTic BuSopnuxi. ora napoja bt>cyAi h yupaiuieHiii; boat, saia- 10611% B'tieiiux'fc nopasKOB%, BaatHaa aoaiehoctj. nocajHHita Aiaaerea 03% npaBBTe-iBCTBeaHoit (irocaARHKi npesAO nasnaiaACa EHa3en%) ba- fiopnoio, Hapowou; ototb nocaiHHB% orpaHHTHBacn, Biacrt KHa3a b% ynpasaeHiB h cyxi: „a 6e3i, nocaiHHKa, Bnaate, Tofi-h BoaocTeit Hepas- aaiiaTH, cyja He cyAHTH“, roBopan joroBopHua rpauoiH. HanpormiT, Toro, bt, KiCBi h ipyrax-b boaocth*% cyxb 6km* hhcto KnaxecEii. HTaat, OTHomesia EBasa kt. stay 6hjh ycTpoBHH He aesAi OAHHa- KOBO; BT, H'flKOIOpuX't MtCTaXT, OBI HMi.1T, 6ojbme IipaBT,, B*ApyrHXt Mem,me; b%OAHix* boaocthxt. Bine 6uao CHALHie, b%apyraxT, c-ia- 6ie. Kt, 3T0My 4»BTy, cjhhikoh* HSBicTHOBy bt, narneft .mepaTypi, BOatHO npHfiaBHTB eme oahftb, ne MeHie Baacuug. Kmsb, BcaiACTBie yKasaHHUXi Bane ofcroHTeAbCTBT,, 6im bcoOxoahmoctbd ajb BHyTpeH- Haro „napaja“ bojocth. Abtopt, hpascMaTpHBaerb KHasa h Biie, Bam, Aaa B63Ai a OAHH8KOBOcymecTBeHsue3AeM6HT&ApeBHarorocyAapcTBeH- Haro fiaia. IIoTpeCHOCTB b% KHasi omymaaaci, Be3Ai, no He Be3Ai b% OAHHaKOBO# CTCHCHH H HO B63Ai MOr.ia 6HTb yAOB-ieTBOpeHS. 06mnHU AiftcTBHTejibHOHeMor.iH AOCTHrHyTB npamiAi.naro h npoinaro rocyx»p- CTBeHHaro nopaAKa 6e3* KHasa, ho Kasoro hh6jai>nopaABa, bt.cayiai neo6xoahbooth, AOdHrHyTb booh. HecDocofaocTb Bias Hi ynpaBAe- Hi» He 6n.ia ipasTOn* BceoCmHMi. B%HosropoA'i Bine 6nao AiicTBH- TeaBHOK) II0JHTHleCKOK) CHAOft. Ill, HiBOTOpUX%MiCTax% BOBCe He XOr.TO 6htb KHasa, h o6nyiHi BO.ieD-HeBOJeB hphxoahaocb ynpaMHTbca COfiCTBeHHUHH CpeACTBaMH. HeBOSMOKHOCTb HMiTb KHHSH BeSAi o6tcao- BAHBaaacb rtHT, BasHUin, oficToaTaibCTBOMb, n o EHaatecEift poji, He Borb nocuiTb 3a Ko.ioiiH3aiiiOHBUMi ABBseniesn, Hapoxa; BcaiACTBie CesnpepuBHaro iBHsema Hamefi xoaoHH3aniK aa boctoki h ciBcpb, aacTi, Hapoxa nocroaHHO ocTaBaaacb BHi oSmerocyAapcTBeHBoft bh3hh. Maoris oOhibhu 6hah cahbikomt, OTAa-ieHU orb Toft TeppmopiK, rAi AAiHftTCBTCBaOBoBaAhHhhKhHHB8iTMCBHPMlopHHKcOpeBAHCHTHB.ax0HBbynpnaOBHAeeBHOiaA;i HTpaHinX,O,AHHAaOnCpbHM06iXp0b-, fiu.TO B% BaTEi. 3aTiB% aBTopi Aaers caamEOXb 6o.ii.moe SHaaeme TepmHy „ynpa- BJieHle“, opraHOMT, Eoroparo 6h.it, EHa3b. ToBopa o KHasi, sam npa- BHTeai, h KHaacecKOMi, ynpaB-ieHia, aBTopb ciHTaen, ce6a bi npasi HHiero He tobophtb Aase o6b aAMHHHCTpaTRBHOBb sHaaemH o6iahhh. PesyabTaTH TaKoro npicHa BecbMa n.iaTCBRU. Bo nepBuxi, b%ero co- THHeHlH He BKAHO OCHOBb BilCBOrO DOpaAKa; Biae HBjaCTCa noAHTH- aecKOK) cH.iofi, ocaoBaHHOio npaao Ha oSnmpHUXT, iiOAHTHiecKHXT, npa- Baxb AHutocTH. MeaAy Tiub, ochobh BiaeBofl (popMU ojISoko Kope-

— 365 — HUTCH bb uOmuni, sax* DKonoMHaecKofl, xoanflcxncHHoB h ajMHHHCTpa- thbhoS effHHHnf,. He H3yiMB% amuxb omoeb Hamero HapoAHace Cuts, aBTopt, ckoabko hemt. Kaaerca, He Mon. roBopuib o ncpnriinf, rocy- AapcTBeHHaro ycipoBcTBa, o iio.thtii>k;ckohx Kiri. Hpn3BaHie bbeeb bh- A'liAKAO H3B CljieptI ofilnHHHOit A'feATejBHOCTH HtKOTOpHH ffilB , HO H6 yHHHTOHcajio caxaro cymecrcoBaHia ofimuau. UpasoaHie khhsh ne 6hao casiovGiftCTBOMX Biaa. OGinjiHHaa jkhhhb BupaiKa.iaci. in, axMHmiCTpaTHB- aoii h BBoHOHHaecKofi A'6«Te.n,HOCTH o6iu,Hnu. B.iacTL EHaaa ne yHHiTO- saxa utaoTopoft aBTOHOMiH mcakhxb cobsobb, cocTaBAABiuHXB ero bo- JIOCTb. K h«8B 6bUT> IIOCpeAHHKOSTL He CTOABKO He«Ay OTA'iJIbHHMH AH\" UEmh, ckoabko xeaxy ofiuiHuaMH. Bb ptj.i;Hxi, cxyqasxB on'B hm'Lib A't-io npaMO cb OTA'fc-iiiHiJMii AHHHOCTflMH. IIoHBAeHie rocyxapCTBeiffiOH BAacTH ne npeBpamaAO, xaxHXB o6pasoxB, same oOmecTBo bb conoKyn- hoctb uuduBudoei, nojaHHekHUXB npaxo lOcyaapcTay u toabko rocy- AapcTBy. Pyccsifi ae-iontin, HMt.A't a^ao cb o6ihhhok> fioABme, qiMB cb KiraaeM-r,; ofinuina fiuaa a-’ h Hero npaBHAOxB, KHasb—HCKJioqeHieMB. Bb btomb OTHOiueuia n.iacTb KH«3a He fflAa bb rayCb pvccKaro o6me- crua; paSBHTie ea saAepacnsaAOCB cymecTBOnanieHB oCihhub, ycTynaB- iiihxb eMy croh npana ahuh, no H+.KOToptiJtB BonpocaxB. Bo bcIixb a*- jax'B, ocTaBmHxca sa ofimimoio, oHa itiicTBOBaxa caxocToareABHO h ora hhxb nepexoAHAa h kb noAHTHqecKHMB BonpocaxB, HTaKB, KHHsecKoe yupaBABHie 6hao He XHorocxoaino He toabko HOTOxy, KaKB viBepat- jaerc. aireopB (cTp. 348), bto aaAaaa 9Toro ynpaBjerris ho 6hah pas- BHTH, HO H HOTOMy, 1TO fiOABHiaa HaCTB 9THXB 3aAaTB OCTaBajaCB ut pyKaxa. ofiiuHHB. CAkAOBaTeABHO, liojOJKeHie aBxopa, hto „caMOyopaBxe- nie ne 6uao bb cpeACTBaxB o<5ihhhu“ (hah siwa, k&kb ohb oibhCobho BtipaataeTcn Ha CTp. 67), xoaceTB 6uti, hphhato toabko cb 6oabhihhh orpaHHiemaMH. Oho He (5uao bb ero cpexcTBaxB ahhib ho HtKOTopuMB BOHpOCaMB, AAH KOTOplIXB H 6tIAB HpH3BaHB KHH3B. Ilo APyrHHB *te otfmuHa AiScTBOBa-ia cb npemueio ch.tob. 1Ito6h ayqine ifiopMyjH- poBaTB ary qacij, Hamero Bospaacema aBTopy, xu BupasHuca ia- khmb o6pasoxB: aBTopB npHHHxaerB Aaa cymecmeHBBie BxexeaTa Hamero ApeBnaro Cura, HapoAB h Knaga; ho, m b Toro htoCh bukchhtb snaieme HapoAnuxB Haaa-tB, euy ca^aobaao ofipanm, BHuxaHie ua rk BOHpOCU, HO KOTopUMB (5.TOaca0IUHMB 06pa30UB npoaBAHAOCB AtaTCAB- hoctb Hapoxa, ocrasoBHTBca npeatAe Bcero Ha TixB ynpeaAeHiaxB, Boropaa ctomjh 6iuxe kb napoxy, a 3artxB yae nepenm kb toS Cltiepi, BB KOTOpoB HapOAB HBAflACA HO HCKAIDieHlH), a He uo ofinexy npaBHAy. 3) 3aHHAv au must, mo no.io&cenie, Komopoe doAotcno 6<aaonpumdAe- oKamb e.vy no comou uden npuaeaHiji? Kcah upHHHxaTB bo BmiMame toabko cifiepy x Sa i, npexocTaBAeHHHXB KHasio,—xa; ecxn ocTaHOBnTica

aa ero jiflCTBHTC.ifcHOHl. OTiiomeniif kt. bojocth,—n in ,. Ci|>epa noAAesaniHXB BiaoMCTBy khhsh, yKasimeTB Ha m en h q in „npH- 3MHia“. 9to (Shot t-6 j i i a , qua eotophxb sysna Oujia aiacTL, ctoh- iqaa unli oSmecTBenHux'L napiia, — ataa, Kt soropmrB rBtie“ (Shjo HecnocofiHO. Ho jtiScTBHTejftHaH nesaBHCHHOCTB khhsa bb btoB ctfiept He MOraa (Suit ocywecTiuieHa npa laaoB (fopufi, in. KOTOpofi Btipaaa- aocb Haiaao npHasaaia bb uaineB apesHefi HCTopiii. Bb ,npH3BUHiH“, saKt Haul KaseTca, aojatno pasOTiaib ana coiiepineHHO pa3JHiHue Bonpoca: cb o.iboB ctopohbi, ero odmeHCTopmecKoe SHaieme h hicb, h cb xpvrofl — BpeMeimoe BbipaseHie aroS haoh bb Apemiioiifi ne- pioAB Hameft HCTOpin. Hjiea npMBaaia eerb o(Spa30Banie H63anHCHMoft h BepxoBHoii rocyjapcxBeHnoft bjocth, ob.i Mona paaBHTtca, cjiiarbca AltfiCTBHTe.IBHHMB (fiaETOHB H BHpaSHTbCH OEOHiaTejIi.HO BB COOTBliT- CTByromeMB noOTTmecsoHB 8JieneHTi TO.TbKonocTenenno, nocat qo.irofi (Sopbfiu cb ipyrami ofimccTBeHHHMHHaaa.iaMH. Bb TaEOHBcauc.it aiea BTa He MoaeTB (SuTb pascuaTpHsaena, eeeb HCKJUOBHTe.if>H08jocioauie X—XIV hJeobb; OHa npoxoxHTB qpeaB bcb pycesya) ucropiD. OjHa h Ta SO MHCJb pyKOBOAHTB BB X Bint HOBropOqqaMH, BB XII Kje&IE- aaiiH, bb XVII npH Hsfipanin papa Mnxaiua HejopoBHia. I to iec Ea- 06 0caeica nposBueHia btofo Haaaja bb jpeBaia nepioAB Hamefl Hciopia, TO HeXbBH He IipHSHaTB, MTO OHO yCABOTBaJOCL, TOTBHHMBofipaSOHB, Haaa.iaMu npcsnaro ofiiqHHHaro (Sura. IJpn cja6ocTH EHiisecEaro aa- aa-ia, KasAufl ehh3b (5hab nopomeHieHB Biaa h jificTBOBaiB hojb ero HiinHieifB. Bet xapaKTepHCTHiecKie npHauaKH nliaeBuxB nopaj- eobb, onpejiaaBinie OTHomeHie napiift, npnMiHa.niCb h eb OTHome- HiaMB KHH3a h Biia. Bo nepBHXB, EHESb pinKO (SujT, nopo®AenieMB q&xofi boxocth; no (Sojbmett hecth ohb npHsunajcs Ha ctojb h8b4ct- hoe) iiapriefi h aepaa-ica eat; caijOBaTejbHO, eMy npHxojHaocb lipoBO- OTTb h sammnaTi, HHTepecH bto# oapriH. KasAaa nepeirtHa EHaaaco- npoBosAaxacb paaOTiHmm uarpajaira h noBumeHiaHH ero „npiaTe.iefi“. OiHHHajHCb boxocth v „siy»efl“ crapoi apvshhh h pasjaBaiHCb av- saHB hoboS. HoBaa ipysHHa „aat3saxa“ CTapye, EOTopaa joasHa 6axa nmaTb caacrba bb ipyriixB rtcraxB. Bee oto hhckooteo He 10 - Ea3HBaeTB HesaBHCHHOCTH KHfliKecKoSB.iacTii. 3aoHCHMOCTbero OTBIillfa inxa Aaxbme. Uo,io6eo TOMy, kbeb caaa B^aeauxB pfiineHiS ofiycjOBXH- Baaacb ejHHeBieaB, „oahhot6Ctbohb“ bc4xb ero i.ieHOBB, tbkb hcua EHH3H ocHOBUBaxacb Ha ejuHeniH ero cb BineMB. Ohb 6hxb chjchb, iiosa Bine 6uxo aa Hero. BoiHa, sajyHaHHaa hhb, h apyria ero npeA- npiaTia HoryiB iintTb ycnixB to.ibko bb meomb cxyqali, aorAa Btie Aj'MaXO OAHHaBOBO CBHHHB. ABTOpB UpHBOAHTB MHOro TaEHXB DpHMt- Pobb corjamema snasa cb BiqeMB. Ksasba, sHBinie bb coraacia cb BiqeaB, (Sbuh BecbHa chjbhu. TaKOBU (Shah BxaAHMipB MoHOxaxi, h

— 367 — He MeHlse sHaxeHHTui BceBoxOAb IDpbeBHBb (Boxbmoe riifoio). Ha- npoTHBi. Toro, nnpH otcvtctbih cor.iaraeHia... khh:u> h sh ie ctoh-ih Apyrt npoTHBTi apyra, bskb ab* caMOCTOJiTejrLHuaaiacTH, pasnor.iacie ko- TopNib Morjo fiuTt ycTpaaeHO to.ilko cyaoMt EoaiHKb“ (cap. 107). ^pyrHMH caoBaMH, Bb c.iyiat pasnoMuc-iia khh3h Cb BtieMb. aeaay hhmh xiaiHHa-iact BOtisa. Botina, kouchuo, (5u.ia HexoponiHMb HcxoAOMb aiaa. Ho h „coraameHie“ He npeacTaBaaao, Bb 6oxbniHHCTB'Ji cxyiaesb, HHHero npHB.ieitaTC.ihnaro. CTOHTb bcdombbti, cocraBb o6hkho- bchho npeacTaB.iaBUiaro coGod ne nfejuti HapoAb, a .iamb HsuicTHyn napTiD, htoCi y6iaaTbca Bb aroMb. Cor.iameHie 6ujo TopaecrBeHHOb BeraKO B t BCRanqHTear,flbia mhiiytu, Kor.ua HapoAb yBaeBaaca Eason Hiirtyjb Be.iHKOK) H'liawo h.ih c a s t co6o», h.ih KHaaeut cbohmi. Hama ipeaHHa HCTopia npejcTaMaeT'b He Maao upuutpoii'L KHa3eti, yMiB- mHxb B03BbimaTb HapoAnoe co3uaHie h HanpaiunTi, cum ofiinecxBeH- hhh Kt BeaHKHMt meaxaiib; TaKOBbi Baa^HHipb MoHOMaxb, McracjaBb Xpafipuft h apyrie. Ho HepiABO bto coraameaie cocToaao Bb yutabH apHBaeab Kb ce6t ry h.ih Apyryio naprin h -ibCTHTb ea HHTepecasib. PasHOMbicaie ace, posHt coctoh.th o6annOBeano He bt>tout,, bto Hapon, pacxoAHaca cl Knanem, no khkhml imfiyAb KauHTaabHUHb Bonpocaan, noaHTHKH, a bl tom,, bto oAHa napTia K03CTaiuua npoTHBb apyroti, noAAcpacHBanuieti Kiiasa; TaKBMb o6pa30Mb, Go.ibniHBCTBO Biiaseft Ha- iniixb 6uxm He cboOoahhbh h HesaiwcHMUMK r.iaeaMH napo.ia, a npeA- BOAHTeABMH napTiti, h bhocbah bt B^Besua Haiaxa He axeiieHTbi npaBAH u nopHAKa, a hobuh tcjobih pas.Aopa h yraeTeHia. Bb TaaoMb BHA'i KBaxecKaa u.iacTL He Horxa cjixaTbca o6beiHHaio- miiMb, HauioHajLHHMb HaTa.ioMTi. OTHomeaia aezAy KHasbaMH xyame Bcero AOBasuBaiOTb 3to. HoHaTie iiac.T$ACTBCHU0CTH croxoBb ne homo paSBHTbCfl, KaKb CJltAyeTb, Bb CSMOMb RHaaceCEOMb pOAt; HH BOHaTie otbhhh, hh ,,-jicTBHBiioe Bocxoaxeme” ne cnac.iH Poccin OTb pa3Apofi- xeHia; doioeopt 6ajb rMBnoo tpopuoS MeaAyKHaaeeBHXb OTHomeHiti; BpasAeOBbixt cHAb Bb EHaaecKOHb poA$ 6u m ctoabbo ae, cbo.heo KHaseti. naiajo ,,AofiuBaHiii“ CTOXOBb bccbo3mo» humh cpeACTB&MHnpe- BpaTHAO no.iHTHKy KHflseti HaniHXt Bb noxRTHKy aroH3»ia, Bb canoD rpyfioti ero ijiopaii'). KaEHHb ae oOpasoMb K3b btoft 6opb6u npoTHBO- noaoaHUXb axeiienTOBb cxoaHjocb PyccKoe rocyAapcTBO? ') Bci oxcuu y r. Ceprtea

— 368 — m. IIpoTHBopfrria HpeBHe-pyconaro rocyoapcTBeHHaro 6bira. Ha oabo H3t Haaaji, Hamero ApeBHaro rocyjapcTBeHHaro Cuts He mono nojyiHTL noiaaro pa3BHTia. Hh ojho aat HHXb ho hchidhio Apyroro, ho sasjoe npoTHBO^iftcTBOba-io pasBHTiB ApyrHXb. Bb sioMb cKuc.ife jpeanaa «H3Hb npejCTan.iaaa pflAb npoTHBoptai#, KOTopua ejaa iioryrc, (Stub odbHCHeHU cb tohkh sptma coBpeMGHDUS'B bomb rocyaapcTBeHHHxi aoHirriB. 3 io Oluh apoTHBOpiiia, nopoatjennua hpothbohoxoxhhmh Haia-iasiH, itoTopua bt, AaxeEOHb OyjymeMi jojasHB Oiuu noc-iyanTL ocHOBaHieMb npoiHott locyjapeTBeHHofl cacreMU. Ho ohu He 6u.ih euympeHHUMU npoTHBopiniaMH Apeimeft roeyaapcTBeHHOfi CHCTeMu. Bo nepBuxt, cauoft chctchu 3Tot ewe He 6luo. 3aTtMi, xep- MHHb npomueopnvie Mowerb 6htb iipHMineub a t Apemicfi pyccitoB WH8HH He Bb cumuli HecocTOHTe-JBnocTH naxaAb ea: bto y a t e oiw - uaiowHXT. rocvjapcTBeHHMX'i CHcrem,. UpoTHBopinia sth nopoauajHCb HMCHHO riMb, BTO HH OJHO liaia.IO, HH OAHHb BJieMeHTb 3I0fl 3SH3HH He no.iyiHjb ewe Hacroawaro pa3BHTia. PesyjbTaTOMb sthxi upoTHBO- pi'iiS 6hjo ne najeeie rocyAapcTBa, saw. to 6uBaerb npH HecocTOH- TejibHOCTH raiaub. HanpoTKBb Toro, 6opb6a sthxt. pasuiiHHHib sae- MeHTOBb BHSBaxa Kb SCH3HH Kpimcia rocyAapcTBeHHufi cipofl. 3to co- ejHHeHie pa3H006pa3HHxb 3-ieMeHxoio. ApeBHaro 6bna ab HocjrixywweMb PyccKOMb rocyjapcTBi sasHcfcio, r.raimiJMi o6pa30Mb, OTb toi-o, hto bc4 3th saeMeHTu ewe Bb xpeBHeii PocciH cBHSHBaancb oSihhhh npej- craBjeHiaMH o I'OcyxapcTBeHHOHb nopa/Ki, hah jyiine CKaaaTb, ojhhhh h t4mh ate rocyjapcTBeHHiJMH HjeajaHii. 3th ofiinin npeACTanaema npenaTCTBOBajH EHaataMb AOBeciH „Ao6HBame“ cmiOBb ao rpy6aro nacn.iia, He cjepsHBaeHnro hhkhkhmh BpejcTaBjeBiHMH o npaBi; ohh yAepsaan o(5w\"hh OTb nojuaro pasApotueHia rocyiapcTBeHHOfl TeppH- TopiH; ohhjajH BnocatACTBiH o6wy» HonpeAi.TCHHys) h4jb h Hapoiy, HKHHSbHMb-COfiHpaTejHMb PyCCKOft aBH-lH. Bb KHHri r. CeprteBHqa mh He bhahhi STHXb npeACTaBjemfi h HAeaaoBb, CBaauBaowHXb ApeBHBfo, pasApofiaeHHyio Poceiw cb nempa- AHSOBaHHonMockobchod; He BHAHMb H ABHseHia OTb Biqeaofi PocciH Kb caMoaepauiBHoit; He bhahmb Boofiwe HHKaKHXb npH3aaK0Bb HCTopa- iecKaro jBH»eHia h pa3BHTia aaeMeaTOBb ApeBHaro ofiwecTBa. Jtiao Bb TOMb, HTO asTopb pascMaTpHBaeTb ApeBHifl rocyAapcTiiennuil fimb raKb, KaKb 6ys.ro oHb 6ujb nocipoenb na Haiaxaib, noayHiiBWHXb OKoma- TO-ibHoe pasBHTie. IlMTOMy OHb BecbMa nacTO roiiopinb o pasHuxb aBAeniaxb, aaKb 06b oflwHXb, MeatAV TiHb onn 6buh tojlko hckjiio-

— 369 — IBHiaMH H MOPAH 6u CA't.iaTLCH ()6in»MT. npaBHAOME JHIHE BT> TOME CAyiat, bcjih 6u Tfc h.ih jp yria Haiaiia uoiyiHAH oKOHiaTe.ii.noe pas- BHrie. He to mh bhahme Ha csmom-b jfcrfi. Ctohte hphiiomhhti. bob BBinieHaioiKeHHoe, itoSh yStAHTBca, ito, SyjE Haiajo npH3Bamn h na- la.io AoCunanin 0K0HiaTe.ii.no .cjoaHBmHMHc.11 QpHHu.HnaHH jpeBHsro rocyaapcTBa, ycuM ohh aoSth ho nocji^HHxi cbohxe pe3yxETaT0BE, on. PocciH ocTaxocb 6a oaho cMyraoe BOcnoMHHaHie be iikmuth napo- Aobe. ))aa npiiM'ipa BosbueifB bhbojli aBTopa othocht6abho npeeHCTBa CTO.IOBE H OTHOUieHiS lEHHSOH MeSKjy CO6010. OhX pa3CMaTpHBaeT'B3T0TE Boupoc’i, Karci. OyjTO be comome j t . i t Mexjy bo.iocthmh jpesnefi PocciH He SUAO HHKaKOft CBfl3H, BAKE (SyjTO V KHa36H He CVlHCCTBORa.IO HH* kabhxe lioHHTifl 0 ejHHCTBt PocciH h KHsatccKaro poja, a y Hapoja He 6eiao HHKaKiixB npejCTaaieHift 0 rocyjapcTBeHHofi reppHTopin. B c jij- CTBie HToro Bet OTHOmeHia Meajy khh3i>hmh Seiah CyjTO 6a ihcto i|>aKTHiecKia, He ocHOiianuua hh na kbbhxe noHUTiaxE 0 npaBt, h MeatAV ropojaHH He 6u.io nutaBHXB npoiHHXE OTHomeHifl. Be ocofien- HOCTHpf.SICH BUB0JUBBTOpaOTHOCHTe.lLHOMOKAyKHHBteCKHXT. OTHOineHiB. OTp«nan reopiio poAOBoro 6ma othochtc-ieho Hapoja, ito cosepineHuo cnpaBejAHso, ohe orBepraen. ee h othochtcabho snasefi, ito Aaxeso neBtpHO. Bote ero rjaBHtfiinia HOjoateHia. IloAoSno TOMy, nan. be HaceieHia toto BpeiienH He Suao iihkhkhxe opHAiraecKaxE pa&iHiift no cocAOBiauE, a 6ijjh toaeko ijiaKTHiecKia, no EviaccaME AyinrexE, CpeAHHXE H MOAOJIHHXB JUjefl, TBKB KHA3EH, HpH H0.1H0ME npHAH- iccbome paBeucTBt Meatjy co6o», pa3AHia.incb no docmouHcmey. aOXHH H3E HHXE OTXHiaiHCE SojEIHeiO BptlOCIUD itTE, lt* E Apyric, OABB 3aHBnajn ctoju be ApeBHHXE h SoraTEixB ropoiaxi,Apyrie be hobhxe ncpaBnu- TeiEBO 6tAHEixi, nasonem, oahh,—He3aBHCHno on tone r j i ciuiiiir, be hobome hjh CTapoME ropoAi,—mouh cocpexoioiHTB be cbohxe pyitaxE Tasyw c»xy, bo- oopaa xaaeKo upeBocxOAHia chjj jpyrHXE KHH3eB“ (erp. 247 h248i. Bet bth ihcto tpatcmtivecKiji ycaoBia OTpasHAHCE, no reopm asropa, h Ha OTHomeHiaxE KHH3e8 MeatAy cofloio, x Ha pasAHiHUXE hxe hb- HMOHOBaHiaxE. Bet .ti h oiHomema n HanneHOBaHia Shah TaKHte (jiaK- THiecsia. KaBE TaKia ipaBTHiecKia iraHaeHORaniii h oraomeHia, aBTopE paacHaTpHBaeTE CTapniHHCTRO (CTp. 248—258), HaHHeHOBaHia „oreHEu (CTp. 258—263), „BeAHKifi KHH8b“ (cip. 263 h 264), „rocnoAHHE“ (cip. 264 h 265). IIOHaTie CTapnwncTBa ofiyc-ioR.iHBajocE npeatAe Bcero eere- CTBeHHEiifE npeHMymecTBOME .itTE; sto Seme upbmoh cmeicae btoto ciOBa; sartME oho ynoTpeSjaxocE eipe be nepeHOCHOME; khhse, 3shh- MaBfflifi cTapmifi ctoje, to-ccte, cto.ie ApeBHaro ropoAa, 6ijjte cTapmnxE KHH3CME, KHKT, KHH3E .IVIHiai'O, CHJEIltftmarO TOpOAa; H BE T0HE, H BE ApyrOHE cMEic.it cTapmnncTBO nji Cu.io topiiAHiecKiiME npaBOME EHasa, a toaebo ycaoBieME ero ^aKiaiecKaro npeoSjaAania heae sctscH jpy-

— 370 — rHMH. Hat 9ioro hcho cM&xjtm, qro THiyjib „cxapmaro“ film itS- CTBHTe-ient Toauio Bb TOHb C-iyiat, -soria om nOAEptnAHAca <f«3H- aecKOio cmoS, ijiaKiHqecKHHb npeofijajaHieai Ha«b apyrmra; noaroiiy THTyaii erapmaro, ocHonairauft ua npeHMymecTBi.rhn,, ne AaBaabKpoafe oco6aro noiema m w uro npeHifymecxBb ehhsio, soTopufl ero hochxb. ropasAO fi&Abmee sHaaeme hm'Ii-io CTapmancTBo, ocHonaimoe Ba ofi.ia- jaHia CTapmaxx cxOAOHb, AyqniHMb ropOAOHb. „JIynnifi“ ropoat noth aaTb CBoexy khhsb BecbMa fioxbinoe anaqeme Bb piijy Apyraxb. Ho h Tanoe cTapuiHBCTBO ne iiorjio fiuib nocTOHHHHMb. Oho ocaoBUBaaocbBa ^aETHHecKOMb upeofiaaaamH oahoto ropoja na*b ApyrHMH. Hpeofi-ia- janie oto He rnr.io 6utb hoctohhro. Cxapmift topojcb aorb yTpaTHTb csoe aHaqeHie; vjajmift aorb B03BeAHqHxbca h cthtb jivqnniMb ropo- AOMb, paBHUMbjpyraub cTapiHHMb ropOAasib. Barter!; Cb Tfab HR im oahoto lepa.ib npesHee anaqeiiie, khh3i, Apyroro npiofipiTajb hobhB fffect Bb paxy Apyraxb KHaaeft. IToAofino 9xoaiy naauaniBi, n Bci Apyria HMiiH aaao BpHAHqecxaro anaqeHia. Ilasuauie „oxeub“ Bcrptqaercs, saEb noBTHTC-ibnoe ofipamenie aABAinaro Kb CTapmeaty. 9to npocxaa BiatJHBOCTb,hh aah koto HeofiasaTeAbHaa. Bcip^qaeTca oahrko h ofis- saTe-ibBoe ynoTpefi-iBHie stoto THTyja. Hanpasrtpb, Bb 1150 roAy Ba- qec-iaBb h HsacaaBb irt.iy»Tb Me»Ay cofioio KpecTb Ha xoaib, hto „Hsac.iaBy Hilt™ omeab BaqecaaBa, a BaaecaaBy hhI tii cuaoab H3h- cxasa*. Ho b Bb sroMb c.iyqat OTcpb ne no.iyqa.ib liHKanirab ocofieu- HblXb IipaBb HSAb CBOHMH Ha3BaHHblHH CHHOBbHMH. Boate Bcero npaBb, noBHAHaoay, 6u.io coeAiiueuo cb HSBicxHHMb THiy.iOMb ecMKaio mx3x. Ho r. CeprteBBqb pa3pymacib « 9iy nocaiA- hiob) HAJiosiD Haraeft BCTOpnqecKOS uayKH. „HaBxeaOBaBie BejBRHMb KBaaeab, ronoputb OHb, coBua.iaen. cb nairaeuo. Baaiein CTaptflraHHoBno ropoiy n ycBoaeTOa ofiutBOBeBHO EHa3tain> lyqmHxi nojocTefi. Cnepsa HaauB&incb takb Kieaciie sbsolh, a no ycnjeHiii RiaiHMipa, PasaHB, Tbcph, Mocbbh, ho nannenonanie coofimnjocb n KHasbaMb axaxb bo- jocrefl. BeiBsie Bna3ba, iaKb h CTaptlmBHU, bo nojbsoBajHCb BiinasiuiHayq- maun npasanH cpaBHHTeibHOCb ApyruMBKHa3baiiB“. TaKHMb 0fipa30Mb, H 3AiCb MU BHAOMb TO.lbKO nOHeXHUtt IHTyAb, 06yC20BAeHHHft (ft&BTHbeCKHMb HpeBOCXOACTBOMb OAHOI'O 80232 HaAb ApyrHMH. HTaKb, HB Bb HapOAHOMb C08HaHiH, HH Bb C03HafiiH KHH3eft He fiuxo, do MHtuic aBTopa, npeAcraB-ieBi®, a itMb 6o.rbe uopMb, onpe- AiAHBnraxb pasBHTie rocyAapcTBeHnaro nopaAKa. Iepapxia Meaijy KHHSbHHH H TOpOAiMH 6bl.ia (JiaKTHBeCKail, a, C-ltAOBaTC.lbHO, H Bci oTHomeaia xcaiAy hhmh 6ujh uoCTpoeHU hah Ha cor.ianieHiH, hah Ha CH.rfe. He fiuAO nopaAKa, onpeAtAmmaro, xoth 6h Bb HAei, OTHorne- aia MeatAy BaasbHMH: OTCioja AofiuBanie cxoaoBb, cb oahoh cxoponu,

— 371 — h EHSKecicie ci.t3A« h joroBopti, cb jpvrofl: He 6u.ro HHsaKiist npoi- hux'l OTHOineaifi Mesjy bojiocthmh: OTCBja OTcyTCTBie uempa rocy- AapCTBCHHOft JKH3HH h jpo6.TeHie PocciH. Bdr iith (fiaKTU fiujH 6u oCiuhht. uopajKOHi. ipeBHO.ii rocyjapcTueH- HOfi JKH3HH, CCJH(5t. OIHOIHCHia MOlK.iy RHHaeMTi H HOJOCTI.BI, H RHH3CS Meaijy co6o», Bb to8 tfiop.\\m, KaKb ohh Bijpa.in.THCi> nepBOiiaiajbRO, fiu.iii iOBe.TOHu jo kohm h hc 3ajepa.HBa.THM. upejcrraBJieuiaxH o6t HjeajrtHOMT. yCTpoftCTBt Pyccaoft 3CMJTH, Cb OJHOft CTOpOHU, H DOCTe- nemio pasBHBaBmHHHca HaianaxH HOBaro nopajKa Bemeft, Cb jpyrofl. Abtopt. 5'Ma.TTHBaen. o T$Xb h o jpyrHXb; OTCBja c.iafioe HCTOpme- caoe anaieirie ero xpyja. YKaiKowb BKpaTiyi Ha sth naiaja, ja6u OBOHiaTejbHO npoBtpHTb bhboju r. CeprieiiHia. Ho npeatje Bcero mu npocHHb iKTaieja odpaTHTt uHHHame cme ua oiiio oOcTOHTe-iLCTBO, KOTOpoe, no nauieMV mhI.ihki, o6mchh6tt. MHorie HejocTaTEH Bb KHHriv r. Ceprieoma. HsSpaob npejMeTOMb CBoero Tpyja rocyjapcTBCHHoe yCTpoficTBO h ynpaBjeHie bo BpeMeHa EHH3e8 PlOpllKOBHieH, OUT. paSCMaTpHBaCTb 3T0 VCTpOflCTBO HB BCOMb npocTpaHCTB* HauieS ncropiu, o n X jo XV Btsa, h Ha ncein. npo- CTpaHCTB't PocciH TBEb, KHRb CyjTO HHTji H HHKOIJB Bb Hamy TOCy- japcTBeHHyn »H8Hb He Ohio BHeceHO HOBUXbnairn. Ha btoto ocho- saHiH OHb noAEptn.iaerb cboh iio.tohcchu o MesjyKHHaiecKHXTi joro- Bopaxi, OJHHaKOBUMH DpHH'fepaKH H3b HSTOpiHKieBCEarO H MoCEOBCEaro nepioja. .lyxOBnua rpaHaru KHflseft nuinri, J.TH Hero ojHHaKOBoe SHateme h b® ioro-3anajHoS, h Bb ctBepo-BOCToinoS PocciH. Ec,ih Ceay- cjobho B'fepHTb aBTopy, MeJKjy KieBCEon h Moceobceoio Pycbio hc6um HHEaKoro nepexojnaro nopnjKa, inreaKoro nocpejcTBysriparo 3Bena. Htset.,—HHKaKHXb sepxoBnuxb rocyjapCTBCnnuxT. nouHTift bt, lexeme y.i'li.iMio-iThieoaro nepioja, HHKaKHXb nocpejcTBViomHXT. naxa-n. n> Konuf. ero. He to 6ujio na cbmoms jkrfc. Dosa pyccsaa rocyjapcTBeHHaa SHSHb hc itaiaaa nepejBHraTbCs Ha ctnepo-BOCTOEb, peHTpOMb Pyc- csaro rocyjapcTBa 6u.tt, cTOjibnufi ropojb, aaTb pyccEHXb ropojoBb, KieBb; ehh3bh h napojb cxhtbjh KieBb cTapmaMb ropojoMb, a ero KHH8C# CTapmHnaMH pyCCKO® SeMJIH He HOTOMV TOHbKO, XTOOlJ BHH3bfl 3th 3aHHwaHH „nu,i&i)inee(.‘H no.Toatcnic cpejH jpynrxb” (cTp. 248). Cb HMeacMb ItieBa h BieBCEaro bhh3h 6h.io cbe3BH0 h* xto apyroe, lero H%Tb Bb KHHrii r. Ceprf.eBHia. Bcheih, eto BjyMaeTCH Bbxapas- TepiicTHHecKia ocofieHHOCTH yjt.TbHO-BixeBaro nepioja, Heiio.Tbno ocia- hobktch npejb cjf.jyionyHHb uonpocoMb: uoxeiiy He pasjpofin.iacb Poc- ciii oEOHMa're.TbHo, Korja h napojHbie ofiuiau, u nopujKH RHH«ecEaro poja cnocoficTBOBa.™tomv, Korja, ca'IijOBaTejbno, hh bt. npaBHTe-ibCTBeH- Huxb, hh Bb odiHecmmuxb sjeMeHTaxb He 6hjo HHRaRoro npoiHBO-

— 872 — xMctbui 9T0»y 8iy? 0?B&Tora Ha btotb Bonpoci. Moryti c.iysuTi, yiomie 4>aitTH: 1) HecMOTpa Ha pas'BejHHeaie BO-iocTeS, taut. canocToaTejn.BHxt HeHTpOBt He TOHbKO ajHHHHCTpaTHBHOfi, HOOTiaCTH H nMHTHieCKOS ffiH3HH, BT> Hapoii H ST, KHH3MX2, XEJO C03H8Hie 0 CIBHOft PyCCKO# 3ejut. Bi. CTO.ixnoBenkxT, cs HHOcipaunanH h ct, noraHUMH, „sesi.ia“ AtficTBOiia.ia saKt ojho ui.ioe. Bi, HHocTpaHHbixi CiioineHiaxB He 6u.io hh nepeac-jaBcaaro, hh lepnaroiiCKaro KHaaa, a to-ilko Pyccaie khbsbb. HaiiioHaimaro sna'iema ^iueme Ha boiocth He Htrbao. Y3Earo HtcT- Haro HaTpioTH3sca, ci. ero repoHHHh 6oranH, ne pasBUiocb. Bet H^eajH no9TH?ecKie h noanTnqecKie hm4.ih He soaocTHOe, a o6meHaniOHajiiHoe SHanenie. Bet repos, KHS3ba n fiorarapu hb.ihiotch b i napoAiiOMT, co3HaHiH Hast ofime-nmioHajBHue repoH, B t thbovb cmhcjS Bocnt- BaBtn, hx% Hama iitcim. HepeiKTHBaa bth npoHsaeAenia names na- poaHofi no9siH, He.ib3a He 3aMtTHTB, ito napoiHoe co3Hame, Bupasm- meeca be hhxb, He snaert mhothxt,, hosho cBaaaTB, meampoti 9no- neH. TeaTpi oahhi—Cexmax Pyct; itIichh rouopan, o bohsuxt, ceiio- (TO-eCTb, CBHTO-) PJCCKIIXT,; rjaBHUMb HOHTpOSrb, M KOTOpOMy ofipa- maeTca Hapo.woo co3HaHie, c-ryanm, Kiesi; r.iaBHuft khhsb, soToparo BoeatBaerB Bapoa-b, ewb khh3i> KieBcaiB. Bo3bMeMi, nan npimipa nt- CKO.IBKO utceni: Bo cmoMttom ropoii bo Kieat, y Mcmea *HS3fl RjaxHHipa, Buio napoaanbe, noaecTaoB niipi Ha Tpn fipama Ba3BaHBue, • Cmmo ,)-pyccKie Moryaie feranipH ’J Hjm: roBOpmx HjojHme noraHoe: — Tu cKaxH-Ka Hat, Kajjjaa aepexozaa: Boxojom tu BiBom aa cemoi Pym, Bosnian tu sraKaro Hapojy npaaocxaBearo *). lira: H arosopim, shhsb BjaiHuipt KieecsiS CBOinfbpyeexum 6oraTupmri *). 2) DpcACTaaieHie o ojhhomx cmibHoirb *Hit3t BceS PocciH 6um tohho Tasae oubho bb Hapoji. C u t BToronpexcTaB-iema mh Hjeaia He MaiO CHOCOftCTBOBajO TO 06CTOHTC.li>CTBO, TO) HeaaBHCHMO OPB 0(5- ■) Him.am ', ’) Cm. HtCBB, co6p. KapieocEBMi, IV, ctp. 52: Botoki MaxaS-io Hnaaoiam. •) Tam me, crp. 20; nicai «5i Uni Mjpoant, ‘) Tammme, cip. 28—24.

— 373 — maro npcACTamreHia o Kiert, m sb ctoxbhohb ropoxii PyccKoft 36Mjth, Hjea CTOJLnaro khh3h Cu.ia erne B03iiumeHa o B03Be-iHieHa t&khmh .ihbhoctbmh, kskb BaaxHMipB Cbhtoh, HpOC.iaBB H Riaxiiaipb Moho- Max’i. Hhkto, Kone'iiio, ne CTaneTB OTpHuaTb i-oro cfiaKTa, ito na pa3- BHTie uau,iouajtuaro qyscTBa HMttOTB (kuiiuoe B-iiflHio bojhkjo itn- t&ih, yM-Jiumie bb januyio MUHyTv bobjothtb bb ceC-fc HanioHajBHye H4e». Hxb oOaiiTo.TLuoe hub cayacKTB x.is coBpeMennHKon'b h hotoh- CTBa neinpoM't, kb KOTopomy HeB0.u,H0 oSpaniauTca Bcfi BocnoManaiiia h naxeiKAN. ^ ja sacB, Hanpmr&pB, hms Pyaxato tobcxoctbchho cb HMeHCMB rpaacjanmia toh CTpanu, KOTOpoK) ynpaB.ia.TH lle'rpB Be-inaifi h EKaiepHHa BexHicaa, 3a KOTopyB cpanuuiict CyBopoBB, KvTyaoBB, Mhhhhb, IIomapCKifi, bb KOTopofi riHcaaH IlyniKHH-b, KapausuHB, .Iomo- hocobb. J.in xpenneB PocciH tbkhmb canauBasimiiMB bc6xb hmchcmb fiuao HMa Kiiaia B-iajaaipa. Hmh btoro oSniepvccitaro Knaaa cjoikh- .10Cb, OHOBH/lHO, 113B MU0IT1XB HM6HB; OHOCjiUftlOCB CKOpte HapHpa- T6HLHEJMB tJmb coCctbchhumb. 9to hmh, cxiaaBiiieoca CBanyeHHuuB co BpoMOHH Be.inKaro npocBtiHTe.ia PocciH, HapojB ynoTpe6.ia.iB x.w o6o3iianenia THna PyccKaro khh3h. Meatjy tIijib thdb stotb bb ero r.ia3axB 6uxb BHpaCoram. He toxbko PaBHoanocTOXBHUHi* Baasnui- poMB, no h ero upeeMHHisaHii, -.xofipuMii CTpajaxbuaMH sa PyccKyio 3C«xb“, BaaxHMipoHB Mohomuxomb Mcajy upoiHMB. HapoxB ynoTpe- 6.ia.iB 3to huh &ia o6o3HaneHia ne cneuia-imaro khhsh KieucKon bo- jocth, a Hiea.ibHaro khssh toft Cournot Pycu, KOTopaa licerxa *n.ia bb ero co3namH. Bb btomb HxeajbHoiiB aipi 6hao oxno rocyxap- ctbo, — PyccitaH 3ema, ojhhb CTO.ibHuB KHa3b, -nonaOTHBniiftca bb anui „xacKOBaro KHasa B.iaxnMipa“ . 9totb-to CTO.ibnutt khhsi. Pyc- CKOfi setuiH h an-iacTca rnannuMB A'feficTBViomnMB .ihhomb bb namaxB ntcHaxB. IianpHHipB: Pobophtb BiaxuiiipB ctoelbhB KiencKiB, — OBth roB ecu, crapi Kaaasb HiLa MypoMeni! Botl Te6i Micro nojji Mena, XoTb no npasyio pyay, aib no jtByw. A rpenee Te6i Micro, iyja xoidl cajHct! OTBioaert Kile MypoaenB: „BoaOiHiiipb, KHX3t>36M.W Cexmo-pyaax! ') HT. J. C.rli.iaBB USB coficTnemiaro huobh HapaitaTeabHoe, napojB He CTicnaeTca ya:e h xpoHoaorieft. HanpiitrfcpB, bb oxhoB 6nxHHt, co- CTaBxeHHoft, oieBHXHO, nocxi TaTapcKaro namccTBia, noMimeHB paaro- BopB Baraa cb Hjibeft MyponueMB: ') TaMi xe, crp. 48. Cm. yaaaaHie Ha uicra nicem, rji roEopnrca ra nom CMoc.ib o Kaji.ii B.iajBBipi, m iipeBOcxoiHom y'EaaaTeat, npa-ioxenBom. be eohb4 cftopnoKa Kapicncsaro.

— 374 — B—rHoioBpcVoOjivxopautuHitieMhaeaniiryiiottH-daBHaeaOclrJHaaOK,n pscoenr*aa,HppkLObu, kTuctpa.usaBbariinao.B*daHua!arm*um)cpDyM,uynp, ou eu b! 3) Orb noosiH ofipaTHMCa Kb mAiray HCTOpHiecKiixb cjiaKTOBb. Boaocth Shah nesauBCHMU Apyrb oti ApyraBb OTHomeaiuBHVTpeHHaro ynpaBaeaia; oto coBepmeHHO cupaBejjHBO. Ho mopjb ah oth cawocTOK-. TexbHUJi boaocthcoeraBHTb HilCKOAbKO camocTOJiie^BHUXT. nauifi11 Hapio- HaAbiruxb rocyjapcTBi? Ha ototb Bonpocb BpaAb ah uoacHO oruiiaTb yTBepaBTe.ii.HO. Boaocth He uorau caiaaTica cpejOTOiiem caMocToa- Te-itnoS Hai;ioua.ibHoS hch3hu. Bo nepnuxi,, hh Bb oahoS boaocth He Chao HocroaHHaro, opraHHiecKH CBH3aHHaro cb Hero KHaatecKaro poja. Bb cuy ah „.itcTBHHHaro BOcxo»AeBia“, hah aah Ao6uBaBia npeCTO- AOBb, pOA’b KHJI3eS HaHIHXb 6podiui HO PyCCKOfi BeMAi. Hh oahht, HHHSb He 6uat. cnasanb Cb CBoeio boaoctbb; oht, ,,hah BUcuaTpHBa.Tb .lyoraaro cTOAa“, hah jo*HAaab cbocS oiepcAH saHHTt cTapmifi ctojl, hah npocro cTpaiicTiioBaj'i, no sejurt, npejAaraa cboh ycAyra toS bo- aocth, KOTopaa, no ero mil.iiiio, HanfioAio Bb Hiixb HyatAanacb. BirfccTi Cb T-liM'i, y Kiiasa hc 6hao, tbet. CKiiaaTb, boaocthoto naa'pioTH8Ha. Oh* He CTapaacH 06b yBejuieHiii ofibeua boaocth Ha cmerf. jpyrnxb; ne HHtAb OHb h ocoCeHHott butoah DOjHHTb ea SHaueme. Ollb rnpaica fio.ibuie Bcero uoahhti. AHiHoe CBoe 3naienie, Kam, yAa.ii.ua, Soraiupa. A TaKofl yiajofi hhh3l fiuAb yxe AOCTOHHiexb ltfcjofl Pyccxofi seuAH. E«y BesA* Chao xoporno. Maao Toro: euy Aaate He cha'Isaoci. Bb bo­ aocth, ohx cjyatMi uf,;io6 aeMirb h aah cayaeenia CBoero CTapaAca BufipaTb tv BOJOCTb, T it HViKeH'b fiujb yia-iofi KHJI3L. Tasb, Mcth- CA8Bb McTHCjaBOBHUb HeOiKHAaHHO HBHJCH Bb HOBTOpOAb, HpCAAOSHAb HouropoAnaMb cboh yayra, otcavkhab HMb h’&ckoabko H r t a cnona yjajH.icH Ha orb. C.iiAOBaTe.ii.no, pa3Apo6AeHie PocciH He momo ca4- AaTbca ipeoAaAbHuxb boao6ho pasipofijemiD 3anaAH0ft Eepoua. Pas- ApoC.ieHie oto Gu.io csopl.e ofimHHHHMb. Ho h caHOCTOHTeAbBOCTb o6n(HHb ne Horn ynpoiHTb hoahthbcckoS caaocroaTeAbHOCTH iioAOcreS Aah caaocToaTeAbHOCTH HyacHO npeaye Bcero HO.iHTHiecKoe bahhctbo. Hsb pascMOTptaia OTHoaieHift ropoiOBb Kb npHropoAaHb mu motah yfrfciHTbca, tto BAacTb r.iaBuaro ropoAa He MorAa yAepatait boaocth oib Aa-ibHiamaro pa3jpo(5AeHia. KasAaa ofiipHna cTpeMH-iacb CTaTb BOAOCTbD, h cTpeM.ieme oto 6uao Tiub CHJbHte, >130 B.iacTi. rAaanaro ropoAa oSycAOBAHsaAacb ero noAHUMb AecnoTH3MOUb HSAb npHropoAaxH. n p a CTpeMAeHiH OlSnOlHb Kb caMOCTOHTeAbllOCTH, n p a nOCTOHHHOMb npo- THBOAifiCTBiH HXb A6CH0TH3Iiy 1'OpOJOBb, nOA'iHHcnie BC'Lxb ropOAOBb

— 375 ojHOMy neiiTpy na paemuxt npaeam, 6ujio OAHHCTBerao BoaxoiKHUMi, hcso- jomb. C.ionoMt, caMOCTOHTe.iiiHOCTL BoaoCTeS (Siiaa TSKoro po*a, hto oaa Moraa irpuBecTn OAHaaKOBO h Kt 6e3KOHesHOMy pa3jpo6jeiii» Poc- cia, h Kt coRepmeuBOfi ueHTpaausaiuu, upu qeMt aaa;,naM oCnpma TBHjJia 6u HenocpescTBCKHO a t ofiiuerocysapcTBeHHOuy ueHTpy. 3ihmb h pa3ptnnuocb bhocaI actbih npoTHBoplqie apcBuaro rocyAapcTBcnnaro Cura. HoBropoAcaia bojocth hr xotI ah theejti. a t HoBropojy, ho OXOTHO ElOTHHyXH KB MOCKB't, Ha paBHUXS Hpasaxt Ct HOBTOpOAOHt. Toabbo Bt TaaoB CHCToat worjo 6uTb ocymecTBJreno paaeHCTBO bcI xt, pyccKHX’t oOmHHT,. B t apeBHefl Poceia 8Ta neuTpa.iH3anin o6Hapy»H- -laci. TO.IE.KO B t OAHOMt OTHOBieHEH, B t pejHri03H0Mt. ApOBHHH POCCifl ue Hx&ra no.iinniecK.iro eAHHCTBa, no aa to Hifl.ia oahhctbo AyxoB- HOe. Kieociiiit MHTpOHOJHTt UU.T'L AlSCTBHTC.Il>HO MH'rpOUOAHTOMb Bcea PycH. ,T,yxoanai£ iepapxia irpeACTaBAJi.ja yAHBHTe.ii.uoe cahhctbo cpaB- uHxe.iE.HO c t 6e8i[)opMeHHOCTiio cbI tceo# B-iacTu. 3ua<ieHie Kiena, Hast AyxoBHaro EieHipa Poccih, npiiW)CAHHH.iocE. k i ero .tHaienim ctapmaro h CTOAfcHaro%ropoAa „cbhto0 Pyca“ h ycH.iHBa.io noc-i'IiAiice. lIodenenHO cjoawocfc h no.iHoe oahhctbo PyccKofi Benin. y r. Cep- i-feeBiiqa H ir t yita3aHifi Ha bto nocTeneHHoe ABasenie Harnett hoahth- qecnofl HCH3HH. Meajy tI mt. bth yna3aniH On.tu 6a no.ie3HH n am cro AomaTunccKaro H8A0*eHiH. Hanaro Hosaro nopflABa hotah 6h, KaKt He.ii.3a .iyime, otH hhtl CTpott ApeBHe-pyccEott wh3hh, Aosep- nniTL xapaKTcpncTHKy ero aaqa.it. Bsticri ct rtH t aBTOpt Mort fiu ysasaTt h Ha pasraqy auajornqecKHxt aaieHitt Bt Asa couepnieinio pas-iHiHue nepioAa pyccxofi HCTOpin. Bo nepBtixt, ont He ysasuBaeTt pasnimu McatAy rocvAapcTBen- IIHMH B033pilliflliH pycCEHXt KHH3ett AO H HOC.il AHApeH BorOAUfi- citaro. Pa3iiHiia ate 9Ta 6u.ra BecbMa BeAHKa. B t xpeBiilftinett Poccin HC StlAO BHH3ett, TtCHO CBH3aHHUXt Ct OAHOWBOAOCTfcB; BHOCAlACTBlH ohh Ou jh . Kaacxaa boaoctb Bt clBepo-BOCTOiHOft PocciH nocTeneHno Al.iaeTca AocTOAHieMt ojhoS KHascecKott akhih. Bto o6ctohtc.ie.ctbo hmI jo orpoHHoe BiiHHie iia noAHTHKy KHaseft a Ha BHaqeHie boaoctb. B t npesBee Bpena Knasta Hnjyrt cefit xopomett boaoctb h He cia- pauTCH o pacmiipeHin to8, a t KOTopott ohh chasm,, h6o ohh noryit ocTaBHTL ee bo BcaEOe BpeMa; boca! ohh He nepeM’luEHEOTt boaocth, a crapaRETCH yBejHqHTt cboio BOTqHHy aa c ie it codxefi. „^o6imHie“ Bt.aTOMt nfipioAl Huiere. He TOTt vae xapaETept, hto Bt npext- HAymeMt. IIpesAe 6iun ctoah h ropoAa, CTapmiiacTBO Koxopuxt Cij.io vcTaHOiueno aapoAHUHt co3nauieHt h MHinieat KHHsett; KieBCEitt cTOAt cqHTa.ica cTapuiHMt, HesaBHCHHO o n MoryiriecTiia Kiesa; Be.M- Kltt EHH3E.---CHHOHHMOSEt KieBCKOMy KHH3E0; HoBTOpOACKitt, IlepCHCAaB- CKitt H 'IepEEHI'OBCKift KH1E3E.JE HHKOl'Aa H6 Ha3UBaAHCfc BO.IHKIEHEE; Ha-

— 376 — npOTHBl TON), HOBIOpOJfB CIHTa.TCH B0T1HH08) BejKKHX'b KHHSefi, H Bt npamtaai ce.iHKift KHH8b AaBa.it KHAM IIoBropOAy; HoBropoiuu, ate- aaa nojyiHTL ehhm, BuapauiaBaiDTt ero y CTapmaro KHfl3B PyccKoS seM.in. B t ctBepo-BOCTOTHOft Poccia Be du.TOTaitoro HapojHaro nempa; ero io.iatHa dtua C03AaTi. A'taTeAbHOCTb a .iobkocte, Kimsefi: iiodtokv ohh cTpeMBTOi AOCTaBHTt CBoefi B0.10CTH saaicHie CTapmefi, a cedi aasBaaie Be.iHKHXt. Dohhtho, bto h caaufi TiiTy.it ne.iHKaro khhsh aoayiaeTt 3Aicb conepuieuno Apyroe snaverne; oat npHiiaijesnit SAicb MorymecTBeHHOMy khhsio, khh3» CH.ibHoft bo.iocth, a He dap- meay khjciki need Pycciiofi iicm.ih. la s t Kant od.iaAaiiie .Trust thtv- JiOMt m a o saBHCiTB OTt <j)aKTinecKaro SHaiCHia khh8h, KOiopoe aostao du.io ao6uti. ciiaod a -lOBKOCTBE), to aasBaaie BeaHKaro Kiasa xaeTca He OAHOMy, a Hf,CKOJbEHMt; HBJDUOTCH BeABKie KlIHSba TBepcuie, Pa- aaacKie, Mockobckic h .ipvrie. Ilpeaae du.it OAHHt rjaimuii neiiTpt PyccKOfl 36MJH, H3t-aa od-iaflaHia soTopuat a dopoAHCt pa3Hue kh33lb; B03iRe KaatAuS KHH3B xoTOTt coodiRUTb TaKoe 3aaieHie cnoefl boaocth, a HOTOMy CTapaeica ywaxHTb 3naienie Apyraxt BOAoexefl, aero npesAe He du.io HyatHO, ndo saatAaa bo-ioctb deat ioro cniTa-ia ceda M.iaj- nieio Bt cpaBHcaia ct CTapmero, KieBCROB. BeaiACTBie STOro rocyAap- CTBeaHUMt ueuipoMt muaeTca ae boaocth, 3a KOTopoio dtuo du npa- snaHO oto 3HaieHie actaa APyraMB, a KHasb, Koiopufi AOAseHt 6u.it coodiHHTb cBoe nepneHCTBVroniee auaieme a toh boaocth, Koiopoio OHt B.iaA'feeTt. HraKt, RHa3i, AoduBaeTt ccdi ae boaoctb, a pmua npe- HaymecTBa aah csoef boaocth h ajh ce6a, KaKt khhsh ea. Taist, MocKOBCKifi KHHSb Addu.it cedi apaBO cdapaaia opAMCKaro BUXOAa, npaBO acK-HOTHTCAbaaro cHomeaia ct OpAoS, AOdnAt aah Mockbu mh- TponoAHTa h r ia t ycaamt ea 3HaieHie, KaKt peAario3aaro nenipa, J,a.ite, aeAbsa ae 3aaiTHT6 BaaiHaro odcToaTea&CTBa, Tasse yny- meaaaro B8t buav r. CeprtcBaueMt. Bt HOBoe Bpeaa pasaaiie seatAy Be.iHKHMH a Apyraaa KaaswiMH nojyiaeTt nHaienie, He csoAHoe ct T iat, Kasoe oao aai-io Bt npeAUAymee Bpeaa, KorAa duat oAHHt Be- JHKia Kiiaab, a BcssiS, kto B.iaA'fcat Apyroc boaoctbd, Kpoai CTapmeB, H33UBa.ica yAtibHuat Kaa3eat. Bet KHasba, Kaat dpaTta, duAHpanHu ae*Ay codon. Pasaaiia aeatAy JHHiaaH ae cymecTBOBaao, ado act duja „OAHOrO AtA» BHyKHa, TO-eCTi, pOAt duat OAHHt. IIocAt, KOTAa odos- aaiH-ioct pasaaiie acsAy KHaatecKHsa AHHiaaa, BjaAtsiftaMa pas-im- hhhh boaocthhe, Knasbaaa yAtji.HHMH craju aa-iunarbca Bet HAaAmie Kaa3ba oahoS boaocth. B t itaatAoS boaocth duat cboB CTapmiB KBH3t, a Bet 9TH ciapniie Kna3ta Bt pasnuxt BOAOCTaxt awt.ia THiyat bc- -iHKHxt KHa3eS. Hiaat. au BHABMt pacapeAiAenie KHaatecKaxt .laaiK BO BOAOCTHMt, KOTOpUH, BC.ltACTBie BTOrO, UOAViaiOTt nOCTOAHHOe 3Ha-

— 377 — lenie h Hixoxopoe ejHHCTBO. IIpHHHMaa bo BHMuaHie bto ejuHCTBObo- JOCIH, MOJKHO CKB3HTB, 1TO CBMUH TepHHHX „yAt-T[,HU8“ OTBOCHTCH KX BTOny nepioAy Hamefi ncTopiu. IIpeacAe, iipnpaoenciBf, Bctxx Boxocxefi, kpouli CTapiuefi, KaatAiJB kbh3i. 6u.it. aoMcrmatMt. TenepB KHjrns no- jyiaiOTT, ydtbAt bx boaocih, 6uBme8 AOCTOflHieMx ii'fc.ioB KHiixecEoB .111nin. CTapmeHy hhasr) asba.ica o6nuipnuB yxt.ix cpaBHHTe.ii.no ex' M.ia.imiiMH, BOTopue, BCjSjcTBio BToro, 6hjh nociaB.ieHH bt. saBHcn. mocti. o n Hero, BasHCHMOcn. ara poe.ia cx KaxauMt noKo.iimieMi, a KOH'iujacb yHHTToateHieMT. yali-iOBT.. Htbex, bt. oto Bpeaa mu bh.ihmb BwhcTo nojHaro K>pnxHTeCKaro paiieHCTua Meaixy bo.ioctjimh,—c* <t>ait- THTecKHMH npemiymecTuaMir iitKOTopux'B, npeaMymecTBaMH, yiBepiK- Aemiusm 3a hhmh Bceo6numx coaHanieHX,—ntcKO.ii.Ko He paBnuxx bo- joctoB, HepaBeHCTBO EOHXT, co.'i.yuuo HCKVCCTBeBno, in. BH.iim, yciueHia CTapniaro ehjuui. Oauhmx H3x MoryoiecTBennuxx cpexcTin. npoBeCTH aro HOBoe, khh- atecKoe nanajo, 6hao aantniaHie. Mu oamaa-la, tto r. CeprteBHTx Ht- ckoabko 6o.n.me OTTtHHTX Ayxonnua rpasiara Mockobckhxx siia3efi o n saBtinaHifl Bunsen .upeuHtfluiaro uepio^a. A pasnnpa :iTa, ocofienno ecja B3nTL (kjikx 9X0 AtaaeTx aBTOpx) seel. KHaacecKO-MocicoBCKiB nc- pioA'r. bhjioxb ao HsaHa IV, rponaAHaa. JSt ipemiifl nepioAx. jwumji bo.ik 3aBtin,aTe.w nacxo ocTaaajaci. bt. ofiaacTH xe.ianiB. „IIpii3Banie“ h „Ao6uBanie“ .lei'KO momh coBepmeuHO nsutnHTi, ir.ianx aaiitmaTeja. HanpoTHBX, MocKOBCKie Kiurar.a He 6hah yse npii3BaHiiujra KHastaxH, a KHH3I.HMH IiaC-ltACTBCHHUMH; CT. yBHTTOXeHieMX, HAHAyiBie CKa3aTB, cb oCviad.ieHieMx TATapcKaro BjaAunecTna nooitAHee cpeACTBO AoCuna- aia cto.iobx yhhttokhjocl. CatAOBaxejBHO, xorja 3aBtmanin CAt.ia.inci, BpOBOAHHBOMB B0BHXX rocyAapcTBeHHHxx Haia.ii, H AOAXHU 6uah 3a- BepmiiTBCH TopaecTBOMx eAHBOHacjtAia h eAHHOAepaasia. Totho Taaate a Aorosopu MesAyrasatecKie HiiMtHH.TH cboB xapaK- xepx. Abtopx pascMaxpHBaen h 3to aBjeme Ha BceMX npocTpaHCTst BHaxecRaro nepiOAa, He pa3rpanniHBan jsyxx yicaaaHHUXX hbmh anoxx. BcrtACTBie Toro y Hero nonaxauxca Bectna CTpaHHua :iant- lania. Tasx Ha exp. 136 b 137, aBTopx roBopH’rxo coAopatuirin Aoro- Boposx CJitAyKHpee: ,Co ctopobu coiepsaaia xoroBopu MoryxxChib paaitieHU na jut 6ojl- lTiaxbrpynnu: nepB.no cocTaBiaiwx rt, ycjoBia EOTopim orHOcaxca ki. pacape- i'laeniio soaocxen Mesiy Kna3MMii; so btopoB aoiikbh 6utb OTBeceHHaoco- Bopu, yciaoaBiHBaBHiiie noiaxHTecsie comau. Bin nocaijBie, bx cboio oiepcAt, nu iiOApaaAtjaeMx BajBa BHAa: nepRuS cocxaBaix Tasie C0I03H, bx cmy soro- puxx He B03BHnacrr. BHKasoro orpaHHTenin -bojiiithtockoHcanocioaxc.ibiiocTK AOroBapimaiomHxca cxopoux; BiopoS—BCi it, boiophmh ycioBAHBaexca Tasoe orpanaienie AJa ogmfi aai hhxx“.

— 378 =- Abtopi npesje Bcero npHCTvnaera kt>pascMOTpirati) AorosopOBi, kotoj)ijmh yCTaiaMHBaJHCi no-iHTHTOCKie cobsu. Ha Hem ochoiuiuooto Aiaeme nojnTHqecKHxi cohmobi Ha jsa BHja? BcTpiqaerca jii oho bo net nepioAH Hameft HCTOpiH oahhebobo? JCoHeqHO, ntn. J,oro- Bopu, HMtBinie bi bhay orpaHHTHTb o*uy hsi joroBapHiiaioinHxcH \" CTOpont ui no-ibsy jpyrofi, BCTpiqaioTCH hckjiiohhtgji bho b i nosiaifi- mee BpeMa raaacecKaro nepioxa. 3toti bh,i i ^oroBopoBi HeofixoAHKO fiu.io pascMOTpiTb b-b cbhsh c i yKa3aHRiJM7. name paajHqieMi, ycTa- HOBHBHIHMCa Bl C'tBepO-BOCTOHHOft PocciH, UeXAJ BG.1HKHMH H ptjlB- HUUH KHaSbBMHH MOJEAy pa3.1HHHUMHBHjaMHBeJIHKHXl KHH3eS.CxpOM- jeHie icaajaro Be.raKaro ehhsh coctobjo bi tomi, hto6h HHSBecia,ipy- rHxx Kiiaaea, hochbhihx'i. ototi THTy.n, Ha CTeneui, suajmHxi, a khh- seS yaiAinuxi coocpineHHO uoxbhhhtl cooeB Bo.it, Ha nepBuS pasi oo BOnpocaKi. BHtuiueS iio.ihthkh. iHTaa ko noBiiCTBOBanie 061 bthxi XoroBopaxi y r. Ceprfeeimqa, hobo.ii.bo cnpanmoaeini, ce6a, OTuyAaohh B8HJHCL U KBEOS pt.IH VAOBjeTBOpajH. 301011040X1 Haux paatiopi Ooate o6uhmh BoupocaHH HCTopiz ua- mero upaBa. IIo npoHTCHiH khhph r. CeprlieBHqa HHTaiaiB hoboxbho npejCTaBjaeica sonpoci: khkhmi oCpasoMi uopajOEi, tojleo tto hso- 6paxcHHu8 aBTopoMi, nepenie.n bi rocy.iapc.TBonnun 6hti Moceob- cKaro rocyjapcTBa? Ho MHiHiu aBTOpa, H3i abvxi g u v npeaje cy- mecTBeilHO HeofiXOAHMblXl Bl KaSAOH BOXOCTH, KHH3H H Biqa,OCTaaaCb TOjlfcKO OAHa— EHH3B. HtHEI, KHHSb OTMliHIUl BiTO. Bl 9T0HI Oily noMor.ia caMaa ieh3hl (cip. 20). Ho Kaitaa ate iehshi? Taaia Bupaate- Hia TpeftyuTi tothuxi noacHORifi. BupaateHia „HapoABHfi jy x i“ , „atH3Hb“, b3hthh caxH no ce6i , noaCHHBTi Bee, mo ji'oaho, h6o ohh pOBHO HHHerO He oCiaCHlllOTl. B l HCTOpHKO- BpHAHHeCKOHl H8CA4AO- BawiH 3th cxyTHua Bupaateiiia Ao.iatiiu 6trrb nepeBGAOHU Ha Toqnuit H3UEI. H31 npHHHHl, OfiyCJOBHBIHHXl BepeXOJl Bt.aeBOS PocciH Bl eAHHOAepxaBHyio, aBTopi BucTaBjaen TpH: B.iiaHie TaTapcsaro BiaAH- aecTBa, ycTaHOBxeiiie hom4cthoS cbbsh xeatAy c.iyatnausiit .ho.iemh h EHH3CHI H OfoeAHHeHie PocciH. Haul Hastera, tto nepsaa hsi sthxi npHqmn recto BHimHaa, a ABt ociaxbHHa ho canocTOaTejbHHa, a np0H3B0AHua. BxiaHie Taiap- CEaro BaaAuqecTBa aBTopi onpeAixaeTi T im , mo oho nepeHecxo ueHTpi pyccaoS noxaTHiecEofl amaira hsi PocciH b i OpAy (cTp. 21). BpaAi -iH 9to teei. E,eHTpi ApeBHett PocciH, KicBi, yrpaTHJi CBoe 3iiaqenie ropa3AO paHbrae TaTapcsaro saBoeMHia; Bca cwja noxHraqe- cKoft atH3HH cocpeAOToqiuacb b i ciBepo-BOCTcmoft Poccia. Ho A«Aroe BpeMa HeH3BiCTH0 Su.io, itaKOH ropOAi h.ih KaEaa boaocti 3a»MCTi nepBeHCTByioinee noioaeHie, npaHaA-ieataBinee npeatAe Kiesy. Bopb6a ropoAOBi ci HpHFOpOAaMii n KHH3eft MeatAy cofiow AAMacb Aoxro, h

— 379 — TaTapcKoe saoocnaHiu 3acrajo Pocci» sa bthmb .HepimeHiitixt Bonpo- com”. HeHTpt nojHTHieCKOft aciiauH h He 6uat nepeHecent bt. Opiy, a nocTouciiuo BupaSaTUBa.iM Bt caxot PocciH. TaTapcaoe saBOCBaHie B3mIwih-io to.tkko cuoco6i h cpejCTsa Copi.fiu. Kuasta no.ib30na.iuct Op,ioH T a ti, Kant npexje noabaOBajHct itfcqciiuini napTiflxn, ho 3a- Tf.xt Bee aaimrluo o it hxl aobkocth h yxta,a. MoCKOBCKie KHfl3ta B3HJH nepxt, h MocEBa cTaia lro.THTicqecKmrt peHTpoxt iionofi PocciH. npHBHHa uaAeuia Biqa, KaKt noAHTHqecKO# chau, 3aKJB>qaeTCii Bt ca- xtixt CBoacTBaxt aoBaro ea peHTpa. CboSctm ace \"sth o6yc.iori.Tnna- •IHCt Tfcjlt, BTO Bl 8T0 BpOMfl U3VaA0 JipH3BaHia COBepmeHHO H3M$- hh-to CBoft xapaicrept. OcHOBnaa Haea npa3BaHia ynt-rfexa h Bt xoc- 11KOBCKHXt KBH3I.HXt, Bt TOHt CMHC.'rfl, BTO KHHSt 6u.lt npejCTaBHTe- -leat rocyAapcTBeHHofi BaacTu, co3jtaHHofi , . a uojBopenia nopaiaa h cyja. Ho BjaCTt 3Ta nepecTaaa npHstmaTtca hah irpiianaBaTtca aapo- Aoxt npz aaacjoa nepexiHi mass. Ob ycMemext Hanaja npccmio- n a cjijia , HapojHoe npHiinaaie ho A'McTBOBaAO, bokb 6uat Raa3t, aa- citAOBaumifi no upaBy. Oho B0306HOB.1a.10ct tojbko Bt p tja a x t cay- 01qaaxt, aa npeapauteHieMt KHasecsaro poja. Taxt uu.ni „upH3BaBu“ Ha npecT . t BopHct rojyBORt, IUyficKili, KopojeBHut RiajHcaaBt, MHxanat OeflopoBHit. r ocyjapcTBeHnan Hiea, napojHBuiaaca Bt uep- bhA HOMenTt npmBaHia KHa3eS. Kaat peaania oftmHHHony 6ury, jo- CTnr.ia iroBoft, BticmeS cTeneHHpaSBHTia. TaTapcaoe Bja^unecTBO mdi.io AJX Hact orpoMHoe SHaieme Bt jpyroHt oTHomeHiii; oho asao robub raraeKt HapoAHOHy caxoco3HaHin h noBeao Kt npaKraqecKOMy ocyme- cTBjeHiD rocy,i,apcTBeHuaro eAHHCTBa, KOTopoe, HOAt BaianieMt ntqe- Baro pa3Apo6aeHia, Haqajo npmiHxaTt KaaoS-TO OTBxeqenHufl xapas- Hiea rocyAapcTBeraaro eAHHCTBa nepeAaHa 6tua Mocnirb ApesHeio Pocciefl. no B t ApeBHtflniiS nepioAt ohh HirLia xa.io npaKTHqecKaro 3HaqeHia. Pa3Apo6.ieHi» BOAOCiefi ocja6jajo 3HaqeHie rocyAapciBeH- Haro neHTpa. Bojocth BocntBaiH „cBHTy» Pyct“, ho xorjn TAHVTt Kt 01He pycCKHMt nempaxt. Bo nepsuxt, KHa3ta npH.iuna.iHci. ne H3t , - HHXt HOTOHKOBt KHHaceCKaro pOAa, HO H H3t HHOSOHneBt. Oto 6tuo 6u em,e HHqero, ho n.ioxo 6u.io to, hto q&nta boaocth 6u.th roTOBu npHsaaTt qyace3CMHoe it.jaauqcctbo h Tany.iH to kb noAHKant, to ki Hixuaut. Mu BHAi.lH, BTO Bt ApOBHeB PocciH eAHHCTRO boaocth o6v- CAOBAHBaAOCt CHAOK) P.TABliarO 1'OpOAH. BCA^ACTBie qarO He 6u.I0 110-10- *eHO HHKaKHXt npeA^AOBt 6e3OCTaHOBOqB0My ea pa3Apo6.ieniio. Hojh- THqecKoe cahhctro iioAAepacHBaaocb passi T'fcxt, m KHasta, Bt 60.11,- nuiHCTBi cAyxaeBt, npmiaAJe*a.TH Kt oahomv h roxy ace KHaatecKOMy poAy. MocKBa CAi-iaxact A^cTBHTeAtHUMt h o6a3aTeAtHUMt aab BCixt neHTpOMt, Kt Koiopoxy AOAJKeHt 6 u jt MHyTt BCHKifi, BTODpH-

— 380 — Ha*jie®a.TB kb pyccnoxy Hapojy. npniHHa sxoro 3aKaBiaeTCa bb toxb, ito cbhsb MeiKjy ro.ioctjimh CTaxa nojuepwHiiaTBca He BjacTtB cxap- inaro ropofla naji. M.iajnjHMii (MocRBa 6naa M-iaanran'i. hsb RefcxB ropoiOBB ctnepo-nocToiHon Poccin), a s-iacu.Ki MocsoBCKaro khhsa. Bo.iocth, upHCoe.uiHaBiuiaca kb Mockb'L, nojiana-iHci. ne efi, a ea khjibio. Bran. TcraHOBHjact bo3moikuocti, A'fcf'CTRHTexbHaro hoahthtc- csaro eAHiicTBa. IIoKa Kaasb 6h.i i npoiraBe.neHiejrB Biaa, boaocth boa- XMHa.incb He exy, a CTapnteMy ropojy. Ho OAHa o6m,HHa nojaHnajaer, Apvroft TOJ1.KO ao tIsxb nopB. nosa y uocjit.AHefi 6uio AOCTaTO'iHO ck.tk, hto6m noA«HH»Ti>, a Apyraa 6iua Ha cto.trko caafia, hto AO-satna 6uaa iiojuirhtecs. Bb MockobckiS nepioAB BonpocB 6u.tb nocraaieBB Haave; o6iuhhh ae noAXHHHjifici, fio.rlie ofiaiHHaMB, a rocyAapciBeHHO# BAaCTH KHH3H. H.ieil COCyAapCTBE, K3KB OCOfiarO aaeMBBTa, BUAtjeil- Haro-H3B sjeMCHTOBB 0O111.H11HIJXB, OKpiiua. IIpeatAe rrocyAapcTBo“ 6ujo npiypoacHO kb Kaamofi oShihhIi; bb KaatAoS hsb hhxb 6h.io CBOe rocyAapCTBO. Teaept Pyecitoe rocyAapCTBO (5hao cocpeAOioMHo bb ahu;4 MocKOBataro rocyAapa. PocyAapa bth, otauaiirnie orpoxBHxB nO.lliTHHeCKHMB CHHCAOMB, BCCI.Ha JiaHO yHtAH HOCTaUHTI, BOlipOCB iaKB, hto BcaKaa boaoctb, He TaHysmaa kb hhmb, hi to ae Rpexa He THHyja hh kb PyccKoxy rocyxapcTBy, hh kb PyccicoS semi. Htkkb, rocvAapcTBO toabko aokohhhao a* ao, Hanaroe ntsorAa ca- MHMH oOlUHliaXH, TO-eCTB, HHSBeAO HXB Ha CTeneHb aAMHHHCTpaiHB- UIJXB H XO8» 0CTBenHHXB eAHHHUB. BblCmHHB HpeAiAOMB STOW) HOAHH- HeHia oCiuhhb rocyAapcTBy 6hao tbbb ua3UBaeiioe HaspinueHie coc.10- Bift. Abtopb, kbkb Ha«B KaaseTca, HanpacHo KUCTaMiien, BHaneme nonicTHaro CAyatuaro K.iacca, kskb r.iaBaaro opyAia yaHHioseHia rtieBoro Sura. Mockobckhmb rocyAapa*b ropasAO CojBme npHxojH- aocb BecTH 6opb6y cb npeameto ApyJKHHoB, h4mb cb ofimuHaMU. MaAO Toro: bb XVI CTOAiriH rocyAapCTBO nepeASAO bb pyKH oCiuhhb uaat- Htftinie aAHHHHCTpaTHBHbie BOnpOCH, 0TB KQTOphiXB OBO OTCTBEHAO CAyxHAufl BAaccB. 06®HBa, yTpaTiiBmaa CBOe BnaieHie bb hoahthto- CKofl cijiepi, coxpaHHAa ero bb aiMHOHCTpaTHBHoa n xo3a0CTBeano®. HerojHaa kb noAHTHieCBOxy caxoynpaBAeHiio, ona 0Ka3aiacb Bechxa npuroAHOio kb caMoynpaB.ieHi» bb aAHnuncTpaTHBHo5 AiHTejbHOCTH. OoipiiHu cbokobho THuyAH no3.ioaeHHOe Ha hhxb thpao h cTany.iH MocKoscKoe rocyAapCTBO. CAtAOsaTeabHo, aBTopB HanpacHo BHcra- BJHeTB saKptnAeHie CAyauuaro K.iacca, mkb rAaBHoe cpeACTBO ynpo- TCHia HeaaBHCHMOCTH rocyaapcTBeHnofl babcth. 9to 6uao fiu sipHO bb tomb cayoai, earn 6a rocyAapCTBO npHHyatAeHO 6uao BecTH KaKyw- HaOyAb fiopbfiy cb oCniHHaMH, nporHBOirocTaBAHTB. ceoe naiaio xysoxy. 3 to ntipHO, noaaayfi, no OTHouieHiB kb HoBropoAy h JIcxoBy, h to TOAbKO KB S.lHXaflraHHB BOAOCTHXB BTXXB ropOAOBB, a He KB AP>*

— 381 — rani, KOTopua Mjaima t» hjjh e i Mooust. B i apyraxi oS.iacTaxi PocciH hu He buahmi inraero nojofiHaro. Bet 3-ieMeiiTU oOmecTBa(nun AM rocyaapcTBa cuou.hu. 3aKptn.ienie c.iyatHJaro oacca 6hjo oahhmt, hsi iinoroqHC.ieiiRux'L ,,3asptnxeHifi“ cocjooiS. ne oho 6hxo npuHUHOio nesaBHCHHOCTH rocy^apcTBeHHOfi babcth; nanpoTHBi toio. Kus3b noAiHHHJK ceftk c-iysmuxi jiioaefi, noiOMy ito 6u.it, yse jo- ctbtotho HesaBiicMMi paHbuie toto. A npuqima arofi HeSHBHCHMOCTH jexcuTi B% Toft sse w e t npuseanin, nocienenHoe pa3BHTie KOTOpofi upoxoAHTi ipest bcio pyccKyio HCTopi», h OKOHiaTeAbHOe aiiaaenie ko- TOpofi Bupa.tHJocr. ToabRo bt, Mockobckomi rocyjiapciafe. Ha, TO-iLKO MocKOBCKoe rocy^apcTBO ioeejro jo Koupa 3Ty ofirac- pvccKyio H je»! Oho cirepiajH3Hpr>BaJO co, Taut CKa3aTb, &ia Pyccraro rocyaapcTua, Hejb3K ue iioxaxtTb, tto attropi He npoocAi pa3.iHiia Meat,tv Toro anoxoD, Kor.ya pycacaa rocyaapcTBennaa hchshb booth He ot.ihaa-iacb orb rocyjapciBeHHaro <5uia Apynixi conpeMenHuxi cjaeaH- CBHXb lucHeRi,. CpaBHHTe.ibuaro MeToja oat booth He ynoipeO-iHerb. Meauv i t h i TaKoecpaBHCHie ci poactbohiiukh itbmi, iuc»iCHaMH j,-uo 6u ceaHayuHHBC03RHHOXJTB,H:Oi.CieTMBeuTBOUBCTTB, BuHaTqba.1B0nCaKieJniaiAoUBOaTTObftcaSnPOyXeHe,xoKeOrIo'jcayftHa3p1cTBotOfm. e- Bt, 3to6 Hefxubmoft cTaTbt hu He MO»em HcaepnaTi, ucixi bo- upocoBT,, Koiopue sosdyaiAaeTi HHTepeCHuft Tpyji r. CeprteBHTa. IIo- BTOpHMl BAteb TO, HTOy*e BHCKH3HH0 HaMH BT, Haia.I'Il CTaTI.H. JoXBtHO C03B8TBCH, HTO, CKOJbKO 3T0 no3ROMeTl HsSpaHHU# KMT, MGTOAl, OHl H3CjijyeTi BOapocu Hamero rocyAapcTBesHaro OuTa rjy6oKO h pasno- CTOpOHHe. JiCJIH E l 3TO0 r.IV'GllH'fc H paSHOCTOpOHHOCTH Hbl UpHCOeAH- HHHT, OTJHIHOe 8H3K0MCTB0 Cl HCTOHUHKaMH, JKHBOeHS-IOSKeHie HTOTHUfi asHKi, to hu AHahmi noxHoe noHHTie o KaTCCTBaxi xpyja Hamero yooHaro.

3nH30XI> H 3 -h HCTOPIH ITEPKOBHATO yilPABJEHIH.

MoHBCTupcKifl npKKB3b (1649-1725 r.). O n m ■c7opiuio-»p>'A>‘<ecKaro uealwuiiia. Mewenao ofioramaeTca naraa HipH^HiecKaa .laiepaTypa. I'ojt, jBa h jaate ipa paajiiiaiorB ojho coauseBie ot®spyroro. IIpHTOMt hstoti pocra, tbkt* CKasan., HCKyccTBemiufi. lOpajHaecRia kboth mnnyrca y nan, ae a t uHjy saKHXt m6yxb HacioaTeakHHXt otimecTBemraxt no- tpcShoctoS, a mn nojyieHia yaeHOfl CTeneira. HejaBHO .ranii, npo6y- jHiuneecM ofimecTBeHHoe coaaanie cjmnEOHt eme nano hm'Iictx na passHTie yieHoS wpajHiecKofi .iHTepaTypu, ocooemio uo Bonpocain. rocyaapcTBetaaro apasa. litifiopt tcmu, cuoco&t a.uoaseHia, xapaarept co'iHHeHin, Bee 3to Bona npenoraaBaHeTca hck-iwihtojibho fiojrte h.ih Menf.e wyiaSnoxy ycMOipim® aBTOpa. T in t fio.itniaro yBaatema 3a- iuy<KHBa®T£ .iHua, yMf.iom.in BtiOpaTL nna cBoero coiHiieHia noiipoct, HiiTepeciiuH se A.ia ojhhxi. 3anucHUXT> yaeHUXt, H H3J0XHTI. ero asuEOtrB, noBBTHUHt He ixa ojiHnx'fc „mpenoBt aayKn“. K t iHcay TaBHX’b coiuHeHiS no cnpaBeAJHBocTH aoaxho OTHecrH Tpyjt r. ropiaKOsa. CoiHiienie ero uacaeTca HCTopia oxnoro ast ca- Mhixt aiofiouHTHiixt BonpocoBt Bt rocynapcTBeHHOM'B upani,—Bonpoca o6a> oiHomeHiH rocyjapcTBa a t pepKBH, Tan, cBoeo6pa3HO pa3pinreHHaro Bt PocciH, — HanHcaHO ofimejocTyiiHO h paatacHaen. cause cjosnue sonpocH, ne npuGiraa Kt TOHKOCTaMt n omeHennocTjiMt. He3aBHCHMo on. aroro, ero Tpyjt yjWBJeTBopaeTt h Haymum, noTpefiHOCTajra. Hh bb iom-b, dun. aoaten,, Tain. He nyx^aerca HainaHcTopHEO-mpHAHiecKaa jHTcpaiypa, Kant bt. MOHorpaipBHecEHX'B HscaixoBaHiaxt 06% orx&n- huxt>npanasaxt MocKOBCKaro rocyjapcTBa; tobbko c t noMomiro Tancxt liac.rfiAOBanifl xoxho fiyaera cocTaBHTB ao-iaoe noHaTie 0 n aiajaxt a cnocofiaxx ajHHHHCTpanin XVII aiaa. r . ropaanoBT. no^aert Becwia xopomifl npHMlipT. fiyjymain. n3C-iiwoBaTeaaMT. HCropiHpyccKaro npasa. BeaHeonpe,niaeiraocTbHaiaat jipeBHefi a^MHHiicTpaitiH h saBHciBiuia on. Bea HeonpealiJeniiocTb BiAOUCTBa h paaHooOpaaie o6ii3iiHHOCTefi npHKa- it. r. 1.

— 386 — goirj, BHCTynanrb bt, ero coiHHemH BecLMa HaoajHO. 3aTtra Ataxe-ib- HOCTb IleTpoBCKaro MonacTUpcKaro npasasa, noAroTOBUBmaa anoria RopeHHua pcifopau bt nepaOBHOfi ajanHHCTpaiiiu Bt uapcTBOBaaie DeTpa Be.mKaro, oaepaeHa aobojibho no.mo h fioa&raeio aacrin Ha OCIIOBaHiH HeHSAaHHHXT HCTOqUMKOBt. BcjtjCTBie BTOfO COHHHBHie r. ropqaaoBa aacayKHoaeTT, noAPo6naro pasfiopa, t6mt, <5oaie >rco ono, Kara bchkiS TmBTSHBHfi ipyjT., BOBtSysAaeir anoro noupocoKi,, Tpe- CiyioniHXT pasiacHeHia bt. HHTepecaxT caaoft uayKH. Asropr HasuBaert csoe cowraeme, npejcTaB-iaromcc, Birpo'ieMT,, AOBO.IbHO3aK0H7CHH0e U'llJOe, „OIIHTOMT> BCTOpHKO-WpHAHieCKarOH3C.lt- AOBaHia” h [ipH6aBjmen,, hto „HacToaiB.an uoHorpa^ia o6pa.iOBa.iaci, hit, OTAt.ia npnroToaiaeMaro hmt conmeHia Pyccxoe uepKimoe npaeo st nej/iodt minpiapvdH“. C.it,yoBaTC.ibno, aBTOpy bt atomb BjeatAOBa- HiH npHHUOCl, TO.IbKO 0TH8CTH COOfilHHTb CBOH o6lllie BSTAHAH HBHCTO- piio pyccnaro nepKOBHaro npasa h npHTora pa3BHTb hxt He Bno.rat, HTO, K3K7, VBHJHMT, HHHte, nx&io 6oAbmoe n.iiame Ha BCe ero H3.10KC- Hie. Bt, stout „oiuiTi“ owl CTpeuHTCa bhhchhtb paarae Bonpocu ofinie-HCTopHaecKaro h lopHAHHecKaro CBoScTBa. BooCiue BCHKoe hcto- pHuo-BopHAHiecKoe H8c,itAOBaHie mmeTca cr, oabobt rxaBHOio niai»: npoaitAHTb pasBHTie HSBtCTHHXT KipHAHTeCBHXT IIOHHTiH, 3tH BpH- SHHeCKia H0HHT1H, HHCTHTVTH, flHJAlOTCH, TAKT. CHaSaTb, oaBHHMH re- poHMH HCTopHqecKaro paacKasa. CoqHHeaie, aanHcaHHOe bt, 4>opMt opocroft HCTopia, He HHten, TasoS onpeAt.ieiiHoft ntxH. Hctophkt He bt npaiif, o6o0th hh o.inoro Boupoca, cBasauHaro ct (iutoht. HSBtcTHaro yipeaxema. Hctophkt nepKon rouopHTt o6t HeiopHie- CKOMT, paBBHTlH AOrMaTOBB, 0 HpaBCTBeBHOH JKH3HH o6lHeCTBa, 0 Ata- TejbHOCTH uepKBH bo Bceua, ea pasHoofipasiH, o iepapxaxb, HntBrnnxT> Baiame Ha Sun, nepBBH, o uepKOBBUXT, HMymecTBaxT, o nreoiaiT h t. a.; h6o exy npHxojHTCa HHtTb jiao ct susHiio uepKBH bo BceifT ea pa8HOo6paaiH. IOphctt no.ib3V0Tca BctMT bthht MaTepiaioMT, ho rpynnHpyerb ero okojo BonpocoBT, eotophxt hctophkt He KacaeTCa. y »pHCia Boaeio-HeBoaeB totobt hcxoahuS nyHKTT, iteHTpT, BOKpyrb KOToparo oht> aoakobt rpynnHpoBaTb HcropHiecKie <|>aKTU. Bott ho- qeMy y Hero joashh 6utb tobho pasrpaHaneHU wpHAHqecKia noHaria, h6o bt> npoTHBHOM. cjyHat oht He SyAeTT. bt, coctobhi'h CAtaaib TOHHyn oiiiHKy ApeBiiaro npHAHHecxaro 6uTa. HacKoiBRo r. FopaaKOBT, aBaaerca uphctoht bt, CBoeaT, HBcatAO- BaHiH? jtpyniMH caobbhh: bt k&eoht OTHOmeHiH HaxoAarca ABa oae- xeHTi ero coaiiHeHia—ncTOpniecKi0 h lopHAHiecaifl? Mu uaiHexb ct nepBaro, Tara Kara sto casiaa cnjbHaa cropoHa TpyAa r. I’opraKOBa. PiAKift nacaTeab OT-iHiaoTca tukhmt TpyAoaio- fiiejiT a yHiHbera coSapaTi, MaTepiaxu, kokt oht. IIpeAneTT ero

— 387 - iiscj'b.iouanifl noiTH Horn.. Mm tobophmx novmu, Taisx Haiti, uoupocu, HSc.itayeMue r. ropiaKOBHMx, TO-ecix, npejMenj j -&aTeni.nocTH Mo- HacTupcEaro npHEa3a, Shah vate npeasieTOMx pasuxixx coqunnnifi. Iii. iiic.rfc uxx He.iLsa He yKa38TX na npeBocxoAHua HBCxtaoBaniarr. He- BOjiHHa h MnjioTHna na Tpyxu rr. JIoxBHUKaro, ,^MHTpieBa h 1n- lepiiHa. Ho coBHaeHie r. I'opqaKOBa upeaciaBJiaeTx ipesBuiafiHO mboto HOnaro bx tomx oTHOiueHin, ato caMaa oOniHpuaH aacTX ero ipyxa (4 h 5 raamj) ocnOBaaa na nen3aanHHXx HCTOiiraKaxx, KOTOpue ohx cx 3aHf.iaTejn.HHHx Tpyjo.iro6ieMX h aofipocoBtcTHOCTiio cofipaax bx apxwiiaxx MHHHCTepCTBa DCTHIUH BX MoCKbS H CHHOAa.IXHOMX bx lie- Tcpfivprt. Ohx ue to.ii.ko Roeno.!X30Ba.ic» strwh HaTcpia.iaxa j.tji CBoero HBcaiaOBania, ho bx Konuf. itiinrH noMfcmix ofinrupiiua npH- .loatenia, bx KOTopnxx HaxojHTca necxMa Baamue <)>aKTxr aah HCTopin pyccKofi aAMHUHCTpaiiiH nooCme h nepxOBHOfi bx oeofieHHOCTH. MaTe- pia.rxi 3th saHHMaioTX fiojife 150 CTpaHRnx Mejuaro mpn<J)Ta h *a- caioTca r.iaBHMMX ofipasoMX HCTopia nepKOBHoS aawHHiicTpania upx [Ii'Tpf. lie.iHKOMx, to-octx, cavaro MajOH3B^cTHaro iiepioja Hamefi pep- BOBHOfl HCTOpiH. Cx BOMOmilOBTHXX ^OKVlteHTOBX, r. I’opiaKOBX vcn'Lix oxapaKTepHBOBaTx atoeaxHocTH MoHacTupcBaro npBKasa, ero no.ioEe- nie cpeAH Apyrnxx rocyAapcTBeHHHxx yapesjeHifi, OTHOaiema ero kx ofiaacTHOMv ynpaBaeuiio, ceHaTy h cb. CHHoay. ,Ia.iie ohx pascuoTpiax ero poax OTHOCBTe-ixHo ueprcoBHaro ynpan.ieHia, aa«HHHCTpauin uep- KOBHxrxx HSfynpecTBX, ysasaax, Hasx rocyaapCTBO pacnopaataaocx joxo- jaMH cx uepKOBHuxx HMymecTBX u t. a. ttHTaa ero KHiiry, ®bbo npej- fTaB.iaeinx ce6t anoxy npeofipasoiiaiiifl lleTpa Beamtaro, itoraa sioao- AOMy rocyAapcTBy hvjkho 5xi.ro cto.txko cpeAcrsx j r a fiopxfixi cx BHfm- hhmii nparaMH, aaa BOAnopems bhjtph nara-iT. SanaaHo-eBponeBcsoS HHBH,7H3anin. AAJI KOpeHHOli pC(]k)pHbI BO Bceit Htuuefl rocyaapcTBenaoS SII3QH. MonacTxipcKia HtiyuecTiia chaxho yracTBOBa.iH bo bcIixx btbxx rposiaAHUxx HBAepatBaxx. IIIkojih, TnnorpaifiiH, fioraa’Iun.HH, rocnHTaaa, coaepsaiiie otcthbhijxx bochhxixx ihhobx,—Ha ace bto huh aoxoan MonacTupcKaro npiiitaaa(cTp. 181—195). 3aTf.*ixaBTopx npeaCTaB-iaerx Ooraraa aaHHXia ornocHTeaxHO noxoateiriH MOHaerupCKHXx KpecTxaHX, ncpexoAHBniHxx bx saBfaHBaHie cbI tckoS bjiscth, noapodHO HciHCJiaeTx bc4 bhaxi nepKOBHUxx aoxoaobx, oit.raAHHxx a ne OK.raAHxrxx, h t. a. Ho HacKoaxBO H3ioaceHie bthxx (JiaRTOBX HaxoAHTca bx cbssh cx naia.iaMH pyccKaro uepKOBiiaro npana bx hxx HCTopHiecKOUX pasiiHriH? ABTopx BX npeAHC-TOBiH rOBOpHTX, TTO OHX IiaxtpeBX H3C.rIlA0BaTX bo- ’) O npoempauemm ticpitoemuo cyda, r. llcBoiima. nonfraeiio bi VI lout ero conmeniS. 0 MdnuxuMux’, UMywecmeacn di/xoaencma eh Pocciu, r. MnjnTHiia, nosrineno ex 1menial/, 06/necmea Hcmopiu n Jlpmmmeii, sa 1859—1861 r.

npoci O MOHaCTUpCKOML lipHRUS'ls „RaRL T8K0u/b- rOCyjiapCTBeHHOM'b TipeaijeniH, HCTopia KOTOparo Haxo.30.1acb bl rfccHoS CBH3H cl hcto- piefi pyccaaro nepitOBHarn npaBa bl tcichic bcclme 3asrisiaTe.'ri,HHXL bl pyccKOfl HdopiH nepioAOBL”. CjijOBaTftjMO, boupocl sauioiaeTCfl bl tohl, Kacia Haaaja uepsoBiraro npasa Biipa3F.iHCB bl btoul npn- Kart, KaKHML BOTpefinocTaxL CK-iajUBaBiuaroca rocyaapcTBa yaoB-ieTBO- paao 3to ycTaHOB-ienie? Abtopl uaTcropHiecKH OTBiaaen. aa sto: ,Ha gfuao MoHaciupcKaro spuaaBa, roBopHTL obl, Buna.ro paaBmie Bc.ci.Ma BaacHUXL h cjoaLHUSL BonpocoBL bl HCiopiH pvccKaro npaBa h rocy- japcTua. 9to, bo nepBMXL, BoupocL o rpaatAancKofl iioacvahocth ayxo- BeHCiBa hot, nnaae, o noAcyAHOCTH AyxOBeucTea h ahijl, eMy boa- r.mcthhxl no oAoihbAbHecmiMo u ctyoiceSmun omomeHiaML, bl a$otxl rpaXAaHCBHXL, H BO BTOpUXL, BOBpOCL 06l OTByXAeHiH UepiiOBHUXL botbhhl H3L-nojL Bjacra AyxoBCHCTiia a m nepenaiH hxl rocyAapmy. Xoal pasBHTia bthxl BonpocoBL bl PocciH HaxoAHTca bl Hepa3rt.ni,- hoS CBH8H cl HCTopieS MonaciHpcBaro npueasa” . Hsl btobo bhaho: 1) n o aBTopi H3L bc4xl BonpocoBL HcpKOBHaro h rocyAapcTBeHHaro npaBa BuCpa.n> abb: BonpocL o rpaajaHCKOfi noAcyAHOCTHAyxooencTBa h BonpocL o aepKOBHUxL HMymecTBaxL. 2) Hto, no ero Mataiio, rpas- AancKait noAcyAHOML AyxOBeHCTBa cjaraaaci hsl iiOAcyAHOCTH otul, noABxacTHHXL AyxoBeiicTRy iio eoadmiiecKuMt u cAyoKe6nwn otho- mcniitML. Abtopl He ysasuBaeTL, noaeay ohl ocTaHOBn.ica sa abjxl osHa- aeHHHXL BonpocaxL. IlOTOMy .in, hto obu Basnu c&mh no ceCi, no hxl BjiHHiio Ha OTHOineHifl nepKBHkl rocyAapcTBy booGiho, hot noTOHy, no paspimeme hxl cocTasaiMo HCKJiOTHTeaiiHyK) saAaay MonacTupcKaro npHHasa? Ecjih enj xoriiocb npocrtAHTt, kbkl ycTHHOBH.iHCboTHomeHiH rocyAapcTBa kl nepKBH, to bc4 sonpocH, xacaioiniecji sioro npeiMera, AOotchu 6u OABH8KOBOoctbhobhtl Ha ceCS ero BHHifanie. MeatAy t6ml ohl HCMiOHaeTL B3L Kpyra cbohxl H3c.rtjOBanift yroaoBHyioboacvahocti. AyxoBeHCTBa h HiKOToptiH Apyria BasBua CTOpoHu nepEOBHaro npaBa. OcTaeTca, caiAOBaTejLHO, AonycTHTbBTopoe upeAnoHOxenie, no aBTOpL ocTanoBHAca na btbxl BonpocaxL noTOMy, no ohh cocraBH-m cifiepy AiaTeJLHOCTH MoHacrupcKaro npraasa. Bl TaaouL caywfi r. PopaaKOBL ynycmiL Apyrie, He Keirie saatHtie npejMera, Bxo,iHinnie bl ary ctfiepy. Ohl caML roaopHTL (Ha CTp. 79), no Kpyra AiaTeabHOCTH npHKaaa Cujil HeonpertaeHHHft. „Oht. OKa3UBacTca h (JwHaHcoBHXL, OTiacrn aAUHHHCTpaTHBHUXLh jance iio.TiineflcKHMLyipeataemeHL no OTHOineniKt kl npeAMeiaML hhcto nepKOBHUML* (?). Ha ctpamurt 195 obl npa- CaBaaeiL, no „UeTpoBCBifi Monaciupcitifi npnKasL Cun,, MeatAy npo- BHML, h cyAcCHHML yapesAemeML AJH rpaatAancKHXL h ytoAoemuxi A'fcaL, A-ia bc4xl otiil csoero irtAOMCTBa”. HoneMy ate aBTopi, caejL

ce6a bb apaai o6o8th Bet 3th Bonpoctr, rouopa o jiare-itaoCTH Mo- HacTBipCKaro npesasa? 06xoah m bt. o6mein. onpeA'Ji-ieHiH poAH h .w ieuin npaicaaa, ora ho uosctb o6obth u He o6xoahtb hxb, omi- cunaH ero A'fcHTeJBHOCTi. Maccauaiepiaja, kmt>atenpHBeaennaro,AOAixHa 6u, Ka3a.ioci>, yOii^HTi. ero, tto lie a ah o^nf.xT. TKaaaiiHfjx'L umb ub- .leg 6mn, vqpeiKjoHB MoHaCTBipcnifi npHutSB- TaKHM'B o6paaosiB, ohb ca&hsjb npejMeTOMt cBoero Tpvja ne bcio coBouynnocTB Baiaii, bb BHsy KOTopuxx 6m l yapoaf.ieni, iipimas'i., ho toabko h4kotophh mb HHXB, H 3T0, KOHCIHO, He HOMO CHOCOfiCTBOBaTtI10AHOT4 HSCjiiOBaHia. Mu He bhahhb jaace ocuOBauia, noveuy Bee coranenie uasBauo Jfo- HMmupcKiu nptiKan', ocTaBaacB Bf.pnuMT, CBoeny ochobhomj Boasptiiin, asxopB He AoaxeHB 6a 6mab sacaTBCH rix-t pa3iioo6pa3iiuxB ctopohb J'llflTOJIbHOCTH „npHKa3a“, OTHOCHTO.IBHO KOTOpMXB HMB UpHBejCHO CTO.TBKO (jtaKTOBB. J,'I;fiCTBHTe.II,HO, ijiaKTU 3TH HBAHIOTCH BT, ero COTH- HemH T'fcuT>-To cjivaafiiiuMB; auTopi, cauB yxHB.iaeica, noaeMv npmcaaB BaHiiMa.TOH TiMB H.IH ApyrHMB iipe^iieTOMB, BuxojHBmuMB H3B Bpyra AByxB sonpocoBB, ysa3aHHHXB bb iianurt comiienia. 1’. TopiauoBB o6%acHHeTB sto o6cTOHTe.ibCTBO HeonpednMHHOcmim Kpyra jf,HTeJit.HOCTn upHEasa, rbcHO cBasauHOio cb neoupeA’bAonHocTiio ero HOAOxeHia. Ho noiexy ohb ayiiaeTB, tto moAbKO sth js a Bonpoca 6uah rxaBHOK) pi- jin npiutasa, a Apyriff CToponu ero aiaiexBHOCTH aBaaxHCB itm-TO AOUOiHHTeabHBIHB, CJVTafiHUMB, — 3TOrO OHB, KB COKajiHiB, He 06b- acHaerB. ^onycTHMB, no Bonpoca rpa*AaHCKOfi hoacvaiiocth h o6b n«yme- CTBaxB AyxoBeHCTBa caMH no ce6t jocTaTOTHO uaaiHu, tto6u BusaaTi, ni.ioe rocyAapcTBeHHoe ycraiioBJieHie; conacHMca, tto bb aiioxy Yao- otceniA „npeAB cyAe6noio BJiacTbio MonacTapcEaro npasasa Apyria ero saaaria hmIijh Beci.ua ubaoc 3HaTeHie“ (cTp. 101). Ho ecjiH aBTopB AaeTB TBKoe sinaqeHie BonpocaMB o rpaatAaHCKoS HOAcyAHOCTH h pep- kobhhxb HMymecTBaxB,. to t£mb Ooxte ua bb npaB’t oatHAaTt otb Hero noAiiaro h BcecropoHHaro pasBacHeHia 3HaqeHia sthxb boopocobb am HCTopiH uepKOBHaro h rocyAapcTseHHaro npasa. H npesAe Bcero HauB xotSaocb 6b h8#th y aero HSCJrtjOBame o anaqeuiH rpaatjauciioB noAcyAHOCTH AyxoBeHCTBa. B3htu8 cauB no ce6f, uonpocB stotb npiiBaA-ievKiiTB o6.iac™ rpasjaHCKaro cyAOnpoas- BOACTBa h cyAoycTpofiCTBa; siewAy t\"6mi ohb HBAaeTca oahhhb H3B r-iaBH-MiHHXB opeAueTOBB H3CjtA0Bama r. 1’opiaKOBa, HasaBasirnaro cboS ipyAB coqraeHieMB no rocvAapcTBeHHOHy npaBy. Bb rocyAap- CTBeHHOMB ate npauf, BonpocB o HOAcyAHOCTH iiMtciB SHaienie bb ABOBEOUB OTHOnreHIH: BO nepBUXB, OHB CBasailB CB Bonpocoui o6i OTHomeHiH cvAe6Hofl babcth rocyAapcTim kb,babcth nepKBH; bo bto- paxB, CB HHHB CB93BHB BOHpOCB O 11pHBUAe1'HpOBaHHOUB HOAOSeiliH

— 390 — lyxoBeHCTBabx puy xpyraxx cocAOBifi. MoHacTiipCKOMy npHKasy nyasHO du.io paspinmib Bonpocx o iiOAcyjBOCTH AyxoBeaCTBa hah ajh toto, qTodx ocaa6nTb cyAefinyio wacTi. uepKBii, hah a m toto, hto6h cpaB- HBTb ATXOBCHCTBO -Cl. APJTHNH C0C.10BWM1I, HAH J3H TOTO HApjTOrO BMicrt. Kasi ae odxacnaeTx bto jiao aBiopx? CnaaaAa onx, uobh- AHMOay, Hantpeaii roBopHTb o(5x oraomeniH cydetmou enacmti iiepneu no ipaxcdauatuMi diuaMh ki, cydy tocydapcnmuxoMy. Ohx odxaBAaexx o naaipeHiH roBopHTb „o HOflcyAHOCXH xyxoBCHCTBa h abax, eMV nna- BaacTHHXx no BAaAiabqecKHMX h CAyaefiHbmx OTnomeHiam., bx ,it- aaxx l'paKAaHCKHxx\". HacjliAOuauie csoe ohx HaanHaeTX cx Toro mo- HOHTa, Kaax cyiefiHo-rpaaAaHCBia npaBa hopkobhhxx BAacxefi h yape- ssenifi BCTptiHAHCb, Hocat yTBepsAenia ejnHOAepaaBia, jhhomx kx AHi;y cx BepxOBHUMH, cuHOAcpacaunuMH npaeaxH rocysapcTBa bx 0(5- jacTH cyja. 3jicb oispbiBaerca hcxoahhS bvhktx pa-tHH-riabx ucTOpin pyccKaro npaBaocofiuxx OTnonieiiifi eydetmo•ipaacdoHatou enacmu uepxeu u tocydapcnua (cTp. 24). Ho bx TaitoMX cayqai aBiopx jam odoaBaae- Hia H3CA$syei«aro hmx Bonpoca ynoipedHAx tcpmhhx Beeana neToaHuii. Ohx roBopHTX He o rpaanancKOfl noAcyAHOWHxyxOBeHCTBa, a o onaomu nepKBH no cyAedHO-rpaaiAaucKHMX A'kAaax. CyAefinaa B.iacib uepKBii no jiaaMX rpaamaHCBimx Bonpocx ipeaBurafiiio naiKBufi n c-ioikhijR, xoth aBTopx a jaexx cMy jOBOAbHO ysKoe sHaaeme. Onx bx oahomx M’fecrli roBopuTX, iro xepNHHX „rpa2LjaHCKaa uoxcyAHOCTii\" yiioxped- AaeTca hhx bx Kaiecint iioacvanocth no .iiiihmmx, HMyniecxBeHHiJMX h odasaieAXCTBeHHHMx oTnonieHiaMx h irpaeasix, KOTopua cociawaB)Tx npeAMeTX rpaatAaHCKaro npaBa (exp. 5, npHjrfeq.). Ecandx onx npo- cjSahax Baacib nepaiiH no bc&hx sxhhx oiHomemanx, nscjiAOBaHie ero bublio da secbxa bojbo. BaacTb nepKBHno A faaax rpa»AaucEunx npoernpajacb He xoabko na Anna, nojoHneEnua eS no cAvxedHuxx n BjaAtAbqecBHMX oiHomeHiaMX,—cyAedaaa BAacrx AyxoBencxBa, bx chaj ApeBnaro Hamero saiiOHOAaTeAbCTBa, npocrapajacb: a) Ha anna jyxos- Haro 8BaHia, b) aa MipaHX, KOxopue, no ocodemoHy oTnomenixi hxx kx nepKBH, npHXHCABAHCL kx HepBOBHbiMx aioxhhx (Aineux, npon^en- hhkx, 3aAymHHS BeAOB'kKX n t. n.). 9xo du.w aima, noAAeacamia uep- Konuouy cyAy. BnocaiACiBin kx hhhx npncoeAHHHAncb Aima, atHBmia na uepKOBHHXx semaxx n bx cnay aia.iooaHHHXx rpanaix noAMBcn- nua cyAy nepsBH. 3axiMX, no H$KOTOpHaxnpedmemam cyAedaaa baucti nepKBH pacnpocipaHa.mcb na Ani;a Bcixx cocaobiS ’); Aiaa coiosa ce- HeScTBennaro bo eceft noAHorli noAAesaAH cyAy aepKBii. IJcpKOBb, co BBejeHieax xpHCxiaHCXBa, Bsa.ia noAX cbob 3aBiAHBanie ceabn, h(5o xoAbKO 3thhx nyieMX Hor.ia ona nepec03iaxb asuaecKoe odmecxBO, ta4 ■) 00j. sron c«. Heroaooa, O npocmpaHcmen HepKoeuawcyda.

— 391 — COMM Gu.la KOBipOVb He TOAbKO HpaBCTBeHHOS, HO H pejHriOSHOfi »H3HH. TojbltO nofitjHBl CeMMO, OHS MOMa noOtjHTb HBUieCTBO H aBHMecKyio npaBCTBeHHOCTt. BcjiACTnie btocq nepKOBt pacnpocTpaaiua CBOe BJianie Ha Bee, hto 6ujo csasaHO Cb cenefiHHirb (hjtomx a3UHe- caaro Mips. Cnoco&i .saK-noieina 6pasa, oxpaneHie cbhtocth CpaiHaro C0B3a, A+.-ia Mea.iy pojhtcjihhh h j I.ti.mk, nyateMb n ateHofi, 3aTiMb AiAa o Hac.itj,cTBt, xvxobhuh saBiiuaiiia, a^ab oneKH h t. j ., Bee 8to hxoahjio b i> npeAi.HA nepKOBHaro cysa. ABropb He sacaeTca bthxi soupocOBt. Ero sannuaiorB to.ii.ko jt.jia .mnb, nOAHHHeHHUXb nepKBii bo B c ix t oTHonioHixxb, h, rJiaBHoe, xkxa xyxoBeHCTBa no BonpocaMb HHymecTBeHHHMb. Tpy^HO CKasaib, noHeMy out oOpaTHAb BBiiaanie TOAbKO Ha 3TH BOlipOCU, 6C.IH UpHHHMaTb TOpMHHb lIOAeyAHOCTH H Cy- AefiHO-rpaKAaHCKoB n.iacTH uepKBH no scent HXb ofrbeM'Ii. ABTopb, mo- aierb cKasaTB, hto ont HMi.ib a t mxy BuacHKTb noAoateaie tooibko .inns dyxoeuaro cocMsiii Kb cBliTCKOMy cyjy. Ho Torja, liOBTopaCMb, eHy cjitAOBaao bmtb ne oany rpaatsaHcuyD dojctahoctb, ho h yro- -lOBHyw. IfpHBtuerHposaHuoe iiOAOsenie dyxoamw coc.iooin b i rocy- japcTBi onpeAi.iH.tocb He ojhoio rpasjaHCKOK) eronOAcyAHOCTiD.ABTOpa, OB6BHAHO, saHHuaiOTb 6o.ite Bcero omuoxaenia nuemm, uepneu m tocy- dapomey co cmopomt n o uMyutecmeeHmuxi mmepecoei. Bb caMOMb jt i l i, ecJH hu pasGopeMb uHHMaTeJibHO, no oTHomeHiio Kb xaaHHb iipeAMeTaMb aBToj>b HaitipeHb npocatjHTb npocrpaHCTBO cyAcfino# BAaciH nepKBii, jeruo 6y,jeTb ySiuHTbcrr, hto ont HMieTb Bb BHAy Bonpocu HMymecTBeHHue h r.iaBHUMb ofipasoHb BOnpocb o HeABHSxiioA COfiCTBeHHOCTH AJXOBeHCTBa. BcA^ACTBie 0T0IX) BOnpOCb 0 nOACVAHOCTH HMterb a-ih Hero noAHHHcnHoe BHaneme, HBAaeTca cpeACTBOMb A-ia BUfiCHeHis Go.rlie BaKaaro sonpoca. Cb Kaxoii (lu ctopohu mh hh bsb.ih Bonpoct o noAcyABOCTH — co CTopoHH ah Bonpoca o cyaeCHoS sjacra HepKIiH, CO CTOpOHHAH IipftBb AyXOBOHCTBaKaKb COCAOBiH, OHbHBAH6TCH HepasplraienHUMb Bb KHHri r. 1'opnaKOBa. Ero 8aHHMaeib pepsoBb co CTopoHH ea HMymecTBeHHuxb npaBb. npeAMCTb ero ofibCMHCTaro pascKa3a— HMymecTBOHHbUj OTBomeHiii uepKBH. BaitMb ate 6hao aaiiaTb Ana nasBaHia oanofi h toS ae nein,H? Ec.iH6b aBTopb cxasaAb, hto, no ero MHiHi®, Ha ao.ik>MoHacTupcsaro npnicasa Buna.10 paapimeHie Bonpoca 06b OTHOmemH uepKBH Kb rocy- AapcTsy no HMymecTBy, bcjikiS acno 6u noHJLib uiab ero H3c.rtA0Ba- nia. Tenepb HHTaTeAio iipaxoAHrca caiioiiy h 11c 6esb TpyAa orapuBaTb OCHOBHyK) MIJCAb. BcAiACTBle Toro, hto oonpocb oGb iiMymecTBeHHuxb oTaomeHiaxb AyxoBeHCTBa saHHiiaeTb rxaBuoe m'Acto Bb KHHri, aaTOpb HeAOCTaxoHHo paarpaHHHHJb Bonpocb 0 tom® , itaKoe mIicto npmiaAAejKaAO nepKBH Bb rocyAapcTsi no nepKOBHOMV upaBy, h Kanoe Micro saHaAa 011a Bb Poc-

— 392 — cia BCjiflCTBie Mcro-HCTOpHiecKHXi ycaoBifi. 3ro oOctobtmbctbo cbjbho orpasH.ioc), Ha ero H3C.iiaOBaHin o cyjefmoB waCTH iiepKBH. Oh i npaMO cM’hrnHBaeTT. cyaedayD BXacTb nepKBH, Kaw, ona ofipaaoBaaacb Bb easy UepKOBHUXB yCTaBOBb, C l TOD, KOTOpaa pa3BHJiaCB BnOC.liACTBia HSb BOTHHHHUXb lipUH'l UCpKBH. OhI TOBOpHTb 0 CVjli UepBBII HaAb JH- paHH, no;(iHHeHHfciMH efl no c.iyase(iHHsri (TO-ecTb, na ocHOBania ycia- bobi) h B.ia.ii.ii.qecKHM'L OTnomemaMi. Bee bto iiMicti cocTaB.ia.io rpa*»HCKy» noacyaaocTb jyxoiieHCTBa. llpanaa, aBTopi paaiHiaen ABa HCTOTHHKa, H31 EOTOpUXb pa3BBXaCt CVAcOHaH BAacTb nepKBH no yCTauam n no BOTBHHUosiy npany. Ho Bb nocjiayDineKb imoseHia bto paaranie Hcjesaert; a s i npnnHnu npHBOAHTb khki fiyjTO Kb oj- HOMy h Tony ate saiemai. Ilpininn, act, auerne ojho. Mesay Tim BTH ABi npHBHHBI HO TaKOS CTCII6HH paSAH'IHH, WO OHi H6 HOMHHO- poaxTB oano aB.ienie. I'paataancKaH babctb nepKBH, aaab pejHriosHaro ynpeaaeHia, HBiera He aariuia odinaro c i ea botihhhumh iipanaMH, h no onenb npocToS npnrani. Bb nepnOMb cjynai npaBa npnua,weaa.TH uejMceti, na ocHOBaniH vcthbobi, bo Bropom—oTAiabHHMb pepKOBHUMB ycTaHOBjeHiaMB, xonacTupam, codopam, MHTponoxHTy, u no tain. ay- xoBHOny anay, a kbeb nacTHOMy Bjaai-ibuy, a He Ha ocnoBaBiH aano- hobi, a Bb CH-iy sajoBaHHuxi rpaaan,. Bb nepBOHb w yiai npaBa npHHaaaesajn Bcim iepapxaui h BboannaKOiiofl ctoucbh, bo btopom. He Bciwi, (h6o 6u.ni MOflacTHpn He Kaiamie npaBa cyaa) a He Bb oab- HaKOBofl cieneoH, ado odbeub cyAedHO-BOTTOHHUXb npam, onpeatja.ica sajonaHHOD rpaMSToB no ycHOTpimn roeyaapa. J x a Toro, wodu 3a- MiTHTB 3Ty paaHHny, aBTopy caiaosajo BnaMaTe^Bnie ocTaaOBHTbca Ha nepKOBHUXi ycraBaxb a pasofipan. axb nojpodnie, iin b om stocai- xaxi. ilocaoTpaai »e, wo roBopari ycTanu. ABTopi sanmaeTb cb apeBHifiniuxi BpeMeab, mu Hamem cb hhxt> ace. Ho MHinia aBropa, rpaaaaHcaaa noacyaHOCTt ayxoBencTBa Bb apoBHee Bpeaa cocToaaa Bb cjiaynmeMB: MOHamecTBy»w,ie, aisobhuh anna h cocToamie Bb u a p i cyaMHCb He toxbko b i uepaoBBUxi, ao h Bii rpaasaaBcsaxb aiaaxi Meoicdy co6ownpeai enacaouauH; enHcsonu noaxeaiajiH cyay MHTpono.iina (CTp. 1 1 — 12). 3to bb odmaxi nepraxi Bipno; mu He BHanai tojbko, noneay r. ropnaaoBi ccuaaeTCH Ha sanaaHO-pyccayD peaaaiiiD Ymaea ffpocMua, noa-iosBOCTb KOTopoft Bnojiai AOKasara '). Eay aocTaTOTHO fiujo cocaaTbui na ycTasi Cb. B-iaanaipa, r,vi iiaxojHTCa cjiaynniee HocTaHOBjeme: „a ce a»aa uepbROBHH, npeaaHin MHTponoaaTy no npa- BH-roui: aryaeab, aryaeiiba, nom, aiaaom, nonaawt, aiaaoHana, n aiTB h xi, a kto Bb Kjipoci, nepHepb, aepnana, npocKypaaaa, hoho- Mapb, .linenb, npomcHiab, fiafia BaoBHija, saayniHufi aeJOBisb“ a t. a-

— 393 — ycTaiiu itacasjTCH to.ibko cyja uaAx uepKOBHHKH .uoxtun, noA-ieaca- muHH cy.ny MHTponojHTa no iipaBHxaMx iwpkobhijxx ycTaBOBX. 9to OAHncTBOHHua AHna, nojcyAHOCTB Koropuxx onpeAfenaeTca He noupej,- Merain,, a ho JHnaMx. 3m xx JWAeft cpaBHnxeabHo obijo Heunoro. Ha- npoTHBX., Bee 3HaieHie itepnoBHaro cyja no ycTaBaax ochob8ho na tomx, n o Macca npejneTOBi npeAOCTaB-iena saBtjHBamio AyxouHHxx BjaoToS CjrMoBaTejbHO, npaiuua hm'Juh bx auny naxaTia h'Iikotophxx npe^MCTOBi. hsx-jjo.ix cBticnaro cy^a nx niiAaxx ycii.ieHia HpaBCTBeu- naro B.iijmia itepKBH na oOmecmo a HBxjrrie uepKOiiHtixx .Ho^eit otx cy.ta Mipcuaro, bx BHAaxx ycTanouaenia npraMernpoBannaro noiomeHia ncpKBH. OTCioja no ocofiuxx npanx uepnen no nsiymeciBy eme jaieno. Me®Ay tI'.mx, roBopa o cy^eUnofi A'liHTe-iBnocra MonacTupcnaro npn- naaa, auropx liocroaHno CMiniHBaerx nan, .lymie CKasaTB, He paarf- •JaeTX am ana nanaxa. Br.iI>xcTBie aToro, niTaa ero pa3CKaax o npo- TecTaxx A.vxoBeHCTBa npoinin. cyxeCHOd BxacTH npimasa, hc.ib3h no- HaTB, tto raaBHHMX ofipasoMx, oropqaao AyxouencTBO— noAnnaeuie an AyxOBHBixx .ihux iiipcKOny cvxy hah noniHHcnie aTOMy cyay Mora- CTUpCKHXX KpeCTBHHX (CM. CTp. 83 H C-ltj.). ^VXOBeilCTBO, OTCBIIAIIO, CTpeimaocB coctubhtb bx rocyAapcTBi oco6vio Kopnopaniro, He to.ii.ko ca.no no cedi, no h cx cbokhh botihh&hh. HiKoTopae enapxia.ii.Hue apxiepoH npocHan roeyjapa, „ito6u .Ayxoonaro mira nnoAeft, Taitate sonacTupcKHXx h apxienncKoncKHxx KpecTsanx BoeBojaux, npOM'i apxiepen, hh bx Kawixx Aixaxx He cyAHTb“ (cip. 89). B x to Bpesia bos- siosho 6u.ro uoxoCiaoe csrfnneme nOHaTifl, ocofienHo bx bhav Aocmjse- nin pasHuxx butoax. Ho renepn h npHTOHX bx ropHAanecKonx coan- HeHin neoOxoAHMO 6u nocToanno hm$ tb bx BHiy pa3.raaie Mesxy tIimx, bto „noBe.i'&Batorx CoseciBeHHua upauii.ia\", h t^hx, aero am dose- cTBemiBin iipauaxa He roBopnjH, a roHopnxn aajOBaHHua rpavara, npo- AyKTX Aofipoft bo.ih rocyAapcTBa. B-iarOAapn btohv cirfemeHiio, Bonpocx 0 rp.-uKAMCKofi noAcyAnocTH dyxoeeHcmea, no pepKOBHusix npaBiuajix, coBepmeHHO 3aTeuHaeix sonpocx 0 hoacvahocth ero KpecTBanx n ero eaMoro no HMymecTBDHHHHx oiHonieiiiaux cx Apyrasm .mnaMn. Hhkohx BocKAMijacTX „Ce3x Hanrero apxiepefioKaro C.iaroc.ioBeHia otx cb. uepiiBH u MOHacTBipefi acHBoxu h , nonf.cTBa oTxewjiOTX, h 6esx apxiepeiiCKaro cBpania (nafipaHia) enncKouu n apxnMaiiApHTUnonxx bo.i! nocTaaiaiOTCH, h no pa8CMOTpIuiiio hxx nocuxaiOTCa, h Hacx caMiixx n Been npeocBameH- uufi coOopx nipcKiejioah cyAarx, hHa3Bi«aeTca totx cvax—MoHacTHpcciii npHKasx. H KOTopuxx caunxx, otx Cb. flyxa npyaenHOW hsmx Bjaciiu saseHX, r t x x yBO.itnaHm., h hh bo hto nainv cbhsb h npoK-iaiic no- qHTawTx\" h t. A- Tjt b Bee: oTHaTie noatcTBa (koiiciho no cyay) h BTopateiiie bx nepKOBaoe ynpas-ieHie, cyAx hbsx AyxOBHBmn h Hapv- uieHie anocTo.i6CKHxx 3anoBtA6fl! Bx r-iaaaxx Hhkohb, bx r.ia3axx ihcth

jyxoBeHCTBa, KOTOpoe Bcatab sa pa3apaaccHBUMb naTpiapxosib jodiiBa- kto ojho h to me. Ho aBTopy ne naao a6ouc.jio. CyeuyacnKipSTHbuxuisui pBHiBijBa.iuerhiut,> abemcyctihaHnoeupeKHBHHa. r9otpoa3prapsarnpHaimcmneamneeantoly- jByaa hctothh Kaiin cyaefinofi \\ytysH.T0 6h e«y pyKOBOxaineip hhtmo kb STOiib aapROMb cnopt ay- xoneiiCTiia ci cBtTCKOK) BJiacTi.10, rat, Konenno, cnopHBmie He ciapa- jincb hh o TomocTH aBpmuapsoarppatbaOHHnHioficie,ummhehnah0e6'r%bHoMauepanenaar'xIaiiex.euayHBecOjeaCK'rfauHnxcnbfoiHp„BaosT5ciinfelRa. aTJa'HnnBya-- hctobcbt'mb oh“3tH>suaHoaayeH8iTa0, a11e3a-blOKfOfieHHbien9pToHxXobaiCrrUbOpaOpBybri0a nepKOBHUXb IipaBH.iaXb, HOAXt KOTOpUXb npaiia ayxosencTBa, ocHORaniibrana coiiep- iiieimo hhuxi» HaiaJiax'B, BcaiacTBie aero upeanHcania HopitoBHaro npaBa caaBaBTca cb botthiibijmb npaBara nepKBH, KaKb BbnHcaBiaxT> oaTpiapxa Hasosa. Dpn orfemcHin uoiiaTift HeuosMOSRU Bipnoe H3ao»eHie h outBKa c4ami>afeaiecKeTTpnROy.eBHTwa.H,auBOnxToaTHcuiMOnOOCHTTnBpHpHIHeoMaXmTCaeH.e,HriTaaHxa. TiM.cBaskycOoxanaOtpabBOokeBCoByaC,HaTKijBaOiacT.aOisHprUopoHapcsaarT,tp—a3ayKHhebHsiiHHbBeJoHnsnaupMohnchipyamHie0ia.6uCbbiOte>CncTbuaatyiBaj--' nnpooHcaTT. ioa. eXrootHhenaiomeaacii'iiMauoxTr.paHataayamneccKTOBfatxTn,oacc-yraasnaoicOTTHcaaybxto.BBeBaccTaBiaaonaaHboii-i aBTOpa BT) OJJIHb BOIipOCT), HO, OTCBHXHO, OHH COCTaBAJIlOTb AIIS pa3- jHBiiue npeaweTa. ^yxoueHCTBO aorao coxpaHHTb HcmnoniTeabHyio noa- cyaHOCTb (forum exemptum) 11 nerepaTb cboh botuhhu, h liaoCopoTb. OSaaaaHie BOTHiaaMH miqero He upHlSaBjaao caMO no cedi Kb hcob- THTe.ibnHHi npaBasib ayxOBeBCTBa no noacyaHOCTH, hh Boofiaie kt. npH- Be.iHrHpoBaHHOMT no.TOaeniio ero Bb rocyaapcrafe. TocyaapcrBO aerao Mono noaqHHHTbnepKOBb CBfiTCKoay cyay no rpaxxancKHMb aiaaiib, ne OTfiHpaa nepxoBHHXb botthh'b. UocjiiHia He cocTaBaanu hhkbkoi’o upe- naicTBia xah pasBrnia rocyaapcTBennoft bjhcth. AnTopb bt, Haiaaf, KHHm caul pasaiaaeTi. bth a®* Bonpoca (eTp. 6). Ho BnocaiacTBiH ohh caHBaioTca y aero bt. oxho niaoe, b i cn_iy oaHoro oScToaTeitCTBa, Ha KOTopoe mu He MoweMb He otfpamb BHHMania. Cyae6naa uaacTi, nepKBH no aiaaMb rpawaaHCKHMi, roBopuTb oht>, pacnpocTpamiaacb, bo nepBHXb, Ha ahicb, noaaeaiaBmHX'b ca cyay no yKaaaHiD yCTEBOBb, h bo BTOpuxb, Ha xmn, no,viHBeHHUxT) eS, b i caay ea botbhhhuxt. npaBb. „Bt, apeBHeS Pycw, rOBOpari aBiopt (cTp. 15), ycraHOBH-iocb npHAHieCKoe no-ioxenie: cvaoMb h jam.io TaHyra no seMal h do boa*, TO-ecTb, kto B.iaatorb 3exae» Haoc.teHHO», Torb h cyaHib, n ncnpa- Bjaerb rocyjapcTseHHua noBiiHHOCTHHnoaaTH... 8to npaBOBoe noaosenie noayqHJo bc» cbob CHjy Bb apeBHeS Pyca a.ia BjacTefl a yqpesaeHifi uepKOBHUxi no orHomeHiio Kb nxb BjaatniaMb. Oho-to h Baec.io Bb

rpax,wHCKO-npaBOBy» a;n3Hi pyccKaro napoja, rocyjapcma a pepKita japaKTopncTHiecKiH ocoCeiiHoc™ bb HCTopia pyccsaro npaBa“. Kc-iu 6a HOAofisoe HB-ieHie cyin.ecTuoBa.io bb Poccia, to oho ae BHCCJO6u BB pycCKVB xiisuL HHKaKHXT. xapanmepucmutecnuxb oco6eH- aocrefi. ABTopy croaro bcuomhutb, Ha hikhxb nana.iaxt xepsaxocb 4ieoAa.ii.noo roeyaapCTBO, nioCu yfiiAHTLca, too oho aa ijo itaitB pasB Tf> ate xapaBTepacTHiecKia ocofieuuocTH. Ho it jo bt, tout., ho bb dpeeneii Poccia, po OKOHiaTe-ianaro ycTaHoiueniii aptnocraaro upaaa, HUKOiOa ho 6uao Hanero noxoOnaro. T. I'opnaKOBBcoBepmeHHo upeBpaTao nouHMiioTB nupaatenie: „cj'aomb h ja m * TnnyTb no 30M.it a BOji\". Pay cjifwmajio pasphnniTi. cefii BonpocB: kto h kb KOMy TJiHyjiB cy- jojcb a ;(aHLKjV Jl,.ia paspiineuia btoto Boapoca eav ae Hyatao 6uao nycKaTi.cn bb .i-raiiaua H3citjonaaia; ctoiuo tosbko yncaiiTi, hub ate npaBeABHHoe m4cto hsb aotobophhxb rpauaTB. 3to m4cto r.iacHTB: ,A KOTopuxB 6oapB a cjtpb ceja, a hmj'tb atma bb sameii OTiuat, B3HTH bu Ha naxB AaHB a cvjb, KasB a aa cbohxb“. EAHHCTBemiufi cmhc.it. othxb cjorbsaBJionaeTcH bb tomb, ho fioape h cayra, HMtroaiie CC.TO BB K8K0MB JfflfiO yxt.lt H JKHliymie BB HeMB, THHyTB Cy.lOMB H Aani,K> kb yA't.iBHOuy kubsk. C-iiAonaTeABHO, ten .tuua, a He to.ii.ko atHBUiia na nyatofi sesi.it, Tauyna cyxostB a xaabto bb khhsw no cbo- HMB SOM.MMB H BOjaMB. BB POCCIH 8T0 OSUaia.10 OT.HO H8B CftMUXB npocTHXB HaaaJiB Apenaiiro cyjonpoasBOAcm, ro-ecTt, n-ro nodeydnoemb onpedibAHAacb Mncmoxb acumeAhonea a atCTOHB Haxoatjoiiia neABHKH- Maro asiyntecTiia. 9to AtHCTBHTe.rr.HO caaoe ApeBHee Hanaro Haniero cyAonpoH8BOACTBa. BaocxtxcTBia paaiiH.iHCB xpyria Hanara—hoacjahocti. no -JHnasiB, no npeAMeTaMB n t. a- BTOpoe Hanaro (no rauaMB) aoumo AO aoiuaro caoero pasnuTia yate cb OKOnnaTe.UHUMB oflpasonanieMB coc-iOBiii; bb aPOBhocth se, KOrAa seHCKiil cTpoit eme ne 6hab pasCan. COC.IOBHUMH ynpeJKAeHiaaa, nojcyAHOCTB a 4>HHaHC0Bua oCaaaHiiocTn onpext.in.incb MtcTOMB 2tnTe.ir.cTBa. Bet Anna, atHBUiia bb HSBicTHOHB Micrt, oChsuhm Ourir TaHyTt. cyAOMB a Aaatio kb H3BtcTH0My bakh- aHCTpaTHBHOMy neBTpy, kb KOTopouy ohh 6uph rrpnnacaiJH. H3B 3T0T0 uoatHO saK-noiHTb, too apaiiOAHMOo aBTopouB BiipaaceHie asrien. bb BHAy o(5a3aiiHocTH HapoAOHaco.ienia no oTnomeiiiio kb rocyxapcTBy, a no no OTHoureHi® kb hbcthhmb xanaaB. Abtopb ate, ysaeKaacb smt- HieaB r. HanepaHa (Ha KOToparo ohb a ccujaeTca), oStacHaeTB dtotb 4>aKTB bb CMHcat BOTnHHHaro nopaAKa, npeofiraxaBUiaro bb xpeBHefi Poccia. „Boo6me ctab a ashb, torophtb obb (wp. 15, npHM. 2), 6h.hi sbskomb npHiiaA-ieatHOCTH Koay-Jtifio H3BtcTiioS .ieaju—too 6uio .ieata- njee nti aefl BomaHaoe npaBo“. Mh uHKOrAa He crrjxa.TH, ito6h bb ApeBHeii Poccia ctab h xaHi. Cura opraHanecKH CBHsanu cb 4»ktoht. acuACBjaAtBia. Ec.« 6a Tanas cbhsb cymccTnoBa.ia, to KaKHMBate ofipa-

30M-B y Haci ne yTBepjocu i)>eojaJH3Mi? llouexy bt, jpenHeft Poccia He 6uxo KptnocTHoro npaBa, h ycraHOBH.ioct oho yate BnocitjCTBiH, He Has* lacTHoe, a iuikx rocyjapcTBeuHoe yipeacjeme, h yaptnaaoeB OKOHiaTejbHO T0.IBK0 bx XVIII sisi? Abtopx rOBOpHTX, HTO ,B*w6- jenx HaceACHHuxi seMeMcaHTajica ecTecTBerabrax rocnojmioMX h cyjbefl jjh cbohxx uyrb h anux, BtHBiiiBX'i, Ha ero BjajtHiaxx\". Mu pinra- TejBHO He SHaeMx bx upeBDeiS Pocciu HoceAeHHtaxi aeMCXb, hi, nosjaift- meux CMUCJri OToro Bupaatenia. Bx jpeonocTH 6ujh npocto kjmn, Ha EOTOpUXX SMB eO.t’MUe .noun, H XHJH JO T'liXX UOpx, HOKa HHX 3T0 upamuoct. IloKa KpecTi.aiiHHx He Tepa.ix CBoefi jraiHOft cboCojh, ohx ho ti . ocTaeaTbca bo BJajiHiK fioapuHa hjh )’0th ayja exy yrojHO. Bx KauecTeli BO.ibHaro lejOBtna ohx HBKOrja He Tepaax CBoefi cbs8h cx rocyjapcTBemroio Bxaci'bn, u.saTH.ix eft janx, Tauyax kx Heft cyjoMX h t. j . Ec.radx aBTopx npHHa.ix bo BHHMame, upon* H3caij0Baiiift r. MH'iepHiia, eipe npeBoexojHue Tpyju r. BtaaeBa, ohx HKitorja He HaBHBaax 6u jpeBHefi Poccin raaoro npujaiecKaro „no.wxeHia“. 9to „nojioaceHie“ othochjocx ctojxko ate kx KpecTxaHaux, cko.hko h kx doapaiix h kx jyxoBHUHX. Ho pa3x nojoscnie BUCKasano, Hajo bubojhtx hsx Hero noc.it.j- cTBia. Abtopx, oaeBHjno,—uocTaEienx Onjix bx 6o.ii.moe saipyjoeiiie. Cx OJHOfi CTOpOHU,OHX CTpeMUTCa .lOrHBecKHUpOBeCTH apeax BCDcoon Kirary npuflUHnx, kto „bx jpenneft Poccin 6hjih jBa ochobhhk Haaaaa cyjefiHO-rpasjaHCKHXx npaax uepKOBHUxx BjacTeft h ytpexjeBift: jep- KOBHO-cayaefiHoe h BjrajtaxaecKoe* (erp.-21). Cx jpyroft — eaiy npn- XOJHTCH BSltTb jt.H0 CX IpaKTaHH, npBMO JipOTHBOptiaiJHMH BTOpOMy H3X 9THXX .OCHOBBUXX Haiajlx“. KaKX J06pOCOBtCTHUft BCTOpHKX, OHX He cteax ceda bx npast hxx ckputb JorHiecKoe npoBejeHie „jsyxx nana.ix“ npmie.io ero kx neBtpHofi OUtHKt H01THBCtXX (paKTOBX, VCTaBaBJHBaBmHXX OTHOmeme jepKBH kx rocyjapCTBV. IlepBUHx h neodxojHHUMX nocatjCTBieux npejno.io- xeHia, hto cyjedHaa Bjacri. jyxoseHCTBa 6u.ia lacrbW ocHonana Ha ero BjajtaxaecKHXx npaBaxx, 6uao jpyroe npejnoaoateHie, no rocy- japcTBy, cTpeMHomenyCH coSpaTb bx cboh pjkh cyjednyn bjuctl, He- o6xojhmo 6iuo BOKoaedaTB BOTinanua npaBa uepKBH. ^pyraire c.10- rHMH cjOBaaH, iro jja yHHiToaenia npaBX BJiajlatnecKaro cyja, ro- cyjapcTBy aysHOduao yHHHTOXHTBBaajtabiecKia npasa jepKBB. ,Hep- KOBBua aiacTH h ynpexjenia, roBopHTX aBTopx (CTp. 25), noaynHjH cvjefiHo-rpaxjaHCKia npaBano uana.iaMX—uepKOBHO-cayatedHOHy a Bia- jtabBecKOMy, ycH.ieHHua cx reneHieux npeMeHn pasHUXH npHBHje- riasra... Meacjy riMX rocyjapcTBO, cx pa3BBTieMXchjix h jbhshh,.’.. ycxpe- maocb Kx.codHpaHiio cborxx npaBX h CBOeft otocth*. Bx stomxcrpe- MjeHiH oho CTapaeica orpaHHHHTb npaBa jyxOBeHCTBa ua npio6ptTe-

— 397 — Hie HetfBHacanMxs HMyipecTB®, nocxf oho xoveT® xaate OTHaTb y xy- xob6hctbh ero BOTHHHhi. IoaBH® I ll „HaxfJuca saapfiihti. coCnpaeMj'H) oko.io Mockbu I'yci, OTiyaieHieMT, HOHaCTbipcKiix® sene-ib h npncoe- AHHCllie.MI, HX® B® KH8JR0CRHM® B.iaA’IliliilM®a. BCTpiTHB® npOTHUOAf.fi- CTsie cbohut.Ha«fpenam., oh® nocTapaaca no KpafiHefl aifpf cocpejo- TOVHTh HOHaCTbipCBia BOTIHHbl n® IieilOCpejITlieHIIOMI. BfA'fHIH MOCROB- CKaro rocjAapa. Oh® can® a ero npeeMHHBH crapaancb hoahhhhtb jy- xobohctbo h ero bothhhh nenocpeACTBOHHO MocEOBcsoMy ynpaiucniio h aaa oToro noin.30Ba.iHCi> CTpeweniaMH caaoro xyxoBencTBa, HCEaBmaro B® eyxf MOCBOBCKaro rocvaapa cpexcTBa H86aBHTbca ot® rneia ofiaacT- hhx® upaBHTeaefi h enapxia.ibiiaro Hava-ibCTBa (ctp. 29 h c jfx ). Ho Bcf 3th ifiicTuia MOCKOBcaaro iipaBHTe.ii.CTiia 6hxh toabko upo-iorosi® £® OKOHTOTeJi®Hony ocymccTBjeniio ero 8airfiTHo# mchtbi — bs eoh- c)iMCKanin nepKOBHHx® anymecTB®. Oho n:uaBHa cTpeuMHoc® noRoaefian. nava.io aacrnoft coOcTBeiiHocTH Ha Apyrax® BaaAijBnecEHx® aeM.iax®. Havana nOMfCTiiaro B.TaxfHiaxa.meMy cpeACTBO boaihuhtb cbohm®bh- Aem®cxyatHaoecocaosie (crp. 104— 105). „Il0Mfinii'ii,H3eH.in npiiaHana.TH hea® coOoh noaiiyB) n.tacTb rocyAapcTBa. Ho senaii h KpecTi.jrne pep- kobhmx® y>ipeatxeiiiii ue 6ij.hi ypannenu c®abophobuhh h noMfipmbHMii bo Bcix® OTHOnieHiax®k® roeyxapcTBy\" (cTp. 106). ypasnaT® hx®4hjo saxaveft MoHacTupcKaro upiiKasa speMen® HeTpa BejiHicaro, xora h npeiKie Cu.m HfKoiopuu e® tomv CTpeM.ienia. BcafACTBie oxoro, hcto- pia MouacTupouaro iipiiKaaa upexcTanjuieT® ab* ohoxh, xoth oaf xa- paKTepHsyiOTca oabhh® r.iaBiiua® CTpesueHieM® rocyaapCTBa—jhhvto- jkhti. npiiBHjic1'nponaHHoe no.ioaceuic pepKBH. 11®uepByo auoxy rocy- AapcTBO He HMfjo eipe cpexcTB® othht® y xyxoBCHCTBa seHan, a no- TOMy JKe.ia.io, no Kpnumu Mibj)n>, noxiHBHTi xyxoueHCToo cBoeMy evAy. Bo BTopyio onoxy oho npaao nom.no e® KomJiHCKapin ero HHymecTB®. Tpyxno coraacHuca c® asropoM® b®btom®OTHomeeiH. y hhvto- jKceie cy,T,eflHO-rpazjaHCKoit naacTH pepEBH, no ero MufHim, 6u.io npo- JOTOM® K® KOHlflHCEaniH CH UMyipOCTB®, KOTOpOD OKOHVaTe.ll.HO 38Kpf- uH-ioci. uoAVHHeHie pepBBH rocyxapcTBy. IlenoHaTHo, novetiy no otho- meniio b® nowfcthumt, scm-wh® rocyxapcTBO AfflcTBOBa.io HHave. IIo- nfcTi,a, EaR® rOBopHT® cam aBTop®, npH3HaiuuK nax® cofiofi noa- nyio BAacTi, rocyxapcTBa. Meatxy Tim® rocyxapciBO cov.io bosmojehhm® b® XVII we B fsf ycnjHTBcyxcOeyio BxacTt non!.n«bob® aax® KpecTba- naMH. IIpeat,ie cyxefmaa B.iacrj. BOT'iKHiiHita He 6uja cBasana c® 4>aK- toh® 3eM.ieBAaxfiiia, a ycTaHaii.iHBa.Taci. aca-ionaHiioio rpanaTofi. Iloc.if yvpe»xeHiaKpfuocTHoro npaBacyxefiHaa laaci'i. noMf.iu.nK*nax®epcctwi- HaMH b® xf-ias® rpaaxancKHX® pa.3BHBa.iac6Bee fio.rlie h Oo.iie, urocy- xapcTBO ue cvHTa-io amro HapvnieHieM® cbohx® upaB®. lloueny ae oho Xoasho 6h.io Hiiaie xffiCTBOBaTi. no OTHonreniio b® xyxoneHCTBy? do-

— 398 — TCsiyjyxoBHtiabotihhhcrtcHn.m BepxoBHtia npauarocyjapcTBa?Mobho no^yHaTb, too kh npHcyTCTByeME npn Sopt&fe (tpamiy3CKHXB xopoxeB ce (ficoja-ibnusn nopa^aaMH. ,H'(UO BE TOUT*, 1 TO yHKTTOJKeHic HCEAIOTHTeABHOft HOACVABOCTHjy- X0B6HCTBE He mueio ofimaro ci Kon(|>HCKanien ero iiaymecTBi, KaK’i> h caMaa ero nojcyjnocTi, ne saBndaa ope ero botthhhhxe cpaB'b. /tyxoBencTBo He 6u.to iJieojaabHon Eopnopanieii, upoTHBonoaa- raBmeio rocyjacTBeHHO# nxacTH cboh bothhhhhh npaBa. IIootohv sep- xOBHaa B-iacTt rocyjapcTBa no^vnimua ce6fc h ,iyxoBeHCTBO, h ero bot- bhhu aa^O-iro jo speueHH hxe KOH^BCsanin, nacRo.iLKo aro 6hao hj’who Ann rocywpcTBeHHaro uopaAEa. ^VXOlieHCTBO HMtjO npEBO BOTBHHHarO cyw He BT. CH.iy CBOBXT. bothhhhuxi npaBE, a be cn.ry Ea.ioBaHHUxi rpaMarb, AaBaBDiHxca rocyjapcTBOHi, h kotophmh ke botthhhbime npasaMi npHcoe;tHHa.iocb ewe u npaBO cyja. IIphtohe ohIs jaiajact ne BceMy jyxoBencniT, He riepEBH, a ota£aehhme jHi;aME, i|)h3h,icckhme h ropH^HiecKHiri, h hb tobeko ayxoBHHMi, ho h hhume. Oh4 ocBo6oJKxa.in uoaiaxonaHooe .?nio He o n rocy.iapcTBeHHaro cyaa Boofime, a tojieko o n cy.ja nep- bo8 HHCTanjiH, To-ecTE, o n cyja xicTHHii npaanTe-reit, BairtcTHH- kobe a BO.ioCTexeft, bo Bcerja hoithehm hxe cyxy bhchihxe rocyjap- cTBeHHux-h HHCTannift. riepBOHaiaibHO btod buchicio micTaaiueft 6hje cyA'E Be-iHKaro Koaaa h.ih ero BBeiemiaro donpnHa. 3to nupasaxocb be rpaaarb tbehme ofipasom: „a Sony 6yxen hckhth aero (Ha ra- bome-to), hho cysy asE cam Kiiaab Bexatii, hjih 6oapnHB moS bbc- ieiiHU0“. Bnoc.itjCTBia, ce paaBHiieHi MOCEOBCKarorocyjapcTBa. bthxe HHCTaHuifi 6n.ro xst—MOCROBCEie npnsasu11 SoapcEaa Ayna. ifiaxOBan- huh rpaxaTH He 6hah ycTynsoS botthhhhmi npanaMi iua,vl;.ibaeBi( a cpescTBOxi orpaHatHib BiacTb HaxtcTiiHsoin. h BOJOCTefl, HecocToa- TexBHOCTb KOTopuxi lyBCTBOBaxacb yse ahbho. 9to noATBepatiaeTca t£me, hto xorja npn Ioannf. IV cyAE 6un> npe.iocTaB.jenE BuCopHuxi cyAbam, He BciptiaeTca yae 'taEHxi orpauHienig oTHOCHTe-ibHO seu- CEaro cyja. 3eMCKie BuCopHbie cyjEH cy.in.iH ahhe bc$xe coa'oaifl, BE TOME HHCai H AyXOBHUXE. HanpHMtpE, BE 1571’ T. ABHHCKie BH- CopHue cyxbH paefiHpajH a4jo o semi xesiy abvmh Kpecn.anaMH h HHEOjaeBCKHME KopexbCEHME MonacrupeuE ‘). Ho 3tote cyjE Eacajca TOJbKO THBtCb Mesjty IJXOBHUMH U HOCTOpOHHHMH .IHIjaMH. CnopH Ay* xobhuxe Mc»Ay C0608 paB(5Hpa.jHCb enapxia-ibHHME nanaabCTBOME, hto TaKate 6hao HCBuroAHO MOHacTHpaME. IIoaTOMy rocyAapn nepiAEO ocnoCoaiAa.™ hxe on cyxa apxiepeScxaro h uoatohhah hxe be At* aaxE rpaasAaHCEHXE—CBoeMy, a be avxobhijxe—MHTpono.iH'ibCMy cyAy A. JO. X 23.

— 399 — (cTp. 39). A btop'l He TOjibKO npHSuaeTt sth $aKra, ho h co cnoScTBen- hoo eny AoCpoeoB’tcTHOCTiio HacjfcAyeix nxt no,ipo6no. Ho Rc-rticiuie AOKBOB HCXOAHOfi TOMKH, Bet OTH KajOBaHIILia rpaMOTM HBjIHDICfl y Hero He .n.roToB, Be cpejcTBOMT. orpanmint Exacti, o6aacTHHXb cy- AOB%, khkt, 3to 6uao ua caMom. x t .it, a cpe.iCTBOH'b nocTeneHno no.n- •IHHHT6 jyxoBencrBO cyity rocyAapcTBa, n o aoxacho 6ujo kohthtlch KOHIpHCItanicfi MOHaCTIjpCKUST. HMymeCTB’L! Out CaHT. npHBHaeTI, 1TO xajioBaHHua rpasiani ocBo6o»aa-in MoaacTupu He to.ii.ko OTb cyAa BaMtCTHHKOUb, BO H eBHCKOnOlib. JpyrHMH C.10BSMH, OH't OCBo6o*Aa.!ll eooSute cmn o&tacmHoto cyda, icaxoro 6u poaa OTOTt cy.ii. hh 6u.it, AyxoBHuft hjih cnticEiB. 3tot® cpaKTT. Aoiia3iiBaeTt, tto cy.ieSnaa BxacTK ucpERH no rpajKAaiicKiiM't A'luaMr, He duxa oco6enno Aopora caMoxy AyxoBeHCTBy. BlpoHTHO, Bt caMHXt ycxoiiiaxt xvxoBuo-rpax- AaHMtaro npopecca saH-noia-iact npmHHa Toro, no jyxoBCHCTBO yeepAHO HCiaxo cyAa y cbStckoS bjhcth. ABTopt He npoc.itAH.it sTBXt ycxo- Bi# et AOCTaTOHHOio noAHOTOfl, a noTosiy h 3Ta Ba»Haa cTopoua otho- uieuiil AyxoBHaro cyAa Kb catTCKflsrv ociaaacb Bepa3tacHenHoio. Ha ■3TO o6cTOHTe.ir.cTBO cnpaBeA-iKBo VKaaa;ib aBropy Ha ero MarHCTOpcKOMt AHCuyrt upo4>eccopb AiupeeucKift. TaKt RaKt upaso cyAa xaBaxoci. MOHacrapaMt rocvAapcTBOMt, a He 6u.io CBHsaoo ct uxt botthhoumh npaBaxH, to luaAtxbTecsiit CJ'Ab 6n.lt .IbTOTOft CTOAbKO X6 H AAS B-ia.lt.IbHa, CK0.1I.K0 H A-'H KpeCTbHHt, aiHBIHHXb Ha 610 3eM.lt. jfiaJIOBaBUHa rpaHflTU 0CRi>60X- AaxH oTt cyAa Aa-ieKo He Bb OAHHaKOBOiS cTeneHH, Bee saBHctxo 0Tb ycMOiptnia rocyjapa. BcjixCTBie btoto, HeHuoria bothhhh noxyiaxH npaBo no.inoB co6ei'BeHHoa BpHCAHKUiH, a ao HixoTopoB CTeneHH Bet Taiiy.in cyAOMb no 3eM.it h BOAt Kb upaBBTe-ibCTneiraoMy .iHiiy. H no TO.ibKO cyAOMb, ho h AaHbio. JKa.ioBaHHua rpanaTU ocbo6ok- J18.1H BOTHHHH H KpeCTI.flHT., JKHBIUHXb Ha BAaAtxbHeCEHXb sewaxb. OTb pasHHXb seMCEHXb noBHHnocreS. Ho no.inaro ocBo6o»Aeaia OTb noAaTcS mh HHrAt ae BcrptiaeMb. PaAOMb cb aepnuMH coxaMH, to- ecTb, coxaaH thmumh no upeHMymecTBy, cymecTBysoTb 6 taua coxh, KOTOpua o6a3aHH 6uah yiacTBOBaTt Bb pa3HHXb rocyAapcTBemuxb UOBHHHOCTHXb AdieKHUXb H HaTypajIbHHXb. HBOTAa OHt COCTaB.lfl.lH oco6yio BO.iocTL, HHorAa laHyAii Kb Kaitoa-HHdyAb lepnoft bo.iocth. IIOBTOMy MOHaCTHpCKia BOTTHHU HOAIHHa.lHCb paaHUMb HpHKa3aMb, Bt- AaBmHMb ipuimncome ynpaBieme -rorAanraaro rocyAapcTBa. PjaBHoe HtcTo MeacAy bthmh npHKa3axH 3airaua.it npHEaat Eo.ib- maro JlBopna, ho OHb .ia.ieKO ne 6u.it eAHHCTBCHHUMt. B t ApeBHefl Poccin cyAt npiiHaAAeaniAt o6ukhob6hho TtMt upasa-iant, koh nt.ia.in MtCTHOCTb Bt iflHHailCOBOMt OTHOffleHilf. CyAHJt TOTt, KTO VnpaBXH.lt. TaKt K8Kt r.iaBBaa lacTb aoxoaobi c t MOHacTHpcKHxt BOTiaut no-

— 400 — AyiaaacB bx npmtasi Bojbmaro ^Bopija, to ohx ate hbahach h bhc- meo cvjefiHos) HHCTaHnieB no OTHOmeniio bx AyioBeiiCTBy hMOHacTkip- ckumb BorqHHaifi. Mes^y T in t h Apyrie iipHaasu hm* xh hoaoGbkiii apaBa. TaKOBH6ujh vemu, hah oGAacrane npanasBi, kotophhx aepiAao noAiKHHJOCB aoHacrupcKoe ynpawcnie. Bx Amaxx HcropasecKHXx HaxoAHTca xacca BtajOBaHHBixx a' jpynrai rpaxaTX, AOHa3HBai)iu,HXx, wo jyxoBeHCTBO cyx&iocs bx ocTnepraxx, a hto hmx nopyneno 6hjo saBtiuiiaHie HoaacTupcKHxx botihhi hi <|>HHaHcoBOxx orHouieiiiH. T. I’opqaKOBx BOBCe He o6paTH,i\"i> BHyx&uia Ha bto o6ctoatcjbctbo, EOTopoe AoitaaaAO6h esiy, hto botihhhuh npaRasyxoBeacTBahhckoabko He CTiCHHAH TOCYAapCTBeHHOfl BJIBCTH, H >1T0 jyXOBeHCTBO jaBHO upH- bukao kx CBtTCKOMy cyay h- yupae-ieniio h jaae aoSHBa-iocb cro. He upnRHBx bo BHHMauie otofo oOcionTeABCTBa, aBTopx ocraHa- BjHBaeTCH rnBHHMx oOpasOMX Ha npHEart BoABmaro jBopna, Me*Ay rfcxx K3KX OTHOHieHie BToro npHKaBa kx BeTaepTaux pasxacBKAO 6u 6Hy HiCKOABKO TeMHHXX CTOpOHX IiainCft a,lHHHHCTpai(iH. IIOACyAHOCTb MoaacTupeft npHaaaaxx, ynpaBAHBniKHX hsb^cthoh) o&iacrbu, fiu.ia raaBHiiMx o6pa30HX pasBHTa bx anoiy npcoOJaaamH apcbnhxx Haoaax cyaonpoHBBOACTBa, cjiaOBaiejiBHO, h ApeBHl.ihnaro naiajia uojcyaHOCTH no aicTy MTeatcTBa. IOphcahkhiii npHitasa Boai.maro JsopHa pasBH- aacb yse BnoatjCTsiH, Kor,ia bto jpoBHee naua.io uocTcneHHO ycTy- muo m4ctoApyroMy—cocaoBHOMy. MocKOBCEoe rooyAapcTBOnocTeneimo pocnucuBaao aevaio h j» ac0 uo paauuMx THraaxx h cooGpasHOsthhx TaraaMX oprarasoBaao pasHue vum n waccu. ycTanoweBie ipinocr- Horo npaBa, BUitxeHie ropoACKoro luacca H3X ofimefl xaccu napoAo- aace.ieHia, oGpaaoBaHie Tflraaro cayaiuaaro cocaoBia paspyiuHAH npeat- Hee sexcRoe cahhctbo h vhhhtokii-ib aiiaaeme npeatHaro 36MCEaro na- qaaa—tnvyn cyAOMx h ashbej ho 3exaS h boaS- Ma.iono xajy Bcfc HaaHHHMa cnau o(jinecTBtt, sexaH, a10ah u npoMuc-TBr, nojyqHAH cne- HiaabHoe uasHaneuie a oco6oe ynpasAeme. -Jbophhctbo mriio Paapa.yx, IIoxicTnufi npaRa3x; ropoACEie odusaTe-ia, npeaiAe noAEnueHHue pas- huxx npHKasaxx, uocreneHHO nopyieHU abj'XX m, HasoHenx, npH DeTpt Bcjhkobx hoathhah OypuHCTepcKyio naAary. MoHacrapcsie KpeCTBHHe, BUAtAHBHlHCB H3X XaCCU OCTBABHUXB, HOpyBCBiJ HpHKaSV BoABmaro ^nopua. HepBHoTnaaKqaXA,BCHpOHCOAHHaKyipAflOBBAiCoTroBopDa-piHa KHaO3aTpeCdAHOOSCHTHAaXCXBoArpBaOBAKiiHaMeHXignbyaTbecxtxh. HaMbcTHHROBX, BOAocTKAeft h enapxiaABHaro iiaqaABCTisa. Bx to Bpexa, npu HepasBiiTocTH eipe y Hacx cocAOBaaro naaa.ia, npHKaax BoABmaro ,'lBopna pa3A'iAHAx wy AtaTeABHOCTB ci oC-iacTHHMH upiiKasaaii. Caa- aaja AyxoBeHCTBO AodwBaxocB toabko oahoto, oeBo6o*AeHin otx cyAa oGAacTiioro h bo3M03shocth cyAHTtcH bx Moc.Kiit. 3ai“bHX, npu nocxe-