II0JI02KEH IS. 1) JIhthoc h KOueriMbHOe naiaao cjbth bb npmtaaitoMBynpaBJie- Hix; iipHBHHu 9Toro saK.itoiaioTca bb opraaraaiuii h C-iyaeSnuxB uo- HaiijtxB cjyacH.iaro coc-iobih. 2) Cb peijiopMOio Ileipa I npoHCxojHTB BtialueHie othxb naia.ro, aa ocHOBamH HHOCTpaHHHXB TeopiS. 3) KoweriaaMoe naiaao npHnaTO6w.ioaahcxoahvm io'ikv h ochobj . lajiLHlifiinaxt npeofipaaoBasifi; hoaeoSxojHMOCTbjHiaaro iiai&aa csopo 3aaBH.ua cefia h noiyiHja opraHtmuii). 4) JlmHoe naqa.10 6u.m opraHHSOiiano Asa paaa; bb nepiOABotf-iacT- huxb penpal bb yipeaaeHiH c|>ncna.ioBB, bb anoxy aeinpa-iHsauiH bb jo.ihhocth reaepaju-npoKypopa. 5) Hh to, hh jpyroe yipeaueHie, no hucah IleTpa I, He jo-tsho 6h.io noKoae6aTL chjh h 3HaieBia KO-MerimsuxB yipeauenifi. Hanpo- thbb, ohh cosjaHH bb BiiiaxB .lyiuraro h BcecTopoHHHro ocymeenwe- nia cHCTeMH KoaaeriajBHaro ynpaBiemn. 6) reHepajB-npoicypopB He npejciaaiaeTca Haia-ioire CupoapaTU- lecKHUB, a Deo6xojH3caHB ojcMemoMi* ceHaia, KaaB sucmefi I'ocyjap- cTBeBHoa aoiieriH, bh4 KOTopoft ohb He mrfceTB HHKasoro sHaiena. 7) Bb Teienin Bcero npeMeHii cymecTBOBania IleTpoBCKHXB yqpeat- jeHiS, renepajB-nposypopB, bb cpeii lxicyjapcTBeHHUXB ycTaaoMOHift, npejCTaB.TH.iB Toae Haia.io, ito h ceHaTB, T.-e. bjibctb oxpaHHTejt- Hyio, KonTpoJHpyfomyK) h nanpaB-iacinyc ajiiHHHCTpaniio kb oahoB 8) 0 to h apvroe yipeataema aBaa»Tca BOBOBBeAeHieMB tojiko no OTHOineHiio kb csoefi tjiopsrfc, apHsasHoe ate Haia.10 ciapo# Poccia ocTaeTca bb hhxb bo Bcefl ctt.rb. Obh cospaunjut oro jo pe$opMBEua- TepHHU. 9) MuHHCTepcKoe3HaieHie I'OHepa.TB-npOEypopa,bbaoniSuiombCMUcai,
HaiHHaeTca cx EnaTepHUH II; cx stoi-o se BpesieuH uamaaeTca h upcnpamenie cenaTa bx npeHMymecrueHao cyjeCHoe M'bcTO. 10 ) yape*AeBie MtiHHCTepCTBx aokohhhao to.ii.ko A'b.io, nojroTO- Memioe a pasBBToe EKaTcpnaoio I I a IlaB.ioMi. I. Oho oSyc.ioii-THiiaeTcii cocpeAOTO'ieuieMb cxyHtaxaro coc-ioBia, a BJiicrb cx hhmx h yapeaue- Hifi IleTpa I, bx ryfiepaia, Kv.ta cx aioro bpcmghh iiepcxoAHTX bccx BHTCpeCX aAHHBHCTpaniH. 11) PeijjopMU EsaTepHnu vabjihah babctb oxpaBHTe.ii.Hyio a koa- -Teriaji.HHH yipeaEAenia bx ryGepiiia, octbbbbx bx ctoabic& BxacTi. 3a- KOHOAaTejbHy*), cocpeAOTOieHHyio bx aaiit Moaapxa, a HcuoAHHTejbuyio h.th coBepmnTc.ii.Hyjo, CucTpo pa3BHBmyDca bx ifopai 6»poKpaTHqe- ckhxx yqpeatAeaift. 1 2) rCHepajx-npoKypopx a cacTeaa iiOAVHHeHHUxx eay npouypo- Pobx Ou.'ia c03Aaaa bx HHTepecaxx nenTpaADHHxx yqpeacAeaiS a bx btomx oTHouienin pisKO orjHiaeTCa otx chctomm <)>HCKa.i0Bx, yqpeac- AeHHHxx bx BHAy BHT.epecosx Micxnofl aAMHHHCTpaHia; OTioro yqpea:- AeHie oto a He mm bx oyfix CTpauu ao cauuxx pci()OpMX EnaTeptiHu, KOTAa BAacTB oxpaHHTe.ii.HaA uo.TyiH.ia TaKOe nrapoKoe pasaHiie bx jdjCTnuxx ycTanoB-ieniaxx. 13 ) lloJHTHqecKOe 3Haienie reaepaax-npoitypopa npeBumajo ero aAUHnHCTpaTHBHOe saaienie; BCirfeACTBic sroro bc4 noAHTHuecEie pe- jjjopMW bx JiameMX OTeqecTBi chamio OTpaaajacr, Ha otoS aoajkhocth.
IICTOPHHECKlft OHEPK1> yqpEJKflEHia rEH EPAJIt-ryBEPH ATO PCTIiT. B b POCCIII.
I. B i 1702 r., Hoc.it nOHOpema UeTpoMi lie.iHKHMi niKOTopnxi niiiP.iriinxi, npoBHHuiS, ntKorjia npHnaA-ieataBmuxi Focciu, ont Cu.ni BBtpeaw noueiemc khsss MeHiDHKOBa, noiyraBniaro thtv.it. ryfiepna- ■ropa. BcKopi nocsi ocnortaHis IIe'rep6ypra, oaiaja oOpasoBUBaTBca uopBaa bt> Poccia ryfiepuis, HarepMawanjcsaa, BnocrfacTBin nocay- atHBmaa oSpasuoui a m xpyruxi ry6epnifi, yspeKieHHUXT. b i 1708 r. A/lMHHHCTpaTHBHOeVCTpoSCTBO8TO# HCpBOfl ryfiepmH 6WIO saHUCTBOBaHO .hsi [□Beilin; B-tprfie CKMaTt, IleTpi BeiHuiB mmc.ii, mBe&csia yspe- aaeHia b i uoKopenunxi uiBe.iCKHXih 3aTtm ocTaeficKHXT. npomimiiHST. h pacnpocTpann.n> hxi nabcb>Pocciw. 3ajoaro *o otfwaro ynpeajeHia ry(5epai8, mh BCTptqaeucji ci HnrcpMaHJianiCKOB ry6epniea b bt. hbS ci ryfepiiaTOpaMH, hotomt, reHepajt-ryfiopHaTopamb, .latijtpHXTCpaMH (bt. pyccKOMT. nepeBoji 3cmckumu cydiOMu), npesH.nenTaMH h t. a Bctviihbt. ua nyTi, saHMCTBOBaniS, 3aK0R0j,aTeiBCTiio, BirtcTt c i rfem, yuouHJOCB, no oiHomeHiio rt. BnyTpeBHeMy ynpaiueniio, ora nyra, ko- TopoMy aotojt6 catjoBajo KocicoBCEoe npaBMTexfcCTBO. llocaiAHeo, pas- ABHraa cbof) babctb na 3ana,i,T., lira h boctoki, npimocHJio Bcsuy cboh coCcTBeHHun ynpeiKicma. KaKi toabko sagas HHfiyjboo-iacTi. no.inajasa BxaALmecTBy Mocebh, Torsaci bt. neft nosB.is.iHci hocboju, npHEasHus H3()U, AMKH; JCtCTHHMl SIHTC.ISMI. BpejIlHCHBaiOCB BBl6paTb CTapOCTl H H+..10Ba.lbHHK0BT, JIM j t n MipCEHXl, 3eHCEHXl H rOCyiapOBUXl, H qpesi ntcEOSBRO BpexeHH ,oOsacTb 3Ta bo BceMi CTaHORH.iacb noxosca aa BCHKiS MOCEOBCKiS ytsjii h nocTynasa bt, aaBtflHBaHie Kaaoro hh- 6yjii. ueHTpa.ii.naro iipHsasa, KOTopufi h ynpaosssT, e » Ha ocHOBaaisxT, ofiui.nxT, c i ApyrnHH ofisacTSMH, cocTOsriniHMH bi ero ynpaBsemH. Kpo*i IJo.utaioCo- PyccKtim ApxueoMi, Pyccitum \" H. H. Tponancuaro, „0 H Ka.iaicnB»t npa era paslopt <
— 302 - Bjrfccrt ci Tim MOCKOBCKoe npaBHTO.ibctbo ne a»(5hao m in jijo c i ofinrapHUMH o6.iacMMH. IlepBOD safioTow ero 6hao pasjfuenie o6- nmpnoH oO.iaciuHaaejitie aAHHHHCTpaniBHue oapyra, npmem Kaxjufi hsi hhsi nwyia-re BHOJiHi caMOCTonieiLiioe SHaieBie h chochacs ci HeHTpa-itHUMi mocrobckhmi yripaiueuieMi HBnocpeaCTBfiniio. Boesoja canaro Hefiaiwnoro ropojKa DOAyuaAi papcaie yicaabi npano bi cboh pyEH, 060 BcemoniHCUBaxi ero uapcnoicyBejHiecTBy iiprnio bi Mocebv. Meaay Kaiioii HH(>yAb Orapog PycoS a MockboS He (Siuo nocpejCTByn- miixi HDCTaimift. Bc-iijcTnie OToro saaieme „crapiiiHxi ropoAOBi\" j'TpaiHBaJoci ne to.ii.ko bi nOAHTHiecEom, ho h b i ajMBRHCTpaTHB- hohi OTHOmeHiu. H axo HMixo bmhoo 3eaieHie. Korja npeaHiS no- JiiiTHiecKift neHxpi coxpaHaen. 3HaieHio aucinaro aAMHHHCTpaTBBHaro peHTpa xxa ni.ioft ofijacTH, upe8i Hero CHOCirmeflcac i bbicihhhi ynpa- iueuieMi, ofaacTi »Ta npHBUKaen. cwrepiTb toaiko Ha CBoe S.ihm B- Hiee iiaua.ii.CTBO, aoropoe, b i ea raasaxi,’ h OAHneTBopaeTi co6o® npa- eumeMcnwo. Bi riasaxi xiciHaro HaceieHia thkoB ueHTpi a Tasoe npaBHrejBCTBO abjaiotcj! sHaMeaeMi ocoftraBaro, HCicAMHTeimaro no- Aoacenia bi rocyxapcTBi, ocoSenno ecAH MtcxHOCTt 8Ta yAepatHsaeri HiKOTOpua ocolSeaHOCTH upeaHaro npemiBH. Bcero BToro MocKBa hs- <5iwa pasapoOjeHieai PocciH na Hejsie ajHHHHCTpaTHBHue oapyra. Kara Be.mKO Ohio ihcao »thxi oxpyroBi, bhaho H3i Toro, wo b i nejiBue roAH napcTBOBama Maxaaja OoxopoBiiua, itoivia on PocciH otodijih MHoria o&iacTH, 6hao okoao 120 ropoAOBi, HMiBniaxi csmo- croaTejbHoe BoeBOxcKoe yapaweaie a caocHBnmxcanpmto ci MockboB. BaocxiACTBia uacxo axi yBe-iauaxocb. H cpeja othxi 120—150 hca- khxi peHTpoBi, Mocraa fiuxa HacToamnm xoshhhohi. rocyjapcTBea- Hoe oahhctbo cxpinAHAOCb to® cbssi*, saxy® MocKBa CTapwaci D0.1- AepaasaTb HenocpeACTBeaBO c i aasamiH uxaccaHH HapoaonaceieniH. DocxiAaie Bcerxa TaHyxa b i mockobckomt rocy.inp®, kotophS, b i cbo® ouepeAi, aoHHxaa aro, BCerja noAAepaiHBaji hxi onaoenie. He6o.ii.moH ofiieMi aAuiiHHCTpaTHBBijxi oxpyrOBi AaBa.11 hhsdihmi KAaccamaicr- Haro HaceieHia BosiioatHocTb npaHanaTi yuadie b i aicTHoft aABCuaa- cTpapiH. MHorie Baaaue Bonpocu ipHHancoBaro a HojHpeiicKaro yapa- Bxcaia 6hak ocTauxenu Ha noneienin iiipcKoro BaOopHaro HauaxiCTBa. BoeBOAU, bi rxasaxi saxoHa, HMi.re rjaBHon saaaue® „(5epeub Kpe- CTbHHl H HOCajCKHXl -I»A6fi OTl CTOpOHl\", TO-eCTb, naBHHHl ofipa- 30MT. OTl CXySHAHXl H HpHKaSHUXl ADAefi. B l TOSe RpeMH, BI BHAy MHoroiHcaoHHuxi 3AoynoTpe6AeHiB booboai. hhi sanpeniajocb BMimii- BaTbca b i MipcKoe xo3aficTBO a bo uraoria orp&CAH ^HnancoBaro ynpa- BAOHia, BBipenaaro nufiopHiiMi asahhi, BOTopae h cHOCHAHCb npaMO c i MocrboS. IlpiiSanHsii, uto b i r i npeMena HHaniee uapo.iOKace.ieHio He Obuo eme tbki 3acA0HeH0 o n npaBBTeibcraaBucrmiMii cocAoniaMH,
— 303 — Rain. 3to cxyraiocb Bb XVIII CTOxiTiH, BcatxcTBie ORomaTe.n.Haro pasBHTia spinocTHOro npaBa h ipeaBuiafiBaio ycaaeHia XBopaHCEHXb BUfiopHHXb JOiKHOCTea. CHCTeira mockobceoB a^xHHHCTpauiH npexcTaiua.ia iiHoro HeBurox- buxt. cTopoH't, no ofimee ea nanpaBaeme fixaronpiaTCTBOBaao rocyjap- cTBcnnoMy ejKHCTBy. H oho pocao, necHOTpa Ha Bci MaTcpiaatHua npeuaTCTuia, na iuoxoc coeroimie nyTefi coofimema, Ha pas6pocaHHOCTb Hapoionaceaenia, Ha olSmapHOCTb Teppuropia. Bjaroxapa mockobcboS cacreMt, BCHKoe pacnrapeme pyccitaro rocyxapcraa Cu.io h i to ace Bpexa pacuiHpcHieai pyccEaro Hapoja. Hoaaa cHCxesa auniacb in, Hamem aaKOHO^aTeatcTiit Bb to speua, Korja Poccia cTOHEHyaacb cb npOBHHi;iaMH, rut npetunia cpexcTBa MocBOBCKaro „o6bexHHeHia“ 6ujtn ohiukomi c.iafiu. PasjpofiHTi, oct- 3eftcKia npoBHHuia sa MexEieyi3xu 6uao HeTaEbjenco, iaEi HiKorxa oO.iacTb BeJHKaro HoBropoxa. Hojehtb snaaemc nnsmaro Haceaeaia na sanajHuxr, OEpaaHaxb fiu.ro qe raKi yxofiHO, kbex in, jpynixr, MiCTaxb. UpHTOMx Poccia caua cefit cmragaa pvKH sptnocTHUMb npa- bomt,, h eft npHinaoct maiHTb npaBa „injnxeTCTBa“ Bb npacoexHHeH- Htixb ryfiepniaxr,, nojofino tomy, Kasr, oaa noflHHStajia ero SHareHie y cefia nowa. CaoBOm,, sanaxHua OKpannu rpyxBie fiuxo nepeaapHTb, HiMb to, 'ito aoTOii nepeiiapiua MocaBa. 1131 moro, Konemo, He cxt- xonaao, hto npeacHBO cacieay Haxo 6ujo fipocHTb; no TaEbcayiHJiocb, n aejb3a ne npasaarb iJianTa, hto npoBHHpiH. iipHCoe.tHHeniius in,pyc- CKoit xepacaBt Bb XVIII cioxtTiH, ociaBTca xoce.it hjh BOBce He pyc- cehmh, nan He coBctm pyccKHMH ofiaacxaMH. £xa yupan.ieiiia BHOBb npHcoexHHeHHbiiiH npoBHHuiaua, IleTpb Be- XHEit cqHTaxb noie3HHirb BocnoxbsoBaTbca tSiih ycTaHOBxemaMH, ko- Topua yace nMtimcb Bb 9THXb npoBKHiyaxi. Maxo roro, OHb pacnpo- CTpaHHXb HXb HB BCDPoCClB. %ia BHyTpeHHefi Poccia hobuh yipearxema 6hxh ne 6e3noxe3HH. hmh fiuao noaoacBo nepBoe ocHOBaHie to9 „ryfiepHia“, eotopoo mu noxB3yeuca Bb Hacroautee Bpeaa. HeHTpa.iu3ania ynpaBaenia Bb bockob- CEHXb npnKa3axb, BuroxHaa Bbno-THTHieCEOMbOTHoraeHiH, npexcTSBJa.ia fioxbmia Henuro.'iu Bb axMHHHCTpaTHBHOMb. Bb ytsxt He fiuxo opra- noBb ynpaBxeHia Bb HacroameMb RHareHiir btoto c.ioEa. Bet opraHU yt8XHaro ynpaiueHia aBaaxHCb nepBOB, HH3mero HHCTaHpicii, He MMtB- me» BO3M0SHOCTH yXOB.ieTBOpHTI, CEOJbKO HHfiyXb BaaHHMb HOTpefiHO- CTaNb HapoxoHacexeHia h npaBHTeabCTBa. HtEoropua xt.ia bobcc fitua DSbHTH H3b-H0Xb HXb 3aBtXUBHHiH. 3a BCt,MbXOX3SHO6UX0 06paiHaTbCH Bb MocKBy, rx t cocpexoTOTaiiajiacb a cpexHia, h Bticmia HHciaHttia yapaB-ienia. drHHb HDcranaiaMb npaxoja.iocb ptmaTb Bet atxa bhv- TpeHHaro ynpaBJieHia. HecoBepmencrao Mtcrauxb opraHOBb npeatxe
— 301 - CMuriajoct Tixb, n o oGutinni k BuGopiiue .iioah hoc.ih bcb rarocii yupaB-iOHia. IlpaBHTe-ibCTBO HBAteocb sa hhxi, Go.rfce, lixb HaHtoaxb co6ciBeHHHXi arcHTOBb. Bujb MonenTi, Bb HCTopin Hainero xiCTaaro ynpaiueHia, Korja npasHTC-ibCTflojaae bobcoxorfjo yHHirozHTb acta npHKaSHHXb bi yte$. Kpoxi BoeBo,ju. Tasb, m>OAHOMbym t Qeiopa AieiciieBina mh qnxaeKb: „tto6h bt. ropo^axt Gutl oahhh'b BOOBOAaxb, a ropOAOAteiUaxb, cumHKaxb, ry6nirab ciapocTaxb, asi- ckhht* npiiKaruHRamt, ocaABHHb, nyniKapcKHMb h JEHTHHinuiib ro.io- uaM'i, ne Ghtl... ttoGu wipoAB on. Toro rpaACKHMb h yfoxHUKb juo- Ahmt, at KopsiaxT, h noABOAaxb .iHnmia TarocTH ne 6mjo“. C-riiAOBa- TeaiiHO, bcoHliciHoe ynpamionie aoxshoGiuo BnpeiBAepatanca naBoe- BOAaXS, Cb OAHOii, H BBlGopHHXb 3eXCKHXb AOJaCHOCTaXb, Cb Apyrofi - ciopoau. Ho KpinocTHoe npaao, ycH.iBBamneeca bco Gojbnie h6o.ibaia, yfiHBajo 3H8HeHie Htcniaro KpecTbancTBa, a ropoACKia oGiahhh, paso- peHnua thhkiiuh noGopaxH, no xor.m npejciaBHTb HaAeznaro xaie- piaaa A-ia caMoyupaiuenia. EAHHCTBeHHmib coc-iosieMt, cnocoGunxb B3HTBCH 3a ytaAuoe ynpawenie, Cu.m wy*njue adah; ho ohh Cu.m MiiniKOM-b saHatu bo.ikoboh cjyacGofi h He usrfmn npasa VE.iOHaTi.ca „OTb nocujoKi h nojKOBHrt ii n ^ s.ia rpasjancKoS c-TyasCu. BcaiACTDie aroro aojkhocti. bocboah owaeTca eAHHCTneHHUMi cpoA- ctbomTi M'liCTiiaro yiipaiuenia n cpoactbomi KpafiHe HOHaAOWHUHT.. CocpoAOToaoHie iic'6xt> A^iAT. bt. pysaxi bosboah ue.io et. ortmoniio BaacTefi h HaBOH:ieHi» uaccu A te. a bto, Bb cboio onepeAB, nopo- KAa-10 HeA-MHHOCT£> H Iip0H8B0.1’b. Uerpb SeiHEifi ze.ia.ib ASTb m'Icthocth caaocToaieAbHoe ynpatue- nie, EOTopoe sairtHHJo Gu oaeliAUBaHie H3T. Mockbhnpeamiixb aeTuep- Te8 a ABOpuoBb. JoasHOCTb ryfiepuaTOpa Ea3a.iacb exy naHjyiniiisn, cpeACTBOHb saiiiBHTb npeisnie TeppBTopiajbHue npuKaau. Cb yipes- .lenieHT, ryGepaii, Bb jtBcthocth SMaDica ja i HHCTanniii (a sartxb h (iojbnie), Boropua AtfiCTByiOTb boat. HenoepeiCTBeHHUHb naC.iiOAe- Eiescb Buctnaro bx rocyAapcTB't yopeatAOHia, cenaia. yqpezAan aoaz- hoctb ryfiepHaxopoBT. h npeoCpa3ya aoaibhocti. BoeBOAb, neTpj, l!ean- sifi npasuna-ix h MicTHOe abopjihctbo Kb yiacTi» Bb ynpamoBiu. yipeacAaiOTCfl .laHApaTOKiii Ko-ixoria, rAi BuCopHua 0Tb ABopaHcm 11JiHU,a 3aciAaiOTb ex ryCepHaTopoab, a „ohx uexuy hhmh He aiio .a- CTHTeab, ho bko npe3HA6HTb“. Hpeo6pa30BBBaeTM ropoACKoe casio- ynpaBjenie. yipezAaBiTca „BHHiaie h BHacaie eyAu“, n Ttsib no.ia- raeTca naiaAo pasAi-ieniio BjacTefl Bb irtciHOMb ynpaBAeniu. SUea ry6epHiH Bb TaKoft ifopwli He noraC-ia Bb Hameab aaKonoAa- Te.n.CTBi. Ona CAteiaca .iio6iimoio xenoS EKaTepaiuj II, KOTopaa h Aaaa Poccin SRaxeaHioe YvpeoKOeHie.
II. y Kpe&cdeme o tyfepmxm 6h.io itoxhumb h BcecTopoHHHKB pasBH- TieMi. HaiaJi't, niKOrja yna;wmisjsi, HeTpoMB Bo.ihehmi,, ho ho ocy- mecTuiiiiinHxcn upH seas, BOtjCTBie paaHUX'B oOcToaTe.iBCTBB. flpH EitaTepHH'fi II HOTpefinocTB bb irbcTHUXB npeoCpasotaHiaxT, qyBCTBOBa- .iacB CHJbute, qfiMB npeatje, h cpeACTBB kb hxb ocyiuecTBxemD Ch.io ropasjo fioaBiue. Iloc.it csiepTH UeTpa Be.innaro neb ero mI cthhh yqpeatAoaia no- iu6j «. OcTajucB to.ilko aoazHOCTH ryfiepnaTopoBi h bocboab, OKpy- atemiuxB EaHu.eaapU)tH, bb kohxb 6u.iu cocpejoToqeuu khkb aj.au- QHCTpaTHBHBia,■TaKB h cyje(iHHH A'baa. Bu6opaua ao-ukhocth, hm4b- uiia Tasoe snaaoHie bb apenHeii Poccia, Hcieint. Camia npHKaaHtia jOJatHOCTH HM'b.iH nano cpcACTBB asa acno.inenia cbohxb oSasaano- CTeB, TyfiepHiH h jpyrie aAMHHHCipaTHBHBie oipyra Ohjih CAHnntOHB Be.iHKH. Bca Poccia (5uaa pasjfsxeHa na 10 ry6epaift. HajB ry6ep- niaxH, vnpaBxaRniHlinen nefio.iurraMT. ko-thbcctbomt, npHKanmixB jfojeB, CTOa.iH Koxxoria, bb kohxb cocpeAOToqHBajocb Bee BHyTpeHnee ynpa- Bjeme rocyjapcTBOHB, nojofiHO TOMy, kakb npeatje bb mockobckbxb npunasax-b. BpcjHun noe.rbjCTBia SToro nopnjKa ncmeii 6ujh ncHcnn- c.iHMM. HMnepaTpHna Cana H3narae-n, hxb bo BBejeiriH kb Yupexcde- Him. „IIo Be-mKOH ofinnipnocTH ryfiepHifl, roBopaTB OHa, OHua hojo- CTaTonno CHaCateHti KaKB npaBHTeaBCTBauH, TaKB a uajortHtaiH « a yupaBieaia .toabmh: bb oahomb a tomb ate uteri, Bixoao npa- B-ieaie ryfiepnia, bjh itasennue aoxoabi a cieru, o6me cb O.iaronn- HieaB hjih noaanie», a csepxB Toro eme yrojOBHua jb.ia h rpaatjaH- CBie cyan oTupaBnnryrca... UpoHCXOAaittee otb toto HeycTpoftcTno Bectaa Oin.TTHTe.TBHO, CB OAHOft CTOpOBU MeAAeHHOCTB, ynymBHia, BO.lOKHTa cyTB ecTeCTBCHHun cxtACTBia TaKOBaro HeyAo6Haro a HOAOCTaTOHHaro uo.ioateHiji... Cb Apyroft ctopohbi, otb Mej.iHTejBHaro upoasBOACTsa BOSpOCTaiOTB CB06BOJIBCTBO H Jifieja, oCnie CB APyTHXB nopoKBMHu. HcnpaB-iesin sthxb snoynoTpeOneniii HvnepaTpaiia ptiinua npaHKTB CAiAynmui atpu: 1. PasAt.iHTB BHnepii) Ha ryfiepHia aeHBmaro ofibeua hIimb npeat- Hin. IIpej.no.iara.iocb, ito ryfiepnia, „ja6u Moraa 6htb nopnjoiHo yupaB.MeMa“ , jonacna HubTB otb 300—400 t. atme-ieft. Ha canont ate A'&Alj hhcao ryfiepHitt, bx'Iicto npestuHXB 10, yBeJiHieno ao 40. 2. Bc» coBOKynnocTB cyseOHWXB a aAuuuHCTpaTKBiiBixB a'6-tb pa3- A'6ahtb MeatAy cneuiajBHBiira ycTaHOBAeHiaMH, At8cTBy»maua 6o.rf,e hah Moate caMOcroiiTe.il,no, aa tohhomb ocHOBaHiH saKonosB. Cb stok) 1 . rPAJOBCKlB. t. i. 20
— 306 — ui.iMo Koxaeria, 10 risxx nopx cocpejOToqeiiHU* bx ctojhuI'., <ftua pacnpes&ieHU no ryfepHiaMX, now HaeneMX naaaTX. 3. Jlnraui cociaBX Kicmofi BAMnnHCTpania ojkhbhtbMHoaecTBoax BUgOpHUXX OTX COC.1OB10 aO-ISHOCTefi. 4. 06mee na6/R)Aeiiie aa^a.ismnHCTpanieft h coc.iouiann n nanpa- BjeHie axMBHncTpauiH coo6pa8HO muam Bucmaro npaBHrejincTna upe- jociaBHTi. renepajx-ry6epHaTopyn.nl, khkx xorja HHeHOua-iacb m jloaatHOCTB, rocyjapeBV HaM'bcTHHKy. 5. reHepa.ix-ryfiepaaTopOBX nocxaBHTk now iieuocpexcTBCimoe na- 6alexeme imiiepaTopcKaro ne-inaecTBa h ceaaTa. Tamiiix oSpasoax, mu bhahmx bx hoboS ryfiepnia paainanue aie- mchtu awnnHCTpaiuH, o KOTOpuxx npeatje no 6hjo pifH. Bo-uepnuxt, mu bhjiimx MHoroiHCjennue opranu ynjm.tenia, b* TbCHOMX CMHCjfc ororo CJOIia. Bca COBOKyUHOCTb aAMHIMCTpaTHMtUXT uonpocoax pacnpeakiena Meacjy cuei(ia.ii,nuMH opraiiaMH, nojoauiB- innMH KOHeub.npesHeMy CMimeuiio stjosicTBX. RasennaanaaaTa, npn- Kaax odinecruenuaro npaspforia, ryfiepHcsoe npaejesie—rasoBU hobub aaMHHHCTpaTHBHua ch.iu, saMbHHimmi npesnifl BoeBOjeKis h ry6epHa- Topcnia KaHne.iapin. Cyjegnaa oacra 6uaa nocTpoena Ha coBepmeHno hobuxx ocHOBaniaxx. OBa OTAf,.iena ort ajMHimcTpaiuH. I’paaxaHCKia cy*x cosepuienHO o-rit.ieHX ora yroaoBHaro. Bx nepnuxx asyxx hh- cianuiaxx lonyineHO ninpoaoe Bufiopnoe Haqajio j m ncixx coc.ioBifi. XpeTxa HHCTanuia, saMbmiBinaa npeaaia bcthkx- h BOTiHHHyD koj- jierin, ocrajacx npasHTextcTBeHnuax cyjoMx, oSiuhmx am ncixx co- C.IOBifl. ltpoirb o6«axx npauHTe.racTBeHHUxx ycranoBaegiS, yipcajeHU eme ocofiua ycTanoBJenia hah cocjobhhxx jt-ix: jiiopaHCKia itopuopaniii cx AenyTaTCKHMb co6paaiexx, ropojooua ycTanoBjeHia n t. n. Bee bto BBxaeTca BMicri cx yapeaiieHienx o ry6epHiaxx. Taaoe pa3HOo6pasie yqpeajeHiS n cpaBHHTe.n.Haa cx upcatHHMx BpeneHeMx canocToareaxHOCTB bix noTpe6oBaan yqpeajenia ocoliaro oprana « « oSuiaio 3a humu tiaddopa. TaEKMx opraHonx aBnaca reBepaax-rygepnaTopx h.ui rocyjapeox HaUtCTHHKX. IIo CMUcxy yape*jeHia o rygepHiaxx, naxtCTHHKXfiuax nocTasjeex M jcko otxaiMHHHcrpania a cyja, bx cogcTBeiiHom cmicjt btoto cjOBa. yqpeajeHie (cr. 82) KaTeropniecsH nupaauieTca, hto ohx He ecTX cyAxa. Jojsboctx ero (ct. 81) ecu. „crporoe h Tomoe BSHCKaaie m- HHTb co Bc-ixx eM.v noABiineiinuxi xbrax a -Hojefl, o HcnoaBenin 3a- Kononx h oupeAtiennaro hxx 3Bania a ,w.i*nocTeS“. Taaoft ofiiniS naASopx hjh, irtpHte, uonenenie oftx ncno-iaeniH saKOHOBX, coCTaB-werx cymHOcTb rencpajx-ry6epHaTopcKofi aoabhocth. IIojoacHTeabnua a^iiH-
al.pii TpefiymTCH
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— 808 — pimeHia npHCYTCTBeHHUXx H'fiCTT. k orpimaTb iHuuHHuauHb, no aacaj- auBaiomHxi xortpia upaBHTexbCTBa. 3totx Haxsopx rpa<|)XCnepancxift na3unajn. Hajaopoxi cx npaBOxx ucnpaeteuix (mu cxasaja 6a pacno- pjoiceHiii). Taxon Riacrin oG-ieieux 6u jx ryCepnaTopx, xaax xo3xum> ryfiepHUt. Ila aronx ocHOBaHin HcnpanraBaeTca ero corxacie Ha onpe- jixeHie xoxsHocxHtixi xhhx, na3naienie xOTOpuxx saBaciTt on ry- fiepncxHXx aiacTefl; eMy npHnaxaeatHn npaBO peBH3in Bcixx npHcyr- CTneunuxx r ic n (xponi cyxeCHUxx); o n no*eTX OCTauanjHBaTi, no- cTaHOBJieHia 3encKHxx cofipaHift h t. j . Taxofl naasopx He bhxoahtx hsx xpyra rylJepHCXHXx yxpeafleHifl, ohx ecTt rjraBHufl xiCTHUH Haj- sopx. n,txb ero—ejHHCTBo mIicthoS axMuuHCTpauiH. HaxoHenx, Haj30px Moacerb Hui>Tb bx BHiy corjameme bc«S ,t6h- TeabHOCTHaXHHHHCTpaTHBHHXXM^CTbCXBH^aMHBHCmarOUpaBHTejLCTBa; ohx BupaataeTCa bx pyxoBojcTBi nicraoSajaaimcTpaniH nyTCMxofimuxx npexQHcaHiit,’ unpxy.inpoBX, bx pasptnieuiH cosmlmifi, BoaHuxaDuiHxx BX HOAHHHeBHUXX yCTaHOBXOHiHXX, BX npHHHTiH Bpe3BUiaitHUXX IIO-IH- TH'ieexHxx lrhpx bx saTpyjHHTejtHuxx cxyxaaxx h t. a,. Bx hpothbo- noaoaiHOCTb iBysx BumeyKaaannuMX BHjaxx MtcTearo Hajsopa, ohx HasuBaeTCH Haj30p0MX rocyxapcTBennuMx a cocpexoioiMaeTca bx buc- hihxx rocyaapcTBeHHUxx ycTaHOB-iOHiaxx. Bx Poccia npaBa sioro nax- 3opa noo6me apexocTaBjeHii ceuary h mbHMCTepcTBaMx. Ha,y3opx, yapesaeHHHft bx xaut rocyxapeRa HanJicTHHKa, coejHna_ix bx ce6i npaBa iByxx noc.rtxHHxx bh.iobx Haj3opa, to ecrx, oaimaio M'fecTHaro h o6maro rocyjapcTnenuaio. 9to coejHneHie ofiycjOBjHBa-iocb cocToanieMX aAMitHHCTpauia bx XVIII n k i. HopyieBie reuepa-ix-ryOepHaTopy ajMHHHCTpaTBBuaro Haxsopa no- hhtho cauo cofion. Ho anemia no-iHTHiecxifi Haj3opx, nopyieHHuS ewy, ofiycaoBJiHBaxca ocoShmh, cneipajrsBHim cooGpaaceHMMH. ExarepHHa II bx cbohxx peijiopaaxx apecjtxoBajia oxHy nixt, xo- Topaa Guja saBitHOD MemoS IleTpa Bejaxaro bx nepBua cenaa,ynaTb af,TX ero peijiopiix (1701—1718). Hixb wa sawmaxacb bx tobx, tto- 6h Meatfly BepxOBHOK* wacTiiO h ea BenocpexcTBeHHUMa opr&Ham, ex oahoS, h MtcTHUHH yEpeauenisHH, cx flpyrofi ctopohh. He 6ujo no- cpejcTBynm.axx epedman Bjacrefl, bx pofli xo.uerifi. IIpH Heipi Be- .iheohx Taxofi nopsxoxx BenieiS cymecTBOBaxx oxoxo xecaTH x4tx. Fy- OepHCKoe ynpaBaeHi’e 6m o nocTaBxeHOnojx HenocpescTBeHHirt Haroopx nonm.cenaTa h casoro rocyjapa. yqpeHseaie xoxierift h3m%hhxo stotx ho- Phaokx, tto npHHeao 6oaie Bpexa, h4hx ExaTepHHa II no BCTyu-ienin Ha npecroxx ropxxo ata.ionajaci. Ha cncieay pyccxoS bahh- HacTpauiH. IKaaoCn 9th MOryTX 6HTb (J)opMyjinpoBaHU caiAyi)mH*x oupaaosix: ryfiepnia 3acjoneHH otx Bucmaro npaBUTe.ibCTBa xoiieriaHH, xoTopua pacnopaaajjTCH hmh biiojh4 6c3E0htpojii.ho. lloceity Heofixo-
jhko uoAHATb snaaeaie irfCTHHXB uacret h nocraBHTt bxb bb He- uocpeACTBGHHoe OTHOuieuie kb njaf.ru BepxoBHofi. IlepBua nan. kb 8to9 BasHofi pe(t>opirf. 6wrh crfuaaB ysaaoMB 21-ro aupfua 1764 r. (II. C. 3., J6 12137), H3BtcTHHKB hojb aaeaeMB HaCTaBjeHis ryftep- naTopanB. Botb tto roBopirrca bb 3toub saaiiaTeiiLHOHB yaarf: „Bce niaoe He Moatert 6utb othbul coBepmeHao, ec«r w t h ero bb Heno- pajrb h HeycTpoflcTBi npefiyxyTB. TjaBnua se aacra, cocTaaianiHia Utaoe OTeiecTBO Hame, cjtl ryOepHia, a oai eaxua rb, KOTopua fojrbe Bcero noapaBieHix TpeCyBTB, tto coBpeHeaeHB an, Bory hbmb uocni- mecTaycmy, a xiBcTBHTe.itHO acnpaBHTL a rt«B acnojnnrr. HaaiH aa- atpeaia hotiuhmch. A hhh$ noiirraa ca.voHyoKHmmuMi, k» moMy npu- cmyno.m npxMOe cyutecmeo ry<5epnaTopcaia xojikhocth, npe.ynpijuH an .WTt bb nii®ec.if,iyB)in;HXB cxaTLHXB ataoTopua ofimia ryfiepnaxopaaB aamauB npaBH,ia“. UepsuaB b3b tbkbxb npauH.rt Cu.io nocTaaoB.ieaie, H3RtHHRinee oTHomeaie ry6epHaTopa bb oepxoBHoft ruacTH. „ry6epaa- TopB, saKB uoBtpenaaa otb hbcb oco6a a xaaB rjana a xoshhhb bccS Bpyaenaofi bb caoTpiaie ero ryOepaia, coctobtbHaieTB hojb coficTBen- humb uamavB a ceaaTa Hamero BiximcMB, noway a■ysasBi tojbko otb aacB a ceaaTa aamero apieaxeTB*. 3arfcMB ryfiepnaTopy Bnf,pnioTca odmHpana npasa aaxsopa, bb ofimaxB aepxaxB aanoaBaaioararo aax- sopB, yapeatxeHHuS iiotomb bb jap t rocyjapeBa Hair&CTHHKa. 3th aa- aaxa 6uaa BnocaixcTBia pasBHTu a bb yipesxeaiK o ryflepaiaxB. IlanepaTpaita aajo 3a6omiaci> o pa3BHTia bucuuxb ycTaHOB.ieaifi; eS Baaho 6u-io hm^tb xopomHXB m$cthhxb npaBHTe.reS. IIodtomv, yapeaxcHie o ryCepniaxB no3CTaaoBH.io nopajOKB, cynecTBOBaBmifi bb 1708—1718 it. Beet aaxsopB3a afcCTHUHB yupaaiemeaB 6ujb cocpe- XOTOaeHB bb ceaari h bb pyxaxB renepa-iB-npoKypopa. Ho, apnHBMaa BO BHHMaHie, tto HaaicTHHKH BO-itaOBajiHCL jihthok) xpyafiofl a no-iaoio XOBipeiiHOCTBD HunepaTpnnu, mosho caasaTB, no ohh xfificTBOBajH coBepmeBHO caaocToaTeaBHO, cocpejOTOTBBaa bb cborxb pyxaxB Be T0JBK0 I'jaBHUfi M'iCTaufl, HO H OomiB aXHHHHCTpaTHBHO-nOaHTHTeCKifi aaxBopB. Oaa cxfaajiici. npexcTaBUTexaiiH He tojbko MiciHofi axMB- HHCTpaiiiH, ho a uo.ihthuh rocyjapcTsa, a npoBOAHBKaaa bucibhxb no- jiHTHiecBHXB cooCpaateHiB. Taxaa cacTeMa bb CyjymeMB exBa ,ia aorxa noc.iya«TB kb yxpt- iLieHiB) rocyjapcTBeHHaro ejHHCTBa. IIpoBejeHHaH bo scefi CTporocTH a notrtxoBaTexBHocTB, OHa CKopte aorxa yxaaaii> CTpaHy otb neo6xo- jHMoit rocyxapcTBeHHoS neiirpa.inaauiH a npHuecTH kb chctcm'6 pas- po3HeHHUXB caTpanif a MHoniaB saMtmaTe-iiCTBaMB. rocyxapcTBemioe exBHCTBo a no.iHTHnecKaa neHipa.iH3anin xoeraraioTcs BOBce He t4mb, no borjaoi ofi.iaCTe# craBarca anna, oOxeaennua ipe3srfcpnoio BxacTtB. TocyxapcTBeHHoe cahhctbo saBncHTBotb coBOsymiaro xMcTaia cacreau
— 310 — o.moofipaaHUXTi yCTaHOB.ieHifl, jiSCTBVBmHXT, na TBepio»i ocnonaniii ofiiuiixb 3iiE0H0m>. Koraa Bci rpaajase nocTaB.ieHH nojt oxpaHy oiho- o6pasKux'b saKOHOin,, KOraa Ha axHxb 3anoHaxi> 6cHOBHBa®Tca o6njia A-ia Bc'txb upaBa, xk.to ortbejHHeHiB rocyjapcTBa kohtcho. Ahtjos, m- upasitpi,, He 3aaaa ipeaBuiafiHHxb HicrHHXi, mcrefi; HanpoiHBb,ea axMHHHCTpaTHimaa CHCTeHa ecTb' CHCTeMa cauoynpaiuieHia. $paBnia l& pono.iKJuiMHHtjiacuoHX't HHreH^aBTOBbcl oOwiipHoio ujaciLD. Koropaa ate H3T. aTuxtb Aiiyx'b crpaH-b paHLUie Aocruraa aJ.iicTHHTejMian) rocy- aapcTBemiaro e^HBCTBa? rocyxapciBeHHaa qeHTpajHsauia ecrt bh too Hnoe, EaKi> TopseciBO ofimaro 3aaoBa ma'l n.ieMeHHUMH, cocjobhumhk KopnopaTHBBusmecodeHHOCTaxH, sOTdpuaupHHaTO HaaunaTL mhibkom'b 8'IlHiiIHlliJM'b H BOBeTHUML HMeHeMI ,,HCTOpHReCKHXl> OCOl5eBBOCTefi“. Pasumia ueatiy qpe3BiraafiHHSiH AOxatHocTaMH, in. x'liflcTBiaxs cbo- hxt. ouHpanntMXBca hc ctoxlko Ha ofiiniB saKOHi, ckojlbo Ha jniHoe CBoe ycHOTptnie, h chctcmo# nopMa-itnuxT. YCTaHOB-ieBia—ecia pas- -iniie Meayy .raraoio iio.ihthkoB h ea c-iyiaftHociaMH h TBepjUMi, 3a- KonoH'hpnHMT, ynpaMenieMt cTpanoS. Bi, noc-rt^HSMt cjyiai hcboj- HeHie Bo.in Bucmaro upaBHTexLCTBa HM-Iien, ropasjo 6o.ibme maHCOBi Ha ycir&xi,, Tain. Kart rocnoACrao cyfoexTHBuoS bojih (oti. KOTopoS SaBHCHTb CMJHauHOCmh Bb aAMHBHCTpailill) in, CHCTesrf. BOpMa.ll.BUXT. ycTaHOBaesilt, no bo3hohchocth, ocxa&xeuoh vpaimoiviiiiiCHO, Hanpormn,, Bt CHCTexi ipeBmj'iaHufcixb AOjatBOcreS jhbho# boaIs upexocTaMem. no.iHuS npocropL. Bueman BxacTL HSjaeTi, ortipee pacnopaatesie, ho cyfibeKTHBHOe ycMOTpf.Hie npaBHTexa awaeica iiepxoBiniMT. cjA&eBero roAHOCTH, yA06cTBa, cooSpaanocxH cb .HCTOpHiecKHMii yoiOBimni0, h HeoAiioKpaTBOBHpaxcHHaaboahrocyiapcTneimoS babcthwomen,ocraTLcn MepTBOK) SyKBOft. IV. JloaxuocTL rocyAapesa HaMicTHHKa,no .yipeatAeniro o ry6epniflxi,“r HOCH.ia bt. ceM 3apoAiJim. AByxt cocepmeHHO paa.TUMHuxt, cHcreMt. llo Ayxy ,yipeiitjeiiifl“, HasriicTHiiKi, joaaeHi, fiu.n> cocraiiHTi, aacTt M'fecTULix'b ycraBOBjeiiifl, hmIiti. Ty aoj®H8A3opa, HOTOpaa nnocrfiCTBiH fiu-ia upeAomBxeHa lyfiepHaTopaML. Ho HcropuiecEia oficroaTeabCTBa upHAajHaoxshocthHax'BcTHHKaoco6u8 xapamepi ipeaBuiaHHOubjuicth. Ma.io no Ma.iy cra.10 hcho, n o HasrfccTHHBi no Moateib cocTauHTL oaho Hiaoe ci. rydepBCKHMH vipeatAoniiiMii. Cnaia.ia obt, C>u,n nocTaiucBi.. bh'6 hxx, Kiiiti. iiiiTO ocofioe. Bnoc.iiACTiiin »Ta ao.i » hoctl npHsaana npHrOABOHI T03I.K0 AAa HiBOTOpUXL MtCTHOCTCB HMIiepiH, HOHS-MBlHeB A-ia MaccH pyccKHxi. ryfiepKiB. Haaa.10 9T0MynpeBpamemro aoaxhocth naMtCTHHKa no.TOxeno chmob
— 311 — ne.uiKOio y'ipeAHTfcn.nnuefl ryfiepnifi. Bb 1781 roay, Korja „yqpexae- Hie 0 ry6epHi»Xb“ Haia.io npHBOAHTbca bt, itiiCTBie, nuuepaTpuua OTCTyuaaa orb nepBOBawwaro n.iana OTOXAecTBHTb ryCepHiio ci Ha- MiCTBHqecTBOMi. Bt. pocmicaHiH HairiscTHHqecTBb, coCTaBjeHBOHb si 1781 may, 13-ro inns (H. C. 3. .V 15171), uemcaaeTca copoai, ry- 6epuifi, na EOTopua paaitaeBa fitixa umrepia. Ho H3b othxt, coposa ryfiepHifi col'tsbhjocl tojbko ABaAuaib BaaiCTBBTecTBT,, npnicMi, npa- 6.iH3meabflo na KaatAoe HankTHHqeCTBO dphxoah.toci. no ab* ryfiepnm. MocKOBCaaa ry6epHia cocTaBH.m OTAlubHoe naMtcTimqetTBO. llerep- 6yprcKaa h Bn6oprcxaji Apyroe, upnaeax nairfccTHHin, (noAb HMeneiib r.iatfBoKOMaHAyfonxaro) HasHaqaaca TO-ibno Bt OTCyTCTBin rocyAapiiHH. 3ar&H% Bcf. rySepHiH, spout iioBopocdflcsiixb, xaaopocciAcKitxb h oct- 3c#(-khxt., coeAHHeau no ar+. no.ib yupan-ieHie oahoio HaMtcrHHKa. HoBopocciBcaoe HaMicTunqecToo saiiaao orpoxBOe npocxpancTBO. Cdab OTonuH ryflepuin: CapaTOBcaaa, AcTpaxaHCKaa, A30BCKan h Honopoc- eiiicuaa, Butpensua ehhbeo Ilo'reMKHHy. Tpa wajopocciftCKia rySepuiic OT.iauu bt, ynpaBaeHie rpaifia Pprannena. PHXCKaa ryfiepnia ocra.iacL ocouMM’b reHepa-i-b-ryCepHaTOpCTBOMT,. PeBejibcsaa ne Bonr.rain. cociab% reHepajt-ryfiepHaTOpcTBb; osa ocTa-iacr. bt. ynpaiuciiin canocT0aT6Jb- Haro ryCepHaTopa. T an , cpaay 6naa paaopBana cbbbb moxat iiaMtcTHHKajiH h ryfiepH- ckhhh yqpexAeniaMH. Bsitcrt cb rhjrc, 6bua Hapymena ocnoBBan xtjcjib EKaTcpHHU II, qTo6u xexAy ryCepuiami h buciuhmt. npaBmeabCTBOirb He (tHAO HHKaKnxb nocpcACTByninHXb HHCTauitifl. TaKOio nocpeACTByn- meio HiicTanuiefi aBH.ica tott. » e HaMtcriiHKb. MiciHoe ynpaa-ienie no CMiacJiy „yqpeaieHiH“, cocpeAOToqeHHOe bt. CHCieMt KOA.ieriaji.HUXb h noiVKO-ueriaAbBUXT. ycTanOBjeufi, cb reHepajb-ry6epHaTopoMb bo r.iaB'fi, Tenepb pa3Aiawocb aeatAVabvmh bamhHHCTpapihmh: ryfiepHcaoio h reHflpa.rb-ry6epHaTopcK0io. reHepajb-ryfiepHaTOpcicoe ynpaBjcnie, ocHOBaHHoe na no.iiioMoqiH rocyAapeBa HasitcniHKa, pa3fMlseTca, irate 6ojbmc suaqeHia, qtsib CHCTeua MicTHHXb Koaxerifi. BcatACTBie aroro rfc HeAOCTaTKHMicraofi aAMHHiicrpaniH, npoTHBi aOHXb mica.ia EnaTepima II, h KOTopue oHa Ayna-ia yBHTOOXHTb uocpeACTBoab ycHAeaia irfecTHUxb ycTaHos-ienift h iipaBiubHaro pacnpeAtema KexAy hhmh A te, iio3o6iion.iji.incb Bb re- Hepa-ib-ryCepHaTopcKOMT. ynpan-ieBiif. HeAOCTaTKH HOBOS CHCTeiJtl lie BUflCBBAHCb npH EMTepHH-h II. Be- jHKaii xeHiKHHa yiitja BufiHpaTi. .TOjefi h noAiOTOB.THTr, hxb axh ro- cvAapcTBeHHofi AiaTeawiocTH. -lnqiiuft coraaBb HaaieTHHKOBb Bb 1781 r. 6u.ib Ai#CTBHTexbHO 3aMf,qaTe.ieHb. IIoTCMKHBb, 1’yHaHneBb, Me.ibry- HOBb, Cniiepcb—lanoBbi 6bi.ni sth AOBf.peHiiua .mua HMnepaTpni(u. ^pesiibiqa^Haa Baacra, mif.pciiiiaa TaKHiib Jiiuasib, sior.ja npimecTH
— 312 — 3HaHHTan>HyB noiiay Bb to Bpena. rpy6oe odmecTBO, xoth aciioiitjo- BaBiuee BOitTepiaHCKyn Bipy, HO*aBHBinee RpecTbanb; tohobehtoctbo, BOCUHTaHHOe Bb DIKOJi KaSHOKpa^CTBa H BSaTOTHH'ieCTBa; BKOHOMHie- csia fitacTBia CTpaHH, — cjoBOirb Bee, ito npoHBBeao n.vraaeBHHBy, MOT.TO Gutf, uiCKOJlKO HCDpaBJCBO CHAbHOB, SHeprHBCCKOID BjaCTtn npocrimeBBHXB naHtcTHHROBb. Jo nacb joiu.w HtiuiTopue otpubkh Baa kh3hh btobdyiHBBT&abHaro ofimecTsa. TaKB, reHepaAb-rydepiiaTopy apocaaBCKOMy h BOAoroACKOMy MearyHOBy npraiaocb rain, aiao cb C.rf^yiOinHMB .IimaMB. „KaAHHEOBCKiSHCDpaBBHKT. EeBOfipaSOBb .liOfiHAb noKo.ioTuTi. BCTpiiBaro h nonepeiHaro. OjHaatflbi oht. BCTpintica Ha yrani co CRauiewiBKOsib h ho yrepnijrb: yraHHjb nofioH. H dapono- cuuy, Koxopyio CBanieiiHHEb Aepaaxb kbbb ipHTb ora xioiaro acnpaB- HHKa, UOBpeAHJli, BKAOEb fopOflH BUpBEJB...“ MejbryHOBb Bejijb BO- JoroACKOMyrydepHaiopy „B0fiTHBbTomaSiiree pascMorpime cerojiaa“. Ho OHO CKOpOKOHTHAOCb MHpOBOR). CoCTaBb HpHCyTCTB0HHHXb irfiCTb TaBffie 6yficTB0BaJb. Thhorhbeh boaotoaceoS aaseHuofi najanj npoas- aejH KaanejapHCTy MmnypHny nofiou, ora kohxi OHb „y«pe“. Jbo- psHCKift 3aciAaiejb apeHCsaro seHcaaro cyAa h Taxonmift cTpauiifi YAaBH.TR pacnpaBHaro cyibio... Bci ara HcropiH h mhoscctbo h« ho- AoShuxb c.iyiHJHCb Bb upOAO-iateiiie ToabKO xuecmu tiepnun jmesum 1788.roAa. Ho wo sHamum sth ho6oh h ayHepTBiit“,-iipoHaBOAHMHH TRHOBHHKaMH, Bb cpaoueuiH cz Tim,, wo At-ia.TR MaraaTH? reHep&Ab- aHmeijjb h KaBa-iepb Cb. AHApea IlepBOBBannaro, doraraS BOpoHe*- CKi8 noaimireb, rpa$b HeTpi Ahtohobhw, Jeaiepb hsz wyxz uy- meai nepecTpijajb Becb ixaBmiS Kbaesy seMcsift cyAil %o ae oda- Baaocb AiAan, renepaab-rydepHaxopaiib, Kara He uojiaoBaTbca cbohmi HBABopoMb Cb „upaB0Hb ncnpaBjenifltt? *) OHepria HaiiicnraKOBb uanpaBiuacb ecja He npoTHBb spyuHHXb, TO npOTHBb HejKHSb dTHHOBb. Bb HairicTHDTeCTBi Me.Ibrj'HOBa dljjb OAHHb MO-IOAOS KSHliejapHCTb llBanb HoCKOBb, KOTOpuB cant npH- BHaaea, hto „nbera ao 6eaayBCTBia h raiera coodmecTBo cb pacnyT- humh“. HaiaabCTBO pimH.io, hto Hacayafii ero Aepaara Heabsa. Meab- Tj'HOBb pacnopHAHJca cAiAy»rnH*b odpaaom,: .HopsoBa, Kasb TOiOBtKa Bb TaaHxb HOJOAuxbaiTaxb, KOHXb eay toabeo xpHAuaTb, ocTaBHBmaro CAysdy, h HOTOxy odpamawmaroca Bb npa3AHOCTH, Aadbi OHbdo.rte Bb ofimeciBenHyio h cboc co6cTBeHnyio TarocTb ne niaTaaca, orouaTb Bb BoeHHy® KOHiopy, AJa HanHcaHia Bb apMeficaie hoaer, Bb coAAaTH.” Hab axoro bhaho, Eaxyn BaacTb uxiiH HasicTHHER. Bee BHyrpeH- Hee yiipaBjenie aeaaao Ha HHXb. Obh saBaciaa HeuocpeACTBenHo ora BepxoBHoS B-iacTH, a aeaAy codon chochjihci, k:\\ki, no-TVcyaepeiiHue ') On. Pycadu Me«ry«
—sis rocyxapn. „yHpe»jeme o ryCepniaxi.” nuo onpeAtjaxo nojpo6nocTHaj- MHIlHCTpaTHBHOfl jiflTe-lI.HOCTH HaMiCTHHKOBB. DoSTOMy OHHOu.lK, THKB CKS3aTt, caMH ce6t saKOHOHB h ynparuHJH oCxacTbD no CBoeny ycxo- rpJiHiio. Taax „yipeaneHie“ peEoaeHxyeTB HatrliCTHHKaHX 3a6oTBTbca o upexoTBpameaiH rojoja, ho yKa3biBaa ojnaKO, ito ohh MoryTB cjt- jiaTh HJia aToro. MexaryHOBB bb rojoiHufi 1786 tosb npocTo npejira- cajt HCUpaBHHEaHB, ITOfo OHH CJ'BjHJH 3a HeiipeMiHHblMB SaciBOMT. noxefl. „Hto6u nesaciaHHuxB noxeii HHrrf He ocTauaxocb, hjh bli fiyjeTe oTffliiaTb uai iecTb»l“ sHannxocB bb ero opxepi. Ecxh jrfxo KaeaaocB He osnoro a abjxb nair£cTBHKOBB, to oho paapiraaxocb, thkb cK&saTr., Me»xyHaposHHHB cnocoOoMB, nyrera corxameHia abjxb HasrtcTHHKOB'L. JIioConuTnas nepenHCsa apocxaBCKaroiKLM'fnl iitiiui, Me.ii,- ryHOna, cb hobiopoickhmb, CaBepcoMB, npexcTanxaeiB mhoto jOKasa- TeJbCTBB BTOHy. Ohh pa3Me»eBUBajH Meaiy co6oro, no B3aHMnoxy co- rjameniio, cboh Maxima, yTBepsaajH paaHtie OTsyna h nojpa.iu, ot- HOCHTeXbHO BHHa H COJIH H T. A- Bb HHCji BTHXB HHCeMB HHTaeMB, aeaxy npoimiB, cxixyiomee (otb rpaija Cauepca bb MexbryHosy): „TBepcsaro HaMicTHHicerea BeCberoHCKiS ropoxoBOfi xarKcrpaTB MHi npejCTaBxaeTB, ito HpocxascEaro HaatcTHHiecTBa, Mo.ioatcKoro yisxa, bb cexi OcTO-iononf, firaacTB neysasHaa apxapKa, h na OHyK> He Hajiufi CBisxB oCuBaTe.iett, onero h xixaeTCa rpasjauaHb noApuBB. A kukt, noiofiHaa ccuy apHapaa, uuniaair BecberoHCKaro yi3ja, bb pa3CT0HHin otb Toro cexa OcroxonoBa TpcxB bcpctb, bb pascyatxemit npoH3B0xn- Maro otb nefi uojpuBy khob ynaiToseHa, xxa toto Bame Bucoaonpe- BocxojHTe-ibCTBO noKopHiBme npomy npHKaaaTb HOMaHyTyo apxapKy, hko cocToamvio Ha caxofi rpasapi oGohxb jis w n , bb npeEpameme xorynpixB 6an> bo bcJ xb npanacaxB hoxphbobb, yHHHToanTb.“ TaBB md3opb, saxynaHHuB HxnepaTpHHeB, nepemexB bb ynpaejienie bb buc- mefi CTeneHH aumhoc- rpatfra, CnepaHCEiB HMixB npaBO bb 1821 roxy c.-rixyiomHitB o(5pa30MB oxapaBTepH30BaTb noxoateme Hicraaro ynpa- BxeHia: „ry(SepHCKiH Micra, rOBopH.TB ohb, bb npanoMB cmacxt hb hmIibtb HajB' co(5ob MicTiiaro Haxaopa. rpasxaHcsifi ryCepHaropB, CiiBB npexcixaTejeMB ryfiepncitaro upaB.ieHia, He noateiB Hax3npaTb HH CaHB 3a Co6o», HH 3a MiCTaMH evy paBHUBH. IIpOKypOpB HMieTB bb chxb nicTasB ojho npaBO npejBHBxeHia. Ha,\\3opB eo BxacTbB HcnpaBxeHia no o(5ineny TTpeaxeniw npHHaxxeaiHTB renepajrb-ry6epHa- TopaMB. Ho TaMB, rx i sBaHie cie cymecTByeTB, xiflcTBie ero, ako auv- Hoe u cb movHocmm HeonpednAennoe, HenpeciaHHO KoaeGxeTca Meaxy caaOBxacTiexB n nocxatixeHiexB...\" ynpeatxenie MHHHCTepcTBB n nocTenennoe pasniiTie ryfiepnaTopcKofl XOJJKHOCTH OKOHHaTeXbllO BHHCHHXO HeyXOBXeTBOpHTejIbnOCTLHaMiCTHH- kobb, saKB opraHa aopsia-ibHaro MicTnaro ynpaBxenia.
— 314 — Yipeayeme MHHHCTepcTBB bb 1802 roav Hsrfuo fl'kain npeoCpaso- B&n sanoso opraHHsanito nucmeS hcuo-thhtb-jhioS n-iacm. Hchoihh- TC-iiiHHJi B-iacrb no Toro BpoMoiiH fibuia opraHH-fOBaHa KpaSne Heyao- BieTBopnTeabHO. EiiaTcpHna 11, icaaB mu bhaIi.ih, ofipamaja rjiaBHoe BHHMamo Ha yapeacaenia m'Iicthliji. Bucmee ynpawenie aepaaaoo. opn Heft He CT0.1LK0 JOCTOHHCTBOMB yipeatAeHlfi, CHO-II.KO ptjKHMH Kaae- ctbbhh aimi, kohmb (ju.iH uopyteHu OTa\"t-iMiUH OTpacjH yupaMeaia hoab HenocpeacTBeHHUMT. naA3opoMBcaMofi HunepaTpaqu flaneai I, BooOiqe HeaouipiHBO oruociuimificH kb upeofipasoiiauiaMBcsoefl MaTepn, bb 1797 rojy aaijMaJB BoaBpaTHTbca kb ciaposiy nopaj,Ky. Be.iijcTBie Bioro BB CTO.lliqt 6u.lH B0306h0B*HH ynHETOJKCHHUH KO-JACrill, J0J3S- hocth rocysapeBUXB HaMicTHnnoBB coKpaiqenu, cpejHia cyaefiuua hh- CTaaqiH bb ry6epmH yuaiToaeuH. lloc-rtaHaa at/ipa fiuja uecbsia no- ae3na, u6o coKpamaaakoahhcctbo HHcranqiS. Ho3aTinBpeijiopMa1797r. npeaciaBJUMa naatiiHaHeyaoCcTna. I’paijiBCuejiaiicidft onpoAt.raeTBhxb catjyBomHMB ofipa30Ms: „Tlepeoe, ito bb hcmb (nopHAKt) ycTaHon.ieiiB 6lijb, thkb csasaTB, jaofiHOfi KOMiueKTB ojh'Ixb h t I.xb »e Koxxerifl: h6o ryfiepHCKia iriscTa He ito jpyroe cyro kheb rfi ate casiua ko.ub- rin, Toxy ate caxoMy cenaTy h bb toS ate CTeneHH nojiHHeHHHS, a t!>mh ate caxuMHjvfuaxH ynpanaaniqia. OreKiqa mhokbctbo crfecHeHift h 3aTpyAHeHi8.Bmo;»e,xoTa HaAsopBreHepaxB-rySepnaTOpoBBnoHeonpe- A'feAHTe.iBHOCTHero6u.tb HejocTaToaeEB, hocbynpa-uiieniesiBeroryfiepH- caiaxieTa ocTantci.yato 8o3BBCHKaror.taBHaro Mlicrnaro Hajsopa, Kpoirfi upoKypopcitaro, KOTOpu# h Be3Ali ca&6b, a bb OTAaaeBHUXBryfiepHiaxB HOITH HHHTOaeHB, b6o npOKypopB HHKaKOft B.I8CTH BB rylSepHCKHXB BicTaxBHeurteTB\". Hophaobb utotbAepataaca He xoaro. Bb 1802roAy A8H0 HOBoe ycTpoSciBO ceHaTy, h no-ioateao ocHOBaHie yapeatjeHiio hh- HHCTepCTBl. IIpu ynpesAeniH MHHHCTepcTBB saKOHOAaTeABhm-I.ib bb bhav ofipa- soBaTB nocTOBHHue opraim BucuieS Bcno-iHHTBAbHO# BJiacTH, pacnpe.rt- jhbb MeatAy hhmh jkia coo6pa3Ho hxb poiy h KatecTBy J). Baicrt ') llo aasoBy BuctaiSnawopi 3ayopa«aeHie«i cocpanoTOiOKUca n ami cenara a reaepana-upoiiypopa. Caaa no ceftt bth cpejcraaChib HCxociaTO’inH. Ho BMnepa- ipana noaaraaa BO-jBOanana bochojhhti sron Hejocraroai, yapexast oi o6aaei«xi atCTBuxi rcnepaii-npoaypopon bb auat BaaicranBOBB. Ms bbxIjb, ito, npn ae- BO3M0XB0CIHpaajijBiBnajaopB„ci npaBomBonpaBaeHia” otb ynpaBienia, an uoiy- injB ne uauicxiiHHifi nax30pB, a uaMtciuBiecKOOynpae.ieme- *) draaB Boeaoaaaaca eexocTaTOKBsncmeBBcnoaHBTCaBHoBBjiactB, npeaae(oco- CeuHo npn Ilaaii I) cocpejoioaeauoS bb aaui renepaai-upoaypopa.
— 315 — cb xiin», npeo6pa30Ba.ica Ha hobuxt, naqaxaxi h BbicmiS Hajsopi aa aiMHHHCTpanieft. Bxicxo toro, htoCh cocpejOTOiHBaTi. Ha»opi no bc'&h'l HacTHMt ynpanjenin wb pyitaxi ojiioro yqpeatjeHiH hah .lepa (ceHaTa h reHepa-ib-ryfiepHaTopa), saKOHOjaTejibcxBO pa3,vfc.in.io ero no oipacjaMb jvlm, nopyqHBb »th oxpacjm orjIui.HbiMi .inHam,. Conan ocxaxca .mini, yqpeayeHieub, ofiiejHHiiiOLilHMb 8x0™ Hajsopi, pas(>H- TUft IIO OTH'iJBHUH'B B'fcjtHiHMi. He BXOfla 3jt,Cb Bi pa3()Opb JOCTOHH- ctbb yqpesjemx MHHHCTepcTBi, Hejbsn He 3a»rfcTHTi>, qxo ohh Bi ca- Mofi Hjet CBOefl, cxaaH bt> npiiaoe npoTnuopf.iie cb yapeatjeeieMb re- nepa.i't,-ryftepHaTOpcTBB. Bo ncpBuxi, joaikhocti. reHepaAi-ryfiepHaTO- poB’B BaTpyAHaxa ocym;ecTn.ieirie ojnoii hsi ni.ie8, npejnojo*eHHHXi npaBHTe.ibCTBOM’b npn yqpexjeniH MHHHCTepcTBi. Ht-ii, 9Ta cocxoaja b i ocyn(eCTB-ieHin shb^xhoS mhcjih Ilexpa Be-innaro h EaaTepHHu II— yHHHToatHTb Bci cpejHia BHCTaimiH Meatny ry6epHCKHMi h bhchihm'f, ynpaBxemeMi. IIoaxoMy HinmcTepcTBa oObiiB.ieHU ho cpejHHMi ycxa- HOB.ieHieM’b, saMtHUBiiiHMb KoajeriH, a Bbicmero HcnojHHTeJbHon B.ia- cTiio, aacxbio npaBHxejbcxByioii(aro cenaxa. 3th mhcab pyicoBojHjn 3a- KonOAaTe.ibcTBOMx. Bi 1802 rojy h Bi no.iHo8 chjS yjepsasa 11b 1810 r. Memjy rfcsii, qxo se Tanoe flu.m reaepaab-ryOepHaTopu, khet, ne cpej- huh HHCxaimia Mesjy rvSepHCKHMi ynpaBjenieMi h BbictnofO ncnoxHH- xeabHO® BJacxbB)? Bo BTopuxT,, reHepaavryOepHaiopcitifi naj3opi, no cymeciBy CBoewy, npoTHBopiqnn nanajasn, HHnncxepcKaro Hawopa, HocxtAHiB Kaca.iCJt oiiioro poja jliAb, no jiScTBOBaai Ha Bcesrbnpo- CTpaHCTiif, rocyjapcTna. rpa<(n, IfaiiKpiiiib cnpanejAHBO iia.ibiea.ib opra- HH3aailO MHIIlICTepCTBb AUMapHM, Bi TOMb CMHCA$, HTO KaHSjajt AHH1H yripaB.ieniii: ajMHHiicTpania, aoiuuix, iJiHHaHCH luibroxb rjianuaro mh- Hiicipa, jHiiis me Kainjaro MHHiicTepcxBa njen oufiAbno qpesi Bet HHCTaHHiii. HanpoxKBi, reHepavii-ryOepBaTopcKoe ynpaBjeHie jli.1a.10 H3b CBoero pafloua saMKHVTyio oS.iacTb, rjli Haj.iopi h BJiaCTb HawfecT- HHKa pacnpocrpaiia.iHCb Ha Bci iscth yopaBjeHia, 3acA0Hsn nxi o n BHCmefi B-iaCTU. Ton * e IvaHKpuHb nasunaab Taxoe ycTpoftcTuo ocmposHvum, <i>ejepaTHBHUMi. B i TpeTiHXi, yqpesjeHie MHHHCTepcTBi JO.HKHO Sbl.IO COCpejOTOHHIb BOO CHAV HO.IHTH1 eCKO0 BjaCTH Bi BHC- muxi ycTaiioBjeiiiaxi, ocTauHni BcbMi iiojqiiHeiiuuMi ynpesjeniaui Tojibxo ajMHHHCTpaTHBHoe snaieHie, tohho oapejtJeHHoe jiflcTBvsi- dihhh laKonaMH. reHepa-ii-ryOepHaTopa, uanpoxHBi, BM’li-iH SHaqeme npejcxaBHre.ieit nucmeft no.mTHxecKoS B-iacM Bi mScthocth. Kam paapiniHTb bth npoTiinopIi'iia? Bi snoxy yapeacjeHia hhhh- CTOpCTBi o6i BTOMi He Oh.10 pf,m. CaMlJHIipOTHBOpiqiH8TH lie BHIH.1H emo Hapyaty. UanpoxHBi, yqpewjeHie MHHHCTepcTBi Bcf,MH cqHTajocb 3a ecTecTBeHHOe npojo-iKeHie bo.ihthkh EBaxepKHH II, h HHnepaTopi A.iOKcaiijpi I Mon ciioKofiiio jyMaib, qxo OHi aapcTByen no jyxy h
— 316 — pasyity c.Boefi 6(U5kh. liaacHua uoaHTaaecKiH jcfeia otbj6kjh ero otb BHyxpeHHefl dojiithkh, h to.ii.ko nocxi B'fcHCE&ro soHrpecca ohb non npHHflTtca 3a BHVTpeHHia upeoCpasoBamn. Tor^a npanaTe.r&CTJio hcho yBHA’feao HeoSxojHMOCTb cor-iacoBarb i s i jo.jshocth, nocTpoeHHUH Ha AByxB coBepraesHO pa3JaaHUXB HaaaxaxB, —liHHHCTpa h reHepa.rc.-ry- ^epaaTopa. .lyamie noxaTHaecEie yxu u onuTH’Mrnie ajMHHUCTpaTopu iipHnji.m yaacrie bb btomb corxacoBaHia. Ho ono, kbeb mu ceSaacB ymuHMT., npHBe.ro kb Becbaa uey.ron.reTBOpiiTe.ii.HUM'r, peay.Ti.TataMB. VI. Bb 18 16 rosy, no BbicoaaSmexy noBeximiio, Ghat. cowaBAeBB npooKTB HOBaro yapeataema nauicTHnaecTBB. Bb caxy aroro irpoeeTa, HMuepia ao-iaiHa (Shah pa3jluHTica na 12 HairtcTHHaecTBB; Kaaaoe H3B bhxb npe^nojaraiocB cocTaBHTi. hsb 3—5 ryGepmfl. HanteHaaecTBO BBipaaocB HaaicTHBKy, npa kotopomb coctojub cob4 tb cb npaBamr coBtwaTeabHaro ymBOB.reHia; rojocB HaatcTHHKa oahhb nai-rB pi- aurreABHoe 3HaaeHie. Bb saBijuBama Bioro coBtai u bo BiacTH Ha- MicTHHKa cocpeiOTOaHBa.iHCB Bci aacM ynpaBaenla: cyjefiHaa, iiojih- aeBcaaa, xo3a»CTBCBBaa, xyxoBHaa, yaefiHaa, noaTOBaa h t. a., upon* AificTBynmefi apMia a iJuOTa. HamicTHHKB ire ynpaBaaeTB npaito hh- kekobj aacTtio, ho eay uo^aHHeHU Bci HaaaaBCTByionua aaqa. Obb mo- ®6 tb srtHaTB BcixB aoahchocthhxb ahrb (spout ryCepaaTopa, Batie- ryfiepHaiopa, npeicijaTeaefi naxaTB h apoaypopoBB). OpeACTaBJema cboh ohb jiraeTB upaao aanepaTopy apess KOHir-reTa, mhhhctpobb h nojyaaeTB BucoaaSrnia noBe.riuia apesB oto ace yapeacAenie. CeHHTB npacujaeTB cboh ysasu npaiio bb Heiiy. Mhhhctph nocH.raoTB cboh pacnopaaceHia rySepHCKHMB BJiacTaMB hoHHaae, rcaKB ape3B nar&CTHH- kobb. Hpe3B hhxb ace h noAaaHeHHua B.racTH jixariTB cboh npej- CTEBjeHia BucmeMy npaBHTejbCTBy. HairtcTHHKy npanaA.resHTB saac- Hoe npaBO ocTaHftBJHBaTB acuojiieHie ymoBB ceHaTa h npejnircaHiS MHHHCTpOBB. 9toib npoeKTB ne 6u.ib npHBe.rein. bb acnoxHenie, mosotb 6htb, noioMV, hto ohbbctpJthab CHABHyu onnoaHnilo bb Tor,iantHHXB urna- CTpaxB, ocofieHHO bb MHHHCTpt ijiHHaHCOBB, rpaijii TypteBi, KOTopoay osnaaeRHuS npoeKTB 6u.ib nepejaHB aa pa3csroTp$Hieno Bncoaaiimeiiy nooejfiHiio. Tpa4iB TypbeBBcnpaBeAxmo A0aa3HBajB, hto ape3BuaafiHaa roam, npeAOCTaBaaeaaa riauf.cTitiiKartB, napaxHsyeTB AteeABHOCTb mhhh- cxepcTBB. Ohb cor.rama.rcH cb tIimb, am yapeacAOHie MHHHCTepciBB h BByrpeHHee ynpasAeaie npeACTaBxao atKOTopue HejocraTKH, nopoar-
— 817 — AaBmie Baxnun sxoyiiOTpefijeHia. Ho 9th hcaoctsteh h 3xoynoTpe6je- Bia He ofiycjOBJHBaJH ylpexjeHia BxacTH, no cym,ecTBy cBoexy npoTH- BopiaHBOieS Haiaxaxx meHCTepcEaro ynpamenia. HaupoTKBx, rpaijn. TypieBi noxaraxx, bto npHBHHa hcaoctbtkonx imiTpenniiro ynpasxe- Hia saKaunaeTca ,uamnOvmim oCpajo.m bx HeofipasonaHiH, cootbSt- CToeHHO nanaaaax MHHHCTepcBHXx ynpaBjenifi, BOABtAOXnxx hhx hah MicTwixx ynpaBxeHifl.\" Hsx npoeETa-caaoro Tpacjia TypxeBa bhaho, bto ohx cor.iama.ica cx aeofixoAHMOCTiio hbmIicthhkoiix, ho ho bx tokx mui, bx iulkoxx npe.v xaraxx hxx npoeKTX. IIo hhcxh rpaifia, ynpae.ie>tie bucbicq h xtcTUoe Aoasho cocpeAOTOBHTbca, bx xHHHCTepcTBaxx, cx oAHOfl, h bx ryfiepn- cehxx ycTaaoBaeHiaxx, cx APyro# CToponu; rxaBHHfl ate xicTHUB uad- sopi AoaaeHX 6hti BsipeHx HaxfccTnHKaxx, upHieux aoxhehocte hxx Aoxataa opranHsosaTbca Takx, bto6h oiih Be xorxa saAepatBBaTb itfi- CTuia BHcmnxx n bhsbirxx HcnoxHHTexbHUxx Bxacxefl. Mutnic rpaijia Typxesa, muKercx, Bosimtxo iiaA-ieacaiueo fltBcTRie bx bhcbihxx afiepaxx ynpaiuenia. Ho Epaiinei xipl) npaBHTexi.CTuo bx BpHflBBni OTKaaaaocx otx mlicjh cjixaTb hsx uajitcTHHKOBx oprauu Bucmaro ynpaBjesia h CTpexHxocb npeBpaTHTt hxx bx opyxia raaa- aaro xtCTHaro HaASopa. Kpoxt Toro, npaBHTexbctbo npmn.io cine kx TOxy BaacHOxy 38K.noReniro, bto TeoperaaecKaa paspafioTKa OTOro Baa- Haro Bonpoca ne hosctx bphbcctk tom uoji,3u, kskx yuasams onura. BcrtACTBie aroro, bx 1819 roAy, reHepajx-aAxnraHTy BaxamoBy BucoBaSure noBexino 6uxo BSHTb bx cbob saBtAHBaHie bbtb rvfepHiS (PasascKyn, TyxLCKyio, OpxOBCKyn, Bopoue*CKy» u Tax6oBCKy3>), cx Tixx, BT06bl „OHXAOKasaAXB03MOJKHOCTBnpHiftHeHia Ha A'fexf. npoeKTao naxfccTHHHecTBaxx“. BaxainoBx Haaaxx A*ficTBOitaTb to.ii.ko cxl8 23 r. h bx TeieHia rpexx xfcrx npexcTaBXHXx cboh cootfpaaceHia h npoeKTH. Bx to a e caxoe BpeMa rpa^x CnepaHCKifi (bx 1821 r.) cocTaBu.ix cboS npoeETX npeofipasoBania irtcTnbixx yapeKAeniit. 9totx npooKTx noxa- 3UBaeTX, bbkx xajo homo 6uxo CA’LiaTb asx renepaxx-ryCepHaropcROfl AOajehocth, x bx EaicoS cTeneHX pasoin.iacb yme oaa cx o6b(Hmh ry- fiepncKHHH TCTaHOB-ieniaxH. IlxuepaTopx AxeRcaHApx I, nopyiaa Baxamosy bx 1819 roAy narb- ryfiepHit, hsxokhxx exy cboS bspxsax Ha aomcboctb naMtcniHEa. Oym- Howb Bioro larxaja saEAimeTca bx tuixyomewb. UpH BoemecTBiH CBoexx na npecroxx, HMnepaTopx saxiTBAx, bto BHyipeHBee ynpaB.ie- Hie coeABHeHO bx .rant rencpaax-upOKypopa h hoax ero Bceo6mHxx saASopoMX pasApoC.ieHOHaHicKoxbKo ahobteobx xtcTBbixx ynpamcBiS. Taaoe coeAHHenie baacth bx bhcbihxx dftepaxx a pasApo&iem'e ea bx hhsihhxx conpaaeno co anaBBTextiiUMH HeyAo6cTBaini. Ilocexy HMne- paiopx /ipusHa.ix sa fixaro noApa«AiixHTb rocyAapCTBeHHoe ynpawenie;
- 318 — «b 3to» ii.-fe.ii»3 yipeaiOHU hhhhctopctbb, komhtctt. mhhhctpobb, npe- ofipasonain, rocyjapcTBeHHHfi cob6tb. flja AOBepmenia ate npeofipaso- BaHia hcoCxoibmo yipeaaenie reHopa.ib-ry6epHaTopoBb. House reHe- pa-ix-ryScpHaTopajoasnu OT-iaiaTtcaon. uaHfecT&ukobb EaaTepanii II. IIoca-time, no MaiHiio HMuepaiopa, C-ihuikom-l fiu.nt oCpeneHeau noj- B'liiOMCTBeniiaiiK am jijiaMH (TO-ecTb,samtu 6hjih ynpaeMHie.\\a>, Bb co&TiieHiioMT. CMUcai) a ottoid hmIuh shuo BpcMenn saHima-rhCJi t&mh, soTopua, no oScTOaTe.ifcCTBaM-LE li hxb ycMOTptuiio, io.iaHU6am npu- B.ieit. hxb ocofioBHOe imiiManie.3artsri. HimcpaTopb aitaywuiiM-i. o6pa- 30mbonpeiitnub cooTHOuieHie pasHuxb lacTefi a.iMaaHCTpauiH. .Mhhh- crpu, no o0u3aiiaocTHcBoefl, aojikhu jaBart aanpaBxeHie KaxAoit iBoeft aacTH, a nojBijoacTBeaHua hm-b jdicTa a anpa bb ryCepaiaxi aoashu A'taaTb pacaopaiEH u iicno.iHeiiia no npeAnacaaiiiMb MHancipoBb. Ha ociioBaaia saaoaoBb a ycTaaoBb; reHepaab-ryfiepHaTopb ate BcerjaaiHiB Ba6.iiOjtaTe.3t Bcaitaro pacnopajita a Bcaaaro Bcno.inenia bb uopyioa- huxb eny ryflepHiaxb, aaa eateMHHj'TiiuS HHCiieaTopb Bcixb racieft BuyTpeahbro ynpaBaeaia Bb ero ospyri”. uomoihh reaepaab-ry- 6epnaT0py noaaraeica coB-frrb. Ha ocBOBSHia BHCTpysitia a npoem, lia.iamoBt Baaaab A'fcficiBO- BaTb bo BBfepeHHUXb eMy ry6epaiaxb. Hpa stomb ohb nocTeneaHO bh- pafiaTuuaab iipoeart rcHepajb-ry6epaaTopcKaro ynpaB.iema, KOTopoe, no iio.Tfe HMnepaTopa, npeino-iaraaoct pacnpocTpaaaTb na bcioaxnepiio, ecjH ouutb narary6epHift, BBfepeHHUXbBajamosy, oaaaeTca yjaiHuab. OcaoBBLia aaiaja apoeuTa Eattainoiia cxoahh cb t6bh, toropua mu BHiia a bb 3aMtaaaiaxb rpa^a TypteBa a imcrpyimiH A.ieitcaiupa I, cb HfeKOTOpuua aanit HsafeneniaMH. reaepajb-ry6epaaTopu, nacajib EaaamOBB, ao.tshu 6htb 6esnpe- puBHHMH HiicneitTopaMa Bcixb aacTefi yapaaieaia h, Buf.cTt cb rtab, raaBHUMH HaH&ibHuitaHH nojmiia. Mhhhctpu HaapaBjuBTb ifeaTeatHOCTi. noiTOHeHHHXb BaacieS, a reaepaat-ryfiepHaTopt HaO-iKijaeTb sa HcaoxaenieMb upeABHcaBifi bhc- maro npaBHTe.ii.CTBa. Bb TaaoHb bha'6, roBopan, ohb, reHepajib-ry6ep- aaTOpu m MOiyim 6mm Henpixnmu MUHUCmpaMi u M no.tcMme»yoic6n.. Doataa, osHjaeaaa on. reiiepa-ib-ryfiepnaropcKOB aojkhocth, cocToa-ia bb tomb, hto ohh6yiyrb Hafi.nojaTt, „tto6h MiniacTepcKia aacTH ojaa jpyrofl He upeAaju, a aa KOTopaa 6a uaitoro Bume atpu npejimcannon ae CTtcniMa\". ycTpaHaH reHcpa.ib-ry6epaaTopoBb otb iiScTBHTexbHaro ynpanje- Hia, liaaainoBb, no neofixoiHMOCTH, joaxeab 6u.ib iipH3iiaTt caMoeToa- TejbaocTt ry6epaaTopoBb. „ry6epnaTopb, roBopaw, ohb, ecTt xo3aaHb CBOefi rySepaiHa, crfiOBaTeatHO, ero whopy no.t.iejKaTi. jo.ishu pac- iiopiiiKU no apeinacaHiaMb rr. miihhctpobb no hxb aacTaab; no no
— 319 — HcnojHHTe.ifcHofi qacTHohx hsxojhtch cam noax r.iaBHHxx sawpom reHepaAX-rytfepHaTopa h, Bant no toS ofiasaHHOcra, Tasx h no Apyrofl, Ao.iateux cocTOBTbnoax iioiie-iimieMi. ROHUTeia mhhhctpobx“. Ilepoaoja 3th cjoua ua fio.rte hohbthhS u3hkx, bhxojhtx cj’SAyBujee. l'yfiep- naxopx. cctl xoaxum ry6epHiH, c-ifeAOBaTe.ii.BO, bca oTB'feTCTBCHHOCTb aa BByTpoBHCc ynpanjeaie aesuTx aa Hem.. Ha HeMXace AeaHTX Hajisopt 3a acnoAHeHieMX aasoHOBx n mhhkctupckhxx npeAnucaaifi bt. hhsuimxx. ycxaBOB.TGHinx-B. Ho, no CKoxbKy obi cawt Beiio-iHHTe.ii.naji BAactB,.ero A'iScxBia noAJeaaTi AsoftnoMy EonTpo-xm—renepajt-ryfiepnaiopa v. ko- MHTexa MMHHCTpOBi, TO-ecTb, Aeyxx ycTaaoB.'emB, KOiopua caMH He HeevTT. npiiMOH OTB'feTCTseHhocth 3a nopajoRB BHyTpeHHaroynpaBjema, BO MOl'yTT. CTt.CBflTIi CBOHMH pacUOpaateHiHMH AHHO, npRHO OTB'I'.TCTBOH\" noe 3a ototx nopajonx. Ba.ianrom. oiem, oupeafejemio Bbipaaaercn o(ix OT.THTiH reHepaA'B-ry6epHaTopcK0/l u rySepHaTopcKoS OTBliTCTBeH- HOCTH. nOC-risAHBR, K8KX BAaCTB ynpaBAHIOIliaa, OTBt.BaeTt 3a TO „upa- mi.ii.Ho ah oht, pacoopaAHAXhah hciio.ihhax\", a reHepaAX-rvfiepHaTOpx, KaKB BAaCTL Haj.xHpaioiuaa, sa to „ ho nonyciHAi ah ohx bx MOJiaain h bx HCBSucKaKinHenpaBHAbnaropaciiopaiKa hahHcnoaHeHia“. „HTaKx“, aaRADiacn, BaaamoBX, „s noAaran yupaBAeme xeatainHMX na ryftep- naTop'fe, a naAsopi, sa ynpaiuenieMi, h 8a caMHiix ryfiepHaTopOMX ae- aauiHMt aa reHepaAwyOepHaTopi\". Mu HHqero He hmIsah Ou nporaBx »to8 Aeraofi h npiaTHOtt ofiasaH- hocth, cc.ih6x oHa He napaAHaoBaja a'F.atcabhocti, Anna, aa kotopomx aesnrx bch ceptesBaa qacn, hamhhhcxpapin, BaAamoBXcaMX. co3HaeTca, qi*o oTBtTcTueHnocTb, vcTpaHBaeMan hht, jwn rytfepuaxopa, Taateaetoh, KOTopyio onx Boa-iaraeTi, na renepa.ix-rvfiepHaTOpa. „OTB-feTCTBeiiuocxB ryfiepnaTopcEaa, rOBOpHTX ohx, B03Hoac8anpa ojho* toabko, mbotonpa AByxx ryflepHiiiXB, imaqe 3aM6AAHTX KpaBae TeqeHie Kbax; owfeTCTBeH* boctb ate renepaAi-ryfiepBatopcRaa Aonycaaen. boax naA3opx Heonpc- diMumeatMoe ihcao ry6epHi8“. Ho oqeBBAuo, ato Hajtsopx, o kotopomx rosopHAi. Ba.iauiOBX, Hoatexx cx yAoScTBOMX 6htb cocpeAOxoqcKS bx .impfe npanHTeAbCTBj'Bmaro ceuaTa u MHHHcrpa BiivTpeHHHXxAli.ix, t^mx, dojfee, qTo TorAa toabko aAMHHHCTpauia AOCTiirHexx AiftcTBHTOABHaro eARBCTBa. 3aMfeqaTeAbH0, qro r>axani0B7> cam BucuaaaAx oxy mucab. „Bx rocyAapcTBt Mein,meft ofiranpiiocTH,—xiixaetix mu y Hero,—Mo dern. outi. AOCTaToqHO ynpaBAenia oabhxx ryfepHaToponx no ryfiep- Hifla'b, ne cocTanjHH H3X hhxx. OKpycOBbhaho6.iacxeH. Bx odiaRpuom rocyAapCTsi MoryTx Hun raicxe xasie spaa, Koropue He cocTaB-iaK>rx U'6ao8 o6.iacTH hah CoAbiuoro ospyra, a ryfiepaix) hah Aaate ueabe oaofl. Bx chxx cjyqaaxx b4tx hv-kau bx reHepa.ix-i'yfiepiiaTopaxx, a Aocxa- tothooahhxx rydepiiaxopOBx, bx oxnomeHin kx kotophmx mhhhctpx BHy-
— 320 — TpoHHHX'ii a^ab jurteiB otfmyu H8AB bcSmh ooJiaaHHOCTi. rflHepajB- ry6epHaTOpa“. Ho ec.ni 6u BajaraoBT> jonyCTHJi npeAHO-ioaeme, tto bch Munepia pasAiAeBa Ha HeJBia ry6epmH, Seat coeRHHeiiis hxb bb oapyr*, Ha tto Torja Hysaa 6tiia 6a AOjatHoeTt reHepajB-ry6epHaTopa? He yaHBHTaibHO, tto TaKofi npocKTB, ocnonannua Ha npoTHBOpi- TiaxB, He hoib nojyiHTb OAoSpenia san0H0AaTe.ii.H0fi luacra. BaaarnoBa, EOHeiHo, Hejbsa bhhhtb bb aran Hecoofipasiiocraxi.; oH't saiweLiH on. HecoCToaiejbHOCTH ca»oro yapeasema, aoxopoe eny npaniAocb sa- mmnaTi.; eny npeACTOEAO upimapHTt yipeKRenie hhhhctopctbb, saEB o6m.eS rah Bcefi HMnepin Hcito-JHHTeALBofi iuacTH, cl TpesBUTafiHoio AOJbhoctib reHepaJvryfiepHaTopoBi. yAHBHTeabHO ah, tto ohb ho ycnijT. bt* 9tomb opeAnpiHTiH? HecMorpa iia Becb cboS Ta.iaHTT**cam. CnepancKifi ne More. Hinero CjfciaTL BT. 9T0MT*OTHOmOHiH. ErO HpOOBTBeCTbOfipaSeHT. nOJHTHTCCEoS jobkocth, yxamuxB icosifiiinauirt, ho ohb He AOCTHraen. cBoefi piAH. CnepaHCEifi npHHHMa.iT. bb cBoeMB npoeKTt npHSHaHHoe yse npa- BHTejbCTBom ochobhoo no.ioateiiic, tto AOJZHOCTb reHepaAB-ry6epHa- Topa C0CT0HTB BT. Had30ptb 38 MtCTHUHT, YnpaBJCHieMB. Ho OHB HOHH- xa.it Taitae, Ayime aim. kto-jhOo Apyrofi, tto hIitt. bosmoshocth bt, TaKofi CHAbHOfi ROAKHocTH, KaKOBa reHepaaB-ryfiepnaTopcKaii, npoBecTH rpaHHay wexAy HaASopoHB h ynpaBAeniesi. IIoaTOMy ohb npeAnoaa- raai, CKOJbKO bosmosho, ocaafoiTb ahthob BAiaHie reHepaxB-rytfepHa- TOpOBB Ha HiCTHywaAlIKHHCTpaipiD, napa-lHSOBaTbBO3MOaH0CTbAHTHarO npoHBBOAa. Ohb npeRooiaraAB h3bhtb renepa-iB-ryOepHaTopoBT, hsb apyra MiCTHUXT. yTpeSAOBifi, TTO, IcaKT. OHBCHpaBeAAHBO ROKaSHBaAB, AaBHO yae Cu.io CAtxaHO sa Aiurfi- OosTOxy xoashocti, renepa-TL-ryBepiiaTO- Pobb ROAana (fun OTHecena kb Kpyry loeydapcmeeumim ycTaaoBAemfi. „reHepaAB-ryfiepHaTopB ecTb He tto HHoe, aaKB mhhhct6pctbo, atfi- CTBytomee Hauteri. h npHHaAAeaamee kbofimeny sc’bxB MHHiiciepcTBB cocTaBy, kb cesaTy. TaKHMB o6pa3onB, HHBHCTepcKoe ycTaHOBjeme fiy- AeTB HHiTb abb BHRa: orhhb o6mjfi, bb KoeMB Bet At.ia pasAiAaDTca no npeRMeiaKB, Apyrofi MtcxHufi, bb KOeHB stat pasAt-wiorca ho OEpyrajiB. Hsb cero caao co6o » yae catAyeTB,—npoAOAaaen. ohb— TTO HiTB HHKaKOfi DpHTHHU AHBaTb Ce*y yCTaHOBAeHilO BHRBCpeRHlfi, hh kb TOHy, hh kb Apyroxy HopaAKv ne npHHaAAeaanjift. Cofi cpeAHifi BHRB BB MHOrOMOiKHOCTII ynpaBAOBia 6UAB 6u irtlTTO HSAHHIHee, a HOTOHy BpeAHOe\". TaKB njxaxt CnepaacKift ofiofim naauoe saipyAHeHie, npejcTaB- AaBineecH cocTaBHTeAam. npoeKTa,—ne RonycKaib aeaRy m^ctruhb h bhcihhhb yupaB-ieirieMB HHKaKHXB nocpeACTByioH(HXT. BAaciefi. CnepaH-
— 521 — CKiS paspiniaert btots BonpocE Tim, ito othochte reBepajE-ryfiep- MTOpOBE KE TOCVAapCTBeBBUME (TO-eCTh, BHCBIHME) VCTaHOBAeHiaME, H sarfcME yTBepatjaeiE, wo ohh He fiyayrE cocTawari. HHKaKoS cpexHei KHCTaHnin, sake (Sy*TO nep*ni,Ha HassaHia HSirf.naen. cymHOCTt jiial Majio btoto: reHepa.n,-ry6epuaTopu, AificTByDUtie rbke cpednee ycra- uoaipHie, Henke ericHaiH 6a uuciuee npaBHTejtCTBO, q*ME be CAyqai B03Be,teHia hxe Ha CTeneHB „MiiHHCTepCTBa, jMcTByHimaro Ha m4ct6“. Ilo KOHqHHt Haneparopa AaeKcaHApa I, sth upoeKTti uoctvhh.ih Ha ycMOTpiaie Hosaro upauHTejbCTna. ITo Bucoiattmeiiy iiOBexiHiro 6u.ie COCTaiUCHE OCOSuft KOMHTeTE, KOTOpiJf) A0.1X6HE GNAT. OROH'faTCJBHO pascHOTpiTb xhjio o reHepaAE-ryfiepiiaTopaxE. nocranoB-ieHia btoto K0MHT6T8 BUBOAH BBepBUe BOHpOCE O M&CTHOHE yiipaBACUiH Ha HaCTOH- niyio Aopory, a uorour ohh 3acayxHBamTE fio.ituioro BHHxaHia. VII. 3ac%xauie KOHHTOTa, jo j» ehctboimnmam ptmHTfc yqacib Ua.rainoB- CKaronpoeaia, nponcxOAHAO4-ro Has 1827 roaa. PeayjbTaTU cOBkmama 6am BecbMa neGxaronpiimiH urn btoto caHOBHHKa. OCpasoBaaie oapy- tobe, no iiatniro rombtotb, AaeTE KaxjOMy H3Ehhxe 3Haqenie orxtn- noft ote uti-iaro qacm hahAaae ocoCaro B.iajknia. Komhtcte no.iara.iE, qro be iio.nmfqecEonB OTHonreHiH bto A$AeHie6yzers BpejHO, be aj«H- HHCTpaTHBHOME 6P3nO.I63HO. yqpeXAeHie HaMkCTHHKOBE HHCK0JI.R0 He y.iyqmHAO 6u nojoseiiia ryfiepaifl. Be nojTBep*ieHie btoto saKAKiqema, KOMHTeTEnpHBejE secbMa y6kjHTeJbHbie mothbu. Bote bto mu qirraeMB be avpHajfe ero: „XBepj0CTb, ejHhctbo h cua ynpaBAema saBHcaTE ote coBepmeHCTBa yciaHOBAemS, ote xopomaro Bufiopa ahhe, a He ote (iesMipHoft hxe bjkcth. HanpoTHBE toto, sth ymHOBJeHia Tepa»TE cbob CHjy h paspymaiOTea, Korja BHcmie cbhobbhkh(Kara cie BepisjKO 6biBa.!o) ynoTpefiaaioTE jaHHHa hme noanoMoqia Ha to, btoCh 3aTpyj- HaTb hah ocTaHaB.tHBaTb saKOHHoe TeqeBie jfciE h ojhhe Apyroxy npoTHBoatScTBOBaTb. tfie.iaestbia nopaAora be ryfiepmaxE xorja to-ibko yqpeAHTca, Korja 6ynyrb nocTaHOBJeBu tothbib h eiHHOoGpasHua npa- BH.ra aah BckxE irkcTE ynpaB-renia h cyja, kotas tricra cin 3aBHckrb CyAyTE ote oahoto AeBTpaabBaro BepxoBHaro npaBHTe.ii.cTBa, KOTopoe 6a pyKOBOACTBOBajo sa*Aaro no oAHBasoBHME aaqajaME h, tbke caasaTb, eAHHUME ABHKeHieME\". KoMHTerE cnpaBej.niBO iipn3HanaAE bth Haqaxatoahhmh AJa ofimaio rocyAapcTBeanaro ynpaBaenia. Ke coacax&Hiio, obe hphsh&ae cahiukome ofiH.ibHua HCK.iioqcBia hse btoto npanH.ia be noAbsy paaHUXE aorpa- HHqRfjxE ryfiepHifi. lIoCToposHia BAiania 6uah cahibkome chabhet, wofirj A. rPAJOBCKlfi. T. I. 21
— 322 — KOHitTen. son hxb npeosojrbTb. Ho embsh ue BHTaTb kb neiiy rxy- 6okoB npHOHaTCJiMiocTH 3a to, no ohb ja.iB pyKOBOAmaia Haiaja, KOTOpHMB paHO HAH K08JH0 (jaB EOTB TCOCll He CJHU1K0MB HOSAHO) AOjikhh hoaihhhtbch Bet pyccKiH ryfiepHiH. Haaa.ia mu npocTH h moaotbophh. Ohh He to.ilko He oc.m6.ieHH pe$opxaxH aacToaaiaro napcTBOiiauia, hohoctohhho npo,tojaaiorB pas- BHBBTbCJI. Korja reHepaat-ryCepHaTopu 6h.ih npHsnanu Heyji.OMeTBOpHTe.ib- hijkh oprasaMH Hajsopa, TaKB KaKB npa hxi npesvbpHoSBjacTHototb Haasopt nepexo,iu.iB bb ynpan.ienie, saKOHOaaTeabCTBOBsipH-io rJiaB0H& Haj,3opi. bb irfecTHOCTH ry6epnaTopy. 9to6hjo npaBHitHoe paspimeme aajaiH. Tasaa ba&ctb, KaKB ryfiepHaTopcisaii, VAOB-ieTBOpas noTpeOiio- cthmb aiMHHHCTpaTHBHaro HaASopa, iia cko.ii.ko 9to HysHO j.w hoa- aepxama eAHHcrua bb Mf.CTHoit aauHHHCTpaiiiH, BM'teri cb t4*b He ■oxeTB nepeHTH bb TpeSBiiaaSHyio nO-iHTHiecKyio BJacTL, yaHMToaaio- myio SHaaeaie ipyraxB ycTanoBJieHijt. Bc'Ii OTpaciH mI cthoB aAMHiiHerpaaia 3aBiayi0TCa ycTanoBjeHiasiH, hnIiioihhmh cbok) oupeAf.jieHHyio CToneHb Biacra. OTHomeeia ry6epaa- TOpa KB HHXB pa3JUTHH. Ohb H.IH Haft.IlO.iaeTB TOAtKO sa nopajBOMB np0H880AHHtHXCa BB HHXB jt-IB, BB pfejUHXB CJViailXT. npHHHSiaH yiacTie bb oco6chho BastHHXB asTaxB, h.ih AtBcTByeTB ipe3B HOABi- AOMCTBCHHUa 6My MiCTa. Bb TaKOKB cMHCii aaiepTSHB HaaaaB ry6epHaT0pauB bb 1837 r., K0r,ia B0o6me upoii3omjH saaiHua petopHU bb mIscthoiib ynpaB-ieniH. Hams* onpeataaeTB ABoasyo jiaTeabHOCTi. ryOepnaTopa: KaKB bhc- maro npexcTaBHieja KiacTH u oxpaintTe.ia sbeohobb, h kerb 3amhhh- CTparopa. KasB npejcTaBHTe.ib Bucmefi bakcth, ohb npejc4xaTeab- CTiiyeTBbb ry6epHCK0MBnpaB-TeHin, Koropoe h aB.uieTca nenocpeACTBeH- huub opraHOHB Bucmaro npaBBTeiBCTBa. KaKB 6ae>CTHTe.ib nopaAKa h aaKOHOBB, ohb noab8yeTCa jipaeoMB pesasiH h HeupepuBnaro HaAsopa. KaKB BAMHHHCTpaTOpB, OHBAO HOC.ltAHarO BpCMCHH HM'it.lB 06lHHpHHfi KpyrB A'iAB, Koran ohb saB'liAUBajB apesb apHEasu o6mocTBeHHaro npH3ptnia, CTponTeabDO-Aopo*Hua h npoiia kohmhccih h kohhtcth, KOTOpMXB fibl.IO TpeSBUTaSHO MHOTO. TaKHMBo6pa30HB, Hamm co6ahhhjb bb mnjb rySepnaTopa abb a.ie- xcHTa, ao Ttxs nopB pa3B6AHHeHHue. yipeatAeme o rySepmaxB pas- CHKTpHBaao ero kkkb npcmmeAx. EiacTb HaA3opa iipHHasaeaa.ia reiie- pa.iB-ryfiepHaropy. Cb BHA0H8Mf.neHieMB »to4 ao-ikhocth Hyaino 6mo noAyataTB o6b opranimiiiH HaA3opa bb KaatjoS ryCepmn, KaKB sioro ae.aa.ia HMiieparpHua EKaTepima. EciecTBeHHie Bcero 6mao bos-iojkhtb ero na ry6epH8Topa. Ho Hanie sanonoAaTc.ibCTBO He cpasy npHnuo kb taKOMy pa3p4ineHiio Bonpoca, h .minb npoSja ipe3B Ua.iauiOBCKie npo-
123 — «KTH, yfrfijH.lHCh B l B03M0JKH0CT11 HM'liTb BT> IliCTHOCTH Hpe.TCTaBHTe.lH sjacTB, He napa-wsytouraro j'taTeJiHOCTH apyraxs yipeajeiiin, h opra- HHSOBaTb H'liCTiiufl Hajsopb, He nepexojamii m, ynpaBjcHie. IIoiuitho, qro npH Taaom xaparaep-fc sricTHaro Hagaipa, hokho AOCTHrsyTb jByx-b Baamuxb utjieB: Doj.qnBeHia bccfo ynpaBxema He- nocpejcTBeHHO Bucmeiiy upaBHTejrbcTBy h nowenenHaro pasBHTia casro- croaTejbHOCTH MicTBuxt yCTaHoisJeuiti. 3asoHb 1837 roAa npejCTaBja.11> ojHaxo BaaHue HejocTaTKH. Cy- je6naa 8-JacTb He Otua oeBo6o«jieua o n B-iiauia ajMHHHCTpaHiH; co- cjonnoe canoynpaB.ieHie He iiirb.io jocTaTOiHOfl ca»iocToaTe.ibHociH; yqaerie ofimeCTBa bt>o6inHib Aitjaxi> irfccTHaro ynpaBjema 6hjo hh- ITOaHO. HuH^uiHeuy uapcTBOBaHiw npmia^.ieatHTT, ,ya.ti>H'hftmee pasaHTie iiaviut HicTHaro ynpan.n>ina. CyjefiHaa pe4>opHa 1864 roja ocBo6o.TK.ia cyjpb HS-b-nojTb BjiaHia ajMHHHCTpauiH. Cyjcdnua yqpeaijeimi bobco Burn.iB nab Kpyra ryfiepacKaxi. ycTaHOBJiBHiS.BaejeHie sexcaHX’b yqpe- ijeHia b i 3Haqine.n.Ho8 CTeuenHcospaTHJO apyn. ajMHUHCTpaTHBBUXT. Akix, no.T-ie*aBmnxb Bijlmiio rydepHa-ropa. ryfiepHaTop-b Co-rte h 6o- Jite noaviaerb snaaeHie Bucuiaro npejCTaBBTeaa b-MCth h opraHa naj- aopa, cyniccTBOBSHic soero He jojkbo npenaTCTBOBaTb hh yqacTic 06- TUCCTBa B’b aAUHHHCTpaTHBHUX'b J'fcjaXT,, HHcaMOCTOBTe.lbHOCTH jpymXT, vqpejWieniH. HuutmHee ry6epHcaoe ynpaBJenie, Boo6me toboph, nocTpoeao Ha TBepjuxs ocHOBaaiaxi. He.Tb3aHe RH.TiTb bi Hem sajaTKOBt jjh et^e -lyqmaro uopajaa BemeS. ,1-ia uojiHaro ero ycniia neoflxo.THMo raepao AepaaTbca sa caHOCTOHTeJibHOCTb Bexcaaro h ropojcaaro yupaBjenia, HesaBHCHMOCTb h raxy cyia. 9to Tpe6yeTb bosxosho 6o.n>meB cbo6ojh caoBa h neqaTH h odtruaerb to caacT-THBoe no.ioaeaie Bemefi, npa ao- Toposix CH.ia rocyiapcTBeHHofi bjbcth h TBepaocTb saaoHa o6vc.mb.ih- HaDTCfl o6n;ecTBeHHoS cBodojoft. TaKb opraHH30B8HH rydepein, ynpaaaaeaua Ha offufCMi ocHOeaxia. ry6epHin a MW.mMUMU ocoficHHocM/iMu npejciaMsorb hhoS nopajoai Benjefl..IV VIII. IIoc;i$ Toro, aaai MHinie KOMiiTera paspynnuo Bci komohhhoih Jla.iamona, flOJBHOCTb reHepajb-rydepHaTopa v«e He B03o6H0B.ia.iacb Bb qiopMfi oprana ry6epHcaaro ynpaB.ieaia Boo6mc. Cor.iacHO ireiHiD aoMHTCTa, TOJSuocTh 3Ta 6u.ia npHBHana neo6xo^H»o» .iHmb a,ia Ht- aoTopuxT. irtcTHOCTeft HMnepiH, HpejcTaBaaiouiHX'baaaia Hu6y.Tr,ocofieH- uua ycaOBia. JIpvrHHB cxoBauii, bt> rySepniasb, yupaB.raeMuxi na 06- SI*
— 324 — mem oCBOBaHin, aoAaESOCTt reHepaAB-ryficpHaTopoBB yxpaTHAa CBOe SHaieme. 3a to bb ryfiepaiaxi cb ocoCeaBUKH yqpexjeHiaHH oaa BCxyniua bb Honyio ipaay CBoero p&BBHTia. OsOHiaTCJHioe hobob eir SHaqeHieonpeitieHO bb „HBCTpyaniHreHepaAB-ryfiepHaTopaHB11,cociaB- jeiiHofi bb 1853 r., a BoineAmefi bb cocraBB II Iona cb. sas. Ho jyxy a citucAy sxofi HHCTpyunin, osnaieHHaa aoashoctb ue HM'teTB HBiero odinaro hh cb AOA*HOCTi» HaMicTHHKimi no .yapeatAC- Hiro o ry6epHiaxB“, hh cb t^mb, ii* B cA'iia.racB ifaeTHaecKH HasiicT- hhkh nocat ryapeajeHia“. Oaa ae BBeAcaa bb KpyrB ryficpacKHXB ycxaHOBAcaifi, aats axoro aio.ia.TO nyspeasjeaie“ ; OHa He HMieTB 8Ha- ieaia cpejBeS HHCxaniUa aexuj rytfepacEHKBh bbiciiihhb ynpaBAeaienB. UaDpoxBBB, reHepajB-rySepHaTopu BO.iyBH.in to saaieiiie, Eoroparo- CnepaHcKiii, bb CBOeMB npoeBTi, ae-iaxi. aae uauicxHHEOBB,—SHaxeirie MBBHcxepcTBa, AUcTsyuaiaro ua Micrfe, TO-ecTt, ohh$aKTHxecKH npn- HaA-ieataxi. kb paspaAy bucuthxs rocyAapcrBerauxB aiactefi. 9roro Kaao. UpoesTB CnepaHCEaro cocpoaotobheiab bb aoa* hocth nasrkT- hheobb To.ibso ifiyaKniH aoASopa, npeAocTaBHBB canoe yapaBjeaie ry- CepHCKHHB B-iaCTEMB H MHHHCTepCTBaHB. HO CMHCAy AiSCTByiOMHXB aaEOBOBB, reHepajiB-ryOepnaTopCTBa cji.iaAHCB oprauaua ynpaiueHia, CTOamHMH OTli.II.HO OTB MHHHCTepCTBB, EBKB HCKABBeHie H3B OfiliplrO IIpaBAa, HHCTpyKnja cxpeMHTcacoxpaHHTbochobhuA b3mejb .ynpes- A6Hia“, no reaepaiB-i’y(5epHaTopbi cyTb BAacTb, HaASHpaurnaa 3a no- paAKOHB Micmaro ynpaaneHia. OHa HicKOJbKOpasB BucsasuMeTCabb. btohb CMUcai (ct. 294, 296, 316). Ho 3aTinB Apyris cxaTbu aedtb. reHepajB-ry6epHaTopy apaBo Bucmaro ynpaiueHia bo BsipeHHOS eHy MicTHOCTH. VnpaBHTeAbHaa babctb rOBepa.iB-ry6epuaxopa pisxo OTjt- aeaa otb B.iacrn o6HKHOBeaHbixB ry6epHCKHXB BAacTcit, eay noATOen- ■bixB. HHCTpysnia npoTHBonoxaraers rylSepHCKia babcth, bibb opranu aAMHHHCTpauiHBBTicHOMB cMbicjii OTOK) c.TOBa, ieHepaAB-ryCepHaTopy. K8KB Bpe3BiJiaaB0B BOAHTHieCKOft BJECTH. Ohb HOCTaH.ieHBBHt TyfiepH- eKaro ynpaBAeaia, He bxoahtb bb epjtb ryfiepHCKHXB yapezjeHiB, no- * o6ho ry6epHaropy. Ohb He oCcTaBjicH'b niao» chctohoB m{ cthuxb. yapeacAOHifi, kekb ry6epHaTopB,—npH Heir* jiScTByiorb toabko eeh- Aeaapia h bbhobhhkh oco6uxb nopyqeniB (345—350). CirijOBaTe.ibHo, saxoHB no BciHB BonpocaMB ynpaB-ienia paacBHTHBaeiB toamio na AH'iayio AiflTeabHOCTb reHepaAB-ryfiepHaiopa. Ohb ocBofiojBjacTB re- HepaAWy6epHaxopaotb no.ipofiHOCTefi Micraofi aAMHHncTpauiH, BBipaa CMy TOAbKO HliKOxopaa ji.ia, kekb baecth apesBuaafinofl. JiofiontiTHB CTaTBH HBCTpyEAiH, oupeji-unomia npeAMeTU AiaTeabhocth reHcpa.n.- ryfiepHaTopa. Bb sthxb CTaTbaXBsauwiaio'rca ne ctoabko npejnHcaBia, ceoabko conira. He Bcerja yAoCoiicnoARHMfje, TaKB reHepaAB-ryfiepHa-
— 325 — ■ropy (ct. .302) npe^HHCunaercji „ycTpex«Tb Bee cboo uHHMaHie h» AyXX H HP&QCTB6HH06. BanpaBAeaie BO BCtxi COC-IOBiaXX H VCTpaHHTB Rcaaifl hoboax kx aoxcBum HoHHTiaHx, upenpaTHUMi TOJEOBanianr. ■ 1n6e.11.HOMy jiatenyjpcTBOBaBiio\". J^arte (ct. 309): „c.rfcAya KopeHHOHy yfiiatAeHiio, n o semeAfcjie octb rjaBH'hflmaa h canaa npoinaa ocnoDa uapojuaro 6orarcTBa, reHepaAX-ryfiepHaTopx noJB3yerca bchkhmt. cjy- laeui. ajh yKasania hcthhhuxx h upauuxx cuocoCiib'l kx paBBHTinB yjynneiiiK) cexfcCKaro xoMiiCTBa bo Bcfcxx ero MuoropaajH'iHiix'i) a pasaooSpaBHUXX OTpacjiaxx, noKpoBHrejfcCTBya, noompaa h oBoaphh sci no.ie3UHH bx cent OTHomeHiH npeAnpiaria“. He Meirte tpvjhumh upeiCTaB-iacTCa h crtAynmia npcAnacania (ct. 310 h 312): „reae- paji-ryCepHaTopi. ae ocraBAaerx <5esx BHRuaflia tfttfipaaHyn, saBOACsyo a pexecjeHityro npoMUmaeanocTi., nanpaa.ixx ce n npedMemam neo6fO- dumxb u dnucmeume.tm*xb »yxcdi u nompeduocmcu u ta emodaMi, Kan npouseodumeAcit, warn u nompeSume.ieu“. Ohx xe AO.ixenx uoompaTt Bet qacTHua n oOmecTaeHaua iipejnpiaTia, „dasax um», ceoab B03- hoxho, coomutomcmeyxnnee tiudoMi npaeumexbmea nanpaeMnie\". UraKT,, bo nepauxx, reHepaat-ryfiepHSTopa. soofime He npnqncj»ercH Kb M'liCTHUM'B aAMHHHCTpaTllBHUMH BaaCTHMV, BOBTOpHXX, CUflljiajbHO cay HaBHaqeHBua aAMUHHCTpaTHBBua oSasaHaocTH ae MoryTX hm^tb ccptconaro npaBTaaecaaro anaqenia. Bx HTorh ociaerca apeanuaaftnaa nojHTHaocKaa B.iacTi,, KOTopaa h cocTaBjaen. bcd cymnocTt reaepaxx- rytiepHaTopcKOfi aoaxbocth. no.iHTHiecKaa B.iacTi, reHepaax-ryfiepHaTopoBx npoasaaeTca Kb cj6- AyoniHxx Tpexx OTHOiaeHiHxx: 1) Hpesx bhxx Buciuee npaBHTejccTBO uPhboahtx bt. HcnoaHeaie cboh saKOHU h pacnopaxeHia. 2) Orb hhxx ysaaeTX oho o no.ibaaxx b HyxAaxx apaa. 3) H n npiiHBAAexaTX aa- apaBaeaie jrhcTnott aAHHBHCTpaaia, coo6pasao bha&mx nucmaro npaBH- TejbCTBa. Bo bc$xx bthxi OTHomeniaxx rcHepart-ryfiepiiaTopH saaqa- •rexbHO BaTpyAaaiorB jBaxeaie aAMHaacTpaaiH, aa ht. aeai. He rapaH- THpya hh 6oxi.raeti npaBiuwocTH, hh Oojii.raaro ycntxa npaenTOjacTBeH* Bx ryCepniaxx, yiipaBxacnuxx aa oOipeax ocaoBaaia, Ea*Aaa irfcpa npaBHTeAtcTBa npeinacuBaeTca ax acnojiieum nocpeACTBOax o6maro saEoaa m i ofimaro xe pacnopaxeHia, HesaBHcaMO otx cyfixeKTHBHaro ycitoTptaia Toro h.ih Apyroro AoaxaocTHoro .Tana. KaxAoe hbx bthxx Aoaxhocthhxx AHBX aBaoTi, BTO ero ryfepHia ae Aoaxaa h ae ho- X6TX cocTaaian, HCKJB'ieaiahsx ofimaro iipaBHja. HaapoTHBX, bx rixx MiCTHOCTaxx, ta* cymecTByeTx reHepajx-ryOepaaTopcKaa ao-3XH0ctb, Buciuee npaBHTeaacTBo He MoxeTX A*#CTnonaTt nyreiix o6iiKHOBeHHBxx ofinuixx npeAiiacaiiifl a 3aKOHOBX. HeoCxOAHMOcn, „HCKJ»qeaiS“ Aaa Aaunoa MicTHocTa, tbex csasaTb, ysaKoaaeTca a ofiycAOBAaeaeTca
— 326 — cyfTLeKTHBHUH'i vcMOTpinicMt reBepa.ib-ry6opHaTopa. 8tocyfibeKTHBHOO yoMOTptnie njiaeTi 11 Ha H3jame ofimeS M'ipu, h Ha npHuejeiiio ea Bb HcnojBeHic. .HHnanaa iionaa nipa, h.ih ocotioe pacnopaateuie, otho- cmniac-a jo (5-iaroycipottCTBa, ofimeft no.11.3u h KaaoHtiaro Hmepeca Bb Kpat, ae npeinpHHHHaiOTca HHaie itam. no apeioapHTeibHom. Hcrpe- CoBaHiH coofipaaenift h .laKJiKiqenia reBepa.Tt-ryflepnaTopa“ (ct.'329). 3ar6irb „pacnopaaeBia MHHHCTpOBbhr.iaBiioynpaB.iaioiUHXi uepeiaswca fia. HcnoiHemio Bb rydepHin He Heaie, KaKb ipesb renepasb-ryfepHa- ropoitb\" (ct. 328). UoiyviBb pacnopsffiekie, reHepan.-ryCepHaTop’L ho tojbko Ha&no- lacrr. sa ero Kcno-iHeiiieMi. (iia aero ioctotobho 6u.io fiu h o6ukho- BOHnaro ryfiepHaTopcaaro Hai3opa), ho eipe coriacyeTb itftcTBia noi- iiyieHHUXi eay ,iHHb cb „BHiaHH sepiOBHaro npaBHTe.ii,cma‘\\ n o OTKpuBaert yae o6ninpHVK> bo3moxboctb cavaro pa3HOo6pa3Haro npn- H'tmeoia oCmaro saaona. l».iaroiapa tbeoB ipesnuiaftHofi aiacTH, Bueince yupaiueuie ho mo- xcij, HM’fcfb npaMuxi. OTHOmeuiit kb MtcTHoft aiMHHHCTpaniH a He- nocpeiCTBeHHo biihtb Ha xoib irkcTHaro ynpanieHia. M4cthhh BiaciH HOciaBieau Bb coBepuieHHyio saBBCHMOCTb on. reaepa.ri.-i'yfepaaTopoB'b, a HOCiiiHie, Bb cboio oaepeib, HaxoiaTca Bb BecbMa ycaoBHoii 3Rbhch- hocth 0Tb BucraaronpaiiHTe.ibMBa. ryfiepaaiopu (II t. cb. bbk., ct. 686)r sa HeMHoruiH HCKHoieHiaxH, He MOryrbitiaTb sucmeiry npasHTeibCTBy BHsaRHXb npeiCTaBiemk mhmo reHepaib-ryfiepaaTopoBb, no Tlmb i t - aasib, noHoropuMb nociiime lipejocraBHiH cefii HBiaraTbcoSctbchhuh cboh Hainia, hih upeicT&Bieme KOHXb (MRiHifi) ipefiyerca 0Tb HHXb caHUXH npaBHiaHH nxb B.iacTM. reHepa-ib-ryCepHaiopu soryn. I'tuaTt Bet pacnopaaenis i.ia Hcupaosenia saMtiaeimuxb hmh ynymeHifi, a M'k'THua BiacTH TO.ibKO H3Btmai)Tca o6b BTOMb „iaa cofiicieHis uo- piilKa h eiiiHCTna Bb xoit i t i b “ (335). Bb toB ryfiepHiH, r it naxo- IHTca reHepaib-ryfiepHaTOpb, ero BiacThitftcTByerb Ha act iacra bb*- pemiaro eav ynpaaienia (ct. 291). CaMH reHopaib-ryfiepHaTopu DocraB.ieHU Bb coBepmemiyio He3aBH- cHMOCTb orb aucmaro yupaBienia. Ohh chocs tch Cb MHHHcrepeTBOHb nasb paBHue cb pasiuHH (ct. 333 npan.). HMb npeiocTaaieHO BaaHoe npauo .aenocpeicTBeHHaro lOKiaia HunepaTopcKOHy Be.m'iecTBy 060 BC'fcxb HpelMBTaXb, „B0H npH3Ha*)rb HyXHUMHHHe0<)X0 1HMUMK“, XOTH HMb h HpeiracusaeTca noifcsoBaTbca dthmt npaBOMb cb ao-isbob ocho- TpHTejfiHocTiio. Ohh iiMiem. ho Meirle Baanoe npauo noiyiaTb neno- cpeicTBeHHO BUcoaaBmiji noBeiiHin, 0TH0Can;iaca io BBipeHnaro HMb - Kpa«, cb o(ia3aHHOCTbio .ljinii, ioboihtb io ciiti’liHifl MHiiucrpoBb o cy- mecTBt BTHXb noseitHiS (ct. 324 h 326). Iloibsyacb tikob mbctbio, ohh HMi»Tb rpoiiaiHoe BiiaHie h na Becb coctaBb hIjcthoh aiaami-
— 327 — cTpania. Ohh u n io n npaBO, „npn BCaKofl OTKpuiiaiomeftca BtutanriH, sasitmeuie Eoeft aacBCBTt orb Mjcniaro npaBHxe,n,CTBa (c.i$AOBaTe.i>,HO, BMne-ryfiepHaTopoBi a cauHxb nfiepuaxopoBb, npeAcfeAax'eJeft naaaxb, .wpeKTopont rairaasifi h t. a-). xo^aTaficTBOBaTb o6t> onpea’fi.ieBia na C1I AOJJKHOCTH BHBOBHHKOBb JH'lHO UHb H3BtCTBUXb“, H XO^aTaftcTBO 8T0, npHuan.iiic.TT, aaKOHb, ho ociaBjaerca, Ben ocoBwxz npwtum, Best yiaatonifl. Cjif^osaTejbHO, axo npaBO (JiaitTHiccKH paBnocH,n,no upasy, upejocTau-ieHHOiiy HHEacTpaui. othochtbjlho onpejitJeHia bhcuihxi. IHHOBHHKOBb (CT. 144 06m.. HaK. MHH.). Tasaxb ofipasOMb, nyxein. pasaannuxb BajOHsnineiuB, aojishoctb reuepa-ib-rySepuaxopoBb ofiparmacb asb npocTOft ajannacTpaTHBuoS Bb HCKjraqHTejbHyro noiiutmecKyu jojshoctb. UpasnaHHaa HecocTOa- t&jbhok) ajh ryfepaifi, aaxojainHxca uoAb rocuojCTBOHb ofimaro sa- KOHa h npaMo nojqanoHnuxb bucuigmv roo.yjapcTBennoMy ynpaaiemio, ona nepeHecena uu.ia Bb srtcTuocTH, ofibHBjena acajjoqeuieub H3b 06- niaro npaBa. 3jicb oaa fiucTpo pasBU.iaeB, u.rarojapa aMehno 9T0«y MCKJionHTOJbHOHy nojoaeniio 03nanennuxb atcinocTefi. 3nict oaa B03- Bucajacb ao chctouu jannaro yupanjenia, caoco6cTBva Bb cboio oie- pejb Bbu’tjeHiio BfrtpeBHUxb renepa-ib-ryCiepiiaiopaMi nicTHOcteft usb- nojb ofimaro ynpaB-ioHia. UjeajOMb Taaoro nopaiEa Bem.eS iipe.TCTa- BjaeTca AOiataocTb nairficTBHKa Ctromaro D,apcTBa IIojbCKaro. Uponie reHepaJb-ry6epnaTopu xotb He aocthtjh 8TOro ofipasna, ho npafijiH- acajHCb Kb Heicy. IlojHTHqecKia nocjijCTBia Tasoro uopaAia 6am BeCbMa BaiEHU..XI IX. Kasoe snaienie H*ieib sasoHb, Bb CHjy xoioparo HSBicTHaa Mici- nocTb craBHTca Bb ocofiua ajMHBHCTpaTHBHua ycjOBia? II peaje Bcero Bb xasofl mIscthocth npeAnoaaraiQTCa KaKia-jmOo ocofieHHocTH, hc noAJesaniia aM ctbId o6maro saEOHa. OcotomocxH BTH bosboahtch naCTenem saiiOHa, KOHKypnpyiomaro cb o6ibhmh rocy- AapCTBeHHHMH VCTaHOB.TeHiaMH H HpeBpama»HarO M'iCTHOCX’b Bb h4hto coBepineHBO ot-thihoc oib o6maro cociaBa rocyAaperaa. Hame 3aK0B0AaxejbciB0, no OTHomemio Kbxinb jricTHOcxaMb, r ji cymecTByBTb renepa.ib-ryfiepHaTopH, nonuo BMeHHO bthm’b nyTeMb. Oomaa (Jiopavja npHHaxoS hojhihkh cocxaB.ieHa t$mx>xe KOMHxexoMb, Koxopuft OTBeprb n-mau BajamoBa. Ho MHtniio KOMHTexa, ecxb h4ko- Topua qacTH HxnepiK, rjli HasHaneHie reHepaab-ryCepHaxopoBb MoateTb Surb nojesno. „He roBopa 0 Asyxb CTOJHaaxb, ecib OTAajeHHHa ry- flepBiH, Bb EOHXb hcoOxoabmu ocofiwa npamua j.ih ynpaiueuia: Bb ryficpHiax'b norpaHHxuuxb Mi.cxHoe nojoaenie h Apyria oCcxoaxejt-
CTBa o6g3UBa»TT. HaqajhHHKOBi 8&HBH&TJ1CHpaSHUMH nocTopoHUHmA** jiaMH, KaK'b-TocHomoHiflUHnojiHTH>iecKUjiH, ToproBi/aa h np. TaEOBHcyrt ryCepma: cHfapcEia, OpeHfiyprcKaa, KaBKasctcaa, HoBopocciScitiS Kpafl, .IwjkMBjua, 3cTaaHjtfa a Kypaaaiia. Bci oh* aojukhh 6utl hcwid- aeHH bt» comb oTHomeHia H3b oftmaro nopaaaa, jja BnyTpeHHOCTHro- cyjapcTiia yipeayiaeBaro\". TaEHBb ofipaaoM't, Cafiapt, OTjaaeHHaa ora aeHTpajbHura aicra aumepia aa BicsoabKO w e n * Bepcra. npa nao- xHXb uyraxb coofimeHia, npa cymecTBOBaaia uapojHOGTeS, EOTopua noaa uysHO yxepKHBaTb rt, uoBHHOBema caaoio, nocraBacoa Bb ojbhi paspajb ci 6aaTiflcKHaa DpoBHHniaaa, yjaaeaHUMH ora CToaanu ae 6o.ite, lim auCaa nab nearpaabauxi rySepaifi. ^aaie, cafiapcKoay reaepaai-rylSopaaTopy erne npaxojHTca .'iamtaaTbcn aanaoMaTHaecKKaa CRomcniaHH ct KHTaeax, cb KaprH3CKHaa opAaau a t. bo corhh- TeaiHO, iTofib yupaiupaiio 0CT8e#CBBXb npoBaanift HeoGxoaaao 6uao aaHaaaTtca noaHTHaecERMR CHomeniaaa. Kasb 6a to eh 6hjo, bo Teopia „HicTHUXb ocoficHHOcrcfl' ny- CTaaa rayOosie xopua in, nauieai saKonojaTejbCTat. Itb rhc.is „OTja- aeHHux’L a ocotfeaHUXb ry6epHifi“ oTaeceHU kb& KaTeropia itSctho- crefl—aama boctoehhs h cafoipcKia ryfiepaiH, c* oaaofl, BauaxHHfl a riroaanaAHua ryfiepHiH, cb jpyrofl CTopoHU. CepejHHHaa noaoca Poc- ciH ocraaacb sat cepteaH&ro Baiarna reHepaab-ryfiepHaTopcKofi aojk- bocth. Buaa, npaBja, yipeataeBH renepaab-ryOepHaTopu Bb oSiaib CTOaaiiaxT., cymeciBOBaao aoaroe Bpeaa aaaopoccificaoe reHepaab-ry- fiepaaiopcTBO; bo, ebeb B3b$ctho, rth aoajkbocth He noayBHJH 3,jicb Taxoro pasBHTia, aara n apyraxi aicTHOCTaxb Poccia. MaaopocciS- CEOe reHepaab-rySepHaTopcTBO HHKoraa He HMiuio anaienia oco6eHHoi no.iBTHBecKoft eaacTH. reHepa.ib-ry6epHaTopn, cataaaca bpocto coBep- iHeiiHo 6e3noje3Ho», nocpeACTByumeo aamaiuefl ko* av atciBuab h CToaaEHHHi ynpaBaemeMb. 9to noBeao, Bb HUHtomee aapcTBOBaaie, Eb ynpasABesii) xapbEOBCEaro reBepaai-rydepaaTopcTBa. HHEasoro ym,ep(ia ora aroro hh aaa atcraoS, be jaa o6me# aAHHHHCTpaipH He npoHsooiao. Tobho Taute Bb 1866 roay fiuaa npHsaana b3jbihhpio AoasHocrb c.-neTep6yprcBaro reaepajb-ry6epHaTopa. H hheto asb xb- Teaeft CTOaaiyj ae aoayBCTBOBaab ex oTcyTCTBia. Aojaraom mockob- CEaro renepaab-ry6epHaTopa Muiera hhob, noieTHoe HasaaEeaie. IIpH- cyTCTBie Bb nepBonpecToabHoab ropoat npoacTaiiHTeaa saaciB, OKpy* zeaHaro oco6eaabiab noqeTOMb a CaeCKOab, cooCpaano co sHaieHieab Mockbu, Easb Bropoft CTO.ianu. Haqaaa, Bb CHay EOTopuxb ojHa a Ta ae joaaHoeTb cymeciByera npa AByxb ctoib npoTHBonoaoxauxb ycaosiaxb, Bb Cafiapa a BaabBi, cpe*H saprasoBb h cpo.nH 6a.TriftcKaxb xyabTypiperepOBb, otobhaho, AO.ISHU 6biTb pas.iHinu. Miciaocia Ha BOCTorabixb OEpaHHaxb aaa
— 329 — Hejarao noKopeHU pyccaaxx opyxieMX, hjh aacexeBH UAeaeHaHH, He nepemesmHMH eme nepBOHaiajbHOXx KyjibTvpHMXx<fx>pMi>. Kaprascicaa a muauuKiui opaa, ropnoe xaBRascsoe tueaa, to KOHynmia, to mbh- HaDiiiiica paatioeax, bott tto' npeACiaBjacix Hapodonace*enie. IlyTH coodmeHia u.ioxh. 1'paHHnu hah ho onpeji.ieHU, hah iuoxo 3amHineHU. TIpH thkhx'b ye-ioBiaxx rocyaapcTueHuua ijiopxu npHBBB&mTca Tam n.10x0. focyaapcTBO pyccsoe pacnojoxeHO Tam, Tara caaaaTb, Boeaauax cTanoax. Mhoto HyaiHO ycaxii, Trotibi aaprasx, atixasx, aeieHeax hah Ha-muex Bome.n bx cocTaat pyccsaro rncyjapcTuenoaro otimecTBa. IIpa thehxx ycAOBioxx AiaTe.u.nocTL bbojb'6 caaocToaTexbaofi, naase apea- wj'iaaHoii ujac.TH reaepaax-rytiepHaTopa aoxeix tiUTb no.ie3na, Earn iiepexojBaa irfcpa. H Batch, OAaaao, BHCTHTyTXreHepaax-rytiepHaTopoBX conpaareHT. cx tio-JxaiHMH ueBurojaMH. Ho otx yipexAeuia ipe3BUia8- Hoit BjiacTH bx nojyAHKaxx ofi.iacTflXT., Koropu/r eme hvxho npiyiHTi, ax rocyAapcTBeaHoS XH3HH, jo pacnpocTpaaeaia aToft aoaxbocth na Bci rytiepHia, r j i aainTca Kaaia-HHtiyAb 4>mio.iorHBecKia h ayxbTyp- aua oco6eHHOCTH,— marx Oo.ibmoft. 4>paai(ia nai.ia ocaoBaHia yape- AHTb reBepajix-ryCepHaTopcTBO bx A xxap i, a.th apatioiix. Ho bto ciia- 38jh fiu Taax Ha npejjoxeaie yapeiHTb reaepaxx rytiepaaToposx bx djbsact a JIoTapaaria gju atwieBx? Bexaaaa EnaTepana, HajaBaa cboo y^pencdenie o lyffeptiixxb, xe- mua, bto6x oho cjiiaaocb o6mnax saaoHoax j m scixx noAB.iacTHUxx eS oti-iaeiefl. Taaoe xe sHaaeHie ao-ixhh (Shah nojryiHTi, a apoaie ea 3aK0HOAaTC.il>inje aiTH, TO-ecTb, JKaMeaHH<u tpanama deopmemsy a ropodoeoe noMOKeuie. llpaBHT&ixcTBO, HacKO-tbKO bto otx aero 3aBHci.io, onepiHHCCKH Buno.iHMO TTO.IPJ HMuepaTpHnu, Ho co cuepTiio ea, aaxo a ea apesapiaTie. 3-ro in ix 1783 roja 6m o BBeAeao bx JIb^jhbjih y^peMdeme o lyOepniKct. Ho, BaiCTi cx rfmx, aaHApaTCKaa ao-ueria, btotx opraax 4ieoj.a.ii>Haro ABOpaHCTBa, aoxb30BaBniifica orpoaaon Bxacibio, (iu.ia ho- ocTopoxBO ocTaBxeaa. ^ojixno aairiiTHTb, tto sto ycTaHOBaeaie Cu.io OTataeBo eme mBeAcaaax npaBme-ibCTBoax bx 1694 roAy, sanx He- corjacnoe cx BbiroAaua lnneacKoft aopoHU. Bootime aiBeACicaa Kopoaa oCTaBaaa oaeHb aeanoro aax TaKx-HasuBaeauxx npHBHjerift Tcbtoh- caaro opjena, a apoao-ixaft pyccaoe npaBaie-ibCTBO ero bojuthk;-, OcTseficaitt apaS jaBHO caixaaca 6h reorpa^aaecKHMX TepaaHoax. Ho bItmtim ycni.iii o6oAth 3skohx 1694 ro,ya. JaHApaTCKaa Eoaaeria apo- .yoxxajia cotiapaTbca a CAt-iaaacx o6uhhijmx yapexAeHieMx. Ohb ociaB-
— 330 — ■ieiia uuja h EKaTcpHHoii. IIouiaCTiiia orofi tctvdkh He saHeaaHJH oOHapyaaitca. Bt oKTafipi 1783 roia Maiopt B.iyneHi npHHect, ora HMeHH .inifuaBacKaro Beiccrna, xaaofiy npasHTejiCTByioineay cenaiy. Bt Kaaofii BToft roBopH.iocb, hto puuapcTBo OTCipauaao aoMaent He toimco ora Beta ceitMOBHXT. ata , ho h ora. BuOopa cyaefi H HHHOB- hhkobt. Bt paseua AoaatHOCTH, Ha hto aesmu hsit-in upaBo in. cnay YnpeMdenix o iy6epxixxn,. Jaaie Bayaent yKasHBaat, hto H.ienu pn- HapcTBa, „aase He Bjai-fifoinie AepeBHaira, aonymenn kb Btifiopy h onpeataBU Bt cyabH ,\\axe He in. cbohxb oapyraxt, aa hBUfiopt Sara cataaBt se H3t o6mecTna, a Hit npeacTauaeHiiHXB MwdpamCKOto kox- xeiieio KaHAiuaTOBt”. Bai-int totc, se Rayaeat o6paTH.it BHHuaHie HpaBHTe-ibCTBa na to, bto aanapaiCKaa aoaaeria cymoCTByeTt iiesanoHHO h npHqnHaert 3eBCTiiy RceBOSMOSHna apHTicaenia a oChah. Jepsocrt ea AoxoaBTt ao toto, bto oiia Hsaaera h nySaaKyeTt aaRonu, Jiao Bayjiena, MoiKCTt 6htl, h ocraaoct 6h 6est noaiiacTBift, ho Bt 1785 r. nponBouiao uoboo eroaitHOBenie Mesay ouihbmh saEOHaHH HHnepiH h Taat nasunacMUMii npranaeriasiH pauapcTBa h fiioprepcm. 1785 roat naHSTeHt aaa Pocci’h acaiaoTBie aeyxt BaaHHSt aaroBti XoJoeaHHoU ipa.uami deopxitemey h Fopodoeoio noMU/ceiiix. H Tors h apyroB aBTt paaHna.ii.no pacxoaa.iHCb ct ifjeoaa.ii.HOio opraHHaaniefi AHlftJflHACKarO ABOpflHCTBa H UeXOBHMt yCTpoBCTBOMt TOpOAB PhTH. PtmapcTBOk MarucTpaTt npum.iH Bt ysact on. noiiMluiin HMiiepaTpHAH BBeCTH 9TH aKTU Bt JIlllfl.lKHaiH. OhH B030HH.TH 0 npilBIUeriflXb. Te- nepaai-ry6epH8Topt npiiHB.it othataao6a a npeacT8BH.it HjinepaTpimt. Ho HHnepaTpnaa wepao plummet noaaepataTt aoctohhctbo Koponu. Ona He coo.ia HyscHUMt ueperoBapHBaTbca ct punapjiMii n 6B)prepaMH npest cBoero renepajit-ry6epHaTopa. Oha nocaa.ia eMy pedtpHnit, Bt Koent eMy BHynmaoct, hto aa paacsiOTplmie TaKiixt npcTeiisifi cyme- CTByeit Bt Poccia npaBHTeatcTByfflmjii ceHaTt. JiaaTb 6hao Hetero. reBepaat-ry6epHaiopt npeacTaBMt Bee aiao, npH csoetit panoprfc h MHtHiH, Bt ceHaTt. CeHaTt aameat, hto pnuccKoe h peBeabCKoe naxicTHHaecRia upa- B-ieHia aanpacHO Mea-iart upHBoanTb Bt ncno-meRie BHcoiaSmyi) bojd, h hto 8to npoHcxoAHTt orb HepimHMOCTH aicTHaro ynpawenin. Jaaie ceHaTt noaaraat, htoXaAoeamoto ipa.vam<no dsopxHcmey Moryrt 6btb HeaoBO-ibHH mJLKO HeMiiorio aBopaHe, Koropae, ue mwtax n no.tbsy oBiuyuo, ocHoeneaxcb na mmrb-mo o6tt<«um u aaxopexmiim Mumixm, BCTynii.iH et «e dn.nmiMu iipeacTaBaemaMH. HanpoiHBt, BCa Macca aaopaHCTBa a>e.iaeTt cKopie uocnoabsoBaTbca MOHapmHMii meaporaMH, o6tiiB.ieHHUMH at JftopxHCKOii ipaMtmn. ype3oniiBt puuapcTBo, npa- uHTe.ibCTBynnuB cemn o6paTH.ica ct yBluu,aiiiejst n Kt „MicTHHMt lipaBBTeabCTBajit*1. Bora hto rosopHTt out HaMicTHHnecKHMt npaB.ie-
— 331 — siflM'B. „HaMtcTHH'iecKia upaB.ienin, .{(jtfbtsi do.it» xaoicdaw npooume.ib- cmeemtaio Mibcma cjjhte no tohhoS ciu4 h pa3yMy saEOHOBE, yjaaa- mce ote npeanaeaHHaro nopajita\". He Jienbme jocTaaoct h reHepaaE- ryCepaaTopy. Exy ciporo HanoMHnajoct, hto ohe bcte 6-iiocTHTe.jb 3a- kohobe h nepnoe opyjie noaapmeft bojih. Be 3aK.mneHie ceHaTE npej- nHCUBacTE renepajE-ry6epnaTopy hphbocth be itficraie XaAoeamym ipaMamy H ropodoeoe noMOKenie be „caMOCitop40ineME BpeaenH\"; ,eciB, upoTHBE BCABaro naaBui, BcrptTHTca ce itoefl-.mOo cToponu Ka- KiH npenaTCTsia ihh mcajchhocte (sHanarE, Toi'jawnifi cesaiE a He jyMa.TE, HTOfibl MOBHO 6UI0 npOTHBHTECH MOHapmefi Boat JByKpaTHO BiipaaeHuoS), TanosuxE ja OTom-ieTE, syja uo yaasaaiaHE catxyeTE, j.ia cyja“. IIokohhhbe j'kio ce rpauaTOB h iio.ioateHieME, ceHaTE o6paxa.it bhh- Manie a Ha BonpocE 0.laHjpaxcKoft KO-werin, nojnitTHit BayueHOHE. Btr.ro npoii3Bej,eHa Turare-itnoe HeTopnxecKoe HscaijOBaHie 8Toro yapeatjcHia, n pesyjbTaTU sioro MC-rijoBanirr Ha.ioaeim be jOKaajt, upejcTaB.reH* home ceaaTOHE rocyjapunt H«mepaTpHn%. Bote Karrie ipaKxu noxa- sa.10 H3CJiij0BaHie. -laHjpaTH yipeayieraj nmejcEUME npamixe.iwiBOMt be 1643 rojy, ho ne be KaxecTirh Koaaeriu, a npocTaro coB4otaxe.SE- Haro cotfpaHia upu ronopa.iE-ryCepHaTopt. Uxe HasuaneHie (Siuo no- iroraTE nocJiMBexy „be cnocuinrecTBOBaiim Kopo.ieRCKaro BBJuaocTBa HHTepeca 11 no.st8H“. Ha j 4j 6 buid-io ae tske, reHepaJE-rySepHarop- c£an jo.ishoctb uu.ia HeyjOB.ieTBopHTe.rtHa ne to.tbko be pynaxB m- mero, uo h mBejcrtaro iipannTe.rtcTBa. JlanjpaTU, no CMHCay HiBej- cKaro 3aKOHOjaT6JiBCTBa, soassHti 6um H36HpaTEca hse cpeju hI ct- Haro jBopaHcTBa. Btoto 6ujo jobo.ieho, hto6u jojiehocte ara cjtxa- jact opyjieME jaRjrara n, oriHpaacb na aero, uojynnaa 6e3Mt.pHua npaBa. -laHjTarE nafinpa-iE H3E CBoeft cpeju jetHajpaTb .raHjpaTOBE, KOTOplie COXpaHMH BTy JOJHSHOCTE UOBH3HeHHO. IIOCTeneHHO BE py- aaxE 3TO0 MorymecTBeHiioft Ko.ueriH cocpejOTonaiHCE bc4 bhjh bjkcth: cyjefiHaii, Hcuo.snHTC.TLuaii, pacnopajHTeJtHas, npaBO pacnpcjiueHia Ha.iorOBE h t. j . IIlBejcKoc npaBiiTe.ibCTBO CKopo yBHj4.ro HeBiiroju Tasoro nopajua BenteS. J ^ jhbhthcb, hto aaHjpaTCHaa Koaxeria jaaeKO BHiu.ra sa npejtau npejocTSB-ienHoS efi Baacra, Kopo.rt, be 1694rojy, 20-x'O jeKa6pa, TOparecTiieHHO yHHhtohehjie bto ynpeacjeme. HacTajE nepiojE 3asi4maTejBCTBa. .iHijuaHjia orouua ote QlBen;iH. Qpu npa- coejHHeniH ea ke Poccia puu.apr.TBO xxonOTaao be pasHun Bpexesa 0 coxpaHeHiH noaeanaro j.th Hero ynpestjeiuH. UpanuTeatcTBO h4koto- poe Bpesa OTMa.iHiiBa.roct. HaKoaeiiE, be 1710 rojy Kamprep-t 1’ojob- KHHE OC'tflBH.lE OTE HMCHH HMIiepaTOpa, HT0 „0TH0CHTe.lbH0 JKajO- BaHbH, hhhh h HonecTH aaHjpaTOBE, paspinieme oTaoateHo jo yjofi- Hifiumro BpesieHii”. TaKHME o6pa30ME, wa KO.ueriji ocTa-raci. ne rapan-
— 332 — THpOBauHoiD pyccKHxn. 3aKOHOJn>. Ho, npecjaOocTH neHTpa.ihH08 Bjacra, oua npojojxa.j& csoe cyutecTBOBaHie xaxb <|)aKTb. IIpa KKaTepmri II HacTajo Bpe«a nepeOopKH sctxb iricTHHXb npHBHaerifi. HifnepaTpena cosBMa Bb 1767 rosy sHaMCHHTyiu xoniiBCei». H'feab e* cocTO&ia bt. cocTaB.ieH)H o6m,HXb saxoHOBb A3* Bcixb oS.iacieS HMnepia. 3ro ja- saxo cofipaHi» Bucoxoe HanioHaxi.Boe 3Ha?eHie. BajTifcKHMb puaa- pasib h finoprcpasi'i. upoxnacauo fiuao npuc.iari, Hcnpaimua a aacumfc- TejbCTBOBaBHUfl KOnill CO BC'hXb KOHijlHpMOBaHHIlXT, npHBHJCriS H npaBT,, Cb riai., bto, cc.ih ohh xo BpexcHH OTxpuTia cotiopa He 6y- Ayn lipawaiiu, ,ra Bee onoc sa npaBo Bnpe.iti. iiphhhto He fiyxeTb”. PbiQapH npHCjajH, bto mot.ih, ho 06b yxa3i, yHHBTOsaBmeitb xan- ApaTcxyn xoxxerio, yiio.iqajH. HwiepaTpHna Cu.ia BBexeHa bt. ofiaam, m yKasoHi. 1783 roAa uonejli.ia ocTaBHTb KOxxeriw. Hvaxofia BxyaeHa pacKpuja rxasa apaBHTexbCTBy. HairtcTHHBecRoe apao-ieme, volcns- nolens, npHcxaxo aattoHerti stTOTb BaiRHuS xottyiteHTb. PaacsiOTpiiib Bee a^ao, eem n Haxoxaxb, bto, ecxa mBejcxoeopa- BBTeXbCTBO yHHBTOSHXO KO,Merill KBKb BpOJtHyD, TO H BBOC-lijCTlliH OHa ne cjixaxacb ycTanoBxeHieifb 6oxie nojesHUirb. HanpoTHBb, Bpexx LipHHOcuMufi cd, uecbiia BexHEb, He rosopa yate o pasHbixb CeanopajtKaxb, ona npacBOHaaeTb ce64 nucoiaBinyw BxacTb, npoasBO- AHT*b CaMOBOJbHO H06opU, Bb KOTOpbIXb BHKOHy He JtaeTb OTBBTa, He jonycxaeTb xb Bu6opaMb HeMaTpaxyxoBaaHoe xbopotctbo, xoropoe Hnf.eTb na to npaBO Bb c&iy JKomhihhou ipaMamu. „G]OBOHb, tobo- pHTb ceHaib, Korja bc« Poccia npH3naeTb Bb cnaHteBHO# ex nexate- CTBa ocofit HHxocepxyD h mexpyD MaTb OTeiecrBa, nexymyoca ne- ycunno o fixarojeHCTBia CBOHXb BtpHono,uanHbixb japoBasieMb 6es- BHCxeHHuxb Buroxb h npeHMynecTBb, xaBipaTcxaa Roxxeria xepsaerb npH xaaxoMb cxytai jtxaTb BOspaseHia, bubojars upeBpaTHue toxkk, npHBoxx TaxuHb ofipasoin. jiao Bb cymee aasrfemaTejbCTBO5. 9to npoTHBOjvkflCTBie, oxasuBaeHOe xaaapaTCKOD xoxxeriefi, no sretHiD ceHaia, Tiiib Soate HenpocTHTexbHo, bto Poccia o6xajaeTb yate rySepHcxaNH yqpeaxeBiaMH, xoTopaa bo sefixb BacTaxb cioaTb Biune u-IiMRUKHib nopaxxoBb. „CxtxoBaTexbHO, saMfeBaeib ceaaTb, Bet BCTpfcBaDinjaca Tony npenoHU, HaeoduMtt* npotMpcmeom u xumpo- cnuiMu Mcuato hucm He6.u>iOHiMnpemuxb AndeO, Soace ucmpeSumt doAXcm, h HHEaxoe noSoBHoe ycraHOBieme, He HiiiiDuiee npHTOMb sa- xoHHaro nanaxa, fio.rlie Tepnano yae (juts ne *OKeTb“. 3a«diHaTejbHuS xosja^b ceHaTa busb&jt saepraBecaifi yxasb HHHe- paTpimu. Bb H6Mb 6u.io H3o6pasoBO: „HojaHOCTH xaHxpaTOBb Bb Ha- NtcTHaiecTB'Ii pHjxcKOMb h Taxb aa3HBaeMuo janjpaTCxia xoaxerin VHHBToxHTb, h Bnpejb Bb cie aBSHie hheoto He H36apaTb; xaHHHa ate Ha coxepataaie janapaTOBb dcpcemt (!) npHHSTb Bb bSxomctbo xaaeH-
— 333 nuxb na.iaTb, oopaTH joxoiiu cb niixb Ha ipyria no.ie3Hua rocyaap- CTBy HaxepsBH\"-. XI. IIo.iHTHKa EsaTepHitH II pajHaaJibHO HsirfeHibaacb cb BOcniecTaieHT. Ha npecwurB IlaBJia I. Oht>OTMf.nn.n. hohth Bet ynpeatAOHia HMnepa- TpHiiu b BoscTanoDH.ib npexHia npHBH.ierHpoBaHHUH yqpexAeaia. TOTO, HTOOiJ UOHHTF. BCDBaatHOCTb BTOfl pe<[lOpHU, HaMb Hysao BKpant. BcnoMHHTb, HTO CAiaaHO yipexaenioMb o ryfiepHiaxb, ataaoBaaBoio rpaMaTOft ABOpHHCTBy H lOpOJOBIJMT, HO.TOJKenieMb. CorjacHO BTBHb ycTaHOBJeHiani, ads OTp’acjH Mictuoft aj,MHHH- crpanin h cyxa BBipaoTca othhcth uu6opHU«b AOxatHOCTHHMb .ih- naBb. Hf.KOTopbm yipesjcnia cyTb hhcto iipaBHTejacTBOBHUH, xpyria BufiopHUH, nponia npeacTaBaafOTb cirfcmaHHbiB cocraBb. 06mee vupa- Bjoaie M’&CTHOCTiD, HaOxniAeme aa HCuojHeaieab sasoHOBb, pa3ptmeaie count,mil, oxpaHonie spyra BiAOMCTsa, Knacjaro ycTanoiuenia—BBipa- DTca HaM'ftt'THMiecKOMy opaaieHiK) « nautcTHHKy. Hmt. ate upmjajje- atiiTb h Buciuan noaHneficEaa B.iacrb. 3arf,«b cy*b nojyqaerb cociob- b jd opraHH3au.i» Bb AByxb nepBuxb HHCTaHaiaib. Itaatjoe cocaonie, ABopaHe, rpaatAase h Kpecii.aHe, nojibsyiOTCH CBOHHb cyjoub Bb OTHib AByxb HHCTaHniaxb. Ohh aaMf.maiOTb hjh bc$, h.ih hohth Bcfc Aoaat- hocth BTHXb cyAefinuxb ynpeatABHifi no Bufiopy. Ua-taTU, KaKb nepx- HHH HHCTaHHIH, CyTb IipaBHTe.IbCTBeHHblH VCTaHOBAGHifl. yt3AHaa H0.1H- i(ia TaK*e BB-bpeHa BufiopituMb AOAXHOCTHMb.Tarnnib o(5pa30Mb, cncao- B1H HOjyHHHH IHHpOHOeyqaCTO Bb MilCTHoS aAMHHHCTpailiH. BB tcrf Cb rfiMb. cocjiOBia ae natan hhkrkoA ({leoAaabHoSopraHHsauia. KaJOBaHuan rpaMHTa OTKpbiBaia jocTynb BbABopaacsoe cocaosie BcaKouy ot.thhhb- mesyt'-H no cayat6i . 9to npaMO npoTHBOpiinao naia.iaMb CajiTiScKaro MaTpHKyaosaHHaro ABOpaHCTBa. TopoAOBoe no-ioxeiiie ae siiajo saHKHV- TUXb Kopnopanift. Kaawaa rH.ibAia h RaatAufi uexb 6ij-ih otkputh j.ia KaxAaro, <5e3b pas-iHHia xpHCTiaacEHXb HCnoBiAaniS. 9to nyraao sax- KHvTue h CTporo Hf.xeuKic HexH a rnxbAiH 6a.iTi#cKHXb roposoBb. Petfiopxa 1796 roAa pa3pyraiua aTOTb nopaAOKb. Bb Poccia Bpejb ea He (5tub adoo.TKnv.HL, itfio Ha iriicris yHiinToxeHHBiXb ho. aBitiocb HHRaKHXb HOBHXb yipMKAeHifl. Ho Bb (SajTiACKHXb HpOBHHHiaXb pe- syjbTatb 6axb APJ’roS. Tain., bm-Scto ynpaaieHia paBBaro h AOCtyn- Haro AJW BC’&Xb cocjOBiS, aBH.mcb puiiapcsaa h fiioprepCKaao.iarapxia. Oib ynpestAenifi HMuepaTpauu ocia-iHci, cJitAyromia aicia a anna; a) renepa-ix-ryfiepnaTopb, ryfiepHaropb h ryfiepHCKoe upaiueuie; b) ita- 3eimaJi naaaTa cb BHue-ryCepHa’ropoMb; c) apHsaabodaiecTBeiiHaro upw- 3plniia, h d) ryCepHCKifl opoKypopb.
— 334 — ^BopaacKia coGpaiiia saaiHeHU cTapuHH .laBirarasiH, xt Be.iuKOMy yjosojBCTBi® MaipHEy.ioBaiiHaro jBopaHcra. Bo3CTaHOB.ienie AamTara TpefiOBaao pemBpauiu AaHapaTCEOfi KoaacriH, Bast ero nocToaHHaro Hcno.iHHxe.iMaro KOMHTCTa. Bci npaua btoBKOA-ieriii 6hjh B03mH0B- jighh. OHacit.ia.iaci, peunocTHOio6.iK)CTHTe.ibHnu;eft npHBH.ieriBh HMt.ia Ha *o bc4 cpejciBa. HiiaaKoe Bucoiaftinee uoBejhHie He homo (Shtb npHBeABHo Bt Bcuo.iHeHie 6est ea nocpejCTBa. Bt cjvxat iiecoraacia UpaBHTe.lbCTBOHHUXI. M'lipi. Cl T8E1 H.miBap.MUMH IipHBMJerjflMH, OHa HM-fua npaBO npoTem h bxoahab ct upejcTaiapHiami npssio Et hm- nepaTopy. Ho h .laHApatcKoB aoaaeriH 6uao Jiajo ixa orpaataeHia rB0.ibH0CTe8“. /jig stoS uLih mmIucji eine ABOpaHcmB kobbobte, koto- puB oxaacTH cooTBtTCTBOBa.it HaineMy ABopaucKOMy AenyiaTCKOJiy co- (ipaiiim. Ho bitBcto hobhhhuxt* ipynKiiiB namero yipeatAeHia, eiiy npe- AocTaB.ieHa babctb BectMa dOAbiuaa. Taira naira aahabit. cotfHpaerca ipeirL xaxAue ipn roja, to KomearB HMi.it 3Haieme nocToaHHaro ero KOMHTeTa, AiBctByiomaro HMeaeMtaaHATara Bt iiefoiTnocTb nocitj- HBro Esiy apHHaAAcatHTt, Mex.iy npoiHMt, B.iacTi. yTsepsASTB saKO- iiOAHTeabHua npeA-ioatema .lauAparcKoB KOAaeriH. Ilpoiee yupaBjeeie CTporo cooTBiTCTBOBajo BTHMt KopeHHHMt yciaHOBAeHiaira. BucmiS cyAt BBipaaca roirepHXTy. ro$repaxTt 3asrIiHi1.1t na.iaTH rpasaaB- CKaro h yroaoBHaro cyAa, ho saxiiaTH.it ce6i ropasAo 60.1irae babcth. Coraacao saxoHy 1796 roAa, OBt BaaHCTo cocTOHTt H3t AnopaHt, 3a- HHManniHxt cboh aoasbocth noxRSBeHHO. HpeaHAeHit HasHataeica H3t ABopaHi caMHMt HsmepaTopoMt. Iiane-upesHACHTt Ora aameBpoMa BTy AOAXHOCTb 3aHHMa.lt HSBiCTHilfi r. iOBt-BOKKt) TTBepSAaeTCJI H3t thcab srhcTHUxt AsopflHt ceHaioHt. 3aTtMt Bt roijirepaxTi saci^a»ro Tpa xaHApaia, Bs6paBHHe caMHin. roiJirepHXTOiit H3t thcah 12 saci- Aaioouixt Bt -laHApaTCKOfl KOAJeriu, 8 acceccopoBt h olSept-ifiHCBajoBt, Taaae Hafiapaesraxt cauHMt ro^repaxToira H3t tocab Micrnuxt abo- paat. flyxoBsoe ynpaBaeaie BBtpeiio o6ept-KOHcacTopia a r.iaBHoxy HepEOBHOMy ynpaB-ieuin. O6ept-E0HCBCTopia AiftcTuypTt aoAt npeA- CiAHTD.lbCTBOSraOABOTOH3t jaBApaTOBt B COCTOHTt H3t H.ieHOBt, B36H- paeauxt ABOpaaCTBoat East 031 juopaHt, TaKt a Hat AyxoBeHCTBa. TjaBBoe aepsoBHoe ynpaBJeHie coctokte B3t aeTupext jiaeApaioBt. TanoBU ycTaaoBAenia, jaHHtia ABopaacTBy 3atcoHOMt 1796 roja HHt BBOABi cooTBf.TCTBOBa.iH h yfaAHBia ycTaaoBAeHia, TA* ABopaacTBy Aaao eme fioatnie BpocTopa. BioprepcTBOTaraie He ociaAoci. 6e3taaA- •lexaiHiixt ycTauOBjeuia. MarMCTpaTH, ct 3aBBcaaiHXH OTt nnxt srt- CTBMB H J1HIWMH, AtfiCTBOItfUH HO 06pa3Hy ABOpBBCKBXt ycTaHOBAeaift. TaKHMt 06pa80Mt HHiero He ocTaAoct OTt yape®AeHiB HunepaTpHuu, H IipaBHTeAbCTB6HHHfl BABCTH Bt Epai 6lMH HOCTaB.ieHH Bt TpyAHoe BOAOKfeHie. H rCHepaAt-ryCepHaTopu, h ryflepHaTopH ct ry6epHCKn>iH
— 335 — npaaiCHiaMH rouym bx btomx aopi .mHATaroBX, roifirepHXTOBX, «arn- CTpanrax, He Hjrla bo3hoshocth ouepeTxca Ha o6mi9 saitOBx, k6ohmx TOTiara npoTHBonocTaBHTt sasyio su6yxb „iipHBmeri©“. louno AO Toro, lio ry6epncKifi npoxypopx, KOiopufi bx pycomxx ryfiepHiaxx umLii, TaEoe ana'ienie j.ia cyneCHUxx MtcTX, fiu.ix orcTpancHX on bmxx bx oa.iTincKHxi, npoBHHpijixi,. Ero HaA3opT. orpaHHHHBaaca ry- fiepncitHsn. upaB-ieHieMt. „Oko pyccsaro napa“ 6h.io npHimano feno- .icshhmx jaa 6esnpHCTpacTHiixx ro4>repnxTon a uarHCTpaTORx. HaaicTHuS naTpion #. U. Tpon;HHCKifl xfl|iaKTcpH30Banx uojoaeaie Afcll C.ltAVBIUHMH npaBAHBHMH H MtTKHMH CIOBaMH: nFy6epBCKoe npaBjCHie, Boropoe. hko nrexcraFuaiouiee bx ceMi anno caaaro rocyxapa n oxpanaiomoc nenpQBOCHOBCHHCCTXero Bjacin, joiseHCTBOBaio fin uo.n.30BaTT,cnaasoHUUMi,nepBeHciBOsn,bxryOepnin,bxdoixmeii iacTnifuxxkBcr- Byert ho caMOcofioa) BenocpejcrBeHHo na ryfiepecaia h ytainua Bjacra « na KHTaaeHry6epmu, uo hjhnocpexcTBOHXjaHxpaTCKOflaoiieriu, iuhuocpeictBOiix MarHCTpaTa. DoBepxHocix ryCepncuaronpaBjema ecrx canait iiaioaiiaiyuiaii uajx BxacTaMH h cyjaMH, aaBnraimmii HenocpeacTBenao on cbjx AByxx yipeaiieniii, bsjx cyjauH, botophxx xieHH onpeAtjarorca, oipimamca, yBoixnsiorca, npe- Aaaxrca cyxy, naKa3UBamtca a 3aahmastTca hub xe cauaan, h soTopae no ne- ofixoAHUoexn coctobtb y hhxx bx ciinoax noBHBOBeniK. ,Bot cin joibMBArBia Juacrn tocioan bx HenpecTaBnol! (5opx6t cx npaon- TejbCTBoax, H, bx cjyiai BeucnojneHia ero npeinHcamS, naxoiarx onpamania iuh bx ocofieHBOMx niijiJBBACKOMX3aK0H0xaTeixcTBi, aoropoe ue mojkbtx 6htx H3BicTHOreBepasx-ryCepBaiopy boBcixx ero naBoporaxx, iuh bx xpeBBHxxnpa- BHieriaxx, 3aKj»qaioiuBxca bx BeonpexiacBBUiix h pa3BOBpeneBHaxx soaijinp- uauiaxx, sOTopaux aeiaaaoracKaTtaaiaia, h aoropaa oBKorxa He norm6htx ofeacnena a cboabhu Biricri, bbboBpeMa noaxcKaro, bh bo Bpeim raBejCBaro, hh bo Bpeua pocciBcsaro npaueBia, Be BaHpaa aa BCfe npiuoJKeBHUH bx Toay ci&paHia n yoHiia\". TaKHMX ofipa30MX Kpafl, BMiCTO TOTO ITOfix ylipaB-ISTBCB oOlUHMX am Bcixx 3aK0H0ux, npa yiacTin SHaqiiTe-ibiioa qaCTH HapoAOHacexe- Bia, otabhx Ha aepTBy puiiapciBy h 6»prepcTBy, bthux Anyux 6h- qaux (JieoxaiiLHoS EBponu. XII. „fl,a, KOHeiHo”, CKaateix kto-hh6vax, „npHBHnerin btb ne .lajan cCtXohrOtcxyX3aapaCaTqBaeHrHeWHMepXajexA-HrHySCTeBpOnMaTXoPpao,ccbitho.(5HuoCBAetpjbaHBnXaTbTObMtXh-TnOpHHBHc.ioe-- riH BX AOJSHOMX DOBHBOBCHiH*1> If.MX? Ch.ioio? IIo BCTopia y6iAHTexi,ntisix ofipasoax AonasuBaeix, bto cH.ia n.ioxaa oaopa bx boao6hhxx cuyqaaxx. ^a h kto 3HaK0MB8 CX T'llMX, 1T0 ,1'b-iaCTCH BX IfpHBH.ierHpOBaHHUXX M'IcTHOCTaXX. He
336 — juu6HeicH, Kor^a eay saroBopart o chj* reHepajx-ryfiepHaTOpcitaro ynpaBjenia? 3as0HX, nOBniHKoay, EpeAOCTaaiaen renepa.ii-ry6epHaiopy canua ofimapaua npaua. lOpacTX, HByqacmiS reHepaxx-ry6epBaTopcKyn hh CTpyaiiin, nopaaacrca sthmx KOAHqecTBOMX nepynoBX, cocpeAOToqeH- hhxx bx oahoS pyxi. Ho, noBHAHMoay, yupaBJiaeaue paacyaASmrx ofix btomx upexMert anaae. Bx hxx rxa3axx btb o6mapaua npaua HepiAao HHicrb aHaaeuic ApaaonoBX a huuxx qyAOBHmx, naaaaeBaH- huxx Ha BHTaScEBAX mHTaxx. liucmee npaBHreaxcTBO i'otobhix aa- nyn-iufo o6mvi> aipy. „3to ao hscx He sacaeica, rOBoparx oaa. Y aacx ecTt, cboh ocoCcbhocth, kotopbih renepajx-ryfiepuaTOpx AO-iateax npaaaTB bo BBBaaaie. Ero AoxatHbi cupocHTb. E&ia ero npeACTaBxeHie He BUAOHSHtBHTx oOmaro saaoHa, to oax MoateTx, no apaftnaS nipt, na Mferfe ocxatwTt ero caxy, upHMf,Haacb sx mIicthumx ycjoBumx\". Caax reHepajx-ry6epeaTopx, bbkobx 6u hh 6h.ix ero ofipasx au- cjefi, kbkx tfu ohx hh tfiux cuofioAeux otx npeApascyAKOBX, npoxanx PocciH u rocyAapio, t.xfiTX bo BBipeanufi eay icpafl cx npeABSHTOio HAeefi, OTX KOTOpoi OHX HH BX KBKOMXGAyiat He M03K6TX OCBOfo- AHTbCa. 3ia npeAB3HTaa HAea coctohtx bx tomx, hto Kpafi stotx ecn irfmo ocoOoe otx ociaAbHaro rocyAapcraa. BcTynHBX bx xoakhoctl, ohx TOTnacx nonaAaeTX bx boxobopotx h4cthhxx noxHTHnecKHXx hh- Tpurx. Ohx cpa3y bbahtx ce6s npeAHeroax bc£xx onaceuig, HOAeatAX, rpeBorx, noiuoReniii, jecTH. Ohx bhahtx Bospyrx ce(5a pa3Hbixx roc- HOAX, KOTOpbie BCiSHH CBHTaiOTCH HOAHTltqeCKHHH A^HTeAHKH. OHH ro- uopHTX exy o pasHuxx noahthhecRHXx HHTparaxx, CTapacrca npH- BAetb ero to Ha Ty, to aa APyrya cTopoHy. MIicthoctx, ru i bobmokhu noAKTHiecKia napriH a no.iHTHqecKie HHTepecu, He ecix ah bx caxovx A&ri> coBepmeHHo ocofiaS apaS, He HHierx ah ohx npaBO aa ocofioe ynpaBAeBie? H nojHTHqecRia uaprin bx aauiHxx reHepajx-rv&pHaTop- CTBaXX VM'JlfOTX H3X BCHKOS, Hep'liAKO HeBaSBoS, aAMHBHCTpaTHBBOg MipH A^AaTB BOAHTHTOCaia BOUPOCX, eCJH TOJXKO Hipa 3Ta UpOTHBO- pilHTX HXX HBTepeCaMX. HaorAa roBopsTx: reHepaxx-ryOepHaTopx bctb npeACTamirejb pyc- cehxx HHTepecoBX a ofimaro saKona bo BBtpennoHX exy Kpai. Ckoabko HpoHiH bx 9tomx Bbipa-Kenin: tf&roib npedcmammeAem pyccKun uhme- pecoez n Poeciu! IIoqeMy otx KypcEaro h BopoHewcitaro ryfiepnaropa He norpefioBaTb toto ate? Heyatexu bx caMoax A'fcx* cayaeaie pyc- CBHMX HHTepecHMX BX PoCCLH 6CTb plijaafl HTpyXHaa AOfixeCTX? TIohhtho, Kasoft xapaHTepx, npa tbkhxx ycjoBiaxx, upHHHxaeTX aicTHoe ynpaBAeaie. Bo BHyTpeaHHXx ryfiepmaxx Pocciw ynpaBAeHie HaXOAHTCH bx pyKaxx pa3Hbixx MiCTX h ahhx, KOroptiH OTBtqaDTX ra*Aoe 8a cboki aacib, a noTOMy a40ct8vb)tx aoboaxho caxocTOH-
-r* 337 — rejbHO. B® reHepaji-rydepHaTopciuax® mu bh^hiii npoxHBono.ioaceuie *Byx® bh,iobi> BjacTH. 0,ihh® paapaA® AiflCTByex® Ha ocHOBasia bb- BicTHiixi ynpeacjeniB c® tobho onpe.it,.ioihhmu npamum. ^pyroft— BJiacib reHepaai-rydepHaxopcKaa, ^tificTByen, 603® bchkbro yxpeacfle- Hia a uo.ib3yeTCa caiman odmapHUMK noanoMoaiaMH. Mohhtho, mto btb noc-itiAHHH aiacTi, coBepmeiiHO iiorjomaeT® nepBWa. UepcOHaj® 3THXT, B.iacrefi HaxojHTca b® desyc.ioBiion saaHcoaocTH on, reHepaj®- rydcpHaTopa. Or® aero sanHcuT® hx® onpe.vi.it'Hie, uepeafrueHie, no- BMDiBHie h BUcu.TKa 3a nojHXHMOCKyKi HedjarouaAe»!iiOCTi>. HyacHO He- c-iuxannoe jtyatecTBO, BTodu BCTyiiHTb B® boaihsuo c® tbkoio aiacTbso, Aaace mrija saaoH® Ha CBOefi CTopoHfe. I hhobhhhh oieHt, xopomo 3H3I0T®, bto mipKyaap® reHepa.i®-rydepHaTOpa u a hhx® ropas.no iiasnt.e odmaro saKOHa, h tto, akiaac® naccHBHHMH opyAiHMH ero BJiacTH, ohh irmtii® ho pHCKyKiT®. Emit, jiuo He noflaeT® na aaa®, ouh He fiyxyrz OTntaaTi,, h(5o reHepa.i®-rydepnaTop® npHicpoer® ace CB0e*> 6e30TBt>TCTBeHH0CT®B. 3.10 lie ocTaiiaMHiiaeTCH aa btom®- Ec.ih 6u, ho EpafiHefi nipt, reiiepa.i®-ryfiepHaTop® cau® nor® jtftcTBOuaTi, Biio.nit, caMOCTOaieabHo, TO BCO-TaBH MOJttllO 6Hj10 6lJ OHCHSaTI. HtiROTOpUX® peSyabTHTOB®. Ho on® CBasaH® no pyica*® h HoraM®. Kuy upaxoAHTca cor.iaeoBaxb cboh atfiCTBiil He CTO-IbKO C® BHjaUH BHCHiarO OpaBHTeHBCTBa, CKOHLKO c® HHTepecaMH rocnoACTBywiHUx® h'Scthux® emccob®. MorymecTBOHHua KOpnopapiH OHHpaBTCa Ha cboh npHRHxerm h CMf.KTCJi Ha*® ero yca.iiasm. Majifiinifi ptiuHTe.ibHiifl mar® HaBaesaei® Ha ncro roHeme. Mtcruuc oaHrapxH hmIhotl cboh napxm b® erojiaut,. Ohh HaiHHaiOT® CHCTexaTHHecKyro Tpanx» npH iiomoihh cbohx® ch.ii.hux® Apy3efi. 3a- rpaBHiHaa aeiaTt OTKpuBaeT® cboh CTOadpu HauanxaM® BCHKaro po^a. OpocroB ry6cpHaTop®, oc.ih ua Hero Hanajyx® sa to, ito KaseHHaa naaaxa u.m HHpoBofi nocpe.nHHK® HcnojHaex® 3aE0H®, chokoBbo mo- jkct® OTB'isTHT®, no ohh itflcTBOBajH b® npent.iax® saKOHa, a no- TOMy caun OTBtxaiOT® sa cboh A'fcBciiiia; ecu ace aca.iyjomiBca Heao- B0.ieH® hx® ^'feflcTBiaMH, to oh® Moacei® HCaXOBaTbCH BLICIUeMy npaBH- TexbCTBy. rencpaj®-rydepnaTop® He aoacerb jaw, sroro OTBixa. Oh® nonHHacT®, ‘Ito Bet Biennia ycTanoB.ieHia hexoahtch b® ero bjibcth, h ito hh jtiia Hero, hh ,un hhx® BaKOHUocTb HBBiemaro XifiCTBiH Be NOaceT® CJiyaiHTb AOCTaTOTHUM® o0®HCHOHi(!M®. Ho He noaceT® jh ho EpafiHefi Ht,pt, ipeBBiigafiHaa Bjacrb nocay- atHTb k® pa8ptraeHi» Tamix® HCKJiO'iHTe.ii.Hux® sajai®, Kan®, Ha- HonpiiMf.p®. saaaia oCpycema? Ofipycenie! Ha bto ai.io HyatHU .npyria cpejciBa. Cnpocaie, Kan® pHM.MHe iipcBpamam b® pHMCKKX® rpaacjaH® acHTeaefi MaaoB Asm, Has® (fipaHitysH, npyccaKH, aBcxpifiHU OHiMexHca-iH a ocJipaHttv-
KHHra r. CepricBaia minrja irtcKOjr.Ko Micfinoro, toxj Ha3ajt. Meauy T in t hh Bt ojaoMt acypnaai ire iiohbh.ioci, no toji.ko paaliopa, no jaae sauirKH o6t atom, npeKpaerioxt rpyji. Tojibko Stcrnmn Eepoma yno»HHyjrb o Hem, BCKOJBSt. Menjy riMt jjib yuoMairyToS KmrH Maao 6ir.io& saMiiTKH. OcHOBare.n.Hoe Beanie hctoishkobb h XHBoe Ha.ioatenie, acaocTb noasTiS it TOiHOcrt Bupaareaia, caaocTOa- TO.ii,nua B3raa,ivb a coBepmeaHO aonaa oniHKa mhoi'hxt, cfiaKTOBt, Bee aTo jaert conHHeHin r. CeprieBHia notoTHOe Micro Bt Hainelt bcto- paaecEofi h lopmaiecKoi .iHTepaTypi. Ero coaHHeaie— o,wa H3t rfext KHura. no npoiTenia Koiopaxt moikiio nojBecTa 3HaiHTe.Ti.HuB htoi-b BUBOja xt, nojKpin-ieHHUHt jofipocoBicrHo cofipaanuMH rfiaaraMa. Mh naraeMt name ofiospiHie c t cacTeau rpyja 11 lJiaBnifirairst bubo,loin, aBTopa a 8ariMt npoBipam, toiboctb nayiHuxt ero npie- mobi a npaBHJbaocTt chctcmu ero coanaeaia. „B iie h Kaa3b“ npejCTaB-iaeTt nonuray mioxUTi Haia.ia pyc- caaro rocyjapcTBeHHaro ycTpoficrsa h yapaBieaia bo BpeneHa EaaseS PnpHKOBineR. Bupasaact roiaie, irpejiteToiit H3C,iiiOBaiiia cayaum aojaxHaecaifl Curt Poccia KHaxecaaro nepioja (cm. npejHc;roBie). Ab- Topt He ro.ri.KO ho ocTaaaMHBacTCJi na sroMoari yrBepacAema ejHHO- AepsaBia Bt Poccia, ho jase ocTaBnaerB rrt eropoHi „aci saiaTKH HOBaro nopaAKa RemeS (TO-ecrt, papcnaro nepioja), to.ii.kono BpeMCHH npaHajjesaniie rmnsecKofi Poccia0 (cm. npejacjosie). D,iJi. asropa, caijobbtc-ibho, aaajawaerca et a3JoseaiH Haaa.it rocyjapCTBeHHaro ycTpoflCTBa CTapoft Poccia boBeen axt nacroTi, npa len t oat He npa- HBnaeTt Bt coofipaaceHie oficTOBTejiLCTBt, BHjoitaMinHBniHxt bth aa- la.ia Bt KOHni KieBCKaro nepioja. BcaijCTBie aroro, bco counreuie HanncaBO
— 342 — r. CeprteBHM HMferBxapaierepB AoraaTHrecKaro HSJOHteHia „Ha'ia.re°,. npaxiracnie kotopnxb airropi yaasuBaeTi bo MHOatecTirfc npaaipoBB, ’ b3htnxb H3T. Hamefi xpeBneft HCTopia. 9tb uamua h npuMnpu co- craB.ia»TB Bee cojepjaaine Tpyxa. McTopHaecKifi iiaiepiajB He aaferB. bi, neon, caMOCToaieABHoft po.iH. Oat apaBOXHTca TOAbKO cb uXjbid- AOKaaaTB, KaKB r t Him apyria Hai&ia rocyxapcTBeHHaro ycipoficma a ynpaB-ieHia BpHwbHajHcr. a t caaofi shshh. CoCctbohho roBopa, coia- aema no HCTopta npaea a ne Moryrt jaBaTi. TaKoro upeo6xaAaiomaro snaaeHia HCTopmecKOMy Maiepiaay, nans oCmia HCTopHiecsia coiHHe- nia. BuacHeme DpB^HieeKHx't Haaaai Bceraa jo-natno Cun. r.ianHOH> hxt, ntjihKi; HCTOpmecaiB MaTepiaAB BaaeHB aah hhxb aa CTOJbEO, Ha ckojbko bb Bern mokho HsyiHTt npoaiiaenie iophahhcckhxb uaaajB.. Ho spaBaee pasBarie osaaaeaHaro npieiia mojkctb hobccth hi iuubhumb HeyaoCcTBam. HcTopia npaBa BceiaKH ucmopix, acTopanecKoeHscaiAOBa- aie. Can't r. CeprteBHBB HaauBaerb cboS Tpyxx „acTopmecEHMH oaep- KaMHu. BepionHoe se naaaao ncropiH em. Hiea deuotcemx. HcTopaie- citoe pa8BHTie npana coctohtb aaeHHO bb nepexoai otb oahoho aa- naaa kb Apyroay, hoab iuiaaieMB pa3HooCpa3HHXB yc-ioni#. Ecjh siu apeACTaBHMB DpHjEiecKia Haia-ia h3b$ctho* saoxa cb toikh spiaia nomx, KaKB Aoray, to cbbsl otoB suoxh cb nocjrliAymmeH) CyAOTB ae- noaaTna. Jab BUHCHeHia aie stoB cbb3h hcoCxojhmo oCparaTb Baaaa- aie Ha „HaiaTKH“ Hosaro nopaAKa Bemefi bb pa3CMaTpaBaeaofi aaox*. Ohm, BKtCTt CB APyTHUB yCJOBiaiH, COCT&BJEDTB 3-TeMftnTB pasjone- aia bb cxapofi caereMi. EesB hhxb xaxe yapeatAeaia H3CjtAyeao8 snoxa He HoryTB Curb asyieHU cb Haweaaneio uojhotoh. F.cjh mu BuacHHMB, HanpmtpB, naiaxa KiiaaecKoS Bjacxn a bb nojTiiepatAe- ' Hie cbohxb buboaobb CyAestB 6paTb apaaipu OAHHaaoBO H3B X irfcica H H?B XIV, H3B UpaKTUKH KieBCHHXB K MOCKOBCKHXB KHa3efi, TO bphab aa „KHa8b“ xpeBHefi PocciH acao apeflCTaBHTca HanreMy yay. T. CeprieBHBB ae moi-l ofiofiracb Ce3B cI»btobb, bhaoh3h4bhbibhxb rocyAapcTBeaHuft nopaAOKB bpcmghb KBa3e8 PwphkobhbcH: ho obb ocTaaca B$penB CBOeay ajumy hsaoshtb aaia-ja ApeBirtiimaro aamero rocyAapcTBeBaaro CuTa bo scefl hxb HHcroii. Haxce mh yBHAHMB pe- ayjbTaTu TaKoro apieaa. OAHaatAU HsCpaHHOMy apieny a cacieMi r. CeprleBHiB ociaeTca BtpeHB ao KOaija. Jo HacToan;aro BpeMeaa mh Be HMtaa TBEOft noAHoft KapTHHH Hamero ApeBHaro rocyAapcTBeHHaro Cuia, KaKyH) npeACTaBjaeTB HaMB „B4a6 a KHa3b“. HocTapaeaca
— 343 — Caxoe sarjauie KHurn noaaauBaen>, qto aBTOpx iipusnacTX am ojuuaKouo cymecTBeHHue a.ieiieHTa bx jpeBne-pyccKOMx rocyiapcTBeH- hohx 6ut4: napoAX h mums (cTp. 1); iiare-ibHOCTi. KHaacecKo8 mbcth h (ftopaij HapoAHaro Cuts oahhskobo aiimra aa oCpasoBauic rocyAap- crBa. 9to im-khu# man BnepeAx bx aaniefi lopiuniecKOH Hayit*. JJo HacToamaro BpeueHU 6o.ihraHHCTBo aynnaxx npeACTanaTeaea aaysH npB3naBajn sa pyccensix HapoAOMx hckadihtcaxho naccHBHyn po.n. Bx hxx raasaxx 3TO 6ma HHepTnaa aacca, kx kotopoS jhdm, nocre- neuuo, cx 6oabuihmh ycaaiauH co cropoHU npaanTeatcTBa h npu He* pf>AKO ynopHOux coDporuBJrouiH co CTopoauooineorna, upHniiBa-iHCb ro- cyAapcTBOHHua ifiopMH h Apyrie npoAyKTH „HHBH.iH3an,iH“ . Bapaxcaan 3 1ApyzHHa Ha'iiua wo BOcnHTaHie; Haanx III h Hsanx IV upoAo.iaa.m ero; IleTpx BejrHEiS aKpf.nH. x hxx a*ao. ^opsibi ace HapoAroro 6nxa flB.Tfl.iHci. aiiTHrocyAapcTBCHHUMx aana-ioxx; oirt He yiuaAbiBa.iHCb hoax jpiBHJH3auii)“. HapoAX, jepataBniificfl sa hhxx, vxoahjx bx Kasam, bx BOJXHimy, -bx paCEoax. MaflO Toro: ecan BHyrpH Poccin ApysHHa, MyatH, rocyAapCTBO othocmhci kx napojy, ex aysBHKaMx, kbkx nuBH- .iH3yK>mee Ha’ra.io kx CesiJiopHeHHoS, rpy6o8 Macci, to bca Poccia, KynHO cx npaBirreabCTBoax h HapoAoxx, cocToaaa kx tkkhxx ae hoa- ’iHHeHHuxx OTBomefliaxx kx APyrHMX cxpaHanx. SanaAnaa Enpona, yate pa?x BHCjaBUiaa Hanrx „nnBHJiH3yioin?io“ ApyiKHay, iipOAO.VKajia HaA'l.-iari, Hacx auBiuu3au.iB4 h iioc.if. PocyAapcTBeHRafl OAOXAa, co- TnauHaa HCKycHUMH pyKaxH sanaAHUxx npocBtTHTe.iefi, nocTcncHno oO.iena.ia rpyfioe tSao pyccKaro KasaKa. KaatAufi ycirtxx UHBiuHsaiUH 6hax bx Toate b peiia h TopaceCTiiosrx PyccKaro rocyAapcTBa uaAX shth- rocyAapcTBeHHHKH nana-iayn. Ycnfixx PyccKaro rocyjapcTBa oSyc.iOBAH- Bajcii nofiiiAOK) naAx pyccKHMx HapoAOMx! TaitOBbi HVAOBHuiHue pe- sy.ibTaTU, nopoxAeBHbie HeBHHHOio mKoaoft poAOBoro Sara aepesx npK- Mf.HeHio ea nana.ix kx napoduoMy Cuiy jpeiiHei} Poccifl. JlnorocTpa- AaJbHuft pyccKiS HapoAX, TflHyBmiS bx cbohxx ofimHHaxx T*r.io h, Bxicrfc cx HpaBOCASBHBMH napaxii cbohmh, CTflByBtniH PyccKoe rocy- AapCTBO, CHJIX npOTHBHHEOMX TOCyAapCTBa H KaEoS-TO „U,HBHJH3aiUH“. TepyaHifl, ao 6htbu npu Ca.iOBOft CEpoeHHafl H3X TpHxUSTK biccth -locKVTKOBx, Aojrxaa Aua noAasaTb eMy ypoKH rocyAapcTneHHo8 yy- ApocTH h noAHTHiecEaro cMucja; 'Ppaaiua, AOCTurmaa rocyAapmeH- Haro eAHHCTaa paspyrnesieiix Bcero HCTopaaecKaro nopsAKa, AOJasa Ou.ia yiHTb ero OxaropasyaHoS CBofioaf! Kmira r. Cepriesma pfi- maeTx ototx Bonpocx npocTO h hcho: rocyAapcm PyccKoe 611.10 npo-
— 344 — B3BeseHieMX Haposa (irfeia) a npaaHTe.itcTBa (ekhsa). Bx 862 rosy naposx He npescTaBJa.ix BHepTHOi Maccu Hacejema, paaposneoHaro pojOBHMi fitiTOMi; npHSBaHHue Kama He (Ifi.th ceiod, BHesanHOynaB- raeio ci Hefia, npeKpaTHBnreio xaocx a coTBopHBmeD Pyccsyn senna. Uo'rpefijiocTi. rocvsapcTBeHHaro nopassa jaeHO yate cosHasajacb cja- iwihckhmh o6niana»H. ITpHixnx npxaBania aBTopx nmen. bx yc-ioBiaxx caaoro Bitiesaro finra h Torsanraaro oOmecma. „Hpa paBeneiei bcIixt. cjocbt, uacejeaia, —roaopart obi (<rrp. 68)— npa OTcyrCTBiu noaeMy 6a to bh 6uio BHjaoiUHXCH hsx o6maro yposaa poxoat, aoTopse MOrJa 6h npcjuiBHit cbob npasa Ha fiescnopHoe nepBeHCTBO, y Ban bo npescTasimocb b03hokhocth coasaTi. hsi cbohxl co6ctb6bbuxb aicaeHTOBi 1-JaBf CBOJHKO-BB6ySBCHltBOft IipaBlITtXIBCTBCHHOBBJiCTH, He BOSCVjHBl BCIIPH- BiipiiMofl BpaatHHnaprifl- IIpH3BaHie KB«3efl H3i Bat HBJUiiocb esHBCTBeBBtrin, cpejCTBOBi. yciaaoBBTBBjacn, HeaaBUCHHjio on. BHyTpeHHHXx napriB*. Abtopi hsbtx saate ja.ii,me. Uo ero tmtni®, necbsia fffcponTHOMy, upaaBaHie 862 rasa He fiuao liepBum. Bapaxcsie EHasba H3jaiiHa asaajHCb npaBHTemHH cjraBaacEHxx njeMeHX, ysoBJeTBopji.™ uorpefi- hocthhx „napasa a npaBsu“ , a noro*y asraame axx bx 859 rosy irpoBSBeao (5e3nopasKH bx cxaMHCKHXx oCimHHaxx n npHBCJo kx Hp- BOMy h OHoniare-ibHOMy hxx npn3BaHiio. Haiaxo aToro .npusBaaia\" 6hso a ocTaxocb Kopemo® lepiofi aamero speBHaro Sura. Bx 862rosy Ou j i npHsaanx Piophkx ex Opa-ruma: bx Teaenie cxisyBipHxx 3at£mx cTo.iiiTift npu3HBa®Tca EHasba PcpaioBHaa. QepBoe npHaaaHie „nrita> ptmaTejhHus nocjtscTBia si« see# PyccsoB sexiH: ono noiozaao Haaaao oco6ofi nopojt aoseB, soTopue m . out CBoero npoHcxoaueeia on. npa- 3BaaHaro KBH3H cthiuhcb cboco6hhhb eb oinpaBicai® Bucmefl cyjeOaoB a npaBHreibCTBeHBoB sineibHOCTH. O t aroro BpexeaH, npB3BaHia jixaioTC* ae H3i.-3a Mopa, a hsx cpeia noTOMxom, Piopgaa, xoropbie o6pa3yon ocoOoo, ae catniHBaiomeecii ci ocTaxbHbiMX Bacexeaieax, 3aaKByroe h noroirciBeBHoe co- cxoBie KHaaeB\" (crp. 69). CjisoBaTexbHO, cx canaro Haim PyccsoB HCTOpia amuHc.b ase- MeHTH Hacioamefl rocysapcTBeHHoS nxacTH, h6o cymecxBeHHuBnpHSHaKX BCHKofi rocvsapcTBeHHoa BjracTH coctohtx BxeHHO bx tomx, hto oaa, H63EBHCHHO hh otx EBEHXX o6mecTBeHHUxx naprifl U aiexeHTOBX. npescTaBsaeTX cbou oco6y® hscb mKnierx cbod onpestaeEHyn utxb. BcxfescTBie aroro aBropx sa-ieax h otx Teopiw rocnoscm lacTHaro npasa bx HameHX speuneMT. nopasEi,—leopin, ctojb Haxo npauaxa®- nefl bx coo6paseHie HCTopaaecKie iJiasTU. KHa.ib 6hsx apesciaBHro- •iomx rocysapcTBeHaaro aopasaa h HMeuuo sxa aioro „nopajKa“ apa- auBaaca ax Kassy® bosoctx. IIoso6ao Tony, Kaxx npasBaaie 862 r. ae fibixo aepBHMx apHSBaaiexx, oho He Cuxo h noca^SHHEX. Bx Ha- mefi iiCTopia oho aMicrx SHaaeaie He ijiHKsur, nosofiao asei soroBOpa
345 — bb Teopia ToSSeca h Pyceo, ho A^SciBHieAbHaro ipaETa, h(5o uenpe- puBHo noBTopHJiocBbb xcieme n’fccKOjLBHii. cxoAixiB. Haia.io npasBa- nia Bnoairii oiipejt.«ien> onioiueuia, cyra,eCTBOBaBinia nearly HapojOMB h KHaseMt; to, tto bb 862 rosy H.ibMeHCKie C.iaaaHe CA'PxaxH u i nt-Tofl Poccia, BnocaijcTBin Kam.iuK ropojB A’fc.iaeiB aah ce6a. Kaat- ,iaa boaocxb npH3HnaexL h.ih npiiHHMaen> khhsh J.ia npaB-ienia eto. HxaitB, SHH3B H npHSBaBuiift hah npHHHBmiS ero HapOAB—boti, cy- luecTBeHHue- a-icMemu xpeBiiaro rocyjapCTncaHaro 6uxa. <I>opMa, bb KOTopofi npoflBxaaacB napoAnaa xiaxe-iBHOCTi., HaauuaaacB „BiienB“. TaKx KaKB npacyTCTBie khh3h bb KaJEjoft bojocth oCyc.iOBjHBaaocb Bo.ieio B'feaa, to r. CepriesmB HaiHHaeiB cboR xpyAB cb H3c.rfcjWBa- Hifl 9i0r0 anaoHia. Bhao an lrhae Bcooumeio <popnoii Haznero Hapoiaaro fitiTa? Ha Bio aBTOpB OTBtaaeTB HSBtCTiHMH, COXpaHHBDlHIIHCH BB .xflXOnHCHXB OTHO- cuTeJBHO cymocTBOBama irf.'iomjxT, nopaiitOBB bb paaHuxa. ropo.yaxB. JlsB'fccxia 3th pa3A'f.jiaK)TCH hhb Ha ABi rpynnu; CHaiaAa ohb hphbo- AHTB HBBlcTia, saB-iRi'iaioinia bb ce6£ npauoe ywmHie ua nf.ionoe ycTpoiicTBO; ohh xacaioTca BtaropoAa, B-iaAiwipa Bojuncaaro, BepecTba, PasaaH, Mvpoua, HponcEa, Csfo.ieHcita, PaAHia, Hoxouaa, ^pyaecaa, 'lepHHroBa, Kypcxa, CxapoAyOa, PocTOBa, CyaAaaa, BxaAHHipa aa KahbbmIi, nepeac.iaB.ia, Mockbh, TaepH, 3poc.iaB.ia, KocxpoMH, Hick- Haro HoBropoAa h BpaHcaa. 3ariMB c-itAyem, rfc Mtcxa xtTauacefi, BB KOTOpHXB, XOTfl H He ynOTpeCxeHO CA0B0 „Bi?e“, HO HMieTCa kocbghhoc yKa3aHie na yiacxie HapoAa bb oOmeciBeHHHXB jtAaxB. „'lacxo, roBopaxB aBxopB, bco HBB'Rcxie JrfrronHCH sasAioiaexcH bb oahohb cJiOBi: ropoaaHe xaKoro-TO ropoAa „npeAajHCb“ Kna3to, hah „SaiBOpHAHCb“ OXBKHH3HHAH II0A0BH6BB, E.1H „6nAHCb“ 3a KHB3I, HAH „BUin.in Ha BCTp‘im “ kb Kiia3» “ (eTp. 18). Bo bcPxb bihxb cxyiaaxB hcho npoaaaaexca bo.ib Biia no xIimb hah APjrHMB ofimccTnenHusn. BonpocaMB. Taaia HSBicxia coxpaHHAHCb aah abbaiwih - xpexB ro- POAOBB. Ha OCHOBaHIH TaKHXB IpaKIOBB MOXHO, KOHeiHO, CKaaaib, 1 X0 si- ieB0ft 6b ib 6hab Bceo6mHXB bb ApeBHeR PocciB. Bca pasimna MeatAy ropoAaMH aaEAioiaAacb xoabko bb cxeneHH pa3BHiia h <pop»rii npom- AeHia 9T0F0 6ht8. ‘Bb oahhxb ropo.iaxB uiie 6hao BepxoBHO® Bjacibw H ,if,ftcXBOna.il) HOCTOSHHO, BB APyrHXB Dp0BB.ia.10Cb AHIHb BB ipe3BH- laftHuxb cayiaflXB; npaBO ate irtieBbixb coOpaeiH Ou.io aab bcPxb ropoAOBB OAHHaKOBO. Ho eceofcifHOcmb HBjeHift, h npuxoiiB BceofimHOcib, AajeKO He oAHnasosaa oTHocnieAbHO ero nocxoaHcxBa a (popMu, jaAeKO He AOKaauBaexi, HeoOzoduMocmu 9ioro aaiOBia. Me*Ay xDmb aBxopB AixaexB paK-iwieHie, itoiopoe ahhib na nepmjft bstabax* Kaaerca ao- XHieCKHMB. „Bf,TOB0H OUTb, FOBOpHTB OHB (cip. 20), SHAT. HBACHiestb
— 346 — HeoGxojHMUMi bl jpeBHefi PocciH, a noioiiy n BceoGipnin\". 9io noxo- xcHic Gmo 6a npaBHJiHO, ecjafii arn o p t n a a a .ii c i joEasaiMBCTBa Heo6x0JHH0CTH B ila, H TO JO HtEOTOpoft CT6Q6HH, nOTOMT TTO BeCbXa aacio p a p o jt ho m risero Toro, w o eiiy iieoGxojHno. Mexjy T im , aiiTopi. Haia.it cl joKasaTemcTBi bcco6uihoctii Rf.ia, a o HeoGxojH- mocth ero c j t a x t -rami Hicaoawto GiMuxi sairfciaHift, xoTopua, K ant yBHAHMt aa se , n e BiioxHb nojT Bepsja»T ca HaineB Hcropieft. IloacMy a o n tie Gujo. Heo6xojH*o? Ho Mfiiniio aBropa, hotomv, hto RHH31 6U3L BL B0A0CTH JHI(0 UpR3BaRH06, BO CB33aHHOe Cl HOBOpra- HH'iecaa; y Hero He Gujo b i pacnopaaieaia upaBBTeabCTBenaaro opra- „8Ta ciaCocih coGcrBeHaan. cun Ena;m, roBopuxL r. CeprteBHTL(cip. 20), ecrecTBeHBOsacrasuia ero HCaaTi oaopu bi conaciu cz Hapojoat, niUBaraja aapojt aa nepBHg mam. Xoia Bt.'ie u ae 6iuo cosjoho KHaseut, booutjox- aeai 6un o6pamari.cn at Heny“. H Tojibao. Hairt aaaseTca, hto laxaa „Heo6xojHMOCTt\" ecu. -rami ycAoeie, upa KOTopout moi.iu pasBHTtca stieBue nopajRH, h KOTopoe jasaxo simieHie niiy. Ho HeoGxojHHOCTi. Bl.'ia aaKjioiajacb b i opra- HuaauiH jpeBHe-pyccKaro oGipema. tha opraHHaapia comBjuaa my- mpeHunto HeoGxoAHHOCTL eiieBuxt nopajpoBi, OTy cauyo jMctbh- TextHyio H3t Bctxt HeoGxojHMOcrefl. Abtopi cam oieitb »t6tko yaa- aa.Tt Ha cbssi npa3BaHHaro khhsh c t opraHH3apieft ropoja h boxocth. Be3i anajasa opraHHsapiH jpeBHaro oGipecTsa hi n bosmoshocth no- HflTb h Bite. y aBTopa HMierca Taxoe HsexijOBasie o cociaBi jpesHaro o6ipe- CTBa (cip. 31 h cat*.). Hextaa He corxacHTbcn, hto oto H3CJiijoBanie Bejeno Bectua xopomo. Mu uo3bo.ihmi ceGi jaace uepejaTb 3jf>ct bu- boju r. CeprteBHTO othochtc.tbho mro npejMeTa. Bee aacexeme jpeBHeft bboxocth“ coctohti m i paBHonpaBBuxt .lOMOxossent, KOTopue pe pasjixeHu eipe Ha coc-iOBia h.ih „ihhh“ MocaOBCKaro rocyjapcTBa. JIpeBHaa Poccia pe ana.ia cocioBifl... Hace- -ieaie npejcTaoxaera ejHHooGpasuyio naccy, pa3Hue cxoh Koropot ot.ih- lajucb ojhhi o n jpyroro joctohhotbomi, a pe npaBara (erp. 31). PaajHiia rfo saHaTiaMi Be cyipecTByert: on khhsh jo nocrtjHaro cbo- Gojparo pexoBiaa, Bcaaig Kosen Gutb bohhomi, t M n noseMe.tbHyai coGciBeHHOcib, saHHMaTbca ToproBJes) h npoMucaaMH. Kaajuft HMtert npaso Ha Bee, ho ojHony yjaxoct Gonmc, aim. jpyroHy, a nowHy oht. h BujiiaeTca, saat le.ioB-fiKt ,4yamig“; kto ocTaaca nosajpBCixi, —xapaETepH3yeTca snHTerOMt „ueHbmaro“ aexoBtKa”. 1’aa.THaiebthii c-’ oeBt, kukt. ipaKTOTecpoe, He Guxo HacjfejCTBeppo. 3axBHTTUxt aop- nopapift, nojortHo cocaoBiam aanajHoft Eaponu, ne Gu.io. Kto 6u.it, cerojHa „Meabannre“ vexosiKOMi, saBTpa port noiiacti. s i paspaji
— 347 - „.iyimnx'i.“ Jioicft. /[axe cjyxiuue adah, s a s t seacsie, Be BUJitja- jBhpceai.eHHH8Ot , coexaEa Hacejiema boaocih. Obh BUAt.in.iMcb hob Hero i m HOBarO Cb KCBoOrHjMa UnoCcATyyrXiaHAAHHMnHa QOpHuHCCMHOtnBta khahh h noaBAeHin cJKjyAxbCHyH., CMtwiiuauTCA Cb nuaaicnee-iseiynieMHiir.tnibioo.i,o(cjtuhj.u PaeisAyyAiboxmaTiOeH<b|>aTitaxKnO: rao) cocxoania eofriomeBceiBMa,ornaoo Bi, c p e jt AaHxHabops6oc6itnaAeeaHehipbBpHltx,Ota'cH—bbix3CiKCoB0paB-BBeKCneTBcOxHbApacaanodcKCHaaxppOcPTrbobaaOAnoB3BcHAH».nceCObHHHicHtiCBie>poIH.ti(yTActeebUaAaoeAKa,aHax6DacnsHjceaaxHAaaaaxxbCrAaAHHAiioAsonHtH,aU.,OOOnnaoUHbi.HAxySpnmAbieAfaealHcncEBBBaccoHHbTmHTBaUfoHBa-iT,HOCpmnHrOeoXoAjoMj3BeiabHnbaaHBcahCOAtcaT.TAiuTUxhKpnoiBB[0,ppOey>yaeHoupbBreHnf„OaonaHlpHi'.AAuiiUxaeaacxfiauiHlr.xuibnpocuOeHoHneonosHlTn6euABHtsienoikaaaaAptlCn»HbicaBeeo—Jc“aHpioOBH6aXxafm,HBHHiHbOkaaHe.bSBMc-ccbiTIHicnibH>thBoaeOe.)n.ncCseeifODwleh.HmHHBHTaHnAebAHbyiaecbt,apAxMCconioOC„xbTiAeHaahppoHrOuaco»ieh.AiHhxboiAMbtataBAt.e6jwrce“afhoaeho*cikifc,cAicarlO;myoeaaxhyab----;> aHBHXMobp.oMEAb,HHaaCKxAsOeHTanAoOeCobrpBabnoHxxeoxnecioKouSpabsabbccxbho:6o„nahpuaxxxh. .sihhhih>o,tuhpoiibBbo,jHAMtToHe H„Ae0yMa0aXc0T3BflyHwHibb“,B1b0H-eCapTob,AHcauHxObCcXoOOflpxea.ulI.iHaUxb0\" 1'(AexaBpa. C4e3M).bH3,a6TuiAnbb,HxAaexHiOuHftb B-ll'ia. .(pyi’MMH CA0B8MH, Bb APeBHt-pyCCKOHb oSmeCTBt ObLiaBOBMOXHa TOAbRo HenocpeAcxBCHHaa ACMOKpaxia. „HapoAb, roBOpaib CeprteBHHb (crp. 52), yiacrByen. bi oOmccTBeaBHXb Afcsaxb H6 no npnsBaBiio ana3a, BOTopu0 cam, npiraBaob stxeiib, a bi caiy Tnponpueyxmb aermo eeonxeaoBmSjWi„ipmajaxcjB“ npaBa ycTpoHBan cbob coCcrBCHnua *k«a, rob bo- ofjiuecTBeuuua, Hamntno ocofioe, xHBymee csoeB OxciOAa caMHcofioioBHiesaioxb cflt.iynmie npH3naKH BtaeBaro 6uxa. Bo-uepfluxb, lam. Bam npaso yiacxia BbHapoAHuxb coCpaHiaxx eerb mtHoe npaBO KaxAaro, xo HapOAb aB.iaexca aab o6cy»Aenia o6meciBeH- auxb A*Ab norojoBHo, a He ipesb npeACiapHieAea. Bo Bxopuxb, Bb cofipaHiM KaxAU0 oiAiAbHH0 njeHb AiflciByeTb xoabko oib cBoero hmohh, npeAciaBAHorb xoabko cefia; nosTOMy ptmeHie Moaeib cocxa- yBpcaHAcXOnbBacAHaOaTexCOcBAfbalKsaOHHabnpicaHbcicHnopr.AeAaTcbpiHenTAiaySmcnHxBviUn,Bie;OcOAAHHbb, 3ctnoooctioOHHcaXomrbAeBHabcyiaxMoHHHbttH,ibihi,oto,coaxfaioppaaobmAkboe Bb xasoMb coSpaHin ne orpaHHieHb Bb npeAHeTaxb CBoero pa3cy»Ae- Hia; OHb otScyxAaeTb Baaie xoaexb Bonpocu h caMb upHEOAHTi. Bb Hcno-iHeHie cboh ptmema. 9xoib buboax ofiycAOBABBaeica HueHHo c*i- BieHieHb oSnrecTBeBHuxb AtAb cb .cofcnieiiHUMH a&muih° KaxAaro ayxa. Ho n ipt xoro, Ham oCmecTiieHHua AtAa Hawn BHAiAaxbca
— 348 — H3t ApyrKXTi, canoe npano napo^uaro coSpaHia aoajkho (Jhao orpam- OnpeA&iHBt Taraire oSpaaoiat ycsOBia'Hamero Btienaro fiirra, aB- Top’L upacTynaeTi a t H3CjiAOBaHit> ero cfiopHt, t4cho cBasaHHUxi ct BumeoBHaoeHHUMii ycxoBiaMH. Hat aioro bhaho, hto net numeo3na- le.HHue (faCTH npHBe,»eHU r. CepriesHHeat HCKJiioHHTexbHO nxs ofit- aCHeaia ipopin. Bixesaro ynpaBaeaia, KOTopua n ofitHCHemi hmi ct pt.JKOm flOfipOCOBteHOCTBS) U <So.UIIIHMt TajaHTOHt. Ho HU H03B0AHXt cedi He doSth saAtme 3a aBTopoxt, a ociaHOBHTbca Ha araxt ipax- Taxt h CAiuiaTb <ks teffx HixOTopue buboau. Moaert 6utb, h anropy 6uao 6u uoxesHO Hxt cjixaTi. caHOMy. Bo nepBHXt, Btie Cairo no cefit ecib 4>opMa co6pam6 napoAnuxt, ho He eCTt ifiopxa Santa napoAHaro. Cxasaia, hto sjeueHTu Henocpej- CTBOHHOB ACHOEpaTIH B1 ApOBHefi POCCIH BHpaxaAHCB Bt BilOBOltt ycTpoflCTB-t, SHaiiiTx caaaaTB hoaobhh;. Ct xaEnut ate ocnoBameut mokho ciaaan, ito cxoAKa ecTt (popiia Hamero specTbaHCxaro <5irra. CxoAaa, cofipanie, octb <J>opsia, npoaBjeme aroro fiura, ho Be caxuB <5bJTt. ,\\.*s TOrO ATOGh BHOAHi BUHCHHTB 3HaieHie BtqeBOrO nopHAEa, H6AB3H OCTaHaMHBaTI.CH Ha OAHHXt MOmblXl IipaBaXT. HseHOBt pyc- citaro ofimecTBa. Bt OTHOiueuiH CBOKxt juxuiixt npaBt APCBHifi pyc- cxifi rapoAt HHiert cxoactbo co hhothmh ApyrHMH aPObhhhh h co- speMeHHUMH napoAaMH. HenocpeACTBeeBaa AeMOxpaTia ho ecn> hckjio- AHTejBHoe npoaaBOAenie Apennefl pyeexofi khshh. Haia-ia ea Bt ca- HHXt pa3H005pa3HUXi $OpMaxt npoaBASAHCB y pa3AHAHUXt HapOAOBt, 3 10ycAOBia, AiaaBinia H3t> ntia aBseaie pyecnoit bihshh, ax. Aa.iHCB He Bt Haia-Taxt jhhhoB cboOoah h He Bt cm6octh xHaacecxoB bixcth, xaxt roBopnrt aBTopt (crp. 52), a Bt cpopMt oftmecTBeBHaro Cura. JhttHOU CBOGoit, HHAHBHAyaAH3Hy, HOSCeTt COOTBiTCTBOBaTB H H6H- TpajiH3ai;ia, h HapoAHoe upeACTaBmeABCTBO, h sryHHHHnia h xopnopa- uix; ciafiocTB npaBHTeabCTBa MOJxen, nopojHTt h 4>eoAasH3irt, h pa6- ctbo, h najo ah e®e hto. Bine coOTBtTCTByen. He ahhhoBcbo6oa4, a ofinuiHHOHy Girry. IIosTOMy oho 6hao BupaaoHieHi. He ahhhoB, a 06- mecTBeHHofl cboSoau, Oh io npaboat He xa*jaro anna, a ataoB off- itfuttbt. Meatjy Tint asTopt BOBce HeociaHaBAHBaeTca Ha 3Toxt xpyn- HtBmeHi, iJiaKri Hamek Hciopin. Otl btoto mve He HHieri y Hero HHsaxoB npoAHoB ochobu. O n BToro npoHCTexaerb a hohchoctb ero npeACTaB.ienia ofo OTHOmemaxt xna.ia h sapoAS, 0 npanaxi. ntia h upeAMeraxt ero AtsTejhHOCTH, a t. a- BtaeBus cofipaaia 6uah npa- BOHT* He JHAHOCTH, a OfllHHHH. HoBTOHy Ct OSmHHH H CsiAOBaAO aB- Topy HayaTL cBoe H3CAt,(OnaHie. Mewy risit ont OTxpuBaert csoe pa3cy*Aenie o6t ycTpoflCTafi nixeBUXt coSpanift ct bojocth, KOTopya OToatAecTBAHert ct xnaseHioMt (crp. 23 H ca4a-)- Mb hc nairfcpeiiu
SAliCl. CUOpHTL 0 TOMS, COOTBtTCTBOBaja BAH He COOTBllTCTBOBaja BO- cjotbccthlhKhBSHHatetHeiioB. o8ntpoocAipysraoKgJKsomnepToccas, j.ia tHoamcsb,fiesTpfassv-siHqoHnpuefAi.t-CWyAmCea- bs O&tea'L BO.IOCTH H KHHlKema, KOTOpUH COCTaBJHJH, rtaiCT. rOBOpHTS »B- xops (cTp. 25), OEpyrs RixeBbixs coflpamg. flpexAe ita s paaptmaTE, Biot's Bonpoct, HeofixoAHHO yxa3aTi, cine Ha oahus BaatHHft (Jhikts. Boaocti. *bs ApeiraeB PocciH osHaaaaa ofiuEnoBeiiHo p-fc.iyio oC.iacTi,; Barbas caobo bto upa.raraAoci, ks MeAKOMy Ataeniio, ks aAMHHHCTpa- thbhoB oahbhivB. Bs nocrlsAHeas eabiCAt oho coxpaiiuxocb h bs Moc- KOBCKifi nepioAS. IIo sinf.iiiio aBTOpa (Ha cip. 337), caobo „boaoctb“ nocxeneHHO uepecTaeis ynoTpefiAATbca aah oaiiaxeHia ut.iaro KHaaieHia cs XIV B-lnta, 11 sabumsociaAOci, HCKAKnaTejtHOsuaaeniecocTaBHHxsqa- cxefi yA^Aa hah KHaaecm. IIpH'iima aToro, oxobhaho, 3aK.i«raeTcabi, TOM’S, XT0 CsXIVBtEa, BCfiofiAaCTHIlOCTenCHHOBXOiaTS BSCOCTaBS Mo- CKOBCKarorocyAapcTBahuepecraiOTs6htb caMocToaTe.ii.HHMn boaocthhh, MM’iiTb OTAiASHOe HOAHTHXCCKOe CymeCTBOBSHie. BoAOCTb, BS CMHC.lt uo.iHTuaecKaro TepaHHa, ncxesaers; ocraerca ahihb boaocti, ajiiHHH- CTpaTHBHaa. Hiass, aah toto 'itoOu o6jacTb fiu.ra eoMcrntto, ohs ae- o6xoahmo AOAJKHa 6aaa Bails CBtfe OTA^ABHoe npaBHTexscTBO. CaMO- , CToaieAbHUMS noAHTHHecKHMS cyrn,ecTBOBaBieMS a oco6hms npamiTe.ib- CTBOMS 06yCA0BAHBaA0Cb H irpCBpamBHifi HBriCTHOg CTpaHH BSBOAOCTB. ABTops yCTpanaen. bc4 Apyria npHXHHti ofipaaoBaHiaBOAOCieS, Kpoat HOAHTHHeCKHXS. „IIa OCHOimUilf HCTOXHHKOBS, rOBOpHTS OHS, WMKH0 TOABKO yiBepacAaTi, xto lueMeiiHoe pasxnxie He HMbxo pLniMTXMuiai‘0 Bxiania aa oCpaaonanie boaocth“ (cTp. 29). MHoria H-ieMena coeAHHa- ahcb bs oAHy boaoctb, a Apyria paenaAa»Tca Ha HbcEO.ibKO BOjocTeS. I’. CepriieBH'is aors 6u Bijpa3nn.cn Aa*e ptuiHTeALHf.e, h6o btots Bonpocs, ckoai.ko Haas itaaeica, y*e OKOHxaTe.ii.HO pinieas r. Co- aobbcbums. Pa3it.ieHiio Poccia „oo nAeaeHaas\" nepBonaxaABHO coot- FijTCTBOBaAS APVTOS TCpMHHS— 3eM.lH. TcpMHHH „3eM.Ifl“ H „BOAOCTB“ coBepmeHHO pasjHXBH. Bu.ia, naupH atps, jlpeBAimcicaa aeaAA, ho ho 6uao ^(pCBAHHCKofi boaocth; sea.ia hoahhs He ToatAecTBOHHa cs Kiee- XckHoHkC) HbBoU.igocTtObkft) HhOAntHp.eAAXP-^yilSrHool.SCToHcHTOOBA,fiHsceTAMH^AiSeOcKBBOOaiHAeOABCBATHSHOC, T,BHAo.s8HCBT0aB3xJHa0.HiAaKHaOeKKTHpSyABr3SOA,I,ipHOHOCAASHI- K3K0B} BAaCTBKI qf.Ms-HH6yAB Apyraas? Ecah 6h noAS Haeneas boaocth pasyataacb TeppaTopia, upHHaA.ieiKamaa oAHoay KHaaedtoay poAy hah oahoA khh- asecKOfi ahhih, to npnmAOCb 6h npn3naTb oc4aaoctb KHHsefi; ho ea bs . ApoBHcS PocciH ptiuHTeAi.no ne 6uao. KHaaba MtHH.iH ctoabi, boaocth afiHHAH KHH3C0; HOCAtABie B005n(6 He HatAH HOCTOHHHOft CBB3HCS KHaacecTBOMS. Knasba npHauBa-raci. boaoctamh, Koropua h AaBa.M hms MacTb H8AS TeppHTopicS, hms caMHas irpHHaA.ieAtaBHieffi. OOseas bo-
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