علم الأناسة التاريخ والثقافة والفلسفة - كريستوف فولف - ترجمة أبو يعرب المرزوقي

L_ ' Jin -4.11 <1A£ Aa^4 j i iwljJjl «juk <jj «Les rois thaumaturges 3o 3[ ( a~u3^ jj3*^ <y oJtuI <ui>- L«j jij (j jLixiVl j 1 3tlijj y y(_£2lL>- 3 £\" 3^ 3^ y-£-^ 2l <-^d -il-Slc-l i_^ yI AgJj ,<&*jui y]a v n^>-j j^2j3^ JlL>- (3^ “3^ 03 ( 3 3^a^uU*^/i *^ 3 3j li^Ljlaaji 3 4--^-^ cu^-Ji itf-J-il 2 cyyjLa o'j j 3^\" 3Cj jS\" 4-S3 jah' l3 y& 3y^\\ y-«4*pL»>- olj S)L> LaJbcu j 3'~5 <U^Ut-l iliili 2 ji yjj*^*- ^ i^LLaJJ 3(_r^h ^ J^ o^-; 015\" aij .oLiaJJI 0^ ‘ ^d^P Vj 3 3 3^>ri>jln*JJ -^d^2^ LaJjCU J ya.a; sihjg'.ll l] \"-*-^ 13-A ~/>~*~~~t'' -i*j 3 3 3 3iwljj .^w/UVl 4.11g_i L« L^iLoo *\"“-^ aji^2^ J oLg>-j 2 Up o«.p.va~ y^ 3 o 3istSj (J^>- ot 2jlh <2AJj a*j 1 ^ <_3^ “^3^ ( «3UJij 3^AL«*J> ^y 3j^ i AJ'lS' . ,. ' :/_J >._ J <SJb\\ 4^3ta\\Jl £ _La . ^3 ' 2 J 143 3 3 3^»up ^d)i^ 3S” «<cx-L»3 ^ 4 a^ 3^la.^ 1 .^ j! Lg-ya^aj- 34 ya g*N ya. •'>'* 3^S 3 <-^ t^S” SjiUbj apU3'j ^3^' 33^'# Ji^Lc 3^t j\\ius .ijfrUjA-l t_iSlj^JLl oU<aLvai>-*yi <A\\y^i . '\\<U£’ SjjjjaJlj 3<du3 Is yft J 3 ^pjUj VhjUI J5ULI loI L._ - j » » * 1983^1^ thaumaturges i^>u!i oij^ai uj^ui :i%Ll<jjL. 141 1 982 t (j JuO ljU £jja Cpljj (^y^- 1 U 142I ^<>~tT-l I I ‘-^tl LiJj ££>* Ij CjL>-j~t 7\\ a 4j jLoj^tJjLlJI 4j La£ (^!5^ *iU j <£_ t^ij 143 9 1. *7 *i 3>^ Ll 1 j-Q.i Cj^^dSj^JS ^ oljl tU ^4i*ii i -ljcjj li I t; n i n <1 1 c^ll^Tj J|^>. I 1 97 6 j tjryjLo 144 .25 • 4^J^J £j£L J^Li 145 98

^j g iil A \"A\\j jllll4 ±ul illl A*j ^pjjL ^a_> ( j*ol^3 J-> L~>^3 (3 -L*J<i'-3-<>-C- (_j ( IgJ j«-$3 ^^Lc- jlSj . oLlji-l (68.^ 53 A-iJIj ^aJLwJlSI (1549-1492) IjlsU aS5loj aL«pI j^f-\\ LgJ L« * j$ Heptameronli^JI ^lVl=) Ojj-aL^l l$iJb l$J O^S\" >A>- Ol -AjjJ 01^ LoS\" -4jc<j-«J 1 iu**i jAv25 ( <_j3[ 4j^1sd oulS\" ^J1 aIjJI oL^j 4jL>o jl>J Jij j*£\" j3 (3 ~^JU u^i OLcVl ^jlp o3j j5up oja33 <3 ^~c- jU-Vl . oU ^ ^ 147 j JjL»o 3 y° yj3ls jjiSJl . ^*JI dUJU I^jjl ^f UjXo ^iLj CjLxa 5JI £tjj\\j ijl .L^*>-l jA O^l>-li Ub'-V a . 1 . ./» aril —iJliJI <LlL*J! i j4lLc*/Vi olJbJb£j ^JuJl>«iJ jJ^JU OLujJ ^iWl J5^>-5U «L*»J^aS1 iajLail ,3 j+oj& Lg*s ^J - ((LJL*JI cjLujIjJJlJ 4.S..ig~\" icujjll)) (3 uiuoLuJI <uli-t)) jils Lg j jlS 1956 <c^w <cla-A>- . 4^3^) i !>r> lJL>“*y ^lajj i i^_*9 .a* aL»S- JLo Lj 5-Uj jlS” 03J .*>-jd! IJlA ic. JuJJLa asl (jJUl Jbjj* 5liO j® LJ i1)L*jVI JjVl ^Ui! j3 »Xs- ja)I\\ (jJjJ Jas . >\\^\\ <Jj*^3 ^jjU jJdII ^ijUU ((Ja-stil Jsmi 5U)> ^3 ((l» j?xy ^jS^LJIo Oii ^aLJIj 4 1~» 4>11 cL(^iii j (ji I^X i-^J Ci3jjl Jjau3_) iL. LaJ^flJ (^JJI^aJI f^\\\\ <_£-1^Aj ciJjLas J 146 . La l < it (jfu-A La ^ . 1 942 j(_^-L>i (Lhi -^ J4\" <A<a(* ,-1lC’ ^>*1^ 147 pi jjfc.1 4j M: ^LUl 9531. (juljjIj ^ojinJi (4>-i {j* LdjLtao (jLix«jj £>-ij 148 J A- jis^tC lj 149 V lo tribal I ^Jlc,j \\ In 1 H_^ll I ^jiajJ^I Jir 1 1 1 :^jl 990 ^. 1 (jjLU J^i ^^yic. CjJ^iSu 99

^ < ijlijl JfcJLlI j—J' tfc9 \\^i\\jX^A ^yA ^JJ yjb £tJjtdl ^yA (Jj^! J JLi-l Jito jtkJVl (j Jx^JJj jfc {j£- kdUstJ! ^s-j!-1a * ^tlt ^Jt*j t*^ (_$jL>t ,/i II otiSj . ^J.a..ii l 4JtoA ^yitJ! ^ ..» a 1 1 . JU wLw a \\o.< ^jxjjtJ! iSj^H y yl/3 ya Oy£j 4^3y A{*&jl>t>l! iSj[£y£-\\y ^yJCajt! jy^a], !)) (3 kJl3>**J J ^XjyAtJ iljjJI jl 4/33^1 ^Ul! -A to ^^_}ti (j ^yAj {jA «j. ./gaSi Jjilj <Li«jjtJ! L$! jjiJLl il/O UV•J'AU a£t^>jtJ! !3 (JL»>-Vl ^jjtJ! i)ti-l (_yi9 .«^Jcd! Ot^uVl (JLtC-*y jiJl ^jjbJt (3-L*-d j’a '^^ <Jt>!»L>-^/! ^jjU (j to! -Ojjii^j (_£ £4lJ il )) ; (JyA> 3^ ejl>CL*oV! s3a 4 4 /3 a tg^oltwai- i}^Jji C/^t (_^! j , ja (Jiijp ^jUiJ! ja ^1j*j 3j.Uao cJlS* LaIi ja LjjS (l^J C-^) t j twA-ljJI Ujjj jlS^ 4j jjL+& <r^> O'Jjji (69.^) . f*-* old^-Sll old ja dJUij . Ua- *Ua* ^ JJJl® aIS* dUi p£jj JjJbr j* . 151 ^jjUl ^i u& j£T. «<tf'jj ja 4J* ij-«Jj l#!^sl' 3JUa3!i :( ^) (J-^A- (_j Jju j«Jj .t-b-A>- I ja\\ ^tjjtJl 4j\\l£j <Li*jjtJ! tJt^ii-1 ^jip (jlS” Oj! total!J cAdljll Jy>- O^Lid -uiJtw Xs- JU-! cJl^ t»S^ J'^j^! isbt*J! ^!j^p! iji'a A5^t*J! o^tJ^- c^jtt jiSj .oLjaJLII . Ja—jdl oUUj (J^) (j iA-U»A>-Vl o!i'^>t»J! (j !jjj c5 JJ^ lltc- ^y3j»j jA jJj A^^tj-Jk! ,j*J 2i*^jJ! {jS- 4jtoA tt! t^ 3 8. . [Jja 1501 fjjLAj 4£jyj 39 19801141 I 4£J^J 1^/A JL^Lui 1 0.^40 X.3^4, I ‘k J Ml 7^_J jigjl : Jl j^Lli AjA 151 100

1- ^ J^ j j( i ^tiJI^Likl2i,J-4llj aA \\ 4'il l j ^lil jA ^LojJI ^JjLc^JI jUpI (3 AaIx^o <UX*j ole-la^ ( jL*oVl 1^9 jJ&J \"ilj jJuJl 4 :,, \"-'a ^.jjLal^J! (_jlc- Cr* i_5-'-~ (3l^i«i-l (jl^aJJ Aj>^f jL; 3 IJL* il)i 3jljJI A^llVl a^-aL**** ci-Ud^* ^-» 3 V 3Ja^j <_£^^aJ ^c-L^dis*’ OJ^aU OjitJjUl (jl^JU AjllVl <C<v>-^J ^jlo .ii^ - ^lill j-JxJl ^JSLi dJJJ^ *U Sozialgeschichte des 18-15. Jahrhunderts ^JjVl *jd-( (3 Idad ^®“ j^Vt <jLcjj aMjd.1 jVI J 4jI^J ^wax!1 3j .^Jw V ^xJi AoUJ aLd-l (_^l ((<Lolj«J\\ iwO aLi-l)) jisjjlo AJU jJCo ^jlll Aj.il yaTftVl j^j^-9 «(_£jL>*iJ! (J-iLill)) (Jl-ij^j >.- a -/li ^lill *jJLl 3j&j .(( jLstaisVl (*w~Ua>- (_^J0 ajjiJlsL) *—Jlill 3 •* 1j«> ,j c-jl? xJl 3oljjjJlj aJL-J jl oLil >—a.ygj -la^A> i_£dJI (_s U J&yijj^9 i l./alAVl j»Uaj Ajuj'i/I 4 i_J^A> Jbjji dj*^l i—>b£JI (j- Ijj^ aLJslJI oljJull j— aJ aLoLUI ajlaJlj aLjIjJI Jjll (£*$> aJ .(^jJLiJI al^d-l 3l^j . 1 l-a^ J.».~> ^yjldl c—jd^Ji ( % 9 ^11 sLijJ JJjCo Lja 3jvidlill 1 J l^lt .Ajjl .jaT^Vl C.jIj j»>>9 aJI.o.xjI jl^ aJ ,...->- 2jj ja a.\" A^ia9Ul«j A^»jL>tl« a j *^\"3 jJ.**aA ^jj 3j>«JI <Jj>- (J iLA^ l*^j .a~<JL*JI o^a3I 1 i-jI^ . jj ^aS)}\\llAla,..<o 3jd .AJLC- Lj^c- oUlA-iJI ^jjlJ J (_yAo la,.*j^jd.1 i 3AdJli]l l$d>- y> ^A^4^)^A-* ^UiaI O^LjLaJLJI A-^3^ i/z * 1975 ^ aJgU (j~dj aJj^*wo ^JLj Lojjlc- oIju i^jdl .L^Ui) A^C-l«d^»-Vl oLIIddt jjJI icuj-il L»»oj ^ ^Jj1\" Ai^lj^ aJ ala II ^cjjIj 1 A^uljJ OjU>- JJj L5 j>- 101

* Jiiltill JfaiJI . 4^J>X-J jllj' djLwfc-iJl ) Ij 4^w,‘JU 4 L5^* 1960 j^£* JU dj^a, g«‘. *a Jj-b»- 3 ja((il 3/ *^>-JJb\\ - _jla^'jJt laJl ^ j-frA*)) ( Jj <3 ^ ^ilJJ.5j JJ^ iS^ OjJ^d l)^a17,^I il^d 4juL«JI ^L)jLS\\J 1 Ijj ^yi-i dJJ-i Abij . Jlib'yij A*a\\s>- ^JaS -by jj ol~b jjjjLoj .jL>o/> - JLilsVl {jA JuljU Jjt£- >b»-_J LaS” .jc^JLalalj .AjI^X/o j-AJL LfT ‘^~a (JLilaVU <WaU»- oL>- ^1<»JL>- .b>-^j (3^“bt (J“^> 3La LwUI :o^ll ^jjlJ ^JLc- ^Lll i—jIiS\" 0^ O jll)) 3 ^ —Oj^yia-^jJ! 0 bbjll <~iis ja oJs- jjsJi #<3® J < j'J^* ilr 3r“ ' jjro f^' (Ji cs^J 1-^' J^~!l o'J j f*- . gjI $-1 ^p\\ aJL/?V ^*5\" LoL^iaI (JU UjJI IJ-A d>( .( j^h. iS&\\) I 4jl3 t^y° (£ d-^lS* l—d)^0 ^ 4-fc*/l^aAil oJjb (1)1 ju^i c^w' jij o ^>«j LgJcLo AJli^i bfcjjju j3j .‘W^j <LMj*X5^3 c£ jJ J j>- L^aj Lykjjlj L=*j JJ-ba J^JJ j^> -AiJ -^J^J j'jj 153 LJJs . oLiaJJIj j^L«3«-VIj j3’ 3“^ <J y>- </o 4 l>-^-c- (( ^jjLUj-^j — ^ ^t j»i ,*illj .^_ujVI :3)^jJlj^-5 ^jJ ij^. ^fc.!jl52 J\\ ( .1978 jl|5j jil^j 1640-1500)( (_yitJjLlIl ^jiui <11 Ji^Jl Jua :jjJlLojLjj^_>.Ij 1 53 196• 1 (jaijjL 102

33 j JI I kAuAMj *lA\\jtill4 /i If ((_£.Jy>- JjjJjsJl) /? ^-i (Jy»- 3jy>*J JjJ CjLlfcjJI (_yS> . 5S33- Jy>-J jLxf-VU OjjJLv- U ^ ' (3 . 1 3 <U*aLwo Jj3y <Jy>- ^JJJ^ 3ulj.> '^'’15' Sj _^yaJI (y3*^5^-1j3' £HJ^* d_p-J ,j-« (_s~!-^ ^JL*^»=) jljlA52i Jj>- (71. j, 3 ^y> ^ jc^jisl^o Jy»-j 4j1a3 3y>-j 4j>3*^ 5s3j Jj>- 5~-3^aJI ^<JL»J oVli-1 34j.i 033334jJl)l ojjbj . 032.1j j4jcvJaJI ilr° > 3 o^ 3 3.3lz~-*Sl ^J-4 52A^ 3^-3 ^ (3>- 3^0 oV320l ^‘'-J 11 ^J’1 ^ ( 0^>3'j ^04 3 ^33J^ 30j 4&l «xU 4.C... 3 2 33[ t-Xj « (j^Wl L^s “ *d 33j 33j oUjSjmj <3lJ.£j 3>.3i jg ^<^3- ^.j^j jp? <L>j>xj 1960 4d-*i 31 Jj S^aj. 3^ jj3w *ljy LS^ •3uuU*yi Jj3»^o J^j]ajj CjOl&JJI jitjjlj ^31 4^.V.*JU 4^£o Uyxj ^yifiyi Cjy.J 3 jM3ji/inW 3-^tJ jglaO ^ —J~*i) < j33JI oj^*0 33 3<—OSj « Jj-L>- 3^^5 oIjO- Lidj <—a.Sj jJjJIj jJIj 01521 ^ isLoVL i isl3-1 533) 3>>3__^3s (33^ C 3* J • <J3>-Vl 34 3gJL«xj\\ yj <_3 ’ 158 3 c—33-«5j33)I i J ^* jj 0^3-1 34j.> 3J • tjar ^ 3j^53 154uii. 4jOJ^ j i ^-fc. 1 1 *— j i ftv .1985aJLuolj 9831• _^jL» L^jji$ i_*i i^>. 1 55 ( 1580—1379 4j^ajji 2— jLij^sui 1^3 ji_jjLii 156 .1982 £- fjUJl 335-*^ ^J-i3 157jl^jLk-j^jJl ( ) »_j^j jJl ^ys (JlstHil c-QjuJjl 4 umi^a jd^o :4_3^rvjJ 3_]L>. .1984 oylIjj L> t 3/ ^.LtlujjJ </-i«H 0\"* ^3^ 3jJ!^ J^jlII^ j ^31 s~*c (3^^ Cy6 :<—^5 ^ «jJl^. 1 58 ciU-4J 3^1 Wt.nl 984C-3J|J»I u3 t Ij . 1 rtC jjhc. ^yj-aliJl ^Ji 103

j1 aj jj } 1 dJUIJ*=Jd1 ^Jjl (JW^j J< j}\\ jfryg^o ^lajJIj ^jU.1 Oy aS'AaJI (^Llail oil* ^3j *L>-1^ 01 0^ ^O-J LL*>^aSI <Ljjj L. 0 j 3,3->^ l£ ^’’'tj c5*^^4 O^ylll oLj-A-Ui <3 ^sjtjlj <JU^ 4^x^Lwfc*J\\ ^*1 > p c ^j>. <u^Ui-l 5 Li- (J *l^y>-l LLS” ^Vj' Li>-V 160 j IIjjjS’ Ijjj J^ll Ijjh .4jliVl Jl dUAS\" . oL^JU! i-ul ^>i ^vAJ ^ ^Lc* 4j^5 ^aJ ^^*1 ^ y y£~ • ^oL-JI oyj-SJI On 2 *xi*il s^ll J^L>- L*J <3 ^jjj^j ^^5 2*1ji!l ^jL L A<—^L^sJI j*m£* ^Uc*/L5^ ^J»*-c4ij 1^^.^ ^y4^j^ .^1 4 JI 0«A£i <t3 . ^L^o3 oLLp3*1^aj! 5iL5jj 3*1ji!l IjlJ j d^xJ 3 £jil *laJL> t^LSLl ol^AiUaJl 01 . 3ij^Jl (JL>vo 4*jIji)I jl2>Vl Or0 ^ aJLq^ 3 l$Jli 4Jl^L>- oUaju» ^wLJI Lgiii> L« L-!LL oLu^JLIlj <LsLiiSl 0^jjli!i *-*^ u^ : L^j jL^j <— 990tiJL>. LdJj^j . 1 (jjLU J-&-1 ^£. itjjLiji 1981 ^jLI. (_yi*- *—JJJ i>;r J <^»ll 4jaLaj ^se-i .1974 ^juujLi 4j^ii ^-Ua^VI julc ^JLlII U4 jrt 1 1 l_*jjJI 159 ^1»-J £j3^Jt : LrfJ J 1 ^0^3 ‘ ~* ^ >^L^J‘-1 4-i , *<U .1986^ ^yi^- 4 i.i 4^- 4_*^aL>JI 3 Lj>J! ^c_jj Ij :(^Jij) ;j-uljji l- ^jv!j 160 .1995^ui .1977 dti’.ciij Siii j^ii Ajj? i- j-* ,^>L 161 I j>j-lj*£. ^al!lJlj t~uc jjLtuJl Lcuj^jS 4^_ 4 j i ».jliJ I 4^L^il A- :jjJljLo jLiJJ 162 .1969 {jrLu\\jj ^ZLatilj tlaLjJlj c_ilHSLll t^jljjLa 1964^j. iA . ^juujLi IjjJ A. 4 ft^ 1, 1986” 1983• (jjjjjL j->- 1 4juj] A. 4^.1 jUtl ^_jjIj : (^-u*J ) jijij (jljjLa a‘< ^ A. 4_u^aJl o^jL j ‘~if ^1^^ c0[ -j r~“ jL ^ 1 63 ! .1998 4_>^~^,l I ( 4_al rt^U) j^j ^-jjlll cjljJI 4jj^iiJ!j <—j^LU iln. ^jLdulu .1976 3 (2003) 6.^yts ^4_u^IiJI 4jL?e_4 4_o3l£_!! j 4^jUJI - xa 4 <>K ^Lajiitu .337-317 104

X\\ 4 4 ^ iAuAilli bM 4'illj mL-iil /ild. 164 , O^aS . 3j ^tjjlj (j ^ ^UlS\" dJJi JijuLft LpxjjlJ 4a1>v4 jJj O V^jIIj j! il^llaJlj ^aVl jldj (72. (JLixil jga« cu^- H>-V ^LaII aIa 3 jj • 1>JjAlli)! U3• 'jJ-> ^AiiiSn 3 ^ ^^JLe- oLljL*j ij^(>- (J v*> 43 iwljVl =>tj 3oli Ljlll L«l 3 ^UjdLiJI oLajc-JI JjlaJ si-LiJl 3liJJj u4l*Jlj . jL Jj.»... ojlH .1^15” J1 (_5^ 4j-bijl {j* j(4 3ijl jLaXC-Vl 4JLJI bj£ Ja^tlL jl j»L£jj 4jJJl 3^\" d4A 3^? SLa>- 4a<i.^L' 3^ 3 -bl^ll ^jL> 1 l-b-b»- LoL*JZa1 *s>tS.' Lo ^A_J LoJfcJjL oj\\^zi-\\ 4a> Lib 3 J^3-1 (^4-)l ^aJLf- (3 —4»JLc- Lo 1 i'^s^jj JjLaaJT . jts- ^>AjbJI (jrJ ja!I ls^- j*0 **3 jl-U £”j o!jJbJI oJLa <L)1 166 3^ (3 3^ cH'* (JL^V jZQb' ^ji'^i \\TjT 19884J3 . •^±j-la-& o^liLciiJlj cjL^jLJLI j 4_liill ^jjLU! t^jLi £->.lj 164 .1990 (jjUi ^LaXI <±4j. Laji ^_i^aj>ji a. j c_>jVi . 19864->b£ :jjjLl*<j^ jl Mtjd . (_>4jjjIj 2LifcjjbJl jLd>.j^j 165 4_yjjLtul 3 jj «4\"\"VJ 1 «^jl i -LA • 1 99 1 ^Lt^- °J3 (jLj_>Jl .4_Jlai- 4nniij^ ^-dToe-U J Lj^Tt^u 1998. «Ltjl^Jl 4* il^M .1984 Oj^y-i LL ^4 4j i ii Ijin I {jXc. ^ ,01.1^ 97.^II ^^Lq \" ^.1*^ ^JjiTiJl :j^yl_i^ juiIa 166 J!^J 43-11 < -1 Ji1 1 105

11 j+a.jJi CjUuIjJ ,_jj Is..*,^Jl j ./a «H oL-uljJ (3 <L*aUI ^ys\\ jcX> ls^” 3. L*JjS 3\"ya>” ^£-aI>«ll if- ^»JLidl ^AaJI Jj0- lLi ijl La£\" 3j. */}'3\\ ^.^1' *J. low^xJI Ji . ivulj*^! 31~*^- ^»Lai®Vl 3 ?a^ .’ tJjJ-AS\" jj) la’ll \\jjh J^>- 3Jjj .<UX-j«j 1 oL^-1 (jL*ol C-^t-Jl L>-jJ^j^/\\j <u«j<JLJI oLlajill j*JLtf-j ijjJi^-^l iJLi&Jl i*aU*i!l ^-o oU^\\jJI ijjlill ^aS 3oLjjliC o'jj)]atll aJLfc sjt- j^Sj . <0LibJi <~>jjj'^ 1 ) 3I\"-* 0 3 y 3 U 3J- j-c- c-'i, cj*^U>vo <u^, ^>. j^vai L<s»^c- i 3 j*^ A>- J^iall A.a.frll 3^-“^ 3<LJlj AjjIa« tillj Jj«j . 4~w>Ut Cj^\\j —j*-~^ ^ilaVl i jTfi 3'?“' LS^” ^ AJjlio (3j oliLia^lj > . ip«jjli!l «LuU^U i>3\"31 3^“*^ ^y> 3^-^° ( 73 .^0 , k_7^l .\">-^1 ^JjLlJI : 1995“ 1987 ^* i a c. I jj>.l 4jlijI ^«w'ac-M ^jjlj U *» II .1997 *r i~_^>. jjjiiJi :t_aj^j.i ij .1977 ^^jL-AiI.1 ^jLkj j-liil 1 i-Vill »* '• ^J ' ' 167i^* * 1 i*v '<* , 4jJjj£, jlLu £>.1 j i. ' .jj . 1 977 -4_jJL^ul^Jl ^ ^ ^ j>LJ1 £_ ^oljJl J^L>> ( LuUJ ) JJjJl ^->-LLa £— J-QJtl! ^Jjllll :jjjLdjlj Lyj^'^\\S ^>.lj 168 1983^:Cjj LjJJ *r> rt 1^3 X . ^ ^ 3^^ 0^° ^ 1 *J Lj 97 7. 1 3)^ J-^- .1992 ^ji\"ulA (JjoLjlII .19874^i n~il' :CjJuj Ljv 4tt1a X c_xjuiijl CjI jlnt <a ^yz jJb 1 69 4j^LSjJI : jV J t Mnjljj^jj (l^J-5 1981x {j^L-la 4.1 acj t-UL^iJl js^ls £j£. oLajl*JLl 2— ii<-•*_> T .1987^4~i.'?r 1 i 3<J 4 jj.< ttill 4^1 nMI :Li^<il^ |T * '* A X (3^0^ ‘ ~ *33 4_j_L*jiJl .1988 Lr^1 4_fc^ljj <a ^ejjlj ^aToe.1 lj 999 ^. 1 3> i “ 4_ujijjVI 170jji. Jua : L»3-a.l^ ^.i-->-aJ^ ^>.lj 106

j^ 11 i 2^ 4AmU24inli1lj jljJli liil ill flltL jijhj ^ 4j)j l>t« 4ogU C^s>*JI oVl>t« Ujl>- lil 171 : J&l J* iJUl oJI jUtVl Js. LU>- i^UVl \\jH \\j JSLJLI jUiJ' d^JI-1 l~3l j ^y?x)jUl -3 jSljllj j-jJ2| -4 ( >*Jt -5 oLjiJJI (_j iilisJI i*«UVl -6 rj^OjUll ^Usil ci-sxJL 1 j j-dju c~«^JC9 ioU- iilSiJI d^cJl (_r^b dJJJS <Ljl2JI SalSiJI 4>-^y <Zj y?iy\\ «jjfc (3_? • ‘CL.-aJfcl <Jj.il.ijlj 4_uU*^l \\a \\ (ju oJi <u^o .xA Ujl » /a.. . 1 -Xa (jj oU-UJM UjJI ol S-loH 4jll£j jS* JJ* J*Hj «-Ujs-Jt 4sL2j <Jj>- aJl«ju . C_i jlj.il ijru <Jjli^*Jl i_)j>- ai^jIJj j^ jLjjj a^jjjj^I 4^*_jJI isLiaiJl <Jj>- > A3 Lai! I ^>tJo^j ^~Lgjc* a3 1 72 ojfI v • ^^. Ax jjIjJI 4_tuLjVI *. 3 jLjLaII 3^-ufjj S joJUj ^jI JLLi 4jjiil JLu/ JjJ ojL>> 4_mljJ Lilij £— ^1 171 ( 996AoijjlllJl Amli^l jLst-o <J£ ^—^JcxxJl ^I jlv L-ts JjLfc. 1 ^j4g 1 La ^ jf l^V (1^° uW^ ^ ^ £ £—LtiaJ 1 liJJ j £_>- lj . Jft jin 1 1 1^. <*» la L^_*-o I i >.1 <- <_ i ^a ^ ^ ^i . .. / 11 a< Laj^_Lo3 <*• ^ ^ ^-1 ,.2 i ( d J ^(_>4ix4J lUJL I a ^ 5^34a5t)J lUl 1 4_lu 1 < <i)V I j^ytDjC. jj L*_o Ij J (_jj&£. o. ,i 1 i~ 3 Jj^aj U\\ < 1 1 1^~ 0 3 JlC. I .2000 La^_j£. (jyj £jja aL^Jllj LilJ. ij jj l^\"i 1 A j'VjjlnJl 4_tuLjVI jLioJj £jjq ^ 172 a^^-iJ jVI ^^naeJLl ^cjjLj A— ^JjLjjJ ^»i1-kJ 1 jl 4_j-oLt]l A^LSiJl j<uji.ftlo.c_j jl jjl^ ^_>.l ^4 <1 jU 3 Liu I i_jJ^Js l h j .1980 Lj Li3a ~ '^4 ^ ji J/i 1 ^1^- - J. 17.<r l~i .. ! 1 lil 1 1 107

UA L L JLiltillJfcaill 173 rJd\\ ^JlC-j J y>- JL»pI !_g t_ djj-L/ib o^Jjl! . 0^\"^ ol® jLJxjj y^.* Lj'<,, i IJLa y*j A—IgA ./O ^J A-J-JI A®lj£LSI 4^,g.9 A]_^L>E-a /? w A—*-Xjl A^Ia^JI ^jl aII —^ A-lx>«_) AsLaxJJ JjUj>- ^j) g Q L-> L-C-^j L>tIXo I^LiM .(j^ ^ <JU>«-oAJ c—*y>- ®j’y* J iil£J ^y^y* y& ^j J-vsjJI ^»-Ij) .U>- wij 0'J y^ <^>~a aS j~*>Sn c-?sJij <L?*jjUI Lil JI-2 .-® jyj^ .A^UVl jjJAaIj t-J'L^U-vS ipujlxJI L#1j£-^cjJI oLiu eLi-l J-ol J jjw? jjl lj C-s-o -1^9 .jLjVl A-XaU Pj ^jis^ll J-aP ^jXJI oLof-Iji^Vl (_jj i>Li-l (j-® < ^Ip y\\ 1 ^4p 0 yd\\ -ll« 1 75 f. ^cj SLi- 1 jJLgj Lo ^0 J^LdJ LjjJl oLLlaJI ^J-aI L&j^L £j\\_iLstilj jliijVlj (. LtiajVI :4^j^j jliaal ciil . 1 987 11 ^1 \" 'j * 1 VI ^LajJI 'J^ 4-3 Loj J: 'M-L.a.-a-^-Ai CjjLijj .1981 jcii-j Jl>JI CjLjIju £— <LujjjVI l-jjlJIJI 1982. dij 05Iam £t_>- j £cjjL c-obJJ! 4j31_3j c-ULjiuJl ^^yuu ^C-Lij 4j^Ji11 ^yC.L A.-v- ^jjIj 3-=t-> :4jj_aJl '£— 3Ll>J 1 :^L?t-j oW^[ ji-ill '£— lj 173 1 1978 ^jLLI ^jjLjJl c-Laj 7 . L^_il£_i_uJ {_y£.LftjL>.l .1982: ^j?e_ucfi j i~nC ^_t_u luJ (_^_i £— 4_iC,lj^JI cli *-cIoeJL 1 3 jLc.V ! t-3jofi j^j-a J .^wjJLi ^.Ua^V! ^lae-U c At.i.ll 4^1_3j ^^_1_3jJ 1 <±Qe-xJi (J£Lii/s .<iuJ JLaJl 43 L3] I I) : ^-tli (T^LjjL^ JujLj ^3 Li ij’HjLi 1) .1986 tiiL-uij 18- 16 ci«jJL>Jl CjL \\ Ju ii— 4_yj^_Jl SLpJlj 43 1 3^ ! jLijj j1 174 ' 1992 1990 ^:(±JliLll c-^>Jl ^j-iZdiA ,«LujJ.lj 4j^3JI J^jlitil ^^>Jl a1 id i 4Jla 1^ j 1 II .1994 Ai~i ^Jfc-cuJ ' j jjl Jula l^Lrv 3juo 3 jLj 2Ul!o[ 4r) £yi ^Llrtjj La :i_3^aA.-A £jwlj 175 .1981 £juu.la 4_jj^t-jjL 4JjL=tP .Cj^IIj 3 Li->iJI T^a Jj Jlxw c. ak^jd 3 A- ji <LLo 4jLaj^L 108

LJI I 4AmAa1\\ s 4aIaj1\\s m\\ ikl /Ll JSS' j^ai\\j ^vw^/l>-VU 4-^Ui-l <LwoisJI d^Llanll Jj oJJ-C'j oAa 3 jeLi-t i^ ^-ju a3Vj olj LA >/?9 Lijj i (Jij>- j>A oLmAjJ i^jl>- ^Jlj iSVjJI Oli <Uo O ^>tJI j** cJL*jtl 31*XA jyiojbJI (74-jyj o ^SLJA 4jL^>I jJ3 . 4-U-iS* ^jjJixJl JS* 1 76 (3 ^>ojLl!1 . 533-1 ^Ij^Jl 3~* ^ dji-«L*Jl «. ,c,l 4jLs£” jjkJt (Jy>- ^Sji>-'^\\ 1 <-]• l ~J oLjU ^ILo Llbc^ fl-Uft- ^oVt jl£j jiSl S j>-lxll Aj^stj C~£>- .((e ^u*^!)) ((Sj ^JI o ^uVl)) ^y> o ;; 1 78 ft ft L&jUiift-l Lgxi ajsJlx^J.! *—iSIjil ^ja L^j (_)-^j L°j e jJS'LL* <L« jJl oL^-l ^ujUl c*?Jt -3 (jL>vfl 5 6^^2^ sL^-l lj jA ^m[j)}\\ i»i^>tJU ^>-1 (Jl>ta «X>- ^.1988 Ledg I £y£) I Cj^JJ £— 3 LpJl xJd^Xl A-iLgJ J-La 4_uLllVl^ j_twVI jl^a . Cj L*-l I ^-JjLj :jIj^A .£ ^Ljj ^)Jjl>.I U^i Cy* 176 o ya 4.4jJi^jli .1983 i ip**- 3iiui i <^~>j \\ - j.^hc eXjx. 1a 3j.Cuj 4* ^^)_3 4-tjfc^^LiJi 3^-uVI ^jl^LiILi j->i-jl 177ji -a L^_l/} ^>.1^ 1979 l£JLjJj\\j U1 1 ^i~<.t 1 4-JLi CjL>di*y £^_Ju^ l-AjL>o| ^ >j L^ljUol ^ 4_jJj ^ujij ^re_) . 4^jL1XIj 4j^jVI 24 83j£ j _<_lU ‘JJLij JjL^Jul jj jjljj-oa £_>. I .1 ‘t^y* ^1 ts~\\ 4- J-^' ^-ul^ 1 JJ4—i—Ll t ^.uu J IjJ 1 1 a (J-U 9 27 ^jj^J 1b nij1 i.<3 in I a ^) 1. 1 . 1986 L>L^a ^U>J1 crV dH5 LjL-jii ijjlda 4_iit_|jLl CjLjj Ij gj^VI jj'^Tlla (Jdl^da 178 : .1992 : ( j_luj) (JdlSdaj ^jij^aLk lIjj^ :4- Aj_$ 4_La^jJl 3 Ll>J1 a^a< :^iLJl CjjLjjj 179 4_mj (_yC.Ld>-VJ ill ^cIaJ ^Jjse-o 4_i>a^-iJl 3l_j_>jl <£c*> 1 3^“^ O^1 o^.29-22.^ 1978 3i 20 109

5^ iJlill Jtaill 180 ,jj 4^31! <jj »lia««.t <>L>- (j ^ o> SL4-I 3^j oli^p Ip jl ^LLlIj AjJiJI otalc- j^.~2> 'J «us ^UJI JU- <*Ji+aj j«Jj ^((O^- jtx)l» f-bj Sjlcl <0^ 3? 3 J^J 4~£-Lki>-V( oIj ^ l ladli (iJJjjj .-uJ?UI ^jL>-j 3 Ot— 'L-o^-JI $13-1 ^^xJI (J*^>- ^SCo 4^o oLs^-l 4-w^jLo-c3 . aJl^-Lj^o 3^jjJbcJ JljJki l-i-A JUx-Vl jjifxJlj Jl*a5*^l 3 w3^o^j£- 3cjIjS'iiij 3^-\"“ ^ 3^*° jsu 3 * .^LJ^' j*o (_j^0 oL^lj-UI i—iJs «3* ^aJ1«a3I ( ^ Oj* £*I>dl «.</?\" )l A^^Jl i$LS£)t ~ll£ 4j^ ° (Jj j <i*>«J1 181 ^ cjL-u!j3 <j^>- jr^-3 ^j^yy ^^)j 4 ^ji sLi-i V, 182(^l JJJ\\) dJ&l M*U j3 ^j~aMj otjll d-sxJ'-4 3oJl£\" jU«i! ! JLa •—J o*— oLlJLJlJI Ajijb_j b~»—-J' iA^j jju *L. ^~)3 IjJl <Li-uljVI^ 4jjO£jJ1 SLjjkJI £c_jj Lj :c2jjL£j^j .(^ .5 ulUi <£_ £=wlj 180 — 52.^o 1 7 984i_aJI . {yseju^s*- <2_ 3)1 ‘ “ < 4-tjcjjLjJl 4_i_uL>VI (^-Juj Cj^q i njj ^aiA :) ^\" 'S* L>u - * ^ ' C-tJLttiV 4_jitJjllLll c-jjLjeTJI (. Ill 5 -i lx. 3 LpnJl ^t_jjlj :(^Ju) ^Jjjj ‘ '33 • 1989 3)j-nJl j_yJl ^>.LUl (,Uj4 4)jJ ^tjjlllJl £jj» (j_«wl! ^t_jjl3 JljL^j^j jluo (JIjJO (Jaxm j181 1 1) .1989 3^0.14 y j'uC 3^liJl yJj 4 ,uu IlL SLjjJI .4^oj^?lj *_jj_>Jl (3v 182j<-iiJ 2— ^>-lj (_ ^ Vt^l i_3jju ^_7Il1I Cjtj) i <ntl j_tuj) 987jjjJ • 1 3>3$£ jLcjLs 4jJJ)^o> '^- (J-oLjlII *—jI u^itl :( 1986 uVjLui 1 3-s.v vi^ udjjLi ii—aj^ii (j it a < ij . <JJJ JJjJl -2 >L) JL- 4_LuLaJl 4jj->o .3)S/I L^LjJu n* i .1983 U3i £- Jl*j Lo t_jjl_>o . jl l-^ 110

jy I 4AuAa1\\^ AA\\M4 iiil iHI jilt 183 j. t, aLsJIaVI Jj«j jds . Lo-g-a IjjJ fjJ*j Lojlj IgJ y&\\pVl oLi-1 cjjLf' jJJi yo VvAj o^^-l ««-L*3l olj^Ju)) ^p*j Lg^u jj a^ujVt £*2i>-ls .oLoLaJI JJ'S- 4^o^J! • (_j 3.^ 3^y*±*.*.*i L^-' <i.i ^ Ji ,*L~3 <Jivs>jj Sl^il ^ ^jt>- (j-gXax- ^ i_^-J 3«JLa ^ —t (75. J^JIjLvg yfl'l ./?»• j al ^il Jj.5 3^ 3oLJjjJI oAA 3 “^J . 3^-'-‘-3 3 olSj c^~>- Lftjlj jLkj iJLSj io^jjlj *ubl ajj^ ..>.J I sl^-l SjVjJIj si31 sL>- JU*Vl iJiA j^ ^j^JI ( 3 (3* 3*vg\"j 1 **r* y1 Ov* ov3UJij_j •#, i-*«Ji s.->. ./? 11 - .y2**J)\\j L^yg.a.1 33<Jb- e-L-jJI oLiftJUl ^9 v3i*J'-5 ^yjis .oLiajJi 3 33~,a~*'i i*^iijVi <33^ ./* 3*-^ ytJ3*-« a>- :(^y^JI 3 1 ) 183(jl jJi3 (J-p. Jj^>- j-uLfc LLujj jl?-i->3-& Li^K 4ZjJhj ^jji c-JpJl JLj 3)-* 3>ja 1981 ^3>^Ll^ lt^- <—-33 ^g^u-Lll 3 lf> (~uV ^piLiIp-Vl ^Jjlul 3>-® L«J tiUj £>-lj .4_l^LL>JI ^Jjb I^jjLj croL>.Vt (jp^-SJl 4jtitjjlj ujlu-wljJ i^y~ jj mi itl (j_«Iij) 3)33^* 3hfJ^ j-p ^3-^ 3)^° ^3t^- ^ : ^3^^ .1983f- L-ui)l : tlljj ^Lj_p- 3 ^3> ^~i1a >j^ 4~4i 1 1 '3 4 «r ^t. llJ j.ts-1* 1 3>-° L»J3J^ 1 3>jlli ^jylc. 4-lxaj!uJI 4^\\ rtMl ,20003 1 ,^~tVI 3^ ^-“3 3:<— Vjjl^ ‘\"3 a .^_3al_>3' CxB^Jl 3) Scjjcwjj L^ .1995c3L 3 yte-> :»l i ,i III ^cj Lj : ( ji jj3i^3u clus*.j^j jV^_p CjLu Lk^-ic. (3V 0^° 3^3^ .1991 33^ ^ 3j^3 ju^ &jJul±j (jjjLai liLijflj 3I Aji aj ^1 ... itl ^jjjj 3U..*•,«> ill i*il.fljl«fl i^Lo^jLa 1^-ujj oil £^3 *1992 3>jU I 033^ ^3^3 ^UUl ^3^3 :(^iij) .509-485.^ ( 1993) 1 ^jiui 4. Jjj <: IjLi ^c_J3 Lj 4^jLL>JI (Jjxipjl 7CJ3 Ij (3^3^0 ^ —ctlge-A .4j^IbVI «1c.jJJI (_£J ^^yitjjllijl 0^-‘-UJ <i '^zr i 1 ^ ‘ |J> ^-‘i. 111

34 J P ^ iiMJ1.M11 0 3J jA11 )) Lgjj£j ILlaJUl C-djI* U31—®jAd '“ j aJL/j Ob IgMi*~p jj dJJiS’j«‘'-~ii j£i)1 ja 5U=-w» Ol^srjj » *1*1! iLlfl (5-Li) tiUL-jf *^1 <0UaJ ^l£*1S' jJH j ii Ob! Juu-d ^lfr jp ^oLaJUIs . «L»—dlj dJJj LgJiS^J <uc-1j ^1-jjl j^-L jUaJLu l$dc- . ^ j-i!sJ1 i_9^APxjJ .4iUjJ j-s«aC- ij dujs-j <U£-JJ jlw^/l iMjd oUifcJiJI i^j y*j ^ywUVl oli .£jjwaJI <Ljw? 11 O^LLsxiJI j^I <3 j-i*d ts (3^^' j^ilJI idJJj ^^3 . 3*JjllJ1 ^jjcdJ L&jJ-U ^jA ^O^rJ oLuaUI (jp <UtJd-l !^J (_J ^jjbj oil*; jiJ1 oLdjjJI ^jA tdJJj Cj^fiJ 3(_j4li jUd ( J ^aJ1))_i (3 da***d1 v i .1^ 4^1aU1 3*djdUj «j-s-oJI d s s<—«d-1j jj-id-lii-jj ((^voi^jtllj 3j ji)JjAJ1 . ..^d^ Ja.^tllj AjudaJ3 il)l£l!_J ((^jjliJIj jlojlhuj ^-^JLSI ^tjjldl ajL^ai-1 xd^P- l} y>- ^>ojUj^j i2j il)1 t-ad\" . 3jC-J-ld-1 j*a*.)\\ ^la-.^^J1 a “^d du<9 ol i cLj i iLl*J1j Idl yy*\" l)LL>< Jlj y*jj 9..^ 1987 ^jjii : ( j-^j) ^-aiy j j 1 84 1989 Ui^ai 3rp> (ly* Cr^- ^\"s. 'ij3 ^I^iijjJl O^i J-du ij 185 jj •( ) ^>.^Jli (_yj-os <LuoL>-j 4_jjlill .4S3>^a :c_aJ^J3 ^^uLlIj — *7 CjL>- ^jjii Uj . ju 19894 1j 1 1-> 1 1 ^j.Cujla ^l^ixijjl (jL-iij^ J if ^iL»Jl 3jj-^o *L^ Qjjl^ 1_Aj_iC. 3>V ^3^° ^Ir Cjjj g^. jjLrfcTu CjLj-La jjl ^JjI <n<aj njJj1. Ir> i \\ Jl CjIj-i^dI :lJiJjJLI .1993 «Lij^j>. 4_jjjijJjJ! .4_jj^jjV 1 A jji _i j 1 186 .1993cMM, 112

j• 24 uA 4 \\\\j «uh^^11114 /it. p 187 * Jld-lS' j —AJj.aiH » <JLi-l d'-^A-'bl' t_y2jy o' ^i\"l g *..<>>\" ~z A>zj .^oll <3 <01 -i-iJJ <1j15 coL^'^-U' oJIa ol^ j OptJI ols p-> {j*J ‘ J**3 4^>«jjli!' oUl*jJI L>L*aS - oLJajL« Jj£ (J*^ LJj' l a I.UJ 4jl liUj ^C. ,~—~P*J jL>»i' . j*• ~° j Cryd.' L®3j-^a>- iw-^jj (76. u .Vo^yi aJUiii L-uSfi-6 jlj^*j ^jl^'j ^U jj'oJJ Ha j«jkVl J^jJ' j! ^ddiliS’J fl-jLJ'j jLJI aJ- 4jj3 La jS^ll ^yiS Sid-' Jl^il')) - JJL* fj° olpld-l)) 4jLJ i^JU' j>uVl oJlS llj.djLJ' j j# A*m1' U.LC Oj ^>«J' flJUt (jls ((^Sl5j .... J' l <jjL2iU eLd-l (3 iJ-Uj ^Ij (3 <wA'->«jr j4j\\^a\\j>- ^jA ^jU' dU*»j^' id^3^' da«j C-jlS\"j .<J'^dl olilii!' jju 3I iJ&J d-* JajSsil jJ-iJ «lS\"l?til (3 oLa^ljJ' lOJUi .<LpxjjIxJ1 .4jU>- JliLil j _L»d-S OldL^Jj iljL-iSf' r ^1? <—>j oVUjt* (3 ^ ^gd.1 <3^ 5 j-vsj LjL-* lils ^ Oo oliL^Vl Lo L^-v3 ^JIaj ^ La ajlA 1998X .4_ulill 4* iU! 1 (J Lt>J \\ Cjjl ilrv LX^i 187 t.iVI ^jLdJl ^1 JjVI ^cJUJ 4_xj Jl^a cdb^jLi X .1996 ^jL :<_JiJ^U 1995,<_uLiji d « iUi\\ (jujjjLj jLl^ji ciiiii x .1996 20041 2.^5 ^.tTuJLa 4ui*jjLlJl d^Liilt 3 Lu>iJ i jlSlxLl ^_Lrr n t 188 : 113

jiJtill J±=Ud1 ba IjoLs S^yfc <2-Uj Als^MVsjl _l iJtJJlj-2 fj^J- oL^w^ ^jJI o^>wJI c3wX^Lwj <L3ljji31 A-vwUVl3 a^-Ua31 0^^Vg^litj) O^t-o l$jl .ULfc-jl u)L«-w^V\\ 4*«aiL»*iVl l—^Ijh^JI^ Aia^MwJI j j' (^^>-Ujj3 j~rf) «^4tUJIj ^j^iJ' iijLJI i^jjj^fi Jlj?4 j* iyuLit l] jU* cJjj«^9 ^a !*?; *’ ;\" jl ( ^jU KAjMiLwiVi UlUa^l oijAllaJI)) j)) ((V-’UiSM 4»t*U>jj <Ujl£ j^j OLJ^I o~U ^ V l <y ^3 ^UxiUVi ^ (1)1 fr^11 3^1 I3' 4jl US' (_£3 oUj^l aU>- JsjjUJ j«-g3j Ulft ojj+Ojj Ultf- 43^3*3) Oljj-b>bJI (Jj U>^*U1 ijjtj ,<li1UtJ.I U>ojUJ! ^-gJliUm ^.«S.J1 i «3-bull jU;Vi (_j aU>- <UU>tll <us ^jUtX) (_^U)I c^?xji ^3.1^ 4^uU*ifl oljUj^I 3 Jj«J (J^jUsaij lUfi> jaUslII ^ o^JA>_yl*-&ll 30 jUJI ^UajiVlj (77. • IgJ ' -b ( l3 V iSj jjaUfe jUs^ .AJUuJI l^UUaiJ UuU*ifl CjUj^jiIJ jU^Vlj ^iU>y» j«JUJI (ju (_J »^>^JLl (jiui i ^^.LlI^j j 189 126 4^1jj-ijl^aj <L*^jL>JI fiUa_L3t^a A_ Jjj 4_ji*jjl3 A_ Cj^Lalj .UUjlaJ! ^-i£. :£rujLa 190 .42.^ (1994) ^tJjllLI jLJeIt$ 4_L>-^J^iJ^l A 191(_4_jJLi-u 1 SbJijjLatAJ tills ^-Ic iu ijA :<_lbji_ys ^jdU-t- J. ^LU ^lc. m\\ j U SLl^JI ' r<_Jj j' <iit)jlj]l c_JjLtl!l Luft 3 jLc.1^ jjcj : (^ >\"• i jSj JuJ cJiJl £— Jjj ) .54.^ 84-48.^ 1989 114

j kAlulkiij i-i t 4 j-il l {Vijilte ml illl file l$J oLoj^jiUj ijjj>JJI U.j ^jaU-l ^J.1 . jj*yj jl (}jjill ^-Xa jli (^LwVlj jLojJI o^x>-U 4jtli>v« jiijLJI c^-‘ LjdT f ^^Lwfc£-*yi ^ oIjwjla ^jjll]l j«JLc- j^laU ,j-*J .A^LwVl j jJIj 1 Ala^^jl ^jXJI ijxjjtJI I40Iji oljl? (j o^gall jJjj L$~s ^s^J.1 olJb»-Vlj <JLi£-*yij Jjl (jj-J jl (j^jl ^A lal. jJ13 . ^y>«jjllJI jjcJJ Ajijali^j <L£^>- Lg~3 j XJ»- ^iSjLkia CU*~J Lgjlj j~*xU £jh‘>Z aJj)ala)l ^Jl^ e ^iaJI (_j • jjjJjJI O(J^>- CJj^xJ dlijS\" ^1U 43^jiJI jlj £uj_jlljl ^_Jj_>- jja l HY'.’** (Jl J>-l cJ o ^|. . ‘ ‘ f 40^I~4-»aI *JjLJI 4-c«lj^l jjJ > il ^c^djr4 (** 0-^: J^a>- ^ j-4^' Jj (**>J=!-J 4 cr^- dr <j dSd!l oL*^lj Z^Jj ZjJu>- ja Ua ^joCj Lo jli ajLc*o jl ^jjUI olSJaJI .Jl (ju^J^I <Jj>- oVU-l (_JU- (j jjJU ij->t-Jli dJUJ Jijj .*L>ijjdJI oUULl196 Jb: Jj>- dUiS\"j LJJiil . iJL«l$Jl lLjjj )^3 j4-xijtJ III] I <^jlaU <Luu«Lu<Vt J LJJ ;4_J Lo* CjLiJulaj _yu_jL5^ Liuj j1 192 jjj :( >. 1998 ^ui 4c CjL-tsL-ali-VI <Ja-^^ItJ J-2e_) *_iU j£ j 193 4-o/ij^?t o^jjL>- » ( 343-325,^ (1975) 1 ^-aToc-I : 4- ^.265~25 1 1985 jjUi 4j^fl]a]| ^aL^l ^Kl .1975 94^jl £jJuju& 4J^.rtU)l ^jjIj : _^«LjjI ^.1x9 1 ^. < . 4Jj Jilr>n J^Jl) CyZ’ olj-Loj jd=>.jlj JlLa Jlj j cr, t ^ji^-ajl jl_La { 4_i^sL>-^ ^>.^J,I ^oAj j*_jjLj <dlL»j 3jlc.l :(^-tiij) 4j»_<3 »-_3y>.jJ tiUj£ 195 .102-62.^ ^jjiijLo jU. 3 JjjlI ^t_)jbJ! J (jj) a J.LUJ (^yJblj (jr\\j ^jjo clUj 196^->- 1 J Ju>j! 4jI Jj <4- <Jjt mJI 4jUiil <4- cAxuljJ ^LuIuVi JuId 4£.L^>. lL CjjLij^j .1984 1900“ 1650 m 992^. £>5e_lJujV <4- ^Ll>ji ji ju_*i ... :llLj ju^« ^u.ia 1. ^jjLii (jyi^- 115

^j j J IJtadl ye -Ufi- oUi-( Jajlw ^Ji£Jt ot^ U.j oL^-l An\\a>\\ <Jy>- y^^Js\\jL*JJ ^•''d J^ (3 30 ^.pa>J .fiJL)JL>- ^i-lj ole-yipye - yej .^LCjjUI <J/° C5^' *?\\P' \\j^ <J\\ j -L^-' A^VU iffl 4*> ) fllgl yju OjJL^o ^^JUl jJLJl Agj-^o ^UiaVU .^*^jU>* ^g ^aS' (Jl>t* l ^sL>JlJ <LoU«jV^ imjUil o .g ^US' . 4-jlU)l ^ jU^- ^uU3t i Aj j.y3J A*JUjl)I SUi-l ^tjjl J* L5^ U^aJLo ^U-l^V^ o.oUuUJVl^ LsasUJ! ^15 4-0^Uil clU-t-^l (JISojV \\ Uli?^ < USj A-OU^IS^ij A^wUcJl Jgj ^Ul jl^j ^J-*\\jCo ^yjl AiSsJI c_^>l>- .4-J^U^>-Vl ^UUj AA*i0yi ^y>lU!l OjAA>tJ (78. \\J&) —c a!?I ^*J l$ jU^Vl Uy^ ^>c^j ^JLJI (JUx-l ^ya aJlSaJI . ^ISUVU ^J-SUiUI oLL-p iJlUlt U^ll oUU-c^ ^tjjUll iLli yc^ygj ^ylJJl ^UaJI AajIj 4-Uol ^j-tyyg^o A*gUi-l SUi-1 ^cjjIJ 0[ .cU^>*Jl) U?l^P*l 4-uib^/i 0^£*1 Cm 4 * £ « f ^*A£*amL1 ^C.^I J^J U>- .A3lSi)l Uj^iALaj LgSUt oU jjiwU U<a-*l^o a^>-Vl 3^5-*-U ^y>ojUJI Oo«JI 4j^Jii4 .i^Liil! I-Xj J->- A3U^jl J-*j aJU^-^ AjI *^l yA ^g OU 'U»Uo«Jl ^Jj ^ql^fcLl ^jA *y>- l^£' tjy^OJLA JLaJ^Vlj i_49l jiij J* ^dj^ y*5 ^!» :AiliiiJ ^(j^dj* tlr* ilr* jP ^j*J a^iLJi ol jyad\\ ye Uliai ijj*j Ji£ ^1 A-olj o Ll>- ^3-1-0 Juju ^j^-a . 2—j-> ! ^jVt X . 1996 ^Jjl^ ^I-t-I I ^jjIjJI 9991* l_A^_tc (jLi yyA ^jjLLl jjy\\^- Jlijj) aK )j£ 4ujL*Jl 116

j Ay 4A,iAa\\ \\^ UiUh /li •# jaj jaLj j' La4, ft; j-i-JJ j£jC Uliai SjJpj Jl^OiL Ig—Oi ' 197 j l^Jp JjlaiUtj ^Aj OJ$J (*4^1 'JLa ^5-^Xj • Ajjj j\\ajj J^JU aJl^oo 3 o <ui ^Oj '-’OOO'® l\"®'-^ iiL2»l' >^U'^V 6jj-v2-> 43^2^1 j) g fl.a 0^ L^S\" . 4o^JC*u^3 OA>-jJI oli io>tojll!l J^o jl 3jl ^3 Tr* jC g«« » La ^j-uLJ t ( ( /A*^1 -i l.*Jl ^LJL> cIjVLL* <c5v^l ^J>s- jS Ji .<U'J&J' iwUVL jAia L^-® j/2j«J'j . ( jJ*.isa\\\\ ^tjjlxJI) ” ( yA A <v la.il 1^5 ^ILjJ (JL»jC-V'j ^La^ll .i'jJuV' yA o'-l>~JJ yff ^J»U aAjIS aj.Jw3 (3 c?JI .aOjL»i' <L^uUV' o^\\SLii)'j icu'jj ^ySsj o' UU alo ja>-j oLS^sL' - .io-bcd' 4 cs^- -^-? tJ'®'* ^,j-® aLoL*J( L_9jL*i' ajA (j JJLJ j' Oj-J <j*® <<Jaj' oVli-' aJL>- a^oJis' j' aJLs^o L^*«j ^\" *4^ ^ <j&i Vj -3^0^ 1 3o Vo 4*—’VLi-' ojLou'j^ o' t . 14^ 1- ^3 ls^-® J-U-2^ ^L-l i®lp jJUa- LgSli'j aLpxJJ Ia ^JalOoj aL^i-L) OIj'jOJJ aJU^ili (JLvC-V'j aLi-l Ji\\^OA 0 3yjJL1J' L«j'j oJ 4-j^jjlJj^£i' (J-®-*-l' ‘AjLS' ^yks .aoloJI oVl^Jl! ujL/Ijj Vl (79. 0U?-LJ' JCS- A»./a stO) aLaIas 3a-Ll»~a i_JiC-V' 0 (_s^^ oL^ail' 3 ^. ^^a»aI 3 j-*V' ^[Iaj'ouJ 3y£- 3^jtj iw~J yA t JljJI i®'-*-l' OjU^lalll o' <-LU —<jr^- c *JJ) ^3^r- CJ La-ii> l_i_u>3 iSj-* ‘~u 1 ^ 1 -^Jj> ^ x 197 38-. -3 4-iitJjLlII 4_^L>VI 1 ^83 (_o j-i* ’.cL- 4-peojllJl 4-i^jLjVI : ( j “' ) -i^J cJiJl £_ya uiU V xL. ^owljl98 *. (j_jo ) yj^>- ^y>-jjj S87 998. _ 337-^j-o 1 *jjL-1jIj ^jjtA *.. •> «^i 199£-\\ .\".i ti id .^, a\\ < 1 1 ji ^ 117

41 ) . ilJJj 4liuVl jlJIDIlMJI oUiaJJI ^jjL> ij UJj .iJxjjUi (CjxJ' Jf>\\ jpt) Je\\ jpSf' 0*^\\w> 3LSj^o jJJjuaVJI L^juUpj ijxjjbJi A^uljVl '2j^>tJ! ^LjI ol 201 . u&f >VdJJiJ oj& S& VljA je \\ I oVU* JA JJUU1 j 3 3“U^UVl J^Lill oL«^laX* t_s^\" **^ ^3* 1 ^2^ ^^1 jV^ ^C^CmS . .L^i-L jha i«l»s aSV^- l$J A^uLwVl ioL«jVl (—ijL>»x]l .^tjjbJI ^cJLfr ^aA \\£ *•_-. S ^A L« 3Lj-s® ^J*Sj _^JI Ol^j>ya.2'l (_5* Ajt^ji,l <jl Vl^ f ( {JXmJ oLJjjJI CjUISvJ 3>J>-J aVj! _yl[ SJbJjL\"! ^yXK-S .4aLa>«» ^>-jj J*-* t 3AiLJI oLwljjJI ^°Vl 4»Jlp ol£\" <u?k» Uy*'—9^V>«-; ajI»jc- ( (_£jU.I JL~A-| :| <-Vj| ^1^ Aj/i^JI oLi-l ^jJI 4^-^JI (_£jl Jjj . 4^3^11 J AjJjcJlj AsliiJI (Jli-lS' ^. <Ua^-Jl aUi-l Jl^il ^UaU jS1 1 ijrijjJI ^Lal 4jj^ Ijj (Jl^jL^ ^j-4-*^ CjLuiIjJ Aj mUl 1 ~.lj 200 (^u^j 1980 LjLi^j 1 324- 1 294 ( oLlI^JJj 84. c_yO 2011 (juiij jL_uJ.a '£— i±tTr jjj ^^=>1^.1 lZjVL?c_aj JlJ JlJVJ Liajl till j £_ £>.lj *<2jLJ^Uj 3 jl\\ (jJXAij £)ji jJl Cj J-LO>jl Ol^C. (^Aj) 202I^jIaaaSLjJJ J-Juol^ jLmjJ till i '£— £-> Ij x 1989—1 ^ 1982 U^-V Lf ** £jaJ^j ^cJjllJi £— k aIaJ jIjI Jlj.o>xJI CjVj^o : d\"•• I t a]^‘a «) (j'GjLaj ^ .2001jLo-CJ^J di^4 Q“ ^ uliJl 1 ji ^_1_5j .Jllu^JI .2002 ^m ^ a Jji^a L* aix> j A• 1 S Jlua i < <1 {: 1 ^ .oLji^xij 43 118

yj' ' iAujjjtj ftjjiim uiLiiii yiit i! jjilaJlj c J*i/ jJIj eUJ-l Jjf- IwXA (jj ^ ^LiSij ^ Aj-UiJij Ojllj jUki>-Vlj \\jo ^Lc- y& tS i2>1JL3l e ^>- 210 $ jJ\\jj . oJjLwa ^ic- ^»*JI ^y> jj aljl^*Jlj CjIS^jJ^U > .1986 y±M-LA «^.>J I ^ I ^)-ul^>Jl 4-o^j :^L*. jlLu Cjy 204 yTiAiA ti-tJ Jj>J j i ^a.t 1 1 CjIjIjo A~- j“ 7* -^' i^_?£.l _)^Jl -il^-aallsVIj Sj^LjJI :OjI^j ^jI^_u_l« I - (^u^oJl A— (oLajLiJl O^-jjJI aLuOj CjI^-aLaJI CjI^>J1 LoUs- I '.j. .1991 ) d)l_l JjLA '. r,, \\ .1993 £_yl LL I ^ylc. lUjJiJ) 1 j-TliC ^jjj J 1 <.uJ 1^ j-i~iC- ( J. ^ lZjLjIjlj A_a jj>AlXl v ,„^ It j. A— Jl i n^Jl £A 4_LC.LaIo>- VI 43 ^Ljl!I 4j^oj .Cj\\_i miaj CjI j^\"< iliaj ^ja^ju^xj :(j^uu) Jjl£^ jljj V-jjjlj 992^Vjl VLul j . 1 yiA* <±>jJl>J1 .1994 yj ya ^ ^c 1 '—Uj <io-0>Jl j ‘ I ljLIjo A— ^i-L>JI S ^ji_i_xu^B A— j-A±C. ^-ijilojl (j^JaJl 4jI Jo A— >JcLt. <i < I ol^^Uil j^_*Jl ,3>U.Vlj 2l L»* \\ , 1 j1 ^ujl>JI :^‘i.u jfi .1995*1* S^^Ljlj jLaioVI ^Cula-i-u jj lj*J .jj>-j_Ll 4jj)rttr>il i^Ljl y-? y-* j1 205 1992^IjjLa Lli^jl .4juLu*JI 4-* it-ill ^jjLlI dijj 4J^ALall <Lu »>.Vi 4-uj^j ^_jj Lj 900- 7 00. 1 1 4-u I j 1l )I ol^ulu A— 4-JJ lx VI CjV^fliaJl . 4_oj^jJI 3\\-0>- j-ilo ^1 Jjl_A JjL>.j :( ) 1981 ciJLJjlj (j^V^jl IjjlXl 4^.LcTl>.I (J^stSUI iaLaj ^_jjIj .^SLuuJI ^jUaL-u 206 trLiu^J I j^xa t ibiXu < ? tjX^llj ^j^t^uXl 1993alXl :jJljl_3t-L3 ^j^jw . .1988 6 0uyi Cy* ooj^i^^s ^1 . t-6207yu Oy -j^jv.jJI ^aTpfcjo A— 4j^JI coLoil : ( Sjaio) (^>^>*1 Cy1 i u-ul& ^jL^IoIj .1989 ^_y<LJJl ^jj\\o .j-4>UoXl SjaLaj jLol J .1993 £J)^jjI^^ djLojXaJl ^i£L Cjjj a*C \\j£ 4^laiJl iU> i^»lj 4_p»>j^3tX.I .^aJVI A— Ju_io»>Jl lm (j^)l_ 208 .1992^1^1 .1980 y*ya LcjIj i i LLj _^Ijj I «--.cl ^ 209 n < fl ofcjj La :«-Ja^ja oLjS.1 yy cj^X \\_ ,£>.^Xl ^yjJu dLt^JI ) 3l_o>Jl Jfj » :l_aJ^XI j^aJJj .^jv^Xl (^-ajJl t l( ) tiJ^luJl ^l_ta.a 4-iij^o _^5tJ ujb-LM^l^ (j^^aJl A— ^o\\.« inll alXj 4 210 2004 '*** *JA * *“ I' 4^LaJ :(j-Jo) ^^1^^-u-uj (_aJ^B c_3jp.i <ijj>^ A- 4jejjLjj ^^juiull J .197-177.^ 119

J1 y 1 O' ^10 0_i' j»Ux&' <2-UwiS (_£j' A~<i_Jl3V'_9 4-i>ill ^LJj'yJ'j oU^i'j O'.^l' i .-L*3-l; Jyaxlt jJLyai^ AijjU OlS -iSj .y>0j' (JU*»« yg a i iwLi*J ytSl Ala,....; l_Jjio£- Oij «OA y> oLJ^ j«j . 0 jJal\" aJLgj JLju ijUjLiSI L~^y yli il)U-\"^j -^J^! ^jJLo ( ) y-U' <3 yy jUly. ac-UJ^I a l* y> -^ 3?® (j^0 OU-\"^ jaj jJI OJ^'j ydJL aJUi\" y^J y*> t£«U' aIaI Uo^jW^ 3^20 0**J3 Aolii iwJjUw . 3 3 AyyajjLj«1I a-u/U^S il^oJ' CJ-> ^AS\" sLi-1 oVUt« y-lJ' <S^ 3-' ($0 .y» UU ajUj} fljj-^J *j*rj1' y J-UJ' 0) » <3 Jli ^jjl \\a~*Mjil j^uS\\ 0yll jv JLiUI j~oa)l Js^-j jJI JL$£ Jilc l^-bil jr i jliMj <L?- ^UaJI ^ 3 0(^«iH o^yti 1 IJia 4 ^\"^ 0 yJ'j j-iP cS^U- ' yj^' • , o*\"' 3' I.AA,.,.,...: | I Sjj-AiJ iJbxll jA y^Ul dlS\" flU JjU^' Ja$1 JJUaj 3 V^y> j.^g»H 0U3 1 alvaj £.„>-y y>jJI ^jl>- >t4 (_$' -b>-^j . O3^j«Jfc ^1U ioJ^o O 0^9 y»-<-3' yOJ' 3j'-l'j JUa\" JU«' ^Ijjj yoJ' l$J c5^Jj 3(•y^U-) -iUU o' US’ . oU>-V' <_Jli- VU* o^UL 3S ^.ygi OJiS .jUJ' i—j'JlC-j yjOJl 3 oUo^' OaIP-' o' -Uo <Wali»-j L^S\" O^o *3^J<^3 yAj^ yp Vo<o-o3-' 4j>too\" j^c3 .4JU-C-' j 3'.^ ° oU^' 3j_^3 ULJ' j~^H L$ oUjUl'“OotOJl AJjjJ'j Ajy»t»3' oojlS\" 212 oUjU ^a aS^U- o'i oUjU w. o^oJ' l$-3 o'j (_jJ' A—o^j' . 1 0.^ 211l^i ,i^ 1 03^-01 pi mil :i_aj.>.^J 1 ^jjlOlj ^Ou^OI A. I Soil ^jjljJi .(—ajuSJ' (lh? 4 :A3jLmi OV O4 ^-3 212 £jjli!l A— t - 1 • o>11 Ut? 4 • ( j-wlJ ) Jjl-l .J jjj-ij .l7o5 JlAJO ^£.1 V' 3-«Jt 1990 Ov• <i~ j1 (j_J*j) CjLjjO-I O^1 OJLJA^-1 !1 a. ' n~i 1 1 : 990 ^V:<^9_> Lai , 1 0^11^ ^Ic ojj) i^a ^LiJl ^ j^JI ytjjLOl I fi\"i 1 1 ill 33-^ AuL-jlja . jIOJIj Oi oLI 3JuOl - . • 3 O^-jly I 1 1 aj£.l .^0 ^jwLOl j Tull 03 1X1 1^ LI1J3 a^ A—Jj n- ( .. I l tjr 120

O^ j A< . j 44m\\A\\\\j Sil 4'illj aiUil /AiL J^jcS\\ ^£\\a-ia JUsI ^ja (j^UaiVU 4£-j+a ApI <_£ JL31 tJp> jjJI JjcJ 1600 A^-u ^1 LJUJI UUa3 3 ^Ip obJ? juc- (jp- J-Iaj Ay-jJb 4a$a a .AJjjJI JLLC- AiJLliJl <.~i\\jj si'W ^p. | 213 3j./3 *\\\\ oLljb joJLjJl AJJjJI < . jAoLAVI < »jb»sl)lj oL*2a^JI )oUh*j t2y^>*JlS <Jl>J3j ot Jj>- Alls j ^lalU .(s-bjJJO ' 2L>-*yLj A-X^aj aLp> ji <jU>t« Vj ^la .^. jJI (3 -Mr^i 'As .(j^l !>• ^iL |*J aA«jj\\J oUj^SvIj ^ Lj^P «l*J ijlA Xa3 .( 5~>->^0 <—Ojjli) Jl>-^0 tA-J-li-l j-yg jOI (3 (_J~*- ^_l ^Jp j-o 3^ jjLj^P -*-*J a)Ip- . AjjJLlI ApLo^- {jA j\\ jJJI s-LjI jA (_^2 {jA ( < Lot .Ay4 ObljJI {jA ij^Ajca VlSLil ^rjLc (j^\"jl ApbwA-( i*J {jA ^j^aSa 3OldjjAjlj A-jLy«l^JI ObiSI (jA7 AOU-itJI oldjall AyyjJU Jjf- AilAll oli CjIpL*A-I ^lyyyyJUj ^jllt ollill tjv \\jA .AyaUl-l aA«jjIxJI 3 3oJU J3j ,ol aOJ (cA3\"<Vl ) *—>J»JJt oLial >\\s>^a\\j jJ Jl r .,U 3***-•>* 31 ly^pL>- LaLoJj&l a .\" ^ gli Qj LydJl aJu& , ^jA^JU 1j^-gjl jJI 3joJIp -Vas iiU3 ^jlSl oLJ^IJ oL>fcJl jCJI 3^AyyJlS^JI jjd\\ J j^oCa A> ~y-3o ' J^lyW (j I 3^1^*-* l ^ « 1^ t*j \\ 8( 1 . U^j '— CjI^aUs ^jA —JjJll\\i .AojJjj k)jii\\j Ayjl yJlj 3L$ jl?^s o3oJj»- i_SjIjmj 31®T (^J^d ls^- -?^cd .2000 oL^i-I (jjj (jji LjUa j^j^o oLijlio ^Jull jLuI • 1993 .1990 1 600 j-t>. ^>-ij 213 121

—T ) \\£ XJ -X>- ^aIa ^yujUVl jjoll l)I ij»b -L>* <J^° ^. j*Jlc- *-^ ^C 1 - *11) ^A> A*b£*^ ‘ V— Lw^ ' J ^ i)^) Ajl 1 fl ^ ^jjJJI ^JLJI ^gJL»x-!j jJLJI O'l£lj.M JsliJt « lift ^yij ^ ^.«(*^ £jjfct <ji j!*^’)) 0yoit '*Aa Jj*<a>- -b»- (jj-bu jjl? ' Ulv2j- JJts dJJJjj . j (_^Jj ^Jl*JJ ^gbjj a>-jX ^L«XA*l/l 0^ jc^j A^s\\ji-\\ j«^jLoji j<Lsl^JcA-l !* g^l*' (_r\"^ Sip- Jj-*\" ^jX>a • (jj . XJixlS'j ^ JA«*t/L«»>- C~C i-oLgJl oUiil jj Oj^JI yaa>j ^<3 CaS”jL£J>I ^«-! •W’li-t jUif-Vlj i_jjt><i3l Js’jj-i -b£ tiJJj j£^11 jji LiJo j^Lvill JL>taj ^£-*^1 jLl>-l jA^Jjjc(_jJ'- ' •' ^ Ja^£tJjUI c isLSj j £0 0*i/l^-l oLwIjJ 4_s^ ' joL^ialib i_a.. » lo ^LoaI v—JlC-Vl <U?tvaj ^yitjjlJj ^£ll C^>cJI <j j-bx)( IJLaj cJ-bgl^wj i2_Ui ^y> V-bj .i^iojllil oljjialll Jjjtl3 AaIjJI ( V ji jL*»s£ jLjJIj ijl^li j_j Sjj»Ls>t« oI^aUs ca>*JI io.bcdJ jljuVi ta c^tJI . _lJL*j ^y> cj15*Ajl!I (3Lu-jl aj ^yic- 2 jlBi l 1)X 4^c«1jV^ dA^AliaJl Vj^J 4^>%^S a a*»^a! ^JjL ^>-1 B^jL^o S>~ g (_£ piAaAx .T.'J 4*£-[aJ^-\\ j j.^a'X\\ (j L#sjUa| joLlftjJI ^ysxjjUl a^XjJI ip^jjliJI oLjwajJl ^jX\\j ^gJLkf-tj ^^c- ^ ^Al^yoljj^alll jjru 4i^UJI JA jSUb (>>-J •j«-fr^c'J (M^'J-^Ii L^jrr^J ol^A^JI jSj ,j ^ j}X\\ 4^pLo-i-l cjI jAlli ^ Jiis i_lU JU .x^i-U ^LaIaI a^j>w2j t_jjl>tdl aJa (82.^ ,j jj4jjJ^>tll aJI^wa -U»JUl ajjL« Lg-j oVli-l i 122

C 1j I 44ml4llj ~aA\\ 4'illj iiiLiitl file l jj£ isJjJc*- cJUol jj J~~}\\ iJlA J ^ jA . idoj\\j idljjj i-uUV “LoLuJl d>- ylVl 4 yajl ya a; J ^ oUd 0/2. . -Vl jjljJ Lflt2A C^Jj yi ySl iwJiai d^tJI d' ^Ol^yUall ii^Lu (_jj 4il**iVl c p\\jL| 4Jd<2jtjJ jdf- (3 LSIjllj-lj .>1 ./axsVlj L>- ^Lo^>-Vi ^dla-j L>- yj^/U .L«yi>- l^-j^ ( (*4^'j d** <^H V“^ dr* f lt® *— ^iadl dr^ ‘—dL>sj ((L»-yA« IdxjjL)) 4a^>^j ^jjdJl jcJjJ d^S ILa daX4Cj .(( JaUasu^ft £tjjl;!) jl ((^-X_Sx3 £tjjL)) (_y \\ 4&l£4 Jsi i]ljjl dj£> J^c- ( 4^!J Jl V £y^J' J>\\ <r^Zj) J^'jC- :^M\\ juJi J}L»- 4_tSLoVIj CjljLduVI . l^jj^dLo J_i_uj>J 1 :j)*v ^Vi C^-tuCjl 142(j-u ^j-a £_>3 j X . jLuX .Cj^ .fJntll £- 4-uiLiAiJI^ 4. lij jJl 19891^1 ij J_1_UJ>J 1 :^-jLn£!Jl ^yjLa^J X . 1996 1936. dJjjjfruj LJjyiliji «UxJ 4ajJLjVi i_jLl1VI £_ <Unl mil 3^fcw a z^yJLu^j^Jl 4_tj 1 j tul I ^-L 3 Ar £>3j CjljLtii£ 3^®J (j-* J ‘^\"'J ^ i LiuiuJ I l^_!Lu X 215 £)5^?*i. -2003.jjljuiJl 4_LaL_u :<-_3j^lJl JjLw {jx jjj> 4-«uJl3JI Lajj '£— 3 jLl».»J1j jljLiuVijjj^ajJl 3jjt.il Jl .2003 ^dj 1 1 uj.A J I J Li » (i^J 1 £— 4 trtl 1 ii ll^g 4_)^yfl^jl .^->»jJL! ^yuAj j£<-£lI 216 123



^ L4I ) J' I kilAilU ) Lilli iul ilil jAt. 4lA\\jjl\\ 4Uiiliii 1 :£j 1^11 .« L ‘Luti'^l jJjijVl JL*J! * <_j ^JLp L*>- Lc a1^*J1 idlaill ^ ^3 L^UijbL^o J-si2-4jj .i*3j ^’j*5 (<wJl>*^0 «—*1 ^ip* J~T* ^jAj <U^r g«ll (3^? 3^Jlp l*XA^ .A3L<a!JI^ jLJI=) ^ 4 H*/?<>i,« Ax<«Lj*^l 'wjl fuU (,3^ A>o^Jt ^Ip*^ ^jjWI Anthropologie-u-U*yi <i_Lc- L**u^5 ^c5 • y*^0 o ^ill sjb^ll ol.V^Jt jj Sozialanthropologie ^i-USli Ulk>^> j ^217 f. KulturanthropologieiJliJl i^uVl X . 1 996 (jjuj 4_kuLj^fl 4_o> L~ ^ a CjLtuLij : ( jm!u-i 217j XfV-u uiii d ^_. £_>. 1 .2002C-U^J,! ^y^autlt £_=k.^jJ till j£j X ^L^XM^X(j J.U 4-LuLjVI tL- I t -A>- L^-fc! I iL-flJjJU ^j-u-O-l! ^1 ^ A. L4X. ^ , J ^-a t j-lmJului dj Li j^J^ jLj^j 4jfu 1 A> 1 I~,tlj 4_±C. 1 ^ i-k-Vl 4_i_ul_jVI VI4^i < ,. I . ii ^<V-lA ^ ^ ' t JL J«J 4jj<L»VI : :juM^La ,1 ^LJj ciUj^ £»-!j x .2002 (jjjJ 4-xc.L<i\"i\"w^l 4jj/ljVi 1994.^a^LdoJl 4_4_uLj^1 :^_»^jS x -AjuLmJI 4juilaJ! CjL^J>-l £j\\l ^yQ dllJJ CjJjij 4_jflLd!iJt .j* (_y>*jL) dJsUill tjLljjl^ 1981x . _ij LjJI 4.* i nti L^j iy* ^JJJJ JjIa_La . 1992 4_luLjVi .2000jjj x cjLj^->•1 (jrtJ ^O-3 ^LjijVl 125

^I^MI (jrUJu^UaJI 4Ju*%Lfcf OoLS\" a glo.P l)^JjVi (J^wAj^lf lA-j i)\\ J*3j ^a yjt a>-1^ . a*j (1590-1499) 0 ^c, jiJ( <*Jllii^o ( l)j£-j) JjIjjfcU! ol£il i*J ^JL*Jj vAL^^U J} (J-^ l?43I LLJjJlc- ^liJl <jjZ}\\ jjj . Lw?j jcJLsJJ ^.^jJj jj l^i jL^j ^AfsJl j ^ oliLij^Vl ^aJ-v? oLio ^A^. .Lg^ySj ^xll vJIjIj (J^^\" Aq-^3 LjAC 1^3 L<JwW^AcU l 1,- «l «/?^ Jlmn£* 0^a3^ C. A>i/3 * II ^j'U-cmIiII (J y>- Aju-«i^ 43 jXJ* O-C ^o ^. 4...a./? ^il ^jjlAlJt ^2^11 La^>U?^ ^ oUUi^j-L? AH ijljiiJ! <U*Ij^U jLo Jjt t-iJ Ajj^lalJl Aj^liJI ^«j.4^A>-l , 91 Q j Ijj3 (1903-1820) ci J ' ^ij * ^^*JI ^j^' c$H (84 .^) survival of the fittest^Ju^SU *UJI)) ^^jjb 4 L*jdj^ ^ J- 219 ajjJ jlSj {$> <1)1^ <2JUi Z^4 A-wo-A^ .I JjI jjJlj oUxTjjSll jjlc- ol-Ul (_j •— Jj^ 3^c\" l$4JI (1881-1818) < ^y)! <L>j ^JLs tj^“ j* IjLo j^4j j-ic-li <ojl^ j> ^L1gA' (1917-1832) jjL* .w» j\\ji\\ 221 13a <uOij . 5jU^I . o^b*- CjjJJLb -ijljjl cUIjJlLlu! CjI^LujJI ^cjjU .4j <^jjVl 4jjJaJJl ^3^ 218 200. i^jij Aj 1 42.^s 4_^l>.j 1 Av l>^ ^ ^ 3 Ly^ t-b 219 .128 'O^ .(1852) 3 aiui .£. Jjj jjiajJi ^ j - '^j 4 •j, ' '• CjjLjjLa 220 > 4jjjj_J 1_J 3jl JlxJI (j^a AjjLlujV! A-^JlSj i2L)Jjx_i 22: (jt^.jj^o ^jiijnl ^>-^J 1 908. 4_uLjJ! 4_*_iIaJl 1 ojL>qj1<L SjLiia^Jl ^jAJIj 4jlUIj (jj jJlj 4A*ji1AJ1j SjjjU\".^ jxu .4_utjLiJl 4^1_^jl :jj1jj.4_j x^-lj 222 87 ^. 1 1 (j-3 126

>( ^0 x 4AjAaH^ 'aA\\ A'iJl j ml ill I /AxL • w-y - » i \\ -p^ H1 . 1 . ^^ Q ill?- ajjLsjC—>V l = ) *L*«k~gjJI iaJLJI ajW ^Ao^jaj .(^jl 4£>- (j-4) 4~Jj>-V! oliUiiJl (J y>- djUiuill 4jI£>- (j j j£JiLj i— jl^ C.~wJ jjj-XJI ((ioc«Li-( —^£31 1 •J oleLftJt> )a'.i (_£jj j«-gJj~>v4 4ji<y./?i I ^/a-fr^J jl£3J ^jrVA S- iolXx 4JL0 Lo ^Ai3l j~x£^\\ \\h» (j-°J *(i<jlj !^y>) (35Li>- ./3~J L» Lgi» I jJ&uj\\j f ^j+xza}\\ 4jI^£” 4 jLsM jjle- Ijjl Ujjjl j.iUu (.£231 (1941-1854) jljlji ^j**^*- i 223 oLc\\ ^*-u)) (J ^iaiLiiJI icfciUVt icwl^jvUI oJjt . ((L^5^>*1j u-> - (1942-1858) j-1j« J* j^Lj J(JUS ij\\ jj£; ,jiJIj LJVit ootaoliill oL^/c_x=>wl!i.^ ijlitll 4—iU*^l a. ,»..)jj 3i ^yJI ; (3 0-4>»J t*US\" (JLwi AJlS^y • ^3Vl 4_*jlj oj^/Oj 4-bjJ4 ^»JLc- oUVSJboll ^31 <Aj> -)-vj . A-aJadl ti-Uj l)152w i*J .(_ Jla-iJI (j (j-J-l) j ^o^l>-jJt ^2£JL r*^ .,^ruj>-jJJ JLs-l a; |<-£*l$o-! v_i«*sjj gat. >4 LgJb^>-j cj jjulJl Jj>-I j^lso ^yoli*Jl LiUaj^j (3 LaJiajI jJJI J J jl* jj J^Li jjiaJ U^jJ jprjj*j jijj^ i/> 3^^ysAA-\\ L^ajUs LgJ islSj (1)Ij Utllioj iollVl iJLixjjllJlj I J> ll)^ . Jj j\\ jj ^jA ioL*JI o'jj^laxH 1^/0 [a 4j\\j L>m> ^xltj 4^ c^jd (J^* 1989. tiiLxjjlj ^l_j^ t,<iii \\ 1 ^jLqj^ ^-1 ^ 223jjl £j t*~i J 1 ijyjjjs .^* 11 ^ y** ^ 1909cLiAJIj ^. 1 (til :<-Jl!^JL 1 jjjtoiJj ^>-lSLi-iii ^jLi^jVI (3^^ *c>\"^ 3 224 . 1948 dj^j^u 4^Ls!jij .cjLJijiij 250.^ ^^uujLa 223 127

A - L« «J J±=»a11 226. ^4-o—5 ^b- Jal 4—3lJixJI 4—o—^-1 (Jl^—.1 J^-o i ^yVXj 4>l - OjU<s4ilii!l ^jiSI i-slaiJl 4-— jJI (j ojbtxJI eJufc j*j3,A>j .4—o— ju3I oUjUl! (85 -jp) L l^UsT*^ j! ^UJl l^>Us5=) jiUri) \\^Av5>^) UjUs[ -0-^a.T ^yajU-0 t aoj-o j^l Llj Jt»X«5-4^ aLISJI jjfrj 3L^-I J\\^«5ll ^11 4>-^x)l ObVjJ! ,3 L»^o ljj.3 j^A-l j-U5 CJ.il 4jjj)la.t.U ^l*Vl L^aS.5 43 US 4j*S> ^yie- jJLcS\\j ^yl-i-ll C-^Jl ^J-£ 228 ( Jliol) jUjjj (1960-1876) y.j/ (1883-195 7) j 1937 4jl— 4ia1>- ^xJi (1947-1887) CjS” u«j oaLl^Jj jl U£\" cJjl jU- ((4-jlflJ £-516) ^y».,.ljl L$jlx£\" _y4S .^jSxXll (J—A) O.U-1 l—l 4*ol>- ( Oljj'iUJt I—>J J^P {jA V U—UJb*-o 43 Jb ->Jl£ 4sUj jl tJV ->-(£• jj-* U-*-o 230 ^ 229 ^Jl ( 1978-1901) . i£oll ^ ^ V^iLo 5 sJLol- C-S\" >A>mJ 1 i ./7J ^yXll ((4-JL>Jt 4UUiJI »_43l^ll)) ^yM ^»LoXaVI Q. J jU 4—ilxS\" ^yis .oLbA-bJI i JljA> 4^-j-i ^yA ^ylllj ((^5li» Lgjj£j oj^-l jl jux*1i ^1928 ibJ (((iflAl^l) I jaLo £jlJI jr4 *U® )) 1993. 146. l^«3 ^tiu_La JS.-La .4g_UiJl .295. _^jLA ^-»*-ij 226 4j^_la_LIl ^_jjIj ._A jLjj . 1952 ^>- d‘^1 ^\">U 4x4 iU> i :J[j£ ^ILuLa— jlS 227 b 228 .1937 1955. ‘ ill ‘ >jb 4-3 1 AtiJ 4 jl £^bLiuVI :o£L> Jll Cjj^ ^29 4J^IaJ! 4jjI jdi CjL>-4Ic*-U i<mH : CjI^jkjLo ^^b 230 L±^ £4j1 1928 A?.^>J 1 V j SjjJbJl<\"<1 1 1 t—jl juSJb 4_bdaJl ,( I d^-Judl Il^aLu 4 jl , Q )1 j (1935 ^4ji 1 40VI L • (1930 4j^Aj 4jjI Jlj Cj t «vlpe_>3 £-- \"pj , ,t *J J i In 1 i .1970 128

^ , j I 4AlAa1\\^ iiLiiJ4 uiLilll /It. (jl Ad; Jju o^iJS ^^yal' oli iolJlJj Lgj <Jjl (_£ jjaSH Is jl^l» y*j d® SjLiVl ®j (Ua4~ I ^S L-iiJ jJajjjslt ^ SJbUJI iUjJiJ! 4SU8 ^9 SjuU^I 5i*ljll JffUil ^2i^Jik&u Is Je i5jLJi ^-iUJ ^sUsJi duos’ Ovaill Id* aJISUI o3 j .'‘^((‘U^j j^Sjl a-jjjjSH Ja~> ji' aaJslJI { Joe A^^gJ.1 Jai <4>-j j-«j .iw«L>- cjL«j-aa>- 1$j j^-> ^>-1 ^_oS’ jj <_£ Lij Jio {j* aj^Uojc^j Lo t-\\ l> b **£ J J^i. jp? 4-® 232 p, I Jj>- p . io ivuljVl Cu>t...^ ' SJjJj>- jjij^)) 4i^(j3 (1942-1884) jij ^2-^cJJ 4^-«L4-uVi (^4JI Ja-sti' Sjb*j dUJ^j j*JL*J ^^Sw^^SUl j*aj& AjlJo Jj cud? (_5~^'j SSjLill AS'jlill CjwI d-^tJI lJLa> ^,/seij . dUVldliii!l ^oJL»J i-jU*Al (86. ( ^oaje-1 1 o~ t 4_jjal£ ^LoijVI (jLiJl <L- 4 ji,.lAj <nf 4jj^o J^cvj 231_U. JuSi^HU tiiljjw |>J7 J4_a_liaJl j£ d /1 4 j£^]l ^<| It JdiftjJ I d /. 1~ SCjCt ~ ^ *I t 11 i ^/* -w.^*i ‘ AMflfcl £j-< <i \\1 \\ < j~* < 1 ^ ^1 « . . 1 1 p-j^ 1 .408 .<j-a jjuiAj jjoujLb «LSLi^xilj Ljjjl 4^LdJ '£- ^lr>iii^Jl JIqj JojI^juJI ^ya jHa 6500j oj^uz 25000 4_jjI J-tll Ia^jLujIjJ 3^ At 232 .3 jLtil 4^jL>- 4_j_q_a1 CjI j 3 jLo ^Jj-33 ^J^Jl tjag *» X I 3jLat_i jjjjJm : fcu<^_LJ Lx 233^i^_u_ujjj ^>-lj d>in .3 jojl>JI LlL^. jj^>Jl ^Jl_^c <§- ^ISUmJI L^j ^yjJl ditj^oUXlj (jLo iu &- inJljJI Jl 4 j 1 ,. <^>jl 3l_o>JI :cJ»J^JLl X 1979 ^)jlll dijj 3,5^^ 3jjJL>Jl 1 J ij~>- JuLu^p oK<4-(jdjli^VI t Iill JlUL4j1j\\jJI rC-c>Jl . LjJv-i_> M-JOl ‘- >^«c. .1979jy diLuajj :cJlI^II ^yJxuSj (jjLU ic dijjd^ 1j3 ^lUl to\\d.<^*xU 4^LLajjjJI fjy ^yl^. dijji^.i^a ‘.JjVI 4,0 ni'q 19 18“ 19 14pJ^>J dil jjluxll 3 jljjl>JI Lii-id. .^oajJI 4_oK)l .1986^ui jjjL2j 4_ul Jull cLi^tpl ^gjjb Sjuujj • Lf>> Juil <i*JfcjJ! 234 '-'Ar 129

^^ 9^cr j jan Ji dJi ju* oJy- fS . J&\\ JJLC- ^il jj) ^>jgalt jju ^J-^jsJJj -LL£- C-oLc- ^]1 4^>lla>^31 AmjUV^ JAj^JLJI 4*wcJ?^J 1 ij>. aJL^I^ 4^jL*^) 3.A1 ^C*Lc^>*Vi ^UaJl 3 o jjfc .Lg^LoJ^Al jA (J) O (_y*J LgJlJU Ap>C^ja <ul) l^<v.,/?t~ jJJUl _L>L*J1 j jjj^LlJI j^JaJ ^J../7.a.' (J ^jJlA-l JL*J tji O^j.( ajlisj d)3 cA-lS* ilj 4^laj :<j\\ Ja~=>tll t_jL^dJ ^xJl A^yLSsJI kda^A iL^U^t 5L?- s-li^l \\$Aa~>>\\j) ^Jfli-o OU'j^-l 0I»-1 LgJlyaaj Jjil) oLJf j^>../3'~ jtj ((Sjj-^J t ^ ^ ^aTjliil I jilfl aU4 j) ((i^i Oli^ j Oblc- J-a?w O' »-2 4_j£-L»i>-Vl ijoijiD jjj ^jjL jl jjjo -b (j-«j • I sL^-t JUjc^*^J iy^\\iiJ>pxA iprjS s-'iaJ hjjye]\\ J j\\jlji)l sJLft j-»j » -3 ^S, 0. . . jiUJI ULa \\j .... ^>UaJ5 A» jiill s-lj^-S/l jv J-jbH j-» J*4» A_i^o sjji 0 ^ (i^') Ol«s>-l jNj 3( (j*) u• • bli Iaw» ij jsj 0\\ .292 .(_^j *3 1 0-289.^ 1983 jJJ j_^>. ^ Ji>>_U3 : f. Lull JljjlU <i\"<~>»Vi cLoe-Jl jcijL-uj^j t_dJlj 235f^ya £_>-lj X 999gJlj-Ljij ^.nj^ 11 ^£. I VI<;*<*>» <2Ujc-JI ’. lILlLa <4^1 X . AMlill <L*_tLxll 1 ^. 42LtJJ LQj4 ^yAtSLH Jujc-lII j^jL*_as : (j^nu) <_JiJ^ * 199.^ 2l^u.j 2002 ^Jjjlitj-a - JUjI^ ^jja&yL>. — Lj tiJLtJiJ^j uiJij X .3 (2000) 3 <LLt-a ^yiu£jl .2001 (jb 4f 4-iTiJe-iJ ' IujijLx-^J ^jJ^IiJi ^_^_ca *. ( j. ^Ltaj : ( j. (JjjI Jj 4 . mi t A- Jjj .4-a J^/o .j X 236 9.^ 1950'£— j^jlai!) 4JljJl A^ifl A— :4.< •id.i c_dJ^-aJJj X . ^JuL! iijj.4yi .394-402.^ (1935) 37 (j^Liorv VI 130

L4 ^I LJ 4AaAsl\\^ 'aa\\aA\\^ ±yl_ikl /It ^c-Us^-l Oji8 • • *®W1 5-Jb j^ai ol Ojj j* <3 j^l • kiD-iS\"\" ^a Jj Vj! ai..i ®j Jj*'9 jA ^ X^oj \"^ &£> Usa-*^' 5L3-I J~fl\\ji * jjj~P i£- £-li-Vl IJLa . (_y J-*JL 4jIic- jLJl.'O jj Leo oLls^JI ' 3-^L^JJ ^4j .^ ..J ie-Lc^'yi <tL<5 jl jju Lo-Ut C^JI 3~ulj'}/l 3^^'j l «>.la LgAyg oL*^x>til (_j C^w LJ ^jjLdL i ^JjJIj L$iUj ^pvaJL; L$Co oL^vlU LaLfcial 3^ u*J ^Ldaj L ‘cil»- J-b oU*>VjJI juJ Jj i^/jIjaIIj 3 V (_jAj 4jj ju^sxl! LUt j~~ju V jLjjlj jVb j»JjjJ ^yfc j AjjjjjaJI olS^jdl \\ 238 eher interpretiert als dass erklart ^jA C—> JjLxll Aj^Jto jjb Jj*^“! jjLxil U^J* jl L*^ ^ycj aj (i fait social total(iULi i^U^I 5*4lj=) Joli a*- J*p» 1 33J »1>-Vlj «-Ua£-Vt ijru 3^^dl JjUdl (j-* 3^ 3j • £-«^>cil 3^3 4_1oji>3 4j>.jJli tLsj_»5Jl jl 3j$jtaJl ' Ju* Ji-^vu L° 4rjX^\\ 3^i3\" 237 LjjjLa. . (J5j iiJl 1 ^^Jl l a i 'T-> < Tjl 3^-CJj. . .(_yd ^To» VI aLIo-lII a ^^11 1 1 ^>-V 1 dr^j n-tla^Jl Jii.LuJl . £-M*U (jisjLu J-*->o djj^saj LaJuJljso ^ll>o 1 tljLijx. Ijjlj I - . . Lulj jjl n\" < ll>^' Jjjst-A jLi-allsVI JlC. ^->*1 ^c, L^Tita. \\ 3j)3->L5 wLa-^jj, . . 4_lLJ1 4_y_Jl t rtjKjlj .j jl^ajl .((^jl-u^lVl till jJj 4_l< jJI ^J^LuJIj 43 1963.CjLdiyi! 3 3) J^U CjL>LLa>.j oVjL%^0 I 1 11 ^4loell £— ^ ^ jl^J •<w^-3 4-m J L.-all di .1^1 \\ 11 60.^ 19674111111 4^iivi :jji_iijjj ^ju t ajL_& 238X/_>- in* > 1i j^ .1968 3>jU' ^ylc. OjJ 4_ui _ujl ^ijr1 b£ii JlS £>.1j x . Cj l 1^1 1 socialfait<t_^ 1 />** -s- 1 4jtsij LaLlao^ » total,jLi^j ^ 239^11 sjLulIIj x 2—^Ic. :cJiJjl I ^yurt-J X J4_u -l. ' Cj LacTucI I 4~ . 4j j^Jl :^p^_a ^jLtujLa . <Lo Ll« 1 ^iii-v cii js x . 1 4-9.^ 1975 ^31 3>* 3>^a loll 4_toljVl ^L»jIc>*Vl cilLljlj ^y^.l.JATcA.Vl ^Uai JaIII CjljLiuVlj S^jlCJ Ij t-mlll :lU_^S c_a cyx.i jjl^v .1996 j-jjjL 4jj^ii x .oLjijjiij 160.^ 1998 < 131

j JL 4 (o ; A9^£- (_£ 4*gJlj •‘S’j'0'j^J «uc-L»i>-Vl <C*lajVi j*j (j^°J Li > jj>}\\ /»ja^o Ai L J ^*JIj«J\\j A^JLw A9^C- ^A A>-VlJ (87 . _^) l (ojLjJ!) i_jjjjJLxJ1j (<£-l«ji-l (_y!p —1 ((ji.sLi.1 (ju) AiLi.lj ^ LglS\" IgAlC AjJlgJI alsl^oj JLv*yi j frUafi-Vls .ajIjjJij aJIjJjJIj jij . L«^5 ^2ii! O'-’j ^A^lailj oi-iVl ijrw JjLiU <0 l$AJ j^yXJI Ajl ^5J1 ^yJI l^idj J aJLA (J^jljii ijlS* JLi-i 240 ^y> Aj J^JlO (-“J aLaJI (JjLlj * _y2u (J->Lil (^j^jI*)j . t L*jIj 4^ »J\\ j ^3Jitf-l cuibs-l (<>^.^,9 ,/}-><^3 .^jUJlL A^^Ji A9%«JI Jil(j J-SLiJ I Ail ^s>*J (Ja^-4 J$i pj Ji.V ^J*® £}jjJ' <^» ,>• ^I^IA*}/! j-Lj u^~ jj.(( 4j£l*s^*i|l <—jliill jjj I Olfl^P 5iUJI * jji-l Axj ^Ji£)l (3 *45 L>- ^jiVL j«Aa (j jJjsjuj .oA?dl CjUV^II <LaIws AjUp AililSI iwUVl ciU Ajltll jAAjJ A-jLflj Aj J......^i ijJjaxA 2jjj]ajj AjjAjJ aJJ? i 49l^> iijLiiU aJL«J«JI cJU ^yisU.1 jji3l j^AiaJI (jj .j^lail ^ilil l/0 “4®^ J JJ*^J Lg-ltC ^yil Aijjlil OljjU.1 ^a*1> V iwUVl l) 242 * ^$3j) 1 la. > * 'Sj^ ^j^^S'jLo 1981 ^U1:cJsJ^il (j.i A ttj X Oj^ACjj^ 4jI^aJI <jrij i^ajLuij ^».Ij x 240 CiLd^Lc. 1967(JojLitj-a dlj j^ «».lj X . £>jLU (^yki Ojj^SujjS 4j^gjuJt 4_i^LjVI .1975 yic- i^S 4j^u-i.U 4jjjljVi (_ .43- u>-3 241jj,l L>-jaj (J5^ V4-i£- oTo. I <1aL\\ >N1 CjL^Luuu .cJuSLk c-kxoj ;Jj^o>. O’V 4 ^*0 x 242 (Ih jili a 4_miUV 1 <C)J * (^-oljLiJl : aala a X 1983 ^>jUI 132

yy J j hinAMij 4 a \\ 4'il l j jiiLiitl yiit o'j i_jLu£j d)l Lfclc- LjUjJI UUl.la»M (_a.y?j a~ jl LgJ ^jic-J ((JjJtLjl t_av’'jJl)> ^yip- JJ-Aj .(JjLc'i/l (j <b^>-^kl oWwiJI ^JLu Ijc-LaJ La y ^ls^\" *l£ (_s^dJ^ jj4j L5\" 3 4^Uh) jj (JuLvqjuhII ^3 jl£J1 .bVl b.\" px-J' ^«Ld.l ^.LuaVI A^y 243 ^>U-I (^Jl) (JljC . « oLc0*i[*)LJl jj -JjLi.il Ja?-*)iilj c-?tJI <1M»Lo •Ailjijijjj «yxT' (j <*.a1 1918 j 1914 <ju 3j«Jl» ^»UI j.^yl-xLl iLo*JI LgJLo.«>>»j i^jLiil ^.gis JjJuc- jj^si .Luc- (JLLL) jb£J! L~»ij ^ib «usj jLjjlj ol^il <3 L~»«j jbM ^-j LftjUs| jj y yj L yA jji> <3 >- («l»-^Ll)) .Lgiajl Ifri ubJ ij^?» iilljull L_*J1 (88.^ yj &>.%oV L^laJI Iaj y>0 Jj 0 JI^^il ((SJUkLiil# J-j-u lc. aJ C~~J (^yfc LS ^jL y^~ jU^I or-* jLL ,^11 <Jj>. ^I»lU L~>-L)l 244 . L «. ^3. dJJi ^A IaLi>*j ol Oj^ y* AjUi>-^L ta^JL) <0 aJL^VU 1989<jjUI jj^ic Cjjj rt^L)ji) i^JJUJUisj <xiiJl .3j_jaj5JI :(j»<!uj) jjjjj .J J^jSjS X . <j\\J (3)^° J X . 1986 »*“j LLjjl 4jjj&x1I 4_uiL)I : ( jjijj -iljj.5^ jmtjj X . 1989 ij\\j {jja ^yi^jLi ...lj...j Ljslji.jJui\\ 4-IjJllIi .4jL£JI 4^Laj : ( j-uij ) jL<^_A ^ Q) £yAy~i i it^-cw -Sj 1 ‘JJl5 ** .1986. u_3 yiu^jS^ Jj ^ijjb . J _5jl J X CjLj^^-1 .19913f.lj.aJl 4_aLaj 4jj/Ljl t^j^jLa.-A ^jjsj. X ^JuJj l£Lu^ i^LaoJlj dAiuiLalt 1992 jjjjjL iUj-ali 4j1jljkJ! 4_^Lj 1 4^a .1992o^Jj ^Ul X 243 Lm>V j 19944j i aIj .^j^j^*^Lj jh tjaU 4_ti<UI (3^^ ' : (LJJ _4^ * aJ^J» X..a-<J^ . jajjL 3j-hoL«JLl J .1994 4-uiljVI jj-i-aj 4-uiljjJl ^_aijJuui Lo ill] j S 4 3 iin,U CjLl<3JjAU (j** 4Jl>. 3^11 (J5^ 244j^-q-l ^LLaJI La ' V JuHl3M^> VI L^jLjjJaj -UiXJl uL)jjr J. jjlru 4_j_*SJl «ijjjjtjJl l3^1*J 4jI tS— 4i—afljiLfl . a<il~tjr. I 133

y oLi-L; aSs^Ap jUJI 3?^ 1 My^-i y 3‘US' tlDi AajJill y^ij lp jlljo ot >2~^-UU Lf*^j ^uLwVl IUa ^S-j .(( aIIjU AXjJj ^i3j LJ dUiJ .^gjL»>- 3aSjL2L« Oj£j *^3 LgijU ^Juco o3 asIjUI 3 ISjIwj tiJJj ^a olS liJ .^>_gJUp lJ^A>- y~z*i 03 (jiaA; l>( aJjlS ^jjlc- Jasl?o jlaU-1 ilr° -la>-^U»S\" 4*3ya AjLu- ^a^JI £A A*«jl£ y 3^ g:g-Uj- ^ V^-yaj lM 1•a~-*i AjU JLA-! 2< -ll> jUuiJLU -3 ^jUI -°^-J \\ yja yk£-£«JLij . « j\\jP-S/l AjUiUI LSi£- i_9 jjcJI jA U-Ui A~«hU.I AjiUl aJl, ajuJ yJa-fJ.' (^9 SjUJI Jji >» 4jl^S j a-Sw**ASUI a1>- ^il a) .,si<3] jy.gaU (( 4^ jLill y$AA 1922 ^ ^iJU 3-«-p aSjLsII a1»>-^UI ot-b Uil«j .aUUUJI A*uU*yi (3 y oJl& ^® .1967 Abw Ajli_J -b*j ^ (_5 Jjt Iay*j AjL^^j jJ^j l^oL(j_> OjIS lSU-^Sj ^5 3.ApwuUa/V^ Aj-)L-« yJa^- 4*mA} i y ypaUI bbLwA Lo aJLv^ y~^ 3 32.a -L~« -UU LiUj jjSU ^aJj J-; aJaLaS y43JD Jy (_£.>LgJl Jsu^vil AjU»«J JjJjm)) (3 J J^UUl Owb^C _yA® l :aJU1So> y> Aj^U y> c_a! 3^3 Us. a.1 Lq^Up UJUl ”1 • 3 oUlj y^UaJI ys-Lc-I jil! j£- (jUS^C J^UUl a1i>.*>11 Ij 3((jljdl oLajj)) (_r“UJJ aJl .^S.: 1 'j 'jUaIvs1.1 oUa^-^ll -2 : ^ . .I^t 1 \"jl \"« ^JLmijI ^pujhjl <LaIj OJ$ J jIn <l' I 4ilLoj (_2l3^_a1 ji ' ^J3tJUAJ '^Ji J-7 >( .1967 liijjj^jj .49.^ ^^aiAj ^.U_icei.l A- 3jLfc_JI 245 134

24uAM\\j 2a\\M\\4 jjtjjljJU uiLjkl /At ydj Ajli-I oLoyJljiU <UAyjl .3 >~->J ali>-^Ls ' gl-yAA) .iJLjJI SwU^LilL ^gjl A<—>Uail-l <_Jj j-isj Aap*-~J! oljlpjlj aJlLoJLI ^yivaiJI 4 j^j>vo -3 oLayLiU <s.1a J^ajSaj .^pLJI ijAi oIaIAa liJU LgJ^i~ jp (89 ^pajuj ^»pL ilM LpuLwl ^le- ^yc- ota-la\" ZjJjCa aj^p£> CU>-LJI (<>*=) ^yt-ull o^-LJI «Jl>-jJ)) ^a oa*JI .oisjjJLll J->-li Lo—^-jcJI ^yip- t_4jCo ijlj Vj^UJI <L^jLC (_y^A- J^Jo (jl 4jjJ ^ys <C&£ ^3JI ( J.<uoli-l <uiUiS y* Lgijj (_y^^ aJL. .1 ^»1£a-V! J p»-yll Jl.^oaiVl ^^Ic- y* yS>P ((ASjLilb ajaA-*>U,l)) jl tlLi \"i/j ( \"^(‘LJj.aJI 4j y\\jCj (_^3jl jJJI JaI Jp=) (<j«^jljj))j ((^ycaLi-l ^^oljlXjju OAtJI J^LLa (J^AJ 3( «3a (j (_p>- 0 fS-JJ clijj £A <*jl ~is to y^°jjW^ 3^-$ (j-uJ.13 ppJj 3h 3( (ji L«3i^s (jOiALill psL>t3/**/lj ^Iai«i»>-LJI (ju ja!1 1 ~L»cJ' « j~*jl i IJa Jjlkla 0*J -Oj^f j^5 V 1^pl 3( jA^ (_jAJ 3^jAS jft-gjL>- j«JIa . 'i}9» ^ylwUil ^i»>-LJI pU^jA\\ oUaA'^U.I aJlj AjjJbcdl iil^^ll LijJ (3jaJ^ ^J^jj cA^i C^w Ojl£ ^Lal aJI&J' l$J^j jl? Lp jJ CJlS* UikLa C>li Ai jJl« Ajtjj ^Jl Jaal jJ AS^P OlJij C»«»J Aj jjt Jj?«ai ialjj iULi aIsJ- LiJj iJjLil! ^ ,^^^((S3x*sa4 ^Aa^y>c^ll 31 aJ-lstj -5 (j A*v^>-\"yi 4il5iit JaA»3 JaJI Lg^AAl) <3Lilil 3y_<Iu Jjj 4_atk^J^_uVI Ul4 » .ill jmj-vJ 246 157-109.^1993 Ll I ^^ylc. i^j3 1 I iaa jl 4_i£.LaIi>. VI 4_tnjLoilj .114. 0^3 135

^ iilij ^a ob^ll j* <»Jad i£- j^Soj^ll 4-j <_£«iJI a ^laJ (_y f gWJ4j>t_JL> .Ji>-^\\ll jla 1 ia^Jill -is_JjJtJlj l Aaj^S*XA j^al lS^-9 1 C—>-Ul .^47((jjbjjS J-^>t ob joLjV' 3j' i_jjiJ ^31 ULgJ oLo vsjJjj ^JljJl) g~ijj <3a« a £ {(i)jA*^')}\\ «JI)) ijry>- (3_J (j, CjIjIj^llj oUa»-^il ^yJLc- jjlji- A>-L a-i* ^rx> ( <U5laj Xs- a l l ibli Oj£o ^3- LgXaa>>jJ j-aj A^btZa'iUlj o^~^11 ^g y*^P &) £.\\jj 4*jLaX* 3>- ^11 6 X& *L31^C- <uLa*£-^ .^A p ^«Jb Jj 0^«JI ^° (ja^ll ^<uUJl 4j LaJlA9 ^j/3l)\\ JsLij Lai ^(j/adJl (jl ^Ja (J>aJ 1 Lgd^ ^^SsIaatJ Oa»-Ul (J jL^a (_j ((^Li-I *»l*a>tJl o .3 Lo)) Uxlb ij^ii£ /^aj ’LgJj^aj Lg-aiadjj i«l*sxJl ajLo i^S*Xj (_£.Ul ^yl-X-il t«i~>-LJl (_£y>-')i\\j ijl j£- ^a*^l <Ua91 ^jJI 4 <yg a 4jjjttf. (^ (90.^) JJj \\xt aJ[ jLiil Verfahren ethnographischer Realismus ^..galj -iff jAa jjLfij Sk-aljj SL^-1 yj*~aj SJjUt*)) &jup 4-aJbo <J»5jp JT Jjbw ^9 0 j& u< La»- j Sgib Obc^jj OlJb-S[ (j 1 g .*/»^p.j 4^*sl jJI 4jULi-l jjo J^jUaJ .> .a-wL^J l jodo tilljjj . #j«il«ll AsLaill J ^>- “W^O oLajjjca ^S- J j+aA-\\ ^jlill ^&S iiUaa _yadJl L ( (a^jloJI ilLi-l Ljl </?>ij (_$ JJ1 «bi-l jAaht^li .^yUa*-! CS^ «l~i-l Lg^a ^y>JXJ ^jXll tAA £^UaJ jS3 li>-V d->L*-a^>t_aJJ J>- oLkjIjJ ojLC- Lijj 1 4-5 £_j . /^>VI All lZjL>.JJ 4_uLjJbl^ ^jL) JjLAjW 241 .36.^ ^fc.^JLl ^jaA > 4-*g.l.<cj.>.Vl 4-ujjLoJ.I^ 4^1 nMl :3 ^_»!ujJI ) lzSjjjj 39£^vlj . l^^>-jJLI ^jLi 248 69 2. _ S. t_^» 1982 11 : ^- t_>^54 ^3.^ () 136

j^ J^ 4 j^ 4MAa1\\ 4 44l 4’illj ^Stj jLiJU iiil—iltl /id g* 01 4 ^--.. j*-.4-'- 1 Oi_c djLou^-LSI c-Xa 01 I l ob-juddtj oliJLOiJl (jj. <Uv3llt iJLaiJlj <uc-Loi>-Vl oL.»../? jJl J oL« jJjco a5^\\jJI oli iax) oLiiS'l £ O^dJl ^y> ^-^O^ll *llo ia.J a»JL (Jjlj . LglJLillaJ <U>-jJ^jVl oLjlj£ Xs- jQ.]aj (_5^^ 4lS\"LL« ^JjjlxJl JS\" Li^> (_rO’lixJt (j ^^jOJl ' ^I ^ <.^^01 ^^\\£* frLO ^LsOl d^lOl ^*^4 4ld01 ‘ ^ Ql. '. - 1 9 t1 ^ _J jjl diJj ./wijuJI ^JSOiLaj ^ysli-l 0^*tJl j4. -«..^g (jju <lLs^IaJI 43L0.I : . ixU^-^1 idJlj AytfivlJI 4* y^sJI Sj'jj w-y 01 l$Jd j* J? j*>Ji]l J-& IjjliUJ JjUiJI j-fcj _y^' £*&> 01 l$Jp ^Ojlaf Luis iOsxll JbLaJI J_^iJl ju JjjljsJl ja£ ot ^C~y fiL^-1 j' j*JWl Ut Orij Uj ^)jl 4£>- C-^Ul 249 «aJ1j *$<r J-J j* c~^ J* JiLiilj . J* j' j* 30*^-* ^ J«w>o O' ^y'*x0' <^>-UI (£jj O' cJli!' ^iUij ^JS'LiO' oOa j^oj ^ (_yv <3 0^ c$H (91 . u J& i _~o>ti . iJLold' ^jV' <JujUJ' L>- djjL^j cj 5 ^ iii c-wfl jJl (3 “U-^ (_ oULSi]' L^j 3^0co J^\\ (J y>- j<0^- ^IjoO j^oVl *0 j-^'j ^JOJ'j dL>-l iaia3- j«-^9 ^Jlp- 0^3 ^j-i!' '0a AjJj ^ ^jlla^vH *Ao V j .A^L^V' dLoi-l (J^“ ^^Jl— ^ ^ Ohr^“^ ) .42. 249 X . 1 92 3 4 ii>-~uja d>Vjl_3t>» .CjLaLfliiJl :J/J^-d>. Oj^A^K till £>-1j x 250 0 <_Ji^s^Jl :<-_kI^J.I ^ .£>.^1.1 'j,- A ' 4jIuSJI 4JsL2j KJj)^ Aj X .^>-^1,1 juiAj .^>.^1,1 * 3^1^-dJ^ 4^1_2j 4_44jLjI X .^>.^1,1 (jjidU ^ ^yaj^Lt-Li^-LM^ 137

J1 0A I > t5> ^a^jcJj ^itc- aJx- ^wL£la ^Jb^lj ^Ji-C' L$jta ^JlJI jLJ J4-J^j Lg^jljc* 4m+A> ^loj l g «C> ^juJ i^Li> oL-ojUT j^JIjJI I3a^ .4-Lo OlS^jJlj ^J)j .jC-gJlA$l JS' (3 4j«JlZ5»c1I dLi-i .oWjcJLo^cl^I (JjU^- <LsU&JI 4^uU*yij jAoljj)<i«3) ^«~*x)l , <upL»i>- yi Igi Lgja-Ijj j^i 0jA^yjj l$jtSj Ul *l/V~UI J ol jj-yaxil eJl (_yAj aJVj ^a>La iiljjl ( 3Jj~»-) ^yaJhllj ^«-fl-^j))JI jj?jii ^*^1 ja o!j Xii ^1 iliJI j-a&t c-» j*J' j^^isS)) • jJo J jj>CS <ulxi^o Uk ^ ULSj^- ^liM jM (of) ^ j* (jw)j ^cj»U . 1 *ifl j&J iilfii)' J~^?l oLj^I ojl4 j* ijjA!' ola^jillj i^^JI ol?-l)jjl V 2 *^# AjI J«*Jj (v_«j JjLw til&J AJjUit S Jufc Ji£ i»ajj«dl . 0^*tJ Oj^j 01 j^X <uLjU1 ijlSiJI i^jUVi aJI jUlj1* jJI jj^ij i}yt t_3jj«j t_i-S\" j__j ^jj<3 ^A AjI^JIj Ul*9 «CJj Lo lM jl*iU )) 3jljL£-lj jl^JI (jo jjjJI ( ^ U JJ U^Ajia .lyai! j~>- «JJ U» jA Jj la <jl 4j lail\".\" U->j1 jli <1*^-1 ^jj .oLajJjta ((L jvz3 ljLj~b Oj£j <L/za> i^-Ulj < <Ua?«JJ 04jJl)l k^JwLi- ^j3V-Ul j)o<i(gU a3I >^ > Loj 4^So Lo ^AA^Sla)) (Jl) jo jA(3jja!! : ^jA 4~»Jl*JI a -XA (j (J-alit- 252 Loj . ((OJ^xS\" 4jlj 4jJJI OJj>- (j~—!j jaj<Oijoi?ji! j j*Ja« j^i aJjj>- Loj o_i!^l! JU-aS (_J jJI 1*1 J^yf-j ^^ ^jlaiJl ^-ubVl JjjIiJI d)l .ivttSsPoJl j-a j25Ul oLf ji j AjjI (92.^) - t S.4_iJ!jll^ O.^-a (jjiij (_yjSj3^ ^jL 251 \" ^:^_ Jjj 2j U^-l-^q^J j>j-<u^ lit :j^Soj 252 . Ju^.3- <- >-j j^o!jl>- ^j^_c>. 83.^ ^Ljt 1985siutji jA^jjllt (jrl£. Cj j ja.jl*Jtj 1 :3jju :(jo!j) jj) .86.^117 138

\"d 4Alu1a1 \\^ 4iUill 4 jtjjlllti jUii jlil fihi ^yJUsI £jA JJ>~yi jS ^jlJS <C$LJkl cl>W(y]\\ yA jJ&\\ t«-\\^i]l ^ys Jy*A yA ^oLxll o(<- jJsJl «Jl(fc y\\jujjj <CpL»I>4 1 (_j 4Aw^i.l L^is^tj <ULiciJI iJlJLSI Jsj^UU-^JuJI ^ ^yC-Lal^Vl |*3ljii (_5 o-Lio y\\y i_3l «AaV| -bAsOj ^aA.>,., ' oLalj^aJbj JI fr^vaJU (_jLalII ««1a <^\"JJ . (^1 jP^j*i/l ^/? 1 j LgjLo (_jj yP y: JjjtlD ^yP > £3^ jJ J ^3 .iJIjP J) ' ^../a'JI < lp j A& Jjl ST j<W ^gjj jJj-?- 3jjilT jli dJJJJ Ujj-y&Z (*$£ A3^J' (_J U^lali ((LuL-j^ jl_U IjJj>-)I ^5l^jje-l ^^ j yyuj (_s (_£ .jJiJI (j e jjlj 4*^j«JI ^yJb VjcJbisL ' J y>- (J-*! <U--«J I <u5ojJl aSjJcC JjJjuj A^jjJt <£\"jJ*a9 .1 ^yaj LS^- J‘^' al £\\jbJI ^yijjtxJi jbsi-Vl Ot IgjW-ij 2j& 3jJij jjW^ 1 J ^ J-*'j :UpUa« y(3^- ls^5 jCJ yAJ 3!*-^ aJl»jJ 1jJj>* Lg-iyj A$bjJI a£”jJU« (Jc A^£=& CA^J J-i> yi[ J-^J <-A^ CAA^ *il J» ^j' j*3 (1)» *>- l^> u&‘j> Jplil?- jujJI i^jti aJ\\j Xpr jaj (2)» yx)\\ lift U«i UiS j\\ ^U AjftSn ASUiJI 0JM& I fJ *1 j>j~y -t/j oLT J (^UM (j^iUT (^U« .^^^((A^-U5j ailtlj A^-Uil ^1 SjLi^n J^»j yi3 ^*3j .^JaJI ^2j yAy.JS”Liil J-va^- j<u .60.^ 253 139

a £jl>]1 J^ill JJS- Aj^Jfc^A- 1 A&tjdl ^i-jj Ajj^Jl) Abli A$^*11 A^XaA Oj£j jJ lA j****i' wA«P ' . tj^ilIjj^JI V jA>la <— a jtd' A^*»J_J AjI^JI AaIJL) J^L*dl JjL^wO J^>- Ic- aJLx^gj i AJajt-I aJlc- jjAj ^AJI ^ylAJI ^oJUJl AjUa>- j'U liAJJlS'j AwjLJJj JjjllJI A3^j«JI vivato Ail 1^5\" -AjUaA- t ^c-lAJI AjIj jl Jj . j sL^xUij\\j l <> g » - l-o A*slAi)l a^pLo^-*^ ^yiJI (_^ ' ^isuji 0jU- ^-Aj lo J (^Ull j ^ <Jj LS^' . (^ JdJ^\" Ja (93.^) . AiJliaxil AAIj£~ AA^Jl i >j jlfi ^jA aa1i^« cKal (_£ Lgjls aAJj a>-L*^o ^Ti Jjl JU^-aJ LA^sj^ (^r^* 4 Adi ^dVl ^£-Vl oLpI £jJI 13a (j^ jj«ji j^AJU Aj jA-I Ail ji»o*in jjJptdlj ji_Ojj«JJ AZjj£~J <jl £- <—<tSjil (J><aj' jA (j Jjf Lands' jiC]lA-l Jii l A® (_r^^-*d ^ «/9>- L«J AaSj^j Laj 4^«^uL>. ^JLxll jAJIj (J 1 oLauaII cJLa (j ^\"yi jLoj .aJ-x>-jj aJUj^oj a^A>-I j aJI_> ^S\" ij aJ j-^2a>- j^a cjJi^vo aIaA- IJLp 0jAJjil Ag^JLe- ^jdl AajL^JIj jJj ^LaA-I ^>-Vl ^51 ^> jJ ^2UJU AJrUI Jo I>Vlj . jUjJ! (JUuj AJliJI ^.>JU ^LAJV! J15^! ^ AaIAJI a3\\Aj ^JLco Lo-S\" ^ JjiA-I ^——•>- Lgj' ‘.((^J^)) Ava3 J^> Ail jA- jdVl cLA-! ya.+a'i Ac-jj iJJUi Jil L^Jj L ^o^>li ajjI ^>- ALLAo 15 ^ja Jicj oXa oLA- 1 AvaAi . LvA^sl^ Aj_jJj 3l ^ol cL>- a*os ^ 1933 1931•O' - ^Jh j jlil J <Gju oLj_a^j ^ 254yi^jxjlu L: ~v i ^Jl i\">ti.a i : . -19804_u^>Jl & ul alt - ..VI (jIoLUl x ^L7 Cijj^ dS> ijjS 111 4 oli-»- oJ a. CjLLi£ ~ tj ^ 4 \\j \"J ' j '\"‘ 140

J j Jy ' y^ 24uAi\\\\j wl iill jilil 255 4 . Lg*y3.9 <wi!^xJ jCJ 0L*> ^jT 4.yg2ll aJjfc ^J-v23 JS* l) 1$ AjjJLiJI oLi-t ( ^t3V^' J*j*±3 £jf j* °L, ^ J AwJL ^La>•*- ... ij Jt c ^ ji I *<j 4^JLc- f ^ , J^jj . 4.o_nll i^jj\\jf-j L^JLc yijj ^jA 4*3 As>-jj (_£-i-il oLoaLJA A£ 0-9 ai—jLS” oLiliJI « oJUa>- i_jL5” iiS^lt 1c*jw> j X/Xa.!l i-a oL^i-l ~j£- ^SUvaJI a^JjiX* o jy^p oLlj Jj .iLLal! XjX&J j jLj . ^)l 4jJ^^4 J J^O4^j^j>o!l 4jL^J1 yA ^>-1 JXo^jy .(l$j j^ujwb ^yjl) islaiJI 0^®' jA 0v jJ«Aj L» ^C- yA 0(j^t l5~^ ‘-\"’O!'^4 * J^4L)I (.!& 4_oJU 4j>c>-LJI AitoVi yAJ ^A**P i . A ^A ^j.*,*' ^^4 y£*« {( ^4t)) ^_y* ^!>\\ yj\\ J^A 4j 13i^)l..-.« ' . ...i?j AawIo ^v.vji tjCjli-1 J^sV-5 oijl1^44 (JlLc ijJJ.iS' jl >LJj O JaI4 </?9 (L)J*AaL“«1I akJLo-aaJI y/3 A> l <v g.~ IS~ -UL51 y^Aj J^O4*3 4j{j£* jl y>- «-L^i*^J ^frCyjLj ^JLxJlI <_j jJLo> y\\yJ*- X^ AL '~ (3 ^i3ji (94. 1 Cj* 4^ 4j S . . 4^Aa ^-i3 l^aAfcX^-l >*<****3 (>« ^J» .^Jjjl4>d! ^AS\" 4jjL-CU Ojy^OJ L^S jg ... ) 4jjJlX^« 4jJ 0-9 j«Al Jlj-j j4 5 j-iL« 4?-jyii £•&> Islii 3jjij^-l aa-Jp jJI oa<c jjliia 43liiib yXJit SjjSsa Jt w!^J JijtsJtj ii jAJ ^ Jjl~!j . flj jbx* J-l^ ^1 • o ^Jp^ Jj^^j <ui jpi*It oti wA-Ut oli u3 . 1982 dj Luj ij (J^j O l_L>- - 255'J-U idJLlj^^do (^jj^j^Lq .^>oLa^jJI ^Jla ^taieduJ JjLcujL^ X 256 .1982 jj^yiil) (J^^u 4_L«\\jS/l .<Luj_iuj :j~jflJ x .1983 141

x9 t £j|^J1 Ji-,411 j £~jjsj 4^-jptjJl LJIjt- oj-A oj. 4-ilij <Lwl)l jA(_£^S”^ll <U9 ( > j£-jk\\ Lg,-3 Oj£j «LwUI ^y>ja!I j j~-jcJI (3 iiLaiil j*et> IajU?[ (3 ( ^OdJu^c ^ro ii ‘'O^Ul 0^^£ Vl ^)l <— ~X$j oVjUxli «-Xa l> 1 l^fT (3 ^~3 ^-*-* l)1 —1 3« * * - t—JwL^-1 4jaJL« aJ j\\ <ujj>-Vl iiLSill ^J\\ jJl^o l)I 4J ^jux> *)} ^>* ^5Vl ^g«fc*jaAj ^ g *«-a.4 j£* jc-gJ 0^£j 01 L?x~i *V^A 0 -^(* 6 | l)^ i^^Pt-2,1 ^ulOi ^JL*J1 ^3^^ ^2L*J1 lO»A ^-^m*A> 1 L5^\" cLUOS* 259 ^ c3 (3 lLUOj^ . ((SJjIod 1^3 ^o*ifl oLJu-sJl j oUU^vi^>t-Jl Sl£\\pJJ 4JV -5 ^^c_gjL>- ^aJlc-j (j.9 tij ^DJ . Jju j«J aAas- ja 3-i^>o ^31j ^*3 3(3^°^ iiLtfill <L«lj\"yi V-b_j ^>-jljA-l ^»JL»JI «TjA Aj^Sj 33^3^*^ 3**-^' -o-gAj -be 1 a^j}\\ . 257. 125.jj.is ^s-jJLt ijjtij (J^5a j3CjJ_^d£jji3 «jjifljV1 £- jj^J Jl*1 \\ » tjj^jLa jj! lill Jl^J ((C-c-OBJ jJwVI » j^JI 4_UlL_uJl x 258 983. 1 liJj^j^jj . i^c^jjd^o <Lo/ijvi bJuS j_>.vij 'O^h^ li>.^j x . 1962 . .1981 CjLj->-3 C7Ac. C.3jj a^. > jja jjljiVnuVI : a_uu^i .j J 19((JjVI (Jj-aAJi ) 259jJ_i1a1II £^!j j j-j^_a jJajlSLijaj ^j^Lt^iJjjLa -Uj-a-t^j uiJLi-uj^j cJiJlj «4~ 260Sl^lstlt :c_aJj3 i_a^lxuJj^ ^s-1 j X 200319”1jjiui t 0>VI «±4--> ill 4j-^jLu<VI CjLa^^rtll : ( j-Ju) X. 1 1 2.(j^s j, iu^J) j^jLJ. 1 :(j-4l«j) j_juLflj-u_uj ^35^5 ^ ^r- —jJjuaJIj Sl^LstXl :« 2xJ^JL O3rV -0 )jI^ iiaLjJlj 4JlU1 jjjj 4.^1^! tl jjs- J^a ^LlAJI ^Liu^U tfLix^Lu/Vi .272-253.^ 200 l^L>i 142

Cj 3l 44mUllj 4A\\2j1\\^ mt-illl /ticL U 3^iw?jj<J! 42jIj^- 5U j o^bjtiU Lo —jd < *i*>-(JI 01$ oJJj jj* t ^i)\\£ llj . O^Ij jllll ^y*AA y&J J J(_J yal\\ ^yiUaXvu !_g*-yj OJUjill 4jj(^i-l oljjLli OU LJ 3L^5 a>-j o^OjlOl ^-“* * 261 t c UjtX V j*!l L^JtjUs (J-'OO (_5^JC'J • <cJjtS <UtJL>- j~J>J 01 (_y*-^d 3 J(( 7 aj ® 01 3 *3djLN t3 jJj>uii jjlc- Oaic-j -(3^1j 3 3«a>-L V[ dj^j ^ 3 jj<Ul>- ^ . 3 3jJjc« ^ oJ * ^ ^ ^y3-'^ *0*0 <3 1 OUi 0^$ olj^i-l -6>-l (95. oU^t Jijla; (33 ^3t^J5 ' csH fO^' J >^\"' t>° 263 t t j. Alliill L>-jJjjj^j\\ aJ-bCU 3(5j jj*1 I) <b -^JI J^\\jJl>-jj Lo 0l$ l L$jll 4002JI O^jU^/I l_Ayi JJJ > 3- qi 01 3 3 3^*-^ 3oi *0 ^3 3*^ ^( ^ ^***-*- 3 y £ Vi)j*j - /? -q L>Ls tiUjjj (*^>-^39 ajc-Iax>-Vi 3 0W\"dj3\" A ^*J 5’'\"’ 3 3°^ (J j>- j^ystJjOJI , ^ ( 0 y^~^ju^a-gjaJ 03 3*^ (^d\"^3 iljjJlj 3^ ^aIa* /«_£$ Sjj^O® 3 3.“Lj II Oi^o 'jj-> W*\"* 3^ > -^^1 ^ 4j 1? ^l 4jj~c- illij.M 01 3JUr JU^I ^3(Jy>- t ijLiijl <L*U*^ (3 (1^° jUX*0jlJ1 t jLJI 135 -tjy^ 4_i^oL>.j jj tl ^ J 4_^!^x.^_ijVI 4-Lili *JI 26njK: -Sjj) ^>-lj 1 3^^.iL*jcuJl cJ^^- t-JLc. 3> aj^JI 1 ^ 3^^ 262 2 JljG ^yl^. j-aVI J-4-S3J AasL^. l 4 ni^lLLa LTiL^Jl J:«jc-l1 ' ^L- JlA JlLaj 263 »Lu I ciU 3J I a jjjjjlaj ^J-a j.J:&1\\ jl <U. Li si:..«q c^_ a j-AU > ^>~< 1 ^cJ Lc. 5^Ja_) (_7lc. J|^^caj>3 1 4_uo L>- 1 143

A^ 3 - OjSjfj *LL^1? Sai ^jdJI __?* Jjbh j»Lall (3 Udld; Oj&j ^y> 4Ja>JJ oLwa^Jt ojjb (J~* 264. ^'“j J'-“' <31 C^r\"^°J (jruSlJjJ L# cjIiu>l«j cjIsU&JI (_^c- OjL^IdUiiJl <LwUVl Lgj 4^5 oli oL***a>dlj aJuaJI oLv»j>«i'j ajja^JI jl ijU53UI oliUcJlj ^'-ygii' J-s oA>- jJ l$>-J jJ^ju) ^yl *Jl ^o-g-sAJLJ LgJla.1 44»-1 ^j Cj\\jc»^»J.I jl ./3.H 3 3<33jJlI aLU oljtw»tjr (j.Liuj o^Li-i ^ • (a£-L*J>-1 j*^-’ cJ*^5xjj ^yajuj cat (ju jzj L^u jai jJa- tl)*y (4 j^uLil iJL*JI) . 3 4-Ju^r* 3!3*^ cals^bc- 0(9 3Ujjjl Abad-1 l g.*.Aj A>i1jLL4 0>X& oj^juj Zusammengehorigkeitagefuhlli ^Lca^U j^d ^ oUuca>dt 3 ~1 C* 1 J^vJ^<ulc- Ur {£ 2 Ovj r* g--; l3jdl > 3^ 3d. ia flA 2Jji»)) oUu*Ij>LI (J-^^J 3 3calbsl j-C-Ul Jtd-lS' a>-jiall 3^ 'w^c—Uii AJbld ^1a3— ^kil l$Jp iUsP*jfb j£c 3aj ja ' olJUaJJ a jr.((Oisiflsii £jUaJl=) jL^-V' 2«Ua]' ada 3 4SddJt oda j ^yl-UI j«JL*JI (JjjJt flda 3idllJUj .A_j 3^^ ol.»o.t'>dl #('“ ^ ^..cdt aJ^Ia AjI 1.^1 A^£-L^I>-*yi CalJ^Ud! A-d ^A*J (^d]t (96. ^<3 266 j~jc Ljojc*^ t j;w»xUj . o33^' *——cJt ^>-Vl aJUaJI oVU^oj (_j 3 da5^-»JI Uj'-; 3^j~jl> 3~a~*~\"'-^ 3 ®d!lj l5 j> * Jl b^/L^I aIaI 3 SLji^^ILa 3)La-u-jV1 ‘ * (j-Ju ) ^JJ^o ._A 264 .2002 <lbjLJJ I d-uUO ,d o“<.t.ri <a I .CjLjJI^IIj 1 / .^ya ^>-^-11 jail ^>. 1J 265 266 . i 98 p 3^^jjLill 5^-i 3~^- : 1- 11 144

— ^ a 4 14'illj /IdjluI iltl —j~Lj I ulXj ^CJ ijjij c. ij.lyglU l>-ijJT t±JJ-AS\" C-SjJI ^Vl267 oUl&l JUiJI ct^J! , j-M l)j-L>*j olilailt (jru^ull j[ ^ ^LJ j ^1 j^yLni .(_£j3-Vl oliUijl 4jty]\\ O^AvaJ iUL^I il^jJI j«-g3 4jj4Lv2J' io^>- j*JI^C- ^yjl 4 .£.1 ! ,/jU >J1jL*aX^«J.1 (_j ^Ul l—.—XIj jju^jiJI <>-^xJI ,_jlc- oj-LaJl! 4jc?tJL* -L>- aL-i-t Lj_S 5^__}> olilij yf'J* ijl jiiI oli^Lc- ,^uL-J i_jJLc- ^a-Jao £^XXj dJUi ^.ySoJl j _^A-I l$J <L»—/jil cj (_jXJI j. Jjlxxil J) Lo ^Lls y.jy JiiL-i!l /cJlc- j .Lo^d io La^x^cj IxIUj ^L— o^s (_5 dJJj £-«J .(^yJ ^-<»XX5»«Jk^ ^yM ^LJL!\\j) Aj\\jjJI < JjLsX 4»S jX-JO lo Ulii ^yd-l^i-l ( ^jJ.1 (_J^ <— Jj frjll <JjL>*-> ijl (jSs^S S v_jL$’ j_yio Jlj-JlS fl-L>-L>- ^jjS” 4jj-j«Jl (J^*i ll)l <^*-U jl jL«*yi s-Lidi Lo I > jl^ jCJ (j-<J ^ylc- ^X <iX> ^«-) .il)Vl -L>- ^y]l “du/sLA-t j«JL»JI AjJj —' 0^*“^ c <_S“^ txijljljjj ^J| yj«iL*Jl L^j ^yX)l a^s-Sdi <-Sjaj ol az*~jj i_jjL>txJl 6 JL& 0(jX*-ju j^s iJlji-l cSa (_jj ‘ ty*^ 4-Jj>-S oljudx^oj • iJljJI AX^Ldj Cj°.j * (3 oljc»I>t« g^ •'.’ oi ijlstxU <jJl5jc« lXjUI^c- ./i-£- 4a\\x3os oULiij ^yJl^ xxil L« axc-j oLJidj 3 ^uolS”U»il 4 WL..II iliJj \\£^ y>J . jjO^Lxl! 1 iLaL ^lj jl j «^a Ji. Ci-y^j ^^jjyrj ^JJJ^J3 -W. Ijj^ 3llfc 2 ^ .? a-o Iamsjj jUuCX—l jlS^ -Las . 4j1j-SJ 1 (^yJu JqjLcmj ^>1 267 268 ^.iniit x. 1985 ^Ui 3j^- —;t tt 145

j^ 1 *a I LQ ^ yf-s* 'j^ J^- yjy^ (97.^) ijLwjVl 4>-J ^^wJ«JI y*/3~> JljcJ . *L gr^-l .^-c. jC.[\\a~.»\\ (_£ 1 .<L:>w~lJ ioL^uVl iiUaillj ^<UU>-*yi isL«t)l 4j j£- « !<»-»-\"' Cj\\ju^oo]\\ I y- e. jx^sj j«J L&j j •/) i ^ alo O-Jb L« jAj <_£ ^gg^-cull oLj^iVl tijl jZj .o g'.a ^ttj 4 (J^'-4 ^j- iilJsi!l .oVl y*j^<»-«-!l 4_IL^ <u»j15 ai^jX^aj *c^>s^JI ^ oliliiJIj (—jjAbJI ajj-p- ^ja wb>«JJ oL>tJy**^ o^\\j : hjfyj - 2 269 £^jjjVi J5^J1 JoaXw UiJI i JS au. Ja X%J\\ k^yj - 3 J^-Vi J L*a^£j ^^3jfll UVl ^JLJ oUJI j «U».g.l^l>ti] w< » <— ^Jl Aaj^x31 0^° ^cA-i * ^jl (iJ^LJI) SJ^LJI ^ Cx* <JU9 j]| j Ja^j (aJ^LaJI oLivaJl A3 Lai! i iw^*AJj ^-oliLlI (jf\\j^jl)l jL^jcl*>U <L^iJU l^j^ol ^>-Vl ^Jf> o^' *^SLaa jLtu X . 1989 ^jLtujVl ^^juJI i <1 I It ‘ \"13 11 .1988X ^aijjLj ^_yjl 1 „Vt LiljAu^il j! ^y\\_Ju^Vi ^jl£-t*jl oljL^IotA . (J i i j».l 1 j ajCLuj 1 x .1990 ^1,2019-1492^0 ju 2— ^<_a^ru.ujj^j j^a^ji *_>j^. :lJlI^ju u a ij ^-Ltr>-Vi j3^Ll>.i .4 ij^rf Aj51Lq iJaJjJjjjx ^ji .1999X4 tr ^jjjjjLi q:lJlIJJLI »n < 994. 1 u^JjJ < iVX/aj 4JUj 1990C-aJlUI :t AQ’qj Jjl n-v. X . CjJJ aK )^j2 i_jj^ji)I 4^jI< : juJLij jJlfl ^>- !j X 269 ( ,«^>,VI» jjLaaJI (J.m> ) 1 4A-aliwj (_yiAj CjljLiiVI j S^-Lt-oJ 146

j }1 kAuAAiij 4 4\\4\"Aij gtjjiiiu ini iiii /if i c ^ Lj f I' aI^^. 2Uo^o jl***£- (3 >' I IjJ^ '—- ,4»UA-I J^IS j>-*i/l l_)j~>0 oLa^Jl «.!& (_s'“ ^Jl*S* ^v (_s^^ w t 270 t *Xj£ L^U* A>wU^/i ^AA»lj*yi CM ^L_5^\\^>*V 0^-***^t J>o oLlwJI 4^^^ljua ^**j2j ^i«/3L> j I ^>-Vt £* ^J-sLcJI ojJ J**wjl ^1 <tJ^LJI 4.o.fri ^ ^l^Lju^fTl 4j^P 4j^£ <uH ^-oLilU <L> ^^9 ^31 4-^jJL 1 c5^l^jLiua SjL^C-t Lf*yt ^p-^S/l - 271 V iy dUJ^ l^lJJ olJU! 52y. ^ilijs, ^Jl oUU&lj oluiJil ollS 11j o51^*Jlj 5JLxi-l j~fc o^- ac-j~+ j^ju oi l~>-jJ^oVl j* 2ja oil OjI^ Ia0>-j <_£ oUaO.ll 52j£- Oju ^oJl9 jj 0l ^*17^1 (2^s*JI oJs Oil Ojlo Uj»jli-3 .5*^jfcVl (_pji> IgJ > iJlJUl 5115x11 5j^3-T <12 Jj 5^U <u! k^s^J yi ji*(3 ^jlwdJJ-iS'j (3^ j*a)}\\j £j[ .la . H ^IxjJj 51jjJIj SUA-I (98. j J^J^1 ^2111 4 t l/ ^/OUl / ol^^^jIq y2 < ^ l.-^. I' /t ^ l v^ l ^*1 1 <»-2o*2 ^l <> Q^'4^ * * ^** K^* i_ . * i jwbo^tJlj oJixJI (ju 3^-l-dl 50jO>- 5JUJj ‘Uc-Lo^I Jl^oxl oLxJ 5ii-Xi-l liJjU 0j i—j-L^Jj .5J12JI U>- oU»^« ^1 l^j i03>*JI (Jl^il <ulxlt^ <3 #52jOi-l ^aJI^jJJ L>- 4 jl « jjb l/ ** 272 QLo)Xj ^yC-^jj .5 J^sl»ll oU>.< »tll 3*1/*^ Lo)) ’^'/• • ((wLsu Lri^ 1994x * ^^jjjjjL) 4j^-iiJI J^-la jLjjJjj 05^ *OJ x cOI .2002. ..^1 . tOjjj x w a .^.V i 4 a < .I ija . L>.VI it .1997 ^^ ^ ^CjOIjJX 1 LfO>.l 09^-J'j 4jtlll ^3. S LLi i 1^-1 : <J I j La : ( jaaa) ) ]t (j .1998^ ui Cy* :(j-*iij) .200 1 Jl jLjj ^jL^JuIs Ji-Jua .4_ojJlIl 4_luLj1 :lJl)^3 ^ (JJlAj Sj-t-oLtil 4_Luljl (Jivl 272 147